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BUINO A HISTORICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL, GEOLOGICAL AND STATISTICAL ACCOUNT or CANADA WEST, .'^ f BY W. H. SMITH, AOTIIOa OF TUB CA it^ IAN G AZETTEES I ^ h COMTAIHINO TEH COTHTTY MAPS, AND OME GENERAL MAP fF THE PBOVINCB, COMPILED EXPRESSLY FOR THE WORK, 8 7 S4 VOL. I. TORONTO: THOMAS MACLEAR, 45 YONGE STREET. ,liil • I im.^. S^SS' (c> \'i 2 4 1. fi Til IS J" €a t ^enple nf Canah, TIIROUOII WHOSE ENTERPRISE AND INDUSTRY THIS PROVINCE MUST ONE DAY ATTAIN A HIGH RANK IN THE SCALE OP NATIONS, IS INSCRIBED BY THEIR FRIEND AND SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. 1 •a ■'I II PREFACE. Iw resuming the pen, after a lapse of more than four years, wc have been impelled thereto, not merely by that cacoelhes scribendi which is supposed to have so powerful an influence on authors, but by the desire to be really useful to the land of our adoption ; as we could not avoid perceiving that a new and more comprehensive work than has yet been published on the Province, was imperatively required. The Canadian Gazetteer has so far answered its purpose in giving a concise and correct synopsis of the state of the Province at the time it was published, and has had to a certain extent a good effect in turning the tide of emigration. Many persons, during the last season, having been led by its perusal to choose Canada as a new home, in preference to any other of the British Colonies or the United States. Still, however, there was a large amount of information respecting the Province not yet laid before the public ; the want of which has considerably retarded its settlement ; and also, strange as it may seem, many persons, who have even visited a portion of Canada in the first instance, have actually left it, and crossed to the United States in search of those very advantages, which a trifling knowledge of the country would have enabled them to find, with little trouble and less expense, in Canada itself. It is true that much has been written and published on the British American Colonies, and amongst the rest, on Upper Canada. A con- siderable portion however of the matter that has been issued, had better, as far as the prospects of the colonies are concerned, have been left untouched. Not that there is no valuable information to be found in them, but that which is really correct is so mixed with that which ia vi PREFACE. v-^^-Tv. -.-«,•*_ -v. incorrect ; the facts are so combined with fiction, that the one neutral- ises the other, and it is impossible for a stranger to separate the two. This is not surprising, as most of the works that have been published on Canada have either been written by tourists or travellers, whose pro- ductions might all with much justice be comprised under the one head of " first impressions," or they are compilations from the above trifles, worked up with official documents and trade returns by those who probably never personally saw one inch of the country they are describ- ing. It is not wonderful therefore, with all their care that errors should creep in, it is more surprising that faulty as they generally are, they are not more full of them. The intending emigrant is therefore at a loss what to repose confidence in, and too frequently, judging from what he wishes, (and has therefore settled in his own mind,) the country should be, he selects the wrong guide, and meets in consequence with severe disappointment. We have continually noticed, however, that emigrants from the old country more frequently deceive themselves than are deceived by others ; having no really reliable, plain, matter-of-fact work that they can refer to, and depend upon respecting the state of things in the colony to which they are departing, they draw upon their imaginations for such informa- tion as they want, assisted or rather guided by the facts or fictions they have gathered by perusing some of the before mentioned works. As a slight example of the mistakes that are made by compilers at a distance, Mr. Montgomery Martin, in quoting from the Canadian Ga- zetteer, converts the sentence "apples have been sold at Chatham at three pence half-penny per bushel," into '* apples are sold at three pence ihalf-penny per bushel ;" a wide difference, as the latter statement would lead stMuigers to suppose that they were always sold at that rate, and that fruit trees in that region were either more than usually prolific, or that orchands were not worth cultivating. All these circumstances combined, together with our observation of the vast improvements made in many parts of the Province within the last few year«, induced us to devote a year or two to the collection of a few more facte, that intending emigrants and future historians may have a CPWect vicsW of the Province, as It exists at the present day ; and also, PREFACE. VU I that our own people may obtain some information respecting the pro- ductions and capabilities of places beyond their own doors. We have endeavoured to accomplish our task, as far as relates to the present, by personally visiting all localities likely to yield any matter of sufficient interest to the public to repay us for the time expended in ex- ploring them. In diving into the past, materials of value are unfortu- nately very scanty. The only work of past date containing any amount of local statistics, is that published by Gourlay the contents of which were collected in eighteen hundred and seventeen. And valuable as the collection is at the present time, it is to be regretted that he should have met with any factious opposition to prevent his completing it. Whatever Gourlay's political opinions might have been, as a statistical writer posterity must do him justice. In glancing at the future, our range of vision is necessarily limited, as old father Time too frequently " keeps the word of promise to the ear, and breaks it to the hope." The future of Canada, however, under Providence, depends upon ourselves ; with a fine climate, a fruitful soil, an inexhaustible supply of water power, valuable minerals in abundance, and every other necessary adjunct of a noble country, she requires nothing but the industry and perseverence of her sons to make her flourishing. The journey through a new country, however, in search of statistical information is not by any means a path of roses. And to arrive at the necessary amount of facts within a given time, requires a constant exertion of both body and mind ; and a resolution to encounter and to conquer all those various accidents by flood and field that travellers are heir to :— drenching showers, snow storms, mud holes, — dust, broiling sun, thunder storms, — tough beef steaks, damp beds, — loss of luggage and breakages — Oh ! ye proteges of Paternoster Row, ye Montgomery Martins, and McGregors, who sit cosily at home and write your descrip- tions, under the fostering fig-tree of the Colonial Office and the Board of Trade, we envy you ! — we sow the grain, you reap the harvest. An old settler in the wilderness remarks, " none but the pioneers of a new country know the difliculties of a first settlement," — so it is with the first attempt at publishing in a new country ; none but those engaged in publishing pro hor.o publico know the difficulties of the task. The endless little troubles between authors, publishers, papermakers, printers. YUl PRErACE. engravers and bookbinders ; fully equivalent to the early struggles of the settler in chopping, logging, burning, fencing, dragging, ploughing, harrowing and sowing. May we hope that in the one case like the other, the exertions may be crowned with success, and that the author and publisher like the husbandman, may reap the harvest. Making every allowance for her inland situation and distance from the ocean, Canada is a fine country. — *' Esto perpetua." V%*V. ^^-\.>. 'N.'N.^.r. %.>. N INDEX TO VOL. I. PAoa Introduction, containing an account of the discovery, settlement, and history of Canada, &c. &c xxi Acton 262 Adelaide village 87 Adelaide township , 87 Albertville 29 Aldboro' 95,96 AUanburg 194 Amherstburg 23,2.1,26 Ancaster village 228 Ancaster township 229 Andetdon 23,25,26 Ashgrove 261 Ayliner 99 Ayr 243 Baldoon 2 Barrie Island (Lake Huron) 66 Barton 227 Bayfield Sound (Lake Huron) 54,58 Bayham 86,97,99 Beachville 109 Bear Creek or River Sydenham 5,6 Beamsville 208 Beaufort Bay (Lake Huron) 58 Beaver Brook (do.) 55 Belle Riviere 5,19 Bertie 153,206 Beverly 248 Big Creek 119 Binbrook 228 Bishopsgate 112 Blandford 109,111 Blenheim township 109,110 Blenheim village 29,31 Blue Lake 248 Bois Blanc 3,5 Bolton 281 Bosanquet , 36,39 Brampton 278 Brant, Biography of 232 Brantford town 232,238,239 Brantford township 239 DTDEX. PAGI British American Institute 32 Brocli District, or County of Oxford — number of Public Schools in 115 Do. do. Abstracts from Census and Assessment Rolls of. 115,116 Do. do. Government and County Officers in 117 Do. do. Division Courts in 117 Do. do. Distances in 117 Bronte .\...258 Brooke 35 Brownsville .' 283 Bruce Mines 63,69,70,76 to 85 Burford 109,112 Cabot's Head (Lake Huron) 53,55,67 Cainsville , 231 Caistor 153,210 Caledon 279 Caledonia 163 Camden West 2 Camden, Gore of 15,32 Campment d'Ours (Lake Huron) 62,64,69 Campbell's Cliff (do.) 55 Canard river 23 Canboro township 153,180 Canboro village 182 Canning 112 Cape Boucher (Lake Huron) 139 Cape Commodore (do.) 67,139 Cape Crocker (do.) 66,139 Cape Hurd (do.) 53,55,56 Cape Montresor (do.) 67 Cape Robert (do.) 54,66 Cape Smith (do.) 65 Carradoc 88 Catfish Creek 100 Cayuga town , 165 Cayuga township 179 Cedar Creek , 27 Charlotteville 118,124 Chatham township 2,32 Chatham town 16 Chatham, north Gore of 15 Chaudiere Falls (French River) 53 Checquered Sheds 112 Cheltenham 279 Chenail Ecarte 4 Chiefs Point (Lake Huron) 141 Chingiiacousy 279 Chipican Lake 38 Chippewa or Welland River 163 'i INDEX. Xi PAGE Chippewa, town of 205 Christian Island (Lake Huron) 55 Churchville 275 Clearville 31 Clinton 2()8 Cockbum Island (Lake Huron) 54,57,06 Colchester 2,27 Cold Water River (Lake Huron) 138 Columbia 2!2 Commodore's Creek 34 Cook's Corner • 29 Cook's Mills 186 Cooksville 276 Coote's Paradise 250 Crowland 153,186 Cumniinsville 237 Dawn township 33 Dawn Mills 32 Delaware township 86 Delaware village 88 Dereham 109,114 Derry west 278 Desjardins Canal 250,252 Detroit River 3,23 Districts, Act abolishing 8 Dorchester 101 Dover 2,18 Dresden 6,32 Dnimmond Island (Lake Huron) 54,66 Druminondville 198 Dumfries 247 Dundas 250 Dunn 168,180 Dunnville 166 Dunwich 86,95 Dyer's Bay (Lake Huron) 55 Eagle Point (do.) 63 Eastwood Mills Ill Echo Lake (Lake Huron) 62 Edmonton 279 Ekfrid 96,97 Elgin Association 29 Embro 110 Enniskillen 35 Errol 38 Esquesing 262 Essex, Kent and Lambton (Western District) 1*6,14 Euphemia 15 xii INDEX. , PAQB Farmersville 113 Fighting Island 3,S Fingal 95 Fifzwilliam or Horse Island (Lake Huron') 54,57,67 Five Stakes 92 Fiamborough West 249 Flamboroiigh East 256 Fiamborough village 249 Flower Pot Island (Lake Huron) 68 Fonthill 183 Forrestville 123 Forty-mile Creek 163 Fredericksburg 127 French Islands (Lake Huron) 63 French River (do,) 52,60 Froomefield or Talfourds 34 Furnival Iload 96 Gainsborough township 209 Gainsborough village 209 Gait ; 244 to 246 Georgetown 261 George Lake (Lake Huron) ...62 George Lake (Little) (do.) 60 Giant's Tomb (Lake Huron) 55 Glanford 227 Gore District . Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Do. do. Gosfield 219 Number of public schools in 263 Expenditure on, and Revenue from, Public Works, in 264 Expenditure on Lighthouses, and Revenue from Lighthouse duty 265 Revenue from Customs Duties in 265 Abstracts from Census and Assessment Rolls of. 266 to 268 Distances in 269 2,27 Grand River 163,168,181 Grand River, Report on Indian Lands on 168 to 177 Grand RecoUet Falls (French River) 53 Grantham , 153,187 Green Lake (Lake Huron) 148 Grimsby township 153 Grimsby village ■ 210 Gros Cap (Lake Huron) 71 Gwillimbury East 285 Gwllljmbury North 286 Haldimand 168 Hall's Corners 228 Hamilton 220 to 227 liunnahsvilie 257 INDEX. xiii TAGB Harson's Island 4 Harwich 2 Ilot^gs' Hollow 288 Holland River 283 Holland Landing 284 Hornby 261 Houghton 126,127 Howard 2,31 Humberstone 153,185 Huntingford 110 Huron, Lake, Geological and general description of coasts and- islands of ...51 to85, and 125 to 152 Indiana 165 Ingersol 109 lona 95 Jamestown 101 Jarvis 122 Jedburgh 243 Jordan 207 Junction 90,92 Katesville 87 Keswick 285 Kettle Creek 86 Kettle Point or Cape Ippcrwash 39,137,144 Kil worth 90 King 283 Kingsville 28 La Cloche Mountains (Lake Huron) 51,74,150 La Cloche Island (do.) 54,63,65,68 La Cloche Strait (do.) 55 La Cloche Lakes, Great and Little (Lake Huron) '. 149 Lambton, county of 14 Lincoln, Haldimand and Welland 153 Little Pine River (Lake Huron) 136 Lloydtown 282 Lobo township 87 Lobo village 87 London town 90,91 London township 87 Lonely Isle (Lake Huron) 66 Long Point (Lake Erie) 126 Louisville 6,32 Loutli 153,208 Lowville 257 Lundy's Lane 198 Lyell Island , 141 Machell's or Mitchell's Corners 286 McGregQr's Creek h 31 XIV INDEX. li FAOI Mnlaliulo 86,100 Maiden 2,26 Manitoulin Island, Great (Lake Huron) fi3,M,57,68 Manitouwaning Bay (do.) 54,58 Manitouwaning village (du>) 57 Maple Cape (do.) 66 Marshville 185 Matchadash Bay (Lake Huron) 58,63,64 Matchadash township (do.) 58 Medway River 87 Melville Sound (Lake Huron) 67 Merrittsville 184 Mersea 2,28 Metcalfe 87,97 Michael Bay (Lake Huron) , 58 Middleton 118,126 Middlesex, county of. 85,101 Do. do. Number of Public Schools in 102 Do. do. Expenditure on, and Revenue from. Public Works, in 102 Do. do. Expenditure on Lighthouses, and Revenue from Lighthouse duty, in 103 Do. do. Revenue from Customs Duties in 103 Do. do. Abstracts from Census and Assessment Rolls of. 104 to 106 Do. do. Government and County Officers in 107 Do. do. Division Courts in 107 Do. do. Distances in 108 Milton 261 Mississagui River (Lake Huron) 51,71 Mohawk village 235 Moore 34 Moravian-town 29 Morpeth 31 Mosa 96 Mount Dorchester 207,211 Mount Pleasant ....240 Mud Creek 40 Munseytown or Colborne (Indian village) 88 Nanticoke 121 Nassagaweya 262 Navy Island 205 Neebeesh Island (Lake Huron) 65 Neebeesh Rapids, fall in (Lake Huron) 135 Neewash (Indian village, Lake Huron) 136 Nelson 257 New Fairfield 29 Newmarket 286 Niagara District 153 Do. do. Number of Public Schools in .'...211 \ \ INDEX. XVll Scotland 112 Selborne 93 Sciieca townohip 163,178 Seneca village 164 Serpent River (Lake Huron') 51,71 Sharon 285 Shubawcnahning (Lake Huron) 51 Sheguenandod (do.) 54,57 Shegiicnandod Bay (do.) 66 Sherbrooke 180 Simcoe 122 Smith's Ray (Lake Huron) '. 54 Smith's Creek 242 Smithville 209 Sombra 33 Southwold 86,93,95 Spanish River (Lake Huron) ». 50,63,71,147 Sparta 100 Springfield 240 Springfield 275 Springer's Creek 87 Stag Island, or Isle aux Ceifs 4 Stamford township 153,-2(M Stamford village 197 Stanley's Mills 281 Stevensvilie 20C Stewarttown 261 Stonebridge or Petersburg 185 Stoney Creek village 220 Stoney Point 19 Strathroy 87 Streetsville 275 St. Andrews 110 St. Anne's Island 4 St. Catharines I94 St. Clair Lake 4,6 St. Clair Rirer 3,4 St. Davids 198 St. Georges 248 St. Johns 184 St. Josephs Island (Lake Huron) 63,69 St. Josephs Lake (do.) g2 St. Marys River (do.) q3 St. Thomas 92 St. Williams 124 Sturgeon Creek 29,42 Sugar Island (Lake Huron) 63 Sulphur Island (do.) ...66 B k r4 h XVni INDEX. PAOI SutherlandH 34 Sydenham village 276 Tecumgeth Lake 67 Temperanccville lOO Thamesville 32 Thames River .'5,86 Thessalon River (Lake Huron) 71 Thessalon Point (do.) 69 Thessalon Lakes (do.) 74 Thonihill 287 Thorold township 153,186 Thorold village 194 Thunder Bay (Lake Huron) 76 Tilbury East and West 18 Tilsonburg 113 Tobermory Harbour (Lake Huron) 135 Toronto township 277 Toronto, Gore of 280 Townsend 118,128 Trafalgar 261 Tullamore 281 Turkey Point (Lake Erie) 129 Tuscarora 241 Twelve-mile Creek (Lake Erie) 163 Twenty-mile Creek (do.) 1C» Tyrwhitt's Mills or Kettleby 283 Tyrconnel 96 Uuionville 93 Vaughan 287 Vienna 99 Vittoria 123 Wainfleet 153,185 Wallaceburgh 33 Wallace Mine 152 Walpole township 179 Walpole Island 4,41 Walpole Channel 4 Walsingham ,118,125 Wardsville 97 Warwick township A|«^. 87 Warwick village 40 Waterdown 255 Waterford 128 Waywaynosh Lake 38 Welland Canal 187 to 194 Welland Port, or the "Narrows" 182 Wellington Square 256 Wentworth and HaltoD 219 PAGI ^H 34 B 276 9 67 9 100 ''V 32 :9 ....5,86 "V 71 9 69 '« 74 fl 287 9 153,186 fl 194 ^1 76 s 18 V J 135 1 277 J 280 m 118,128 m 261 W H 129 H H L 163 fl ICS H 283 H H , 93 H ^ 99 • - ■1 153,185 3 ? ....152 i ....179 J ,...4,41 1 1 18,125 87 ■!■ ...255 ...128 38 '•j to 194 ■« ...182 ...256 1 ...219 :" INDEX. xiX ^^^■^^^•^^•k.^^^* •..^,-^.*.•»^%^.^.^.^^.•^^• •.x*..v».^.N^."w^*-'>v^-*>' v v wx^vk^'v^.^^'s.vi'w^-^- , rAOR Wequemakong (Lako Huron) 54,57 Western District, Act to divide 7 Western District 1 Do. do. Public Schools in 43 Do. do. Expenditure on, and Revenue from Public Works, in 43 Do. do. Expenditure on Lighthouses, and Revenue from Lighthouse dutj, in 43 Do. do. Revenue from Customs Duties in 44 'Do. do. Abstracts from Census and Assessment Rolls of. 44 to47 Do. do. Government Hnd County Officers in 49 Do. do. Crown Lands and Clergy Reserves in -. 48 Do. do. Division Courts in 49 Do. do. Distances in 50 Westminster township 86,91 Westminster or Hall's Mills 90 Whitchurch 287 White-fish River (Lake Huron) 71 White-fish Lake (do.) 149 Williams j. 97 Williamsburg 262 Willoughbv 153,205 Windham 118,127 Windsor 19 to 21 Woodburn 828 Woodhouse 118 Woodstock 110 Yarmouth 86,93,95,100 YoDge street 288 York, county of ; 270,273 York, invasion of 274 York village 165 Zone G Zorra 109 INTRODUCTION. »VN^^^^.^*<.'V\/V-^'* ^.-^ CHAPTER I. CONTAINING THB FIRST DISCOVERY OP CANADA, WITH ITS EARLY IIIBTORT UNDER TUB FRENCH. The honour of discovering that portion of North America, afterwards called Canada, is considered to belong to John Cabot, and his son Seban- tian, both Italians, who, two years after the discoveries of Columbns became known in England, received a commission from Henry the Seventh to discover a north-west passage to the East Indies or China. The com- mission was dated on the fifth March, 1405, and stipulated that one fifth of the gains in the enterprise should be yielded to the Crown, and that the vessels engaged in the expedition should return to the Port of Bristol. In the year 1497 the adventurers sailed with six ships, and in Juno of the same year discovered the coast of Newfoundland. Continuing their voyage they explored the Gulf of St Lawrence, and reached the coast of Labrador, to which they gave the name of Primavista. After the return of the expedition to England, John Cabot was knighted by the king, but died soon afterwards. In the following year, Sebastian Cabot sailed with a second expedition in search of the much desired passage, but after penetrating as far as Hudsons Bay, was obliged to return without having eflectcd the object in view. Some years afterwards he was pensioned by the king, Edward the Sixth. In the year 1500, Caspar Cortereal, a Portuguese by birth, followed the course of John Cabot, and visited the coast of Labrador, where he kidnapped a number of the natives, who were conveyed to Portugal and condemned to slavery. But vengeance soon overtook these ruthless invaders. In attempting a second voyage, in the following year, the whole party perished at sea. Some time having elapsed without their return or any tidings of them, the brother of Cortereal set out in (search of them. But he also appears to have met the same fate, never I XXll INTRUDUUTION. ^♦■ altin'w iirdtf liriii); hciird of, iillliou^h thn Kin|L!: of Portugal iitted out an vxpinlitioii ortlirct^ vessels for the express purpose of seuruhiiig for Uieni. In I riO'i, two inereliHuts of Itristol, with two other Ky ('ahot; and in 1527 an expedition was fitted out by tiu^ same monarch with thu object of (Uscovering a north-west passage. This ap(>ears to iiave terminated all adventures on the part of the Uritish government t'or the purpose of exploring or forming settlements on the Canadian coast, and the subsequent vi>yages for the j)urpose were con- ducted by the French. b> the year ir»2;i a (lect «)f four vessels was fitted out by order of Francis the First, the ct)mmand of which was given to a native of Flo- rence, named (iiovanni N'eraz'/.ano. Of this voyage nothin;i4, Francis the First of France fitted out an expedition for the purpose of establishing a colony in the New World, the com- mand of which was bestowed upon Jacc^ucs Cartier, an able navigator of St. Maloes. lie leil the port on the twentieth of April with two ships of the small size of only sixty tons each, and carrying one hundred and twenty men. The wind was favorable, and on the twentieth day from sailing they came within sight of the coast of Newfoundland. The harbours being Htill blocked up with ice he niturncd to the south-cast, aud having at length found anchorage, remained on the coast for ten days. Cartier examined the northern shores of Newfoundland, but did not discover that it was an island. lie afterwards explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and entered a bay which from the heat he experienced there, lie named the "Bay of Chaleurs." After leaving the bay he visited a considerable extent of the gulf coast, and landing on the shore of Gasp6 Bay, took possession of it in the name of his king, and erected a large cross with a shield bearing the arms of France. Having been thus far successful, he sailed on the twenty-fifth of July, on his return to France, having previously managed to seize two of the natives. The French government perceived the advantage of forming a settle- ment in the newly discovered country, and by the advice and through the influence of the Sieur de la Maillcraye, vice-admiral of France, a new expedition was prepared which sailed in the following year (fifteen hundred and thirty-five) under the same commander. The fleet consisted of three vessels, the largest of which only measured one hundred and twenty tons ; many adventurers, and young men of good families, joined the expedition as volunteers. On the day after leaving port the weather became stormy, and for above a month the little fleet was tossed about at the mercy of the winds and waves. On the twenty-fifth of June the ships were separated, and each made the best of its way to the coast of Newfoundland. Cartier's own vessel reached the land on the seventh of July, but the other two did not ar'^ive till the twenty-sixth, having been nine weeks on the passage. Having supplied themselves with water and wood for fuel, they sailed again to explore the Gulf of St. Lawrence, but a few days afterwards a violent storm forced them to seek shelter. Having found a port near the entrance of the great river where there was safe anchorage, they entered and remained there till the weather moderated, when they resumed their voyage. Tlie port where they had found refuge was named by Cartier, " St. Nicolas," which name it bears to the present day. XXIV INTRODUCTION. s. 's.-v. -v. -V\. -*.■%» rv ' ;■* !li *; I On the tenth of the month the vessels entered the mouth of the St Law- rence, which was named by Cartier ; and on the fifteenth they reached a long island which was named L'Isle de I'Assumption, but has since been called " Anticosti." This island is one hundred and twenty-five miles long, and in its widest part about thirty miles across, dividing the River St. Lawrence into two channels. Throughout its whole extent it has neither bay nor harbour sufficiently sale to shelter ships. It is unculti- vated, being generally of an unprofitable soil, upon which any attempted improvements have met with very unpromising results. Since the year eighteen hundred and nine, establishments have been formed on the island for the relief of shipwrecked persons ; two men reside there, at difl^erent stations, all the year round, furnished with provisions for the use of those who may have the misfortune to need them. Boards are placed in different parts describing the distance and direction to these friendly spots. It has been lately proposed to convert the island into a convict station. After leaving the island, the navigators continued their course, examin- ing both sliores of the great river, and occasionally holding such com- munication, by signs and gestures, as they were able, with the natives. After examining the mouth of the Saguenay they continued their passage up the St. Lawrence, and on the sixth of September reached an island abounding in filberts, which on that account they named Isle aux Coudrcs. They soon afterwards reached another island of considerable extent, well wooded and abounding in vines, which was named Isle de Bacchus. This was afterwards, in the year sixteen hundred and seventy-six created an earldom, by the title of St. Laurent, which, however has long been extinct. The island is now Icnown by the name of Orleans. On the 7th, of September, Donnacona, the chief of the Indians residing in that part of the country, came with twelve canoes to visit the strangers, whose vessels lay at anchor between the island and the north shore of the great river. Jacques Cartier appears to have had with him the two Indians who had been carried away from the coast on the previous voyage, and who now acted as interpreters. Their description of the kind treat- ment they experienced, and the wonders they had seen amongst their captors, created a favorable impression in the minds of the Indians, who received them in a friendly manner. Afl;er this satisfactory interview with the natives the adventurers con- tinued their passage up the stream, till they reached the point ofjunction of the River St. Charles with the St. Lawrence, where Cartier deter- mined to anchor his ships for the winter ; having named the " little river" St. Croix. Doiniacona, with about five hundred of his tribe came to wel- come his arrival. In the angle formed by the meeting of the two rivers* INTRODUCTION. XXV I cou- ction |otcr- ver" wel- |vers> where the lower town of Qqebec is now situated, stood the Indian town of Stadacona, where was the residence of the chief. Respecting the origin of the name " Quebec" there appears to be quite as much uncertainty as witli that of Canada ; Charlevoix derives its origin from the Algonquin language, while La Potherie asserts it to have originated from an exclamation of the first discoverers under Cartier, who on first seeing the piomontory raised an exclamation of " Quel bee !" Mr. Hawkins on the contrary believes it to be of Norman origin, and in proofof his opinion mentions a seal belonging to William, earl of Suffolk, dated in the year fourteen hundred and twenty, the motto on which is "Sigilium Wiliielmi de la Pole, Comitis Suflx)lckicc, Dominedc Hamburg et de Quebec." The French remained here for some time, on good terms with the natives, but Jacques Cartier was desirous of extending his discoveries, and having been informed by his Indian interpreters that an Indian town of larger size than Stadacona was situated higher up the river, he deter- mined to reach it. The Indians were unwilling that he should proceed, probably thinking he had already penetrated sufficiently far into the country for their own safety. They therefore used every argument likely to prevail to deter their progress ; they represented the distance the lateness of the season, the dangers of the lakes and rapid currents and the ferocily of the tribes inhabiting the upper country ; and when every objection failed one of the interpreters refused to accompany him. The navigator however was immovable, and in order to give the inhabi- tants some idea of his power, he caused twelve cannon, loaded with bullets, to be fired against a wood. These were the first fire-arms they had seen, and naturally struck them with both awe and wonder. On the 19th of September Jacques Cartier sailed in search of Hochelaga, the town he had heard of from the Indians, taking with him one of his smaller vessels and three boats, containing a party of thirty- five armed men, leaving the two larger vessels with their crews in the harbour at Stadacona. The voyage was prosperous, and the natives appeared every where friendly; the chief of one district even carrying his kindness so far as to present the commander with a little girl, one of his own children. On the twenty-ninth the voyagers having missed the proper channel, were obstructed in the channel and unable to proceed, taking therefore his two smaller boats, Cartier deemed it advisable to leave the others behind, and on the second of October reached his ])lace of destination. The natives, above a thousand in number, assembled on the shore to meet and welcome the strangers. While the commander in return for their kindness gave presents of tin, beads and other trifles to the women, with knives to some of the men. "'^^ "' XXVI INTRODUCTIOK. h I The French returned at night to their boats, and the following day, with three of the Indians as guides, they visited the town, which consisted of about fifty large huts, surrounded by fields of Indian corn. *' It was of a circular form, each hut fifty paces long, and from fourteen to fifteen wide, all built in the shape of tunnels, formed of wood, and covered with birch bark ; the dwellings were divided into several rooms surround- ing an open court in the centre, where the fires burned. Three rows of palisades encircled the town, with only one entrance ; above the gate, and over the whole length of the outer ring of defence, there was a gallery, approached by flights of steps, and plentifully provided with stones and other missiles to resist attack. This was a place of con- siderable importance even in those days, as the capital of a great extent of country, having eight or ten villages subject to its sway." " The inhabitants spoke the language of the great Huron nation, and were more advanced in civilization than any of their neighbours : unlike other tribes, they cultivated the ground and remained stationary. The French were well received by the people of Hochelaga ; they made presents, the Indians gave fetes; their fire-arins, trumpets and other warlike equipments filled the minds of their simple hosts with wonder and admiration, and their beards and clothing excited a curiosity which the difliculties of an unknown language prevented from being satisfied. So great was the veneration for the white men, that the chief of the town, and many of the maimed, sick, and infirm, came to Jacques Cartier, entreating him, by expressive signs, to cure their ills. The pious French- man disclaimed any supernatural power, but he read aloud part of the Gospel of St. John, made the sign of the cross over the sufferers, and presented them with chaplets and other holy symbols ; he then prayed earnestly that the poor savages might be freed from the night of ignorance and infidelity. The Indians regarded these acts and words with deep gratitude and respectful admiration.'* After visiting the hill or mountain situated at the back, and about three miles from Hochelaga, to which he gave the name of Mont Royal, (which has since been corrupted into Montreal, and bestowed upon the city at its base) Jacques Cartier returned to the boats, in order to retrace his steps to Stadacona. His quick retreat disappointed his new friends who followed the boats for some distance on their passage down the river. On the fourth of October the travellers refeched the shallow water where the vessels had been left, and arrived at Stadacona on the eleventh. During the absence of Cartier, the men who had been left behind in charge of the vessels, had occupied themselves in endeavouring to strengthen their position, in order to guard against any danger of attack from the natives, as notwithstanding there was every appearance of INTRODUCTION. XXVll friendly feeling on their part, the French did not deem it prudent to place too implicit confidence in their sincerity. No hostile or unfriendly feeling however appears to have been entertained by the natives towards their invaders ; on the contrary, when the winter set in with a severity alto- gether unexpected by the French, who were unprovided with either proper clothing or provisions, and in consequence the crew were attacked with that terrible disease scurvy, of which twenty-five died by the month of March, Jacques Cartier would himself have perished had not the Indians, finding that their visitors were but mortal like themselves, taken upon themselves the ofiice of physician and revealed to them a remedy, the decoction of the leaf and bark of a certain tree, which was so efiectual, that in a few days they were all restored to health. This tree is supposed by Champlain to have been the spruce fir, Pinus Canadensis. What a contrast does the conduct under similar circumstances here exhibit, between the representative of polished, civilized France, and the so-called savage of the wilderness. When asked to heal the sick, the one, who probably knew nothing of medicine or surgery, " made the sign of the cross over the sufferers^ and presented them with chaplets and other holy symbols,^* which no doubt proved very efficacious. While the " plain untutored savage " simply cured his patients. On the twenty-first of Apiil, Jacques Cartier becoming alarmed at the sudden appearance of a number of young men, who had just returned from the hunting gounds where they had spent the winter, and fearing lest some hostile movement might be in progress, determined to return at once to France. On the eve of departure, he was guilty of a shame- ful act of treachery towards his kind entertainers, in seizing the chief, Donnacona, the interpreters and two other Indians, whom he carried to France, and presented to Francis the First. The issue of the voyage to the west was not, however, particularly satisfactory or encouraging to the French at that day ; no gold or silver, or any thing supposed to be valuable, had been discovered ; and the accounts brought home by the voyagers of the severity of the climate, the privations they had suffered, and the diseases with which they had been afflicted were sufficient to damp the spirits of many who had pre- viously supported the adventure. Still, however, there were many in France who had a more favorable opinion of the country that had been visited, and were anxious to form a settlement and colonize the lands discovered by Cartier. One of the principal of these was Jean Francois de la Roque, Lord of Roberval, who obtained a commission from the king to command an expedition to North America, with the title and authority of Lieutenant General and Viceroy over Canada, Hochelaga, Saguenay, Newfoundland, Belle Isle, Carpon, Labrador, La Grande Baye, xxvm INTRODUCTION. :,' li and Baccalaos ; and Jacques Cartier was appointed second in command. The adventurers were directed to make all the discoveries they could, and were still urged to search for gold and silver. Jacques Cartier busied himself at St. Malo, in preparing his vessels for the voyage, while the Lord of Roberval was also exerting himself at Honfleur, in fitting out two extra vessels at his own cost ; but the king becoming impatient, he directed Cartier to sail without him, and to use the same authority as if he himself were present ; promising to follow himself as soon as he was prepared. Jacques Cartier left St. Malo on the twenty-third of May, fifteen hundred and forty-one. The vessels were separated for some time by stormy weather, but at length they all met again on the coast of Newfoundland, where they waited some weeks in hopes of being joined by Roberval ; but he not appearing, they sailed to their old station on the St. Lawrence, where they arrived on the twenty-third of August. On their arrival at their old anchoring place, near Stadacona, the Indians friendly as ever, came to welcome the return of the strangers. When, however, they learned the fate of their late chief, who had died in France, their friendly feelings towards the adventurers immediately underwent a change ; they no longer treated them with kindness or confidence, and threw every possible obstruction in their way, in order to compel them to leave. The hostility of the Indians at length arrived at such a pitch that the French Commander deemed it prudent to shift his quarters, and choose another anchoring place for the winter. The ground he selected was the mouth of a small river, three leagues higher up the St. Lawrence, where he erected two small forts for the protection of his vessels; and gave his new position the name of Charlesbourg Royal. From hence he sent back two vessels of his fleet to France, with letters to the king, conveying the information that Roberval had not yet arrived. Under the supposition that the country of the Saguenay, supposed to be rich in mineral wealth, might be reached by pursuing the course of the St. Lawrence, Cartier spent a portion of the autumn in exploring the course of the stream above Hochelaga, intending to make a more extensive and minute survey in the spring. The Indians met him on his journey with every appearance of friendship, but from their being assembled in unusual numbers he viewed them with suspicion. It is probable the distrust was mutual, and that the Indians having been twice deceived, were anxious to guard against a third act of trea<^lji"y. It is probable such was their feeling, as after the return of the parfy to Charlesbourg Royal, they were avoided by the Indians, who now never visited the French, or brought them presents of fish and other provisions, INTRODUCTIOH. XXIX »g If ;o ■•■i i as they had formerly done. Being fearful of an attack, Cartier made every preparation necessary for defence during the winter, but as we have no account of any hostile demonstration having occurred, we may presume that the winter passed away quietly. Rohcrval, notwithstanding his promises, did not depart from France till the spring of the following year, when he left Rochelle with three large vessels, fitted out principally at the expense of the king. Two hundred persons accompanied him, some of whom were gentlemen of family, and others, men and women intending to become settlers in the newly discovered country. After a tedious voyage the adventurers reached the coast of New- foundland and entered the harbour of St. Johns, where they remained for a short period to recruit. While remaining here they were much disappointed at the sudden ap- pearance of Jacques Cartier, who was then on his way back to France, having become discouraged by the hostility of the Indians, his own want of necessary supplies, and the non-appearance of Roberval. He was still, however, ardent in his descriptions of the richness and fertility of the country, and exhibited specimens of what was supposed to be gold ore, and crystals that were taken for diamonds, found on the promontory above Quebec, which has since been named "Cape Diamond." No persuasions, however, could induce the adventurers to return ; and in order to avoid an open quarrel with Roberval, they weighed anchor in the night and continued their voyage to France, where Cartier died soon after his return. Though Roberval was disappointed, he was not discouraged by the loss of his Lieutenant, and determined to prosecute his voyage to Can- ada ; he accordingly sailed from Newfoundland and reached Cap Rouge, the place where Jacques Cartier had wintered, about the end of June, 1542. This position he fortified, to guard against attack, and remained there till the following spring, but does not appear to have been occupied to any useful purpose. During the winter, the scurvy, that ancient scourge of mariners, committed great havoc amongst the party ; not less than fifty of the number having died from its effects. About the end of April, the ice broke up and navigation opening enabled Roberval to make preparations for more active operations ; and on the fifth of June he started to explore the province of Saguenay, leaving a party behind to protect the winter quarters. The survey was attended with no beneficial effects, but resulted in the loss of a boat and eight men. Before the close of navigation Roberval left Canada and returned to France, where for some years he was otherwise engaged. XXX INTRODUCTION. ^. v.■^>-.*^*.v.•-«..•'.- ^-vN^^^•>.•.'|.v^.*-^.^.'^.^.^.'^^- In the year 1549, a expedition was sent on foot, and Roberval accom- panied by his brother and a party of adventurers, sailed once more for Canada ; but nothing having being heard of them afterwards, they were supposed to have perished in the Atlantic. In 1 570, a spirit of enterprise appeared to spring up in England, and Martin Frobisher was sent out by Queen Elizabeth on a voyage of discovery. He had three ships under his command, and discovered the straights which bear his own name, and Elizabeth's Foreland. He also brought with him a large quantity of mundic, mica or talc, which he mistook for gold ore. In the following year, he was sent out by some merchants, with an expedition consisting of three ships, commissioned to seek for gold, and to explore the coasts of Labrador and Greenland, with the hopes of discovering a north-west passage to India. He returned, however, without having accomplished the latter portion of his task, but brought back with him an Indian man, woman and child, and about two hundred tons of the supposed gold ore. It seems most extraordinary that proper means were not adopted for testing and thoroughly examining the quality of the article imported for gold, before going to greater expense in collecting it ; it is evident how- ever, such was not the case, as we learn that in the following year, 1578, Martin Frobisher again sailed for the American continent, having with him this time no fewer than fifteen ships, all in the search for gold. Of gold, however, they got none, and a large number of those engaged in the speculation were ruined. It is singular that in the present day, after such a lapse of time, gold should actually have been discovered, although in small quantities, in those very regions where it was so long and so expensively sought in vain. After this gold mania had subsided through the ruin of the adventurers, the spirit of discovery appears to have sunk into inactivity in England ; and for fifty years after the loss of Roberval, France paid little or no attention to Canada. But in 1598 the Marquis de la Roche, a Breton gentleman, obtained from the king, Henry the Fourth, a patent grant- ing the same powers that had previously been given to Roberval. Having obtained the necessary powers he fittedout a vessel, and added to his crew a band of forty convicts drawn from the French prisons ; these he left on Sable Island, the first land he touched, which was little better than a barren sand bank. But little is known of the rest of his voyage, but he returned to France leaving the prisoners upon the island to their fate. After a lapse of seven years an expedition was sent out by the king to look for them, when twelve only were found alive ; these were brought back to France, and in consideration of the I INTRODL'CTIOX. •-*»>.■%.■*»>■-•>.%■■*•* XXX { .-*>.-» ^. ■■ sufferings they had undergone, their offences were pardoned, and a sum of money was given to each. The marquis who had left them behind was ruined by the failure of his expedition, and did r^* long survive his losses and disappointments. About the year 1000 the profits of the fur trade began to attract considerable attention, and private adventurers began to barter with the Canadian hunters. A wealthy merchant of St. Malo, M. Pont- grave, w.as one of the most successful of these traders, and made several profitable voyages to Tadousac, at the mouthof the Saguenay, and, with the view of establishing a trading post in that locality, engaged a captain in the navy, named Chauvin to join him in partnership, and to obtain from the king a patent conferring upon him exclusive privilege of trading in that region. The application for the patent succeeded, and two tolerably successful voyages were made ; but the attempt to establish a trading post at the mouth of the river was unsuccessful, and Chauvin died in 1603, while preparing for a third voyage. Tadousac has since become a post of the Hudson's Bay Company, and is said to contain the remains of the first building erected by the Frenchin Canada, ofiistone and mortar. After the death of Chauvin, De Chatte, governor of Dieppe founded a company of merchants for the purpose of trading to and making settle- ments in Canada. The command of the expedition was given to Pont- grav6, who was commissioned by the king to make what discoveries he could in the St. Lawrence, and to form a settlement upon some portion of the coast. At the request of De Chatte, Champlain, a naval officer of some reputation, accepted a command in the expedition. Pontgrave and Champlain sailed for the St. Lawrence in 1603. They left their ships at Tadousac, and proceeded as far as the Sault St. Louis, in an open boat, with only five sailors. At this time the Indian town, Hoche- laga, had so dwindled away that the voyagers did not deem it worthy a passing notice, but they remained for a time atthe anchoring place at Quebec. During the absence of the expedition, De Chatte, its patron, died in France, and the powers and privileges that had been bestowed on him, were conferred on Pierre du Guast, sieur de Monts, on certain conditions. De Monts was a Calvinist, and although of the reformed religion himself, it was stipulated that he should convert the Indians to the Roman Catholic religion. He sailed from Havre in March 1604, with a fleet of four vessels ; two of these were intended to proceed to Acadia, one was destined for the Strait of Canso, and the fourth for Tadousac, to trade for furs with the hunters of the Saugenay. De Mont arrived on the coast of Acadia on the 6th of May, and to show his power and i XXXll INTROUUCTIOIf. ,1 « !llf ^V*-^%-v^-» nssert his privileges, seized and conflscated, an English vessel he fuund trading there. He then sailed to the Island of St. Croix, where he established himself for the winter. During his stay his party was diminished by the ravages of scurvy, and the privations to which they were exposed. Champlain, having in the mean time discovered and named P»irt Koyal, now called Annapolis, De Monts removed there, erected a fort and appointed rontgrav6 to its command; and soon afterwards he bestowed Port Royal, and a portion of the neighbouring country, upon De Poutrincourt, one of his party, and the grant was after- wards confirmed by the king. During the absence of De Mont, many complaints were made to the King of France of the injustice of the exclusive privileges that had been bestowed upon hini, it was urged that he had interfered with and thwarted the fisheries, under pretence of securing the sole right of trading with the Indians. In consequence of these representations, De Mont's privileges were revoked. Not discouraged, he entered into a new engagement with De Poutrincourt, who had followed him to France, and in May sent a ship from Rochelle to assist the colony in Acadia. The settlers there, having been reduced to great distress for want of supplies, resolved to return to France, and had actually st^ilcd, when they heard of the arrival of Poutrincourt with supplies. They therefore returned to Port Royal. This colony appears to have continued in a flourishing state till the year sixteen hundred and fourteen, when it was attacked and destroyed by a force from Virginia, under Sir Samuel Argall. In 1021, King James the First conferred Acadia upon Sir W. Alexander, who changed the name to Nova Sct^f'a. By the treaty of St. Germain en Laye, in 1632, it was restored to the French ; it was afterwards taken a second time by the English, and again restored to France by the treaty of Breda. It was again taken in 1710, by General Nicholson, and finally ceded to Great Britain by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. Notwithstanding the patent of De Mont had been reversed, he still continued his efforts for the promotion of the settlement of Canada ; and in the following year obtained a renewal of his privileges for twelve months, on condition that he should establish a settlement on the banks of the St. Lawrence. The trading company, who still continued to place confidence in him, notwithstanding his reverses, fitted out two ships, under the command of Champlain and Pontgrave, to establish the fur trade at Tadousac. De Mont, who remained in France, with the assis- tance of the company, fitted out some additional vessels in the spring of 1608, which he also sent to the St. Lawrence. Champlain reached Quebec on the 3d of July, and immediately selected the spot as the site of If; ■Tyinirfinwiaw IMTROnUCTION. XXXIll the future capital of the country. Here he erected Iiuts for sljelicr, a magazine for their stores and provisions, and on the highest point of the headland he formed barracks for the ofiicers and men. The town of Stadacona, like that of Ilochclnga seems to have dwindled away since the first visit of the French. A few Indians still remained about Quebec, but were not in the same flourishing condition they were formerly found in, and during the succeeding winter they suffered severely from famine, being compelled to supplicate aid from the strangers. The French themselves, having to live principally on salt provisions, were, as in previous winters, attacked with scurvy. On the 18th of April, in the following year, Champlain, attended by a party of Indian warriors, ascended the St. Lawrence, and also ex- plored the lake to which he gave his own name, which it has since retained. On this expedition he encountered a party of Iroquois (Five Nations). A battle ensued, which soon terminated in favour of the French partj^ through the agency of the fire-arms to which the Iroquois were not yet accustomed. After this expedition Champlain returned to France, where he was well received by the king, Henry the Fourth, who gave the name of New France to Canada. By the assistance of the merchants company, De Mont, in the spring of 1610, equipped two vessels, which were placed under the conmiand of Champlain and Pontgr.ive ; one was intended for Quebec, to convey artisans, settlers and supplies to the colony, and the other was destined for Tadousac to prosecute the fur trade. Champlain sailed from Hon- fleur on the 8th of April, and reached the mouth of the Saguenay after a short passage of eighteen days. On his arrival at Quebec he found .the settlers contented and prosperous, their attempts at cultivation had been successful, and they had not been disturbed by the Indians. The French, however, have always been a warlike people, never contented with the blessings of peace, but always seeking for military glory. Thus we find Champlain, soon after his arrival in Canada, a})parently without any provocation, joining the Algonquin and Montagnez Indians, in an expedition against the Iroquois. In this affair Champlain received a slight wound. In 1G13, Champlain found it necessary to return to France, to seek a patron, able and willing to assist the colony, by fur- nishing the necessary supplies and resources to support and extend it. This he found in the Count de Soisson, who had been appointed Vice- roy of the new country ; Soisson however died soon afterwards, and the appointment was bestowed upon the Prince de Conde. The new Viceroy continued Champlain in his command as deputy, and on the 6th of March, 1613, he left St. Malo in a vessel commanded by Pontgrave, and reached Quebec on the 7lh of May. From thence he XXXIV INTRODUCTION. fi proceeded to Mont Uoyal, and after remaining a short time at that station, sot off to explore the Ottawa ; after which, as his presence was not re- quired by the colonists, he and his companion Pontgrave returned onco more to France. In the year 1014, through the influence of the Prince of Cond»S Cham- plain obtained letters patent, incorporating some wealthy merchants of St. Malo, Rouen and Ilochelle, into a new company, and having obtained the assistance of some Roman Catholic missionaries, he returned to Quebec, which place he reached in the beginning of April, 1015 ; and proceeding from thence to Mont Royal, found the Indians in that neighbourhood preparing for a hostile excursion against the Irotjuois. Fond of adventure, and desirous of gaining the friendship of the Indians in his own immediate neighbourhood, and also probably not a little proud of the opportunity of showing the superior efficiency of European instruments of warfare, Champlain was easily persuaded to join the party, although it would have been far better had he remained neutral and contented himself with protecting his own settlers. One of the missionaries accompanied him on his journey with the view of becoming acquainted with the language and habits of the In- dians. After ascending the Ottawa river the invading party con- tinued their route till they reached the borders of lake Nipissing^ where they found a party of Nipissings, seven or eight hundred in number, who gave them a friendly reception. From thence they pro- ceeded, sometimes by land, sometimes in canoes, till they reached the great lake Attigouantan, (Huron). After coasting the lake for about forty-five leagues, they struck into the interior, for the purpose of reach- ing the appointed rendezvous of their allies. They found the land ^ superior to that they had hitherto passed through, being well cultivated, and abounding in corn and fruits. After meeting their savage allies they spent several days in dancing and feasting, and at length set out in search of their adversaries. At length they came within sight of the Iroquois camp, when they perceived the enemy strongly entrenched in a camp defended by four successive palisades of fallen trees, enclosing a piece of ground containing a pond, with every other requisite for sus- taining Indian warfare. The Iroquois advanced from their fortifications and were successfully attacking the Algonquins, when a discharge of fire-arms drove them back to their camp. Champlain now attempted to train his Indian allies to European modes of warfare, but found they would only fight when, and in such manner as they felt inclined. Instead of following his directions, they preferred to pour out execrations upon the enemy, and shoot arrows against the strong wooden defences. The attack was unsuccessful, Champlain himself was twice wounded in the iHTRontrcTioy. XXXV jsing a ir sus- jations |,rge of fcmpted Id they Instead upon The I in the leg, and the Algonqnins nmkingfho non-arrival of five hundred rxpcctcd uuxiliiirics an excuse, dctcrniiiicd to retreat. Champhiin now claimed from his allies the fulfilment of their promise to convey him home arter his campaign. First, however, guidrs wrre wanting, then a canoe ; and he soon found that they were determined to detain him and his com- panions, with a view to their defence in ease of attack, or to aid them in future expeditions. He was very ill provided for wintering in so deso- late a region ; but a chief named Darontal, gave him his hut, built in the best Indian style, and he found considerable amusement in their hunting expeditions. On the *-iOth of May in the following year he set out on his way homewards, and arrived at the Sault St. Louis in the end of June. After remaining there a short time he continued his jour- ney to Tadousac ; from whiMice he set sail for France, where ho arrived on the 10th September KJlO. On his arrival in France, he found the Prince of Conde, not only in disgrace, but actually in confinement. The Marshal de Themines, how- ever, was prevailed upon to undertake the duties of the ofilce, on con- dition of sharing the emoluments. Unfortunately he bticame involved in controversy with the merchants, and after a lapse of two years and a half, the Duke de Montmorency was induced to treat with Conde for his office of viceroy, and obtained it upon the payment of eleven thou- sand crowns. Champlain was well pleased at this arrangement, con- sidering the duke as better qualified for the appointment, and from his situation of High Admiral, possessing the best means of forwarding the object. A body of associated merchants had already, in January, 1GI9, agreed to send out a larger colony than any preceding one, of eighty persons, including three friars, with the necessary supply of furniture, arms, seed corn, and domestic animals. Their departure was, however, delayed a whole year, by the disputes between Rochelle and other com- mercial cities, and between the prot^stants and the catholics. Attempts were also made to degrade Champlain from the high situation in which he had been placed ; but by virtue of commissions, both frorai Montmo- rency and the king, he succeeded in crushing all opposition. While Champlain was absent in France, one of the missionaries named Duplessys had been engaged at Trois Rivieres in instructing the Indians, and had so far gained their affection that he was informed of a con- spiracy among all the neighbouring Indian tribes for the complete destruction of the French : Duplessys contrived to conciliate some of the principal chiefs, and at lenn.'^th succeeded in arranging a treaty, and gaining the possession of two chiefs as hostages for its observance. In May, 1630, Champlain once more set sail for the new world, and after a lengthened voyage arrived on the 7th of July at the port of > i= fl i i' 'I XXXVl INTRODUCTION. S. -N. ^.-^.-^. V >. -N.^ -w-S. >^ -«.>-%. W >. V Tadousao. He found that during his long absence the settlements had been considerably neglected, and that after all that had been done for the colony, there remained, not more than sixty inhabitants including women, children and clergy, ten of whom were engaged in establishing a religious seminary. In addition to which discouraging result, he ascertained that some adventurers from Rochelle, in violation of the company's privileges, had opened a trade with the Indians, and had set the fatal example of bartering fire-arms for furs. In the year 1631, the first child was born in Quebec of French parents. During this year the colony was in considerable danger from an attack by the Iroquois Indians, who becoming jealous of the alliance between the French, and the Hurons and Algonquins, and fearing that the united parties might become too formidable, con- certed an expedition to destroy the settlements. It is probable they also partly acted from a feeling of revenge for the part Champlain had acted in joining the Algonquins in their attack. The first demonstration was made upon the settlement at Sault St. Louis, where they were repulsed with considerable loss. Another party proceeded down the river to Quebec, instead however of attacking the French settlement, they fell upon and destroyed some Huron villages in the vicinity. The following year the association of merchants who had fitted out the last expedition, were deprived of all their privileges by the duke who transferred the care of the colony to the Sieurs De Caen, uncle and nephew, one a merchant and the other a mariner. The king of France himself wrote to Champlain, approving of his services and exhorting him to continue in tbe same course ; by the new arrangement however he was deprived of all authority. About the middle of July he received notice that De Caen had arrived at Tadousac, and was desirous of an interview. He was received with the utmost courtesy, but soon found the new superintendent disposed to act in a very violent and arbi- trary manner. He claimed the right of seizing all the vessels belonging to the associated merchants, which might have come out for the purpose of traffic ; and he actually took that of Du Pont, their favorite agent, and an intimate friend of Champlain. The late commander remonstrated strongly against these proceedings, but without effect, as he possessed no power which could check the violence of the new dictator. In con- sequence of these transactions a considerable portion of the population connected with the European traders took their departure, while the agent of Montmorency had brought only eighteen new settlers ; so that the col. ny instead of being increased, was actually reduced to forty-eight. Champlain now busied himself in bringing about a reconciliation between the rivaUribes of Indians, which after considerable trouble he effected; INTRODUCTION. XXXVll and afterwards erected a stone fort at Quebec for the defence of the settlement. In the mean time a union had been formed i n France between the old and new companies, there was not however much cordiality between them, and their contentions gave so much trouble to the duke that he disposed of the viceroyalty to the Duke de Ventadour. The new viceroy however soon found himself involved in serious troubles. He professed in a manner peculiarly decided, that his main object was to diffuse the Catholic religion throughout the new world ; but it so happen- ed that the Protestants were the only French citizens who possessed the nautical skill to conduct such an expedition, or were willing to brave its dangers. In despite of the court therefore, they formed the majority of every crew ; and though the most illiberal restrictions were laid upon their worship, their numbers enabled them to treat these with little ceremony. Even De Caen professed this faith ; and the new viceroy had the vexation to Team that he had not only allowed Protestant prayers to be publicly offered up, but had even desired the Romanists to attend them. He was exceedingly desirous therefore, that a captain of the Catholic belief should be appointed to command the vessels; with all his exertions however he could not escape the necessity of employing crews, two thirds of whom were Huguenots. He endeavoured however to confine the means of exercising their religion within the narrowest possible limits. In particular, he strictly enjoined that they should not sing psalms in the Sf. Lawrence; but the mariners who had freely performed this act of worship in the^open sea, loudly exclaimed against such a capricious restriction. About this time Champlain appears to have had considerable trouble with the Indians ; many murders were committed, and each act of for- bearance only led to fresh hostilities ; these, however, may all fairly be considered the fruits of the first aggression on the part of the French. As the De Caens appeared to use their influence in the colony for the promotion of religious dissentions, and were more eager in pursuing the fur trade than in promoting the settlement of the country, Cardinal Richelieu, the French minister, considered their rule injurious to the prosperity of the colony ; he therefore revoked their privileges, and transferred their power to a new company, called the Company of a Hundred Associates ; who undertook to send a certain number of set- tlers to the colony, to furnish them with provisions and all other neces- saries for three years, and to supply them with lands and corn for seed. They were also to send a sufficient number of clergy, and to support them for fifteen years ; at the end of that time to assign them globes sufficient for their support. This company was formed in 1027. In the following year, war suddenly broke out between France ami England, XXXVlll INTRODUCTION. ^ > -- -^ -v. ■VS.'V^, % 1,1 11 ■f I 1 m and the first vessels sent by the company to the colony were seized on their passage by Sir David Kertk, a French refugee in the British ser- vice ; he afterwards proceeded to Tadousac and burned the village ; and then summoned Quebec. Champlain, however, determined upon resistance, and Kertk, ignorant of the strength of the garrison, deemed it advisable to retreat. In the next year, (1629,) a new expedition was fitted out against the settlements in Canada, and in July, Kertk a second time summoned Que- bec, and the settlers being reduced to great distress for want of provi- sions, were compelled to surrender, and were conveyed to England. By the treaty of 1633, New France was restored to the French, although the country was considered of so little value, that it was only through the strong solicitations of Champlain that its restoration was made an article of the treaty. It is not surprising that the settlement was thought scarcely worth asking for, when it is considered that so many years after it was taken possession of, the whole fruits of all the toil and outlay consisted of a few houses, with barracks and a fort at Quebec, and a few huts at Tadousac, Trois Rivieres and Mont Royal. As soon as peace was settled between France and England, the com- pany obtained a restoration of all their privileges ; and in 1633, Cham- plain was re-appointed governor of the colonj', and took out with him a number of respectable settlers. Many Huguenots were desirous of join- ing him, but were not permitted, and the prosperity of the colony appears to have been checked by the bigotted spirit of those who endeavoured to prevent the emigration thither of persons of the reformed religion. In December, 1635, Rene Rohault, son to the Marquis de Gamache, who had joined the order of Jesuits, laid the foundation for a college at Quebec ; and in the same month the prosperity of the colony received a serious blow by the death of Champlain, who was buried in Quebec. For some time after the death of Champlain, the master spirit of the settlement, affairs there did not progress in a very favorable manner ; trade languished, the Indians were troublesome, and instead of sending stores, troops and traders, the company merely sent out monks and nuns. The Iroquois, who had conquered the Algonquins, and nearly subdued the Ilurons, now threatened the French settlements. To check their advance, Montmagnj"-, the new governor, erected a fort at the mouth of the river Sorel, by which the Indians usually made their approaches. Tired at length of a continued warfare, from which they derived no advantage, the Indians made a proposal of peace. A meeting was arranged between the chiefs and the governor, and after due delibera- tion a treaty > as concluded, which for a time restored tranquility to the colony, , ■^^,> was bera- Ttothe In 1639, a paity < ' Ursuline nans were sent out by the Duchess d'Aiguillon, who established a seminary at Quebec. And the Abbe Olivier who had originated the religious order of St. Sulpice, proposed to the king to establish in the new colony, a seminary, composed of the members of the order, and bearing its name. The king received the proposal favourably, and granted the Island of Montreal for the support of the project. The Sicur Maisouneuve was placed at the head of the party, and invested with its government ; and the work of religious instruction was pursued with zeal and success. In 1647, M. de Montmagny was succeeded as governor of Canada, by M. d'Ailleboust. This was in consequence of a new regulation limiting the term of colonial governors to three years. The new gover- nor was a man of ability, and had held the command at Three Rivers for some time, but he received no more support from the government at home, or the company, than his predecessor, and was no better provided for sustaining a defence against the Indians, who again became trouble- some. The missionaries in the mean time penetrated into the interior, to convert and instruct the Indians, and succeeded in inducing a number of the Iroquois to settle within the limits of the colony. And a number of Ilurons were established in villages, the principal of which was Sil- lery. In 1648, the Iroquois, without any apparent reason, determined to renew the war, and suddenly descended upon the Huron village on the morning of the 4th of July. The missionary at the time was en- gaged in celebrating the service of the Catholic church, none but old men, women and r>hildren were present, who were incapable of resist- ance, when the Iroquois rushed into the midst of them, tomahawk and scalping knile in hand, and ere the bloody work was stayed, not a living soul was left in the village. In this horrible massacre four hundred families were consigned to destruction. While the French were thus occupied in Canada, the English had not been idle, but had been engaged in colonizing the more southern coasts of the American continent, and during this year the first communication took place between the two settlements by the arrival of an envoy from New England, with proposals to establish a lasting peace between the colonies, not to be disturbed, even although the mother countries should go to war. To this proposal the French governor gladly consented, and sent an agent to Boston investeu with lull powers to conclude a treaty, insisting only on one condition, namely, that the English colonists would agree to assist them in punishing their enemies, the Iroquois. This, however, the New Englanders steadily refused, being themselves at peace with their Indian neighbours, they were unwilling to raise up so xl INTRODUCTIOy. \.i ]. W 'i formidable a host of enemies, the deputy therefore returned to Canada without having effected anything by his journey. The Huron nation of Indians appear to have been a mild and peace- able people, compared to the more warlike Iroquois, or even the Algon- quins, and under the tuition of the French missionaries, were more inclined to cultivate the arts of peace, than to engage in the barbarities of war ; notwithstanding, therefore, the lesson that had been taught them, to guard against the irruptions of their more savage neighbours, they soon sunk again into a state of supine tranquility. This repose, however, was shortly disturbed by a fresh attack from the Iroquois, who in a large party descended upon the village of St. Ignace, and notwith- standing resistance was offered, and ten of the assailants killed, they succeeded in killing or carrying off all the inhabitants except three. They next attacked St. Louis, and although it was well defended, they at length succeeded in storming it. Many of the women and children managed to escape, and the missionaries could also have saved them- selves, but attaching a high importance to the administration of the sacrament to the dying, they sacrificed their lives to the performance of this sacred rite ; they were not killed on the spot, but were carried off for the purpose of torture. Deep dismay now seized upon the Huron nation ; their country, once so peaceable and flourishing, now lay at the mercy of the conquerors, and little hope appeared for the survivors. They therefore separated ; some sought an asylum among the Ottawas, the Cats or Eries, and other nations more remote ; others again offered to unite with their conquer- ors, who, according to their usual policy, readily accepted them, while others attached themselves to the missionaries and formed a settlement on the Island of St. Joseph on Lake Ontario. From the difficulty of ob- taining subsistence on the island they were compelled to form villages on the main land, where they were again attacked by the Iroquois, with great slaughter. The remnant of the Huron nation now reduced to three hundred souls, earnestly solicited the missionary to convey them to Quebec, and place them under the protection of the French. This was considered the most advisable course, and they were removed thither, but although considerable exertions were made for their recep- tion, from want of the necessary supplies and accomodations they were in considerable danger of perishing from cold and hunger. At length a station was formed for them, which in memory of their former chief settlement was called Sillery. The Iroquois now wandered over the country without opposition, the fertile banks of ihe Ottawa, once the dwelling place of numerous and powerful tribes, were completely deserted, the French were virtually ,^i J INTRODUCTION. Xli pvey inch. Iioved icep- iwere pngth [chief |ition, 3rous lally blockaded in the three forts of Quebec, Trois Rivieres and Mont Royal, and almost every autumn bands of hostile invaders swept away the lim- ited harvests raised in the vicinity of these places. About this time also a curse was introduced among the domesticated Indians, more fatal even than the tomahawk or the scalping knife. This was the deadly "fire water," with which the fur traders at Tadoussac began to supply the Indians, in spite of the earnest opposition of the governor. In a short time intoxication became so frequent that the chiefs petitioned the governor to imprison all drunkards. In the year 1650, M. d'Ailleboust was succeeded as governor by M. de Lauson, one of the principal members of the cpmpany. The new governor found affairs in such a discouraging state from the hostile feel- ing of the Iroquois, that he judged it necessary to return to France to solicit reinforcements ; and he returned in 1653 with a detachment of 100 men. During this season some of the Iroquois tribes began to show an inclination for peace, and the Onnontagues, or Onondagos sent an embassy to Quebec to request that the governor would send a colony of Frenchmen among them. After some consideration the proposition was acceded to, and fifty men were chosen for the establishment, and the Sieur Dupuys was appointed commander. Four missionaries were also appointed to found the first Iroquois church. A party of the Agniers or Mohawks, consisting of four hundred warriors, tried to intercept the party on tleir journey, but only succeeded in pillaging a few canoes that had fallen behind the rest. The same war party shortly after made an attack upon a party of Hurons, who were working on the Isle of Orleans under French protection, slew six, and carried the rest away prisoners. The governor appears to have made no effort to protect or rescue them from the hands of their enemies. After the settlement among the Onondagos had existed about two years, the French found their position so at ngerous from the hostile feeling amongst the remain- der of the Five Nations, that they judged it expedient to embark in the night and make their escape to Quebec. On the 11th of July, 1658, the Viscompte d'Argenson landed at Que- bec to supersede M. Lauson as governor of Canada. On the very morning after his arrival, the Iroquois made a sudden attack upon some Algonquins under the very guns of the fort, and dispatched them without mercy, and although a large party of soldiers was immediately sent in pursuit, the Indians managed to escape. In the year 1659, Frangois de Laval, Abb6 de Montigny, arrived at Quebec to preside over the Catholic church, as the first Canadian bishop. The Abbe de Martiny was titular bishop of Petraa, and had received from the Pope a brief as vicar apostolic. The church of Quebec was xlii INTRODUCTION. 1 ; it :i in ' 1: ' not erected into a bishop's see till 1670, when its bishop assumed the title of Bishop cf Quebec. A report of Governor Murray's, in 1702, " on the ancient government and actual state of the Province of Quebec," says, " when the bishopric of Quebec was erected, Louis XIV. endowed it with the revenue of two abbacies, those of Benevent and L'Estrio. About thirty years ago, the then bishop, finding it difficult, considering the distance, to recover the revenues of them, by consent of Louis XV., resigned the same to the clergy of France, to be united to a I)articular revenue of theirs, styled the economats, applied to the augmen- tation of small livings ; in consideration of which, the bishop of" this see has ever since received yearly eight thousand livres out of the said revenues. A few years before the late bishop's death, the clergy of France granted him, for his life only, a further pension of two thousand livres ; the bishop had no estate whatever, except his palace at Quebec, destroyed by our artillery, a garden and the ground-rent of two or three houses adjoining it and built on some part of the lands." ' In 1G62, M. de Monts was sent out to inquire into the condition of the country, and four hundred troops were added to the strength of the establishment. Unfortunately, at this period the Baron d'Avaugour, who had lately been appointed governor, gave permission to the traders to sell spirituous liquors, a measure which produced such injurious con- sequences that at length the bishop thought it necessary to go to France to lay before the king a statement of the evil, and to solicit such powers as he considered necessary to check its continuance. In the following year, 1603, it was announced that a grand deputa- tion was coming from all the tribes with the professed intention of forming a lasting reconciliation, and burying the hatchet so deep that it might never again be dug up ; and they brought with them a hun- dred collai's of wampum. Unhappily, a party of Algonquins, stung by accumulated wrongs, determined to violate even the sacred character of such a mission ; and having formed an ambuscade, they surprised and killed the greater part of them. All prospects of peace were thus blasted, and war raged with greater fury than ever. The year 1063 is rendered memorable in the history of Canada by the occurrence of a tremendous earthquake, an account of which was written in the Jesuits' Journal in the same year. " On the fifth of February," says the report, " about half past five o'clock in the evening, a great rushing noise was heard throughout the whole extei>,t of Canada. This noise caused the people to run out of their houses into the streets, as if their habitations had been on fire ; but instead of flames or smoke, they were surprised to see the walls reeling backward and forward, and the stones moving as if they were detached from each other. The bells sounded by the H Hi iH' INTRODUCTION. xliii repeated shocks. The roofs of the buildings bent down, first on one side, and then on the other. The timbers, rafters and planks cracked. The earth trembled violently, and caused the stakes of the palisades and palings to dance in a manner that would have been incredible had we not actually seen it in many places. It was at this moment every one ran out of doors. Then were to be seen animals flying in every direc- tion ; children crying and screaming iu the streets ; men and women, seized with affright, stood horror struck with the dreadful scene before them, unable to move, and ignorant where to fly for refuge from the tot- tering walls and trembling earth, which threatened every instant to crush them to death, or sink them into a profound, and immeasurable abyss. Some threw themselves on their knees in the "snow, crossing their breasts, and calling on their saints to relieve them from the dan- gers with which they were surrounded. Others passed the rest of this dreadful night in prayer, for the earthquake ceased not, but continued at short intervals with a certain undulating impulse, resembling the waves of the ocean, and the same qualmish sensation, or sickness at the stomach, was felt during the shocks as is experienced in a vessel at sea. " The violence of the earthquake was greatest in the forest, where it appeared as if there was a battle raging between the trees ; for not only their branches were destroyed, but even their trunks are said to have been detached from their places, and dashed against each other with inconceivable violence and confusion, — so much so that the Indians' in their figurative manner of speaking, declared that all the forests were drunk. The war also seemed to be carried on between the mountains, some of which were torn from their beds and thrown upon others, leav- ing immense chasms in the places from whence they had issued, and the very trees with which they were covered sunk down, leaving only their tops above the surface of the ground ; others were completely over- turned, their branches buried in the earth, and the roots only remained above ground. During this general wreck of nature, the ice, upwards of six feet thick, was rent and thrown up in large pieces, and from tHe openings in many places their issued thick clouds of smoke, or fountains of dirt and sand, which spouted up to a very considerable height. The springs were either choked up, or impregnated with sulphur; many rivers were totally lost ; others were diverted from their course, and their waters entirely corrupted. Some of them became yellow, others red, and the great river of the St. Lawrence appeared entirely white, as far down as Tadoussac. This extraordinary phenomenon must asto- nish those who know the size of the river, and the immense body of water in various parts, which must have required such an abundance xliv INTRODUCTION. i ' m of matter to wliltcji it. They write from Montreal that during the earthquake tliey plainly saw the stakes of the picketing or palisades jump up as if they had been dancing, and that of two doors in the same room, one opened and the other shut of their own accord ; that the chimneys and tops of the houses beat like branches of the trees agitated with the wind ; that when they went to walk they felt the earth follow- ing them, and rising at every step they took, something sticking against the soles of their feet, and other things in a very forcible and surprising manner. " From Three Rivers they write that the first shock was the most vio- lent, and commenced with a noise resembling thunder. The houses were agitated in the same manner as the tops of trees during a tempest with a noise as if fire was crackling in the garrets. The shock lasted half an hour or rather better, though its greatest force was probably not more than a quarter of an hour, and we believe there was not a single shock that did not cause the earth to open more or less. "As for the rest, we have remarked that, though this earthquake continued almost without intermission, yet it was not always of an equal violence. Sometimes it was like the pitching of a large vessel which dragged heavily at her anchors, and it was this motion that occasioned many to have a giddiness in their heads and a qualmishness in their stomachs. At other times the motion was hurried and irregular, creating sudden jerks, some of which were extremely violent ; but the most common was a slight tremulous motion, which occurred frequently with little noise. Many of the French inhabitants and Indians, who were eye-witnesses to the scene, state that, a great way up the river of Trois Rivieres, about eighteen miles below Quebec, the hills which bordered the river on either side, and which w^ere of a prodigious height, were torn from their foundations, and plunged into the river, causing it to change its course, and spread itself over a large tract of land recently cleared ; the broken earth mixed with the waters, and for several months changed the colour of the great St. Lawrence, into which that of Trois Rivieres disembogues itself. In the course of this violent convulsion of nature, lakes appeared where none ever existed before ; mountains were overthrown, swallowed up by the gaping, or precipitated into adjacent rivers, leaving in their places frightful chasms or level plains ; falls and rapids were changed into gentle streams, and gentle streams into falls and rapids. Rivers in many parts of the country sought other beds, or totally disappeared. The earth and the mountains were entirely split and rent in innumerable places, creating chasms and precipices, whose depths have never yet been ascertained. Such devastation was also occasioned in the woods, that more than a thousand acres in our tSTRODUCTJON. x\v '»'^>.'\f%>->,V. neighbourhood were completely overturned ; and where, but a short time before, nothing met the eye but one immense forest of trees, now were to be seen extensive cleared lands, apparently cut up by the plough. "At Tadousac, (about 150 miles below (Quebec on the north sidr) the effect of the earthquake was not less violent than in other places ; and such a heavy shower of volcanic ashes fell in that neighbourhood, particularly in the river St. Lawrence, that the waters were as violently agitated as during a tempest. The Indians say that a vast volcano exists in Labrador. Near St. Pauls I^ay, (about fifty miles below Quebec on the north side), a mountain, about a quarter of a league in circum- ference, situated on the shore of the St. Lawrence, was precipitated into the river, but, as if it had only made a plunge, it rose from the bottom, and became a small island, forming with the shore a convenient harbour, well sheltered from all winds. Lower down the river, toward I'oint Alouettes, an entire forest of considerable extent was loosened Irom the main bank, and slid into the river St Lawrence, where the trees took fresh root. There are three circumstances, however, which have ren- dered this extraordinary earthquake particularly remarkable ; the first is its duration, it having cop^uiued from February to August, that is to say, more than six month' almost without intermission ! It is true the shocks were not always equally violent. In several places, as towards the mountains behind Quebec, the thundering noise and trembling motion continued successively for a considerable time. In others, as toward Tadousac, the shock continued generally for two or three days at a time with much violence. " The second circumstance relates to the extent of this earthquake, which we believe, was universal throughout the whole of New France, for we learn that it was felt from L'Isle Perce and Gaspe, which are situated at the mouth of the St. Lawrence, to beyond Montreal ; as also in New England, Acadia, and other places more remote. As far as it has come to our knowledge, this earthquake extended more than 600 miles in length, and about 300 in breadth. Hence 180,000 square miles of land were convulsed in the same day and at the same moment. " The third circumstance, which appears the most remarkable of all, regards the extraordinary protection of Divine Providence, which has been extended to us and our habitations ; for wc have seen near us the large openings and chasms which the earthquake occasioned, and the prodigious extent of country which has been either totally lost or hideously convulsed, without our losing either man, woman, or child, or even having a hair of their head touched." The Iroquois, having learned the value of fire-arms, managed to pro- cure them from the Dutch traders at Manhattan, and thus acquired a Ixvi INTRODUCTIOX. ■.•v^*^%.^V-^"*.*N.N s,^^^ ^s^\n^ W < fit Still greiitcr superiority over the neighbouring tribes. Tlicy attacked the Ottnwas, on account of the slielter afforded to their fugitive enemies, and on the siimc grounds commenced a war of extermination against the tribe of Erics, and alter a long and desperate resistance so completely destroyed them, that beyond the name of the lake, we have no memorial of their existence. At this time it was calculated that the Five Nations held undisputed sway over a country five hundred miles in circumference. The French governors looked on .and beheld the destruction of their allies, without even attempting resistance, but continued shut up in fortified posts, which the Indians had not sufllcient military skill to besiege with success. In consequence of the complaints that were made to the king, the Baron D'Avaugour was recalled, and the associated company resigned their privileges into the hands of the crown. M. de Mesy was appointed governor, and the affairs of the colony were trans- ferred to the West India Company. The governor had hitherto exer- cised without 'controul all the functions of the government, both civil and military ; but a council was now appointed, consisting of the Governor, a King's Commissioner, a Vicar Apostolic, and four other gentlemen, to whom were confided the power of regulating commerce, of superintending the expenditure of public monies, and the establishment of inferior courts at Three Rivers and Montreal. Courts of law were now for the first time instituted in the colony, and for its protection four hundred troops were immediately sent thither. M. de Mesy appears to have quickly made himself unpopular with the colonists by his hauteur and despotic conduct ; he quarrelled with the Jesuits, and after sending back two members of the council to France, he was himself recalled. The Marquis de Tracy was then appointed viceroy over the Canadian colony, and the Seigneur de Courcelles was appointed governor, and M. Talon, intendant. M. de Tracy took out with him the regiment of Carignan-Salieres, which had just been dis- banded, after returning from Hungary, Avhere they had been employed in fighting against the Turks. A considerable number of other settlers, with artisans, also joined the colony this year, (1665) who took with them cattle, sheep and horses, being the first yet sent to Canada. By the terms and conditions on which the new charter was granted to the West India Company, they were bound to carry out a sufficient number of priests, and to build churches and houses for their accomodation, and for the performance of their holy functions. The stock or shares were made transferable, and the revenue or profits of them alone could be attached for debts owing by the holders, even to the king himself. The company was to enjoy a monopoly of the territories and the trade of the colony for forty years, and was not only to enjoy the exclusive navigation, f ;* INTRODUCTION. Ixvii but His Majesty conferred a bounty of thirty livrcs on every ton of mmh exported to France. The company was to have a riglit to all luiiies and minerals, the power of levying and recruiting soldiers within the kingdom, manufacturing arms and ammunition for the defence of their possessions, building forts, and even declaring and carrying on war by sea and land against the native Indians, or neighbouring foreign colonics, in case of insult. The administration of justice was to be according to the laws and ordinances of the kingdom and the custom of Paris, and no other custom was to be introduced into the colony. A coat of arms was granted to the colony, but it was ordered that when those arms should be affixed to warlike instruments and equipments, they should bo surmounted by the royal arms of France ; and to encourage emigration, as well as to gratify the present inhabitants, all colonists and converts professing the Romish faith, were declared capable of enjoying the same rights in France and in the colonies, as if they had been born and resided within the kingdom. The king also agreed to advance one tenth of the whole stock, without interest, for four years, subject to a proportion of all losses which might be incurred by the company during that period. In the following year the Council of State granted to the Canadians the trade in furs, with the exception of the trade of Tadousac, on condition of paying a subsidy of one fourth of all beaver skins, and one te"th of all buffalo skins. The Iroquois in the mean time, or rather separate tribes of the Five Nations, tired of war and its consequences, had made overtures of peace which were willingly listened to by the governor, but the negotiations led to no good result, and the French commander in order to check their irruptions, erected three forts at the mouth of the river Richelieu, (since called Sorel). These however were of little avail, as the Indians soon found other roads by which to reach the settlement!". It was determined therefore to carry the war into the enemy's country. Two war parties were sent out in the depth of winter under the command of Courcelles and Sorel, but they returned without effecting any thing of consequence. M. de Tracy, the viceroy, then determined, although seventy years of age, to take the field in person, with a large force, with the view of utterly exterminating the hostile Indians. He set out on the 14th of September, 1666, with a large party, consisting of regular soldiers, militia and friendly Indians ; it was difficult however to convey a suffi- ciency of provisions through an uncleared country, and the army was in danger of starving, when they fortunately fell in with a large forest of chestnut trees, on the fruit of which they subsisted till they reached the Indian settlements. The natives however were aware of the advance of their enemies, and abandoning their villages on their approach, left Ixviii INTRODUCTION. :1t tlit'rn \o m.'ircli thr()u;;li fi deserted country. i\r. de Tnicy, after mnrching seven liiiiidrcd miles tliroiijfh the country, aeeonliiig to comiJUtatioii, had to return without ed'eelinK any ohjcet hut takinj; prisoners a few old men, woiikmi and children, and l)urninK the villages. He found however, in the Indian settlements, hir^'o (juantities of corn, stowed away for winter store, of which ho took poss(!ssion for tho use of his troops. In the foIhAviii;;; sprin}^ he returned to France, Icavinfj; M. de Courcelles l)eliind to adniiiiister the affairs of the goveriunent. He appears to have been tolerably succesuful in dealing with the Indians, and even succeeded in prcvenling his own allies in engaging in a war with the Inxjuois. Ho induced a large body of the Hurons to settle at Mi«hillimakinac, and lixed upon Cataratpii on Lake Ontario, (near the prcsjcnt site of Kinj^ston) as an eligible site for the erection of a fort, for the double purpose of protecting the fur trade, and checking the incursions of the liostile tribes. M. d.>.-» » *, ^ ■vx%.^%^N.S.^^.«*.^'*^^*».«i.'*^"**i.*k'»^^S.^'v Chcsnnu, the intnndant, nnd as it wor found Impossible for them to net in concert, the French Kovernnu-nt recnihci them hotli ; ut the snine time deciding in lUvuur ul' the clergy aitd pruhihiting the bule uf tiie i'utal fire-wntcr. In 1073, from rumours heard amonsf the Indians in the west, the set- tlers Imd reason to Ijelievo that there was a large river (lowing into the Atlantic to the south-west of the colony ; this river the natives called Mechasepe, nnd a priest named ISIar(|uelte, and a merchant of Quebec, named Jolyet were appointed to the task of exploring the country, nnd endeavouring to ascertain the truth of the story. The party that started on this hazardous exjiedition consisted of only six men, besides the lead- ers, who travelled in two bark canoes, nnd afler a lengthened Journey their efforts were crowned with success, and they found themselves on the bosom of the mighty Mississippi. On their return, the voyagers separated at Chicago, an Indian village on Lake Michigan. IManjuettc remained with tlic Miami Indians, (two of whom had acted as guides on their journey as far as the Wisconsin river), and .Tolyet made the best of his way to Quebec to report their success. At the time of his return, there happened to be at Quebec a young Frenchman of famil} and fortune, the Sieur de la Salle, who had emi- grated to America with the hope of gaining both fame and wealth in the new world, and was impressed with the idea of the practicability of effecting a passage to China and Japan through the unexplored regions to the west of Canada. He imagined that the Missouri must lead to the northern ocean, and having gained the sanction of the gov- ernor, determined to explore its course. Having returned to France to seek support in his enterprise, he was enabled, through the assistance of the Prince of Conti, to prepare an expedition. He was joined in the undertaking by the Chevalier de Tonti, an officer who had lost an arm in the Sicilian wars, and on the 14th of July, 1('»78, sailed from France with thirty men, and in two months reached Quebec. Taking Father Hennepin with them, they hastened on to the great lakes. Their sub- sequent proceedings are best told by Father Hennepin himself; and as a record of the first voyage of the first vessel built on the lakes of Canada, his narrative is highly interesting. "It now became necessary for La Salle, in furtherance of his object, to construct a vessel above the falls of Niagara sufficiently large to transport the men and goods neces- sary to carry on a profitable trade with the savages residing on the western lakes. On the 22nd of January, 1679, they went six miles above the falls to the mouth of a small creek, and there built a dock convenient for the construction of their vessel. " On the 26th of January, the keel and other pieces being ready, La 1 INTRODL'CTIOy. i' ^l;! 'l!!i: 1 Salic requested Father Hennepin to drive the first bolt, but the modesty of the father's profession prevented. " During the rigorous winter La Salle determined to return to Fort Frontenac, and leaving the dock in charge of an Italian named Cheva- lier Tuti, he started, accompanied by Father Hennepin, as far as Lake Ontario ; from thence he traversed the dreary forests to Frontenac on foot, with only two 'jompanions and a dog, which drew his baggage on a sleigh, subsisting, on nothing but parched corn, and even that failed him two days journey from the fort. In the meantime, the building of the vessel went oi under the suspicious eyes of the neighbouring savages, although the most pait of them had gone to war beyond liake Erie. One of them, feigning intoxication, attempted the life of the blacksmith, who defended himself successfully with a red hot bar of iron. The timely warning of a friendly squaw averted the burning of their vessel on the stocks, which was designed by the savages. The workmen were almost disheartened by frequent alarms, and would have abandoned the woi-k had they not been cheered by the good father, who represented the great advantage their perseverance would afford, and how much their success would redound to the glory of God. These and other inducements accelerated the work, and the vessel was sion ready to be launched, though not entirely finished. Chanting Te Deum, and firing three guns, they committed her to the river amid cries of joy, and swung their hammocks in security from the wild beasts and still more dreaded Indians. " When the Senecas returned from their expedition they were greatly astonished at the floating fort, which struck terror among all the savages who lived on the great lakes and river within 1500 miles. Hennepin ascended the river in a bark canoe with one of his companions as far as Lake Erie. They twice pulled the canoe up the rapids, and sounded the lake for the purpose of ascertaining the depth. He reported that with a favourable north or north-west wind, the vessel could ascend to the lake, and then sail without difficulty over its whole extent. Soon after the vessel was launched in the current of Niagara, about four and a-half miles from the lake. Hennepin left it for Fort Frontenac, and returning with La Salle and two other fathers, Gabriel and Zenobe Mambre, anchored in the Niagara on the 30th of July, 1679. On the 4th of August they reached the dock where the ship was built, distant eighteen miles from Lake Ontario, and proceeded from thence in a bark canoe to their vessel, which they found at anchor three miles from the beautiful Lake Erie. " The vessel was of sixty tons burden, completely rigged, and found with all the necessaries, arms, provisions and merchandise ; it had seven i' 11 -V /''ill INTRODUCTION. u small pieces of cannon on board, two of which were of brass. There was a griffin flying at the jib-boom, and an eagle above. There were also all the ordinary ornaments and other fixtures which usually grace a ship of war. " They endeavoured many times to ascend the current of the Niagara into Lake Erie without success, the wind not being strong enough. While they were thus detained La Salle employed a few of his men in clearing some land on the Canadian shore opposite the vessel, and in sowing some vegetable seeds for the benefit of those who might inhabit the place. •* At length, the wind being favourable, they lightened the vessel by sending most of the crew ashore, and with the aid of their sails and ten or a dozen men at the tow lines, ascended the current into Lake Erie. Thus, on the 7th of August, 1679, the first vessel set sail on the untried waters of Lake Erie. They steered southward after having chanted Te Deum, and discharged their artillery in the presence of a vast number of Seneca warriors. It had been reported to our voyagers that Lake Eric was full of breakers and sandbanks, wliich rendered a safe navigation impossible, they therefore kept the lead going, sounding from time to time. "After sailing without difficulty through Lake Erie, they arrived on the 11th of August at the mouth of the Detroit river, sailing up which they arrived at Lake St. Clair, to which they gave the name it bears. After being detained several days by contrary winds at the bottom of the St. Clair river, they at length succeeded in entering Lake Huron on the 23rd of August, chanting Tc Deum through gratitude for a safe navigation thus far. Passing along the eastern shore of the lake, they sailed with a fresh and favourable wind until evening, when the wind suddenly veered, driving them across Saginaw Bay. The storm raged until the 24th, and was succeeded by a calm, whicli continued until next day noon, when they pursued their course until midnight. As they doubled a point which advanced into the lake, they were suddenly struck by a furious wind, which forced them to run behind the capo for safety. On the 26th the violence of the storm compelled them to send down their top masts and yards and to stand in, for they could find neither anchorage nor shelter. ; "It was then the stout heart of La Salle failed him ; the whole crew fell upon their knees to say their prayers and prepare for death, except the pilot, whom they could not compel to follow their example, and who » on the contrary, did nothing all that time but curse and swear against La Salle, who had brought him thither to make him perish in a nasty lake, and lose the glory he had acquired by his long and happy naviga- lii INTRODUCTION. ill iiir I tion on the ocean. On the 27th, favoured with less adverse winds, they arrived during the night at Michillimakinac, and anchored in the bay, where they report six fathoms of water and a clay bottom. The savages were struck dumb with astonishment at the size of their vessel, and the noise of their guns. "Here they regaled themselves on the delicious trout, which they described as being from fifty pounds to sixty pounds in weight, and as affording the savages their principal subsistance. On the second of September they left Mackinack, entered Lake Michigan, and sailed forty leagues to an island at the mouth of the Bay of Puara (Green Bay.) From this place La Salle determined to send back the ship laden with furs to Niagara. The pilot and five men embarked in her, and on the 10th she fired a gun and set sail on her return with a favorable wind. Nothing more was heard from her, and she undoubtedly foundered in Lake Huron, with all en board. Her cargo was rich, and valued at 60,000 livres." La Salle prosecuted his journej" with zeal and energy, and after encountering many difficulties and no little danger, both from the Indians and from discontented members of his own party he at length succeeded in reaching the mouth of the Mississippi. In returning to Quebec, his homeward journey was if possible, more difficult and more beset with dangers than his outward one, but at length, after an absence of more than two years, they once more came in sight of the station at Quebec. Soon after his arrival La Salle set off for France, where 1 ' was received with honour, and granted a commission as governor over the whole extent of country Ijing between the lakes and the Gulf of Mexico ; and an expedition was equipped consisting of four ships and a number of men for the purpose of forming a settlement at the mouth of the Mississippi, and thus establish a line of communication between ^"^at settlement and those already existing in Canada. The vessels left Rochelle on the 24th of July 1 084, and having touched at St Domingo and Cuba on their passage, arrived in due time on the coast of Florida. La Salle unfortunately was not aware of the longitude of the mouth of the river of which he was in search, and proceeded about 200 miles beyond the mouth of the Mississippi before he became aware of his mistake. He then attempted to form a settlement on the coast with the intention of afterwards making a search for the lost river ; his followers however became riotous and disorderly, and at length seizing their opportunity they murdered both La Salle and a nephew who accompanied him. At this time the whole population of the French settlements in Canada, including converted Indians, amounted to little more than eight thou- sand souls. i' *^ INTRODUCTIOy. im In the year 1683, the count de Frontenac was succeeded as viceroy by M. de la Barre. The new commander found the colony in a situation which required the direction of a strong and able government. The English settled on the Hudson, considered the Iroquois country included within their own territory, and used every means to court the alliance and good feeling of the Indians, and to draw their trade from the French settlements. — In this they succeeded to a considerable extent, as from the circumstance of the French trade being fettered by the rules and regulations of the company, the English were able to deal with them on more advantageous terms. The Iroquois therefore, found it to their interest not merely to carry their own furs to the English traders, but even to buy up those of the Indians in alliance with France. Great complaints were made by the French, but the Indians assured of British support, treated them with indifference, and they soon perceived that the eager competition and the jealousy existing between the two powers, gave them the means of strengthening their own position. The military strength of the French colony too was considerably reduced, the troops that had emigrated with De Tracy, having had lands assigned to them, had become proprietors and cultivators of the soil, and although they ^p]d their properties on condition of military service, they could not be .S(; Mioned to the field without interrupting the progress of agriculture, ■'.I, ''. iangering the subsistence of the colony. A. de la Barre having obtained the advice of the leading men of the country, determined upon war with" the Mohawks and the Senecas, those tribes of the Five Nations which had always shown the greatest hostility to the settlement of their invaders. Having procured a re- inforcement of 200 soldiers from France he advanced up the river from Quebec. He was met at Montreal by deputies from the tribes, who made professions of friendship, the sincerity of which was distrusted by the commander. He endeavoured however to divide the strength of the party by sending proposals of peace to three of the tribes, and directing all his strength against the Senecas ; but in proceeding up the country he received notice that deputies from the other tribes were coming to mediate a peace between him and their allies, and in case of refusal they were determined to unite with them in support of the common cause ; and moreover that they had received promises of support from New York. The difficultir,? of the commander were not diminished by sickness which had broken out amongst his troops, caused by the bad quality of thft provisions, and the Indian deputies were not slow to perceive and to take advantage of the circumstance. When therefore the commander at- tempted to assume a lofty tone, complained of the conduct of the Indians, and threatened that unless reparation was made for the injuries already f((IM!l liv INTEODUCTION. •v -V A- % "^"N. "S.^^ ■V'S. N li'Wl I i ■'; . ,■! perpetrated, with a promise to abstain from them in future, a devastating war would be the immediate consequence, the deputies very coolly replied, that the governor appeared to speak like one in a dream ; that if he would open his eyes, he would see himself wholly incapable of executing these formidable threats. They defended their right to make war upon any Indian nations by whom they considered themselves aggrieved. That as to the English, they had allowed them to pass through their lands, on the same principle as they had given permission to his people, and would continue to do so. They were afraid lest the great number of warriors then present, should trample down the tree of peace. They were still willing to dance the calumet, under the shadow of its branches, and to leave the hatchet buried unless the country granted to them by the great spirit should be invaded. They guaranteed reparation for any actual plunder inflicted on French traders, but added that no more could be conceded, and that the army must be instantly withdrawn. To these conditions, mortifying as they were, M. de la Barre, feeling his utter inability to maintain a successful struggle against such a host of foes, was compelled to accede, and immediately commenced a retreat, On arriving at Quebec, he found a fresh detachment of soldiers had just landed from France, under the command of two captains of marines, Monterlier and Dcsnos, who were commanded to proceed to the most important posts, and to capture as many of the Iroquois as possible, whom the king wished sent to France to man his gallies. On learning however, the unsuccessful issue of the expedition against the Indians, the French government was much dissatisfied, and immediately recalled De la Barre, who was succeeded in 1685 by the Marquis de Denonville. The new governor commenced his administration by a measure not likely to conciliate Ijis enemies the Indians, or to increase the prosperity or the peace of the colony. H.aving persuaded a number of chiefs to meet him on the banks of Lake Ontario, he suddenly put them in irons, and sent them off to France to man the gallies, in accordance with the wish of the French king, and had even employed two missionaries to assist in his act of treachery. The Marquis urged upon the king the necessity of erecting a fort at Niagara to interrupt the communications between the British and the Iroquois, and the north-west company at Quebec offered to pay an annual rent of 30,000 livres to the crown for the privilege of a monopoly of the trade at the proposed station. In the spring of 16vS6 the marquis received a letter from the governor of New York, demanding explanations of the military preparations making against the Iroquois, whom he stated to be subjects of England, and also remonstrating against the erection of a fort at Niagara by the French, all that country being considered by the British a dependency of New INTRODUCTION. Iv 'M York. To these remonstrances the French commander paid little atten- tion, but continued his preparations for a war of extermination, and at length started on an expedition into the country of the Senecas. On approaching the first village they were suddenly attacked by about eight hundred warriors, and were soon thrown into confusion ; by the assistace however, of their Indian allies the Iroquois were repulsed, and did not again make their appearance, and after advancing for ten days through the country, destroying the corn fields and burning the villages, but without meeting a single enemy, the French judged it advisable to retreat. But though the Iroquois had been defeated they were not subdued, and following their enemies on their homeward march, destroyed the newly erected fort at Niagara and afterwards blockaded that at Catara- qui, and after making themselves masters of the whole upper country of the St. Lawrence, sent deputies to Montreal with proposals of peace, leaving, at two days march behind, .a band of twelve hundred warriors. They insisted upon the restoration of the chiefs who had been sent to France, and all other captives ; giving the commander only four days to agree to the terms. D^nonville had no choice but to submit. The treaty was interrupted by an act of treachery on the part of the Hurons ; they had entered into the war on the understanding that it was not to termi- nate till their enemies the Iroquois were completely subdued, fearing lest their allies the French should leave them at the mercy of the Iroquois, they determined to interrupt the treaty. They therefore attacked a party of the deputies, and telling some who were taken prisoners that they had committed the act at the instigation of the governor, allowed them to depart. The consequences were such as the Hurons anticipated. A large party of the Five Nations made a sudden descent on the island of Monti-eal, and carried oflf two hundred prisoners, without any resis- tance. The fort at Cataraqui was blown up and abandoned. At this time the affairs of the colony were in a very hazardous condi- tion, and the Count de Frontenac was chosen to succeed De la Barre as governer. He took out with him the captured chiefs, and landed at Montreal on the 27th of October, lOSO. On his arrival he endeavoured to open a negotiation with the Iroquois, and b}' the advice af Oureou- hare (one of the chiefs he brought with him from France) he sent a deputy, with four of the prisoners to announce to the tribes his return to Canada, and his wish to conclude a treaty of peace. The Iroquois after some deliberation, sent back the deputies with six belts, expressing their determination. Affecting to consider Onuuthio (the governor) as always the same, they complained that his rods of correction liad been too sharp The roots of the tree of peace which he had planted at and cutting. Ivi INTRODUCTIOIC. I i ' i "ii'i ■I. if i: III ri I lii ji^'tt ■iii. „ Fort Frontenac had been withered by blood; the ground had been polluted with treachery and falsehood. They demanded redress for these injuries, and that Oureouhare, with his captive companions should be sent back, previous to the liberation of the French prisoners. Onon- thio would then be at liberty to plant again the tree of peace, but not on the some spot. At this time the Ottawas and other tribes, being desirous of having the English market to carry their furs to, were anxious to conclude a peace with the Iroquois, particularly as they felt that the alliance of the French was an injury rathe/ than a benefit to them ; they having to protect the French, instead of the French protecting them. It was not however the policy of the governor to allow of this union, as the Iroquois could depend upon the support of both the English and Dutch, and the whole or greater portion of the valuable trade in furs would be trans- ferred from the Canadian to the New England settlements. The English and French nations were now at war, and the Count determined to strike the first blow in order to endeavour to retrieve the reputation of his country in America. An expedition was sent out therefore in 1690, against Schenectady, the frontier town of New York. The party com- posed of French and Indians, succeeded in surprising the place. The fort and every house was pillaged and burnt, and all the horrors of war were let loose on the inhabitants ; sixty-three men, women and children were massacred in cold blood, and two old Indians who were taken prisoners were cut into pieces to make soup for the Indians who accompanied the French. The Iroquois, after this affair sent messengers to the survivors, promising to revenge the injury. Shortly afterwards a second expedition was dispatched to attack the English village of Sementels, which they succeeded in destroying, but were themselves waylaid on their retreat and had considerable difficulty in escaping. The next measure adopted by the Count was to send a detachment to strengthen the post at Michillimakinac, who were also bearers of presents to the chiefs in that neighbourhood ; this party was attacked on their journey by a band of the Five Nations, whom they succeeded in defeat- ing. Now, however, the French settlements in Canada began to be threat- ened by other enemies than the Indians. Two expeditions were prepared by the English, one by sea from Boston against Quebec, the other by land from New York, directed against Montreal. The first was com- manded by Sir William Phipps, who sailed with a fleet of thirty-four vessels and a large body of troops, who captured all the posts on the coasts of Acadia and Newfoundland, with several on the St. Lawrence, and was within a few days sail of Quebec before any news of his t' ■*> INTRODUCTION. Ivlt rrence, of his advance arrived there. On the morning of the 6th of October, 1690, the fleet made its appearance and summoned the town to surrender, which was refused. The English commander remained in the river till the twenty-second, when having effected nothing he re-embarked his soldiers and departed leaving behind his cannon and ammunition. The expedition against Montreal did not take place at the appointed time. In the following year however, a large party of Iroquois made an irruption into the country about Montreal ; they were opposed by an officer named De Callieres, who in addition to the French troops had assem- bled about 800 Indian allies, and although the invaders in the commence- ment of the campaign managed to surprise several posts, and to carry oflT a considerable number of prisoners, they > . eventually obliged to retreat. During these wars the French apjicar to have acted with the greatest barbarity towards their prisoners, fully equalling in that respect the conduct of the Indians themselves, and we are even told that the sum of 40 livres was paid for every human scalp delivered into the war department. In the beginning of the year, 1604, the Five Nations began to show an inclination for peace, and negotiations were commenced for tliat purpose ; they however advanced but very slowly in consequence of the Indians being divided into two parties, one of which declared for peace, the other for war. At length a chief and eight deputies arrived, made great professions of friendship, and even went so far as to request the re-establishment of the fort at Cataraqui. An interchange of prisoners took place, and there the matter rested for some time, no further advance being made towards the settlement of the difficulties. An expedition was sent to build the fort at Cataraqui, which was effected without opposition. The allied Indians made great complaints of the disadvanta- geous terms under which they were forced to trade with the French, com- pared to those obtained from the British by the Five Nations, and threat- end to desert the French, and, joining the Iroquois, place themselves under the protection of the British. The Count therefore determined to adopt such proceedings as should impress his enemies with a sufficient idea of his power and at the same time rivet the chains of his allies. It being considered impossible however to conduct a march through those wild regions during the winter, the expedition was deferred till the following June, when all the forces that could be collected, regulars, militia and Indians, were marched to Cataraqui and from thence into the country of the Onondagos. On entering a lake, they discovered, suspended to a tree, two bundles of rushes, from which they learned that 1434 warriors were waiting to receive them. A fort was therefore constructed to serve as a place of retreat, and the troops then cautiously began their li i« Iviii INTRODUCTIOK. ^. % ■'-'V"^ • v'V "N. * . -^^ % march. "Dc Callicres commanded the left wing; De Vaudreuil the riglit ; while the Count then seventy-six years of age, was carried in the centre in an elbow chair." — The Indians however did not appear, and on reiiching their principal fortiess it wass found reduced to ashes", and the invaders now perceived that it was the intention of the Iroquois to adopt their usual policy, allowing them to penetrate unmolested into the heart of the country, and then to harass their retreat. After over- running the country of the Ouondagos and the Oneidas, burning cabins and destroying grain, without effecting any other object, the French and their allies returned to Montreal. In the mean time the governor became involved in a controversy with the government at home, which began to form the opinion that the advanced posts maintained in the colony were of little real advantage* while they were the chief cause of the wars in which it became involved. It was therefore proposed that these stations should be abolished, and that the Indians should be allowed to bring their own furs to Montreal. This however was opposed by the governor and his council, who, being afraid probably of losing their own power and patronage, represented that such a measure would have the effect of throwing the Indian allies into the hands of the Five Nations and the British, and of sacrificing the fur trade. The latter at the time was a strict monopoly, and was carried on under licenses granted to old officers and favorites, which were sold to the inland traders. " The aYnount of trade allowed to each license was merchandize to the amount of one thousand crowns, to carry which, and to convey the returns, the purchaser of the license was bound to employ two canoes, with crews of six men in each. The seller of the license had also the right of furnishing merchandize suitable for this trade, to the amount before mentioned, at an advance of fifteen per cent, upon the market price, making, with the annual price of the license, namely six hundred crowns, a handsome income in those times of comparative economy. A successful adventure under such a license, generally gave to the merchant a profit of 400 per cent, on the mer- chandize, and 000 crowns to each of the canoemen. The canoemen were not only entitled to provisions and clothing, but interested in the result of the adventure, by having a legal right to divide the surplus of the returns, after the cost of license, merchandize, and 400 per cent, profit to the merchant, had been reimbursed." At this time the average price of beaver skins at Montreal in money, was 2 livres, 13 sous, or about 3s. 3d. sterling per pound. It will thus be seen that the Indians were cheated to a considerable extent, and they themselves becoming aware of the fact through their intercourse with the British, made I'll INTRODUCTION. lix ^.^. \, \.\,*>,>.'\.>.'S,*^ :-''-'',i M incessant complaints ; and this probably was one great cause of their want of faith in the French. In 1697, the Sieur de Rev6rin, formed a company and established a fishery at the harbour of Mount Louis, about half way between Quebec and the extremity of the gulf of St. Lawrence on the southern side. At the commencement of the settlement they were much disturbed by the English, but their exertions in both fishing and agriculture were tolera- bly successful. On the 29th of November, in the following year the Count de Frontenac died, in the seventy-eighth year of his age, and the Chevalier de Callieres, governor of Montreal was appointed, his successor. He endeavoured to unite all the Indian tribes within reach of the Canadian settlements, into one bond of alliance, but the conduct of the Canadian merchants frustrated his endeavours. The Chevalier died suddenly, in 1703, and on the petition of the people of Canada, the Marquis de Vaudreuil was appointed his successor. The peace which was concluded between France and England in 1097, was terminated in 1702, when war broke out afresh, and its effects were soon felt in the respective colonies. In the spring of 1708, a council was held in Montreal to adopt measures to check the intrigues of the English among the Indian allies. The chiefs of the Indians were present on the occasion, and it was resolved that a blow should be struck against the British colonies. The English now called upon their allies of the Five Nations to renew hostilities against their old enemies ; but these tribes were unwilling to interrupt their repose. They declared that, " when they concluded a treaty, they did so with the intention of keeping it ; while the Europeans seemed to enter into such engagements solely with the view of immediately breaking them. One chief with the rude freedom of his nation, intimated his suspicion that the nations were both drunk." An expedition was undertaken by the French against the English village of Haverhill, which they succeeded in storming and destroying, they were attacked in turn on their retreat, and before they could make their escape lost thirty men. The French colonists in Canada now amounted to about 15,000. In the following year it became known that a person named Vetch, who had long resided at Quebec, and become intimately acquainted with the navigation of the St. Lawrence, had prevailed upon Queen Anne to attempt the conquest of the French dominions in Caj ada. His project being approved, he was sent to Manhattan (since called New York) to matu? e his plans. De Vaudreuil received intelligence that a fleet of 1x :ntboductio!». •WN^N'^-^^.-, •!.■>.% "VV N. N. -^^ *** . ' . twenty ships was being; prepared for the expedition, and that a large force of regular troops was to sail under its protection, while two thou- sand En»?Ush and as many Indians were to march upon Montreal by M\'iy of Lake Champlain. He was desirous of carrying the war into the enemy's country but his allies objected, and he was obliged to con- tent himself with acting on the defensive. The British, in the mean time, after forming a chain of posts from New York, had occupied with considerable detachments, Lakes George and Champlain, and were erecting forts, with a view to cover their descent upon Canada. The Iroquois had joined them according to promise ; but in a grand council of the tribes w^iich was held at Onondago, one of the chief orators remarked, that their independence was only maintained by the mutual jealousy of the two European nations, each of whom, if they could, would domineer over them, and that it would therefore be highly impru- dent to permit the llnglish to conquer Canada. These views of the subject were generally adopted by the rest of the council; and the English, losing their assistance and being weakened by a pestilential disorder which broke out among their own people, burnt the forts they had just erected and abandoned the enterprise. In the following year, another expedition was undertaken by the Bri- tish against Canada ; this adventure, however, like the previous ones, terminated unsuccessfully, chiefly through mismanagement. Fresh pre- parations were making for the same purpose when the colonists were gratified with the intelligence that arrangements were in progress for concluding a peace between France and England, and instructions were sent to the governors of each colony to suspend hostilities. During this year (1712), the merchants of Quebec raised a subscription, and pre- sented the governor with 50,000 crowns for the purpose of strengthen- ing the fortifications of the town. At this time a new enemy entered the field ; the Outagamis or Fox Indians, entered into a compact with the Iroquois and engaged to bum the French fort at Detroit, and destroy its inhabitants. This station was established in 1701, at which time M. de la Motte Cadillac, with one hundred men, and a Jesuit, carrying with them everj'thing necessary for the commencement and support of the establishment meditated, reached this place. " Detroit had long been considered as the limit of civilization towards the north-west. The station was attacked by a large party of warriors, but the commander, who had merely a garrison of twenty men, having obtained the assistance of some Indian allies, after a series of desperate engagements, succeeded in defeating them. In this attack the Indians lost above a thousand men. Notwithstanding their repulse at Detroit, the Outagamies continued the war whenever n»TRODlCTtO!f. Ixi .•». N. "W% -^-^ ■«. -V N pre- then- Fox burn tation with 5sary [ated, lit of )y a 'ison lilies, lem. Iding lever they had the opportunity of doing so witliout much risk to thpinsclvcf*, and made fierce attacks upon all the tribes in alliance with the Frnicli. Their watchful activity rendered the routes between the frontier posts of Canada, and the more distant ones on the Mississippi dangerous and almost impassable. By the treaty of Utrecht, signed on the 30th of March, 1713, peace was restored between France and England. France retained Canada, but gave up Acadia and Newfoundland. She also resigned all claims to the sovereignty of the Five Nations. In this year the population of the colony amounted to 25,000, 5,000 of whom were capable of serving in the militia. From this time Canada enjoyed a state of peace and quiet for some years. Charlevoix, who visited the colony during the years 1720 and 1721, says, "Quebec was estimated to contain about 7000 inhabitants ; both the lower and upper towns were partially built. The society, composed in a great measure of military officers and noblesse, was extremely agreeable ; and no where was the French lanijuage spoken in greater purity. Under this gay exterior however, was concealed a very general poverty. The settlers, while they admitted that their English neighbours knew better how to accumulate wealth, were con- soled by reflecting that they were quite ignorant how to enjoy it. They themselves, on the contrary, understood thoroughly the most elegant and agreeable modes of spending money, but were greatly at a loss where to obtain it. The only employment suited to their taste was the fur trade, the roving and adventurous habits of which were extremely attractive to them; and little fortunes weie thereby occasionally made ; but they were in such haste to expend these in pleasure and display, that they resembled hillocks of sand in the deserts of Africa, which rise and disappear almost at the same moment. Many, who had made a handsome figure, were now languishing in distress. They began by retrenching the luxury of the table, and as long as possible, were richly dressed. The patient and laborious process of agriculture had drawn little attention, and the timber trade was yet in its infancy. The absence of gold and silver, almost the only objects then considered as giving lustre to a colony, had always caused New France to be viewed as of very secondary importance. ** The coasts of the St. Lawrence, for some extent below Quebec, were already laid out in seigniories, and tolerably cultivated. At Pointe au Trembles, seven leagues from the capital, many of the farmers were found in easy circumstances, and richer than their landlords ; the latter, having obtained grants, which they had neither capital nor industry to improve, were obliged to let them at very small quit-rents. On reach- rl H i\ ]> ■■ i' r Ixii INTRODUCTIOX. .'.■^N,W^N.-vV.>.%-.Nr^*.V^,VS%. S.V>K.K VN vv.^ -*>.v wv^^ v*-> i ing the mouth of the B(i9ancour, he found a Baron, hearing the title of that river, and holding the oflTice of inspector of the highways. Ho lived almost in a desert, and derived his income chiefly from traffic witli the neighbouring Indians. From thence Charlevoix crossed to Trois liivieres, which he found an agreeable place, amid a circuit of well cultivated fields, but not containing more than 800 inhabitants. The fur trade, with a view to which it was founded, had already been in a great measure transferred to Montreal. " From Trois Rivieres he proceeded through the lake St. Peter, and coasting along its southern shore, made particular observations on the river and district of St. Francis. From its excellent soil, covered with timber, it appeared to him well fitted for cultivation, but the farmers w^re few, and had made such small progress, that, but for the opportu- nities of trade they would have been extremely poor. A more cheerful scene presented itself at the island and city of Montreal. The place was then enjoying a respite from the alarms and calamities of war ; and the two neighbouring villages of Sault St. Louis and Montgomery, inhabited by friendly Indians, served as barriers against their more savage countrymen. " Above Montreal, he found nothing but detached stations for defence and trade. lie made his way through the rapids to Lake Ontario, in Indian canoes formed of birch bark. We find no mention of anytiiing French till he arrived at Fort Cataraqui or Frontenac, at the entrance of the lake ; but in his short description there is no appearance as if the neighbourhood contained either cultivation or settlement. He had then a tedious voyage to perlorm along the southern shore in slender canoes ; at length he entered the river of Niagara, and came to a cottage wliich had been dignified to him with the name of fortress, and was occupied by the Sieur de Joncairc. There were two or three officers of rank, but apparently no trace of cultivation. " After having surveyed the falls, he ascended the channel of the Nia- gara, and having entered upon Lake Erie, proceeded along its northern shore. The voyage appeared to him delightful, in a charming climate, on waters clear as the purest fountain, and landing every night on the most desirable spots. He found always abundance of game, and a beautiful landscape bounded by the noblest forests in the world. Five days sail along these beautiful shores, brought him to the channel of Detroit, at the other end of which, near Lake St. Clair, he found the fort bearing that name. lie inclined to the opinion of those who regard- ed this as the most beautiful and fruitful part of all Canada. A French settlement had been begun there fifteen years before, but various untow- ard circumstances had reduced it almost to nothing. He proceeded !:lM f INTRODt'CTinW. Ixiii ^■VV^ Nr%'S'Ni^^>«*' — -^ «. ■- - - » * '^^N • ^P'V^^ VNTW 'W>.^«S irio, in ylhing trance ifthc then noes; which upied rank, ' 1 thence to Michillimnlilnac, nnnr tho mljouilnj? extrpmlticH of lakos Huron, Superior and Mictii^an. Liki the ofhcr.s it was a riusro tort sur- rounded by an Indian viilajj;". On the \vh()h> it a|)p«'ars fliat nbov() Montreal, there was nothing at this tiino whicrh couhl Ih^ calh'd a coh)ny." During tho period of wars hctwron the French and the hiihans, tho fort at Michilhmakinac was taken by a party of Ottawas by a stratagem pecuUarly hidian. 'i'hc Ibrt was then upon tlio main land, near tlie southern point of the peninsula. Tlic French and the Indians were at this time enjoying a temporary peace, and the former were consocjucntly thrown off their guard ; "when the Ottawas pn^parcd for a great game at ball, to which the ofllcers of the garrison were invited. While engaged in play, one of the parties gradually inclined toward the fort, and th(! otlxT press(>d after them. Tho ball ^^as once or twic thrown over the pickets, and the Indians wen; suflei'. .1 to enter and procure it. Nearly all the garrison were present as spectators, and those on duty were alike unprepared as unsuspicious. Suddenly the ball was again thrown into tho fort, and all the Indians rushed after a. The .< .st of the talc is soon told ; the troops were butchertn!, and the fort d^*', •», red." M. do Vaudreuil died on the 10th of April, 1725, after a h igthencd rule of twenty-one years. Heriot, in writing on Can ;.. says, "when the French began their settlements in Canada, proper y w,\.i granted in extensive lots, called seignetiries, stretching along either coast ot the St. Lawrence for a distance of ninety miles below Quebec, and thirty miles above Montreal, comprehending a space of 300 miles in length. "The seignenries each contain 100 to 500 square miles, and are parcelled out into small tracts on a freehold lease to the inhabitants, as the persons to whom they were granted had not the means of cultivating them. These consisted of officers of the army, of gentlemen, and of communities, who were not in a state to employ labourers and work- men. The portion to each inhabitant was Oi Cv, ee acres in breadth, and from seventy to eighty in depth, commenciiit^ on the banks of the ri er, and running back into the woods, thus forming an entire and regular lot of land. " To the proprietors of seigneuriex ^omo powers, as well as consider- able profits are attached. They arc by their grants authorized to hold courts and sit as judges in what is termed haute and basse justice, which. includes all crimes committed within their jurisdiction, treasons and murders excepted. Few however exercised this privilege except the ecclesiastical seigneurs of Montreal, whose right of jurisdiction the king of France purchased from them, giving them in return, his droit de change- Some of the seigneurs have aright of villain service from their tenants. Ixiv INTRODUCnOK. "At every transfer or mutation of proprietor, the new purchaser is bound to pay a sum equal to a fifth part of the purchase money to the seigneur or to the king ; but if this fine be paid immediately, only one third of the fifth is demanded. This constituted a principal part of the kings revenues in the Province. When an estate falls by inheritance to a new possessor, he is by law exempted from the fine. " The income of a seigneur is derived from the yearly rent of his lands, from lods et vents, or a fine on the disposal of property held under him. and Irom grist mills, to whose profits he has an exclusive right. The rent paid by each tenant is considerable ; but they who have many inhabitants on their estates enjoy a tolerably handsome revenue, each person paying in money, grain, or other produce, from five to twelve livres pa- annum. In the event of the sale of any of the lots of his seigniory, a proprietor may claim a preference of repurchasing it, which is seldom exercised but with a view to prevent frauds in the disposal of the property. He may also, whenever he finds it necessary, cut down timber for the purpose of building mills and making roads ; tithes of all the fisheries on his domain likewise belong to him. " Possessed of these advantages, seigneurs might in time attain to a state of comparative affluence were their estates allowed to remain entire. But by the practice of divisions tamong the different children of a family, they become in a few generations reduced. The most ample share, which retains the name of seigneurie, is the portion of the eldest son, the other partitions are denominated fiefs. These are in the u'xt generation, again subdivided, and thus in the course of a few descents, a seigneur is possessed of little more than his title. This is the condition of most of those estates that have passed to the third or fourth generation. The inhabitants, in like manner, make divisions of their small tracts of land, and a house will sometimes belong to several proprietors. It is from these causes that they are in a great measure retained in a state of poverty, that a barrier to industry and emulation is interposed, and that a spirit of litigation is excited. "There arc in Canada upwards of 100 seigneuries, of which that of Montreal, belonging to the seminary of St. Sulpice, is the richest and most productive. The next in value and profit is the territory of the Jesuits. The members of thvat society who resided at Quebec were, like the priests of Montreal, only agents for the head of their community. But sinco the expulsion of their order from France, and the seizure by the Catholic sovereigns of Europe of all the lands of that society within their dominions, the Jesuits in Canada held their seigniory in their own right. 4 "i INTRODUOTIOK. Ixv ^■£ zhaser is ey to the only one irt of the ritance to his lands, ider him. ;ht. The ve many me, each to twelve )ts of his ; it, which lisposal of cut down ;hes of all kttain to a :o remain hildren of pst ample he eldest the u^xt escents, a condition neration. tracts of Irs. It is ■n a state ised, and that of Ihest and py of the fere, like imunity. |izure by within leir own *• Some of the domiciliated savages held also in the Province land in the right of seigneurs. '* Upon a representation of the narrow circumstances to which many of the noblesse and gentlemen of the colony were reduced, not only by the causes already assigned, but by others equally powerful, Louis XIV. was induced to permit persons of that description to carry on commerce by sea and land without being subjected to any inquiry on this account, or to an imputation of their having derogated from their rank in society. " To no seigniory is the right of patronage to the church attached ; it was upon the advancement of the pretensions of some seigneurs, founded on their having built parochial churches, that the king, in 1685, pro- nounced in council that this right should belong to the bishop, he being the most capable of judging concerning the qualifications of persons who were to serve." Kalm, a writer on Canada, speakmg of the Jesuits in his day, says : " The Jesuits are commonly very learned, studious, and are very civil and agreeable in company. In their whole deportment there is some- thing pleasing : it is no wonder therefore that they captivate the minds of the people. They seldom speak of religious matters, and if it happens, they generally avoid disputes. They are very ready to do any one a service, and when they see that their assistance is wanted, they hardly give one time to speak of it, falling to work immediately to bring about what is required of them. Their conversation is A'cry entertaining and learned, so that one can not be tired of their company. Among all the Jesuits I have conversed with in Canada, I have not found one who waa not possessed of these qualities in a very eminent degree. They do not care to become preachers to a congregation in the town or country, but leave these places, together with the emoluments arising from them, to the priests. All their business here is to convert the heathen ; and with that view their missionaries are scattered over every part of the country. In nearly every town and village peopled by converted Indians are one or two Jesuits, who take great care that they may not return to paganism, but live as christians ought to do. Thus there are Jesuits with the con- verted Indians in Tadousac, Lorette, Begancour, St. Francois, Sault St. Louis, and all over Canada. There are likewise Jesuit missionaries with those who are not converted, so that there is commonly a Jesuit in every village belonging to the Indians, whom he endeavours on all occasions to convert. In winter he goes on their great hunts, where he is frequently obliged to suffer all imaginable inconveniences, such as walking in the snow all the day, lying in the open air all winter, lying out both in good and bad weather, lying in the Indian huts, which swarm with fleas and other vermin, &c. The Jesuits undergo all these hardships E n Ixvi INTRODUCTION. y*. ;t{ for tho sake of converting the Indians, and likewise for political reasons. The Jesuits are of great use to their king; for they are frequently able to persuade the Indians to break their treaty with the English, to make war upon them, to bring their furs to the French, and not to permit the English to come among them. There is much danger attending these excursions ; for, when the Indians are in liquor, they sometimes kill the missionaries who live with them, calling them spies, or excusing them- selves by saying that the brandy had killed them. These are the chief occupations of the Jesuits in Canada. They do not go to visit the sick in the town ; they do not hear the confessions, and attend to no funerals* I have never seen them go in procession in honour of the Virgin Mary or other saints. Every body sees that they are, as it were, selected from other people on account of their superior genius and abilities. They are here reckoned a most cunning set of people, who generally succeed in their undertakings, and surpass all others in acuteness of understand- ing. I have therefore several times observed that they have enemies in Canada. They never receive any others into their society but persons of very promising parts, so that there are no blockheads among them. " The priests are the second and most numerous class of the clergy in this country ; for most of the churches, both in towns and villages, are served by priests. A few of them are likewise missionaries. In Canada are two seminaries : one in Quebec, the other in Montreal. The priests of the seminary of Montreal are of the order of St. Sulpicius, and supply only the congregation on the Isle of Montreal, and the town of the same name. At all the other churches in Canada the priests belonging to the Quebec seminary officiate. The tormer, or those of the order of St, Sulpicius, all come from France, and I was assured that they never suffer a native of Canada to come among them. " In the seminary at Quebec, the natives of Canada make the greater part. " In order to fit the children of this country for orders, there are schools at Quebec and St. Joachim, where the youths are taught latin, and instructed in the knowledge of those things and sciences which have a more immediate connection with the business they are intended for. However, they are not very nice in their choice, and people of a mid- dling capacity are often received among them. They do not seem to have made great [ ogress in latin ; for, notwithstanding the service is read in that language, and they read their latin breviary and other books every day, yet most of them find it very difficult to speak it. " All the priests in the Quebec seminary are consecrated by the bishop. Both the seminaries have got great revenues from the king; that in Quebec has about 30,000 livres. All the country on the west side of t % INTHODUCTIOX. Ixvii N.-^.'N. %.•>.>.>. il reasonSr ;ntly able 1, to make jermit the ding these es kill the ing them- the chief it the sick funerals* •gin Mary 3cted from es. They ly sncceed nderstand- enemies in at persons ig them, e clergy in llages, are In Canada rhe priests k,nd supply f the same ;ing to the der of St. ley never le greater re schools latin, and ;h have a [nded for. |of a mid- seem to Iservice is ler books ^e bishop. that in st side of the river St. Lawrence, from the town of Quebec to Bay St. Paul, belongs to this seminary, besides their other possessions in the country. They lease the land to the settlers for a certain rent. A piece of land three arpents b'-oad, (French acres), and thirty, forty, or fitly arpents long, pays a mu -lly an icu, and a couple of chickens, or some other additional trifle. In such places as have convenient water-falls they have built water mills or saw mills, from which they annually get considerable sums. The seminary of Montreal possesses the whole ground on which that town stands, together with the whole Isle of Montreal. I have been assured that the ground rent of the town and isle is computed at 70,000 livres, besides what they get for saying masses, baptising, holding confessions, attending at marriages and funerals, &c. All the revenues of ground rent belong 1o the seminaries alone, and the priests in the country have no share in them. I3ut the seminary in Montreal, consisting only of sixteen priests, has greater revenues than it can expend, a large sum of money is annually sent over to France, to the chief seminary there. "The RecoUets are a third class of clergyman in Canada. They have a fine large dwelling house here, and a fine church where they officiate. Near it is a large and fine garden, which they cultivate with great application. In Montreal and Trois Rivieres they are lodged in almost the same manner as here. They do not endeavour to choose cunning fellows among them, but take all they can get. They do not torment their brains with much learning; and I have been assured that, after they have put on their monastic habit, they do not study to increase their knowledge, but forget even what little they knew before. At night, they generally lie on mats or some other hard mattresses. However I have sometimes seen good beds in the cells of some of them. They have no possessions here, having made vows of poverty, and live chiefly on the alms which people give them. To this purpose the young monks, or brothers, go into the houses with a bag and beg what they want. They have no congregations in the country, but sometimes they go among the Indians as missionaries. " In each fort, which contains forty men, the king keeps one of these monks instead of a priest, who officiates there. The king gives him lodging, provisions, servants, and all he wants, besides 200 livres a year. Half of it he sends to the community he belongs to ; the other he reserves for his own use. When one of the chief priests in the country dies, and his place can not immediately be filled up, they send one of these friars there, to officiate while the place is vacant. Part of these monks came over from France, and part are natives of Canada." S( i i Ixviii INTRODUCTIOir. " After the conquest of Canada by the British, the religious male orders were prohibited from increasing their numbers, with the exceptioa of the priests. The orders were allowed to enjoy the whole of their revenues as long as a single individual of the body existed, and then they were to revert to the crown. The whole revenues of the Jesuits* estates were enjoyed for some years by the surviving member of the order, and at the time of his death in 1800, they were valued at twelve thousand pounds per annum. The name of the last recipient was Jean Joseph Casot. In his youth he was merely a porter to the convent, but was promoted, and in course of tune received into the order. He died at a very advanced age." The Marquis de Beauharnois succeeded M. de Vaudreuil as governor of the colony; and under his rule and by judicious management the affairs of the Province began to revive ; peace was restored with the Indians by the adoption of a more just and liberal system of dealing with them, and also as a natural consequence of the frequent Inter- marriages that took place between them; cultivation was greatly extended, and nothing occurred to disturb the repose of the colonists or the governor, but the growing Importance and encroachments of their more persevering and Industrious neighbours In the British colonies. The governor of New York had erected a fort and trading post at Oswego on Lake Ontario, with the hopes of monopolizing the trade of the lake'" ; and the marquis Immediately sent an envoy to obtain the consent of the Indians in the neighbourhood of Niagara to the erection of a fort and establishment on the banks of the river. lie also erected a fort at Crown Point on Lake Champlaln, and another at Tlconderago. In 1745, war again broke out between France and England. The island of Cape Breton was taken by an expedition under Mr. Pepperel, a New Englander (who was immediately created a baronet of Great Britain), assisted by a squadron under Admiral Warren. An expedition was Immediately prepared In France to endeavour to retake the Island, and retrieve their honour. A fleet of eleven ships of the line, thirty smaller vessels, and transports, containing 3000 soldiers, set sail on the 22nd of June, with the Intention In the first place of attacking and taking Nova Scotia. Four ships of the line from the West Indies were ordered to join the squadron, and Canada sent a party of 1700 men to assist the enterprise. The French fleet, however, met with stormy weather which separated the ships ; the admiral died suddenly, and the shattered remnants of the squadron returned to France crestfallen and dispirited. A new expedition was soon equipped, consisting of six large men of war, the same number of frigf\tes, and four armed East Indiamen ; M m '\5 I INTRODUCTIOX. Ixix .-V1.-W-V-VN and a convny of thirty merchant vessels sailed under their protection, They also took out with them the Admiral de la Jonquiere, who had just been.appointed governor of Canada. On the third of May, (1746), they fell in with a British fleet under Admiral Anson, and Rear Admiral Warren who had been dispatched to intercept them, and before night all the battle ships had surrendered; while a large portion of the convoy escaped during the night. As soon as the capture of the governor was known in France, the Compte de la Galissoniere was appointed to fill the vacancy. He endeavoured to prevail upon the French government to send out a large number of settlers, to be located on the frontiers, to act as a check upon the British ; his advice however was disregarded, and the admiral being shortly released from captivity, and conveyed to Canada, the Count returned to France. The salaries allowed by the French government to their servants in the civil departments of the colonial governments was extremely small, even in those days. That of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, governor and lieutenant-general of Canada in 1758, was no more than £372 Is. 8d. sterling, out of which he was expected to clothe, maintain, and pay a guard for himself, consisting of two sergeants and twenty-five soldiers, furnishing them with firing in winter, and other necessary articles. It was not surprising therefore that the officers of the government took every advantage of the opportunities for peculation, which were open to them from their situations and the remoteness of the colony. The intendant discontented with his pay, sold licences to trade with the Indians for his own benefit, and the governor (Jonquiere) and his secre- tary confined to themselves the privilege of selling that curse of Canada, brandy, to the natives. At length the complaints against the governor became so numerous and so loud that his friends at home were com- pelled to notice them and he was consequently recalled. Before, how- ever, his successor was appointed, he died at Quebec. In the year 1750, commissioner had met at Paris for the purpose of settling the boundaries of the North American Colonies, between France and England ; no terms however could be adjusted and the negotiation was broken off. In the war that followed, M. de la Jonquiere made himself particularly active ; he was a man of ability, and but for his avaricious disposition, might have acquired the respect of those he governed. He died enormously wealthy. The Marquis du Quesne de Menneville was the next governor. During the time he was in Canada, although England and France were nominally at peace, skirmishes were continually taking place between the people of the two colonies, and the governments in Europe did not hesitate to assist and encourage their respective colonists in hostile operations against each other. The mar- I % 'ili! Ixx INTRODUCTION. 'V^.'N'S.'N.'S.^A ^■v^.-*.*^-\.'W.-\. :,; quis organized the militia of Quebec and Montreal, and attached bodies of artillery to the garrison of each city, and the militia of the scigneu- ries was also inspected and brought into a state of efficient discipline. Detachments were sent to establish forts on the Alleghany and the Ohio rivers, and every preparation made for carrying on a war both offensive and defensive. The Marquis du Qudsne having requested his recall, was succeeded in the government of Canada by the Marquis de Vaudreuil de Cavagnac, son to a former governor. In the meantime the French had been pre- paring a fleet at Brest, which sailed under the command of Admiral de la Mothe, and conveyed the new governor to Canada. The English government hearing of these preparations on the other side of the chan- nel, sent Admiral Boscawen, with eleven ships to watch the movements of the French squadron ; the two fleets reached the banks of New Foundland about the same time ; two vessels of the French fleet fell into the hands of the British, but a fog enabled the rest to escape, and arrive safely at Quebec. The military operations of the year 1755 had been rather favourable to the French, but its civil progress was not so satisfactory. The necessities of war demanding the presence of the able bodied population, agriculture was neglected, and a scarcity of pro- visions was the consequence. Although the scanty supply of corn was too well known, the intendant Bigot, with infamous avarice, shipped off vast quantities of wheat to the West Indies for his own gain. The price of food rose enormously, and the commerce of the country, hampered by selfish and stupid restrictions, rapidly declined. ' i " The M..rquis de Vaudreuil soon lost the confidence of the colonists. To him they looked hopefully and earnestly for protection against the fatal monopolies of the merchant company, but they found that he rea- dily sanctioned the oppression under which they suffered. Great stores of wheat had been purchased from the settlers by the company in anti- cipation of a scarcity ; when they had obtained a sufficient quantity to command the market, they arranged with the intendant to fix the price at an immense advance, whicn was maintained in spite of the misery and clamours of the people. Again the intendant pretended that the dearth was caused by the farmers having secreted their grain, and in consequence, he issued an order that the city and troops should be immediately supplied at a very low rate, and those who would not suIh mit to these nefarious conditions had their corn seized and confiscated without any remuneration whatever. " Abuses and peculations disgraced every department of the public service ; the example set in high places was faithfully followed by the petty officials all over the colony. The commissaries who had the sup- INTRODUCTION. Ixxi ihed bodies e scigneu- discipline. d the Ohio h offensive succeeded Cavagiiac, 1 been pre- ymiral de be English )f the chan- movements ks of New ;h fleet fell jscape, and ir 1755 had was not so jnce of the rcity of pro- )f corn was shipped off The price hampered le colonists, against the hat he rea- reat stores ,ny in anti- quantity to the price the misery id that the tin, and in should be Id not sul»- !onfiscated I ply of the distant posts enriched themselves at the cost of the mother country ; and boats were not allowed to visit them without paying such heavy fees that the trade became ruinous." " All the inhabitants of the colony, by virtue of the law of fiefs (except such gentlemen and other persons who by their employments had the privilege of nobles) were militia men, and enrolled in the several com- panies of militia of the province. The captains of militia were the most respectable persons in the country parishes, and were entitled to the first seat in the churches ; they also received the same distinctions as the magistrates in the towns ; they were held in great respect, and government exacted from the inhabitants obedience to the orders they signified to them on the part of government. If any of the inhabitants did not obey orders, the captains were authorized to conduct them to the city, and, on complaint they were punished according to the nature of the delinquency. When the government wanted the services of the militia as soldiers, the colonels of militia, or the town majors, in conse- quence of the requisition from the governor general, sent orders to the several captains of militia in the country parishes to send a certain number of militia men, chosen by those ofiicers, who ordered the draughts, into town, under an escort, commanded by an officer of militia, who conducted them to the tc vvn major, who furnished each militia man with a gun, a capot, a cotton shirt, a cap, a pair of leggins, a pair of Indian shoes, and a blanket, after which they were marched to the garrison to which they were destined. The militia of the city of Quebec were frequently exercised, and the company of artillery every Sunday were exerc'sed at the great gun practice." It is plain therefore that under French dominion, Canada was more a military than an agricultural colony, and that during time of war the various settlements were little more than a chain of barracks ; while the more mercantile and agricultural settlements on the British side of the St. Lawrence and the lakes were rapidly progressing in prosperity and power. The State of Massachusetts alone at this time could mus- ter 40,000 men capable of bearing arms ; Connecticut 27,000, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania and Virginia could add con- siderably to the number, and though at the commencement of the next campaign, the Canadian forces gained some partial advantages, the day was fast approaching when the proud Jleur de Us of haughty France must bend beneath the paw of the British Lion. [the public ired by the lid the sup- 1^1 Ixxii IKTRODUCTIOK. V X "«fc "VN*^ -N '^ ^ ^'V^ ^ -» ^■^'VWW'fc*V%-V^X'N.'N/V>.-V\ CHAPTER U. « 1^ 11 ili • i''vi'i ^ '.■I'. :1 1 1 ii, I r CONTAINING TUE TAKING OF QUEBEC, AND THE OCCUPATION OF CANADA BY THE BRITiaU. In the year 175C, the Marquis de Montcalm arrived in Canada with a large force. After remaining a few days at Quebec, he joined the force preparing to act against the British post at Uswego, which after a desperate resistance was compelled to surrender, it is said for want of ammunition, and 1200 prisoners fell into the hands of the conquerors. On the 19lh of March in the following year an attack was made on Fort George, situated on Lake George, but the assailants were driven back, the assault was repeated on the next and foUovt^ing days, but each time the French met with so warm a reception from the little garrison that they were compelled to retreat. In the following August Montcalm cagain attempted to gain the command of Lake George, having collected a force of 8000 men, including Indians, he invested the fort. The commander made a brave defence, but the walls of the fort being knocked to pieces by the French artillery, and his ammunition failing* he was compelled to capitulate ; after the battle, a large number of the prisoners were massacred by the Indians. In a work like this we have not space to follow step by step the contest between the two powers for the possession of Canada. Early in January, 1759, a census was taken of all those capable of bearing arms in Canada ; the result was a roll containing 15,229. On the l4th of May, M. de Bougainville, who had been appointed aid-de-camp to the Marquis, brought to Quebec the alarming news that England was preparing a large force to act against the colony. A council of war w^as held at Montreal, and it was decided, " that a body of troops under Montcalm* the Marquis de Levi and M. de Senezergues should be posted at Quebec; that M. de Bourlemaque should hasten to Tieonderago, blow up the works at the approach of the English, retire by the lake to Isle aux Noix, and there make a stubborn resistance. The Chevalier de la Corne, with 800 regulars and militia, was directed to hold the rapids above Montreal, to intrench himself in a strong position, and hold out to the best of his power. Montcalm then hastened to Quebec, and pushed on the works of the city and its outposts. To embarras the hostile fleet he removed the buoys, and other marks for navigation in the St Law- rence. At the same time the governor issued the following address to \';; INTRODUCTION. Ixxiii •.^*W-%.>.*'-**% -.V.-N..*.^** V DA BT TBK ada with oined the lich after for want inquerors. made on re driven days, but the little ig August je, having the fort, brt being >n failing! )er of the le contest January, Canada ; [y, M. de |Marquis, [paring a held at |ontcalm> iQuebec; up the lisle aux a Corne, Is above It to the [shed on lile fleet !t Law- Idress to the people, "This campaign will give the Canadians an opportunity of displaying once again their loyalty and valour ; their king doubts not that they will faithfully defend his and their rights, their religion, homes and properties against the cruel English. These invndors hate our name and nation; they accuse us of the evil deeds of a few savage Indians, and burn for revenge. We will protect our people by every possible means from falling into the hands of our ruthless enemies, and from such mercies as the people of Acadia, Cape Breton, and St. Johns received from them. Better would it be for us, our wives and childr^^n, to be buried in the ruins of the colony, than to fall alive into the hands oi" the English. " We have, however, no fears for our safety, and accordingly we direct that every suitable step be taken for a successful defence." Niagara was taken by the British ; and about the middle of February, 1759, a squadron having on board an army of nearly 8000 men under the command of General Wolfe, sailed for the St. Lawrence. On the 23rd of June the fleet passed the narrows between Isle au Coudrc and the shore, and in the evening came to anchor opposite the settlement of St. Joseph. On the 25th the fleet passed " the traverse," in safety, and on the following day anchored oft" the Isle of Orleans. On the 28th Wolfe published the following address to the Canadian people. "We have a powerful armament. We are sent by the English king to con- quer this Province, but not to make war upon women and children, the ministers of I'cligion or industrious peasants. We lament the sufferings which our invasion may inflict upon you, but, if you remain neuter we proffer you safety in person and property, and freedom in religion. ' We are masters of the river ; no succour can reach you from France. General Amherst with a large army assails your southern frontier. Your cause is hopeless, your valour useless. Your nation has bcert guilty of great cruelties to our unprotected settlers ; but we seek not revenge ; we offer you the sweets of peace amid the horrors of war. England, in her strength, will befriend you ; France in her weakness, leaves you to your fate." This appeal, however, had little efTcet, the priesthood urged their flocks to resist the heretical invaders. The pro- clamations of Montcalm also bewildered them. "He threatened them with death if they refused to serve, and with the fury of the savages if they aided the English." "While the British fleet had been slowly ascending the river, Montcalm and his followers were busily preparing to receive it. They laboured unceasingly to add to the great natural strength of the country about Quebec. Parapets were thrown up upon every vulnerable point, guns mounted, and above all no efforts were spared lo organize the numerous but somewhat doubtful forces of the T Ixxiv INTKOOUCnON. ^•v-x-^N-WNN V\^ \ M :':,A i 1' lij f"^^'i rmi Canadian peasantry. Five veteran French battalions, filled up by picked men from the colonial levies, and two battalions of the colonial troops formed the main strength of the army. The armed peasantry or militia were chiefly posted for the defence of the long line of works between Quebec and Montmorency, and several tribes of friendly Indians hovered about among the neighbouring woods. " The Canadians placed considerable reliance on the supposed diflicully of the river navi- gation, and were greatly disappointed when a preconcerted signal announced that the vast British armament had passed the narrows in safety. When the crowding sails were seen rounding the Isle of Orleans, the people in despair flew to the churches to offer up their prayers for the preservation of their country." The French had posted a force upon Point Levi, opposite Quebec, and a force under Brigadier General Monckton was sent to drive away the French, and take possession of the post. This he accomplished. Time ran on ; and after Wolfe had been five weeks before the impregnable fortress, many lives had been lost, " and a vast quantity of ammunition expended ; but as yet, no important step had been gained. The high grounds which he occupied beyond Montmorency and Point Levi had scarcely been disputed by the enemy. From day to day the hostile parapets were strengthened and extended. He had carefully exa- mined the north bank of the river above and below the city, and could discover no one spot where either nature or art did not forbid his landing. Whatever discontent or distress might exist in the Canadian camp, their appeared no diminution of numbers or slackening of zeal in the defence. On the other hand, the state of affairs in the British camp was by no means promising." At length a council of war was held and it was determined to make a night attack, to scale the heights, and approach the city by the Plains of Abraham. On the evening of the 12th of September, part of the fleet were moved toward the Beau- port shore, and the boats were lowered and filled with seamen and marines, in order to deceive the enemy, by the appearance of a medita- ted attack in that quarter, and the remaining vessels hoisted sail and proceeded about eight miles up the river, where they joined the vessels under Holmes. About nine o'clock at night, the first division of the army, IGOO in number, were placed in flat bottomed bofits which dropped silently down the stream." At length they approached the appointed spot ; some of the foremost boats containing the light companies of the 78th Highlanders, were the first to touch the shore ; theiinen sprung to land, and led by Captain McDonald, began to climb the face of the pre- cipice, supporting themselves by bushes, trees, and projecting rocks; at length they reached the top. The French guard fired a volley and fled. ■.« .1 INTRODUCTION. Ixxv Thp men as they Jirrived on th(5 level ground were formed in order, nnd when morning broke, Wolfe and his army were on tlio Plains of Abra- ham ready to march on the city, F^bm the difficulties of the ascent only one gun could be carried up the hill. Montcalm in the me in time, had been watching the demonstrations making below the town, fully expecting an attack in that quarter, when, as morning broke, the booming of a single canon was borne upon the breeze, and immediately afterwards a horseman galloped into the city with intelligence of the landing of the foe. IMontcalm seems suddenly, at this intelligence, to have lost his usual caution, .and immediately decided to give them battle. "As fast as the battalions could be mus- tered, they were hurried across the valley of the St. Charles, over the bridge, and along the front of the northern ramparts of Quebec to the battle ground." "At eight o'clock the heads of French columns began to appear, ascending the hill from the St Charles to the Plains cf Abraham ; the only piece of artillery which Wolfe had been able to bring into action then opened with some effect, and caused them slightly to alter their line of march. At nine o'clock Montcalm moved some distance to the front, and developed his line of battle ; his total force exclusive of Indians, amounted to 7,520 men, not more than half of which were regu- lar troops. Wolfe's army on the other hand numbered but 4,828 men of all ranks, but had the advantage of being all soldiers who had seen service. The French commenced the attack. " At about ten o'clock a crowd of Canadians and Indians emerged from the bush on the slope which falls toward the valley of the St. Charles ; as they advanced they opened fire upon the English pickets of the extreme left, and drove them into their supports. The French kept up a withering fire, and under cover of the smoke of the skirmishers, the whole of their centre and left rapidly advanced. Wolfe was wounded in the wrist, but not dis- abled, wrapping a handkerchief round the wound, he calmly awaited the attack. When the head of the French columns had arrived within forty yards he gave the word to fire, and a deadly volley from the whole British line told with terrible effect. The battle was lost. Montcalm, however, bravely cheered on his broken ranks, and a desperate struggle ensued ; Wolfe was a second time wounded, but still he persevered ; a third time he received a ball, and could no longer support himself; he was carried a little to the rear, while Townsend was sought for to take the command. In the meantime Montcalm received a mortal wound, and deprived of his encouragement and support, the broken troops were soon utterly routed. "; Ixxvi WTROOUCTION. ■V •»••>. ^.•. N^^ N N ».^^•.v^^^v^.■ . i: l! 1 5|1 11 " The loss of the English in this battle amounted v. . . kiilej find 007 wounded, and that of the French, which has never ht<'» ''A.joiiy ascer- tained, was sui)i>osed to number about 1500 in killtu, wounded and prisoners." On the evening of the 14th, Montcahn breathed his last, and on the 18lh Quebec surrendered. In the evening the keys of the eity were delivered up, and the British Hag hoisted on the citadel. The news of this event reached England only two days after Wolfe's previous des- patch, in which he expressed doubts of his ultimate success. The articles of capitulation, as demanded by the Commandant at Quebec, and granted by Admiral Saunders and General Townsend, were as follows : — That the garrison should be allowed to march out with the honours of war, and that it should be sent back to the army in safety, and by the shortest route, with arms, baggage, six pieces of brass cannon, two mortars or howitzers, and twelve rounds for each of them. The gar- rison of the town, composed of land forces, marines and sailors, to march out with their arms and baggage, drums beating, matches lighted, with two pieces of French cannon, and twelve rounds for each piece, to be embarked as conveniently as possible, and sent to the first port in France. The inhabitants to be preserved in the possession of their houses, goods, efTccts and privileges. That the inhabitatits should not be account- able for having carried arms in the defence of the town, forasmuch as they were compelled to do it, and that the inhabitants of the colonies of both crowns equally serve as militia. That the effects of the absent officers and citizens should not be touched ; and that the inhabitants should not be removed, nor obliged to quit their houses, until their con- dition should bo settled, by the kings of England and France. That the exercise of the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion should be maintained, and that safeguards should be granted to the houses of the clergy and to the mountaineers, particularly to his lordship the Bishop of Quebec, who, animated with zeal for religion, and charity for the people of his diocese, desired to reside in it constantly, to exercise freely, and with that decency which his character and the sacred offices of the Roman religion require, his episcopal authority in the town of Quebec, whenever he should think proper, until the possession of Canada should be decided between their Britannic and most Christian Majesties. That the artillery and warlike stores should be faithfully given up, and that an inventory of them should be made out. That the sick and wounded, the commissaries, chaplains, physicians, surgeons, apothecaries, and other people employed in the service of the i' * iiiTRom;cTio>f. Ixxvii ^•■*. % N.N.'S.^./^-^i emy. The :ement, the of the city, l1 now laid 3ctive men, ; fleet from ippearance, lievi raised ;ave oppor- i enormous st profusion re\ e author- il. Among for 300,000 lis contraci. to less than B constantly property of ment at an ipplied, and Jer-in-chief, apitulation le British. 1 out with ritish ships, the war. ted to their te property conveyed uch of the the future anteed the id were to ported the ssession of tclusive of I Province Ion of the m inhabitants. During the first three years of this period, however, the government was purely military, and more to the taste of the new subjects, (as the Canadians were then denominated) themselves a brave and military people, inured to war and discipline, than that which immedi- ately succeeded it, and perhaps than any that has since followed. The royal proclnmation of 1763, by their new sovereign, King George the Third, put an end to this, and introduced a new order of things, some- thing more congenial to British feelings and habits, with the double view of tranquiiizing the new subjects, by the introduction of a govern- ment better suited to protect them in their civil rights and institutions than previously, and of encouraging emigration fro;n home into His Majesty's newly acquired North American dominions. All disputes from this time forward, between the new subjects, concerning rights in land and real property, &c. continued as previous to the conquest, to be settled according to the ancient customs and civil laws of Canada, and by judges conversant with those laws, selected iVom among their own countrymen, and these also were the rules of decision in like matters, between the old subjects of the king who had emigrated hither and settled in the Province, and who expected that in all cases wherein t/ieij were personally concerned, the laws of England were to apply ; imagining that in emigrating, they carried with them the whole code of English civil and criminal laws ibr their protection. In all cases of a criminal nature the laws of England were to be in force. " Considerable anxiety prevailed as to the system of laws that was permanently to rule ; each class of subjects, old and new, wishing for the continuance of that with w^hich they were most familiar, and consequently considered the best. There was, moreover, a general un- easiness both among the old and new subjects with respect to the constitution of Government that might finally be established in the Province. The former looking for a government partaking of a repre- sentative character, which *he latter rather deprecated than desired, apprehensive that in the more skilful hands of their fellow subjects of English origin, it might be turned to their disadvantage. In fact, they looked rather to the preservation of their laws and institutions, their civil and social rights which they perfectly understood and appreciated, than to any of a political nature to which they were entire strangers ; self-government, politics and legislation being quite out of their sphere, and beyond their aspirations. The government of a single individual, or governor aided by a council or a certain number of advisers was perfectly intelligible to them, and such as they had been accustomed to, »nd if honest and upright, all they desired. A constitution, consisting of a governor and two branches, was quite new to the great body, who / ii II ii'i~ '' ■ 1 1 i j 1 1 1 [ i 1 II 1 II 1 ( 11 1 i lii >■ * Ixxx INTRODUCTlOir. could not understand their meaning or purposes, and therefore considered the whole as an English invention, intended to cheat them of their rights, and in the long run, their money." In the year 1774, two acts were passed by the British Parliament; relating to the newly acquired territory, then called the Province of Quebec. One of these was for the purpose of providing a revenue for the support of the civil government, by the imposition of duties on spirits and molasses ; the amount however was far short of that annually required, and the deficiency was supplied from the Imperial treasury. The other, commonly called the Quebec Act, " defined the boundaries of the Province of Quebec. It set aside all provisions under the royal proclamation of the 7th of October, 1763, pursuant to which the Province had since been governed, the same having, it was said in the act, upon experience, been found inapplicable to the state and circumstances of the Province. His Majesty was authorised to appoint a council for the affairs of the Province, consisting of not more than twenty-three, nor less than seventeen persons, which council, with consent of the governor, or com- mander in chief for the time being, was to have power to make ordi- nances for the peace, welfare and good government of the Province. They were not however to lay on any taxes or duties except such as the inhabitants of any town or district might be authorised to assess and levy within its own precincts for roads or other local conveniences. No ordinance touching religion, or by which any punishment could be inflicted greater tlian fine or imprisonment for three months, was to have any elfect till it received his Majesty's approbation, nor were any ordinances to bo passed at any meeting of the council where less than a majority of the whole body should be present ; nor at any time except between the 1st of January and 1st of May, unless upon some urgent occasion, in which case, every member thereof resident at Quebec or within fifty miles of it, was personally to be summoned by the governor. Every ordinance passed was to be transmitted within six months for His Majesty's approbation," Under this act the Province was go^ erned till 1791, when the Province of Quebec was divided into two distinct Provinces to be called Upper and Lower Canada. The separ^ition w;is strongly opposed by certLiin parties both in Canada and in the British Parliament, and Mr. Adam Lymburner, a merchant of Quf hoc, was heard against the bill at the bar oi' the House of Commons. The follow zing extracts from his address are interesting as showing the state of Upper Canada at that time : — "The new Province will be entirely cu., oflT from all communication* with Great Britain; and as, from their situation they cannot carry on V m INTKODUCTIOM. ixxxi considered n of their irliament ; rovince of evenue for duties on ,t annually [ treasury, aoundaries ' the royal e Province ; act, upon istances of ! affairs of less than or, or com- Tiake ordi- ince. They ich as the assess and veniences. t could be IS, was to were any less than e except e urgent uebec or Igovernor. lonths for Province td Upper certain ir. Adam lill at the address 1 time : — inication * :arry on ^ •v.^'\.'%'\ -« " any foreign commerce but by the intervention and assistance of the merchants of Qnobeo and Montreal, they will therefore have little reason to correspond with Great Britain, and few opportunities of mixing in the society of Brit<>ns." "I l)eg leave to bring t-o the recollection of this honourable house that th** di!4.ance from Quei)#»c to Niagara is aJK»nt r*00 miles, and that Niajrara mav be consid«'red an the wtmost extent westward of the culti- vable part of the Provinice. For although there is a small settlement at Detroit, whirh is, and must be considered of great importance j*s a post of tirade with the Indians, yet it must appear to this honomablo house, from its situation, it can never become of any great imporfanco as a settlement: the falls of Niaga'-a are an insuperable bar to the transportation of such rude materials as the produce of the land. As the farmers about Detroit, therefore, will have only their own settlement for the consumption of their produce, such a confined market must greatly impede the progress of settlement and cultivation f«r r/n-es to come" "There are sir, between three and four thousand loyalists settled upon the banks of the river Cataraqni and the north sidf ;;f l^ake Ontario, in detached settlements, many of them at a great dista loe from the others, besides those on Lake Erie and at Detroit. Civil govern- ment cannot have much influciice over a country so thinly inhabited, and where the people are so much dispersed. During 20 years that I have resided in that Province, 1 do not recollect a s'ngh^ instance of a highway robbery ; and the farmers consider themselves so secure, that they often go to sleep without bolting their doors. It is evident l>om these facts, that a criminal Judge will have very little to do in these upper districts where there are no towns, and 'there a stranger muH' al all times he a. desirable sightJ'* "That Province has been so long oppressed i:y an nbltrary ystem of government, and the tyranny of uncertain n' d unkn ur-, lawy; the country has been so much neglected, ar-M rt«ryobjec ot mdustry and improvement apparently discountenance-l ns to be now ^i'd-jced to such a state of languor and depression that it i:i \inaMe tc providu for the expenses cf its civil government. "We have had to encounter numberless difliculrie.'>; which the pride and insolence of a set of men, whose minds we t corrupted by the exercise of despotic power, have thrown in our way in every step we made." "Such, sir, has been the unhappy tendancy of the govcjiment of the Province, that not only the people have been oppressed, ;i m iha resources of the country neglected ; but almost every public building in thp Province has been suffered to fall to decay and perish. There is nrt a court house in the Province, nor a sufficient prison, nor a house of correction ;. Ixxxii INTaODUCTIOM. !i Mii: I- * there is not a public school house. In short the country la reduced absolutely to a state of nature." "The time had come, in the opinion of the British Government, when the state and circumstances of Canada, rendered it expedient to confer upon the inhabitants a more popular constitution than that they held under the Quebec Act. The old subjects, or those of British birth or origin, were rapid' increasing in the Province by immigration from the United States, after the establishment of their independence, and were anxious for a government and constitution more in accordance with such as they had been accustomed to, and better suited to the advance- ment and welfare of their adopted country, than the government they found in it. " There were also heavy complaints from the British settlers in the. Province to the government at home, on the state of affairs in the colony. The Quebec Act had not, it was said, secured the peace, or promoted the happiness or prosperity of the people of the Province, but produced the contrary effects ; th'^t from the uncertainty as to the laws intended to be introduced by that act, his Majesty's subjects had been obliged to depend for justice on the vague and uncertain ideas of the judges." " The progress of opinions in Europe, and the movements in France at the time, probably also had some influence upQU the minds of those at the helm of affairs in England, in their determination to leave to- their fellow subjects in Canada nothing to be coveted in the example of foreign countries, particularly in the neighbouring one,.aiKl to bestow upon them a constitution as liberal as they couhl desire, and as might consist with the dependance of the Province upon the Crown and parlia- ment of Great Britain. "As British subjects who had forfeited their worldly possessions iu the cause of the empire and its integrity, and had abandoned their homes in preference to an abandonment of their allegiance, and migrated ta the wilderness of the north, to seeic an asylr.m and a new country, they were worthy of the solicitude of the government and nation to whose cause they conscientiously adhered. The loyalists, as they were denomi- nated, had located themselves principally in the western parts of the Province, along the north bank of the St. Lawrence, and in the vicinity of the Lakes Ontario nnd Erie where the climate was more genial, and the soil better suited to agriculture, than in that section of the Province, known as Lower Canada. The country bordering upon those great lakes was at the time a vast solitude, with but very little exception." By the Quebec Act it was provided tliat a legislative council and assembly should be established in each Province, with powcF to make laws for the peace, welfare and good government thereof The member* m INTnODUCTIOK. Ixxxiii i reduced lent, when ; to confer '. they held jh birth or (I from the , and were ance with e advance- inient they ;lers in the, the colony, r promoted it produced ,'S intended obliged to tdges." I in France ids of those ,o leave to [example of to bestow id as might [and parlia- Ijsessions in |;heir homes kigrated tO' luntry, they |n to whose ;re denomi- larts of the [he vicinity renial, and |on of the upon those \ception." louncil and jF to make le members^ 1 of the Legislative Council were to be appointed by the king for life, and in Upper Canada to consist of not fewer than seven, and in Lower Canada not fewer than fifteen persons. Each Province was to be divided into districts or countie?, or cities, or towns, or townships, which were to return representatives to the Assemblies ; the governor to fix the limits of the districts, and the number of representatives to be returned by each. The whole number of members of the Assembly in Upper Canada was to be not less than sixteen. That part of the Province wliich now received the name of " Upper Canada," had been divided by Lord Dorchester, (then governor) in 1788 into four districts, which were called Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, Nassau, and llesse; but by the fiist act o( the Provincial Parliament of Upper Canada, in 1792, the names were changed to Eastern, Midland, Home, and Western, but the limits were not altered. General Simcoe, the first lieutenant-governor, adopted a new division into districts, counties, and townships — wliich have again been divided or newly arranged, from time to time by proclamations of subsequent governors or acts of the Provincial Parliament. The division line between the two Provinces was fixed "to commence at the cove west of Point au Baudet on Lake St. Francis ; pui-suing the western limits of the seigniories of New Longueuil, and Vaudreuil or Rigaud, and intersecting the Grand or Ottawa river at Point Fortune. The Ottawa river then becomes the northern boundary till it reaches Lake Temiscaming, and from the head of that lake the line runs due north till it strikes the southern boundary line of HudsonsBay, inclpding all the territory to the west and ,' outh of the said line. "The Province of Upper C.'ir«ada, thus divided, lies between the parallels of 4r 47,' and 49' of north laUtude, and extends westward from 74° 30' of west longitude I'roni the meridian of Greenwich. It is boi;; ded on the south by the United States, on the east by the Province of Lower Canada, and on the west its limits are not easy to ascertain. They may, perhaps, fairly be considered to be formed by the head waters of the rivers and streams that fall into Lake Superior, at or about the height of land on the Grand Portage in longitude 117'' west. The vast section of country appertaining to the British dominions to the west and north-west of this point is generally known by the denomination of western country, or north-west Indian territories. " The line of demarcation between Canada West or Upper Canada, ^ and +he United States, from the monument erected at St. Regis, on the parallel of the 45th degree of north latitude, westward to the Lake of the Woods, was settled by t'le commissioners appointed to decide the m t',: fill I f|! '; ill V,; inn I Itii « IxXXiV INTR0DU0TI05. same, (under the treaty of Ghent) in the year 1822, as far as the line runs from St. Regis through the rivers and lakes to the Strait of St. Mary, or, as it is usually called " Sault St. Marie." Tbis linr, runs through the middle of the channel cf the St. Lawrence, through the middle of Lake Ontario, the Niagara river, Lak« Erie, Detroit river, Lake St Clair, river St. Clair; then through the middle of Lake Huron in a direction to enter the strait or passage between Drummond Island on the west, and the Little Manitoulin on the east ; thence through the middle ol' the passage which divi(l(!S the two islands ; thence turning northerly and westwardly, around the eastern and northern shores of Drummond Island, and proceeding in a direction to enter the passage between the island of St. Josephs and the American shore." All the islands lying between this line and the United States shore were to belong to the United States, and all those between the line and the Canadian shore were to belong to Great Britain. The principal islands in these rivers and lakes belonging to Canada, are, Cornwall and Sheik's Island ; the Nut Islands ; Cusson. Duck, Drnmmond, and Sheep Islands ; Rowe's, Grenadier's, and Hickory Islands, and Grand or Long Island, all in the St. Lawrence ; the Duck Islands in Lake Onta- rio; Navy Island in the Niagara river ; Middle Island, the Hen and Chickens, the Eastern and Middl ' Sisters, in Lake Erie ; Bois Blanc, Fighting Island, and Isle a la Pcohe in Detroit River ; Walpole Island in Lake St. Clair, Belle Isle and Isle aux Cerfs, in river St. Clair, and the Great Manitoulin and St. Joseph Island inLake Huron. According to Bouchett % about 32,})25) square statute miles of territory in Upper Canada, " have been laid out itito townships, and tracts set apart for particular purpcscs." These he divides in the following manner : — Townships lG,8ir.,800 acres. The Huron truer, granted to the Canada Com- pany 1,000,000 St. Regis, Indian tract 30,720 Longueu'i; or L'Orignal scignory 2.'>,000 Land o; the Six Nations on thcYlrand River 338,000 Clergj; Reserves for the Six Nations lands 132,000 Lands belonging to thv Crow.!, >iear Lake St. Clair 380,720 I ands north of the Huioti tract 4r)0,000 Indian reserve, opposit" Fort St. Clair KJ.OOO Do. do. Commodore's Creek 10,240 Indian territory in tlie vicinity of Lake Huron 1,883,200 4,2.57,880 Total number of acres 21,074,080 M f INTRODUCTION. Ixxxt According to the report of the Commissioner of Crown Lands, \Hfj\ were ^f surveyed lands in the Province in 1840 — Granted ' To^^al quantity. Clergy Reserves, or appropriated. Vacant. 17,113,800 acres. 2,238,54.'i acres. 12,.')()0,838 acres. 1,597,019 acres; Of the above total quantity it is considered that 4.')0,000 acres must be deducted for roads — leaving of land for settlement, ICOC^SOO acres. I'he statistical tables published by the different departments are not always very plain or explicit, but we gather from a report by the Commissioner that the following were the quantities of land granted and sold in the twelve years from 1836 to 1847, both inclusive : Number of Number of acres Of wliieh were Yeift. grants. granted. by purchase. Free grants. 1830 3072 505,442 29,1 02 530,340 1837 1943 279,091 28,083 257,008 1838 1010 101,289 20,508 140,781 1839 .... 1391 170,518 50,312 120,200 1840 .... 1723 200,430 51,340 1.55,084 1841 585 82,905 20,010 50,295 1842,... 012 7.5,077 23,051 52.050 1843 1031 84,952 40,9.52 44,000 1844 1020 73,850 38,430 3.5,414 1845 1003 158,409 120,400 32.009 1 846 1 303 1 28,508 83,535 45,033 1847 17111 102,.371 04,743 97,028 From the above table it will be iH>rceived that the quantity of land taken up varied greatly in ilillorent years. Many circumstances woald operate to increase or diminish the amount of sulcs. Such as emigra- tion, good or bad harvests, &c. And the number o^ free grants would also be regulated by ihc opening of new tow!!shi[)S on lines of road (such as those to Lake Huron) which it was desirable to settle. Our space is too limited tc allow, of our doing more than merely glance at the events that have occurred in the history of the Province from the time of its separation from I^ower Canada in 1791. " In that year the agricultural settlements which had been formed in the Upper part of the Province by disbanded soldiers and American loyalists had become considerable. Some thousands t)f ptople had spread themselves over the district of Niagara, and over lands still more remote from Que- bec, particularly in the Western District, Between these new settles ments and the country upon the St. Lawrence there were large tracts of wilderness intervening, which the Indians still held as hunting grounds, and through which there was no road whatever in the year I y Ixxxvi INTRODUCTIOir. .' 1 '4 li 1 1 ■|;: i !i 1 Im ( U ; > '1 ■ ■r ! ■ ' m' ':' 11 :i 1 ''■!■ m 1791, nor for many years afterwards. The mail from Quebec found its way into this region but once or twice in a twelvemonth ; for it was in fact only capable of being traversed by Indians and hunters, or by per- sons as active and hardy as they. The common way of travelling from the upper country, to and from Montreal and Quebec, was through the lakes and rivers in the summer season ; and the passage was, in point of inconvenience, more formidable, and frequently occupied more time than the intercourse between Toronto and London (England) at the present day." " On the assumption of the government by the first governor. General Simcoe, after the partition of the Provinces in 1791, he issued an invi- tation to American settlers to come and establish themselves in Upper Canada. Well aware of the fertility of the land, the salubrity o? the climate, the nature of its settlement, and extent of its capabilities, they came over in numbers, particularly from New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and some of the early settlers have said that when they first came into the township of Ancaster, they had to ride sixty miles to Niagara, through an Indian trail for every article they required, which they could not raise or manufacture." The exact population of the Province .it the time of the separation is not exactly known ; the " Quebec Act " states it at over sixty-five thousand. "The territorial revenue for the thirteen years from the 1st of May, 1775, to the 1st of May, 1788, comprehending arrears, was, in actual receipt at the treasury, not equal to ten thousand pounds sterling." " In 1 793 the mail between Quebec and New York was monthly, but not always regularly so. In the ' Quebec Gazette ' of the 10th Novem- ber, 1792, it is stated that the latest news from Philadelphia and New York was to the 8th of October." In 1795 the harvest in Lower Canada was so deficient that Lord Dorchester, the governor, took upon himself (the Parliament not being sitting) the rcspon; ibility of prohibiting the exportation of wheat, peas, oats, barley, Indian corn, flour, and biscuit. On the 9th of July, 1796, Lord Dorchester left Canada to return to England, in the " Active " frigate ; the vessel, however, was wreclvcd on her passajre home, on tlio Island of Anticosti, fortunately without loss of life. Postal communications appear to have advanced considerably ince 1792, as by an advertisement from the post office we learn that, "a weekly conveyance by post has lately been established between Montreal and Burlington, in the State of Vermont ;" and from another advertisement, that "a mail lor i//e Upper countries, comprehending Niagara and Detroix, will be closed a.: this ofiice, on 3Ionday, the 30th I-.' INTROOUCTIOK. Ixxxvii ! Toiind its ' it was in or by per- iling from irough the i, in point nore time ul) at the r, General d an invi- in Upper rity of the lities, they nsylvania, came into Niagara, they could •leparation sixty-five pm the 1st 's, was, in pounds nthly, but Novom- and New lat Lord not being eat, peas, return to [■ockcd on lout loss *-. > INTRODUCTIOX. '-•v^.^%V^N limits of the district by the third of the same month. On the last day of June :i procliiinatioii was issued giviiif? till Amoricaiis lourhc'n days to leave the Province, and placing an embargo on the shipping in the ports. Till) American war was rendi-rrd particularly memorable to the people of the Province by the proclamations of two American generals, who each came ''to take Canada," but were com|: ll*.d '*togo away without it." Previous to the declaration of war I lie Americans had collected a part of tlielr army at Detroit, opposite the western frontier of Canada, with tlu! intention of following up their declaration by an immediate invasion. And on the 13th of July, General 11 nil, the oliicer in command, crossed over to Sandwich, on the Canadian side, and im- mediately issued the following modest address : — ** InkabUanls of Canada, — " After yO years of peace and prosperity, the United States have been driv(!n to arms. Tlie injuries and aggressions, the insults and indigni- ties ol" Great iJrilain have once more left them no alternative but manly resistance, or unconditional submission. "The army under my command has invaded your country, and the standard of Union now waves over the territory of Canada. To the peac(!able unoffending inhabitant it brings neither danger nordilliculty. I come to find enemies, not to make them ; I come to protect, not to in- jure, you. Separated by an immense ocean, and an extensive wilder- ness from Great Britain, you have no participation in her councils, nor interest in her conduct. You have felt her tyraimy, you have seen her injusiice, but I do not ask you to avenge the one or redress the other. The United States are sullieioutly powerful to aflbrd you every security consistcii*^^ with tLriir riglits and your expectations. I tender you the invaluable blessings of civil, political, and religious liberty, and their necessary result, individual and general prosperity — that liberty which gave decision to cur councils, and energy to our conduct, in our struggle for independence, and which conducted us safely and triumphantly through the stormy period of th(! revolution. That liberly which has raised us to an elevated rank among the nations of the woi-ld, and which has allbrded us a greater measure oi' peace and security, of wealth and improvement, than ever fell to the lot of any peoi)le. " In the name of my country, and by the authority of my government, I promise protection to your persons, j)roi)crty, and rights. Remain at your homes — puisue your peaceful and customary avocations — raise not your hands against your brethren — many of your fathers fought for tlie freedom and independence vvc now enjoy. Being children, therefore, of the same family with us, and heirs to the same heritage, the arrival of an army of friends must be hailed by you with a cordial welcome. Ybu- iw% INTHODUCTIoy. Iwxix I.-* ^^.'^N.^ ^-v*^-^ % ^»-*"«.» » V^-V^H •*'*>»%.% \.'V>. lie last day of ii-tic'n (lays to K in tliu ports, irablc to the can generals, '• to go away ncricans hud jstern Ironticr a ration by an III), the otiicor side, and im- tes have been i and indigni- ivo but manly jntry, and the ada. To the nor dilliculty. ect, not to in- jnsive wilder- councils, nor lave seen her )s.s the other, very security ider you the ty, and their iberty which our struggle riumphantly y which has d, and which wealth and Igovernment, Remain at js — raise not pught tor tlie (therefore, of \e arrival of come. Ybu. will be emancipated from tyranny and oppression, and restored to the dignilied station of freetncM. "Had i any doubt of eventual suece!>H, I might ask your assistance, but 1 do not. I come prepared lor every contingency. 1 have a Ibrcc^ whicli uill look down nllopposilion, and that force is but the vangminl of a much greater. Hi contrary to your own interests, and ihe Just expee- tatiuu of my country, you will be eonsidertdl and treated as enemies, the horrors and calamities of war will stalk before you. "If the barbarous and savage policy of Great IJritain be pursued, and the savares are let loose to nmrdcir our citizens, and butcher our women and children, this war will be a war of extermination. "The tu-st stroke of the tomahawk, the liist attempt with the seal[)ing knife, will be the signal oi' one indiser'niinate scene of desolation. No white man found fighting by the side • Indian will be taken prisoner — instant destruction will be his lot. . , wic dictates of reason, duty, Jus- tice, and humanity, cannot prevent the eiiii)loyment of a force which respects no rights, and knows no wrong, it will be prevented by a severe and relentless system of retaliation. " 1 doubt not your courage and firmness ; I will not doubt your attach- ment to liberty. If you tender your services voluntarily, they will Lc accepted readily. "The United States oflcr you peace, liberty, and security. Your choice lies between these and war, slav(!ry, and dcstruetictn. Cln)ose then, but choose wisely; and may lie who knows the Justice of our cause, and who holds in his hands the fate of nations, guide you to a result the most compatible with your rights and interests, your peace and prosperity." After being beaten in two or three skirmishes, the American com- mander deemed it safest to retreat to his own side of tlio river, where he was followed by the British troops. General LJrock htiving closed the |)ul)Iic business at York, hastened to the WTst, invested Detroit, and summoned General Hull to surrender; this was refused, but after the town had been cannonaded for two or three hours, on the 1.5lh and IGth of August, the American commander surrendered himself antl his army as prisoners of war, and they were sent down to Quebec. In the mean time a small British force had summoned and taken the American fort at Mackinac without opposition. No action of any consequence took place during the autumn, although several skirmishes occurred between the contending parties with various success. Every exertion had been made to fortify the Lower Province, and two or three attempts to invade it had been jjromptly defeated. Ii ■ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 1.0 I.I 11.25 ■iilM 125 ■ 50 "^^ us ■It u ■lui — 6" -► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WEBSTill,N.Y. 14SS0 (716) •72-4503 \ qv SJ ^\ ? !s ilrii I 'i xo •^ INTRODUCTION. Gi-neral Smyth, another American hero, also attempted to invade the Province, and he also has made himself famous by a proclamation. This production being quite a gem, little as we can spare the space, we cannot avoid giving it. ** To THE SoiiDIERB OF THE ArMY OF THE CeNTBE, " Companions in arms ! The time is at hand when you will cross the streams of Niagara to conquer Canada, and to secure the peace of the American frontier. " You will enter a country that is to be one of the United States. You will arrive among a people who are to become your fellow citizens. It is not against thi^m that we come to make war. It is against that government which holds them as vassals. " You will make this war as little as possible distressful to the Cana- dian people. If they are peaceable they are to be secure in their per- sons, and in their property as far as our imperious necessities will allow. "Private plundering is absolutely forbiddm. Any soldier who quits his rank to plunder on the field of battle, will be punished in the most exemplary manner. "But your just rights as soldiers will be maintained; whatever is booty by the usages of war you shall have. All horses belonging to the artillery and cavalry, all waggons and teams in public service, will be sold for the benefit of the captors. Public stores will be secured for the service of the United Slates. The government will with justice pay you the value. " The horses drawing the light artillery of the enemy are wanted for the service of the United States. I will order two hundred dollars for each to be paid the party who may take them. I will also order forty DOLLARS to be paid for the arms and spoils of each savage warrior who shall be killed. Soldiers ! you are amply provided for war. You are superior in number to the enemy. Your personal strength and activity are greater. Your weapons are longer. The regular soldiers of the enemy are generally old men, whose best years have been spent in the sickly cli- mate of the West Indies. They will not be able to stand before you, — you, who charge with the bayonet. You have seen Indians, such as those hired by the British to murder women and chiluren, and kill and scalp the wounded. You have seen their dances and grimaces, and heard their yells. Can you fear them. No, you hold them in the utmost contempt. "Volunteers! Disloyal and traitorous men have endeavoured to dissuade you from your duty. Sometimes they say, if you enter Canada, you will be held to service for five years. At others, they say, you will INTRODUOTIOK. XCl not bo furnished with supplies. At other times they sHy, that if you are wounded, the government will not provide for you by pensions. The just and generous course puraued by government towards the volunteers who ibught at Tippecanoe, furnishes an answer to the last objection. The others are too absurd to deserve any. " Volunteers I I esteem your generous and patriotic motives. Ynu have made sacrifices on the altar of your country. You will nol; sufTc' the enemies of your fame to mislead you from the path of duty and honor, and deprive you of the esteem of a grateful country. You will shun the eternal infamy that awaits the man, who, having come wi'iiin sight of the enemy, basely shrinks in the moment of trial. " Soldiers of every corps ! It is in your power to retrieve the honor of your country, and to cover yourselves with glory. Every man who performs a gallant action shall have his name made known to the nation. Rewards and honours await the brave. Infamy and contempt are reserved for cowards. Companions in arms ! You came to vanquish a valiant foe, I know the choice you will make. Come on, my heroes ! And when you attack the enemy's batteries let your rallying word be^ " The cannon lost at Detroit or Death." A sketch of military proceedings on the Niagara frontier during this campaign will be found in the description of that district. During the year 1 8 1 3 a party of Americans under General Winchester were deleat ed and taken prisomsrs near Detroit by Colonel Proctor, who was afterwards promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. During the ensuing winter a successful attack was made upon Ogdensburg. In the spring of 1813 the second steamboat was launched on the St Lawrence. The Quebec Mercury of the 4th of May, thus announces it. "On Sunday, at half-past two, P. M., arrived in this harbour the steamboat Swiftsure She left Montreal on Saturday at half-past five, A. M. She passed Three Rivers at seven, P. M. on Saturday, anchored at Cape Madelaine at eight, and got under weigh at four, A. M. on Sunday. The whole time under weigh being only twenty-two hours and a half, notwithStr.nding that the wind was easterly the whole time and blowing strong. She had 28 passengers. A sergeant with six privates of the Royal Scots, having in charge three American prisoners of war, four deserters from the 100th regiment, and one deserter from the American army." "The Swiftsure is 130 feet keel, the breadth of beam 24 feet; length upon deck 140 feet." "The American fleet on Lake Ontario consisted on the 1st of August, of two ships, one brig, and eleven schooners, but the number of guns and weight of metal are not stated. The British fleet at the same time I 1 3rcii INTRODUCTIOir. S.S.N.N.-l.^-w-^,'', ^\.N.x,'w^-St-v.-v,>,"»w >.-^ i»\ . :•- '',..'. 't 1 dlEM ■i m consisted of the Wolfe, 23 guns; Royal George 22, Melville 14, Earl Moira 14, Sir Sydney Smith 12, and lieresford 12 guns.'* " Among the prisoners taken at the battle af Queenston, in the autumn of 1812, were 23 men who were recognised as British subjects, and deserters from the Royal forces; consequently the commander had them sent to England for trial. This circumstance being reported to the American government, by the American commissary of prisoners at London, General Dearborn was ordered by his government, to put an equal number of British soldiers into close confinement, as hostages, for the former. In consequence of this measure, the commander of the forces, by a general order of the 27th of October, 1813, made it known that he had received the commands of the Prince Regent to put 46 American officers and non-commissioned ofiicers into close confinement, as hostages, for the twenty-three soldiers confined by the American government. lie at the same time apprised that government, that if any of the British soldiers should suffer death by reason of the guilt and execution of the traitors, found in arms against their country, who had been sent to England for legal trial, he was instructed to select out of the American officers and non-commissioned officers detained as host- ages, double the number of the British soldiers who might be so un- warrantably put to death, and to cause them, in retaliation to suffer death immediately. In transmitting this information to the American government, the commander of the forces also notified them that the commanders of his Majesty's armies and fleets on the coast of America, had received instructions to pros< cute the war with unmitigated severity against all cities, towns, and villages, belonging to the United States, and against the inhabitants thereof, if after that information should have reached the American government, they should not be deterred from putting to death any of the soldiers detained as hostages." "On the 10th of December the commander of the forces, received a communication from Major-General Wilkinson to the effect that the government of the United States had, in consequence of the step taken by the British government, ordered forty-six British* officers into close confincjment, and that they should not be discharged therefrom, until it should be known that the 40 American officers and non-commissioned officers in question were no longer confined. In consequence of this the governor ordered all the American officers prisoners of war, without exception of rank, to be immediately placed in close confinement as hostages, until the number of 40 was completed over and above those already in confinement. Affairs remained in much the same state till the following July, when the prisoners were exchanged. fl I -a % '11 i V jNTRODUCTION. XCUl ille 14, Earl n the autumn subjects, and imander had g reported to f prisoners at nent, to put , as hostages, lander of the ade it known snt to put 46 ! confinement, :he American nment, that if ' the guilt and ntry, who had 1 select out of lined as host- ^ht be so un- ition to suffer he American hem that the t of America, jatcd severity nited States, lation should be deterred :es." !S, received a Tect that the e step taken rs into close Irefrom, until ommissioned lence of this war, without pfinement as above those Julj% when « In the month of March, an embassy of chiefs and warriors from the Ottawas, Chippawas, Shawnees, Delawares, Mohawks, Sacks, Foxes, Kickapoos and Winnebagoes, visited Quebec to hold a council with the commander of the forces. His Excellency gave them an audience at the castle of St. Lewis. Their speeches were principally complimeni.iry and expressive of their joy at beholding their lather, and meeting him in council. They expressed their poverty, and requested that pence might not bo concluded with the American Government, until they should recover the ancient bounds of the territories of which the enemy had deprived them by fraud and violence. They represented the loss they had experienced of their young men in the war, but expressed their determination to persevere, and solicited arms for their warriors and clothing for their women and children. 'The Americans,' said one of the chiefs, ' are taking our land from us every day, they jiave no hearts; father ; they have no pity for us, they want to drive us be- yond the setting sun ; but we hope, although we are few, and arc here, as it were upon a little island, our great and mighty father M'ho lives beyond the great lake, will not forsake us in our distress, but will con- tinue to remember his faithful red children.' The Governor in answer, exhorted them to persevere in the contest against the common enemy, in order to regain the territory lost in the last campaign, lie expressed his sorrow for the loss of one of their chiefs (Tecumseth) ; and charged them upon all occasions to spare and show mercy to all women, children and prison-»rs who fell in their power, an injunctiori to which the listening chiefs unanimously murmured approbation. After staying some days at Quebec, they were loaded with presents, and sent to the Upper Pro- vince, on their way homewards, to prepare their tribes for the approach, ing campaign." On the 1st of March, 1815, the Governor communicated to the Pro- vince the news of the conclusion of a peace between Great Britain and the United States, which was ratified at Washington on the nth of February. The following extract from the "General Orders," issued by the Commander-in-chief, on the 3d of April, will give a slight idea of the actions that took place during the war. " His Excellency the Commander of the forces announces to the army serving in British North America, that he has received the commands of His Royal Highness the Prince Regent to return to England. " In taking leave of an army he has had the honor to command from the eommencetnent of hostilities with the United States to the termina- tion of the war, His Excellency has great satisfaction in expressing his entire approbation, and acknowledging the sense be entertains of XCIV INTRODUCTIOir. t m WM the zeal, courage and discipline that has been so eminently displayed by this portion of His Majesty's troops. . . " It has fulicn to the lot of this army to struggle through an arduous and unequal contest, remote from succour, and deprived of many advan- tages ex[)crienced in the more cultivated countries of Europe ; yet His Excellency has witnessed with pride and admiration, the firmness, intre- pidity and patient endurance of fatigue and privations, which have marked the character of the army of Canada. Under all these circum- stances, valour and discipline have prevailed, and although local consi- derations and limited means have circumscribed the war principally to a defensive system, it has, notwithstanding, been ennobled by numerous brilliant, exploits, which will adorn the page of future history. At De- troit and at the iliver Raisin, two entire armies with their commanding generals were captured, and greatly superior armies were repulsed. The several battle- of Queenston, Stoney Creek, Chateauguay, Chrys- tlers,' La Colle, Lundy's Lane, near the Falls of Niagara, and the subse- quent operations on that frontier, will ever immortalize the heroes who were on those occasions afforded the opportunity of distinguishing them- selves. The capture of Michillimackinac, Ogdensburgh, Oswego and Niagara by assault, are trophies of the prowess of British arms. The names of the respective officers who led His Majesty's troops to these several achievements are already known to the world, and will be trans- mitted by the faithful historian with glory to a grateful posterity." Two new steamboats, " the Malsham " and " the Car of Commerce," were started on the !St. Lawrence in the spring of 1816; and in the following year the Upper Canada Gazette made the announcement that two steamboats were building in the Upper Province ; one at Prescott, intended to run between that port and Kingston, and the other at Ernest- town, to run on the I 'ay of Quinte. In July, 1818, the Duke of Richmond arrived in Canada, as Governor General. . A Montreal paper of the same year makes the announcement that " the swiflt steamboat ' Walk in the Water,' is intended to make a voy- age early in the summer from Buffalo, on Lake Erie, to Michillimacki- nac, on Lake Huron, for the conveyance of company. The trip has so near a resemblance t;* the famous Argonautic expedition, in the heroic, that expectation is quite alive on the subject." On the 28th of August, 1819, the Duke of Richmond died from the effects of a bite he received while making a tour in the Upper Province. The same year the Rideau Canal, connecting the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers, was conunenced by the British Government. INTRODUCTION. xcv -^ ^ ^-vx V ^-., V V as Governor " In the year 1822, the British Government had resolved to re-unitc the two Provinces, and a bill was introduced into parliament for that pur- pose ; the opposition to it, however, was so great, that it was withdrawn, till the wishes of the people of the Province on the subject could be ascertained. By this bill the governor was to be empowered to erect the townships, as yet unrepresented, into counties, each to consist of not less than six townships, and to return a member to the Assembly. The whole number of representatives for each Province, was not to exceed sixty. As a qualification, each member must possess a freihold of the clear value of five hundred pounds sterling, over and above all incum- brances. Two members of each of the Executive Councils of cither Province, were, in virtue of an appointment under the hand and seal of the governor, to take seats in the Assembly, with the right of taking part in the debates, but not to vote. The Assembly was to be elected for five years. Neither of the two houses was to be capable of impri- soning for breach of privilege any of his Majesty's subjects, not being members or officers, or servants of the house, until an act were passed by the legislature, defining what these privileges were. All written proceedings of the Legislative Council and Assembly were to be in the English language only, and at the expiration of fifltecn years after the union, all debates in those bodies were to be carried on solely in English." In the Upper Canada Gazette of this year, we find on the 18th of April, an article headed two davs later from England, announcing news to the 13th of February. And in another part of the same paper is an advertisement which proves that the settlers there at any rate were not inclined to "throw physic to the dogs," while their determination to combine health with loyalty was certainly very commendable. " Wanted. " We, the subscribers, feeling the want of a medical gentleman of liberal education and undoubted loyalty, to practise in the village of Bath, will pay annually the amount opposite our respective names, to any person of that description who will establish himself among us. "Peter Davy £0 5 Samuel Harlow . . . . £l «)ohn Clark 5 *• John Carscullen .... 3 "Timothy Thompson . 1 "Geo. A. Clark 1 "William Church.... 1 " N. B. — ^These are but a small portion of the inhabitants, who will sign liberally as soon as a doctor of the above description will settle among us : but in the name of all the residents, we invite such a person, Henry Meade 1 John Trumpour .... 1 John Ham, senr .... 2 Benjamin Booth .... 1 XCVl INTRODUCTION. 'I-';. I' well assured tlirit hn will have a wide and extensive practice in and about \hr Hay (^uinto." In .'iiiollirr number of tlie same paper we perceive an advertisement which shows that \hv colonists ot' those days were a much more easy- goini; set of folks than the busy, busfling men of business in these times of steam and telegraphs. The article in question stales, that the "Richmond Packet," Edward Oates, master, will regularly leave York for Niajrara, every Monday, Wednesday and fViday, returning on the alterMate days, ft7//cr in the morning or the evening, "as the wind and juissnigcrs inni/ .v///7." And in the Kins;ston Chronicle of the same date, we find the follow- ing : " On Thursday night, the new steamboat Dalhousie, made her first entry into this port. This vessel has been built at Prescott, and sup- plied with an engine of Canadian manufacture, which being of twenty horse power, propels her nt the rate of about seven miles an hour. The accommodation for passengers, considering the small dimensions of the vessel, are very well arranged. As two steamboats now ply between Prescott and Kingston, every facility is afforded for travelling." The measure for re-uniting the Upper and Lower Provinces, caused considerable ojiposition in the latter, although the inhabitants of the eastern townships were in favour of it. Each party had sent an agent to England to advocate their views, and in the following year (1823), a despatch was received announcing that the Home Government, although still in favour of the union, had relinquished the measure for the present. The British Government had consented that the sum of £100,000 should be raised by way of loan for the purpose of indemnifying the inhabitants of the Upper Province for their losses, by destruction of property, &c. during the late war, and had offered to guarantee the payment of half the amount of interest, the Province providing the remainder. The Upper Province, however, was unable by itself to raise the money, and applied to the Legislature of Lower Canada to assist it in so doing by imposing additional duties on wines, refined sugar, musco- vado sugar, and .an ad valorem duty on merchandize. The application was in vain, as the House of Assembly of Lower Canada did not con- sider the state of trade in the Province such as would justify it in imposing additional duties ; at the same time it expressed its sympathy with the distresses of the people in the Upper Province. In the year 1827, the British Government determined to discontinue the old system of making free grants of land, the practice having led to great abuses. For the future all land was to be sold, and a commissioner of crown lands was appointed J m INTRODUCTIOW. xcvn cticc in and In March, 1831, the IIouso of Assembly prnsonted a lonfj list of grievancrs to tho (lovernor Goucral, which hia Excellency forwarded to the Home Government, a(lmittin<; that some of ihem were well founded, and the Imperial Parliament passed an act giving the Colonial Assembly full power over the Colonial revenues. In 1833, the cholera first made its appearance in Canada, find was very fatal in most of the towns and villages. In the same year tho project of annexing the city and island of Montreal to the Upper Pro- vince, as a seaport, was proposed at a meeting at York, and wa'^ discussed for some time in the Upper Canada papers, but met with very little favour from those below. The breach which had been for some time forruing between tho House of Assembly and the Imperial Government began to widen. — During this year the Assembly decreed that I he judges should be inde- pendent of the Crown, and should have permanent salaries assigned them, but that only the chief justice should hold a seat in the Ijxccntive Council. When the bill was sent home. Lord Goderich refused tho Royal assent. The Assembly, following the example set them in the Lower Province some time previously, dec:lin(!d to do more than pass annual bills of supply, attached the names of individi:als to the salaries voted, anil decided that several ofTices should not be held by one indivi- dual. This measure was rejected in England, and the Assembi}- then demanded the abolition of the Legislative Council, and the substitution of an elective one. — This was refused by the Government and the secretary of the Colonial Dopartnipnt, Lord Stanley, lectured the colo- nists tor their conduct. This produced a greater feeling of irritation, and in 1834, the Assembly refused to vote the supplies, and sent Mr. Viger to England to lay before the governmer a statement of grievances. In 1835, a commission was appointed to > Kjuire into the alleged grievances and their remedy ; and the Colonial Secretary on the part of the government expressed his readiness to surrender the disposal of the entire revenue to the Assembly, on condition of their making an inde- pendent provision for the judges, and fixing the salaries of the civil officers for ten years ; he also agreed to place the v^'hole proceeds of the sales of unclaimed lands at the disposal of the Assembly, but would not part with their management. In 1837, there was a large majority in the House of Assembly against the government, public meetings were held, and violent speeches made ; and in consequence of some of the proceedings the governor dismissed 18 magistrates, and 35 militia officers. In the mean time the discontented party were preparing for a struggle, meetings were held, secret training X. / 1^ I! 'i XCVlll INTRODUCTION ^-^i^V-^-^ -VW^ >.^ ^'V%*^»'S was practised, proclamations were issued, and in some places the people went MO far as to elect their own ma^isfrates and militia oHieerH. Tlie newspapers I'anncd the llame and iti a short time riots commenced in Lower Canada, and armed bodies of men set the poverrnnent at deiiatice. The troojw wen; called out for service, and an action took place at St. Denis between a party of soldiers under Colonel Gore, and a large party of rebels, about 300 of the latter were killed and the leaders escape,d to the United States. Some very severe remarks are made by both Lord Durham and Lord Sydeidiam, upon the conduct of the dominant party in l-pper Canada at this time, to whose assumption and division of all places of power and profit amons?st themselves, they ascribe the subsecpient outbreak. WMien the disturbances commenced in Lower Canada Sir Francis Bond Head, determined to send the whole of the British troops below, and to depend entirely upon the loyalty and patriotism of the inhabitants of the Upper Province to maintain peace and check any attempt of the insurgents to commit mischief. On the 4th of December, 1837, the anny of III f ?r/«7A' collected a few miles up Yoiigc Street for the purpose of making a descent upon and taking Toronto; but after remaining on the ground for two or three days to acquire courage, a party of militia and volunteers from the town marched up the road to give battle. The engagement, however did not last long ; one or two discharges of fire arm-, took place, when the assailed remembered that "the better part of valour was discreliun^'' and that " he who fights and runs away, may live to fight another day ; but he who's in the battle slain, can never live to fight again.^^ The borders of the Province during the rebellion were considerably annoyed by a set of scoundrels from the United States, who styling themselves "s//w/)a//tise7*s" under the pretence of assisting the " patriots," crossed over to Canada and committed considerable depre- dations. Having obtained possession of arms, ammunition, and several pieces of cannon, a party of them stationed themselves on Navy Island in the Niagara river, and a steamer called the Caroline, belonging to the United States, was used for the purpose of conveying stores, &c. from the main land to the island. A large body of militia having collected on the opposite shore, the commanding oflicer directed a party to intercept the boat on her passage. A night attack was made and after a short struggle she was taken possession of, set on fire, and sent down the stream, when she was precipitated over the falls of Niagiara and dashed to pieces. An American citizen named Durfee was killed in the affray, and several others were wounded. In the month of January, 1841, a British subject residing in Canada, named Alexander McLeod, was suddenly arrested while engaged on business within the territory of IMTRODL'CTION. XOiX W^N>'^'N.^ * the State of New York, and thrown into prison by the authorities, on the charge of having been concerned in the destruction of the Caroline and the uilcged murder of Durfee. A correspondence immediately ensued l)etween the British Ambassador, Mr. Fox, and Mr. Forsyth, the American Minister of Foreign Alfairs. Mr Fox called upon the govt rnment of the United States to take prompt and eflbctual steps for the liberation of Mr. McLeod, as the destruction of the steamboat Caroline was a public act of persons in Her Majesty's service, obeying the orders of their superior authorities ; that act therefore, according to the usages of nations, could only be the subject of discussion between the two national governments. It could not justly be made the ground of legal proceedings in the United States against tiie individuals con- cerned, who were bound to obey the authorities appointed by their own government. Mr. Forsyth in his reply, after stating the anxious desire of his government to maintain amicable relations between the United States and England, "regretted that the President found himself unable to recognise the validity of a demand, the compliance of which was deemed so material to the preservation of the good understanding which had hitherto existed between the two countries; as the oflence with which McLeod was charged was committed within the territory of the State of New York, and must be decided according to the laws of that State." Mr. Fox in reply, said he was not authorized to state what were the views of Her Majesty's Government on this subject, but it was his own opinion that this refusal, and the ill-treatment of McLeod, would lead to serious consequences, and reiterated his former statement that the attack on the Caroline was made in pursuance of orders from the Colonial authorities, and that the Caroline was a piratical vessel, and was but nominally within the jurisdiction of the United States. And the authorities of New York had been unable to maintain their juris- diction at the place where the Caroline was attacked, or even to prevent the pirates from carrying off from that place the cannon belonging to the State. " Mr. McLeod was imprisoned at Lockport, and when it was heard there, at the latter end of February, that he was to be released upon bail, a large public meeting was immediately held, and a committee was appointed to confer and to remonstrate with the judge by whom the bail had been admitted, and with the persons who had become bound for the prisoner. This was in the evening ; about midnight the assem- blage learned that their wishes would be fulfilled in the morning. After placing a guard over the court house, the mob adjourned till morning. The party left to guard the court house, had a cannon placed in front iMTRonurriojf. %%^^%^-*^N^ w^^^^^'V^'V^^%^'ww^»*>r^^V^ ^■^^•x s !f t i of it, which thry contimird firiu|Uf iVorn time to tinio. In tho nioriiinj; the mrctinj; ii^:)iiii nssomhlrd, nnd then thn jiKlirn and oim of Mr. McLcod's hail iitfcndcd to rxj>Iaiii, .'uid to nnnouncc that Mr. McLood had hrcn nyain (U'livjrrrd into ciistoily. "This oulrauooiis procrrdinj^ wasdcnoiincrd in Conjfrrsf, hut nlforior iticnsuri's Nvcro not takm to vinihcali! tho violated inajcsfy of tho law, as tho jjratid Jiuy at Lf)cIHS'S%■»■^.x'W*V■V■».-' ■v«^%%^^'VSA.'v^N*^*'v*^-* w*.^* V S^KS'VW^»/^V»/S^^^ it bv. ncces- Hihlr. Jiid^'n Cowoii pronounrpd tin* derision, find McLood wns aronrd- inf,'ly \vA) in llm custody of llif ^licrid', to take liis trial lor inurdfi" and arson ut I'liiM, at llu! next assi/.j's. " At la^t \\u' trial (»f' .McLootI look placo at IHion, in fhr Stato of Xcw York, on iIk; 4th of OcMoIjim". A j^roat many witnesses worn cxnniifiod, and the delenoo set up on lielialf of the prisoner was lliat of an alihi — conviticiii),' evidence heinp; odercd of tln^ presence of McLeod at some distance from llio sccmk^ of .-letion, at llie time tint Caroline wasallaekcd I'lie jin-y eo!ise(|UentIy returned a verdict of " not Ki^'lty." We have ffimii somewhat into detail in this case, as at the linie it caused eonsidc- ral)!e excitement on both sides of the lakes, and at one time threatened to produce a war between tin! United .States and Hnf^land. In INJIN, tlio I'arl of Duriiam was sent out to Canada as governor general and hij;h commissioner for tlic purpose of adjusting the alfairS of the Province, and produced a " report" on th(! Provinces, which has been admired by some, and found .'ault with by others. He recom- mended the re-union of the two Provinces. Some animadversions having been made in the House of Commons on some of the proceed- ings of lh(^ earl, lie resigned his post and returned to England. After the governor had liift the Province, the insurgents again attempted to take the reins of governmont into their own hands. Insurrectionary movements took place in the Lower Province, and several smart actions were the consequence. In the Upper Province three or four bands of pirates, (iluy deserve no better name) invaded the I'rovincc and did considerable damage; but by dint of a little wholesome correction tho repetition of such proceedings w.is checked. Sir Joim Colborne, was left in Canada to take the command. The British Government on deliberation determined to adopt tho recommendation of Lord Durham, and re-unite the Provinces, and Mr. Poulett Thompson was sent out as governor general. A bill was introduced into tho House of Commons, to efTect the union, this however was withdrawn for the purpose of acquiring additional information on the subject, and in 183!), a second bill was introduced whicli was passed and b(!came law. The principal provisions of this act are as follows : — That within the United Provinces there shall be one Legislative Coun- cil and one Assembly, to be called, "The Legislative Council and Assem- bly of Canada." The Crown to appoint the Legislative Council, who shall not be fewer than twenty in number, and shall be appdintcd for life. No person to be chosen a legislative councillor unless he is a subject of Her Majesty either by birth or naturalization, and 21 ycar^ of age. eii INTRODUCTION. V^.•^■^.-^ W"^v I li :!i'i .|i Members of the Legislative Assembly to possess freehold property of the value of five hundred pounds sterling, above all encumbrances. Any bill may be disallowed by the crown, at any time within two years. All writs, proclamations, public instruments, &c. to be written and printed in the English language. All duties and revenues heretofore belonging to the separate Provin- ces of Upper and Lower Canada, to form one fund for the public service of the United Provinces. Any public debt owing by either Province to be borne by the United Provinces. Mr. Thompson on his arrival called together the council of the Lower Province, and laid before them certain resolutions, as a basis on which to found an act of union ; these resolutions were adopted by a majority of 13 to 3, and the governor then proceeded to Upper Canada, and called together the Parliament. The Legislative Conncil agreed to the terms proposed by a majority of 14 to 8. In the House of Assembly the terms of the measure met with more opposition, but it was at length agreed to by a considerable majority. Mr. Thompson, writing at this time, gives the following ludicrous, but not very flattering account of the state of affairs in the Lower Province : " No man looks to a practical measure of improvement. Talk to any one upon education, or public works, or better laws, you might as well talk Greek to him. Not a man cares for a single practical measure, the only end, one would suppose, of a better form of government. They have only one feeling, a hatred of race. The French hate the English, and the English hate the French, and every question resolves itself into that, and that alone. There is possitively, no machinery of government ; everything is to be done by the governor and his secretary. There are no heads of departments at all, or none whom one can depend on. The wise system heretofore adopted has been to stick two men into the same office whenever a vacancy occurred, one a Frenchman, and the other a Britisher ! Thus we have joint crown surveyors, joint sheriffs, &c. each opposing the other in everything he attempts." We find in the Journals of the first session of the Parliament of " United Canada," that a committee was appointed to draft an Address to the Queen, requesting that the Parliament might be held alternately at Quebec and Toronto. Among other arguments made use of in favour of the arrangement, they say, " That many of the inhabitants of the late Provinces of Lower and Upper Canada, relying on the emphatic language of his late Majesty, King William the Fourth, 'that a Union of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada was not a measure fit to '01 ■'-.iiA INTRODUCTION. cm ! "written and was at length be recommended to Parliament,' and, therefore, not anticipating any such enactment, did, under the conviction that Toronto and Quebec would continue the seat of Government in their respective Provinces, expend the greater part of their means on fixed property, and will, there- fore, be impoverished, and many of them exposed to the greatest sacri- fices, should the seat of Government be wholly removed." The ques- tion having been put to the vote, there were found in favour of alter- nate Parliaments, 26, viz. : Armstrong, Ayhvin, Baldwin, Barthe, Black, Buchanan, Campbell, Christie, Dunn (Hon. J. H), Durand, Ilincks, Hopkins, MacNab (Sir A. N.), Merritt, More, Neilson, Parent, Qiiesnel, Rue!, Small, Steele, Tache, Taschereau, Thompson, Turcotte, Viger (Hon. D. B ) ; against the motion, 21 : Cameron, Cartwright, Cook, Daly (Hon. D.), Day (Hon. C. D.), Derbishire, DcSalaberry, Dunlop Foster, Gilchrist, Harrison (Hon. S. B.), Johnston, McDonald (Prescott), Morris, Ogden (Hon. C. R.), Parke, Roblin, Simpson, Smith (Frontenac), Smith (Wentworth), Sherwood. The British Government, however, did not consider the measure advisable, and refused to assent to it. The seat of Government was then removed to Kingston, where it remained till the year 1 844, when it was carried to Montreal. On the 25th of April, 1849, the House was sitting. The Governor General had given Her Majesty's assent to a bill to ramunerate certain parties for their losses during the rebellion, " when the proceedings of the House were interrupted by vollies of stones and other missiles, thrown from t^e streets, through the windows, into the Legislative As- sembly Hall, which caused the committee to rise, and the members to withdraw into the adjoining passages for safety, from whence Mr. Speaker and the other members were almost immediately compelled to retire, and leave the building, which had been set fire to on the out- side." The building was completely destroyed, with the whole of the valuable library, in which' were 1800 volumes on the Province alone, many of which c;m probably never be replaced. In consequence of the destruction of the Parliament buildings, the House met in the Bonsecours Market Hall. On the 4th of May, the Hon. Mr. LaTcrriere moved, "That this House taking into consideration the deplorable events which occurred in the city of Montreal, on Wednesday, the 25th day of April last, when a numerous and riotous assemblage of evil-minded persons attacked, about nine o'clock at night, the building in which this House was then sitting, in consequence of which the Archives as well as its Library were totally destroyed, and all the important business of this country violently interrupted ; that this House further considering the character of the riots, the burnings which have since taken place, and the tu- ■ ' » '. i:i y.t '*% dv INTRODUCTION. muUuous meetings which are daily hcild in several portions of this city, with the avowed object of threatening and controlling the acts of the Legislature, is fully convinced that its deliberations are no longer free, and that it is most urgent that the present session should be closed." The consideration of the subject was postponed. On the 19th of May, the Hon. Mr. Sherwood moved, that an Address be presented to His Excellency the Governor General representing that it is advisable to convene the Parliament alternately at Toronto and Quebec, during periods not exceeding four years at each place, and that the records and proceedings should henceforward be made out in dupli- cate, so that one copy may be deposited in the vaults of the Parliament House in Toronto, and the other within the walls of the citadel of Quebec. The Hon. Mr. Macdonald moved, in amendment, "That at the time of the Union the seat of the Provincial Government was, after due con- sideration, fixed at Kingston, and the first Parliament of United Canada held at that place. " That the government purchased a large and valuable tract of land in Kingston for the purpose of erecting thereon the public buildings re- quired for the accommodation of the government and legislature, and that this tract still remains public property, and available for such purpose : " That the inhabitants of Kingston expended large sums of money in providing for the increase of population consequent on its being made the capital of the Province, in the expectation, and on the assurance of its remaining permanently the metropolis. " That the subsequent remo\ al of the seat of Government to Montreal was deeply injurious to the prosperity of Kingston, and ruinous to very many of its inhabitants who had enijarked their capital in providing accommodation for the influx of populatioir. " That, in the opinion of this House, Kingston, from its central situation at the foot of the great chain of lakes, and at the head of the river St. Lawrence, from its accessibility at all seasons of tlie year, and from the strength of its position and fortifications, is peculiarly well adapted for the seat of the Government of this Province. "That these coisiderations, as well as the recollection of the uninter- rupted peace kept, and respect for the law shewn, by the people of Kingston, while it remained the capital of the Province, induce this House to recommend His Excellency to appoint Kingston again as the seat of Government and the place for convening the Provincial Legisla- ture, should he, in the exercise of the Royal Prerogative, be pleased to remove it from its present location." INTRODUCTION. CV *.X'^>-^V-N. This amendment was negalived, and Mr. Lyon then moved, " That the situation of the town of Bytown presents all those advanln<;es already enumerated, and from its being situated so literally uyion ihe boundary line of Upper and Lower Canada, it is evident that there is no other point where the jealousies of tlie two Provinces respecting the site of the seat of Government are so likely to be absorbed, &c. &c." — This was negatived, and the original motion was then put, when the numbers were, in favour of the motion, 33, viz : Messrs. Armstrong, Baldwin, Blake, Boulton of Norfolk, Bolton of Toronto, Boutillicr, Came- ron of Kent, Cauchon, Chabot, Chauveau, Christie, Duchesnay, Fergus- son, Fortier, Fournier, Fourquin, Guillet, llall, Laurln, Lernieux, Marquis* McFarland, Merritt, Mcthot, Notman, Polette, Price, Sherwood of To- ronto, Smith ol Wentworth, Tache, Thompson, Watts, and Wetcnliall. Against the motion, Messrs. Beaubien, Cartier, Crysler, Davignon, Do Wilt, Drummond, Dumas, Gait, Gugy, Holmes, Johnson, La Fontaine, Maedonald of Glengary, iMacdonakl of Kingston, Sir Allan N. MacNab, Malloch, McConnell, Nelson, Papineau, Prince, Robinson, Seymour, Sherwood of Brockville, Smith of Frontenac, and Viger, 25. So that the removal of the seat of Government was carried by a majority of eight. Bouchette gives the following graphic description of , the dissimilarity in the character of the native Canadians to the race from whence they sprang: "Crimes of the more atrocious description are almost unknown amongst us ; murder, arson, as well as attacks generally on the person, are seldom heard of. The people are, for the most part, of a mild disposi- tion ; a broil or fight at their meetings of pleasure seldom occurs ; and the more fierce and deadly passions of our nature are never roused by the pres- sure of famine. The habit of settling differences by personal collision does not exist among them ; the law affords the only remedy which they willingly adopt ; and they consequently seem, and are in fact, litigious. The petty mischiefs arising from this spirit, however, are more than compensated by the absence of all those dreadful scenes which are ex- hibited in countries where the law is a luxury only for the rich ; and where the poor man, if he wishes redress for an injury or in>ult, must seek it by an attack upon the person of the ofTcndcr. In France, since the revolution, the practice of duelling seems to have spread through the whole population. The military spirit generated by the wars atten- dant on that mighty regeneration, however, was never breathed into the French Canadians; and the English practice of boxing has not hitherto become a favourite diversion. The comparative cheapness of law, moreover, gives an immediate outlet to the angry passions: the slow and deadly revenge of the Indian was therefore never adopted ; and l/< ' # evi INTRODUCTION. .': ' : \'iU N. -S.-\.-V ->. X-S. -\. -v. ■X'V thus, in spite of being derived from the French, governed by the Eng- lish, and living with the Indians, the people are free from the private pugnacity of all of them ; this, added to the absence of vv^ant, accounts for tlie almost perfect absence of all the more dreadful crimes known in other lands. " When speaking of the education of the people, 1 shall have to esti- mate till! degree of knowledge possessed by them ; I may here, neverthe- less, allude to their intellectual character generally. To those persons who know the English character, who understand the spirit of fun which reigns throughout the whole land, the sedateness, and almost mock gravity of the American native, must be a matter of surprise. — The American has not a particle of fun in his whole composition ; if he jokes, it is the saddest thing in nature ; if he attempts to be witty, it is by the aid of Joe Miller ; he labours in a vocation to which he is unac- customed, and for which he is by no means fitted. There is something of this sort of discrepancy between the character of the French and the Canadians. A more good-humoured people than the latter can hardly be found ; but the sparkling vivacity, the vehemence of temper, the tiger-like passion, and brilliant, fiery wit of a Frenchman are not to be found among them. They are sedate, nay almost grave ; have their temper under controul ; and still, without the gay vivacity of the French, are free also from the fierceness of their passions. They are by this means, a happier people, though perhaps less attractive. Though shrewd, perhaps I might say cunning, they exhibit not the same quickness of intellect which the French peasant is possessed of; they seize not with rapidity a new idea ; have little tact in the management of men to their purposes, not perceiving the means of winning their way by the aid of other men's weaknesses, and moulding to their will the peculiar charac- ter and temper of each. Few nations possess this sort of power to the same extent as the Irish, and in this point the Irish and French assimi- late ; but the Canadian is as incapable in this particular as an English- man or a Scotchman." * I ■ a; V.-v.^.%.'>--i»"\.'\'*.'\."\,V>.'\.-^'>.'V 9 INTRODUCTION. CVU CHAPTER III. UPPER CANADA ; ITS POPULATION, RESOURCEP, TRADE AND COMMERCE. The Upper Province has made far more rapid strides than Lower Canada, as the following statement of the population of the two will show. In 1617 Quebec contained but 53 inhabitants. In I GOG the po- pulation of Canada had increased, principally by immigration, to 3418 ; in 1667, from the same cause, to 4313; in 1668 to 5870; in 1677 to 8500; in 1679 to 9400 ; in 1680 to 9719 ; in 1688 to 11349 ; in 1714 to 30000; in 1719 to 33530 ; in 1730 to 34434; in 1731 to 34511; in 1734 to 37353; in 1760 to 60000 ; in 1763 to 76375 ; in 1783 to 113113 ; in 1790 to 133000. In 1800 Upper Canada contained.. 80000 1808 " « ..100000 1814 « «• .. 95000 1831 « « ..133716 1833 « « ..150000 1835 « . « ..158037 Lower Canada 1835. .433030 1830 « «« ..310437 •• 1837.. 47 1876 1834 « « ..330693 " 1831.. 51 1933 1839 « « ..407515 " 1844.. 690782 1843 « « ..486055 *• 1848.. 770000 1848 « « ..733392 1849 « « ..791000 In 1795 commissioners were appointed on the part of the two Pro- vinces to settle what portion of the duties payable on goods, wares, or merchandize, entering the Lower Province, should be allowed to, and received by, the Upper Province. This sum was fixed by the commis- sioners at one-eighth of the revenue that might be derived from the cus- toms duties of the Lower Province. The amount received by Upper Canada, under this agreement, — For the years 1793 and 1794, was £ 333 4 3 currency. For the year 1795 1305 2 10 " " 1797 1040 " « 1801 903 « « 18('2 2017 « « 1809 3964 0" ovm INTRODUCTION. iC Net Revenue of the Province of Canada West, or Upper Canada, for the yars 1840, and 1847. IIkads of Revenue. 1846. 1847. Not Customs £391 171 1 18640 8 23526 8i9 12 15899 i 48480 7 48 10 3330 4 2525 16 8552 16 3 li 11 1 4 0! 10' 5 9 i £381063 11 28820 14 25757 13 865 19 16006 7 42557 8 43 8 2247 4 1008 14 8455 10 10 Kxi'iso 8 'J'ciritoti.il (? Tiig'it house 3 4 6 21 5 1 1315 9 2 14379 3 4 42(515 1 7 9568 14 7 13431 2 11 informed, sent out, at a great expense, casks to hold fresh water for the supply of the fleet acting on the lakes). In 1791 ninety vessels of all sizes visited the port of Quebec ; of these, 30 were ships, 1 snow (what- ever dcscrij)tion of vessel that migiit be), 4T brigs, and schooners. In 1805 the arrivals were 140 vessels, having an aggregate tonnage of 25130 tons. In 1808 the arrivals were 334 vessels, having an aggregate tonnage of 60373 t ons. In 1809 the arrivals were 440 vessels, having an aggregate tonnage of 87825 tons. In 1810 the arrivals were 035 vessels, having an aggregate tonnage of 138057 tons. And in the same year 20 vessels, having an aggregate tonnage of 5830 tons, were built in the Province. In 1812, 532 vessels, with a tonnage of 110087 tons, cleared at Quebec, 37 of which had been built at Quebec. In 1813, there were cleared 399 vessels, having a tonnage of 80,430 tons — of these were built at Quebec, 21 vessels 5S98 " 1814, cleared from Quebec, 198 405 14 " 1814, built at Quebec 8 205S " 1815, cleared 194 37082 " 1815, built at Quebec 10 14(»2 " 1819, cleared at Quebec,.. 409 91075 " 1820, arrived, 585 147754 " 1820, built at Quebec,. ... 7 1822, arrived at Quebec,. . 583 145272 1823 ditto 538 134002 1 827, ditto 619 1 527 12 1828, ditto 710 183481 1830, ditto 907 238153 1831, ditto 1010 201218 1842, ditto 864 307087 " 1844 ditto 1232 451142 « 1844, arrived at Montreal, 207 49035 1845, arrived at Quebec,. . 1489 570541 1845, arrived at Montreal, 210 51848 1840, arrived at Quebec,. . 1480 508225 1840, arrived at Montreal, 219 55500 1847, arrived at Quebec,. . 1210 479124 1847, arrived at Montreal, 234 03381 1848, arrived at Quebec,. . 1 188 452430 1848, arrived at Montreal, 102 41811 1849, arrived at Quebec,. .1184 405088 1849, arrived at Montreal, 144 37425 1850 INTRODUCTION. Statement of the number and tonnage of vessels registered at the Ports of Quebec and Montreal, and inland ports of the Province of Canada, and of vessels employed on the inland waters, not registered, for the year 1849. Ports. Montreal Quebfc IdIuikI ports , Number registered... Number unregistered Totnl... Number of st'.'amers. 31 28 32 91 12 103 Tonnage. 4616 4403 6045 15064 1105 j Number of sailing veaxclti. 16169 62 348 65 475 145 620 Tonnage. 8535 46449 7496 62480 8815 71295 In the year 1T52, two ships laden with Canadian wheat arrived at INIarscilles ; this was probahly the first grain sent from the Colony. Bouchetto, in his work on Canada, gives the following tables of ship- ments of bread stuffs from the Province, from 1793, to 1803, and from 1816, to 1822. Year. Biscuit — Cwts. Flour — Barrels. Wheat— Bush. 1793 9800 15000 20000 3800 8000 12000 21500 25000 32300 22051 and 4000 bushels 456 22700 11200 8800 11200 13500 10900 13700 18000 4300 14000 9500 14400 20000 38000 28300 of peas, oats, 1137 69100 12100 45000 22600 47700 487000 1794 414000 1795 395000 1796 3106 1797 31000 1798 92000 1799 129000 1800 217000 1801 473000 1802 1010033 Besides 7500 bushels of flax seed, 1816 and barley. 1817 and 1818 546500 1819 37800 18-»0 320000 1821 , 1822 318400 145000 INTRODUCTION. cxi it the Ports of ' Canada, and for the year Tonnage. 8535 46449 7496 62480 8815 71295 at arrived at 1 the Colony, tbles of ship- !03, and from Wheat— Bush. 487000 414000 395000 3106 31000 92000 129000 217000 473000 1010033 id barley. 546500 37800 320000 318400 145000 Exports //Wrt St. Johns and Quebec during the years 18-24, 1825, 1820, arid from Quebec for Hi'il. From St. Johns. 1824. 18625 1718 10586 20099 138238 3555 103 669 4832 £26953 1825. 5524 525 12064 15822 119441 8317 62 386 3200 97174 1826. Salt hnshels 2118 Hiifii ffnllnim ..>. ••■•■■>■■> •>•.■•■■•* 2 4402 16154 Miiwkrnt RkiriH > 34230 IVIartiii ttkiiiH 1.18.5 Itiicoon skini) 513 Otfer skins 789 Mori'hundize i 2572 Specie 32766 From Quebec. Masts 1824. 1132 1289 19994 96026 3657188 30416 1052147 147800 55108 5396 3968 41001 8843 7685 2053 20799 3522 5405 1838 1825. 988 1799 33152 128078 3934410 19295 1479565 125536 65502 718019 11100 40003 14446 21959 2054 13962 2061 61357 798 1826. 751 2892 23822 129151 4164688 61191 823922 98888 39589 228635 3907* 33671 9496 39619 1698 7510 6433 15128 5459 1827. 983 Spars 1999 l)ak timber, tons 21763 Pine timber, tons 86090 Staves , 5476548 Stavo ends Deals and boards 68612 1621658 Hoops 34 Ashes, barrels 27303 VVlicat, niinots 391420 Oats, niinots 19385 Flour, barrels 53839 Pork, barrels 7589 Martin skins 9484 Otter skins 808 Ueaver skins », 7355 Racoon skins Muskrat skins 4511 Deer skins 5427 Exports /rom Quebec in 1829 to Great Britain. — 537 vessels, 102883 tons, 7089 77ien. Masts and bowsprits 973 pieces. Spars 1679 pieces. Oak timber 24411 tons. Pine timber 123510 tons. Ash timber 2579 tons. Elm timber 7683 tons. Birch and Maple timber.. 1068 tons. Standard staves & hcads..l315471 Pipe & puncheon stave8...31 1 1728 Barrel staves & heading.. 60921 Stave ends 49512 Deals, 3 inch 896365 Boards and planks 57280 Deal ends 32775 Battens 50530 Batten ends 47 Ours 22940 Handspikes 20218 Lafhwood 794 cords. Oak billets 43 cords. Firewood 7\ cords. Shooks 217 packs. Pearlash 9371 barrels. Potash 21054 barrels. Wheat 40462 niinots. Oats 100 niinots. Peas 11993 niinots. Indian Corn 60 luinots. CXll IVTRODUCTIOW. I iiHii in ; I '.■ ? Flux «ccil .... Flmir , Flour Iiuli'tii Mial. Appli'8 Pork Ilaiii!! x.^^>^-^^.^^.^.^-*.^ I oiii;iu's Hiiltir Khsciicc ot'spniLX' Ditto Ciinada balsam Ditlu Oil cake lli.li-s liiiics Horns niul tips Ditto Bi-c.t wax Ditto Iiuli.iii curio-itiis liii'iis and iiisccttt MilUTul:) Honey Treis and i)lant8 Leaf tobacco Nuts Stoves Cranbcrricii Ditto Hops Castings , lUacii l.:id Codtish 4I8:1 4 'J a 1 'i 145 10 2 4.1 :) 37 1 100 II 2G-2.)0 43 4i).}4 l.i '2 •2 010 ■27 1-J80L)4 e 2 4 1!) 7000 10 1.") 70 ininots. barrels. Iiallbla. barnls. barrt'U. burrcls. box, kc'us. poiiii Ih. barrel^. box<'S. kciis, carbon's lon!^. bale. loose. casks, loose. ea^ks. pounds boxes boxes. boxes. pounds pac'ges. pounds barreis. barrels. ke-rs pounds pae'ges. casks, cwts. Salinnn lijaluioii Do Do Do. sniokeil case. Trout Mackerel Ileirinirs I'l^li oil i^cal skins Ditto Ditto Ditto 247 tiercfi. , '2 punilis. C!) burriU. 2 hidf'bU. I a barrcld. 10 biiirels. 30 barrels. 1281) gallons. a puns. 2 barrels. 1 bale. 1265 loose. Martin skins 1!W42 Fox skins .... Lynx skins,.. •Minx skins... Kisber skins., 15eav<'r skins , 1772 384 ..'. 3100 202 88,58 Muskrat skins 4VIC) Deer skins Hear and cub skins Racoon skins Otter skins Wolverine skins Cat skins Moose deer skins ... Martin tails Fisber tails Minx tails Ilicoon tails Heaver coating Muskrat stull. Castoruni 1324 377 110 1223 4 97 2 1994 280 320 29 .?1 30 293 Ibn. lbs. f I To Ireland. — 34 vessels, 63053 tons, 3794 men. ii mi Masts and bowsprits. .... Spars {)ak timber , Fine timber Asli timber Elm timber Hirch and maple tind)er.,. Standard stav(!s and head- ing pieces Pipe iS: puncheon stave\. Barrel staves and head'g., Stave ends Deals, 3 inch Boards and planks Deal ends 5 pieces. 920 pieces. 1943 tons. 43029 tons. 1754 tons. 969 tons. 693 tons. 5.'?4980 880764 23>i6:J2 33871 65803 90973 10783 Battens 12444 Oars 2542 pieces. IlMndspikts 1580 pieces. 'IVeiMiails.. Lnthwood Shooks Canoe Tearlash Potash Apples Essence of Spruce. Hides Trees and plants .. Cranberries Salmon To Par hi gal. — 1 vessel, 209 torus, 6 men. Staves and heading pieces 21020. 1650 273 cords. 20 pw^ks. 1 172 barrels. 2438 barrels. 9 barrels. 5 kegs. 10) loose. 4 cases. 3 kegs. 3 \ bis. i ) ■\ ■ ;>. ■ I . nmoDuonoir. cxiii 247 ticrcfs. '2 ptiiitlis. G!) liurriU. 2 halfbls. I G buricls. 10 l)Mirc>ls. .10 bands. 1281) kmIIoiis. 3 piinx. 2 biirrc-U. 1 biile. 1265 loose. i;}.';4'2 1772 384 3100 202 88,58 4 '7 Hi 1324 377 no 1223 4 97 2 1994 280 320 29 51 Ibn. 30 lbs. 293 %^'VS-*'NN%'S'*^-*NN'H-^>ii^Ni 12444 2542 pieces. 1580 pieces. 1650 273 cords, 20 piK-ics. 1 172 barrels. 2438 barrels. 9 barrels. 5 kegs. 10) loose. 4 cases. 3 kegs. 3 i bis. To Fayal. — 1 vessel, 105 tons, 10 men. Onk timber .. AmIi timber... Elm timber .. Birch timber Onrx Handspikes ,. 60 tons. C tons. 10 tons. 26 tons. 36 pieces. 45 pieces. Pipe and puncheon atavet and heading 1040 lliitter 20143 pound* Canada baUain 1 D;irrel. White had 208 kegs. Crown glass 00 iralep. To Cape of Good Hope. — 1 vessel, 170 tons, 10 men. Pipe and puncheon staves and headings 4800 Bnrri'l staves II9I * Di-'cuit 476 pounds Flour 360 barrelii. Lard 7400 pounds Sperm candles 820 pounds Rosin 5 barrels. Codfish 303cwt». Salmon 25 tierces. Herring 430 barrels. Muckcrel 130 barrels. To the United Slates. — 1 vessel, 00 tons, 5 men. Old rags 136 bags. | Old Iron, 65 too 9. To the British North American Colonies. — 96 vessels, 7133 torn, 408 n^en. I;-^ Masts and bowsprits 10 Spars 85 Ouk timber 13]^ tons. Pine 16 tons. Elm 3 tons. Boards 2479 pieces. Pipe and puncheon staves and heading 9600 Barrel staves 266305 Heading 10 barrels. Oars 134 pieces. Handspikes 60 Hoops 15700 Shooks 4900 packs. Empty casks 175 Shingles 50,000 Treenails 1500 Beef. 2926 barrels. Beef. 534 half bis. Hams 4918 pounds. Bacon 1828 pounds. Sausages 20 pounds. Lard 18623 pounds. Butter 44399 pounds Cheese 4104 pounds. Soap 43168 pounds. Candles 25513 pounds. Tallow 1656 pounds. Oil cake 13 tons. Honey 25 pounds. Plug Tobacco 16726 pounds. Leaf ditto 5934 pounds. Snuff 911 pounds. Muffj and tippets 2 boxes. Hats 1 box. I'l-arlash 5 barrels. Potash 1 keg. Barley 3384 minots. Outs 820 minots. Peas 778 minots. Indian corn 45 minots. Potatoes 1149 minots. Malt 850 minots. Flour 7621 barrels. Indian meal 1109 barrels. Biscuit 775 cwt. Apples 161 barrels. Ditto 1 half bis. Onions 170 barrels. Pork 3354 barrels. Ditto 352 half bis. Cigars 29 boxen. Ale and beer 3090 gallon^. Ditto 32 dozen. Cider 60 gallons. Ditto 4 dozen. Peppermint 63 gallons. Vinegar 4 galloiui. Linseed oil 359 gallons. Canada balsam 5 bottles. Castorum 2 pounds. Trees and plants 1 box. Ditto 56 loose. Moccasins 1 hogshead Ditto 1029 loose pr» Stoves 125 If OXIV IMTBODUUTION. n«»ot!« nnd nhncd 21 cn«M. l 4 boxes. Ditto 148 looHc. Chdim lfi'2 Ility 1(] torn. SiOmnn .'14 ti«rf««. 'I'liblc* 1 f^'iR^ » Slfi);b'« , 1 Hiiriit'i)* 6 Hpts. lloriiB (5 hhdn. Ditto I burrel. AxcH 20 biimlloi. Iron hoops* 60-'i bondlei. (ling r iiut4 236 pounds. Sulniun 6 barrt'U. British West Indies. — 58 vessels, 8013 tons, 457 men. pieces. pacl<». pieces. 1' Spnrs 02 pi 'Ccs. Oiik timber i) tonii. Pino ditto 1 \ tons. Mnple 36 llct. Pipe nnd puncbeon 8ttivc8 nnd beading... HBDOSi OHr« 1805 Ilankspikcs '251 IJonrds 11808 rinnks '2!)9 Shooks 2624 Il.mps 83850 Shini-Ies 1108()5 ItoutM 1 Kiecd 150 Oats 7()2-2 minots. Peas QOO minots. Ilnrlc} 2'24 minots. Indian corn 100 minots. Potntv.es 2789 minots. Turnips 108 minots. J)(\-ts 10 minots. ('nrrots 52 minots. Flour 844 bHirels. Ficmr 195 biilfbls. Indian meal 577 barrels. Ditto 145 pnncli'na Biscuit 579 ewt. Apples 171 l)arrcN. Onions 520 l>Hrrels. Pork 5S-20 barrels. Ditto 1008 liHlfbls. Beef '2!t95 barrcN. Ditto 197.1 half bis. Ditto 15 qr. bis Hams, rounds, &c 4420! pounds. Ton^iies 151)74 Sausages 4l(i pounds. Mutton 1876 poimds. Tripi> 192 pounds. Lnrd 6891 pounds. Butter 32617 pounds. Clieese Ser nuts Ale and beer Cider Ditto Ienee spruce ... llaspberry vinegar Liqueurs Tickles Preserves Mackerel Herrings Ditto Alcwives Capiin Lo')ster« HIaeking Axes Nuts Jimipcr berries.. Cranberries Diito Lavender water Carriage Chairs Horses Codfish Salmon Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto smoked Cod sounds Fi>h oil 2164 pounds. 12464 pounds. 5868 pounds. 72 tons. 60 |)oimds. 244 pounds. 2528 pounds. ;{6 pounds. CHS 1108,1 gallons. 1400 gallons. 452 do7.i ns. 337 gallons. 1 box. 44 dozen. 34 dozen. 2 cases, 10 cases. 146 barrels. 508 barrels. 35 half bis. 88 barrels. 6 barrels. 20 kitts. 6 cavks. 4 casks. 9 barrels. 40 kegs. 5 barrels. 8 kegs. 3 cases. 1 2 dozen. 171 11082 ewt. 172 tieiees. 104 barrels 74 half bis, 5 kitts. 35 boxes. 515 pounds. 1416 gallons. !i IXTRODLOTION. CXV ]fl2 10 loni. 34 tierces. 1 1 1 6 wt». ({ hhd*. 1 l)irl)Cfir insertitij? the list o\' Imports iitQuohec for the Kiime yeiir, as it gi^ «*s a curious hint of the Btiite of society in the colony at that titt'f'. One inu lit ima^irio that a whole army of Sir John Falslaffs had late y oliosen the Province for the scene of their carousals; then U so much wine and spirits to the " |)enny worth of bread.'' — Head it nol, y<' lltehabitcs ! 'tis rnough to make even Father Mathew feel hazy in the licad. From Great liritdin. — Vessels with cargorit, 219; ditto in ballast, ^20 f lontuifre, 1G3430 Ions. Wines, Madeira 14706 gallons. Port 3.16.17 gHllonn. Spiini«l) 4M I i^atloiiH. TcncrifTo 206i)4 gallons Sii'ilian 1221 gallon!). Slurry 88H1 gnllong. Fnval 1!»7I galhms. PiJo 7637 g'dlouB. Lisbon Malaga .... .Mduntiiin ., Rlieni.sh .. Iloek... Hungarian From Ireland.— 347 gillotii. ■J!)6 gallons. 460 gallons. 316 gallons. 15 gnllonH, 20 galions. WincH, fJrrck 1)4 gallons. Frciiih 0619 gidlons. Rum, Jamiiien l.')67l gHlloMH. Leewaid Island ... 60883 g.illonH. Brandy 80869 gallons. Gin 13028 gallons. WbiNkcy 48 gMllims. U(finedt.u^a^ 626'J99 pounds. Musiovudo ditto 2616' 5 pound*. CofTee 37119 pounds. Snuff 22 pounds. Playing cards 20442 packs. Salt 264010 ininots. ■Vessels with cargoes, 54; ditto in ballast. 111 ; tonnage^ 44420 tons. Wines, Port French Ruin, .laniaica Leeward Inland.. Whiskey 677 gallons. 902 giilluns. 34L'3 gallons. 33 gallons, 668 gallons. Drandy 436 gallons. Gin 7-29 gallons. Sugar, muscovado 14394 pounds. Tobacco, leaf 11676 potuids. Salt 38088 minols. From Jersey. — 1 vessel, 88 tons. WineR, Port 794 gallon*. Teiu'ritfe 3896 gallons Spanish 32 gallons. Wines, French 1360 gallons. Liqueurs 475 gallons. Fro}n Gibraltar. — 1 vessel^ 105 tons. Wines, Spanish 7928 gallon». French 211 gallons. Brandy 636 gallons. Cigars 35 boxes. Tobacco 18950 pounds. From Spain. — 2 vessels, 572 tons. Wines, Madeira 757 gallons. Spanish 3591 gallons* Brandy 3494 gallons. Liqueurs 24 gallons. Salt 12022 niinots. e«vi nrntooucnow. OilUI'i ;: ; i:i FVom Portugal. — 8 vessels, 1290 tons. Wines, 880 gallons. (Salt 43078 minots. From Ter-eriffe* — 1 vessel, 104 tons. WiBte 23789 gallons. jFVowi B. N. a. Colonies. — Vessels with cargoes, 72; ditto in ballast, 32; tonnage, 12898 tons. Hum, Jamaica 2G421 gallons. Leeward Island ... 210129 gallons. Molasses 11324 gallons. Wines, Port 42(i6 gallons. Sherry 29 gallons. Spanish 788 gallons. French 2^3 gallons. Flour. 355 barrels. Coffee 11745 pounds. Sugar, refined 2198 pounds. Ditto, muscovado 935468 pounds. Tea, 1 1671 pounds. Cigars 24000 boxes. Salt 8037 minots. Pimento 561 pounds. JFVom British West Indies. — Vessels with cargoes, 57 ; ditto in ballast, 4 ; tonnage, 8996 tons. Rum, Jamaica 246093 gallons. Leeward Island ... 569630 gallons. Molasses 73121 gallons. Shrub 240 gallons. Gin 100 gallons. Brandy 142 gallons. Coffee 20688 pounds. Sugar, muscovado 3515182 pounds. Pimento 14080 pounds. Hice 14000 pounds. Suit 5265 minots. From United States. — Vessels with cargoes, 5 ; ditto in ballast, 4 ; tonnage, 2271 tons. \i 'Tobacco, leaf 54919 pounds. Ditto, manufactured, 13800 pounds. Cigars 100 pounds. Rice 52218 pounds. Flour 928 barrels. Rye meal 750 barrels. Com meal 999 barrels. Indian corn 3978 bushels. Biscuit 6610 pounds. Cotton wool 7 bales. Butter 306 kegs. Pork 100 barrels. B-iii INTRODUCTION. CXVU 43078 minots. ...23789 gallons. in ballast, 32 ; 11745 pounds. 2198 pounds. 935468 pounds. 11671 pounds. 24000 boxes. 8037 minots. 561 pounds. in ballast, 4 ; 20688 pounds. 1515182 pounds. 14080 pounds. 14000 pounds. 5265 inuiots. st, 4 ; tonnage, The following articles, the growth, produce, or manufacture of Canada were exported during the season of 1849. Denomination. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Ashes, Pot Ashcf, Pearl Ashes, and black salt TliiibiT, Ash Do. Birch Elm Maple Oak Pine, red Pine, white 'I'ltniariic Walnut Dasswood Staves, standard Do. other Do. (.hooks Deals Deal ends Battens Plank and board Spar?, masts, and handspikes Oars liathwood Shingles Do. wood Saw logs Cedar posts Railroad ties Other woods Furs Value. Bacon and hams . Beef and pork.... Butter Cheese Lard Tallow Tongues Cows Horses Hogs .., Sheep Sh(ep bkins , Hides , Bones Horns , Hoops Wool 25947 11281 272 i 1665 33G0 35340 34 28283 10I7ii5 291099 3660 210 73 925 i 4008 7021 2940008 180825 254831 88451288 24250 28694 10745 15931 989!t 58185 810? 20807 barrels barrels tons tons. ... tons tons toris tons, 20000 pieces., tons tons, 970106 feet tons, 104 pieces.. tons, 40000 feet tons, 150 pieces. M M.... pieces pieces pieces pieces feet, 105221 pieces.... pieces pieces eords, 1500 bundles. M cords.... number, cords.... pieces .. £138975 73204 2266 1665 5015 45437 46 66813 127262 250814 3732 471 87 46673 7169.1 745 199058 9484 13324 171039 14760 3587 7217 3866 989 25359 156 3162 7995 32631 1 7 1 11 1 17 6 8 10 6 4 10 10 18 8 6 8 11 9 11 1 14 18 18 9 10 10 5 14 5 10 2730 43052 3950 16 3414 1 42 725,'i 3345 627 8490 8660 27 194 30400 12 143270 cwts., 253 packages cwts, 2731 brls., 133.i bis cwts., 4787 kegs cwts., 20 packages , lbs., 124bl8., 292kegs, 80t barrel kegs No No No No No., No., tons.. pairs. tons.. lbs.... 216 cwts. 27 bales 10 5 5 6 3 5 6 19 10 £1327537 15 4 £1554 13 » 12520 7 R 18414 6 114 9 995 11 4 6 45 2 10 19891 12 4 40911 11 6 209 6 1766 2 6 728 6 9 51 4 7 340 150 36 10 6576 10 8 £104311 8 oxviii lyTRODUCnON. i m N Articles, the growth, produce, or manufacture of Canada, &c. — Continued. Denomination. Fish, dried ... Fisii, pickled. Fish, fresh.... Fish, oil Iron Cottons... Woollens,. Leather.... Hiirdware Paper CHndles .., Soap Uii cake .. Ale and Beer Whisky Other spirits . Yiuegiir Wheat 1002269 Flour 4903a5 Maize 28924 Biirlevand rye 27381 Meal 29368J Biscuit 886 Beans ana Peas 190960 Oats 348773 Hops 24G87 Bran 2051 Flax seed 50 Other seeds 35116 Vegetables Potatoes 11766 Malt 104;: Ap|)Ies 1347 Balsam 62640 Maple sugar ' 5J94 Eggs 132')20 Quantity. 450 cwts 3165ibls., Ikeg,380cwt8.,169lcasks 42 casks. 1310 reams 13 boxes, 6103 lbs. 52 boxes, 26586 lbs. 226i tons 288 gallons, 224 casks ... 781 barrels, 157 gallons 6296 gallons 150 gallons bushels barrels bushels bushels , ... barrels ^ cwts., 19 brla., 65 bags. bushels, 58 brls bushels lbs., 4 bales, 5 pkts. cwts., 1622 bags barrels, 340 bushels bushels, 44^ barrels Houey , Bees wax. Tobacco.. M 1220 46800 bushels bushels barrels . lbs., lbs., dozen... boxes.... lbs., lbs 8 brls,, 31 pkgs. 3 boxes Value. £ 220 5386 7 9 79 2 6 120 £5805 10 3 25031 II 3 48 8 9 50 13 288 18 1 2353 4 11 192 187 8 3:10 8 1602 10 3 £30084 14 11 £ 336 7 6 1413 2 3 1247 1 8 8 19 4 £3005 10 9 8 packages £ 194024 528958 3914 3203 27099 817 25771 21125 387 303 138 996 •• 223 830 159 888 802 44 2444 18 94 390 6 9 12 6 6 3 16 4 14 9 9 12 5 18 2 16 8 1 14 1 7 6 4 2 8 3 5 3 16 8 1 11 9 6 9 £821608 5 11 t Sundries £35211 14 10 I M % ; V m INTRODUCTION. CXIX c. — Continued. Value. £ 220 5386 7 9 79 2 6 120 £5805 10 3 £ 25031 11 3 43 8 9 50 13 288 18 1 2353 4 11 192 187 8 3:10 8 1602 10 3 £30084 14 11 £ 336 7 6 1413 2 3 1247 1 8 8 19 4 £3005 10 9 £ 194024 2 6 528958 2 9 3914 12 6 3203 6 3 27099 16 4 817 14 9 25771 9 1 21125 12 7 387 5 6 303 18 4 138 996'. 2 2 223 16 8 830 8 3 159 888 1 5 802 14 3 44 16 2444 8 1 18 11 9 94 6 9 390 £821608 5 11 £35211 14 10 ^ O ^-< H ■ '?«^^H < ^ ^ Eh t^^ Ph < «dH o w w c 00 • O O QO o « 09 CI o ■* •-3 o o t o 2 1 " Q 00 CO hH '0 o w « ^ CO 2! *-i 05 — 01 to CJ 1 c^ eo en «o -" «o (N x: eo eo 1 «*J i? «»< «^ X X Tj<0 W 00 cs 0> N ■^ CO o w <>! (M 05 r^ o a 1 w: CO « M Ft 1-^ ^^ '" m « (M O O 00 ■* « > CI o -< - 'a it !>. -O C5 M (N (N !?■ ) n> o f (N -t « — t (N «■ > Tji -t o 'T lO 1^ 1^ -^ 5C 1 • t>. lO d — 00 (M 00 c ) >o <*l lO w « cc ■ X «H H O O vi O fO O w. <= ■^ n>n U r— " « o o 05 o «o a ' 2 ^ CO -f • »-* — ^ «g >0 O O •^ 00 O iM ,- t- oi -" t^ (Tl Cl 1^ (N 00 — oc r 3> 'f 'N (N -M CO «? 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Michigan Railway, and the oijening of the Illinois and Michigan Cantil have caused a complete revolution in the carrying trade to and from tho^c States. A large portion of the passenger traffic now passes aloiig the Railway, as being the quickest route, and the greater jiortion of the farming produce of the north-west now finds its way by the Canal and the Mississippi River to New Orleans, instead of being sent through the Erie Canal to New York. This, the inhabitants say, has materially diminished the steamboat traffic on these western waters, while the gen- eral adoption, by most of those remaining, of coal for their furnaces instead of wood, has been a considerable loss of trade to the wood-cut- ters on the River St. Clair. The Fisheries, however, still continue flour- ishing and remunerative. Pickerel and herring are taken at various parts of the River St. Clair, wherever, in fact, it is possible to draw a net. Salmon-trout are taken \vith lines. Long lines, about a mile in length, are set out, with a number of hooks attached, baited with small herrings. The principal fishing stations in the northern waters of the District are, Point Edward, at the entrance of Lake Huron — immediately abo\e the mouth of the Chenail Ecarte, and two or three other points on the River St. Clair. The average take of the season here will be about — 100 barrels Salmon Trout, valued at 86 per barrel. 200 do. White Fish, do. $G do. COO do. Pickerel, do. $4j do. 400 do. Herring, do. $3^ do. On the Detroit River the take of fish is very much greater. The prin- cipal fish taken here is that most delicious of all fresh water fish, the "White Fish," of which very large quantities are taken during the season, which commences about the first of October, and continues through November. About four thousand barrels are annually packed for exportation, besides which there are probably two thousand barrels sold fresh as they are caught. The principal fisheries on the River are on the banks of Grosse Isle, Grass Island, and Belle Isle on the American side, and on tl\e Canadian side Bois Blanc, Peach Island, and Fighting Island, in addition to every available point on the main land \vhere a seine can be drawn. The fish find a ready market in the States of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and New York. The fishermen are alto- gether French Canadians. Both Canadians and Americans prefer them to all others for that kind of employment, considering that one gang of French Canadians will do more work than double the number of any other countrymen. The fish are sold at an average of fi.ve dollars per barrel at the fisheries. ii ll 1,15. i^; ;* f }. W' CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. I ^11 ; ] t.ii The River St. Clair, proper, is about twenty-five miles in length, and from three-quarters of a mile to a mile and a half in breadth. In many parts of its bed are numerous springs, some of which discharge a consi- derable body of water, with so much force as to cause a strong agitation even on the surface of the water. At one place in particular, a short distance below Port Sarnia, the commotion is so great that the Indians have taken notice of it, and say that his Satanic Majesty once came up there and went down again. Within the memory of persons still living, three channels connected the River St. Clair with Lake Huron ; two of these became gradually filled up and covered with vegetation, forming with the islands a projecting cape, to which the name of Point Edward has been given, and enclosing a capacious bay, capable of holding a considerable fleet of Lake craft, which is used for shelter by American as well as British shipping — the American side of the river being desti- tute of harbours. In various parts of the River St. Clair are clay banks called " flats," which are very teasing to navigators, and it is a frequent occurrence for vessels to run aground on them. Opposite the upper portion of the Town- ship of Moore is an island called " Stag Island," or ** Isle aux Cerfs," which contains about one hundred and fifty acres, about fifty of which are fit for cultivation, the remainder being marsh. The island belongs to the Indians, but is leased to some of the white settlers. When the River St. Clair reaches the Lake, it divides into five separate channels, forming islands, some of which are of considerable extent. The widest of these channels is that called the north channel, but that principally travelled is the Walpole Channel, which divides Walpole Island from Harson's Island. The other channels are the Eagle Channel and Turtle Channel, on the American side, and the Chenail ficarte, and Johnson's Channel, separating Walpole Island from St. Anne's Island, on the British side. Lake St. Clair is in its widest part about twenty-six miles across, and in length, from the head of the Detroit River to the entrance of the River St. Clair, it is about twenty-five miles. In the upper portion of the lake are several islands, the principal of which, belonging to the Canadian side, are Walpole Island, which is held as an Indian reserve, and St. Anne's Island. All the islands to the west of Walpole Island belong to the Americans. No part of the Lake St. Clair is of any great depth, and a large por- tion of it is very shallow, so much so that from the mouth of the Thames to near the entrance of the Detroit River, a man may walk vsdth safety to a distance of half a mile from the shore ; and it is usual to employ horses to tow up the scows used to carry cordwood and staves to De- CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 5 troit, to the stations on the lake where they are intended to load, and from the numerous stones and large boulders scattered along the shore, it is necessary lor them to keep a considerable distance from land. Bear Creek discharges itself into the Chenail ^^cartc, and the Thames, River Ruscom, Belle Riviere, Riviere aux Puces, Riviere aux Peches, and other small streams, empty themselves into Lake St. Clair. These streams are, near the termination of their course, all sluggish ; so much so that it is sometimes difficult for a stranger to decide if the rivers supply the lake, or the lake the rivers. They are also bordered by a considerable extent of marsh, which, when the water is low towards the end of Summer, and the sun acts upon the decayed vegetable matter, emits a deleterious miasma, which acts injuriously upon the systems of those not accustomed to it, and causes a considerable amount of sickness. At other seasons the country appears to be tolerably healthy. At the entrance of the Detroit River, near the Canadian shore, is an island called Peach Island, containing about one hundred and fifty acres, about fifty of which are fit for cultivation, but it is used principally as a fishing station, for which it is well sitr.ated. The Detroit River is about twenty three miles in length, and from one to two miles in width. Besides Peach Island it contains, " Fighting Island," three miles below Sandwich, which contains about eighteen hundred acres, of which only three hundred are fit for cultivation, the remainder being marsh which is used for grazing cattle — and Bois Blanc Island, situated opposite Amherstburg, it contains about two hundred and thirty acres, all of which are fit for cultivation. The tim- ber was cut down during the rebellion in order to give the forts a greater command of the channel on the American side. There are block houses on the island which are generally garrisoned by parties of the Canadian Rifles. On the south point of the island, which commands a view of Lake Erie, is a Light-house. About thirty acres of the island are under cultivation, of which the Light-house keeper is allowed twenty, and the remainder is used as gardens by the soldiers stationed here. The rest of the island is principally used as pasture for cattle. There are other islands in the river, some of which belong to the Ameri- cans. Immense flocks of ducks breed in the marshes bordering the rivers and islands, and with the snipes, which are also numerous, give plenty of occupation to the sportsman. From the great prevalence of north, north-west, and north-east winds in Canada, a steam tug-boat is much wanted in these waters, schooners being often weather-bound for days together. We were forcibly reminded of this want by seeing at the entrance of the Detroit River a fleet of twenty-two schooners at anchor, *vaiting anxiously for a fair wind, losing their time, and uncertain how II-' IB -.^M^ ■>«"'■»»■ ■Fi. TT 6 CANADA : PAST, PUESENT AND FUTURE. ,.^-.'«--v-\.'.v/\.- >.■ ' ^i <'■ long thoy might be detained. There can be no doubt that to place a powevl'ul tug-boat on the station, to tow at reasonable rates, would prove a most profitable speculation. The counties of Essex, Kent nnd Lambton, are well watered by numerous streams running through thcra, although from the generally level surface of the country, they are not so well provided wi'h mill sites as most other portions of the Prf)vince. And it is a singular circumstance, that the lower portions of the Thames and Sydenham Rivers, are actually deeper than any portion of the Lake St. Clair, into which they discharge themselves. The principal rivers in tliese counties are, the Thames, formerly called " La Tranche," the norfh, or principal branch of which, takes its rise in the large swamp to the north of the Huron Tract, and enters the county of Kent, in the south-east corner of the township of Zone ; it then forms the dividing boundary between Zone and Orford,^ Camden West and Howard, Chatham and Harwich, and enters Lake St. Clair between Dover, on the north, and Raleigh and Tilbury, on the south. At Louisville, which is eighteen miles by land from its mouth, the river becomes navigable for steamboats and schooners, and has deep water close to the banks, so that vessels can load by merely putting out planks to the shore. From Louisville, the river is of an average depth of sixteen feet, some parts being considerably deeper, and it is from two hundred to three hundred feet wide. The next stream in point of importo-nee, is the river Sydenliam or Rear Creek. The east or principal blanch of which takes its rise in the to^vnships of Lobo and Caradoc, in the county of Middlesex, and enters the county of Kent, in the township of Euphemia, where it supplies the motive power for Smith's Mills and 2jone Mills : it tl>en passes betvv^een 1 )awn and the Gore of Camden, supplying Dawn or Tay'or's Mills, and enters the Chenail ficarte in the township of Sombra. At Dresden, whidi is twelve miles from the forks,, it becomes navigable for steamboats and schooners, which can load at the banks. At the forks, it receives the north branch, which takes its rise in the townships of Warwick and Brooke, runs across the township of Enniskillen, and the corner of Moore, and joins the east branch in the Township of Sombra. The north branch is navigable for about five miles from the forks, the water in each branch ranguig from ten to twenty feet in depth. At the forks is a hole, which is said to be forty feet deep. Bear Creek is said to have a greater depth of water at its entrance than the Th mes, and is therefore more convenient for vessels navigat- ing it. During the season a variety of fish is taken in these streams. tSturgcon of large size have been taken in McGregor's Creek, above ii( i: ]{'■' CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FLTURK. Cliatliani ; and during the spav/uing season, \\liitefiA have even been known to ascend Dear Creek, as far as the Townstiip of Warwick. Complaints having for a long time been accumulating from the settlers in the more remote Townships of the District, of the great inconvenience to which they wore subjected in having- to travel such a distance to transact tlieir business at the District Town, at a great loss of both time and money ; measures were taken to remedy the grievance by dividing the District into two, and erecting Chatham into the District Town of the new District. For this purpose an Act ^vas passed on the ninth of July, eighteen hundi-ed and Ibi-ty seven, entitled, " An Act to divide the Western District of the Province of Canada, and for other purposes therein mentioned," from which the following are extracts : — IIL And be it enacted, That the District Councillors for the Townships in the said County oi Kent, shall, iuul they are hereby authorii^cd, at a public nicctiiiii to be by them holden for that purpose, at some convenient place, within the said Town of Chatham, so soon after the passing of this Act as may be convenient, (a notice signed by a majority of the said Councillors, calling such meeting, and fixing upon the time and place thereof, having been served at least ten days before that fixed for the meeting on each of the Councillors, entitled to attend the same,) to procure by such means as to the said Councillors, or the major part of them present at such meeting, or at any adjourned meeting of the said Councillors, shall deem fitting and proper, plans and elevations of a Gaol and Court House, to bo laid before them for the purpose of there- after selecting and determining upon one by the Councillors then and there assembled as aforesaid. IV. Provided always, and be it enacted. That such Gaol and Court House for the said District of Kent, shall be erected on the ground reserved as a site for a Gaol and Court House, in the said Town of Chatham, which ground, and the said Court House and Gaol, shall be from and after the Proclamation aforesaid, vested in the District Council of the said District of Kent, until which time the same shall be and are hereby vested in the Building pommittee hereinafter mentioned. X. /\nd be it enacted. That it shall and may be lawful for the Councillors for the Townships in the said County of Kent, so assembled as aforesaid, and they are hereby empowered, by an order of sueh meeting, to authorise and direct the Treasurer so to be appointed as aforesaid, to raise by loan from such person or persons, bodies corporate or politic, as may be willing to lend the same, on the credit cf the rates and assessments to be raised, levied and collected in the said intended District, a sum not exceeding three thousand pounds, to be applied in defraying the expense of building the said Court House and Gaol. XI. Provided always, and be it enacted, That the money so borrowed under the authority of this Act, shall not be at a higher rate of interest than six per cent, per annum ; and the Treasurer for the said intended District for the time being, shall annually, until the loan so raised, with the interest accruing thereon, shall be paid and discharged, apply towards the payment of the same, a sum of not less than one hundred pounds, together with the lawful interest upon the whole sum, which may from time to time remain due, from and out of the rates and assessments so coming into his hands, for the use of the said intended District. N' 8 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTUHB. il!. i| u XII. And be it enacted, That no Treasurer hereaAer to be appointed, either by the said meeting, or by the Cquncillors of the said intended District, shall be entitled or authorized to receive any poundage or percentage upon any sum or sums of money, « hich shall or may be loaned under the authority of this Act, or which may come into his hands, or for paying out any sum or sums of money, in discharging and liquidating such loan with the interest thereon as aforesaid. By an Act passed on the thirtieth of May, eighteen hundred and forty- nine, Districts were abolished, and Counties substituted in their place. By this Act, the former Act wr s repealed, with the exception of the clauses quoted above. The principal provisions of the Act are as follows : — Whereas by reason of the subdivision of Districts, in that part of this Province called Upper Canada, the boundaries thereof have in many cases become identical with the boundaries of Counties, and there being no longer any sufficient reason fur continuing such territorial divisions in that part of the Province, it is expedient to abolish the same, and, following in this particular the Mother Country, to retain only the name of County as a territorial division for judicial, as well as all other purposes, providing at the same time for temporary unions of Counties for judicial and other purposes, and the future dissolution of such unions as the increase of wealth and population, may from time to time require ; Be it therefore enacted, by the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council, and of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, constituted and assembled, by virtue of and under the authority of an Act, passed in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and entitled, " An Act to re-unite the Provinces of Upper and " Lower Canada, and for the Government of Canada," and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same. That this Act shall come into and be in operation upon, from aud after the first day of January, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and fifty. II. And be it enacted, That the division of that part of this Province called Upper Canada, into Districts for judicial and other purposes, shall be, and the same is hereby abolished. III. And be it enacted, That the Courts, Court Houses and (>aols, heretofore called District Courts, Court Houses and Gaols, shall from henceforth be called County Courts, Court Houses and Gaols, and the District (irammar Schools, County Grammar Schools, and all and t-ingular the Offices and Officers, now appertaining to the said Districts, shall henceforth belong and appertain to the said Counties, respectively, and whenever the said Offices and Officers have the title or denomination of Offices or Officers of or for the District, they shall henceforth have the title or denomination of Offices or Officers of or for the County ; and all laws at present in force, or during the present Session of Parliament, made or to be made applicable to the said division of territory by the name of Districts, or the Courts, Offices or other Institutions thereof, shall be applied to and have the same operation and effect upon the said Couuties and their respective Courts, Offices and other Institutions, as Counties. IV. And be it enacted, That the Courts of Assize and Nisi Prius, and Oyer and Terminer, Gaol Delivery, Sessions of the Peace and District Courts, shall be held in and for the said Counties, as such Courts are now held for the different Districts in Upper Canada, and that the nam^ County shall be used in designating such Court3> ?in:r : 1 CANADA : PAST, PRBSENT AND FUTURE. 9 and also in all legal proceedings where the name District is now, or by any Act passed or to be passed during the present Session of Parliament, shall be used. V. And be it enacted, That the Counties mentioned in the Schedule to this Act annexed, marked A, shall, for all judicial and municipal purposes, and for all other purposes whatsoever, except for the purpose of representation in the Provincial Par- liament, and that of the Registration of Titles, be formed into Unions as in the said Schedule particularly set forth, and each of such Unions, under the name of the United Counties of and shall for all such purposes (except as before excepted) have all Courts, Offices and Institutions established by law, and now pertaining to Districts, or which by any Act passed or to be passed during the present or any future Session of Parliament, shall or may be established for Counties in commoa between them, so long as such Counties shall remain so united as herein provided. VI. And be it enacted, That the County property of al' such United Counties shall, so long as such Counties remain united, be the common property of such United Counties, in whichever of such Counties the same may be situated. VII. And be it enacted, That in laying the venue in any judicial proceeding in which the same may be necessary in any County which may be so iniited to any other County or Counties as hereinbefore provided, the same shall be laid iu such County by name, describing it as one of the United Counties of and and for the trial of any issue, or for the assessment of damages, in the course of any such judicial proceeding, when such issue shall be tried or such damages assessed by Jury, the Jury shall be summoned from the body of the United Counties, as if the same were one County. VIIL And be it enacted. That during the continuance of such Unions of Counties, all laws now existing and applicable to Districts, and all laws hereafter to be made, whether during the present or any future Session of Parliament, and applicable to Counties generally in relation to any matter whatsoever, except oniy Representation in the Provincial Parliament, and Registration of Titles, shall to all intents and pur- poses whatsoever, apply to every such Union of Counties, as if such Union formed but one County. IX. And be it enacted, That in all Unions of Counties provided for by the fifth section of this Act, the County within the limits of which the Court House and Gaol, hereto- fore the District Court House and Gaol, shall be situated, shall be deemed the senior County of such Union, and the other County or Counties, the Junior County or Coun- ties thereof. X. And be it enacted, That so soon as by the census taken according to any Act of Tarliament now in force, or hereafter to be in force, for taking a census of the inha- bitants of this Province, or of that part of it called Upper Canada,it shall appear that any junior County of any such Union of Counties as is provided for by the said fifth section of this Act, contains a population of not less than fifteen thousand souls, it shall and may be lawful for the Governor of this Province, by an Order in Council, upon the petition of two-thirds or more of the Townreeves, for the time being, of such junior Coimty, ii he shall deem the circumstances of such junior County such as to call for a separate establishment of Courts, and other County Institutions, to issue a Proclama- tion under the Great Seal of this Province, setting forth the same, naming a place within such junior County Town, and erecting the Townreeves for such junior County, then elected or thereafter to be elected for the same, into a Provisional Municipal Council for such junior County, and declaring such Municipal Council a Provisional Municipal Council, under the authority of this Act, until the dissolution of such Union of Coun- !. •%*--. 10 CANADA : I'AST, I'llESENT AND FUTCnE. :r!' I m . » r i V tics, ii« provldi'f! for by this Act : Provided always, nevertheless, firstly, that no siieli petitl.m vliall be presented or aeted upon, unless adopted and signed by Hueli two- thirds, in the month of Februnry after their election or appointment, nor until a resolu- tion deelaratory of the expediency of presenting such [letition shall have been adopted by a majority of sueli Tov.nreeves.for the time being, the one to be held some time in the niunth of February, in the year next but one preceding that in which such petition r.liall have been so adopted and signed, and the other in the month of February in the year next pneedlng sueh last mentioned year : Pro\idcd also, secondly, that every such Provisional Municipal Council shall, from time to time, and at all times during its continuance as such, consist of the Townrccve* for the several Townships, Villages, and Towns in such junior County. XL And be it enacted, That every Provisional Municipal Council erected by Proclaaiatiou as atbrcsaid, shall have all the powers in, over, and with respect to sucli junior County as are now by Law vested, or as hereafter may by Law be vested in the diff: vent Municipal Councils in Upi)er Canada, so fir as the same shall or may be ro(piisite, for the purchase or procuring of the necessary property on which to erect a C'otirt Hous-e and Gaol, — fjr the erection cf such Court House and Gaol, — and for raising, levying and collecting the necessary moneys to defray the expenses of the same, and for remunerating the Provisional Officers employed or to be employed in or abo\u tlic same : Provided always, tliat nothing herein contained shall extend or be construed to extend in any way to interfere with the powers of t!ie Municipal Council of such Union, but all moneys to be raised by such Provisional Municipal Council as aforesaid, shall be independent of, and in addition to, any moneys that may be directed to be raised by the Municipal Council of such Union, under the powers in them vested or to be vested by Law. XIL And be it enacted, That every such Provisional Municipal Council shall have power in their discretion to appoint a Provisional Warden, a Provisional Ticasurer, and Btich other Provisional ( )fficcrs for such County as they may deem necessary for the purchase or procuring of such property, — the erection of such Court House and Gaol — the safe keeping of such moneys, — and the protection and preservation of such property when thus acquired; which Provisional Warden, Treasurer and other Provisional 085- cers shall hold their offices during the pleasure of such Provisional Municipal Council. XIII. And be it enacted. That every such Provisional Municipal Council shall be a Body Corporate by the name of the Provisional Municipal Council of the County of (limning it,) and as such, shall have all Corporate powers necessary for the jiurpose of carrying into effect the objects of their erection into such Provisional Municipal Council as herein provided, and none other. XIV. And be it enacted. That all moneys directed to be assessed, levied and col- lected upon such Junior County by any By-law of such Provisional Municipal Council, shaU be assessed, levied and collected by the same persons and in the same manner as the moneys directed to be assessed, levied and collected by the Municipal Council of the Union to which such County shall belong, and shall be paid over by the Collector thereof to the Provisional Treasurer of such Junior County in the like manner as other moneys are payable over to the Treasurer of such Union : Provided always, firstly, that every Collector of such moneys shall be entitled to deduct and apply to his own use, for the trouble and responsibility of such collection, a sum equal to two and a half per centum upon the moneys paid over by him to such Provisional Treasurer as aforesaid, and no more : Provided also, secondly, that the moneys so collected sliall in law and equity be deemed and taken to be moneys collected for such Union, so far as to charge IV y CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND rUTURE, 11 every such Collector wilh the same, and to render hiin aiid hiK surctici responsililc to such Union for such uionejs : And providtd also, thirdly, that all such iiioiipys roco- verrd or received ^y any such Union from any such Cclloctor or his sureties, shall, after deducting the expenses of eoUectioii, be accounted for to such Junior County, and paid over to the Provisional or other Treasurer thereof, so soon as the same shall be received. XV. And be it enacted, That so soon as any such Provisional Muniiipal Council for any such Junior Comity as aforesaid, shall have purchased or procured the nn^'ssary property, at the County Town of such County, and erected thereon suitable buildinpis for the purposes of a Court House and Jail, adapted to the wants of SHiih County, and in conformity with any statutory, or other rules or regulations in force respecting such buildings generally in Upper Canada, it shall and may be lawful for sxich I'rovisioual Municipal Council to enter into an agreement wilh the Municipal Council of the Union to which such Junior County shall belong, for the adjustment and sefthnu iit of the proportion, if any, of any debt due by such Union, and which it may be just that such Junior County, on its being disunited from such Union, should take upon itself, with the time or times of payment thereof; and every such ngreenient, so entered into, shall, both in law and equity, be and continue to be binding upon such Junior County, and upon the County or Counties from which it shall be disunited: Provided always, firstly, that none of the Members of the Municipal Council of such Union, who shall also be Members of the Provisional Municipal Council of such Junior County, shall take any part or give any vote in the Municipal Council of such Union, on any question or matter tonching or concerning such agreement or any prr>posal connected with the same : Provided also, secondly, that in default of the said Municipal Councils entering into any such agreement, the proportion of such debt, to be assumed by such Junior Couuty, shall be settled by the award of three Arbitrators, or the majority of them, to be appointed so soon as such property shall have been purchased or procured, and such Court House and Gaol erected, as follows, that is to say, one by the ]\Iunicipal Council of such Senior County or Union of Counties, and the other by the Provisional Municipal Council of such Junior County, and the third by such two Arbitrators thus appointed: or in the event of such two Arbitrators omitting to appoint such third Arbitrator within ten days next after their own appointment, then by the Clovernor of this Province in Council : Provided also, thirdly, that in case either such Municipal Council or such Provisional Municipal Council, shall omit for one calendar month after they shall have been called upon for that purpose by the other of such Councils, to appoint an Arbitrator on their part as above provided, it shall and may be lawful for the Governor in Council to appoint an Arbitrator on the part and behalf of such Mnnicipal Council, or Pro- visional Municipal Council so neglecting or omitting to appoint such Arbitrator, who shall, in such case, have all the same powers as if he had been appointed by such Muni- cipal Council, or Provisional Municipal Council, as the case may be : And pro\4dcd also, fourthly, that every such submission and award shall be subject to the jurisdiction of Her Majesty's Court of Queen's Bench for Upper Canada, in like manner as if the same were by bond with an agreement therein, that such submission might be made a Kule of that Court: And provided also, fifthly, that the portion, if any, of such debt so agreed upon or settled, shall be a debt due from such Junior County to the County or Counties from which it shall have been disunited, and shall bear legal interest from the day on which the Union shall be actually dissolved, as hereinafter provided : and its payment shall be provided for by the Municipal Council of such Junior County, after the dissolution of such Union, in like manner as is or shall be required by law, 12 CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURU. I " Y'^ \\ h I '' « 'I' '! r V*k.«»./V.'V^.'N with rrspcct to other debts due by such Municipal Council, in common with othcra, and in default thereof, may be sued for and leeovercd as any of such other debts. XVI. And bo it enacted, That all assessments imposed by the Municipal Council of any such Union, for the calendar year in which any Proclamation for disuniting any Junior County from such Union sliall issue, as hereinafter mentioned, shall belong to such Union, and shall be collected, accounted for, and paid over accordingly. XVII. And be it enacted. That so soon as may be after such Provisional Municipal Council shall make it appcf.r, to the satisfaction of the Governor of this Province in Council, that such property has been purchased or procured, and such Court House and Gaol erected, and the proportion of the said debt (if any) to be assumed by such Junior County shall have been adjusted or settled as aforesaid, a Judge, a Surrogate, a Sheriff, at least one Coroner, a Clerk of the Peace, and, at least, twelve Justices of the Peace, shall be appointed for such Junioi County, with a proviso in the Commission appointing them respectively, that such Commissions respectively shall not take effect or be in force until the day on which such Counties shall be disunited, as hereinafter provided : Provided always, nevertheless, that the sureties to be given by such Sheriff, as required by the Act of the Parliament of the late Province of Upper Canada, passed in the third year of the Reign of His late Majesty King William the Fourth, numbered chapter eight, and intitutled, " An Act to make certain regulations relating to the office of Sheriff' in this Province, and to require the several Sheriffs of this Province to give security for the due fulfihneut of the duties of their office," and the affidavit of his qualification in respect of property required by the same Act, shall not be required to be entered into, made, or given, by any such Sheriff" so appointed, within the time spe- cified in that Act, but shall be entered into, and made and given within the first six calendar months next after the Connnission of such Sheriff" shall take effect as aforesaid, and in default of the same being duly entered into, made, and given, within such six months, such Sheriff shall, ipsofactOy forfeit his office. XVin. And be it enacted. That so soon as such appointments shall be so made as aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful for the Governor of this Province in Council, by Proclamation under the Great Seal thereof, to declare such Junior County disunited from such Union, upon, from and after the first dsiy of January which shall occur next after three calendar months after the teste of such Proclamation, and such Junior, County shall, upon, from and after such first day of January, to be so named in the said Proclamation, as aforesaid, be, to all intents and purposes whatsoever, disunited from si'ch Union, and if such Union shall have consisted of only two Counties, such Un! n shall, upon, from and after such first day of January, be absolutely dissolved ; and if of more than two Counties, the remaining Counties shall remain united, and thereupon the said Provisional Municipal Council of such Junior County shall, upon, from and after such day, lapse and be absolutely dissolved, and none of the Courts or OffiiJers of the Senior County, or of the Union, shall, as such, have any jurisdiction or authority whatsoever in or over the said County so disunited from such Union, ns aforesaid ; any thing in their respective Commissions, or in any Act of Parliiiment either of this Province or the late Province of Upper Canada, to the contrary notwith- standing. XIX. And be it enacted. That upon the disuniting any such Junior County from any such Union, there shall be a separate Registry of Titles for such County as for other Counties generally in Upper Canada. XX. And be it enacted, That upon the disuniting any such Junior County from any such Union, all the Public Property of such Union not situate, lying and being within ^1 i: CANADA ; PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 13 '.N.«»N.r.^^^**--»^^^V-,-v Buch Junior County, shall, ipifo/acto. become the sole property of, and be thereupon vested in, the rcinnininp! County or Counties of such Union, and all the public property of such Union situate, lying and being within the limits of such Junior County, shall, ipsi) facto, become the sole property of, and be thereupon vetted in, such Juuior County. XXI. And be it enacted, That all Actions, Informations and Indictments, pending at the time so appointed by Proclamation for the disuniting Huch Junior County from Buch Union, shall be tried in the Senior County, unless by order of the Court in which the same shall be pending in Term time, or of some Judge thereof in vacation, the venue therein shall be changed to the Junior County, which change every such Court or Judge, is hereby authorized to grant and direct, cither on the consent of parties, or in their or his discretion, on hearing such parties to the point by affidavit or otherwise. XXII. And be it enacted. That upon any such change of venue, the records and papers of every such Action, Information and Indictment shall, when necessary, be transmitted to the proper Offices of such Junior County. XXIII. And be it enacted. That all and every the Rules and Regulations, provisions matters and things contained in any Act or Acts of the Parlian\ent of this Province, or of the Parliament of the late Province of Uj-per Canada, for the Regulation of or relat- ing to Court Houses and Gaols, or either of them, which shall be in force and operation at the time so appointed by Proclamation for disuniting such Junior County from such Union as aforesaid, shall be and are hereby extended to the Court House and Gaol of such County so disunited as aforesaid, and the said Courts of Assise, Nisi Prius, Oyer and Terminer, Gaol Delivery, Sessions of the Peace, County, Surrogate, and every other Court of the said Junior County required to be held at a certain place, shall be commenced, and from time to time holden at the Court House of such County by such Proclamation as aforesaid, or any other that may be lawfully substituted for the same. The following clauses refer more particularly to the counties of the Western District : — XXX. And be it enacted, That the Townreeves of the different Townships, Unions of Townships, Villages and Towns in the Counties of Kent and Lambton, shall form a Provisional Municipal Council for such Counties as United Counties, and such Provi- sional Municipal Council shall, with respect to such Counties, have, possess and exer- cise all and singular the rights, powers, privileges and duties hereby conferred, granted or imposed upon Provisional Municipal Councils generally, erected by Proclamation under the authority of this Act, and also all such powers as by an Act of the Parlia- ment of this Province, passed in the Session held in the tenth and eleventh years of Her Majesty's Reign, intituled, " An Act to divide the Western District of the Pro- *' vinte of Canada, and for other purposes therein mentioned," were conferred upon the Township Councillors of the different Townships of the said Counties ; and such Pro- visional Municipal Council shall be charged with and liable to any debt that may have been contracted by competent •authority on behalf of the District by that Act intended to be erected ; and the Municipal Corporation of such United Counties, both Provi- sional and Permanent, shall and they are hereby required to provide for the payment of every such debt, and in default of their doing so, the same shall and may be sued for, recovered and levied by rate or otherwise, as in the case of debts of any other Municipal Corporation in Upper Canada. XXXI. And be It enacted, That so soon as the Court House and Gaol, now in course of being erected under the authority of the said Act of Parliament last men- tioned, shall have been completed, according to the provisions of the said Act, and the r« ,1 4 r m H,( I ■: !:l' I :■ * ' ' 14 CANADA: PAST, I'llESENT AND FUTlllE. ^'V^.^-^*-W%'V%".N«W^**'»^N.-»«,\. N. ■SiA^^'W*^ VSi^*^**- ■VN.X^i^*^''.-*. .S.*»"wV* olhir pnivlsic n.s of tl>o fiflei-nth Hcctiun of this Act, rliall lm\c been conipliud with hy th? trnid fTiiitrd Counties of Knit ami Liiiiilitdii, if sli:ill ami may bo liiwCnl for tlio Govinior of thin I'roviiicc in Council to Ihsuc a Prochiination, ilissolving flu- Union between the naid United Counties of Kent and linmbton and tlie Co\iiity of I^^*sex, and from (liuucii'oitli the said United Comities of Kent and Laml)lon hhail form u Union of Counties, tuul all the provisions of this Att applieablc to Union>u)f Counties in general shall be iippll,ul)le tosueli Union to all intents ami purposes, as if sueli United Coun- ties were set forth as such in the Sehtdule to this Aet annexed, marked A. In order to rctidci* tin; foriiitT Acts more intrllitrihlc, an additional Act Was passed, of which the following clauses are extracts : — Whereas an Act of the Parliament of this Province was passed in this Session of Parliament held in the tenth and eleventh years of Her Majesty's Ileign, chaptered thirty-nine, and intituled, "An Aet to divide the Western District of the Province of Canada, and for other purposes therein menficmod," and which Act is referre.(Tte(l in the mii'I last uii'Mtioiicil Act i»c\ and Kent. II. And Ih it mactcd, That no well f(>r tbc purposes of tills Act and the suid other Act.) of rarliittneiit lutiinbeCon- nnntldiu'il and referred to, as fur all other ptirpugcs whitHoev r, .so imith of the said Town.ship of Dawn ns lie.'< to the soiitli of tlw sonfli main brancii of the Uivcr Sydenhitni, sometimes known us Hear Creek, slmll lio detaehed from the huid Township of Dawn, and by and under the name of the (Jorc of Camden, be lutached to and henceforth form a part of tlie said Township of Camden ; that so much of the said Township of Sonibru as lies to the south of tlie said .sou^h main branch of the said river, shall be detaehed from the saiil Township «r passengers. As you descend the river, the banks become gradually lower, and as the land approaches the Lake, it degenerates into coarse sand. The road runs through an extensive marsh, which is from three to four miles wide, and extends along the whole breadth of the township. This is useful for grazing cattle, and large numbers are fattened on it, but it is too low and wet for cultivation. The road, during the wet sea- son in th? spring and fall, being in many places covered with water. The marsh grass grows very luxuriantly, as do also the asclepias and stramonium. Large flocks of geese are kept by some of the settlers. Six miles from the Thames is a tavern kept by a Frenchman, and seven miles from thence, near Stoney Point, is another, also kept by a French- man (Chovins). As you approach Stoney Point, (which would more appropriately be called Sandy Point, there being nothing to entitle it to the former appellation, beyond a few scattered boulders on the beach,) the land improves in quality, and the wood-land approaches the Lake. From thence the soil varies from clay to sandy loam. Twelve miles, from Chovins', you reach Martindale's tavern, kept by a Cumberland rt an. This is situated a short distance from the road, on the lake shore, .nd will generally be preferred by English travellers to the French taverns. Much of the road between Stoney Point and Martindale's runs through the bush, and is very little settled. The land is rich and heavily timbered, and consequently a great deal of the road is bad. There are a few tolerable clearings along the road; the inhabitants principally French, whose crops consist of corn and pumpkins. Several emigrants from the north of England are settled about Martindale's. Deer are said to be plentiful here, and they frequently make their appearance in the enclosures. From Martindale's to Windsor is twelve miles. From Martindale's the road runs back from the Lake, crossing the River Ruscom, Belle Riviere, and the Riviere aux Puces ; it con- tinues through the bush for about six miles, and then turns to the north, striking the front near the point of junction of the Lake St. Clair and the Detroit River, abouf. five miles above Windsor. The banks of the Lake and River are here very low, and are bounded by a considerable extent of marsh. The banks of the River continue low till within about two miles from Windsor, when they suddenly become higher and continue rolling till they reach Windsor. The banks of the Detroit River are thickly settled, principally by French families, who have moderate clearings, and generally tolerable houses and good orchards. Windsor, which is situated on the Detroit River, in the Township of Sandwich, opposite the American city, " Detroit," is a pleasant place of 2d CANADA : PAST, PRESBNT AND FtrTORE. H iH, :l.i' ]|! I residence. It was laid out in 1834, and from the constant traffic with Detroit is a place of considerable business for its size. The bank on which it is built being from thirty to forty feet above the river, which is here a mile in width, renders the situation healthy. Two steam ferry- boats were in operation here, but the proprietors finding that the two were too much for the traffic, have compromised mattery and they now run a week alternately. There are barracks in Windsor which are occupied by a party of Canadian Rifles. A considerable portion of the business part of the town was recently destroyed by fire, which originated from sparks from a steamboat. Windsor is a bonding port, and large quantities of beef and pork are annually packed in bond for the English market. Windsor contains about three hundred inhabitants, has a daily post, and a resident Collector of Customs. Till lately the Collectors of Customs were not required to keep any account of articles exported from their several ports, and here it h£is been usual, when any inquiry was made on the subject by the Government, to send over to Detroit, and obtain from the Collector there, a statement of his imports. This was convenient, but at the same time a very queer way of doing business, and would be likely to astonish the wiseacres at the Colonial Office, if they were aware of it. This year, however, the Collectors o( Customs in the Province have received instructions to keep such accounts ; and the following list of exports will show the result as far as Windsor is concerned :— I M Ml i!i« CANADA : PAST, PBESBMT AMD FVTDRB. n if, © — ^ CI C4 M CO o e ^ ft .<* R Si : o : m ei b* I n a u CO CO o e « w — CO c« c« 2: o © o m o I— <-i oc .a jg Hi •^1 O b -• «S 00 CO — CO O >n o ^ M O O ^ O in t>. « OS O — eo ■* ^ O <0 CO <9 m r<. ««• "- . » a> •♦■««•■♦ 00 JO 00 Cm o d I 2 V Q i > d o 13 a, d •• Oi 00 d ^ > ^ "S « « -5 b< *^ ea ts §>§ .as ■I B I e 3 Of ^ ct 9 inu»ooeoe>ncoo900ooooooo>oAO^ooooe« ar»Ar>MMe>n^mMii«cioe4>->ao-«u3M'«*> s. « Bt II h £ "* Sol J ""St; • >.i5-3 ? Qap64> ;S^ I "3 a z s •«^>no>naot«^o «s M c« ^ * "^ S 00 •-■ r. ots(»a>owoooe>oooco''a«o<0OOeQo Mr>ooooc<'^OOo »©o>ift'*0«-.owr-co«oirt — e«t^'*Meoo«i'<« o«o»e« r. — -«-« Mr>M eioo ■^ ^ CO CO © Of cc ^* SI CO • !> »• 2 s -d e It » e W!S9S90jC3!i8JO*a5c.2 2oSoaaiOJ i SS t «> CO '*' -* t" •n 01 9> o "< "2 - * M •O CO M CO © •a tn » M M 3 9 9 S CO CO 'C © « — r» O O © ot M 8 |5 .s JO eo © ) t» 00 1^ o •-■ O © op «> i. r^ 9 fa •s a 5 * S.S -1 s-s p^ «* o» a =3 .1 3 « o •I a :o jd •^ .2 e> .a "* » •• ti* "§•2 of 1 dies, E. a 8f 3 J< IM . o © -s i-^ 5'S — S "tl 'si 9 ^l o m i 22 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTCRE. I'll liM. 1 I' ^¥ ! ;i I U> i .h-l About two miles below Windsor, after a pleasant walk or drive, you reach the pretty little town of Sandwich, lately the District Town of the Western District, and now the County Town of the County of Essex. It has a very English appearance, and is usually much admired by visitors. It is built on a gravelly ridge, a short distance back from the river, and is high and dry, and it would be very healthy, were it not for a considerable quantity of marsh bordering the river, just below the town. This is one of the oldest settlements in Canada, the neighbourhood having been originally settled by disbanded French soldiers. The immense pear trees in the orchards about the town, give sufficient evi- dence of its antiquity (for a new country). Most of the houses have neat gardens attached to them, and altogether the appearance of the place is very inviting. Here are the Gaol and Court House for the County. There are three churches — ^Episcopal, Methodist, and a new brick church has lately been erected by the Catholics. A Freemason's Lodge has lately been established here. Sandwich has a daily post> and contains a population of about five hundred. Principal tavern — " Laughton's". The following Government and County Offices are kept in Sandwich : Clerk of Peace, Treasurer of County, Sheriff of County, Judge of Surro- gate Court, Registrar of ditto, Registrar of County of Essex, Inspector of Licences, Clerk of District Court, Clerk of County Council, Auditors of County Council. In December, 1817, according to Gourlay, the township of Sandwich contained about two hundred inhabited houses, and about a thousand inhabitants. These were settled almost exclusively in the front of the township, on the river. There were at that time in the township, eight wind-mills, and one water mill, for grinding wheat, but no saw mill ; and pine lumber was stated to be worth five pounds per thousand feet. Limestone, brought from the township of Anderdon, — ^then forming part of the township of Maiden, — was sold at from three pounds to three pounds fifteen shillings per toise, although at the quarry it might be bought at ten shillings per toise, including the expense of quarrying. Lime was generally sold in the township at one shilling and three pence per bushel ; and bricks, of which few were made, were worth from two pounds to two pounds ten shillings per thousand, at the kiln. A work- ing-horse, of four years old, was worth twelve pounds ten shillings ; a cow, five pounds ; an ox, seven pounds ten shillings, and a sheep, one pound. Common wool, two shillings and six pence per pound ; butter from one shilling and three pence to two shillings and six pence. Very little cheese was made, and the principal part consumed was purchased m I'.ll ; f>. CANADA; PAST) PRESENT AND FUTTTRE. 23 irom the Americans on the opposite side of the Detroit River ; generally at one shilling and three pence per pound. The price of wild land, about twenty years previous, was stated to be from one shilling and three pence to two shillings and six pence per acre, and its progressive, rise at about two shillings and six pence every five years. The price at that time (1817) was from ten shillings to fifteen shillings per acre, except in particular situations. Improved farms, it is stated, situated on the river, with a common farm house, barn, and out-houses, orchard and about fifly acres fenced, would sell for from two pounds ten shillings to six pounds five shillings per acre, or more, according to the situation and value of the improvements. Ther** 'vs only one road in the town- ship, that on the front, by the river. <' ^ mhabitants make great com- plaints of the settlement of the township being retarded by the circum- stance of much lands being in th& hands of absentees, who are not assessed ; and from two-sevenths of the whole being held as Crown and Clergy Reserves. The average crop of wheat was only ten bushels per arpent, although when the land was well cultivated, as much as twenty bushels had been raised. At that date, there was one Roman Catholic church and two priests in the township ; — no Protestant church or, chapel, and but one preacher of the Church of England, — two medical practitioners and three schools. Leaving Sandwich for Amherstburg, distant sixteen miles, you cross the Canard River, which is bounded by marsh, and which extends for some distance along the Detroit River. The banks of the Detroit are low and sandy, for some miles after leaving Sandwich ; the soil then becomes clay, afterwards sandy loam, and then changes to clay again. About three miles from Amherstburg the banks suddenly rise to a con- siderable height, and continue tolerably high to the town of Amherst- burg. The road is thickly settled the whole distance, mast of the lots having rather a narrow frontage on the river and road. A majority of the houses have large orchards attached to them. About three miles before reaching Amherstburg, you pass " Rosebank," the handsome resi- dence of Mr. James Dougall. This gentleman has been long celebrated in the district as a zealous and persevering horticulturist, and has been noted for the great variety and excellent quality of his fruit. He is about establishing an extensive nursery at Windsor, which will be of great advantage to the surrounding country. Before reaching Amherst- burg, you pass through the township of Andei'don. The tract of land, forming this township, was reserved by the Indians in the year 1790, when the Council of the Four Nations, Chippewas, Ottawas, Hurons, and Pottawatamies, surrendered to the Government the extensive tract of land in Western Canada, now known as the Huron CANADA: PAST, PRURNT AND i^uTVUC i': M I'w. ■ ; i I ■•! t mr.r^ m ■I I District ; the; stipulated for a reservation of the hunting grounds then occupied by the Hurons or Wyandotts, extending about six miles along the shore of the Detroit River, and having a depth of seven miles. In the year 1836, in consequence of the encroachments (^the whites upon these lands, and the desire which existed in that part of the country to be allowed to settle upon them, the Government induced the Indians to surrender a lai^ portion of their reserve, in trust, to be sold for their exclusive benefit. By a subsequent agreement, made in the next year by Sir Francis Bond Head, they resigned two-thirds of this reserve ; the northern portion to be sold, and the proceeds applied to their exclusive benefit ; and the proceeds of the southern portion to be used for educa- tional purposes, for the advantage of the Indians generally, — reserving the central portion for their own use and occupation. The reserve contained about twenty-three thousand five hundred acres, which were divided thus : — To be sold for the benefit of the Wycmdott Indians : Good land 7120 acres. Swamp 430 " 7550 «* To be reserved for the Wyandott Indians : Good Land 7450 acres- Swamp 320 ** 7770 «* To be sold for the benefit of the Indians generally. Good Land 7070 acres. Ceded on the llth Sept. 1800, a slip of land, 500 yards front ' 1240 ♦* Deducting Military Reserve 130 ^ Part of this tribe was settled near Sandusky in the State of Ohio, but being induced by the American Government to sell their lands, intended removing to the Huron Reserve, but finding that the Indians here had agreed to sell their lands, they removed to the State erf Missouri, and many of the Indians from this neighbourhood have from time to time joined them. The number of settlers on the reserve was in 1832 — Chippewas 258 Hurons or Wyandotts 88 Munsees « 32 Shawnees 6 * Total 274 l\' ^. I?] CANADA : PAST, PRKSKNT AND rUTURE. H But from emigration and other causes the number does not now exceed ninety souls. A considerable portion of the land on the front of the reserve is now sold. Lots in the third, fourth and fifth concessions, are sold at twenty-five shillings per acre ; and in the sixth, seventh and eighth concessions, at fifteen shillings per acre ; payable, one third at tune of purchase, and the balance in three equal annual instalments, with interest on each instalment. The soil of the township is of excellent quality ; the timber, a mixture of hard wood trees. In the south-west of the township limestone quarries have been worked for some years. The limestone is white, of excellent quality, and begins to be much used at a distance for building purposes, and the demand for it is increasing. At present the sale appears to be about — Lime (burnt) .* 7500 barrels bulk. Stone 070 toise. Paving Stone and Curbing 6000 feet. Block Stone from 3000 to 4000 feet. The average price is for burnt lime, one shilling and ten pence half- penny per barrel bulk, and for stone per toise five dollars. Block stone twelve-and-a-half cents or seven pence halfpenny currency per cubic foot. Lime-kilns are constructed in the bank of the river and wharfs are built out for the convenience of schooners which load at the spot. Amherstrubg, which is a garrison town, in the township of Maiden, is situated on the Detroit River. It is, for Canada, an old place, having been laid out as a town in the year 1795, and the following year, after the evacuation of Detroit, it began to settle. It has a very old-fashioned look about it, most of the houses being built in the old French style. The streets are narrow, and the side-walks mostly paved with stones. Lately, two or three spirited individuals have been erecting handsome, modern-looking brick houses, which appear to stare their more anti- quated neighbours out of countenance. There are several good sub- stantial houses on the bank of the river below the town. A military reserve, just above the town, containing one hundred and thirty acres, is a great convenience to the inhabitants, being all cleared, perfectly level, and forming a fine open common for exercise and recreation. Maiden Fort is situated on the reserve ; it is capable of holding a regiment, and is garrisoned by three companies of Rifles. A marine railway has lately been started here by a gentleman from Kingston, capable of hauling out any vessel that can pass the Welland CaTial. This employs a number of men, and is likely to add considerably to the business of the place. There are six churches in Amherstburg, 'f l\' % ' ii' I; !' '" . \ W iH'.l l! 2$ CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. Episcopal, Presbyterian, Free Church, Methodist, Catholic, and Baptist. There are two steam grist mills, and one saw mill, carding machine and woollen factory, soap and candle factory, two asheries, two breweries, two tanneries and a foundry, and an inspector of Hour and pork. Three large schooners and the " Earl C.ithcart" propeller are owned here. Amherstburg has a market-place and Court House. A weekly newspaper and a daily post, a Collector of Customs, and about one thousand inhabitants. The following articles were exported in 1849 : — c!orn 5700 bushels. Oats l.'iOO « Wheat 1100 " Potash 80 barrels. Tobacco 6 hogsheads. Apples 200 barrels. Cordwood 3000 cords. This is a very small amount for such a situation, and such a soil ; but the circumstance of a large portion of the settlers in the neighbourhood of the town being French, will fully account for it. Tobacco was formerly grown in this township to a considerable extent, but the cultiva- tion has for some time past been nearly discontinued. About a mile below the town is a chalybeate spring, the water of which is said to resemble that of Cheltenham in England. The water was discovered making its exit from below the wall of an old barn or cow-house, and first attracted attention from its depositing a considerable quantity of iron wherever it ran. At length some curious person undertook to search for its source, and on removing a quantity of rubbish in the barn dis- covered a well, which on examination proved to be thirty feet deep. It was conjectured that the original proprietor of the place having dug the well for the accommodation of his house, and finding the water unfit for use, boarded it over, and it had remained ever since unnoticed. In the year 1817, this township contained one hundred and eight inhabited houses, and six hundred and seventy-five inhabitants. There were two windmills in the township. Bricks and lime were selling at about the same prices as in Sandwich. Five pounds was charged for clearing and fencing an acre of land. Pasture is described as being excellent, and butter and cheese were worth one shilling and three pence per pound. Twenty-five to thirty bushels of wheat per acre is stated as being an average crop, and the town of Amherstburg a ready market for every kind of produce. At the first settlement the price of land was from one to three shillings per acre — and in 1817 about twenty- five shillings per acre. Land partly cleared had been sold at two CANADA : PA8T, PBESENT AND FUTURE. 27 pounds per acre. There were in the township at that time one Catholic Church, two medical practitioners, and three schools. The same com- plaint was made in this Township as in the preceding, respectinj^ the Crown and Clergy Reserves, and the quantity of land in the hands of speculators. In about the centre of the south of the township, near the lake, are two large islands surrounded by marsh ; — Big Island, containing six hundred and twenty acres — and Knapp's Island, containing five hundred and seventy -nine acres. In consequence of an irruption of Lake Erie into the bed or channel of a creek running into it, the old road to Colchester and Gosfield by the lake shore has become impassable ; consequently it becomes necessary to travel by the back road, running nearly through the centre of the township. Fourteen miles from Amhcrstburg you reach a tavern, and four miles from thence to Park's store ; from thence to Gosfield village is seven miles, and to Wigles' tavern, in Mersea, is fifteen miles farther. The land for about ten or twelve miles after leaving Amhcrstburg is mostly stiflT clay — it then becomes sandy ; after leaving Park's store a short distance, the road turns to the lake, and the soil then becomes mostly deep sand. The lake shore is bordered with hickory, oak, lime, chestnut and poplar trees of large size. The farms along the road are pretty good, with tolerably large orchards. About half the Township of Colchester is wet land, which requires considerable draining — the re- mainder is mostly excellent land, bearing maple, beech, oak, butternut, walnut, chesnut, &c. A large quantity of iron (bog) ore is found in the south of the township, large quantities of which used formerly to be manufactured at the furnace in Gosfield. The furnace, however, has ceased working for some time. There is a large marsh, called " Hog Marsh," in the north of the Township. There is a saw mill on Cedar Creek, and a tannery and ashery on the lake shore. Much potash is exported from the township. There are an Episcopal Church, built of stone, and a Baptist Chapel in the Township. Gosfield, in point of soil, much resembles the adjoining Township of Colchester ; about half the land is wet, requiring draining — the remain- der is good land. Timber, the same as Colchester, with a small quantity of cedar on the lake shore, at the mouth of Cedar Creek. Belle Kiver and the River Ruscom take their rise in this township. Large quanti- ties of bog iron ore are found in the south of the township. There are two tanneries and an ashery on Cedar Creek, in the south of the town- ship. There are two churches in the township — Methodist and Baptist. Towards the east of Gosfield and west of Mersea the land becomes more rolling and even hilly. 98 Canada: past, prmknt and ruTvia. ■ 1:'! ir m Twcnty-rour miles iVom Amhcrstburg the road passes through the Village ol' Kingsvillo, which contains about one hundred inhabitants ;— a steam grist and saw mill, store, and two taverns. Two miles from thence to the Village of Albortvillc, which also contains about one hun- dred inhabitants, and a Methodist Church. From Albertville it is about seven miles to Wigles' tavern, on what is called Mersea Street, (that ia the road running through Mersea.) Here are the most comtortablo quarters to be found between Amherstburg and Morpeth ; and a fair specimen of what industry and perseverance will accomplish in Canada. Mr. W., then just married, commenced life six and twenty years ago, with very little indeed. He now possesses one thousand acres of land under cultivation, a new brick house of large size, with extensive out buildings, &c., &c., — all the produce of his own industry. He has brought up a large family respectably, and may justly feel proud of his position. The soil of Mersea is generally a light loam, well adapted for the culture of tobacco, of which large quantities are cultivated. If the price is good it is considered a very profitable crop ; — the produce averaging generally from twelve to fifteen hundred weight per acre. As much as twenty-two hundred weight has been grown on good and suitable soil. The price varies considerably — sometimes it will not com- mand more than five dollars per hundred — and during the Summer and Fall of 1 850, it was worth nine dollars per hundred at Montreal, clear of all expenses of shipping, &c. Five acres is as much as one man can attend to properly ; the crop, however, is one requiring but a short time to bring it to maturity. The land being planted in June, and the crop taken oflT the ground late in August or early in September. The culti- vation involves considerable trouble, although the labour is light. First, the plants are raised in beds — then, when of sufficient size, they are planted out in hills like Indian corn. They afterwards require hoeing to free them from weeds, and when the plant is budding the top is nipped off that all the nourishment the plant imbibes from the soil may go to enlarge and improve the leaves ; when these are considered fully grown the plant is cut and suspended in the open air for a few days to evapo- rate the moisture from the stalks, and cause them to dry more rapidly ; they are then removed to the sheds where the drying is completed. At least three times during the growth it is necessary that they should be " sprouted," that is, that the side shoots should be nipped off. During the Winter the leaves are separated from the stalks, and in the Spring they are packed in hogsheads and shipped. There are several varieties of tobacco cultivated. Large quantities of staves are shipped from Colchester, Gosfield, and Mersea. In the south of Mersea is an extensive triangular-shaped CANADA : PAIT, PRCtENT AND rCTTRE. 29 ^.x^*.^^v^A^^A• *^^*.*.«^.-*-,-js. point of land, called Point VcU, which runs out into the lalok's Corner," from whence it is five miles to Chatham. An extensive prairie, from three to four miles in width, runs nearly the whole length of the Township of Raleigh, parallel with the Thames, and at a distance of from half a mile to a mile. Much of it is wet and requires draining, and it is principally used for granng cattle, although there are some settlers on it. The soil and timber of the township are generally of excellent quality. About five miles from the river is a block of land — Clergy Reserve,— containing four thousand seven hun- dred acres, which has been purchased by the " Elgin Association for the improvement of the Coloured Peoj.'" There are, however, as yet but few settlers on it, the project not ui>i»aaring to meet with much favour, either from the white settlers, or the more respectable portion of the coloured people themselves. On entering the County of Kent from the east, by the Talbot Road, you first reach the township of Orford. In the year 1817, there were few or no white settlers in this township. There was a settlement of Delaware Indians, called " New Fairfield," since better known as " IMora- vian Town," in the north of the township. (These Indians were the principal remnant of the once-flourishing congregations of the Moravian or United Brethren Church in the United States, who were compelled in the year 1792, to seek an Asylum in Canada, where they were favourably received by the Provincial authorities, and were permitted to I siii f" V>i i ! % ['' ' u 1i;' I Wil, !li II 1 32 CANADA : PAST, PRE8SNT AND FUTCRB. From Blenheim to Chatham, is about ten miles. The first part of the road passes through heavy clay, with very few clearings, and the land heavily timbered ; afterwards the soil becomes sandy loam with more frequent and bett( r clearings. From Chatham to Port Sarnia. — ^If in the middle of either summer or winter, the traveller may take the direct road along the Baldoon Street, which is considerably the shortest, being only seventeen miles to Wal- laceburg ; but at any other season of the year he must follow the Lon- don Road through the Township of Chatham, till he arrives at Louisville, a village situated at the head of navigation of the Thames, six miles from Chatham. — Following the same road, four miles above Louisville he reaches the town line between Chatham and Camden West, which will 1 >ad him to Bear Creek. If he wishes to see a little more of the country, he may go on to Thamesville, nine miles farther. At Thames- ville, which is in the Township of Camden West, a road is cut to Bear Creek. It runs principally through uncleared land of good quality; the Soil being light loam, timber consisting of maple, beech, oak, and other hard wood. After striking the river, the road to Dresden passes over rolling land with a sandy soil. Four miles before reaching Dresden you pass through the settlement of Dawn Mills, which is twelve miles from Thamesville. Here are a grist and saw mill, carding machine, and fulling mill, and a post office and tavern. Dresden is a thriving settlement of late origin ; the situation is well chosen, being at the head of navigation of the East branch of the Syden- ham river, with water sufficiently deep to allow vessels of three hundrer*. tons to load at the banks. There is a steam saw mill in the village, and during last year (1849), two merchants alone exported three hundred thousand pipe and West India staves, and thirty thousand feet of sawed walnut lumber. Being the shipping port for what will ere long be a fine agricultural country, besides being in the heart of a large supply of fine white oak, there is no doubt that the village will eventually become a place of considerable local importance. Dresden is now situated in the Gore of Camden, which was lately part of the Township of Dawn ; the name havinj? been changed by a late Act of Parliament. In the same township, adjoining Bear Creek and close to Dresden, is a settlement of coloured people, called the " British American Institute." The money was raised, and the land purchased, by subscription. The property is vested in trustees for the benefit of the Institution. They have about three hundred acres of land, with about sixty cleared. At the commence- ment of the settlement they were very industrious, and were improving the land fast, but they appear latterly to have slackened their exertions. CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. S3 They managed, about a year and a half ago, to raise the means of erect- ing a steam saw mill, which is a convenience to the neighbourhood. Fron: i). i den to Wallaceburg is twelve miles, the road running along the soutii bank of the river. The land through Dawn and Camden West, and the Gore of Camden bordering the river, is mostly sandy loam: some of it is very rich, and contains a considerable proportion of vege- table mould. The south bank of Bear Creek is higher than the north. Between Dresden and the Forks there is a considerable quantity of un- cleared land ; while here and there may be seen a good farm. Wallaceburg might be a place of considerable importance in time, were its situation more healthy; but, unfortunately, its commercial advantages, in being situated at the junction of two navigable streams, are not sufficient to counterbalance the blighting influence of the im- mense quantity of marsh and swamp within convenient reach. Large tracts of the finest white oak timber are found in the immediate neigh- bourhood; and two steam saw mills have been erected, in one of which are seven saws, and one run of stones for grinding wheat. The village also contains a tannery and post office, has a resident collector of cus- toms and about two hundred inhabitants. A scow ferry boat is employed to cross the river. The following are the Exports /rojw the Port of WaUaceburgh from the opening of navigation to the nth cf Septembery 1850: Quantity. Denomination. Value. Furs or Paltrv £ 57 10 5087 10 75 525 2 6 10 150 600 n 407 M Standard Staves ,. 25 M. ., West India Staves 42 M. taet Sauare Timber A Feathers 26 cords Cord- wood « SO M. feet Walnut Boards , 2400 Saw*logs £6503 10 From the forks to the River St Clair is nine miles, and to Sutherland's twenty miles. A short distance north of the forks a large extent of marsh stretches away to the north and west, bounding Bear Creek and the Chenail ^art^. The road to the River St. Clair, through the Township of Sombra, is through low land. The banks of the St. Clair, through Sombra, are rather low, with many parts of the border inclined to be marshy : higher up the river the banks rise slightly, but in the lower part of the Township of Moore, there are some marshy spots. The soil r\ i ■Ui ^1 34 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. ''Jjil •;«|- !' ,':.iiia m H I! ;l ; ! ■■ 41: Itll is generally good, but too low to be very healthy. There are tt few good farms both in Sombra and the lower portion of Moore, but, gene- rally speaking, the clearings are small, and the houses and farm build- ings poor. As you approach the village of " Sutherland's" the banks become higher, and the situation of the country improves. This village is pleasantly situated, facing the river. It was laid out in the year 1833, by the late Mr. Sutherland, who greatly improved the neighbourhood by clearing land, erecting a neat Episcopal church, and other buildings, a wharf, &c. The situation is healthy. Population about a hundred. Here is a respectable tavern, the " St. Clair Inn," where a small party may get comfortable acconmiodation. Sutherland's possesses a post office ■, there is a Methodist church a short distance north of the village, and a Roman Catholic church about one mile farther north. About five miles from Sutherland's is the settlement of Talfourd's or Froomefield, which was laid out in 1836. The situation is very plea- sant. A small stream, formerly called "Commodore's Creek," here enters the River St. Clair. There were some time since, a grist and saw mill at work on this stream, but they have long been out of operation. There is a neat Episcopal chnrch and a windmill. This settlement is located on the last lot in the Township of Moore. The land in the township is generally of excellent quality, and during the last two or three years the western portion of the township has been settling up fast, and it is said that on the next concession back from the river every lot is now taken up. About one mile below Froomefield is the Government settlement of " Corunna." The lots do not appear to sell or the settlement to tnake any advance. Two taverns, however, have been erected, which are said to prove a great curse to the neighbourhood, particularly as regard^i the adjoining settlement of Indians, as, notwithstanding the laws against supplying the Indians with spirituous liquors, drunkenness is much more common amongst them than formerly ; and it is said to be impossible to prevail on an Indian, no matter how much he may be under the influ- ence of liquor, to tell from whence he obtained it. There is a tamarack swamp in the south-east comer of the township, two miles long and one mile broad. There is a store and wood- wharf on the river, about three miles below Froomefield, where about two thousand cords of wood are sold annually to the American steamboats. In the south of the Township of Moore, adjoining Sombra, is a reserve, belonging to the Chippewa Indians. It contains about four thousand two hundred acres, none of which has yet been sold. About seven lots have been squatted upon. Lots are now offered for sale at twelve shil- E. 1 ! CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 35 ■'I'. lings and six pence, ten shillings, and five shillings per acre, according to situation. To the east of Moore is the Township of Enniskillen, and to the east of Enniskillen is the Township of Brooke. These are both watered by the north branch of Bear Creek. Although there is much wet land in them, still, on the whole, they are considered excellent townships of land. Neither of them is yet much settled. Immediately after passing Froomefield, you enter the Indian Reserve in the Township of Sarnia. This reserve, which contains ten thousand two hundred and eirjhty acres, belongs to the Chippewa Indians, a num- ber of whom were collected here in the year eighteen hundred and thirty. Houses were built for them, and an officer appointed for their superin- tendence. Their conversion to Christianity, and their progress in reli- gious knowledge, and in the acquisition of sober, orderly, and industrious habits, is said to have been, under the care of the missionaries of the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society, both rapid and uniform. These Indians are tolerably industrious, and do considerable work for the white settlers on the river ; they cannot, however, be depended on for sustain- ing any amount of labour for a given time — preferring to work when they feel inclined. They are very fond of baker's bread, and spend a large portion of their earnings in purchasing it. During the fishing season, they employ much of their time in fishing, and besides what they require for their own use, they dispose of considerable quantities to the white settlers on the river. The Chippewas are described by those who have the superintendence of them, as being, with the exception of the Pottawatamies, the most unmanageable and unimprovable race of Indians in Canada. It is very difficult to domesticate them, and drill them into orderly and industrious habits ; and from their want of providence and care, their numbers are gradually diminishing. It would appear that such has always been their character. That they have from time immemorial been more addicted to warlike enterprise and roving habits than to peaceful occu- pations. According to tradition among the Indians, the Mohawks were originally settled through the whole extent of country bounded by Lakes Huron and Superior ; but were expelled by the Chippewas, who were then settled on the north shore of Lake Superior. A large party of the Mohawks were at one time encamped on a point of land, about twenty miles beyond the " Sault Ste. Marie." At night, when they were busily engaged in the dance, they were suddenly attacked by a party of Chippewas, who massacred the whole camp. Their skulls were after- wards ranged in a long row round the point, which is to this day called by the Indians "The Point of Skulls." The remnant of the Mohawks }1 I :i.;^ fe 36 CANADA : FAST, PRESENT AND TDTURE. :l' ' : ii: K 't 1 mm m i was finally driven from Canada, and settled in the valley of the Mohawk River, in the neighbourhood where Utica now stands. The Chief of the Chippewas, at the Samia reserve, is named Wawa- nosh, or, as the Indians pronounce it, Waywaynosh. About five or six years ago some complaints were made against him by the Indians, and through the influence of the superintendent he was deposed, and another chief, named Meshebeshe, j^/ace J on the throne. He has however ma- naged to regain his influence, and has been restored to his position again. In Canada the chieftainship is hereditary, while in the United States. even amongst parties of the same tribes, they f([rflow the fashion of the country they live in, and elect their chiefs. There are two other settlements under the same superintendence, one at the Riviere aux Sables, in the Township of Bosanquet, on a reserve of two thousand six hundred and fifty acres, and another almost adjoining it on a reserve of two thousand four hundred and forty-six aeres at Kettle Point in the same township. They have also purchased four hundred acres in the north-west of the Township of Enniskillen, on Bear Creek.^ This lot is used principally as sugar-bush ; about seventy acres are clearedr and five families reside on the lot. The number oflndianson these reserves is six hundred and eighty. • This includes the settlements on the Rivpr St. Clair, Bear Creek, Sables River, and Kettle Point, They are all Chip- pewas, with the exception of two or three families of Pottawatamies on P lar Creek, and a few Ottawas, pronounced Otawaws. At Kettle Point about forty acres are cleared and under cultivation, about eight or ten families are settled on the reserve. At Sables River there ure about eighty acres cleared. Only four families are now residing there,. the rest of the party having removed to Sarnia. The annuity of the Samia, Kettle Point, Bear Creek, and Sables IndSans, amounts to seven hundred and fifty pounds. These, like the rest of the Indians in Canada, receive presents annually which for adults average about eight dollars in value; and for children about three dollars each. These presents consist of blankets, cloths, calicoes, knives, and combs. They formerly received a supply of guns, powder, ball, &c., but these have been for some time discontinued. At the reserve in Samia is a large house built by the Government for the joint purpose of a church and school-house. An Indian interpreter is maintained here, whose labours extend to the other settlements in the neighbourhood. The Indian reserve extends to the village of Port Samia. Just before reaching Port Samia the bank rises slightly, and the soil becomes deep sand. Port Samia is finely situated on the St. Clair River. It was laiu JUt in the year 1833 ; and has increased considerably. Being the last place i '!■ '■ M' \i: CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTDRB. 37 at which the steamers bound to the Upper Lakes can touch, as well as a good shipping port for the surrounding country, it will doubtless be- come in time a place of considerable importance. Building is gradually extending back from the river. Two steam grist mills have been erected, to one of which a saw mill is attached, and to the other a carding ma- chine and oatmeal mill. A large foundry has also been erected, which has turned out steam engines, and other large work of an excellent quality. There are also a water saw mill and two tanneries. A steam- boat leaves here every morning for Detroit ; and the steamers "London," ** Samuel Ward," and^ Ben Franklin" call here for passengers and freight for the Sault Ste. Marie, the Bruce Mines, and mines on Lake Superior ; and a steamboat leaves once a week for Goderich. A steam ferryboat, and a horseboat ply between Port Sarnia and the American village Port Huron, on the opposite side of the river ; and a stage leaves three times a week for London. The Post also leaves twice a week for Chatham, and twice a week for Errol in Plympton. Port Sarnia possesses six churches and chapels — Episcopal, Free Church, Methodist, Baptist, Congregationalist, and Roman Catholic. The following vessels are owned here : — Amherstburg, one hundred and eight tons ; Sampson, ninety-three do ; Christina, two hundred and thirty-three do.; Elizabeth, sixty-one do.; Agnes Anne, sixty-one do.; Sinbad, two hundred and twenty-six do.; Higl.land Mary, sixteen do.; and John Malcolm, one hundred and fifteen do. ; besides the steam ferryboat " United," one hun- dred tons. The St. Clair Agricultural Society has its meetings here, and its establishment is understood to have exercised considerable influence in inducing improvement in stock and farming produce in general in the neighbourhood. Port Sarnia is a port of entry, and has a resident collector of customs ; also, a grammar and common Schools. Population between seven and eight hundred. The following are the Exports from Port Sarnia, up to the end of September, in the year 1850. Quantity. Denomination. Value. 630,000 „. Standard Staves £23,500 900 300,000 West India Steves 150,000 cubic feet Square Timl>er 2.000 1,400,000 feet Pine Boards and ScantiinEr 2,800 1,050 100 110,000 feet Walnut do. 200,000 Shingles 100,000 Liath *"V'V^N,-.».^"^'..'K/WV^'^ ■! 5 cnsf, and, malting n bniitl at its northern rxtrcmity, runs nearly parallel with FiaUe Huron, and at an uveru);e distance from it of half a mile, for about ten miles, when it enters the lake ; at about a mile from its mouth it receives " Mud Creek," a very ominous name for n stream, hi this Creelc, a Scotch gentleman, named Scugel or Scogcl, who was preparing a Work on Canada, which he had announced as " A Voice fn)m Canatia,'* was found dmvvned about three years since. lie had left Plympton with the intention of walking to Goderich, and in crossing Mud Creek it is suppose KIITIHIH. tiih o/ ./twiMtiij/, IH40. f«((«titVnllrtooliMt|| ....I. ..•.>«• ••••>• I.... ....•••> MX Mil ..••• Tolnl --n*'''»s-t- vTUHTxtnv :«3«r«f-^*T-^5tJrt- «■■« * *im9 t^xtt X 'JO 4 •J7 17 (II 7 lU 17 I IH U £ VM ;t o ir-»- - • ^ Kk\»;n«'h: /'»(>//! <'M.\7ti«i,< Duiics, rt'cfiiv*/ »'« //if MV.v/ff/i Disliitt, (lurin{( r.»»i« .\iiitn'nill<«mt( i')i\«lortvt ,,.,. , lS,'««vl«i*h, (thin iiulHili'n \Vii>ilm>i> (tViotii Ui^vtnuic. (lo:i (I .i i>•J.^ 4 -4 4.^7 I 4 4i> I 'J (I 1.010 4 n N«'l Ufvoiuu'. i' 441 (i :i 04.1 lA » 'J.1H }> <« Lcim llmii (ItlltH'lillg, 77(1 1» U> i'J.lJO 1 4 Tho tolU>\vluj{ uhstrnots t\tM\» tho oonsus juul nsjiossinoiU n)lls, will nUonv tUo jM-t^MMVI sC{»ti\juul nuio ol' iuoitntso in tl»o »lislriot, lor tho yours lS4\i, IvSU, lS4v«< i\\\d ISiNU. 'V\\o nwunxni of nvttniblo pixmorty insortoci in iho tnhlo Tor ISM> is tlmt ot" ISU>: tUo ivturus tW IS»%0 noi boinj; i«n*lo up. ^^»*-»*- OxvM, n«wnr»l | AnttniiU N «u«lvr oC :4v«'«riioia l'«tllr, \ oC Okvw A>-r»* (Vw». ' ■ «ml (Km« 'J (o 4 ; U.M««;iWo is^ia IS44 SJ,7>h; a US »iH53 411^ ! »[Uy7\X 4(iUS 34l,»J4 S* lUNADA : I'ANT, IMIKHKNT AND PlITiniK. 45 » >'V*rt*-Ww-'»*«»-»'*'^»<>»* 184H. ToWIINllill. Aii(l«'r(ltii) lloHniii|u« Mnldfii M«i'N( 4K.t4 l\54. 115708 O U 1 1 1 1 a 1 1 1 1 1 2 V! 15 w 28 -3 : a » TM) in 14 71 •211) 4H.1 11)0 •i42I5 o (Ki (IH 7'2 (ia '2l(t Kil) I4'2 '2(!:i 144 375 a7!) 175 Ha 155 •24 a '217 '2'2I •2(57 117 a5 4ia !U) '237 158 iia ao4 '270 ({420 505a o •270 107 ltd 151 458 750 a78 514 6'27 Hao 8a(i a(ii) ()04 4'2(J 44-2 4'24 a7a 875 '247 1'2(; l'2(i7 '245 4'21 255 11)7 514 580 I '2388 (Tl 115 40 '25 84 150 a27 200 242 314 31)2 31)7 na I(i8 1 1)8 177 2C.(J 174 341) 101 77 572 5!) 218 15(1 120 219 350 5615 |£ X 731)5 31.12 '2751 5202 15(i54 21330 14434 137(53 21!)7(1 32174 32312 1)143 21)770 II Dan 15443 141)1)0 1071)5 27'204 «>(>05 3!).>l O20(;9 l'2!)7(i 13572 8460 6144 143(57 1G985 .1:1 £434235 / i 1 'Hi in m ■ 1 IP ffi mm ml H ' ' \\ vw P'l ri| y, CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE, 1850. Township. Anderdon Bosanquet Brooke Camden Chatham Colchester Dawt) Dover, E. and W. .. Enniskillen Euphemia Gosfield Harwich Howard Maidstone Maiden Mersea Moore ■ Orfnrd Plyir,j;on Raleirjh Rochester llomney Sandwich Sarnia Sombra Tilbury East ... Tilbury West ... Warwick Zone Total .... § a. o m < u 'S, I- is 774 619 3471 1049 1304 2248, 429i 1598 154 1180 1150 1902 2465 761 1552 1014 1247 1295 1097 1884 619 173 1340 1036 971 657 515 1594 225 31199 5109 833 9016 10436 18213 10481 8153 4077 1805 18834 22397 22410 42569 13523 32220 4104 26060 23680 3846 27181 10715 8887 36124 10666 16460 2163 6871 24712 3732 425279 1^ e 20 r V a. o O il 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 i 2 2 Si U » 39 0) a o K 7164 9463 3009 5137 15388 22597 14520 13574 21745 33320 33254 9132 31174 11521 14941 14555 11516 26720 6480 4311 64969 13569 13032 85«7 5924 14934 18731 £449249 420; 422 340' 894 1098 1019 6511 1202 1 133 1326 1710 1822; 28371 113' 2122! 1455 1 1128 1698! 1489; 1922 694' 358 5532 577 1319 549' 645; 1097! 109 358 38 32 236 453 563 171 309 114 319 561! 434; 629 243 718 259; 387 288 144; 584 180 97 1310 148 251 291 196 258! 345 a. u CO 438 228 371 1340 1S13 1374 1147 1357 75 2589 2342 2686 5305 584 2815 1688 1365 3229 1583 3061 325 492 3628 587 1438 499 375 1656 250 34681 10118 44640 60 o 418 199 173 1037 1432 1644 638 1132 13 970 2238 1128 2731 995 3164 1543 740 1054 480 1469 982 389 4238 210 1040 77 593 437 66 31230 S 9 (4 n 3319 454 2453 3 2742 12174 16 214281113 16584 736 7399, 15 14569 1506 667i 7868 19135! 65 210411 331 28203i 660 1598 88 23668 32 5973! 90 6162 55 12954; 311 6668; 16 18622: 90 2190 90 4092! 149301618 16961 8 8013 20 567 2514 12333 1766 fl 276 165 281608 7758 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND Fl TURE. KKKKKS.'^^^'^^ T « ■+ "f -M C5 «! '.'5 CD » « !N *1 rt O «1< X? WW? -< — 05 Oi T(< 3^ so "OOOOOOOClOOwipO-OOOO'iiOOiNl^tOOi^vsOO o •* t eo O « « >0 O X r}i «0 O »>• O «-> "C w '^ 'O 'M — • b- — -s 9 c CO s ;0'-<«>050r-«00-^XO>ON.«D05?05pO«W'*On«)(NiNOt^(N XOr-i-t-MN. OOlO'OOWJ^'OlMO — OOCO C — -MXt^^W) tT OO — C>I tT 1— CC «0 « >0 '7 -O .n « '-> ■^ (M O (N 't CM r-i (M Tt £ «ooC'»-Hcp-^^500'-e^xo>'-»« O OlWWSfNXOiOOlXiO — t^ — rt'1.■: CI — o -c «~~ o 05 « — ^ i 04 «0— iC0O«0O04S0«-'*^'C -^ — Tt O (M « « 'f S'l X (N -t M _ X ^ — 1^ « i.T r: o .-• X —I X CI « C3 o '?' a . 2 B T^"^o^ooco'1. (M -f O '7^1 OJ « ,1 t . C'J . ■■: .; « fl » (M ■* ws OS '.V -^ ■*;>•■ CI •.•< •. FH 01 l-H f^ 1-^ C.' . — ■^ 1 X X 't '1' « — 01 'O ^, >c 'ii n- »* ?; •■> b- o (M » '.'5 '"w '.> I- 05 -^ 'O o « c o » •ja « 1- ■" i>. o '-< o iffl >o j'l s >o6 — i«h---«««505C5 X w W5 c>) 1^ i~ l< r>. X 00 (M c"; i^«(N'-' — c^t>.'t«05(^l•■' eo t~ (N W rr « n '•£X(X'tMO>0 (M(M005t«.tO-^ Tf 50 ■?» (N >-• i-< rs .9" o H O O O O O t^ o — O « O «' CO '"5 Ts ''^ — O O O O O •?! C O C 05 O X O tT CO CO •* *- t-. O 5*^ O X ifl — c> -> O O eo 05 «S W (N f-" ' -■ ^ -* <0 t* — -< K. -^ ^ C^ ©I i-« >■« W f-< T3 E. • C 3 M t; cr 4) w 2 f -a c ta V :« w = -s > c D. « o c 3 o e rrt ^ ^ o _, ^ ** 41 T" S "> 1* 4) rt O rt fl 4) TJ ,.o — bC n: (n u> coi>.T)<»--.o5'H(N05o~e^^-050 insOTtoi^OiOXL-s — 05XIMO— '?©'-» 'O — t^eOaoOCOSO — Ot^-f T)IXCOaOCO!Mb«C«t0500SC£)CO«0-tt^t--.(MI^OCD05 — OSC5(NC5 «5 i-iSOX'TOOXO t^0505C0«O .'•- 05 'O CC X CO IM P (N KO -N -|< i— 48 CANADA : PAST, PRESBNT AND rOTVRB. § i.- ■; i\ lU ii • There is still a large quantity of land for sale in the district. In addi- tion to the large quantity still on hand of Crown and Clergy Reserves, there are many thousand acres belonging to the Canada Company, still vacant, in addition to what is in private hands. Considering, however, the great disadvantages under which the Province in general, and the Western District in particular has had to labour ; considering also, that in the year 1817,Romney, Tilbury East and West, Rochester and Maid- stone, were stated to have no regular settlements, and altogether to have a population not exceeding one hundred and eighty, — it is more surpris- ing that it has advanced as much, than that it has advanced no farther. The following is the Quantity of Crown Lands and Clergy Reserves for sale in the Western District. The price of the Crown Lands is 8s. per acre, and the Clergy Reserves range from 8s. to 10s. per acre, according to situation and quality of soil : Crown Lands. Township. Enniskillen u Gosfield ti Maidstone it Mersea t( Moore i( Plympton Rochester ii ii Raleigh Tilbury E. Tilbury W. Warwick It ti ti tt Zone it Total . Acres. 12000 6000 1000 1000 4000 2000 600 2-200 3600 6000 4000 600 300 43300 Clergt Rkbbrves. Township. Camden .... Chiktham ... Colchester , Duwu Dover Gosfield Harwich Maidstone „ Mersea Moore Orford Plympton... Raleigh Romney Rochester... Sandwich .. Sombra Tilbury E.. Tilbury W., Warwick ..., Brooke Enniskillen. Zone Total Acres. 1400 fiOOO 6000 9600 6000 6000 2200 2400 8000 3600 1600 3400 6800 3000 3200 600 4400 7000 5800 1400 4600 10000 5000 106000 to Is 2n 3ri 4t 5tl cakaba: past, present and fctdre. 49 Government and County Officers in the Westo-n District. Judge of District Court Alexander Chewett Sandwich Sheriff John VVaddcU , Do. Clerk of Peace Charles Baby Do. Treasurer George Bullock Do. Registrar, Kent and Lambton II. Glass Chatham Registrar, Essex ,... James Askin Sandwich Ins^iector of Licenses W. G. Hall Do. Judge of Surrogate Court John A. Wilkinson Do. Registrar of do James Askin.. Do. District Clerk S. S. McDoncU Do. Deputy Clerk of Crown Peter 11. Morin Do. Civ)wn Lands Agent Dr. Patrick McMullen Do. Warden George Hyde Plympton f R. E. Vidal Port Sarnia I John F. Elliott Windsor Collectors of Customs .......| W. Cosgrove Cliathain F. Caldwell Maiden '^ Cronyn Rondeau Hugh Johnston Moore R. Pcglt-y Chatham Town S. T. Thebo Sandwich Coroners ...„ ■( W. G. Hnll Do. James Kevin Aniherstburg A. Young, jun Port Sarnia -P. P. Lecroix Sonibra As soon as the separation of the Counties of Essex, Kent, and Lamb- ton, has taken place, additional officers will be chosen for two of the counties. Lists of which will be published when complete. Division Courts. 1st Division — Sandwich, Maidstone, Rochester, and West Tiibury. Courts lield at Sandwich, onct^ in two mcii.hs. 2nd Division — Anderdon, Maiden, and Colchester. Courts held at Aniherstburg, once in two months. 3rd Division — Gosfield, Meraea, and Romney. Courts held at Mersea, once in two months. 4th Division — Chatham, from the first to the sixth concession, inclusive ; Dover East, from the first to the twelfth concession, inc'usive; and Dover West, Tilbury East, Raleigh, and Harwich. Courts held at ( !hathain, once in two months. 5th Division — Sombra, from the first to the sixth concession, inclusive ; Chatham, from the seventh concession inclusive, and Dawn, Zone, Camden, and Brooke. Courts held at Dawn Mills, once in two months. 6th Division — liosanquet, Plympton, Enniskillen, Sarnia, Moore, Warwick, and Som- bra from ibe seventh concession inclusive. Courts held at Sarnia, once in two months. %.{■! ! I i Pi ' ! ,.j3 tt 50 Canada: past, pressnt and future. 7th Division — Howard and Orford,— and the south-cas'crn part of Harwich, commenc- ing at the line bitwecn lots nine and ten, on '.he Howard and Harwich town line, then along the conceRsion line, between eight and nine east of the communication road, and then along the line between fiAcen and sixteen, west of the communication road, to the town line between Harwich and Raleigh. Courts held at Morpeth, once in two months. Distances in the Counties of Essex, Kent, and Lamhton. Chatham, to Cook's Corner, 7. Blenheim,- 12. Shrewsbury, 17. to Dauphin's Tavern, 12. Chovin's Tavern, 23. Maitiudale's Tavern, 36. Windsor, 49. Sandwich, 52. .Aniheistburg, G8. — to Louisville, 6. Thaniesvillc, 15. Moraviantown, 21. Dawn Mills, 15. Zone Mills, 24 Dresden, 19. Wallaceburg, by Baldoon St,, 17. By Dawn Mills, 31. Sutherlands, 51. Froome^ield, ^6. Port Sarnia, 61. Errol. 74. Amhcrstburg, to Colchester Pcst-OflSce, 14. Gosfi, Id village, or Kingsvillc, 25. Al- bertville, 27. Wiglc's tavcni, 34. lilc;iheiiu, 69. Morpeth 79. Orford Post Office, 86. Port Sarnia to Warwick, 24, Leaving the south-west for the northern shores and islands of Lake Huron and its neighbourh'")d> we derive much assistance from the valu- able labours of Messrs. f,ogan and Murray, the Provincial Geologists — and shall t^ierelb^e extiuct such portions of the reports as may prove available. The greater portion of the immediate coast line on the north shore of Lake Huron may be described as generally poor and rocky, in some parts wholly destitute of vegetation, in others thickly clad with trees, which, however, are of stunted growth, and of inconsiderable value. These marginal Ibrests are chiefly composed of trees common to the more n;ountainou9 parts of Canada, the species being balsam fir, spruce, red und white pine, white birch, and poplar predominating on dry parts, V. bile white cedar and tamarack :ibound on the swampy and moister ground. But while the coast line exhibits this uninviting appearance, tlie interior in many places presents a very different character, especially in the valleys of the principal stream.s, where there are frequently to be seen extensive ilats of rich nnd deep soil, producing maple, oak, elm, birch, and bassv/ood, besides o'lvi-sional groves of both red and white pine of large size. Various places of ...ns description have beon cleared and cultivated by the Indians; and where such has beeix the case, as at Spanish River, notwithstanding the rude state of aboriginal agriculture, the crops of maize and potatoes are nearly equal in both quantity and quality to those usually seen in the more favouretl latitude, and under the more enlightened system of tillage in Canada West. Canada: past, present and future. 01 The principal streams, some of which are so favored, are t-ir , ssa- lon, the Mississagui, the Serpent, and the Spanish Rivers. The first two of them, taking their origin far in the interior, where the country is represented to be spotted with numerous small lakes, run in a south- easterly direction, and fall into Lake Huron, within twenty-five miles of each other, the Thessalon nearly opposite the north point of Drummond Island, the Mississagui nearly due north from the west end of the Grand Manitoulin. The Serpent and the Spanish Rivers, whose mouths are fifteen miles apart, flow nearly due west for many miles of tliu lower part cf their course, but rise a great distance to the northward, where they are connected, as the former two, with many small lakes. The exit of the Spanish River is about fifteen miles west from the Hudson Bay Company's Post at La Cloche, and the Serpent, therefore, will be about thirty from the same point. To the westward of the Spanish River, the coast is for the most part low, but precipitous and rugged ; it abounds with safe and commodious harbours among its numerous islands and inlets, which can scarcely fail in many instances to become, in the course of time, of commercial im- portance. To the eastward of the river the scenery is improved by the gradual approach of a high range of picturesque hills, coming out upon the coast about four miles westward of the Hudson's Bay Company'.^ post at La Cloche. They are known there as the La Cloche mountains : one of their highest points was ascertained to be four hundred and eighty-two feet above the level of the lake. This part of the lake is thickly studded with islands, and the coast is much indented with exten- sive bays and inlets, which offer shelter and security, during any storm to which the V(tyager may be exposed. Indeed the whole coast from Sault Ste. Marie to the French River possesses advantages with respect to harbours that cannot be surpassed ; but some of those which are of the safest description when entered, are dangerous and difficult to approach from the open lake, in conscquencj of the numerous reels and sunken rocks lying concealed outside of them. To the eastward of the Manitoulin group of islands, another change occurs in the character of the scenery ; and between Shebawcnahning, an Indian trading post, about thirty miles east from La Cloche and the French River, the coast and islai»ds are for the most part low rocks, entirely destitute of vegetation. The La Cloche hills recede to the northward, and these being lost to the eye before wt- reach the French River, there extends to the horizon in the direction in which they vanish, a dreary and desolate waste of low broken country, %/hile the water of the lake bounds the prospect to the south. ' It : ■■; J- I'll' i{ 02 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FOTUKEr The French River is a continuous chain of long narrow lakes, which, lyinff at small elevations, one over the other, are connected by short rapids and falls ; these lakes are crowded with large and small islands, the channels among which are frequently contracted to a few yards in width, and thus acquire, in many places, a fluviatile aemblanee ; and the waters of Lake Nipissing, after passing through these successive quiet intervals, join those of Lake Huron by four main outlets, about four miles apart from each other, which are included in a distance of fifteen or sixteen miles. From various points up these main channels, a multitude of narrow outlets break off, and the whole divide the land at the mouth of the river into a perfect labyrinth of small islands. The principal channel is the one farthest west, generally known as the north channel, and it was through this, that the measurements and examination were carried ; it joins the lake in latitude 45° 57' north, and longitude &1° 7 ' west, according to Captain Bayfield's Chart ; and a straight course from this point to the south side of the outlet of Lake Nipissing, would bear by compass N. 75" E., the distance being fifty nine miles. Following the bends of the channel, there are three general courses ; the first north-easterly for a distance of seven miles ; the second nearly due east for thirty three and a half miles ; while the third turns about two points to the northward of east, and reaches Lake Nipissing in twenty one miles. The variation of the compass was found by azimuths of the sun to be l* 55' W., at the mouth of the river, and 4" 25' W., at a short distance from Lake Nipissing. Ascending the north channel, three outlets are met with, at the respective distances of six, nine and a half, and ten and quarter miles, which are said to unite about two miles to the southward, and constitute the second main channel : two more outlets at the re- spective distances of twelve and twenty four miles unite to form the third main channel, and the fourth separates in a single stream at the distance of twenty-eight miles. The country through which the north channel passes, is for the most part low and barren, affording little diversity of scerery ; it is scantily clothed with timber, consisting of red, white, and pitch pine, the first two of which sometimes appeared to attain a tolerable size, but were in no case that came under my observation, of sufficient dimensions to be of commercial value ; and the last is always of diminutive size. The im- mediate banks of the channel are abrupt and precipitous, sometimes rising vertically for nearly seveMy feet : from their rocky nature land- ing is often found difficult, and eligible places for encampment are exceedingly scarce : indeed tliere were but three occasions on which we found, on pitching our teraiB, a sufficiency of soil to admit our tent pins being driven into the ground. CANADA: PAST, PRESKNT AND FUTURE. 53 After carefully levelling every part on the river where a current was visible, and making an allowance for those where no flow was percep- tible, the total difference of height between Lakes Huron and Nipissing appears to be sixty-nine feet. In ascending the river it was found ne- cessary to make seven different portages, but in descending, all these can be run by canoes with the exception of two ; these are 'he Chaudicre and the Grand Recollet, the former of which is about a quarter of a mile long, while none of the others exceeds a few yards. There were indica- tions in the water marks of both Lake Huron and I^ike Nipissing, that tbey have sunk considerably below their ancient levels, and a cor- responding fall could be traced in each successive lake of the chuin between them. On Lake Huron the difTerciice was ascertained by the spirit level to be 4.10 feet; on LAke Nipissing the following measure- ments were carefully taken by a tape against a vertical rock : — Ft. In. Spring mark of this year over the existing level .... 2 Old mark above the .spring mark 3 t) Another mark, supposed to be the old spring mark above the old summer mark 2 6 From this it would r ppoar that the ancient average level of Lake Nipissing was three feet nine inches higher than the highest level it now attains during the freshets of the spring. A ridge of land, which, proceeding from the vicinity of the Falls of Niagara, sweeps round the upper extremity of Lake Ontario, and run- ning thence into the promontory of Cape Iliird and Cabot's Head, is represented in continuation by the Manitoulin Islands, divides Lake Huron into two parts, which may be called ihe south and the north. The south part constituting the great body of the lake^ with a circum- ference exceeding seven hundred and twenty lineal miles, has an ar .;a of about fourteen thousand square miles ; the north portion is again divided into two parts, the east and the wnst, the former of which, called the Geoi^iau Bay, extending from Nottawasaga to Shebawenah- ning, and the eastern extremity of the Great Manitoulin Island, with a length of one hundred and twenty miles, and a breadth of fifty, hrus an area of about six thousand square miles ; while the remainder, called the North Channel, gradually narrowing as it proceeds westward, presents a surface, exclusive of the various islands with wliich it is studded, particularly in the eastern end, of seventeen hundred squar-^. miles ; the whole area of the water of the lake would thus appear to be twenty-one Uiousand square milas- 11 ■? Willi IH 54 CANADA: PAST, PRE8RNT AND rUTURE. 'H' (i< '!■ i: 1 '• ] li ■ li III ■1 f I i I Only four of the iHlands which there serve to divide the lake go under the denomination of the Manitoulins ; these are generally desig- nated on maps — Drummond, Cockburn, Great Manitoulm, and Fitzwil- 11am or Ilorsc Islands ; but there arc many othe-s of minor importance which are links in the same chain, and exhibit simi' u* geographical and geological features, and with St. Joseph and La Cloche Islands, it will be convenient for the present to suppose them included under the general name. The same formations which constitute the Manitoulin Islands, consti- tute also the Peninsular promontory of which they are an interrupted prolongation, and a uniform geographical character thus runs through the whole. That part of this promontory and the islands, which faces the great body of the lake, presents a general line, leaving out coves and inlets, coinciding with the strike, which, forming a bearing of twenty degrees east of north, gradually bends round to half as many north of east, in a distance of one hundred and seventy miles ; from this line the land slopes gently up, for a varying breadth, and to a varying height, (the breadth and height gradually diminishing proceeding westward,) and then falls precipitously in escarpments in the opposite direction, which arc deeply indented by many transverse ravines. The form of surface which is thus presented by this belt above the level of the lake is maintained below, and the result is, that while the lake on the shelving side is shallow, affording a dangerous approach to the land, and few good harbours, on the opposite side it is deep, and good harbours for all sizes of vessels abound, the transverse ravines becoming sounds, long inlets aiid capacious bays, with plenty of water and good shelter. Such being the main general geographical features of the belt, divers peculiaritios prevail in particular parts, and these diversities occur on the abrupt rather than on the shelving side. Proceeding along the former, Drummond and Cockburn Islands present escarpments close upon these coasts, whose summits seldom rise higher than fifty or sixty feet over the level of the lake, but reaching Cape Robert on the Grand Manitoulin, our measurement made the cliffs one hundred and fifty-five feet, and thus they continue to Barrie and the east side of Bayfield Sound. Beyond this they leave the shore, but re-appear again south of the Sheguenandod, an Indian village in Manitouwaning Bay, and are again seen at Wequamekong, near the Roman Catholic mission in Smith's Bay, and at Cape Smith beyond. In the neighbourhood of Sheguenandod and Wequamekong, from the foot of the escarpment mentioned, the land slopes upward northerly, rising to the edge of a second but less bold and weu-definod escarpment, which is seen at La CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. M WV^'v,*.*.-^^.-. Clocho Strait and Point Peter, where it attains an elevation of one hun- dred and thirty to one hundred and forty feet. The eastern extremity of the Grand Manitoulin Island, and the line of coast l)ct\veen Cabot's Head and Cape Ilurd are sections nearly transverse to tlu! formations of the belt, and the island that lies between them, in no case successively separated by intervals of water exceeding s 'ven miles, are points shew- ing their connection. All these islands present an abrupt escarpment to the north-east, and a gentle slope in a contrary direction. The same character is more grandly dis[)layed in the coast l)etwecn Cape llurd and Cabot's Head, and it serves to illustrate the structure in other parts ; the distance between the points is seventeen miles, and the edge of an abrupt limestone cliff is seen t- rise gradually from the; one to the other until it attains a height of thi- iidred and twenty-nine feet, standing almost perpendicularly over the water. South of Cabot's Head the coast continues to present bold precipices, — sometimes upwards of two hun- dred and t venty feet high, — for the greater part of the distance (/) Owen Sound; eastward of this it has a height of about one hundred ai d sixty to one hundred and seventy feet, at Campl)eirs Cliff, between Cape William and Point Rich; — the escarpment receding thcnf into the interior, and coming out again in Nottawasaga Bay, can be traced along the shore to Beaver Brook, in the Township of Collingwood, farther on in which, leaving the water, and striking into the interior in the south- easterly direction, the range to which it belongs gains in height, and becomes of sufHcient importance to be dignified with the title of the Blue Mountains. Around the extremity of Nottawasaga Bay the land is low, but in the Peninsula, which lies between it and Matchedash Bay, a feature of the same kind as characterises the Manitoulin Belt is observed. From the south-west the land gradually slopes up, and falls in escarpments on the north-east at Point Adams and Point Gloucester, — and the same form is carried out into the islands at the extremity of the Peninsula, from the south-west side of Christian Island to the Giants' Tomb, whose bold north-eastern slope corresponds with that of Point Adams. Along the bold shore of the south-western side of the Georgian Bay, the water is very deep at a very short distance out from the land, as may be seen by a reference to Captain Bayfield's admirable Chart of the lake 4 a mile out from Cabot's Head it is represented to be lour hundred and sixty feet, and in Pyers' Bay five hundred feet, three miles out. Yet at every point and island, and sometimes also in the bays, it is observable that a fringe of reefs prevails close in upon the shore ; the peefs all appear to be composed of loose blocks, and are probably in part derived from the destruction of the neighbouring cliffs, and they make it .'3i • i m IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ // 1.0 I.I IM !£ 1^ 12.0 u IL25 mu Ii4 Photographic Sdences Corporation 1 \ ,v <^ 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. USIO (716)I73-4S03 i\ > A, -^ -vv^^ -s (lutirtz, {issoci.-itcil ofton with dolumitic spar ; many hold the yellow sul- l)lmrct of copper in snmll quantities, while others combine with it vitreous copper, and variegated copper in workable abundance. What breadth of country this series of rocks may occupy, or what vertical thickness it may attain, there was no opportunity of determin- ing. The visits made to the north shore weie for the most part confined to places where veins holding metalliferous ores were known to exist, of which it was considered proper to obtain exact information, and the excursions made into the interior did not exceed the distance of two or three miles up a few of the streams, which were of easy access. The difFercnt members of this scries of rocks appear to be in so many cases interstratified with one another, that until a larger number of facts are collected, it would be difficult to make the relation of those portions that have been observed perfectly understood ; and it therefore perhaps, for the present, will be sullicient to state some few points at which some of the most important examples of these were met with. The limestone part of the formation was seen for the first time on Echo Lake, a small sheet of water about two and a half miles, bearing a little to the east of north, from the most northern part of Lake George. The rock consti- tutes two prominent points, one on the east, and the other on the west side, near the mid-length of the lake, and appeared to dip to the south at an angle not exceeding 45". It is overlaid by sycnitic conglomerate and quartz rock, which are seen on both sides of the lake farther down, and a range of hills, which must be imposed on them, is intersected by the discharging stream. Syenitic conglomerate underlies the limestone, and quartz rock follows it to the north. Proceeding along the coast, white quartz appears to form its various points, and the many islands near it, from the foot of Lake George to the foot of Lake St. Joseph, and the upper end of the north channel. A few scattered small red jasper pebbles were occasionally met with in it, but in no case forming a congIomerL.te. Many boulders, however, of the red jasper conglomerate were observed in the vicinity ; but the only locality in which this beautiful rock was seen in place in any great mass, was on a small lake situated in the interior, about three miles from the coast, and discharging by a small shoal rivulet, the mouth of which is about a mile and a half west of Portlock Harbour. The three large islands which are met with at the west end of the north channel, two of them being those which assist in forming Portlock Harbour, and the third and largest, that on which Campment d'Ours is situated, (of which only the northern half is included) consist chiefly of syenitic conglome- rate, and this rock composes the main coast two miles farther east, and is succeeded by a re-appearance of the limestone, which is displayed on CANADA : PAST, PRBIENT AND FUTCTRE. G3 a point three-quarters of a mile above the French iMJiincls, which are noiirly north of the east end ol St. Joseph's Island. The coast up to these islands, and for a mile and three-quarters beyond, is greenstone^ and this rock there constitutes part of the front of the Bruce Mines locu- tion, on the east side of which, at Eaj^le Point, quartz rock again makes its appearance. Omitting several points which were touched at along the coast, and proceeding to La Cloche, the quartz rock was there found in a develop- ment which must be several thousand feet thick, constituting the range of picturesque mountains which run for many miles along the border of the lake — and the limestone is again seen to the north of these moun- tains, on a lake about two miles from the coast, at the Hudson Bay Company's Post. On a cluster of small islands about midway across the north channel, nearly due south from the Spanish River location, granite was found breaking through the quartz rock ; it was coarse grained, having large crj'stals of feldspar, and large leaves of mica, while the grains of quartz were small; the colour of the rock was red. On one of the islands, quartz rock beds on opposite sides of the granite were observed to dip in opposite directions, north on the north side, and south on the south side, at an angle of 70° or 80°; and in another of the islands, the quartz rock and granite were seen in juxta-position, the former reclining on the latter. In this case the quartz rock was traversed by several trap dykes running slightly oblique to the strike, while granitic veins ran trans- versely through the whole, and were continued through a main body or nucleus of granite ; the one granite being distinguishable from the other, notwithstanding the red colour of both, by the finer texture of (he veins. The fossiliferous series, as before observed, is j -ipported unconformably by the older rocks already described; in th. r.orth channel they are seen to rest upon the tilted edges of the quartz rock formation, while at Penetanguishene and Matchadash Bay, they repose upon the metamor- phic or gneissoid series. Their attitude throughout the whole region seems to indicate a perfect state of quiescence from the time they were originally deposited; they horizontally fill up hollows in the older rocks, and while the irregularities of this ancient bottom are so great that different members of the fossiliferous group are found in contact with it in different parts, they are no where throughout the district affected by trap dykes, faults or other marks of disturbance. The Potsdam sandstone formation is not extensively developed on Lake Huron ; it was observed on various parts of the River St. Mary, between the Sault St. Marie and Sugar Island, and it was again seen at the east end of the north channel on the island of La Cloche, as well 64 CANADA : PAST, PRBSENT AND rVTURC. *.V^,*V^.i^.«,A.^ ^^.^*J^^.v^.^.•. ' h)urt'd liincstoni's, which K«'"*'niily Wfiilher to a light yollow, and whore wxiwsrd to tho action of the lake, prt'si'nt cellu- lar t'n.tlf'd surlac'os. The l)C(l.s at the top of the I'urmatiun, where they come in contact with the l-'ticu slates, arc very bituniinuus, generally of a dark grey colour on fracture, weathering to a bright orange when exposcil. The whole formation is very i'ossililerouH ; in the lower por- tions of the series the most prevalent genera are Orthocrms, (a largo species,) Isotelus, Bumuates, Pluurotomariti, Suhii/itrs, Ci/pricanlia, Itep- tena, Atryjio^ Linsruh, with enerinitcs, corals and I'ucoids and most of the same genera arc found in the higher parts. A perlect section of the formation was obtained between protruding ridges o( the quartz rock on La Cloche Island, and the neighbouring point of the grand Manitoulin, where the rate of inclination, although inappreciable to the eye, is uniformly nearly south, descending at the rate of from thirty-five to forty feet in a mile. Taking the maximum as the rate of dip, the total thickness of the formation would be about three hundred and twenty feet. The Utica slate formation is generally concealed by drift at the wes- tern end of Loke Huron, but indications ol' its presence were Ibund on the Island St. Joseph, opposite the southern point of Ncebeesh Island, and in some of the small islands between 8t. Joseph and Drummond Islands. The first good development met with, travelling eastward, is on a group of islands, nearly due north of Maple Cape, on the Grand Manitoulin, where it is seen to rest upon the Trenton limestone ; on a small island in Shegucnandod Bay, and likewise on the island of Shc- guenandon, it is again seen in contact with the Trenton limestone; but at the Indian village of Shegucnandod it reposes unconformably upon the north side of a ridge of the quartz formation. It then can be traced across the point between Manitouwaning and Wequamekong Bays, beyond which it again appears at Cape Smith, and finally it strikes into the main land in Nottawasaga Bay, where it once more marks the upper boundary of the Trenton limestone. In mineral quality this formation is usually a jet black bituminous shale, which on exposure weathers to a pale yellow or buff colour, or decomposing under the influence of the atmosphere, becomes a mass of black bituminous clay. On Lake Huron, as in other parts of Canada and the United States, this formation has been frequently supposed to indicate the presence of coal, and many erroneous statements have been made with regard to it. Its position in the geological series has been frequently adverted to in former reports, where it has been distinctly E m 66 CANADA : PAST, PnESENT AND FUTURE. ■:■! >-^.-v.^.-<.v Utica slates 50 Loraine shales 200 Medina sandstones 103 Niagara limestones, including the Clinton groupe. . . .560 Total 1273 With the exception of the veins holding copper ore, not much of eco- nomic importance came under notice on Lake Huron. Specimens of specular iron were shewn me on more than one occasion, and I was informed that a vein of that description of ore existed in the neighbour- hood of Penetanguiidiine. On the northern shore of St. Joseph Island, near Campment d'Ours, there is a large quantity of very fine silicious sand, probably derived from the disintegration of the quartz rock beds, which appears suitable for the manufacture of glass. It is quite free from calcareous matter, but slightly marked by spots of a very pale yellowish colour, occasioned by the presence of a very small portion of the peroxyd of iron ; but in a district where so large an extent of pure white quartz rock is met with, there can be little doubt that a material fit for such an application would be by no means scarce. Although stone fit for lithographic purposes has been found in the Trenton limestone formatiqn, at various parts east from Lake Simcoe, no rock of similar quality was observed in that formation on Lake Huron. The only useful purposes for which the beds of the Trenton group are adapted, are as building stone, and for burning into quick- lime ; for the latter purpose most of the lower beds are too arenaceous, but good lime can be obtained from most of the higher parts of the formation. Wherever the Niagara limestone exists, an excellent material for building purposes is procurable ; its value in this respect has already been well tested on the Weliand Canal, and in other parts of Canada West, where the stone has been obtained from that formation. The stone which the same group afl^ords upon Lake Huron, is in no respect inferior in quality to the rocks at Thorold and Hamilton. Many beds likewise of the same formation burn into good lime ; they are generally whiter in exterior appearance than the rest of the deposit. That the north shore of Lake Huron is destined, sooner or later, to become a mineral region of importance, appears very probable. The most important locality that came under my observation, is situ- ated on the main shore, between the French and Palladeau Islands about ten miles westward of Thessalon Point. On it exist the copper lodes, which have acquired for the spot the designation of the Bruce 1 1 m 1 ill 70 CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURB. Mines. On the location there are at least two, perhaps three, and not at all improbably more veins with valuable metallic indications. Two of these are evident on that part of the ground which has been cleared close to the water's edge, at the landing place ; and another, which is the one now worked, about thirteen chains to the north-east of it. This latter vein has been stripped of moss and underwood, and can readily be traced for upwards of a quarter of a mile ; the width varies from three to six feet, and at every point exposed it is highly charged with ores of copper. The matrix of the lode is white semi-translucent quartz, which is enclosed within two well defined walls of greenstone,, there the rock of the country. The run of the lode on an average is north- west and south-east, and it underlies to the north-eastward, about 80°. The ore is, for the greater part, the yellow sulphuret, but variegated copper and vitreous copper likewise occur. Beautiful crystals of all the species are occasionally found in druses in the lode, with quartz, calc spar, and pearl spar, and sometimes sulphate of barytes. Two trans- verse faults or cross-courses were observed ; one of which throws the vein to the north-eastward, on the north-west side, about twenty yards ; the other cuts, but does not displace the lode ; where this latter occurs, the lode on each side of the fissure which crosses it, is suddenly contracted to about eighteen inches in width, and while the ore on the east side was the yellow sulphuret, almost the whole of it was variegated copper on the west ; the fissure itself held no metalliferous indications, but was filled with a clay called ^?icc«n, by miners. A considerable quantity of carbonate of copper, in a pulverulent condition, was found wi the upper surface of the lode at this part, and several bushels of it had been col- lected within the space of eight or ten yards. Two shafts were in progress on the vein, one being down about forty-two feet, and the other about fifteen feet. At the bottom of each, the ore appeared to be as abundant, and the width of the vein as great, as on the surface. The most of the ore that was then out, was from the surface, having been worked in an open drift for about two hundred yards. An estimated quantity of four hundred tons of ore was piled ready for transportation, part of which has since been taken to Boston, where it was sampled and assayed, and found to yield a produce of 9.90 per cent, of copper, tried in the dry way, and 11.50 per cent., in the moist way. In every respect the lofcation appears highly favoured ; the mineral indications are strongly encouraging ; the harbour is excellent for boats and small craft ; and the means of transporting the produce of its mines easy and convenient. In the harbour there is a small island where vessels drawing ten feet water can lay alongside, take in and discharge cargo." CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 71 Mk. Logan says — '* The north shore of Lake Huron, on which twenty- two n\ining locations have been claimed of the Government, in so far as it has come under my observation, presents an undulating country, rising into hills which sometimes attain the height of four hundred to seven hundred feet above the lake. These occasionally exhibit rugged escarpments and naked rocky surfaces ; but in general their surfaces are rather rounded, and their flanks, with the valleys separating one range from another, are most frequently well clothed with hard and soft wood, often of large growth, and of such species as are valual)le in commerce — in many places giving promise of a good arable soil. Many of the slopes are gentle, and many of the valleys wide. Five princii)al rivers, besides several of inferior note, flow through the country, and it appears to abound in Lakes. The principal streams are the Thcssalon, the Mississagui, the Serpent, the Spanish lliver, and the Whitefish, of which the mouths are from fifteen to thirty miles apart The Mississagui and the Spanish rivers are the largest two, the reported length of the former being one hundred and twenty and of the latter two hundred miles ; the other three are probably not much over fifty to sixty miles each. In the distances measured, the Thessalon and the Mississagui flow from the north-west to the south-east ; the Spanish River from the north of east to the south of west — and this is navigable for craft drawing not over five feet, for thirty-five miles from its mouth. The series of rocks occupying this country, from the connecting link between Lakes Huron and Superior to the vicinity of Shebawenahning, a distance of one hundred and twenty miles, with a breadth in some places of ten, and in others exceeding twenty miles, it appears to me, must be taken as belonging to one formation; on the west it seems to repose on the granite which was represented in my report on Lake Superior as run- ning to the east of Gros Cap, north of Sault Ste. Marie ; on the east the game supporting granite was observed by Mr. Murray, north of La Cloche, between three and four miles in a straight line up the Riviere aux Sables, a south-flowing tributary of the Spanish River ; and again, about an equal distance up another and parallel tributary joining that stream eight miles farther from its mouth, in both cases about ten miles from the coast. The series is to be divided into rocks of a sedimentary and rocks of an igneous origin. " The sedimentary portion consists of sandstones, conglomerates, slates and limestones. The sandstones are sometimes grey, but more generally white ; they are almost purely silicious, and principally fine grained, but the granular texture is often lost, and great masses assuming a vitreous lustre, present the character of a perfect quartz rock, which is met with of both the colours mentioned ; and when white, it sometimes ^!i !! f 72 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. V\, 'V%/''ta'\/S. '\,^ "VN. % * . I f ft' H 'HI- n i.;:4 ^m fin: l|! exhibits precisely the aspect of the milky or greasy quartz of mineralo- gists. The quartz rock, in caddition to white and grey, is not unfrequently of a reddish colour, and somes a decided red, seemingly derived from minute and thickly disseminated spots, or a diffused tinge of an orange red, probably due to the presence of iron ; but the spots a'-e sometimes of a larger size, and so arranged as to give the stone a speckled appear- ance. In the granular varieties considerable masses of the rock some- times present a white with a faint tinge of sea green, which seems to arise from a small quantity of finely disseminated epidote. The rock often becomes coarse grained, assuming the character of a conglomerate, the pebbles of which vary from the size of a duck shot to that of grape and canister. These pebbles are almost entirely either of opaque white vitreous quartz or varions coloured jaspers ; some few are of lydian stone, and some of hornstone, and other rarieties. The pebbles are often disposed in thin layers at the top or bottom, or in the midst of finer grained beds ; but they are sometimes arranged in thicker bands, which swell into mountain masses, and blood-red jaspers are often disseminated in these to a preponderating degree on a nearly pure white gronnd, giving a brilliant, unique and beautiful rock, which appears to charac- terize some ranges of considerable importance. When considerable masses of a fine-grained or vitrified quality are met with, it is often difficult, if not impossible, to determine the bedding ; and the rock, in such cases, having usually a jointed structure, with planes of division in several directions, some of which are frequently nearly horizontal or moderately inclined, it would not be safe to assume any of them as indicating the dip, until bands distinguished by differences of colour, or changes in the texture from fine to coarse grained, or the occurrence of a line or surface of pebbles, may give the means of deciding. The bed- ding, however, is often well defined by such indications as these, and it not unfrequently happens that surfaces present ripple mark, and strata display elementary layers oblique to the general plane. The sandstones sometimes, but rarely, exhibit a slaty or flaggy structure, and they appear then to hold a small quantity of mica. " In addition to those already mentioned, conglomerates of a distinctly different character belong to the formation. They are composed chiefly of syenitic pebbles, held in an argillo-arenaceous cement of a grey, and more frequently of a greenish colour, from the presence of chlorite* The pebbles which are of reddish and grey colours, vary greatly in size, being sometimes no larger than swan shot, and at others boulders rather than pebbles, measuring upwards of a foot in diameter. The quantities, too, in which they are aggregated vary much ; they some- times confititute nearly the whole mass of the rock, leaving but few CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND Ft TURE. 73 interstices for a matrix, and sometimes, on the contrary, they are so sparingly disseminated through considerable masses of the matrix, as to leave spaces of several feet between neighbouring pebbles, which are still in such cases often several inches in diameter ; with the syenitic pebbles are occasionally associated some of different coloured jaspers. The matrix appears often to pass on the one hand into the grey quartz rock by an increased proportion of the arenaceous particles, and on the other into. a thin-bedded greenish fine-grained slate, which is sometimes very chloritic. A third form the matrix sometimes assumes is one in which it is scarcely distinguishable from fine-grained greenstone trap. In the slate the stratification is often marked by slight differences of colour, in the direction of which it is occasionally cleavable ; the band in other instances are firmly soldered together, but in both cases joints usually prevail, dividing the rock into rhombohedral forms, which are sometimes very perfect. The limestones belonging to the formation are probably confined to one band, the thickness of which in different parts may range from fifty to one hundred and fifty feet. The texture of the rock is usually com- pact, but sometimes partially granular, and its colours are green, buff, and dark grey, the two former prevailing ; some of the beds are occa- sionally met with of a dull white, with a waxy lustre, which weather to a yellowish brown on the exterior, and appear to be dolomitic. The whole band is in general thin-bedded, and a diversity of quality in the layers, probably arising from the presence of more or less silicious mat- ter, causes the surface of weathered blocks to present a set of bold but minute ribs of various thicknesses, which, when the beds are much affected, as they often are, by diminutive undulations, contortions and dislocations, exhibit on a small scale, a beautiful representation of almost accidents that occur in stratification, affording very excellent ready- made geological models. Interstratified beds of chert are very frequently met with in the band, and they vary in thickness from mere lines, to the measure of several inches. The same diversity of colour belongs to the chert as to the limestone. The igneous rocks, which, from what appears to me their peculiar relation to the stratification as overflows, it will be convenient to con- sider constituent parts of the formation, may be classed as a whole under the denomination of greenstone trap. The masses they present are sometimes very great, and in such cases, the trap usually consists of a greenish white feldspar, and dark-green or black hornblende. The feld- spar, however, is sometimes tinged more or less with red, and the trap then occasionally appears to pass into a syenite by the addition of a very sparing amount of quartz. These two forms of the trap are almost 74 CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FCTURE. ^^^^^^^N^S^^W ;^-:.:/tll'1' lil'vl 3 'i ':. :l; always highly crj'staline, and in general not very fine-grained; the greenstone, however, sometimes displays a fine texture, and in such cases a large amount of it frequently holds much disseminated chlorite, giving a very decided green colour, and patches are found containing so great a proportion of the mineral as to yield with facility to the knife, affording to the Indians an excellent material for the manufacture of their calumets or tobacco pipes. In addition to the chlorite, epidote is a prevailing mineral in this quality of the trap. Associated with the chloritic green- stone, amygdaloid was in one place seen, some of the cellules of which contained quartz, others calc-spar, a third set held bitter spar, and some few specular iron. The amygdaloid trap was very distinctly arrranged in layers, which, though they did not exceed two or three in number, gave with beds of porphyritic greenstone, containing large crystals of feldspar, occuring near the amygdaloid, a stratified aspect to the whole of the mass of trap associated with them. No such decided appear- ance of stratification was met with in the more crystalline greenstones. Of the members thus constituting the formation, the sandstones, or quartz rock, with their aibordinate conglomerates, both in individual ranges, and in the aggregate, appear to possess the largest volume ; the greenstones seem to be next in importance, some of the bands attaining 600 to 1000 feet ; the syenitic conglomerates and their associated slates follow, and the limestone band of which the thickness has been stated, though very persistent, is of trifling comparative amount. On the Thessalon Lakes, great mountain masses of quart rock, with subordinate jasper conglomerates, appear to underlie the limestone, and at La Cloche, a band of 3000 to 4000 feet rests upon it. The metalliferous veins intersect all the rocks that have been men- tioned. They are probably themselves intersected by cross courses, breaking their regular continuity ; but that slips or displacements of the country on opposite sides of the veins have occurred, when the fissures were formed that constitute their mould or receptacle, is not lefl in doubt. Numerous instances were observed, where both granite and greenstone dykes, cut by the metalliferous veins, were suddenly heaved considerably out of their course. This fact may by some be deemed valuable, as showing the probable great depth and distance to which the veins may run. The metal which these veins hold in the greatest quantity is cop- per, and the ores in w^hich it occurs, are vitreous copper, variegated copper, and copper pyrites. Iron pyrites is sometimes associated with them, but in general not in large quantity. Copper pyrites in one instance was accompanied by rutile, and in another by the arsenuretted sulphuret of iron and nickel, containing a trace of cobalt. The gangue or vein-stone in which the copper ores are contained is in general white CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 75 gen men- quartz, and there is very often present, but not in very great quantity, white compact dolomite, which in druses assumes the forms of pearl spar, and brown or bitter spar ; calc-spar also appears occasionally in druses in dog-tooth crystals. The veins vary in breadth from a few inches to sometimes thirty feet, but when of this last great breadth, or even much less, they usually contain a considerable amount of brecciated wall-rock, mixed up with the gangue ; many of them range from one to three and four feet, and their slope or underlie varies from about 50° to 90°. From such as might be considered master lodes, innumerable branches of various sizes start, some of which visibly diminish before proceeding far, and dwindle to nothing, while others maintain moderate widths, with much regularity, for considerable distances, and may run to a junction with parallel lodes. The lodes have a bearing agreeing with the general strike of the formation, which roughly coincides with the general trend of the coast. They are thus, in a rude way, parallel to one another, and run in a direction between west and north-west, more nearly approaching the latter. The quantity of copper contained in the lodes is very various, ranging from what might result from mere specks of ore in some, to the contents of large workable quantities in others. Specimens of ore were taken from many lodes ; but it would be a very distant approach to the probable contents of a lode that would be ascer- tained by means of mere hand specimens, with whatever fair intentions they might have been selected. In no part of the country visited, from the vicinity of Sault Ste. Marie to Shebawenahning was any great area wholly destitute of cupriferous veins, and it would appear singular if a region extending over a space of between one and two thousand square miles, and so marked by indi- cations, did not in the course of time yield many valuable results. In regard to the productiveness of the lodes, it is to be remarked that it appears probable it will be different in the different qualities of rock they may intersect. So far as my observation went, it appeared to me to be a fact that the copper was most abundant in the greenstone, least so in the sandstone or quartz rock, and more copious in the slates than in the syenitic conglomerates. In the quartz rock the white quartz veins oflen appeared nearly destitute of ore, presenting but a few straggling specks of the yellow sulphuret, at great intervals from one another ; and when a vein charged with ore in the greenstone could be traced to the quartz rock, it seemed gradually to lose what richness it might have had, as it approached the latter, finally presenting when it reached it, little else than veinstone, its breadth remaining undiminished. When ^1 l|1 'i 76 CANADA PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. ■.*.»v.*,"i.*.'V.*,» •.-.•w*"..'. 'V.X.'S. "v. ^^ -l.'V^.^ by dislocation or the presence of a dyke, quartz rock was brought oppo- site to greenstone, a cupriferous vein would occasionally be found be- tween them, and what might be considered an encouraging quantity of ore was sometimes met with in it. The chief difference in the copper bearing rocks of Lakes Huron and Superior, seems to lie in the great amount of amygdaloidal trap present among the latter, and of white quartz rock or sandstone among the former. But on the Canadian side of Lake Superior there are some considerable areas, in which important masses of interstratified green- stone exist, without amygdaloid, while white sandstones are present in others, as on the south side of Thunder Bay, though not in the same state of vitrification as those of Huron. Of the twenty-two mining locations claimed of the Government, on the north shore of Lake Huron, that which, in the Map of the Crown Land Department bears upon it the name of Cuthbertson, being at present the eleventh from Root River, and the sixth from the exit of Lake St. Joseph, displays a collection of mineral veins, which have been more thoroughly tested by the works of the parties interested in them, than any others on the lake. These, therefore, were selected for exam- ination. In the Report on the mineral region of Lake Superior, some general remarks were made, which I am desirous should be borne in mind, on the uncertainties that must unavoidably attend the search for such metals as occur in mineral '''eins, particularly in a new country. These uncer- tainties arise chiefly from the difficulty of estimating beforehand, with exactness, the quantity of the metal sought, that any area in the plane of the vein may produce. This results from three circumstances ; — the varying proportions in the thickness or form of the vien, the varying proportions of the pure ore in its distribution in this irregular form, and the varying proportions of the pure metal in the irregularly distributed ore. The form of the vein may be compared to that of a very exten- sive and profound rough-surfaced fissure, (without known limits either way,) the opposite sides of which having slipped on one another, do not fit, but touch in some parts, stand asunder in others, and approach and recede in endless fluctuations, while multitudes of fragments, cracked off and fallen from the walls, caught and suspended in the crevice, and often resting upon one another in a loose mass, block up various parts, leav- ing a general space so irregular as to defy all attempt to determine it with precision by any rule. The swelling and attenuating, knotted, perforated, and ragged sheet which would fill this mould is the v^in, and it is composed of a mechanical mixture of earthy and metallic minerals, as irregular in their proportional distribution as the sheet is CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTUHE. 77 In the measurement of its thickness. In some few spots it may be wholly pure ore ; in many large and small areas, it may consint of the earthy minerals without any ore at all ; and in the remainder it may consist of any indefinate proportion of the two that lies between all and nothing. The pure ore or metallic minerals are definite chemical com- pounds, in which the metal is held in fixed proportions, according to the species of the minerals, as found described in mineralogical works ; and the irregularities in regard to them arise from two or more species being frequently mechanically mingled together, in proportions as inde- finite as those relating to the earthy and metallic minerals. It is evi- dent from this that the quantity of pure metal, in any given area in the plane of a mineral vein, can be only approximately ascertained, by arbi- trarily assuming as data for calculation the results of experiments on parts. The more numerous and extensive the parts selected the nearer will be the approximation to the truth ; and those portions of a lode available for such a purpose, are the outcrop when uninjured by atmos- pheric influences, horizontal galleries or levels, and vertical or inclined shafts. The edges of the concealed metalliferous sheet, as displayed in these natural and artificial exposures, may be assumed to represent the whole included within them to moderate distances, and by measuring and sampling them, data for practical purposes arrived at. Nine times out of ten, the results may bear out the calculations from such data ; but it should be borne in mind, that any particular case may turn out to be the tenth one, and give results much beyond, or very much below, the computation. As afifording the best criterion of the quality in the present instance, the ores and vein-stuff* which had been brought to the surface from the various levels, shafts, and excavations, were sampled as near to the Cornish mode as circumstances would permit. When copper ores are sampled for sale in Cornwall or at Swansea in Wales, the whole parcel having previously been broken up into pieces not exceeding an inch or half an inch cube, is arranged into a square, even surfaced pile, not ex- ceeding two or two and a half feet in depth. Two trenches at right angles to one another are then cut from side to side, opposite through the centre. The sides of these trenches are next scraped down into the bottom, and what is thus obtained is mixed together, and bruised much finer than before, being passed through a seive to insure the fineness, and then made up into a small flat pile, which is split as before. This operation is repeated three times, a smaller-holed seive being used at each, and a requisite degree of fineness and mixture thus obtained. If the resulting quantity is too large for a sample, it is made up into a small, flat circular pile, marked into quadrants, and two opposite quad- If ■i *. m Br'i" 78 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. ^.'^*v■s.■^«w'^-*.^ in: rants removed. The remainder is mixed up again, and the operation i*epcated generally about five timos, when tlie resulting quantity is about smull enough to be sent to the nssaycr for his purposes. In the present instance it would have been too expensive and tedious a process to break up the ores to a uniform size. The piles were consequently split ns ihey stood on the ground, but the resulting quantity was carried through all the other operations. The weights of the piles were roughly esti- mated by measurement. When there were no parcels of ore to experi- ment upon for produce, the lode having been previously measured for average width generally at every fathom, was drilled across at an angle of about 45° at regular measured intervals, and the powder coming from the bore-holes taken as samples ; when, from great width in the vein, one hole would not reach from wall to wall, then two or more were drilled as the case might require. Two gangs of men of three each, with one to superintend and collect the borings, were employed at this work for upwards of a month. At first the distances were appointed at every two fathoms apart, subsequently at every three, and as my time drew to a close, they were extended to five fathoms ; but even thus, the lodes were in some places so wide, and the exposures so long, that it was found impossible to drill-sample the whole satisfactorily, particularly on the west side of the location. The position of the location will be well indicated by stating that the 84th meridian of west longitude from Greenwich passes lengthways through the middle of it nearly. It is one of those which belong to the Montreal Mining Company, and in it are situated the Bruce Mines so well known throughout the Province. The size of the location, or sett as it would be termed in Cornwall, like that of most of the other loca- tions, is two miles in front by five in depth running exactly norths The surface is greatly undulating, the ridges ranging from S.E. to N.W. — The rocks which compose them are greenstone, syenitic conglomerate with its associate slate, and quartz-rock. The rear and nearly the whole of the front are occupied by greenstone, spread out to some breadth; quartz I'ick, syenitic conglomerate and slates, with bands of greenstone (probably dykes,) are met with in the intermediate space. — The limestone band which has been mentioned in the general descrip- tion has not been observed on the location, but it approaches to within about half a mile of it on the Thessalon in the rear; and a similar rock occupies the water line of the farthest off half front of the next location westward, in the position already mentioned, at three quarters of a mile above the French Islands. There are copper lodes in both the ranges of greenstone, but only those in the front purt of the location have been Canada: past, present and future. 10 opened. The front lodes arc several in number, and occupy positions towards both sides of the location. At the Bruce Mines, the surface rock, these lodes and their brf.nclies intersect, is wholly greenstone, and the branclien, n» well us the m.iiu veins, have copper present in them in various proportions. Commencing at the cross course, the left or main lode has been stnped to the depth of five feet, up to what is called DaoU' Shajl. The exca- vation, however, being full of water and rubbish, it was impossible Ibr me to obtain a sample, but I was informed good ore had been raised from it. The width of the lode in the distance, which is a little over fourteen fathoms, in so far as it could be judged I'rom the open channel, appeared to be about five feet. Davis* Shaft is sunk to the depth ol" five and a half fathoms, the underlie is slightly northward ; the breadth of the lode, in the bottom, is five feet, but at the top it is eight I'eet in the east, and twelve feet in the west end ; both ends, however, contain much wall rock. The whole of the east end, and the lower four fathoms of the west, as well as the bottom, appeared to hold but a small quantity of ore ; but in the upper part of the west end there was a fine bunch, which from its absence in the east would seem to be sloping downwards westwardly, on its lower edge, at the rate of about four feet in nine feet, which is the distance from end to end in the shaft. The succeeding six fathoms in the lode constitute Slope No. 4, beyond which the lode horses, as it is termed, or bifurcates, giving off* a branch on the south side. The average width of Slope No. 4 is six feet nine inches, and the sami)lo derived from drilling yields 6.80 per cent. About eight tons of ore raised from this part of the lode yielded 8.56 per cent. The south branch, which has a bearing a little north of west, has been found avail- able for only thirteen fathoms, in the last six fathoms of which Slope No. 5 is placed ; variegated and vitreous copper are much mingled with the pyritous in the lobe, the average breadth of which, in the thirteen fathoms, is one foot six inches, while the produce of the drill sample from the same is 6.96 per cent. In the main lode, from the point of the horse, or bifurcation, the first eight fathoms, in which the turn of the lode occurs, were considered too poor to deserve sampling ; the average breadth was two feet three inches, and the average produce would pro- bably not exceed one per cent. Beyond this, there occur seven fathoms, with an average width of one foot ten inches, and a produce sf 2.80 per cent. ; then eleven fathoms, including Prideaux's Shaft, with an average breadth of three feet three inches, yield a produce from drill holes at every twelve feet of 9.20 percent., vitreous and variegated copper still mingling with the pyritous. In the last twenty of these fathoms, saving t;l 80 Canada: pait, prbsbnt and ruTVRS. I( ;:, mm I three, hit comprrhcndcd Slopes Nos. i\, 7 and 8 ; Pridcaux's Shall being ill the iiiiddli! of No. H. Tiic shul't is four lathomM dci.-]), the lodo in it is Very nojirly vortical, but may have a slight underlie southwardly ; in the bottom it is four feet nine incljcs wide, and contains good yellow ore ciilciihited to yield three tons of 15 per cent, per fathom; but the top must have been of a very ricli (lualily, containing vitreous and varie- gated copper, as a sample resulting from twenty tons of ore, which I was informed were raised from the shaft, gave a produce of 20 per cent. To the junction of the north branch and main lode, there still remain twenty-four fathoms; these with seven fathoms beyond, in general appear to be of a poor quality ; their average breadth was about three I'cet, but they were not sampled. Before my departure, however, the Company's Agent gave a trial to four fathoms, not far removed from the end of the twenty-lour, placing on them Slope No. 9. The yield was at first estimated at one ton of 16 per cent, ore to a fathom, but after three weeks working, it diminished to less tlian half the amount, and the stope was abandoned. lie turning to the cross course, in order to state the facts connected with the north branch, it is to be remarked, that on the first thirty-six fathoms up to what is called Harris' Shaft, there has been no surface working at all ; and the lode has been made out in natural exposures only in two places, in which it had a breadth of between three and four feet ; but the exposures are so short that I do not feel authorised to assert anything in regard to the quality ol the lode, beyond the fact that spots of copper ore were present in it. The nearest of these exposures is upwards of twenty fathoms from the shaft, approaching which, in the intermediate space, the vein is so split up into strings that it would have been difHcuIt to determine which of them, or which group of them, should be measured for the lode, or what breadth experimented upon for produce. Harris' Shaft with Rankin's Shaft beyond, and the inter- val between them, occupy a space of about twenty fathoms. Of the interval eight and a half fathoms next Harris's Shaft; had been exca- vated, and again filled up with rubbish previous to my arrival, and could not be seen ; but I was informed that only the first two fathoms displayed a good quality of ore, the remainder being poor. The eight feet up to Rankin's Shaft had also been worked a few feet down, but the bottom of the excavation was visible. The first half was too poor to deserve sampling ; the remainder, which constitutes Slope No. 10, with an average breadth of two feet nine inches, gives an average drill- hole produce of 8.40 per cent. Descending Harris' Shaft the average width of the lode, exclusive of horses, or interposed wall rock, and the average produce are as follows : — CANADA: PAST, PRMBNT AMD rUTORB. 81 Width. rroduco. Ft. In. Ft. In. IVr Cont. Top, exclusive of .t horse of. .... 1 .... 3 5 10.24 MifWIe, cxclu i c ofa hors' 1 1 1 ... .2 6 0.28 Bottom 5 7.08 The liottom o( the shaft; is Ave feet below the ten fathom level, which has been driven about eight fathoms eustwarJ, and ten and a half fathoms westward in the lode. The width of the lode in the level, which is about six feet high, was averaged, I'rom measurements at every three fathoms over-head and under-foot, and from three measurements in the ends, at the top, middle and bottom. The produce results from two parallel rows of drill-holes along the bottom, one towards each side, the object of keeping them separate being to ascertain whether one «ide of the lode was in any way better than the other ; the results are as follows : — In the eight fathoms eastward of shaft \ Width. Ft. In. Average Produce. End 2 9 8.72 per cent. Level 4 6 6.32 ** In the ten and a half fathoms westward of shaft ; Width. Ft. In. Average Produce. Level 4 7.80 percent. End 3 1 7.20 «♦ Rankin's shaft is eleven fathoms deep ; the lode in the bottom is four feet wide, presenting good spots of ore, calculated to yield about two tons of 15 per cent, ore per fathom ; at the ten fathom level, the average width in the east end, which is six feet in, is three feet eleven inches, and in the west, three feet five inches ; the estimated yield being much the same as before. Beyond Rankin's Shaft, the crop of the lode before my arrival was stoped away to the distance of about eleven fathoms, and the excavation was partly filled up, but I was informed that about half the distance yielded good pyritous ore, mixed with variegated, while the remainder was poor. Several parcels of ore and vein-stuff taken from Harris' and Rankin's Shafts, and also from Davis' Shaft, but chiefly from the former, and the levels and* stopes connected with them, were lying near on the surface. Some of the parcels I was informed were composed of ore taken from more parts than one ; it was w h t !. 1 ■■ f HI mHi'llli:;! i 83^ CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND rvrVKK, ore m Yield per cent 7.92 9.36 8.33 10.04 8.64 in consequence impossible to ascertain the exact source of the every case. The parcels and produce are as follows : — • 600 tons from Harris' shaft, and the old stopes to the westward. The parcel was said to be in the condition in which it came from the lode, and the ore appeared to be composed almost wholly of the pyritous species 65 tons from Harris' shaft ; the parcel was said to be from the ten fathom level, east end 28 tons from Harris' shaft, said to have been taken from the ten fathom level, west end •••*.. 30 tons from Rankin's shaft, east surface stopes 50 tons from Rankin's shaft 40 tons from the top of the lode in the vicinity of Rankin's shaft. I was informed that this parcel had been turned once and picked twice, the ore selected from it having been sent to Boston and Montreal 75 tons, from which shaft uncertain. This parcel, it was said, had been turned once and picked twice, and the selected ore sent to Boston and Montreal 40 tons, from which shaft uncertain. This parcel. I was informed, was turned and picked once, and the selected ore burnt or roasted in the open air * 12 tons, from which shaft uncertain. Thisparcel, I was informed, was burnt, turned and picked ; two barrels of the selected having been sent to Montreal 50 tons, from which shaft uncertain. I was informed the parcel was selected from two of the others, and then roasted in the open air 21 tons, from which shaft uncertain. This parcel lay on the Wharf Island, having been selected and brought down for shipment ; but I was not informed from which of the previous parcels it was taken Seventy-three tons of the ore mentioned above was dressed into three parcels at Montreal, sent to Baltimore, and there sampled and sold, the parcels, produce and prices being as follows : 36 tons of 23:75 per cent, at £17 16s. 3d. per ton. 24 22.25 £16 13s. 9d 13 .... 20.00 £15 Os. Od 6.08 5.20 6,64 9.28 5.84 9.60 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FDTITRE. 88 Pursuing the examination from the seven fathoms beyond the junction of the north branch and main lode, the general bearing of the vein gradually turns to about due west, and continues so far as it has been uncovered. The first eleven fathoms show an average width of two feet five inches, and a produce of 10.73 per cent, there being a consid- erable quantity of variegated and vitreous copper in the lode. The average breadth of the next eight fathoms is four feet, and the produce will be best determined by the assays of the samples taken from the parcels of ore extracted from the lode in this part. They are as follows : Per cent. 4 tons of variegated and vitreous copper, picked quality .... 40.80 5 tons of the same description of ore, with more quartz in it. . 20.64 6 tons of the same quality of ore, with still more quartz in it. . 1 1 . 52 16 tons of smalls, or finely bruised refuse, resulting from dressing the previous three parcels 9. 84 16 tons of spatters, or rough ore remaining from the dressings. . 6. 56 Upon the last nineteen fathoms are placed slopes numbers eleven and twelve, and the succeeding three stopes, numbers thirteen, fourteen and fifteen, occupy a little over the following twenty fathoms. The average width of numbers thirteen and fourteen, comprehending about twelve fathoms, is six feet, and the average drill-hole produce 9.84 per cent. The width of number fifteen, occupying under eight fathoms, is twelve feet, and the produce of forty-eight tons of ore, of the pyritous species, raised from the space, is 12.96 per cent. In nearly the whole distance to the junction of the north branch and main lode, and in the main lode even to the cross course, variegated and vitreous copper ore, but particularly the former, exist at the surface, and are more or less mingled with the pyritous. They were observed to be in the greatest profusion at about mid-distance, where bunches in nearly a pure state were occasionally met with six to fifteen inches in thickness. But it seems to be a fact, that the pyritous gradually replaces the other species descending in the lode, and it appeared in parts completely to supersede them at the depth often to twelve feet. Two other shafts have been sunk on the same location. Moffatt's shaft, which was sunk to the depth of twelve fathoms ; and Simpson's shaft, which was sunk to the depth of about seven and a half fathoms. The samples taken for assay from the former yielded — 32 tons 5.12 percent. 20 tons 3.12 .... 70 tons .....2.80 .... ml Bil :» 84 Canada: past, present and poture. r i| i >l i:/ ^ And those taken from Simpson's shaft, gave — 40 tons 6.80 per cent. 28 tons 5.64 .... Still farther westward, there is another and last exposure on the location. The distance from the previous one is about thirty-nine fathoms, and the bearing of the line running over the concealed rock surface between is only a little to the north of west. On the south side of a bluff, intersected by several ore-marked branches, the lode can be followed for forty-seven fathoms ; in the first half ot which it runs about N. 80 W., and on the other bends gradually round to N. 45 W. The average breadth of the lode is about six feet. It has been tried at both extremes of the exposure, and the parcels of ore resulting from the stopes, after being freed from wall rock, give the following per centages of copper : — 33 tons from the east end 13.04 per cent. 55 west end 9.68 .... The quantity of copper ore and undressed vein-stuff above ground at the Bruce Mines at the time of sampling them in the beginning of July was estimated at 1,475 tons. The average produce is 8.01 percent* (equal to the average of the dressed ores of Cornwall,) giving about 118 tons of pure copper, which, allowing for the mode of assay and waste in dressing, would yield upwards of 650 tons of 15.00 per cent. ore. At the time of my departure much activity prevailed in working the lodes, and an expectation was entertained by the mining captains, that 250 tons of such ore might be raised monthly. One hundred and sixty-three persons were employed in carrying on the operations connected with the mines, consisting of seventy-seven miners, sixty-five labourers, four boys* eleven blacksmiths, carpenters, and other artisans, two mining captains, one engineer, two clerks, and a superintendent, constituting a popula- tion, including the families of the workmen, of about two hundred and fifty souls. Three frame buildings and about thirty log houses had been erected for stores, workshops, and lodging accommodations ; and the foundation of an engine house was conunenced, in which was to be placed a steam engine of about forty horse power, for clearing the mine of water, and crushing the ore for dressing. A pier, or planked platform road, had been carried out about one hundred and eighty yards, to an in- sulated rock, on which a wharf had been constructed ; and three stone- loaded cribs had been sunk in ten feet water beyond this, for an additional wharf, for the accommodation of steamers and vessels frequenting the harbour, which is a commodious one, well sheltered from most winds, and not difficult of entrance. There is abundance of timber for mining pur- In ^,^./N,^■v/^.^'% ocation. and the ween is ereected ;y-8even I on the b of the xposure, ed from 4 •i round at J of July per cent' ,boutll8 ad waste ore. At he lodes, that 250 :ty-three with the [our boys' captains, popula- [red and ises had »ns; and as to be the mine platform to an in- lee stone- Idditional iting the linds, and ing pur- s' Bl ir i n &. K i?^' ^mr''i-«-%SSrlv^.''?-i» Couiitjes of oxroRD, A.M) /tomiitiirif.i I'/' Ct'niifiVx I to. n/' Towns/tips i'/iiii/.- mill i-'nivrl/i'it liinids Ot/liT h'luuht a: Jic>'.m mmmt WMNM I. '^r I i. »f„ 1 Hi S m¥ i\4 CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURK. 95 poses, and for fuel on the location, and in the vicinity ; and on the ThessaloD^ good pine, hemlock, and spruce were met with in some quantity. On this river, which joins the lake nine miles east of the Bruce Mines, there are, in or near the intermediate locations, four falls, about thirteen, eighteen, eight, and three feet respectively, affording excellent mill sites ; and some of the land in the valley is well fitted for cultivation. Little good land, however, is met with along this part of the lake shore, and the front of the Bruce Mines location is particularly rough and rocky ; but on St. Joseph Island, opposite, there is an ample extent of excellent land, at present well clothed with maple, birch, and elm, in some parts, and good pine in others, and being underlaid by the rocks of the lower fossiliferous formations, it abounds in limestone, af- fording good material for either burning or building. Thus far we have availed ourselves of the valuable Reports of Messrs. Logan and Murray, the Provincial Geologists. An account of the sub- sequent operations and discoveries on Lake Uuron, as well as a geo- graphical and geological description of the country bordering Lake Superior, will be given in a subsequent part of the work. MIDDLESEX. This county, which formed the London District, contains the Townships of Adelaide, Aldborough, Bayham, Carradoc, Delaware, Dorchester, Dunwich, Ekfrid, Lobo, London, Metcalfe, Mosa, Malahide, South wold, Westminster, Williams, and Yarmouth. It formerly included the large extent of country, which has since been laid off and erected into the Talbot, Brock, and Huron Districts. The County of Middlesex contains, of surveyed land, one million six hundred and fifty-five thousand four hundred acres, two hundred and thirty-eight thousand and nineteen acres of which were Clergy Reserves ; of these have been granted or appropriated, one million three hundred and forty-nine thousand seven hundred and thirty-one acres, leaving vacant, sixty-seven thousand six hundred and fifty acres, besides Indian lands, twenty thousand five hundred and sixty acres. According to the Reports furnished to Mr. Gourlay in eighteen hundred and seventeen the population of the London District at that time was eight thousand nine hundred and seven, which included, besides the I M w m.t HKn »?««': " jHmBl^ ^i i HI W '] i^p^ ff i ■HS|ii||i fi hrI'P :1 JH|lf fr''- hB m t'-. ■' i 86 CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND riTTURK. iir;i? ill" townships named above, all the settlers in Oxford, Blenheim, Burford, Windham, Townsend, Walpole, Rainham, Woodhouse, Charlottevillc, Walsingham, Middleton, Norwich, Houghton, Dereham, and Oakland, originally called the " Gore of Burford ;" also, Blandford, Zorra, and Nissouri, — Adelaide and Williams have been surveyed since that date, and Metcalfe has been laid off from the Township of Adelaide. Delaware conimenced settling about the year seventeen hundred and ninety-three ; Yarmouth and Dunwich in eighteen hundred and three ; Southwold, Malahide, and Westminster in eighteen hundred and eleven ; Bayham in eighteen hundred and thirteen. The remaining townships have been settled at a later date. The County of Middlesex is well watered, and is as well supplied with mill steams as any county in the Province. The River Thames runs nearly through its centre ; the north branch entering the county in the south-east of the township of London ; the east branch enters the town- ship of Dorchester, and after separating part of the township of London from that of Westminster, it joins the north branch at the town of Lon- don ; the united stream continues to form the line of demarcation between London and Westminster, it then separates Lobo and Caradoc from Delaware and Southwold, Ekfrid from Dunwich, and Mosa from Aldboro, at the western extremity of which township it leaves the county. It is very serpentine in its course. The Otter Creek, which takes its rise principally in the County of Oxford, waters the townships of Bayham and Malahide, and enters Lake Erie in the south of the former township. It is the principal mill stream in the county, and having on its banks a large quantity of pine timber, affords a profitable source of revenue to the settlers in its neighbourhood. It is navigable for scows to Vienna, three miles from its mouth. Kettle Creek takes its rise in the townships of Dorchester and Westminster, and after water- ing the north-west of the township of Yarmouth, runs south along the town line between Yarmouth and Southwold, sometimes in one town- ship, sometimes in the other, till it reaches the lake. This also is an excellent mill stream. The township of Williams is watered by the Riviere aux Sable and the east branch of Bear Creek, (different branches of which take their rise in the townships of Lobo, Carradoc and Adelaide,) after watering those townships, leaves the county in the south-west of the township of Metcalfe. There are numerous other small streams in the county. In traversing the country from Port Sarnia to London, we left our reader in the township of Warwick ; we will continue our journey as being the most convenient and familiar way of showing the country. Canada: past, present and future. •I From Warwick village to Adelaide village is twelve miles. The land through which the road passes is generally clny, with two or three gravelly ridges crossing it. Much wild land is "d to be held in both tlie townships of Warwick and Adelaide by Lc.a Mountcashcl, and other absentees. Adelaide village is a small place, containing about one hiuidrcd and fifty inhabitants, and an Episcopal Church. From the village, the direct London road continues on through the townships of Adelaide and Lobo. The land is generally rolling and of good quality. The country is well settled, with excellent farms. About fourteen miles from Adelaide you reach the village of Lobo, containing a population of about eighty. There is a Baptist Church about one mile from the vil- lage. Near tlie south-east corner of the township, Lord Mountcashcl has a house finely situated. From Lobo the road runs nearly due west till it reaches wliat is called the " proof line road ;" (a road which has been made from the town of London, running straight N.N.W. through the centre of the township. A company has lately been formed, accord- ing to the provisions of the late Act for the formation of Joint Stock Companies, for the purpose of constructing roads, bridges, &c. , and this road has been gravelled and much improved.) From thence it runs south to the town of London. The Township of London has made a great and rapid increase in improvement and prosperity. In eighteen hundred and seventeen, it only contained two families, and in eighti^en hundred and fifty the population had increased to six thousand and thirty-four. The town- ship is watered by the north branch of the Thames, and also by the River Medway and Springer's Creek, both of which empty themselves into the Thames. The land is mostly rolling, and of excellent quality ; and sixt}'-two thousand three hundred bushels of wheat; eighty-two thousand busliels of oats ; twenty-two thousand bushels of peas ; thirty- five thousand bushels of turnips ; thirty-two thousand pounds of wool ; and twcnty-ei|;ht thousand pounds of butter were produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine. There are five grist and four saw mills in the township. Wild land averages seven dollars, and cleared land seventeen dollars per acre. To retrace our steps: from Adelaide to Delaware there are two travelled roads ; one through the village of Katesville, a small settle- ment in the north-east corner of the Township of Metcalfe ; and another, which is considered the best, wljieh passes through the village of Strathroy. About half a mile east from Adelaide the road turns to the south for three miles, and then to the east for three miles more, when you reach the village of Strathroy. The land is clay to within a mile and a half ot' Strathroy, when it changes to a sandy loam. V ! llril ■I \ 88 CANADA: FAST, PRESENT AND rVTOUE; .".^■W^.N.'V.N ihitil li ! Strathroy, which is situated on the east branch of Bear Creek, contains about one hundred and fitly inhabitants, a grist mill and carding machine ;: and at a short distance from the village is a nursery for fruit trees. — From Strathroy to Delaware is twelve miles through the Township of Carradoc ; the road passes over what arc called the Carradoc plains, — rolling land — timbered with a mixture of oak, beech, maple, chestnut, &c. ; the soil is generally a sandy loam. The Village of Delaware is beautifully situated on the eastern bank of the Thames, in the north-western comer of the To^vnship of Delaware. A handsome bridge, nine hundred feet in length, was, about six years since, here constructed acrops the Thames, at an expense of seven- teen hundred pounds ; although it had been built so short a time it has got considerably out of repair. It has lately been sold to the County Council for about one hundred aiul fifty pounds, and in being put in travelling order. Delaware was fii-st laid out as a village in eighteen hmidrcd and thirty-two, although the township has been long settled. In this section of country there is a considerable extent of nieadow land, called " flats," bordering the Thames, which being valuable for pasture, has always sold at a highrate ; and in seventeen hundred and ninety-three,, when Governor Simcoe granted two thousand two hundred acres of land in this neighbourhood to a person named Ebenezer Allen, for services in the Indian Department, during the revolutionary war, he sold it immediately for three thousand poui/Ys ; although tands in general in this part of the country would at that time, sell for only sixpence to a shilling per acre. Much of the high banks of the river was, in those days, covered with pine, which was floated down the Thames and conveyed across Lake St. Clair to Detroit. In eighteen hundred and seventeen, Delaware township contained eighteen inhabited houses, and about eighty inhabitants, one place of worship, no medical practitioner, one school, one grist and two saw mills. Wild land now sells at from four to twelve dollors per acre. There are four settlements of Indians in the neighbourhood ; three of these are in the Township of Carradoc, where the Chippawas possess a tract of land containing about nine thousand acres : these are called Upper Munseytown, or Colborne ; Old Munseytown ; and the Bear Creek settlement, towards the north of the reserve. The Munsees have been settled on this reserve, by permission of the Chippawas, since the year eighteen hundred. The Chippawas possess an annuity of six hundred pounds, which they receive as payment for land sold by them to the Government in eighteen hundred and thirty-two. The Munsees have no annuity, but share in the presents. The Chippawas, at Upper CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AN 89 ■rfs/^.■^•^. ^. vv ./^^^ '^ Munscytown, are principally methodists ; they havo a " M;inunT-l! «?e grnnnnar seiiool. A new common school-house has been built, by tins Corporation, of hrlck, at a cost of seventeen hundred pounds, and there are two lar^'e barracks, both occupied. There are in London twelve churches, three of which arc of brick, namely, Episcopal, Baptist, and Methodist New Connexion ; the otln^rs are of frame, and are Wesleyan Methodist, Con;;rc;,'ationalist, Freo Church, Secession, Universalist, Episcopal Methodist (coloured), IJaptist (coloured), and Roman Catholic. The three national societies arc established here — St. George's, St. Andrew's, and St, Patrick's ; a Free- mason's lodge, and a society of Odd Fellows ; an Agricultural Society, and two Building Societies — the " London" and " Middlesex." Tho Bank of Upper Canada, the Commercial Bank, the Montreal and the Gore Bank, have each an agent here, as have also several life, lire and marine insurance companies, whose names will be found in the proper place in the business directory. There are three extensive foundries ; one grist and one saw mill ; three breweries, two distilleries, and two tanneries. Two bridges cross the Thames at London. The following Government and County Oirices are k«>pt in London : Judge of County Court; Sheriff; Clerk of Peace; County Treasurer ; Registrar ; Judge of Surrogate Court ; Crown Lands Agent ; hispcetor of Licenses ; County Clerk ; Clerk of County Court ; Deputy Clerk of Crown. Stages leave daily for Hamilton and Toronto, Chatham and Detroit, and Port Stanley, and all intermediate places ; three times a week for Port Sarnia, and twice a week for Goderich. London has a daily postal communication with all places on the direct line of road between Montreal and Amherstburg, and also with St. Thomas and Port Stanley, three times a week with Port Sarnia, and twice a week with Goderich. Three newspapers are published here — the " Times," " Free Press," and " Gospel Messenger." From London to Port Stanley the road first passes through thejTownship of Westminster. This township commenced settling in eighteen hundred and eleven, and in eigliteen hundred and seventeen it conta ined one hun- dred and seven houses, and four hundred and twenty-eight inhabitants. There was then no place of worship or medical practitioner, two schools, and one grist and one saw mill. Bricks were worth thirty shillings per I If m f; U'l I* m Il >' W $' i'i 'I i!'i.; n^'i f i; iHlMi ■R;|9.. 1 1 1 1'i H i l\ ■', i 1 V |r; H ; ■'1; 1 1 'j. 1 1 i'i'4' 92 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. thousand ; wool, three shillings per pound ; butter and cheese, one shilling per pound. At the first settlement land was worth five shillings per acre and in eighteen hundred and seventeen, twenty shillings per acre. The township now contains a population of four thousand five hundred and twenty-five; three grist mills, and two carding machines and fulling mills ; and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, fifty-seven thousand six hundred bushels of wheat ; fifty-four thousand bushels of oats, and twelve thousand bushels of peas; twenty-eight thousand pounds of wool, and thirty-six thousand pounds of butter. Wild land is now stated to be worth five dollars per acre, and cleared land fourteen dollars per acre. Of course, lots in particular situations would rate higher. Six miles from London you reach the " Junction," a small settlement, containing about one hundred inhabitants, at the junction of the Chatham road with the Port Stanley road ; eight miles from the Junction you pass through the small village of Five Stakes, which contains about one hundred and fifty inhabitants, situated near the north-east corner of the Township of Southwold ; and from thence it is three miles to St. Thomas. The road from London to Port Stanley has been planked, but having got considerably out of repair, portions of it have lately been gravelled. St. Thomas, which is situated on the western border of the Township of Yarmouth, in the midst of a fine agricultural country, is built on a high table land nearly surrounded by Kettle Creek, and has fine pros- pects over the surrounding country. It was laid out about five and thirty years since, and has gone on steadily improving. It now contains about twelve hundred inhabitants; has six churches; Episcopal, two Methodist, Presbyterian Free Church, Baptist, and Roman Catholic. A grammar and common schools. An extensive foundry has recently been erected, and in the immediate vicinity of the town are two grist mills ; there are also two breweries, two distilleries, two tanneries, and a prirfting office. The Montreal and Gore Banks have agents here. The plank road from London to Port Stanley leaves St. Thomas on the left, being carried through the valley below the town in order to avoid ascending the rising ground on which it is built. This is rather a disadvantage to the town. From London to St. Thomas the land is rolling, and the soil loam, in- termixed with gravel ; as you approach St. Thomas the country becomes rather hilly. From St. Thomas to Port Stanley the land is altogether rolling. First, you pass the St. Thomas and New England Mills, the former a largo establishment having four run of stones, with distillery attached. Here Canada: past, present and future. 93 the water which is conveyed across from Kettle Creek, being enclosed between high hills, haai'much the appearance of a small lake, and adds greatly to the picturesqueness of the scenery. You afterwards pass through the small settlement of " Unionville," where are two cloth fac- tories, an axe factory, distillery, &c. The country the whole distance is well settled, with excellent farms. The soil is generally a sandy loam, and the hills, of which there are»many, contain a large proportion of gravel; Much of the timber is oak. On this road the great diversity of hill and dale, the windings of the Kettle Creek ; either viewed in the early verdure of spring, or when the maple, beech, sumach, and walnut are glowing with the rich and magnificent tints of autumn, altogether form scenery beautiful almost beyond description. One mile and a half before reaching Port Stanley you perceive the little village of Selborne nestled in the valley, surrounded by hills. Here are a grist mill, foundry, and two distilleries. Port Stanley, which is situated in the valley of the Kettle Creek, partly in the Township of Southwold, but principally in Yarmouth, is sur- rounded and sheltered on three of its sides by high hills. Some of these have been denuded of their timber, but sufficient remain in a state of nature to ornament the neighbourhood. As you enter the village you pass under an aqueduct, which has been carried across the road to sup- ply the Port Stanley Mills. The prosperity of Port Stanley bias been hitherto much impeded by the circumstance of the town lots being prin- cipally in the hands of one individual, who required exorbitant prices for them ; as much as four pounds per foot frontage has been asked for lots in favourable situations for business. Now, however, that the pro- perty has been sold, and passed into other hands, there is every prospect of a rapid increase in the population and business of the place. Port Stanley at present contains about six hundred inhabitants. There arc two churches. Episcopal and Congregational ; two grist mills, two distilleries, one tannery, and a resident Collector of Customs and Harbour Master. The Montreal and Commercial Banks have agents here. A considerable sum of money is now expending in improving the harbour ; a steam dredging machine is at work deepening the channel, and the piers are to be extended a much greater distance into the lake. Port Stanley is the outlet for a large extent of fine farming country, and great quantities of produce are shipped from it. It is expected that not less than three hundred thousand bushels of wheat will be shipped here from the crop of the present season. p 'I I' a 94 CANADA : FAST, PRES|:NT AND FUTURE. '^m. Exports fro/n Port Stanley, for the year ending 5th January, 1850. lii? DenomioatioD. Quantity. Wheat 107949 bushels Potatoes Peas Flour Ashes Lard Butter Beef Pork Skins Furs Rags Clover Seed... Timothy seed Whisky Hams Shingles Bran Apples Lumber Furniture Bees' Wax ... Lard Merchandize Turnips Wool 133 bushels 1009 bushels 13112 barrels., 576 barrels.. 25 kegs..... 1804 kegs...., 58 barrels .. 878 i barrels.. 1087 cwt 8 cwt 11; tons 80 barrels .. 477 barrels .. 780 barrels.. 61 i cwt 473 M 1^ tons 1 barrel .. 99 M. feet 53 cwt 7 cwt 8 cwt I^ tons 329 bushels.. 16^ tons Value. £20240 8 9 8 6 3 75 18 6 11473 2300 43 15 3608 116 2635 10 6435 200 59 280 715 10 1365 123 94 14 2 12 6 7 6 224 8 9 106 70 28 50 20 11 .3 1650 £50924 17 6 Amount of Tolls or Harbour Dues received £ 407 10 9 The following are the principal articles exported up to the 10th of October, 1850: Quantity. Deuomination. KOf\r\c\ KiiqIiaIq .....*.■■•>■•■•••■••••••• Wheat. 1 QAylQ Karrplft .....*.■■>■••••••••■••••••• Flour. Ashes. Timothy and Clover Seed. 4A1 nvaf Sheep Skins. Woo. it, i' p i CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND rUTVRE. 99 w-^.^.^.-^.-v^ ue. 8 9 6 3 13 6 1 15 10 > ) ) ) i 10 5 ) I 14 I 12 6 ) 7 6 1 8 9 5 [) 8 D P 11 3 ) I 17 6 10 9 ! 10th of Leaving Port .Stanley for the west, the road crosses an excellent bridge over the Kettle Creek in the Township of South wold, and sweep- ing around the base of the hills bounding the western side of the harbour, ascends a hill of tolerable height. The Township of Southwold was first settled about the year eighteen hundred and eleven, at Avhich time land was selling tor five shillings per acre. In eighteen hundred and seven- teen it contained about nine hundred inhabitants : had no place of wor- ship, or medical practitioner. A cow at that time was worth five pounds, a sheep twelve shillings and sixpence ; wool two and sixpence, and butter one shilling, per pound. In eighteen hundred and fifty it contained four thousand four hundred and forty-three inhabitants ; had five grist and three saw mills; and produced from the crop of 1849, eighty- one thousand bushels of wheat, forty-two thousand bushels of oats, twenty-six thousand bushels of peas, and twenty-seven thousand five hundred pounds of wool. The soil is good, varying from clay to marl and sandy loam, and the land generally rolling. The timber consists of maple, beech, oak, elm, walnut, butternut, hickory, ash, cherry, bass- wood, ironwood, &c. Seven miles from Port Stanley, and seven miles from St. Thomas, is the thriving village of Fingal, containing a population of about two hundred, who have erected a town-hall, and have two churches, Presby- terian Free Church, and Wesleyan Methodist. There are also in the village a large foundry, a tannery, and a post office. The villages of Selborne and Five Stakes are likewise in the township. On the town line between Southwold and Dunwich, where the I'albot St. North crosses it, six miles from Fingal, is situated the village of lona, a new and small settlement containing about eighty inhabitants. The township of Dunwich commenced settling in the year eighteen hundred and three, by the Hon. Thos. Talbot. In February eighteen hundred and three, Colonel Talbot received a grant of five thousand acres in the Township of Yarmouth, on condition that he placed one settler on every two hundred acres ; giving the settler a deed for fifty acres ; he himself being allowed to retain the other hundred and fifty for his trouble in the aflfair. At the same time a portion of the remainder of the town- ship was ordered to be reserved, in case he should at a future time induce an additional number of families to settle there. This privilege appears afterwards to have been extended to the Townships of Dunwich and Aldboro. In eighteen hundred and eighteen, the Administrator of the Government of Upper Canada was directed to reserve for the next five years and no longer, such portions of the Townships of Aldborough and Dunwich as were vacant at the time of Colonel Talbot's commencing his settlement, to be settled by him under the same conditions as the ■H • «1 «ii i'' . ti ? i 96 CANADA: PAST, PRESKNT AMD FUTURS. I V:: Rifl If';'' 'j '' ■' m^ ; i: Township of Yarmouth. The Colonel appears to have been a man of singular and eccentric character, and many strange tales are told of him. Those persons who applied to him on business connected with the settle- ment of land were never permitted to enter his house, but were com- pelled to transact their business at a small window, from the inside of which the Colonel gave them audience. As might be expected he did not become particularly popular. The Talbot settlement, or at least that portion of it comprised within the Townships of Dunwich and Aldboro, does not appear to have been well managed, or to have advanced very fast, either in prosperity or population ; as in eighteen hundred and thirty-six the Township of Dun- wich only contained six hundred and sixteen, and the Township of Aldboro, only five hundred and ninety two inhabitants. Colonel Talbot still holds a considerable quantity of land in each township. The northwest of each township is bounded by the Thames, and the south of the townships is also well watered by small streams running into Lake Erie. The soil of Dunwich is generally of good quality, the timber principally hard wood : maple, beech, black walnut, butternut, cherry, white and black ash, white and red oak, elm, iron-wood, with bass-wood, and a small quantity of pine. Twelve miles from Fingal, is a small shipping place called Tyrconnel, from vt^hich fourteen thousand bushels of wheat were shipped last year. There are two grist and four saw mills in the Town- ship. The south of the Township of Aldboro contains good land, but much of the north is hilly and broken, with many wet patches in it ; and much of the timber is elm. A road called " Furnival's Road," has been cut through the Tovniship from Lake Erie to the River Thames, which it reaches about half a mile below Wardsville. There is a small shipping port at the mouth of the sixteen mile creek, twenty jSve miles from Fingal, the average exports from which amount to about four thou- sand bushels of wheat, and during the spring of eighteen hundred and fifty, eighty-three thousand staves were shipped, most of which were pipe. There are one grist and three saw-mills in Aldboro. The prin- cipal part of the inhabitants of both Dunwich and Aldboro are High- land Scotch. In Aldboro, wild land is returned as being worth five dollars, and cleared land fourteen dollars per acre, and in Dunwich wild land at six dollars, and cleared land at twelve dollars. To the north and north-west of these townships, are situated Mosa and Ekfrid, both of which contain much excellent land, although there are nany lots, particularly in Ekfrid, which require draining. Timber in both townships principally hardwood. In eighteen hundred and fifty, Mosa contained seventeen hundred and seventy-five inhabitants, and pro- duced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, thirteen thou- CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 91 sand seven hundred bushels of wheat. There are two grist and two saw-mills in the Township, and one carding machine and fulling mill. In the south of the Township, oh the London and Chatham Road, and near the River Thames, thirty six miles from London, is situated the village of Wardsville, containing about two hundred inhabitants. Ekfrid in eighteen hundred and fifty contained one thousand and ninety-one inhabitants, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, fourteen thousand nine hundred bushels of wheat. There is one grist and one saw-mill in the Township. Wild land is to be purchased in Ekfrid at seven shillings and six-pence, and cleared land at nine dollars per acre — of course particular situations will rate higher than this. Metcalfe, which is a small township, which has been divided oft' from Adelaide, resembles both in soil and timber that Township ; it is watered by Bear Creek. In eighteen hundred and fifty, it contained nine hundred and fifty-three inhabitants, and produced from the crop of eighteen hun- dred and forty-nine, seven thousand bushels of wheat, and two thousand bushels of mangold wurtzel ; wild land is stated to average six dol- lars, and cleared farms eighteen dollars per acre. There are two mills in Metcalfe, grist and saw. Williams is a Township containing a large portion of excellent land : it :s well watered by the Riviere aux Sables. The returns from it this year, had not been sent in in sufHcient time to be available. Entering the county at its south-eastern extremity, from the east, a little beyond the centre of the south of the Township of Bayham, you reach Port Burwell ; the shipping port for the great lumbering country on the Otter Creek and its tributaries. The inhabitants make great complaints of the little that has been done by the Government for the improven ent of the harbour. Many years since, a private compai^y spent about three thousand pounds in making a harbour, but from the manner in which the work was done, added to the wear and tear of winds and waves, it has long since gone to wreck and ruin. It appears by the Public Accounts that the liberal sum of one hundred and thirty-six pounds ten shillings has been expended by the Government ; but whether the amount was applied to building the lighthouse does not appear. A company has been lately formed for the purpose of improving the har- bour, and the work is now going on. A company has been also formed for the purpose of constructing a gravel and plank road from Ingersol to Port Burwell. This road it is said will open large tracts of land con- taining excellent pine, which will then become available for market. — 98 CANADA r PAST, FREslS'T AW© FUTtTKB, This road will be thirty-one and a half miles in lengthy and will be com- pleted daring the present season, all bnt about focir miles. Formerly, large quantities of staves were shipped from Port Bwrvcell,. but the oak timber within convenient reach having been used up, the exportation of stares has gradually diminished, till at length it ha& almost altogether ceased, while the manufacture of lumber, as will be seen from the statement of exports, has gone on steadily incrensing. — When the harbour and the road to Ingersoi are completed, it is ntpected that considerable quantities ol wheat, and other farming produce will find its way to the Port, as being the natural outlet for this section of country. Port Burwell contains about three htindred and fifty inhabi- tants ; has Si resident Collector of Cu9toms> and a steam saw mill, with three saws, capable of cutting one million feet of lumber per aunum. At a small shipping place called ** Sandhills " eight miles east from the port, there are steam saw mills which make a considerable quantity of lumber; this is put on board the schooners from the mills, and is included in the returns of the Collector at Port Burwell. Staves shipped for the Quebec Market, in 1844-5-6 and 7. 1844 4,183 Pipe, aiid 476,579 West IiiiJia, 1845 109,958 " •♦ 624,707 " 1846 64,534 •* " 360,594 *» 1847 44,000 « " 480,000 " West India Culls for four years 90,000 " Exports from Peri Burwell, for the year 184&. Quantity. 8,424,154 feet .. 3,142,500 989 cords 5,273 119,155 Denomination, Lumber. , , Shingles ..,...,.., Shingle-wood , Pipe Stave* , West India Staves Number of vessels loaded, 193. Value. 4I6',«48 O* 785 12 6 a Exports from the 1st qf April to the 'i&th of Augustr 1850. Qnantity. 7,243,239 feet .. 3,033,250 545 cords Denomination. ValiJe. Lumber „ , „.] jejl,647 13 8 Shingles j 905 15 5 Sbjngie-wood I 580 8 6 Number of vessels loaded, 191. £13,133 17 7 CANADA : PAST, I*llESENT AND FUTUKE. 99 alue. 8 5 12 & 9 aloe. 7 13 5 15 8 8 5 & 3 17 7 The principal portion of tlie lumber is shipped to Oswego, Bulililo, Cleveland and Huron. The Otter Creek is navigable for scows to Vienna, three nules from the port. These scows carry from fillcen thousand to twenty-live thou- sand feet of lumber, which they place on board the schooners at the port; for which they receive about half a dollar per thousand feet. Vienna, which is the head quarters of those engaged in the lumber trade of the district, is situated in the valley of the Otter Creek, surrounded on three of its sides by rising ground, which gives it a very sheltered appearance. Its trade appears to be gradually and steadily increasing, and it now contains about five hundred inhabitants, and twelve stores. A large portion of the business of the place depe ids upon the lumber trade. There are in the village two churches. Episcopal and Methodist, and a Baptist church about a mile distant, between Vienna and Port Burwell. There are also one grist and three saw mills, carding machine and fulling mill, foundry and three tanneries. The Township of Bayham was first settled about the year eighteen hundred and thirteen, at which time wild land was valued at five shil- lings per acre ; and in eighteen hundred and seventeen it had increased to twelve shillings and six pence per acre. In eighteen hundred and fifty, wild land was valued at six dollars, and cleared land at fourteen dollars per acre, and the population had increased to four thousand and thirty. From the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, thirty-nine thousand nine hundred bushels of wheat, twenty-rne thousand five hundred bushels of oats, eleven thousand bushels of peas, eleven thousand four hundred bushels of Indian corn, and thirteen thousand bushels of pota- toes were produced ; besides fourteen thousand pounds of wool, and six- teen thousand five hundred pounds of butter. There are three grist and twenty-nine saw mills in the township. From Vienna to St. Thomas you travel northward for about five miles, when you strike the Talbot road, at the small settlement called " Sandy- town," here you turn to the left or west, and follow the Talbot road. Soon after leaving Sandytown the land becomes hilly for a short dis- tance, after which it is rolling till within a short distance of Richmond village, (four miles from Sandytown,) where the road crosses the Otter Creek, when it is again hilly. After leaving Richmond it continues rolling, with occasional short hills, to St. Thomas. Seven miles and a half from Richmond you reach Aylmer, a village containing about four hundred inhabitants, situated on Catfish Creek, in the Township of Malahide. There are three churches in the village, two Baptist and one Methodist ; an ashery and salajratus factory, and two tanneries. ■is .:fl 100 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. ■: \ n ilixi Malahidc commenced settling in the year eighteen hundred and eleven, when land was worth only five shillings per acre ; and in eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained seven hundred and seventy- five inhabitants. A cow at that time was worth five pounds ; a sheep, twelve shillings and sixpence ; wool, three shillings per pound ; and land had risen in value to five dollars and a half per acre. In eighteen hundred and fifty, the population had increased to three thousand eight hundred and fifty-five ; wild land was returned as worth nine dollars, and cleared land nineteen dollars per acre. The township now contains five grist and eighteen saw mills, and produced from the crop of eigh- teen hundred and forty-nine, forty-four thousand bushels of wheat, twenty-nine thousand bushels of oats, twenty thousand nine hundred pounds of wool, and twenty-five thousand five hundred pounds of butter. There are in the township a veneering mill, w^hich cut last year fifty thousand feet of veneers, and a rake factory, which turned out ten thousand rakes. Two miles from Aylmer, you reach Temperaneeville, a village con- taining about one hundred and fifty inhabitants, situated on the town line between Malahide and Yarmouth, and also on the Catfish Creek, (called also " River Barbu".) Three miles farther west, the road passes through the new settlement, ♦* New Sarum," from whence to St. Thomas is seven miles. From Sandytown to St. Thomas the timber is hardwood, intermixed occasionally with a little pine ; the soil is rich clay alter- nately with sandy loam, and numerous good farms are distributed along the road. As we have already stated, the Township of Yarmouth commenced :settling in the year eighteen hundred and three ; in eighteen hundred and seventeen, it only contained about four hundred inhabitants; no place of worship, two medical practitioners, and two schools. Land was worth four dollars per acre ; wool, three shillings and sixpence per pound; and butter and cheese, one shilling and three pence per pound. There were in the township two grist mills and one saw mill. At the present time Yarmouth contains a population of five thousand seven hundred and forty-eight; possesses eight grist and ten saw mills; and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, eighty- four thousand ninehundred bushels of wheat, thirty-four thousand eight hundred bushels of oats, twenty-six thousand bushels of peas, forty-eight * thousand inine hundred pounds of wool, twenty-one thousand pounds of cheese, and thirty-five thousand pounds of butter ; and land has risen in -value to an average of twelve dollars per acre for wild, and twenty dollars per acre for cleared land. There is a settlement of Quakers iu ithe south-east of the township, where is a village called "Sparta," CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTUIIE. 101 V-w^.-N.^^-^^ containing about two hundred inhabitants ; it is six miles from the plank road, and nine miles from Port Stanley. In the south-east corner of the township, on Catfish Creek, is a small settlement called Jamestown. From St. Thomas to Woodstock, you may either return to London, and follow the Dundas Street, in which case you have a gravel and plank road the whole distance ; or, at those seasons of the year when the roads are in good condition, you may travel to the plank road, (Dundas Street,) by the town line between Yarmouth and Westminster on the one side and Dorchester on the other ; by so doing you save three miles in distance, and four tolls, besides having an opportunity of seeing a different portion of the country. Leaving St. Thomas, you follow the Talbot road eastward for nearly seven miles ; you then turn to the left and travel the town line, as it is called, direct north till you reach the plank road, a distance of fourteen miles. The country on each side of the road is well settled, and gene- rally with pretty good farms ; the land is rolling, the soil a stiff reddish loam. The inhabitants on the line are said to be nearly all Americans, or Pennsylvanian Dutch. When you reach the plank road, which you do close to the seventy-third post from Hamilton, and eight miles from London, you turn to the right, or east ; a short distance from the turn is a Baptist Church, built of brick, and about a mile beyond, close to the first toll-gate, is a bridge crossing the Thames. Dorchester, the remaining township in the County of Middlesex, is divided into north and south, the two portions being separated by the Thames. The land generally through the township is rolling, the soil a rich loam, and the timber hardwood, with pine intermixed. It contains at the present time, two thousand three hundred and sixty-seven inhabi- tants; with one grist and nine saw mills, and produced from the last year's crop, thirty-nine thousand eight hundred bushels of wheat, four- teen thousand bushels of oats, nine thousand six hundred pounds of wool, and ten thousand five hundred pounds of butter. ' The County of Middlesex received from the Government grant, for the year eighteen hundred and forty-nine, the sum of two hundred and fifty pounds, towards the support of Agricultural Societies There was also a grant in the year eighteen hundred and forty-eight of fifty pounds for the Mechanics' Institute in the town of London. The Government grant for the year ending January the thirty-first, eighteen hundred and fifty, for Grammar Schools in the London District, amounted to one hundred and ninety-five pounds. In addition to the allowance towards the expenses of the common schools. The following are the ' ;-».■ J 102 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND TUTVIIB, .•,N,-^^^V^•'^*. *-'W% -^-N. --■x.-v-^'v (I. ^VM NuMiiER of Common Schools in operation in the London District, in 1 847, ivith the amount of remuneration paid to Teacher*. Township. Adelaide Aldbotongh Dnyhaiii , Carradoc Delrtwiro Dorcliester Dunwich Ekfrid Lobo Loudon (Town) London (Township) Mnl.-ihidc Metcnlfe Mosa Southwold Westminster Wiliiuins Yainiouth Total 7 16 & & 16 7 11 5 25 17 4 6 16 17 8 20 Apporfionment fioni Legislative School GtBBt. Total Annual Sultry of Teachfrs. 195 £54 30 94 61 28 53 35 52 67 116 187 117 26 52 137 146 29 148 10 6 13 6 8 1 1 1 8 16 8 10 6 3 5 10 3 6 T 19 2 14 4 1 13 3 15 8 8 9 £190 lao 466 210 1A6 348 164 202 472 450 760 560 120 264 562 656 130 900 O O O O O 3 O O a a a a £ 1439 16 4 £6740 Number of Common Schools in operation in the London District for the year 1849: — Adelaide, nii\e ; Aldborough, five ; Bayham, eighteen ; Carradoc, nine ; Lobo, eight ; Malahide, eighteen ; Mosa, nine ; Southwold, nineteen ; Westminster, twenty-two ; Wiiliams, five ; Yarmouth, twenty- three ; Delaware, five ; Dorchester, twenty-one ; Dunwich, nine ; Ekfrid, seven ; London, twenty-eight ; Metcalfe, five. — ^I'otal, two hundred and twenty. Expenditure on, and Revenue from Public Won-ks in the County^ up to tite 31sf December^ 1849. KXPENDITURE. Work. London and Brantford Road London and Port Stanley Road Port Stanley Harbour DelawHre Bridge Length. 57^ miles 26i " Total cost. £49,360 12 9 24,719 6 7 23,948 3 8 1,701 14 10 m ttal 1 SttUry jf chfrs. ) 1) o S D 8 8 a 4 2 3 8 4 2 a 6 istrict for ;!5aTradoc, )Uthwold, i,twenty- ! ; Ekfrid» idred and il cost » 12 9 9 6 T 8 3 8 1 14 10 CANADA : PAST, PRESlvKT AND FUTUKE* ■^■^•^'i'^*-■Ni*■"»•V•^.•^,-^.'V•^■VVX■^^v•v-s,-«.^>.>.'^.^.•^.•^.^-^.■^--v•w-s-*. REVENUE AND EXPENSES. 103 Year ending lat Januarjy-, 1849. GrosH Revenue. 1 E.\pen8eB of ColJwtioii Net Revenue. «iid Repoiri!. 1 London and Rrantfivd Road ........ London and Port Sunley Iload Port Stanley Harbour Ddaw-arc iiridge....^ ^^ £3147 8 1 2304 10 8 1«46 12 5 4i I 4 £59« 4 7 897 4 fi 52 6 6 £2551 3 6 1407 6 2 d94 5 11 45 1 4 For Che yevr 1«4». London and Rrantfoid road London and Port Stanley Hood Port Stanley Hiu-bovr ......... ^^... Delaware IWdgc.^..... .-....„- £4873 1925 865 77 £ 1056 2615 43 £1817 822 77 A large portion of the London and Brantford Road is in the Brock and Gore Distriets. ExPENorruRE on Lighthouses for the year 1849. Pofi. Salary. Supplies. 1 Total. Port ^anley ...,....^....,^. fort UiirweU • £S0 1 3 50 £18 15 4 41 18 3 £48 16 7 91 18 5 SIeven(Jic from Lightlionse^ or Tonnage Duty^ for the year ending on 5th JastLuary^ 1850. Port Stanley • •««••••••••.••«•••••««« •««*«•««« £11 19 8 4 19 Revewje from Customs Duties for the year ending 5£& January, 1849. Port. Grose Amount of C4^lectk>ns. Salarie* and otber Expenses. Net Revenue. Port Burwcll ^ ..^ Port Stanley .^. £319 10 2 5132 10 3 £101 5 7 ^4 4 9 £218 4 7 4838 5 6 For the year ending Jan. 5, 1 850- Port Burwcll £375 4 5 6767 15 10 £100 418 IS 9 £ 275 4 5 Port Stanley 6349 2 1 ' iv Mj ■ !f III 1 ill 1 (JR'I i m Ijara lii h i i; im U '^' u 104 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. '^ ^. N.N.^NA^,'%,%V,,^V^,^ .'Si AnTHAcr/rowi the Assessment Units, for the years 1842, 1841, 1848, nm^ from the Census and Assessment Rolls for 1850. Date. Number of Acres cultivated. Mills. Horses, 3 years old, \ and upwards. Ij Oxen, 4 years old, jj and upwards. j j Milch Cows. •Co « * Is Sim a 6378 6036 It of roperty. i 1 ^ 1842 112633 1844 130329 t 35 35 79 93 • »••.. 5299 6096 11440 12102 X 408330 455373 Township. Aldborough 1848 4615 5029 4596 20920 10446 28223 24778 1502g 19917 12087 2893 3885 7441 7068 4688 2269 1 2 3 3 6 3 5 4 3 1 1 3 \ \ 1 2 1 2 11 9 4 18 4 33 2 1 1 9 1 * "s 132 177 146 811 410 1043 1098 636 716 538 144 172 198 314 154 56 111 262 219 298 220 497 508 672 546 338 543 375 147 285 361 343 265 183 273 7 358 586 447 1685 1138 2008 2192 259 268 382 564 448, 806 8.1R £ 12983 13 Mosa 17794 9 Diinwich 18502 18 Westminster 55512 7 8 Dorcheater, N. and S.... Yiirmoutli • »••••■ 34492 15 8 86148 19 8 London 69171 14 Malahido 1195 529 1569 611 101.?; 606 354 129 5071 375 710 351 886 466 408 441 312 160 483 473 335i 13 444-18 12 6 Southwold 56456 9 Bayhatn 44242 12 Delaware 14204 9 Ekfrid 12858 12 Carradoc 20167* 9 Lobo u«aa« 24347 9 Adelaide Metcalfe 15r46 9 8247 10 Williams 3869 1300* Town of London ......... 35160 16186 177752 40 102 7118 6080 7719 £582,891 7 6 The rateable property only inchides Iands» brick and frame houses,, horses and cattle ; and as brick houses are only valued at sixty pounds^ and frame houses at thirty-live pounds, whatever the real cost might be» the amount stated in the assessment roll mast be far below the real value of the property rated in each county. gsa 13 794 9 502 18 51'J 7 8 1492 13 8 n48 19 S )171 14 14-]8 12 6 1456 9 4242 12 1204 9 2858 12 )ir)7» 9 t347 9 ;r46 9 J247 10 iooe 5160 Canada: r..-«T, prksent and fltlre. 105 •%%-.%%%■>.*•' <■ N, >rf~» * ^ , •v^i.A. -V •iijo:) I «A — C) <» t-; I.-; A • V5 I * •.•} CI »< rt — Q K f — 'n tI Of. 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J3 CO a e2 ^^ « -7> if • 3 »« _ ■ J} 4)' 2 » S OS 1-1 -< OS t>. CO 00 CO CO OS W5 o OS 00 OS -H -< (N ^ ^ — 50 00 -f CI CO — Tjl — CO h» >-< CO -< (N — (N 2^ « o t: 2 e'Qvsoo>=»- (N OS CO CO co OS (M ^eo CO CO CO CO o 00 o CO OS t CO CO CO CO (N CO OS OS (N (M CO t- 00 OS CO eo to CO CO g CO 'I' CO >.o CO OS © eo OS OS e o -d a o >J O JO O "O B Fe o 3 T) .2 u O 4> a a O — U a c •p4 «, a a a ^i^ ^^ B B ^ lU ,o U ^ u eo 03 ^ ^ o "a n H «-* e4 E ^ o en >> 3 CIS li ;3 B U T! ^^ 9 o CJ M c< m M m 0! & B B O O 4-» •o B .B «« ^ (• <» 'H o 09 a a la is a o «« M w b .S <2 a >> si t ••• K ^ o a & 3 O CJ u -2 ^ 1 4^> O 4J .a 4-t *^ B a 3 O Tt n u e« 3 V JS U V 4-» ,a o CIS B V C4 > ft .s w en a a> 0) s B V C3 1 = S % £■•§ o i> a c •■< •FN •» c.S to ?> "2 § S -a (5 a m la * I B O O ♦* g -a s s O *• ■5 J= u _ •- n >> * t - 2 § a- o u "2 •* 2 o o "a - .S - « I? « g ■S " CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 107 Government and County Ojjicers in the County of Middlesex : Judge of County Court James E. Small. SherifT James Hamilton. Clerk of Peace John B. Askin. Treasurer of County W. W. Street. Registrar of County H. Biirwell. Inspector of Licenses J. B. Clench. Crown Lands Agent J. B. Askin. Deputy Clerk of Crown h J. B. Askin. County Clerk J. B. Strathy. Clerk of County Court J. B. Askin. Agent for Marriage Licenses J. F. Harris. Warden W. Niles. Division Courts in the County of Middlesex : 1st Division. — Tovm and Township of London ; the northern part oj Westminster, to the line between the fifth and sixth concessions ; the northern division of Dorchester, and the north part of the southern division of Dorchester, to the line between the sixth and seventh con- cessions. Courts held at London, March 28th, April 29th, May 31st, June 27th, August 12th, October 3rd, November 15th, and December 30th. Clerk, John C. Meredith, London. 2nd Division. — Bayham and Malahide, and the southern part of the southern division of Dorchester, to the line between the sixth and seventh concessions. Courts held at Aylmer, April IGth, August 1st, and De- cember 3rd. At Vienna, June 11th, and October 8th. Clerk, Francis H. Wright, Aylmer. 3rd Division. — Yarmouth and Southwold, and the south part of West- minster, to the line between the fifth and sixth concessions. Courts held at St. Thomas, April 18th, June 13th, August 3rd, October 10th, and December 5th. Clerk, Henry Warren, St. Thomas. 4th Division. — Dunwich and that part of Aldboro' lying to the south of the seventh concession. Courts held at Dunwich, April 19th, July 17th, and October ISth. 5th Division. — Ekfrid and Mosa, and the northern part of Aldboro', from the River Thames to the seventh concession, inclusive. Courts held at Wardsville, April 22nd, and October 14th: at Snell's Inn, July 19th. Clerk— Hatelie, Wardsville. 6th Division. — Delaware and that part of Lobo lying south of the seventh concession, and that part of Carradoc lying south of the seventh concession. Courts held at Delaware, April 24th, June 15th, August 10th, October 19th, and December 21st. Clerk, W. F. Bullen, Delaware. i .11 n iH'-1 !;■ ■■■:. .1 ?ij:i 108 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 7th Division. — Adelaide, Williams, and Metcalfe, and that portion of Carradoc lying north of the sixth concession, and the northern portion of Lobo, lying north of the sixth concession. Courts held at Strathroy, April 25th, June 19th, August 9th, October 17th, and December 20th. Clerk, James Keefer, Strathroy. Distances in the County of Middlesex, in miles : London to Westminster, six ; Kilworth, nine ; Delaware, fourteen ; Munsee-town, twenty-four ; Wardsville, thirty-six ; Junction, six ; Five Stakes, fourteen ; St. ThoVnas, seventeen ; New Sarum, twenty-four ; Tempe ranee ville, twenty-seven ; Aylmer, twenty-nine ; Richmond, thirty-six and a half; Sandytown, forty and a half; Vienna, forty-five and a half; Port Bur well, forty-eight and a half ; Fingal, twenty-four ; Strathroy, twenty -six; Adelaide, thirty-two and a half; Tyrconnel, thirty-six ; New Glasgow, forty-nine ; Lobo, twelve ; Adelaide, twenty- six. . . St. Thomas to Five Stakes, three ; Junction, eleven ; London, seven- teen ; Selborne, seven and a half ; Port Stanley, nine ; Tyrconnel, twenty-one ; Zona, thirteen ; New Glasgow, thirty-two ; Lobo, twent-y seven ; Delaware, nineteen ; Kilworth, twenty-four ; Fingal, seven ; New Sarum, seven ; Temperanceville, ten ; Aylmer, twelve ; Richmond, nineteen and a half; Sandytown, twenty-three and a half; Vienna, twenty-eight and a half. Port Stanley to lona, six ; Tyrconnel, twelve ; New Glasgow, thirty- two ; Sparta, nine. Vienna to Sandytown, five ; Richmond, nine , Aylmer, sixteen and a half; Temperanceville, eighteen and a half; New Sarum, twenty-one and a half; St. Thomas, twenty-eight i d a half; Port Burwell, three ; Sandhills, eight. Delaware to Kilworth, five ; Lobo, eight ; Strathroy, twelve ; Mun- see-town, ten ; Westminster, eight ; Junction, eight ; Wardsville, twenty- two. Distances from London to places out of the County : To Ingersol, twenty-two miles ; Beachville, twenty-seven ; Wood- stock, thirty-two ; Thamesville, fifty-one ; Louisville, sixty ; Chatham, sixty-six ; Port Sarnia, sixty-one ; Goderich, fifty-nine. ^•^% "^ -VN. N 'n.'^'\.*."s'\.^.-1. ill III vtt 1 1 1 1 1|-| CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 109 OXFORD. This County, lately the Brock District, comprises the Townships of Blandford, Blenhein, Burford, Dereham, Nissouri, Norwich, Oakhind East Oxford, North Oxford, West Oxford, East Zorra, and West Zorra ' all of which townships were formerly attached to the London District. This is a fine county, the land of which is generally rolling. Being an inland county it has no ports or harbours, but it is well supplied with mill streams. The Townships of Nissouri, East and West Zorra, Bland- ford, North, West, and East Oxford, and the North of Dereham, are watered by various branches of the Thames ; Blenheim, the East and North of Blandford, and the North of Burford, by the Grand liiver ; Dereham, Norwich, and the South of Burford, by the Otter Creek. It is long since these townships commenced settling ; Blandford, Blen- heim, Burford, and West Oxford, were first surveyed in the year seven- teen hundred and ninety-three ; Oakland, in seventeen hundred and ninety-six ; Dereham, Norwich, and North Oxford, in seventeen hundred and ninety-nine ; Nissouri, in eighteen hundred and nineteen ; and Zorra, in eighteen hundred and twenty. For a long time they advanced very slowly. In entering the county from London, the first place you reach is Inger- Bol, in the Township of Oxford, which is twenty-one miles from London ; it is a considerable village, containing about five hundred inhabitants. It is well situated, the greater part of it being built on the sides and summit of the high gravelly banks of the east branch of the River Thames, which flows through it, and furnishes water to supply one grist and two saw mills, a carding machine and fulling mill. The village also contains a foundry, tannery, distillery, &c. ; and five churches. Episcopal, Free Church, Wesleyan Methodist, Episcopal Methodist, and Roman Catholic ; and has a daily post. On the road to Ingersol the land is generally rolling, with a tolerable sprinkling of pine amongst the hardwood, and in one or two places may be seen a grove of pines, with a few beech trees intermixed. The soil is mostly a sandy or gravelly loam. From Ingersol to Beachville, which is five miles, the land is a rich sandy loam, intermixed with gravel. Beachville is prettily situated on the bank of the Thames, and con- taint about three hundred and fifty inhabitants. There are two churches in the village — Episcopal and Presbyterian ; other denominations use the school house. There are also a grist mill and saw mill, carding t'1 110 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 1 " 1^ 1 i^A ? T ft ■ t * 'iu machine, i-ind fulling mill, tannery, and distillery, and post office ; post daily. The Township of Oxford commenced settling in the year seventeen hundred and ninety-five, when land was sold at half a dollar per acre ; in eighteen hundred and seventeen it had only increased to twelve and six pence ; while at the present time it might be stated at from six to ten dollars per acre. A cow in eighteen hundred and seventeen was worth six pounds five shillings, and a sheep fifteen shillings. The census and assessment returns for the present year not having been made up in this county, we are under the necessity of using the assessment returns for eighteen hundred and forty-nine. When, how- ever, the rolls are completed, they will be given with a subsequent part, in order to make the work complete. Oxford is divided into three separate townships. East, North, and West. In eighteen hundred and forty-nine, there were in North Oxford, one saw mill ; in East Oxford, two grist and four saw mills ; and in West Oxford, four grist and eight saw mills. The Thames divides North Oxford from West Oxford. Zorra is situated to the north of Oxford, and is a township of excel- lent land ; the timber is principally hardwood. The village of Embro is situated six miles from the Governor's road, and nine miles from Woodstock, and contains a population of about three hundred and fifty. There is also in the township the small settlement of Huntingford. — There are in East Zorra three saw mills, and in West Zorra three grist and three saw mills. Nissouri, which is the north-westerly township of the county, is a good township of land, and the timber is principally hardwood. It is well settled, and contains three grist and six saw mills. The village of St. Andrews is situated near the south-west corner. It is twelve miles from London, and fourteen miles from Woodstock. From Beachville to Woodstock, which is five miles, the soil continues the same ; the land is generally rolling, the country well settled, and the farms beautifully situated ; most of the hills contain gravel. Near the twenty-ninth mile post from London, is a small cedar swamp. A short distance before reaching Woodstock you cross the Cedar Creek, a tributary of the Thames. Woodstock, the County-town of the County of Oxford, and lately, the District-town of the Brock District, is situated in the south-west corner of the Township of Blandford, on rolling ground, and a gravelly soil. — It was surveyed and laid out in the year eighteen hundred and thirty- three, and became the District-town in eighteen hundred and forty. — The town is divided into East and West Woodstock, but it has increased Canada: past, rnESENT axd futuhe. Ill considerably in size within the last few years ; building has been car- ried on extensively, and the two portions of the town have gradually approximated towards each other, till they now form one continuous street. The jail and court-house arc situated a little north of the centre of the town. A new registry office has lately been erected, and also a new office for the County Clerk, and a good substantial grammar school. Woodstock contains six churches, two of which are of brick, viz. : Episcopal and Presbyterian 5 the others are British Wesleyan, Canadian Wesleyan, Baptist, and Christian. Population about twelve hundred. A weekly newspaper, the British Amei'ican, is published here. Wood- stock has a Mechanics' Institute, a daily post, and a steam mill. About four miles from Woodstock, in the Township of East Oxford, Messrs. Vansittart and Cottell have erected the " Eastwood IMills," a large saw- ing establishment, to which a grist mill is being added. Blandford is a small, well Avatered, well settled township. The Thames divides a large portion of it on its western side from Zorra. The timber is a mixture of hardwood and pine. There is one saw mill in the township. The Thames is rather tortuous in its course, but from London to Woodstock it runs very near the road the whole distance. About four miles from Woodstock the road divides ; the new plank road running to Brantford, and the old Dundas Street or Governor's road which runs to Paris. The latter forms the dividing boundary or line of demarcation between the Townships of Nissouri, Zorra, Blandford and Blenheim, on the north ; and North Oxford, East Oxford, and Burford, on the south. The Township of Blenheim, which is the north-westerly township of the county, is watered by the Grand River, and by Smith's Creek, a tributary of the former. Blenheim first commenced settling in seven- teen hundred and ninety-scA'en, and in eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained thirty one inhabited houses and one hundred and fifty inha- bitants. There was at that time no place of worship, one medical practitioner, and one school. A cow was worth five pounds ; a sheep twelve and six pence, and land twelve and sixpence per acre. Thus a sheep would purchase an acre of land. In eighteen hundred and forty- eight, the average value of wild land in the district was stated to be one pound, and cleared land fifteen dollars per acre. This is rather under than over the mark, and many farms in the county would com- mand a much higher price.. The soil consists of sandy loam and clay ; timber, beech, maple, oak, hickory, elm, bass wood, and white ash, with pine intermixed. There are one grist and sixteen saw mills in tne township. The village of Princeton, which contains about two hundred inhabitants, an Episco- \U w ii iU' 'H%n ' Hi;; ' 112 CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURK. >--N.-s.-S. ■S.-^-^-N.-V-^ pal Church, saw mill, and post office, is situated on the Governor's road, about twelve miles from Woodstock, and the village of Canning, which contains about one hundred and eighty inhabitants, grist mill, saw mill, and tannery, is situated on. Smith's Creek, near the south-east corner of the township. The plank road, when it leaves the Governor's road, strikes off to the south-east, across the northern corner of East Oxford, and then runs through the Township of Burford, a little north of its centre. Burford commenced settling in seventeen hundred and ninety-three, when wild land was sold at about five shilling per acre. In eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained five hundred and fifty inhabitants, three grist and four saw mills. A cow was worth six pounds five shil- lings, wool half a dollar per pound, and wild land averaged thirteen shil- lings and three pence per acre. At the present time Burford contains two grist and ten saw mills. There is a small village called Burford on the plank road, about two miles from the town line, between Burford and Brantford, and a small settlement lately called " Bishopsgate," but better known as the " Checquered Sheds," situated at the junction of the plank road with the town line. The land is generally rolling ; the soil a sandy loam, and the timber a mixture of hardwood trees and pine. The little Township of Oakland was originally called the Gore of Burford. The road from Brantford to Simcoe runs along the town line, between Oakland and Townsend, till it reaches the south-west corner of the township, when it turns ofi* to the south. In travelling from Brantford to Dereham, after entering Oakland by way of Mount Plea- sant, when within sight of the village of Oakland, (which is pleasantly situated in a valley, and contains about two hundred inhabitants, grist and saw mills, carding machine and fulling mill,) the road turns to the right ; from a gravelly knoll, a short distance from the village, you have a fine view over the surrounding country. A short distance from Oak- land, a pine ridge crosses the road, extenu'ing on either side as far as the eye can reach. From Oakland to the village of Scotland, which is situated in the south-west corner of the township, the road passes over oak plains ; the land is rolling and the country studded with fine farms. Scotland, which is eleven miles from Brantford, is finely situated on a gravelly elevation, having a tolerably extensive view ; it contains about three hundred inhabitants, and has two neat churches, Congregational and Baptist, and a pottery. The inhabitants of Scotland and the neighbourhood are principally Americans and Canadians, with a small sprinkling of English, Irish and Scotch. The town line between Oakland and Burford is well settled, and the farmers are generally in good circumstances. CANADA: PAST, PRESUNT AND FUTUUE. 113 ^.^.-,^.^.^.■v . V From Scotland to Norwichvillo, in Norwich, is about twelve miles. About two miles from Scotland, oak ceases to be the predoniinatin;; timber, and the land becomes heavier; from thence, for about ciglit miles, the settlements arc thinly scattered, the land generally is heavily timbered, much of it is rich, and most of it is good, but a considerable portion requires draining. The road through this flat land is bad, with frequent occurrence of corduroy. About two miles before you reach Norwichville the road is again bordered with sjjlendid farms. Nor- wichville, which is pleasantly situated in a rolling country, is a consid- erable village, with the Otter Creek flowing a little below it. It con- tains about four hundred inhabitants ; two churches, Presbyterian and Methodist. An Episcopal church v as arly completed when it was destroyed by fire. There are also in the village a grist and saw mill, two asheries, carding machine and fulling mill, tannery, and a foundry, the ore for which is obtained from Long Point. The road from Norwichville to Otterville runs south for about four miles, through heavily timbered land of a rich description ; timber, ma- ple, beech, elm, &c. ; the road then turns east for one mile, ruiming through a ridge of pines, which extends from Otterville eastward foi about four miles. The Otter Creek runs through the centre of the vil- lage, which contains about three hundred inhabitants, an Episcopal church, two grist mills, saw mill and tannery. A short distance from the village is a Quaker meeting house. The Township of Norwicli commenced settling in the year eighteen hundred and eight, when wild land was selling at six shillings and three pence per acre, and in eighteen hundred and seventeen it had increased to thirteen shillings per acre ; the township then contained one grist and three saw mills. At the present time it possesses three grist and sixteen saw mills. From Otterville to Tilsonburg, in Dereham, is about ten miles ; about a mile and a half from Otterville is a small settlement called Farmers- ville. The land from Otterville to Tilsonburg is timbered with a mix- ture of pine and hardwood. For the first three or four miles the timber is principally pine, afterwards hardwood predominates. The clearings on the road are small and thinly scattered. Tilsonburg is a small village containing about one hundred and fifty inhabitants, situated in the midst of hills, with the Otter Creek flowing through it. The village was formerly called " Dereham Forge," there being for sometime in it a furnace for melting iron ore, which was obtain- ed from the adjoining Township of Middleton; the ore, however, was not of good quality, or the manufacture was not thoroughly understood, which caused the operation to be discontinued. A great trade was also formerly carried on in axes, which were manufactured in the village. ^:'[| ii 1 1 ; i ■ ■ i ' 1 i ll if 1:-' Hi PI ' \ li'- .. lljl ' ' 1*1 ' 1 !■ fii ■ 1 Ml , ■ ii 1 I' ■ !'' , ; :. 1 jj Mi 1 4 ■ • ' ' 1 ■ jpll , tip*'' ! H| IP J; jir ' i U'- i s|-! 1 i' 1^ |; 1 i||;n 11(1 1 J,'. .S*a In In 1 j g ,j ', j. r Bffl ' 1 . MM • m Ill |?| ll • ' 99 ' K 1 H''' ffiflliBifflB ii wll III 1 ' '' lAI 'ilul 1| Mm ' ' !Wl« ml ''■'i^^l ' HI i^BI .8; i >M ; r T 1 ''II III ill .'!■'' I j 1 flH !''',■■ ^Bi rMtaiM 1'!- ^ ' i' ' \ m 119 UiJS !»■ ' 9V' i H 'IflB 'ffi'i ^1 ' II H Hil 11 ipjl ' 11^1 wjILt , !w ^^ 1 1 ' li ' ^ S^^ffl BR T&I^S a ,r f r |l i iii'"''^^ ii inl m ii iilM-'' 11 ■j 114 CANADA : PAST, PRESEffT ANI* FUTURE. There is i Canadian Wesleyan church in Tilsonburg, and the new plank and gravelled road from IngersoU to Vienna passes through it. The Township of Dereham was stated, in eighteen hundred and seventeen to contain only one family. It now contains one grist and eight saw mills. From Tilsonburg to Vienna, through Sandytown, is fifteen miles. Between Tilsonburg and Sandytown, the land through which the old road passes, is timbered with a mixture of hardwood and pine ; part of the land is rich, and part of it is very hilly and broken, some of the hills being in such a state from the washing of the spring freshets as to be almost dangerous. The country through which the road passes is very thinly settled ; here and there, however, a good farm may be seen. — This neighbourhood being almost altogether a lumbering country will ccount for the scarcity of improvements ; as, however, the land be- comes cleared of its best timber, and lumbering remains no longer pro- fitable, those engaged in the trade will of necessity turn their attention to agriculture, and good farms will supply the place of saw mills. There are no public works in this county, with the exception of the Hamilton and London road ; the expense of constructing which, with the amount of tolls, &c., have been previously given. There are no crown lands, or clergy reserves worth mentioning, for sale in the county. The Brock District received an allowance in eighteen hundred and forty-eight of two hundred and fifty pounds towards the support of its Agricultural Societies, and in the same year received a grant of one hundred and ninety-five pounds towards building a school house in the district. In addition to which, there is a government allowance of one hundred pounds as salary for the master of a grammar school, besides the grant towards the support of common schools. CANADA*. PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 115 ■ -*-v-^-S.'-.-w'> Number of Common Schools in operation in the Brock District, in 1847 Township. Woodstock (Town) East Oxford Blaodford Uurford .<.... Blenheim East Zorra Oakland Wc&t Zorra Nissouri North Oxford West Oxford Dereham Norwich , Total S5 2 10 4 25 22 9 5 10 17 .3 5 13 23 Amount received from Legislative School Grant. n 12 99 90 44 21 72 93 25 57 54 112 19 16 9 14 8 3 16 6 10 11 11 3 11 3 11 10 17 3 3 1 Total Annual Salary of Teachers. 148 £ 788 4 1 £175 409 50 702 722 404 227 407 480 146 322 374 813 10 10 10 10 £5233 Number of Schools in operation in the Brock District, in eighteen hundred and forty-nine: — Oakland, five ; Burford, seventeen ; Norwich, twenty-four ; Dereham, eleven ; East Oxford, nine ; West Oxford, seven ; Blenheim, eighteen ; North Oxford, four ; Blandford, seven ; East Zorra, eight ; West Zorra, eleven ; Nissouri, fifteen. — ^Total, one hundred and thirty-six. The first census of th« Brock District was taken in eighteen hundred and forty-one, when the population amounted to fifteen thousand six hundred and twenty-one ; and in eighteen hundred and forty-eight, the number had increased to twenty-nine thousand two hundred and nine- teen, or nearly double. Abstract ^ow the Census Rolls of Ike District Jor 1848.* Wheat produced, bushels Barley, bushels Oats, bushels Peas, bushels Buckwheat, bushels Potatoes, bushels... Maple Sugar, pounds .... Wool, pounds Butter, pounds Cheese, pounds Neat Cattle dorses Sheep ,.....,„ Hogs , ,.,, 394,047 23,680 372,203 52,924 14,437 127,465 439,963 126,701 107,474 115,138 30,442 6,577 49,997 27,528 I ¥ I: I h 111 116 CANADA; PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. Abstract /rom the Assessment Rolls of the years 1R42, 1844 and 1849. \."w-/>VS*h* No. of AcrcB Cultivated. Mills. Cows. Ox'jn four years old and upwards. 2941 3357 Horned Cattle from two to four years old. Amount of Ratable Grist. Saw. Property, 1842... 1844... 67,397 83,046 13 15 46 53 6790 7248 3924 3944 i;220,335 250,340 1849. No. of Acres Cultivated. Mills. Cows. ll V a X « o_. 200 53 114 315 458 365 388 403 395 154 635 455 Horned Cattle from two to four years old. 1 Amount of Township. 1^ •n J Ratable Property. Blandford and Woodstock. Oakland 3519 6172 3129 9715 ^524 8816 18871 7788 10319 7815 19741 19327 • •• 1 2 i 2 3 3 4 1 3 1 3 1 4 3 8 10 3 6 8 16 16 426 273 329 822 887 940 1225 948 921 792 1367 1951 159 79 156 390 532 494 396 562 655 287 468 742 £19201 9 C 14848 17 North Oxford 9363 8 I^ARt t)xii>rd... ......••••••••• 30951 2 10 East Zorra 27034 16 27748 17 Biirford 50914 1 8 West Zorra 27934 4 6 28709 9 West Oxford 33109 3 10 mpnhf^irn............... 40222 1 6C269 4 9 Total 125741 20 79 10881 3935 4920 £378306 15 1 Amount of Ratable Property for the year 1850. Township, £ s. d. Dereham 32039 Nissouri 34041 19 East Oxford 35314 3 o North Oxford 8607 8 6 West Oxford 36099 10 East Zorra 31711 4 West Zorra 32054 15 Blandford 23669 7 Blenheim 52327 3 Burford 58360 17 6 Norwich 65752 17 6 Oakland 15922 6 Totol X425y0O 7 9 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 117 -.-Ni**-^^*-" ^>« Goi'ernmenl and County Officers in the County of Oxford: mount of Ratable 'ropcrty. 9201 () 4848 17 9363 8 J0951 2 10 m:U 16 J7748 17 )0914 1 8 27934 4 6 28709 9 )3109 3 10 10222 1 )C269 4 9 '8306 15 I Judge of County Court .... ShcrifT Clerk of Peace Judge of Surrogate Court. . Registrar of do • • I • Treasurer of County Registrar of do County Clerk Clerk of County Court .... Deputy Clerk of Crown .... Inspector of Licenses Warden Coroner Auditors D. S. McQueen . . . James Carrol Wm. Lapenotiere . Wm. Lapenotiure . John G. Vansittart H. C. Barwick James Ingersoll Thos. S. Shenstone Richard Foquett Richard Foquett . Jordan Charles . Benjamin Van Norman .... . J. Turquand . V. Hall and James Kintrea. , Division Courts: Woodstock. Woodstock. Woodstock. Woodstock. Woodstock. Woodstock. Woodstock. Woodstock. Woodstock. Woodstock. Beachville. Tilsonburg. Woodstock. First Division. — Courts held monthly, at Woodstock. Clerk, Geo. W. Whitehead, Woodstock. Second Division. — Courts held every two months, at Canning, in the Township of Blenheim. Clerk, John Jackson, Blenheim. Third Division. — Courts held every two months, at Burford, in the Township of Burford. Clerk, W. M. Whitehead, Burford. Fourth Division. — Courts held every two months, at Norwichville, in the Township of Norwich. Clerk, Jacob H. Carnaby, Norwich. Fifth Division. — Courts held monthly, or once in two months, as may be necessary, at Ingersoll, in the Township of West Oxford. Clerk, David Canfield, Ingersoll. Sixth Division. — Courts held every two months, at Embro', West Zorra. Clerk, Donald Mathieson, Embro'. Distances in the County of Oxford : Woodstock to Beachville, five miles; Ingersoll, ten ; Tilsonburg, twenty- three and a half; Embro', nine ; St. Andrews, fourteen ; Princeton, twelve ; Canning, seventeen ; Burford, eighteen ; Bishopsgate, twenty ; Norwichville, seventeen ; Otterville, twenty-two. Norwichville to Scotland, twelve ; Oakland, fourteen and a half ; Otterville, five ; Farmcrsville, six and a half; Tilsonburg, fifteen. 118 CANADA: FAST, PRSSBNT AND FUTVRB< ^-.•w•*■v^^V^.-. V s."w-."v. %.%•->.■.. ^."'.'- NORFOLK. '') Thr Conntj' of Norfolk, formrrly flu^ Tnlbot District, comprises the Townships of Charlottovillo, Honijhton, Middloton, Townsond, Walsinj?- ham, Windham, and Woodhouse, a?l of which were originally inclndcd in the London District. The County of Norfolk contains, of surveyed land, three htmdret! and eiphty-three thousand two hundred acres : fifty-two thousand four hun- dred of which were Clergy Rosctvcs ; of these had been granted or appropriated in eighteen hundred and forty-nine, three hundred and thirty thousand seven hundred acres, leaving vacant one hundred acres, besides Indian lands. Walsingham commenced settling In seventeen hundred and ninety- ono ; Charlotteville, in seventeen hundred and ninety-three ; Woodhouse and Windham, in seventeen hundred and ninety-four ; Townsend, in seventeen hundred and ninety-six ; and Middloton, in eighteen hundred and fifteen. According to the reports furnished to Mr. Gourlay in eighteen hundred and seventeen, these townships at that time contained about three thousand one hundred and thirty-seven inhabitants ; in eighteen hundred and thirty-nine they contained nine thousand and sixty-six ; in eighteen hundred and forty-two, ten thousand four hundred and fifty-five; and in eighteen hundred and forty-eight, the number had increased to nineteen thousand two hundred and seventy-four. This county is one of the best watered in the Province, being abund- antly supplied with good mill streams, many of which flow through land;-; covered with excellent pine, which aftbrds supplies to numerous saw mills. In some localities the preparation of lumber engrosses more of the attention of the settlers than agricultural operations, and is likely to do so till the pine woods are exhausted, which, at the rate the destruc- tion of the forest is now carried on, is likely to be the case in a few years ; this, however, is not much to be regretted, as the improvement and cultivation of the land, and consequent eni'iehment of the district, must necessarily follow. During tho last season a great number of pijie logs have been exported to the American side, sufficient to cut at least three millions feet of lumber ; these, of course, are sawed in the United States, to the loss of the owners of saw mills on the Canadian side of the lake ; the Americans finding it more profitable to import tho CANADA : PAST, PllESKNT AND FUTUHE. 119 ■^.•v^ %.«^» V*.* ^^.X** •k.«.«>ik,<^*k^« » N.V^-*^^-^^'^^' raw material than the nianufiicturcd artich', on account of tlie dimin- ished duty and other expenses. Canadian sawyers ought to see to this, as, if allowed to <^o on, it will necessarily increase, and in a very few years their mills will be utterly valueless to them, and the money ex- pended in their construction will be so niueh dead loss. The principal streams in the county are Hip; Creek, which waters the Townships of Windham, Middleton, the north and west of Chnrlotte- ville and Walsinghum, in which latter township it enters Lake I'^rie : Patterson's Creek, or Iliver F^ynn, which waters the south-west of Townsend, and south-east of Windham, and enters the lake in Wood- house, besides immerous smaller streams. In entering the county from Hamilton, you travel by the plank road from Caledoniit, on the Grand River, from whence to Port Dover is twenty-three miles. You first reae'' the Township oi Woodhouse, the south-eastern township of the county. This township was iirst settled in seventeen hundred and ninety-four, wh'\. Ian ! was valued at only five shillings per acre, and in eighteen hundrf'" and se nteeu it con- tained one hundred houses, and seven hundred and ele> \ inhabitants. There were in the township at that date, three gri: t ^^nd seven saw mills; a cow was stated to be worth five pr »?'';;; butter anr! ' heese, one shilling per pound ; wool, two and sixpt ce p •>• pound. 8ince then it has gradually increased in population ami imi)rovements, and now contains three thousand six hundred and forty-seven inhabitanls; and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, thirty-eight thousand bushels of wlieat, seventeen thousand bush(>ls of oats, thirteen thousand six hundred bushels of Indian corn, liuirtren thousand bushels of potatoes, and eight thousand bushels of buckwlieat ; besides twelve thousand nine hundred pounds of mnplo sugar, twelve thousand six hundred pounds of m-qoI, and thirteen thousand five hundred pounds of bntter. The land is generally rolling, and the soil principally loam, — the timber varies from hardwood ^-^ pine, and freciuently presents a mix- ture of both, oak occurring in ': r.- quantities. In the south of the township are good quarries of limestone. There are now four grist and twelve saw mills, two cardins" and fulling mills, seven tannerirs, and two foundries in the township. Wild land averages two pounds ten shillings, and cleared fLZ-UiS range from four pounds ten shillings to five pounds per acre in value. In the west of the township is a gore, called the Gore of Woodhouse, having its base towards tlie north. Port Dover, wliich is situated in the south of the township, at the mouth of the River Lynn, is the principal shipping port for the neigh- bourhood. The banks of the lake are here of tolerable height, sloping gradually up from the water's edge, and tlie village is pleasantly 120 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE, tf'n; y-.y m^.' k n 1 '• X situated ; before entering it you cross a swing bridge which has been constructed across the river, the mouth of which forms the harbour. The village is gradually impi'oving, and now contains about six hundred inhabitants. The harbour cost nine thousand seven hundred and eighty- seven pounds constructing, but was left in an unfinished state, and has lately been sold by the Government to a private company for seven thousand six hundred pounds. A reef of rocks about three quarters of a mile in length, which runs out in the lake a short distance from the harbour, protects it from the violence of the waves, serving as a natural breakwater. A buoy was anchored here as a warning to mariners, but it was carried away by the ice during the last spring, and has not yet been replaced. Port Dover contains two churches, Presbyterian and Methodist, a grammar and other schools, a grist mill, saw mill, foundry, and extensive tannery ; a post office and resident collector of customs. A plank and macadamized road has existed for some years between this place and Hamilton, and a company has been lately formed for the purpose of constructing a plank and gravelled road to Ottervillc, in Norwich, via Simcoe and Fredericksburg, the length of which will be about twentj'-five miles. ■kiJ-:l Exports from Port Dover for the year 1 849. Denomination. Lumber, (plank and boards,). ShingUc, Wool, Wheat, Flour, Potatoes, Sheep skins, Potash, Quantity. •5465667 feet 681^ M. 324 lbs. 13 bushels 6454 barrels 934 bushels 216 cwt. 3 barrels Value. £9575 13 1 205 8 2 16 4 2 t)169 15 87 11 3 467 22 10 16546 1 6 Besides the following, the value of which could not be ascertained : Pipe staves, 1000 pieces. West India staves, 42000 do. CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTUHE, 121 Exports /or the yea?- 1850. Denomination. Wool, Potatoes, Seeds, Wheat, Sheep skins, Furs, Oats, Old copper, , Ship stuff, (bran, shorts, &c'.) Fruit, Cedar posts, Cows, , Horses, , Ilye flour, Wheat flour,. Quantity. Value. fifi 52 G 5790 94 1 80 2 6 10 3A 5 5 150 10954 Lumber, 6534000 577 2800 10 Shingles, , Staves, West India,. Potash, ewt. bushels barrels bushels cwt. package bushels cwt. cwt. barrels cords barrels do. feet M. pieces barrels £241 3 9 1013 248 3 5 1 7 4 10 52 121 10274 7500 216 7 50 8 8 13 n 5 3 9 7 3 15 19 2 5 2 6 5 7 7 6 10 19769 8 11^ Value. 9575 13 I 205 8 2 16 4 2 .169 15 87 11 3 467 22 10 5546 1 6 With the following, the value of which was not ascertained : Pipe staves, , 19800 pieces. West India staves, 31(3690 do. Whisky, 654 barrels. Value of imports at Port Dover for the year eighteen hundred and forty-nine, £14308 8s. Of this amount £l66 17s. 7d., was for broom corn ; £32 4s. lid. for cheese ; £57 lis. lid. for salt meat, and £9 lis. 2d. for hops; — all of which might certainly have been raised or manufactured in the county. The duties on the above imports amounted to £2014 18s. 9d. The following vessels are owned at Port Dover : Despatch (steamboat), 120 tons ; three schooners, 316 tons ; two scows, 148 tons ; — total, 584 tons. From Nanticoke, a shipping place seven miles from Port Dover, there were shipped during the season of eighteen hundred and fifty, two hundred and seventy-five thousand eight hundred and thirty-seven feet lumber. The expoi'ts, the value of which is given, were shipped to the United States, and the remainder to Montreal and Quebec. From Port Dover to Simcoe, distant eight miles, the land is generally rolling, the soil a sandy loam, and the timber almost altogether hardwood* liW- '^-^ i'i T ^"'\ ■I [ llllli 122 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. a considerable portion being oak. Tiie country is thickly settled, with excellent farms, most of which have good orchards attached to them, and many of the inhabitants are exchanging the old zig-zag fences for others of a more sightly character ; on the road, about a mile and a half Irom Simcoe is the old Episcopal church of the district, a large frame building, seemingly well constructed. Simcoe, lately the district town of the Talbot District, and now the county town of the County of Norfolk, is pleasantly situated near the north-western corner of the Township of Woodhouse, and is giving sub- stantial proofs of its increasing prosperity, in the gradual improvement in the character of its public and private buildings. Five years since it contained but two or three brick houses ; it now however can boast of as majiy as most places of its size in the Province, and contains nearly filieen hundred inhabitants. Simcoe is incorporated, contains the jail and court house of the county, and all the government and county offices are kept here. There are six churches: Episcopal, Presbyte- rian, Congregational, Methodist and two Baptist; two grist mills and one saw mill, two foundries, three distilleries, an ashery, two tanneries, a brewery, soap and candle factory, &c., a grammar school, and a daily post. Three newspapers are published here, the Simcoe Standard, Long Point Advocate, and Norfolk Messenger, and the Gore Bank has an agent here. Patterson's Creek runs through the town. From Simcoe a road runs direct to the Hamilton and Dover plank road, which it reaches at the village of Jarvis, eight miles from Port Dover, following tlie town line between Woodhouse and Towasrnd, which is fi\e miles shorter distance than going round by Port Dover ; in the present state of the road however there is not much saved in time in travelling by it, a portion of it being in very bad order, with a con- siderable extent of corduroy. From Simcoe to Port Ryersc is six miles ; you travel for about three miles and a half along the Port Dover road, and the road then continues to run southwards till near the lake, when it diverges to the east. Port Kycrse po.ssesses but few inhabitants, although it is the shipping port for the neighbourhood, and has a grist mill containing three run of stones. Tlip. nc ^hbourhood of the port is hilly and the scenery picturesque. The following are the exports and imports at Port Ryerse for the year 1850:— EXPORTS. Lumber 970000 feet. Shingles 500 M. Flour 9230 barrels. 11 i t,^ CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 123 UNiroRTg. Salt 1 180 barrels. Coal 56^ tons. i loods 80 tons. Between Port Ryerse and Vittoria, distant about three and a lialf miles, the road runs for some distance along a high ridge of land, having an extensive valley below it ; there are some fine farms on the road. From Simcoc to Vittoria is six miles and three quarters ; the land through which the road passes is rolling and the country well settled, the soil generally a sandy loam, and as you approach Vittoria the character of the timber changes, and a considerable portion of it is pine. On the road, near the village, is a Methodist church. Vittoria, which is situated near the eastern corner of the Township of Charlotteville, is a thriving little place, it has been in ancient tiines a place of some little consequence. Up to the year eighteen hundred and sixteen the courts for the district (London) were held at Turkey Point, in the south- west of the township, which was then called " Port Norfolk," and where a building was erected which was used as a court house. From eighteen hundred and sixteen to eighteen hundred and twenty-seven the courts were held at Vittoria, where a court house was built at an expense of nine thousand pounds ; building however at that time was very expensive, and the same sum in the present day would pay for erecting a very different structure. In eighteen hundred and twenty- seven London was made the district town, and the offices were removed from Vittoria. The village now contains about four hundred inhabi- tants, has three churches, Episcopal, Presbyterian and Baptist ; a grist mill, fulling mill and two distilleries. The registry office for the county was kept here, but has been removed to Simcoe. From Vittoria to Forrestville, in the same township, is about six miles, the land between the two villages is rolling, and the timber mostly hard- wood, a large portion of it being oak. Forrestville is a small settlement, containing not more than about eighty inhabitants. Near the village is a Baptist church. In the south of the township is the village of Normandale, which has for many years been a place of considerable importance to the neigh- bourhood, a blast furnace for smelting the bog iron ore found in the sur- rounding country having been erected here in the year eighteen hundred and twenty-three, and large quantities of iron have been made and manufactured here. The greater portion of the ore however, witliin convenient reach having been used up, when operations were resumed at the Marmora Iron Works, these works were discontinued, and a raw- mill now supplies the place of the furnace. .C' 124 CANADA ; PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. mi • mi t , p' I I :|::::J^ ^ Z.r The Township of Charlottevile commenced settling in seventeen hundred and ninety three, when land was selling at five shillings per acre. In eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained one hundred and thirty-two houses, and nine hundred inhabitants, three grist and three saw mills ; at that time a working horse sold for seventeen pounds ten shillings, a cow for twenty two dollars ; wool was worth two shillings and ninepence per pound, and butter and cheese one and three pence per pound ; and land had risen in value to twenty shillings per acre. The township now contains two thousand four hundred and ninety-eight inhabitants, has three grist and seven saw mills, three fulling and card- ing mills, and one tannery ; and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine ; thirty-three thousand seven hundred bushels of wheat, fourteen thousand eight hundred bushels of oats, eleven thousand bushels of Indian corn, and twenty-two thousand bushels of potatoes, besides twelve thousand pounds of wool, and ten thousand nine hundred pounds of butter. Wild land is stated to average in value twenty-nine shillings, and cleared farms sixty-four shillings per acre. The soil of the township consists of sandy loam, occasionally intermixed with clay, and the timber of oak and pine, with a mixture of chestnut, maple, wal- nut, hickory, beach, ash, whitewood, &;c. A company has been formed for the purpose of constructing a plank and gravelled road from Norman- dale to Fredericksburg. From Forrestville to St. Williams, which is situated just within the Township of Walsingham, the distance is about three miles, the land between the two places is rolling and the timber hardwood. St. Williams is a small village which does not appear to grow. It contains about sixty inhabitants, a post office, and a Methodist church. From St. Williams to Port Rowan in the same township is five miles, the land is generally rolling, and in some parts is broken into short hills, the timber is hardwood. The banks of the lake at Port Rowan are of considerable height. The village contains about two hundred inha- bitants, a Baptist church, a collector of customs, and a post office, and a steam saw mill is in course of erection. This is essentially a lumber- ing country and its exports of the products of the forest are large. ^ CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 125 The following are the exports from I'ortRowiiu for the years 1849 and 1850:— Denomination. 1849. Furs Potatoes , Chain cable Pine lumber Walnut lumbet White wood luuibcr Lathing Pine logs Shingles Shingle wood Hoop poles Spars Quantity. Value. Pine lumber..... Walnut lumber. Furs Staves Lath wood .... Ship knees .... Shiniiks Shingle wood . Flour Furniture Cedar Pine saw logs . 1850. 800 bushels 1 6201250 feet 27000 " 105000 " 1921 bundles 6570 M. feet 68 M. 112 curds 650 2 Total value . £ 38 18 3 75 6 48;J2 19 3 52 10 55 180 5 2154 15 25 10 67 17 6 1 15 7 10 £ 7498 4283239 feet 2240 " 800 332200 feet 174 42000 30 cords 341 barrels 100 pieces 7250 £5217 8 8 5 12 6 120 12 6 2 5 112 15 9 103 16 1 3 22 10 341 25 25 906 5 Total value ! £6897 10 8 Port Royal, which is situated on Big Creek, is a small settlement, con- taining about one hundred and fifty inhabitants. A steam saw mill, which was in operation here a few years since, was destroyed by fire, and a new one has since been erected. The Township of Walsingham was first settled in the year seventeen hundred and ninety-one, when land was selling at five shillings per acre ; in eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained fifty houses and three hundred and thirty seven inhabitants, three grist and two saw mills, and land had increased in value to seventeen shillings and sixpence per acre. At the present time it contains a population of two thousand four hun- dred and twenty-seven, has two grist and eighteen saw mills, a fulling and carding mill and a tannery ; and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, twenty-one thousand bushels of wheat, and eleven thousand bushels of Indian corn, and twent}-t\A o thousand / r i>\m m.. 12G CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. pounds of maple sugar, ten thousand eight hundred pounds of cheese, and icn thousand nine hundred pounds of butter. Besides the steam saw mills in Port Rowan and Port Roj'al, tliere are two others in the township, one of which is a large establishment, containing a gang of sLx saws, circular saws and lathing machine. The front of Walsingham contains a clay soil with hardwood timber, and the back of the township contains a large portion of excellent pine. •Some reports have been circulated lately that lead ore had been found in the township on the banks of Big Creek, but the statement does not appear to rest on very good foundation, and it is surmised that the reports have been made by parties fi om interested motives, and that the speci- mens shown came from other localities ; not having had the opportunity of making a personal search, we are unable to give any decided opinion upon the disputed point. At the southern extremity of the township is a strange prolongation of the land, running out into the lake in an easterly direction called " Long Point", it is about thirty miles in length, and in its widest part about five miles in breadth, and has a peculiar turn or crook at its extre- mity. It is supposed to have been originally formed by the washing up of the sand, and accumulation of soil, &c., brought down by the lake and lodged there. It is described as being a succession of sand hills and swamps or marshy spots ; in a few places however, patches of good soil, covered with beech and maple, may be found. No portion of it is at present under cultivation, and it is chiefly valued on account of its pro- duction of cedar posts, of large quantities of which it has been plundered by marauding parties of Americans. The point is a great place of resort for sportsmen, immense numbers of ducks and snipes being killed in the marshes, and deer are also occasionally killed. Long Point is now an island, the sea having made a considerable breach near its eastern extremity. The opening has no great depth of water, and is not navigable for vessels drawing over five feet. A light ship has been placed at the opening for the protection of mariners, and a light house is erecied on the extremity of the point. The Townships of Houghton and Middleton were originally principally appropriated for school purposes. The Township of Houghton, in eighteen hundred and seventeen, was stated to contain only six families, and in eighteen hundred and fifty the population had increased to one thousand three hundred and four. The township is small, and much of the land is said to be of secondary quality. It produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, nine thousand bushels of wheat, five thousand nine hundred bushels of Indian com, and five thousand six hundred bushels of potatoes. Its possession of fourteen saw mills shows that a la'-'e per- CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 127 tion of its inhabitants arc engaged in the lumber trade. Wild land is now valued at seventeen shillings and nincpence, and cleared I'arins at three pounds nine shillings per acre ; this is the average. There is a considerable quantity of bog iron ore in the township. MioDLETON commenced settling in eighteen hundred and fifteen, and in eighteen hundred and seventeen contained thirty families, at which time wool sold at two shillings and sixpence per pound, and butter and cheese at one shilling and three pence per pound. The land varies very much in quality ; in the south-west the timber is generally beech and maple ; in the south is a considerable swamp ; in the east, the land bordering on Big Creek bears good pine ; and the timber bordering the Talbot Road is also pine, but not generally of such good (]uality. Middleton contains, at the present time, nine hundred and forly-nine inhabitants, a large portion of whom are engaged in the lumber trade. There are one grist and twelve saw mills, and one tannery in the town- ship. Its produce of wheat for the last season only amounted to seven thousand bushels. Wild land in the township is valued at eleven shillings, and cleared land at thirty shillings, per acre. This township also contains iron ore. In Middleton and Houghton there are about six thousand acres of school lands still remaining unsold, the average price of which is eight shillings currency per acre ; this is payable one-tenth down, and the remainder in nine annual instalments, with interest. Persons wishing to purchase must make application to the Agent for Crown Lands at Simcoe. On the town line between Middleton and Windham is situated Fre- dericksburg, formerly called Middleton. Thia is a thriving village, and is likely to increase, being the intended point of junction of the two gravel and plank roads from Port Dover and Normandale to Otterville. It contains about two hundred inhabitants, a grist and saw mill, and post office. Windham, which is one of the best settled townships in the county, commenced settling in seventeen hundred and nine'ty-four, when wild land was only worth five shillings per acre ; in eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained forty-eight houses, and two hundred and ninety- three inhabitants, and land had risen in value to ten shillings per acre. In eighteen hundred and fifty the population had increased to two ttou- sand seven hundred and sixteen ; it contained two grist and two saw mills, a tannery, and foundry. Wild land was valued at two pounds, and cleared farms at four pounds five shillings per acre ; and it pro- duced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, forty-eight thousand bushels of wheat, twenty thousand bushels of oats, twenty 128 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. b\': f'.lsU - V%.-\,'S.->-N,-^-,'..-\.'\.>,-^-.-v.^-^.^ thousand nine hundred bushels of Indian corn, twenty-three thousand bushels of potatoes, and ten thousand bushels ol' turnips ; besides nine- teen thousand pounds of maple sugar, ten thousand pounds of wool, and eight thousand eight hundred pounds of butter. The land is generally rolling, and the timber mostly hardwood, with a small mixture of pine : a eonsidei able portion of the hardwood is oak, with chestnut, beech, and maple ; the soil is generally a sandy loam. TuwNSEND, the last we have to notice, is the best settled township in the county ; it commenced settling in seventeen hundred and ninety-six, when wild land might be bought for one shilling and three pence per acre. In eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained one hundred and twenty houses, and seven hundred and sixteen inhabitants, one grist and three saw mills, and land had only risen in value to seven shillings and sixpence per acre. In eighteen hundred and fifty it contained three thousand nine hundred ai;d sixty-three inhabitants, one grist and nine- teen saw mills, two fulling and carding mills, one brewery, one foundrj-, two tanneries, and two asherics ; and produced Irom the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, seventy-eight thousand bushels of wheat, ten thousand six hundred bushels of barley, sixty-one thousand bushels of oats, thirty-seven thousand five hundred bushels of Indian corn, and twenty-four thousand bushels of potatoes ; fifty-three thousand pounds of maple sugar, twenty thousand six hundred pounds of wool, and twenty- one thousand pounds of butter. Wild land is now valued at fifty-two shillings per acre, and cleared farms at five pounds six shillings per acre. The land is generally rolling, and the timber a mixture of hardwood and pine. The road from Simcoe to Brantford passes through the east of the township. Seven miles from Simcoe is the Village of Waterford, which contains a grist and two saw mills, one of which is worked by steam, a foundry, distillery, and post office ; with two churches, Epis- copal and Baptist. Taking it altogether, Norfolk is a fine county, and the new roads now making will add greatly to its trade and prosperity. In a work on British America, published in eighteen hundred and thirty-nine, by Messrs. Oliver &, Boyd, of Edinburgh, the following absurd passages occur in describing this District : — " The old portion is decidedly inferior, and a large tract in the south-east, called the Long Point country, pre- sents a sandy surface, resembling in some places the desert of Arabia. It does not, however, deter settlers, who, from its being very thinly tim- bered, find no trouble in the clearing, and succeed in raising one or two crops of tolerably good wheat, though, as it is then quite exhausted, they must change their position," — and, again, " in the rear it has Mid- dleton, Windham, and Townsend — and in general presents the sandy CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 129 and barren aspect already described." Is it surprising when such state- ments have been published respecting the country, that emigrants from Britain have passed by Canada, and settled in the United States — and can anything show more forcibly the necessity that exists for publishing authentic information respecting the Province? In eighteen hundred and forty-nine the county received from Govern- ment an allowance of one hundred and ninety-seven pounds five shillings, towards the supporl of its agricultural societies ; one hundred pounds for the grammar school ; and five hundred and fifteen poundf nineteen shil- lings for the common schools. Number oj Common Schools in operation in the Talbot District, in 1847, with the amount of remuneration paid to Teachers. Township. 1-2 'si' d a Apportionment from Legislative School Grant. Townsend ... Woodhouse... Charlotteville Windham Walpole Rainham Houghton ... Middleton ... WaUingham Total 23 13 16 14 12 6 8 7 11 £119 10 7 86 17 11 85 17 71 66 13 36 17 26 17 27 5 55 15 Total Annual Salary Teachers. 110 £566 16 7 £920 530 541 457 349 282 188 185 270 £3722 Number of Common Schools in operation for the year eighteen hun- dred and forty-nine: — ^Townsend, twenty-three ; Woodhouse, ten ; Char- lotteville, thirteen; Windham, eleven ; Walpole, eleven ; Rainham, six ; Houghton, six ; Middleton, five ; Walsingham, nine ; — ^total, ninety-four. Expenditure on, and Revenue from Public Works, in the County, up to Slst December, 1849. EXPENDITURE. Work. Total Cost. Hamilton and Port Dover Road • £33333 6 8 Port Dover Harbour • »... 9787 7 5 Lone Point Liehthouse 2273 12 S I IK - mm m i t mi ) ['.It JiiV i ' ii 130 CANADA: FAST, PRESRNT AMD TUTVRB. ^. N-^-A.^-,". ■■-■•. -^.-v^ Comparative Statement of Revenue and Expenses for the years 184C, 1848 and 1849. HAMILTON AND PORT DOVER ROAD. Date. Gross Revenue. Expenses of Collection and Repairs. Net Revenue. l«4fi £1300 2232 5961 £ 219 3051 4150 £1281 1848 819 1849 1811 PORT DOVER HARBOUR. ^^ Date. Gross Revenue. Expenses of Collection and Repairs. Net Revenue. 1848 £197 410 586 £ 22 144 94 £175 & Ig4« 266 1(149 , 492 More than half of the Hamilton and Port Dover road is in the Gore District. ExFENDiTURE ou LighthousBS foT the year 1849, Nameof Ligbt. Salaries. Supplies. Total. T*orl Dover £000 135 108 16 £ 75 14 10 48 7 4 157 12 n X 75 14 10 Uffht-shiD ...r. 183 7 4 Loner Point .......•..•.........> 266 7 11 Rbtbnvs from Lighthouse or Tonnage Duties, for the year ending Uh January, 1850. Port Dover . Port Rowan. £ 54 14 8 19 6 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND fUTURE. 131 Revenue from Customs Duties, for the year ending ^tth January, 1 8 tD. ,VS-.l~*--->'*^ Port. Gross Amount of Collections. Sukrics, and other ExpenicB. Net Revenue. Port Dover £1700 8 £232 6 1 £1408 1 11 Dtal. 5 14 10 3 7 4 6 7 11 For the year ending January 6th, 1850. Port. Gross Amount of Collections. Salaries, and other Expenses. Net Revenue. Port Dover £2014 18 9 689 1 11 £254 17 4 133 15 £1760 1 5 Port Rowan... 555 6 11 Abstract from the Assessment Rolls of the Townships now forming the County of Norfolk, for the year 1834. Township. Walsingham ., Townsend.... Woodhouse .. Windham Middleton.... Houghton .... Chanotteville Total. ^3 2986 9960 6736 5163 1081 372 8052 34350 Mills. •2 ! i Horses. 129 311 226 143 35 12 386 1142 Cows. 330 742 429 336 123 50 537 2547 Amount of Ratable Property. £10891 10 29223 11 21989 18 12594 2 5177 16 1443 24839 9 £106159 6 1^1 ll lit iJ r ' kl I If mw^' 132 CAWADA : PAST, PRKSENT AND rCTUKS. • ^^^■'VA.^*. ^^^.'».^%^^.^^^A.^% '.^ ;^/ /A; year 1860. Dat«. 1842. 1844. 1848— Woodhouie.. TowDsend . .. Charlotteville, Windham Walpole Walsiogham.. Rainham Houghton ... MiddletoD . .. 5 |3 04049 46899 12251 22792 13782 14041 9239 6988 o241 2459 2238 90031 Mum. U 10 10 16 48 00 12 16 9 2 9 14 4 12 9 87 0) O 3846 4186 941 1479 847 881 834 667 616 304 320 6889 111 1336 1643 170 516 231 374 321 235 122 161 172 2302 4 0.2 3846 1649 229 67 258 397 308 229 239 89 147 2463 C§ 669 824 543 533 361 345 324 131 146 3876 £166003 185633 53569 60420 39422 37452 29711 26717 20278 9572 11496 £288646 __ CANADA : PAST, PRBSENT AND rrTCRB. 13S id 1848, 850. II £166003 185633 69569 60420 39422 87452 29711 26717 20278 9S72 11496 ll tfs'fl *■^■*•*■Ni^^*■*^^f>^"^>^^^^^^A/'^^.^^*^^•^%•Vs/^•.>^.'SA,•v'».* • VVN^/^W^SV* X288646 M »• CiS en p -4 <0 ui o k< 1^ u -« o> *• 0i i-> » o> en e> Q (^ ^ to en en <0 Turnips, bushels. 10 M 10 M 1^ (n et en o) «c ro a> 00 u 10 -^ o cnjo _en^p_ CO 1^ O O >- CO lO M u ^ to lo »s to hs 00 a> o> -I CO <0 00 00 >^ hS ife lOtn-Ji o> O O O >- CO CO CD — 0> *. »* CO *M ^ ^rf 00 M en 01 o lo f 1^ ►- M M 1^ Q Q 00 CO •^ CO ^^ IS te OD en ^ a> •>! 00 o o> 10 ei «-l^_W CO i^ 00 CM M N^ 10 M CO (O (0 <0 -I ^ 00 (0 M CO <0 0> CO "^ 00 CO ;p «-> en 10 00 CO >-'>-• en en M -» i-< o> 00 A iik en e> ■>! en 00 00 I"' Co 1^ 09 CO A o <0 lo to 00 w a 0> i(>. (O H' 1^ CO » O 1^ en 10 •^ H^ lU M M 10 .^ 10 9) 9> 9> en CO 4 to a> d) e> o o) at Tons of Hay. Mangel WurzeL Pounds of Mapio Sugar. Pounds of Wool. Pounds of Gheesei Pounds of Butter. Neat CaUlo. Horses. Sheep. Hogs. 00 ''^^9^^^ s CO ^ to to to CO CO lO a i^ j^ •^ at fC ■» o to <0 £ -J 00 A M w to to CO en to ot M >- O <0 p ^ P Q CO ^ to 1^ to CO •>! 00 en 00 i^ en «o N^ CO "^ i' A A to A f »< P to CO M 1^ ■-• to 1^ 00 M to to ) <0 -• CO 00 00 00 to p to -^1 en .X to ■^ en p to (0 N' p M I-. P P X •>! U »- P to i-i en >' to A OO O i^ CO to A 1^ p to OO CO 1^ to 1^ en en •-• A en CO CO en --I en p i(k CO (O en <0 >(k 00 •* tn A -J 00 A -J H' to M A A 1^ <0 1^ P ^ X •b to if^ 00 A 1^ A en 1^ ^^ to en CO to en 00 QO A A «s P w CO W CO 1^ -I to — to en -I 1^ en <0 1^ 00 A U> to A i^ 1^ P to to «.< ■-I w to i-i CO CO en -^ X p CO M A to CO w to A r.l to en to ■- ~J «» en -» P p «-_C0 j-i 0>_ to to >-• 10 1^ en 00 to CO if., it*- ■^ A en it>. en ife to 00 en to to 00 p i-i -• w A P CO »i P >- — to en 00 00 00 A "-' -I to — to P M to en «> to r-s ^1 •4 A CO CO O 00 P Amount of Ratable Property. Wheat raised, bushels. Barley, do. Rye, do. Oats, do. Peas, do. Indian Corn, do. Potatoes, do. Buckwheat, do. ac !);V:!i'i f'-,;; i I ill (, Ml rt,- i'l. i >; ■ :i . ! ( i, Hi I'll I II; I 134 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTCRE. Division Courts in the County of Norfolk. First Division. — Woodhouse. Courts held at Simcoe, l.t March, Ist May, 9th July, 9th September, and 7th November. Second Division. — Townsend, and all that part of Walpole, to the line between the 10th and 11th concessions. Courts held at Waterford, 2d March, 2d May, 11th July, lOth September, and 8th November. Tliird Division. — Windham. Courts held at Colborne, 4th March, 3d May, 12th July, 11th September, and 9th November. Fourth Division. — Middleton and the northern portion of Houghton, from the 9th side line. Courts held at Frcdericksburgh, 5th March, 4th May, 13th July, 13th September, and 11th November. Fifth Division. — Charlotteville. Courts held at Yiltoria, 6th March, 6th May, 16th July, 16th September, and 12th November. Si.vth Division. — Walsingham, and the south part of Hougaton, to and including the 9th side line. Courts held at Port Rowan, 7th March, 7th May, 17th July, 17th September, and 13th November. Seventh Division. — Rainham, and the ten first concessions of Walpole. Courts held at Stoney Creek, 12th INIarch, 10th May, 20-h July, 20th September, and 15th November. Distances in the County of Norfolk. From Simcoe to Port Dover, eight miles ; Port Ryerse, six ; Vittoria, six and three quarters; Forrestville, twelve and three quarters; St. Williams, sixteen ; Port Rowan, twenty-one and a quarter ; Fredericks* burgh, eleven and three quarters ; Waterford, seven and a quarter ; Jarvis, on plank road, eleven and a quarter; Nanticoke, fourteen. Vittoria to Forrestville, six ; St. Williams, three ; Port Ryerse, three and a half; Port Rowan, fourteen and a half. Port Dover to Simcoe, eight ; Frcde- ricksburgh, nineteen ; Otterville, twenty-five ; Waterford, fifteen and a quarter ; Jarvis, eight. The following extracts from the report of the geological survey, being a continuation of that previously given, should have followed in regular succession, but the report was not received sufficiently early for the purpose : — Subsequent, says Mr. Murray, to a short excursion in the early part of May, up to the Ouse or Grand River, to ascertain the nature of the rocks near Gait, in the township of Dumfries, I proceeded to Penetan- guishine, where I joined the party that were to accompany me, on the eighteenth of the month, and after re-inspecting several points between this and Cabot's Head, and again touching at the Manitoulin Islands, collecting fossils and mineralogical specimens whenever occasion offered, we coasted along the Isle of Coves, and Cape Hurd, to the Canada: past, present and future. 135 Riviere au Sable (north) and the Saugeen. From the Saugeen we pro- ceeded to Godericli, occupying several days in the examination of the z'ocks on the Ashfield, Maitland and Bayfield Rivers, and continued our course to Cape Ipperwash, generally knovirn by the name of Kettle Point, then farther on to Port Sarnia, and by River and Lake St. Clair to Windsor, in the Western District, which we reached in the end of June. From Detroit we passc,;l by steamboat to Sault Ste. Marie, which we left on the eighth of July lor the Bruce mines. On our way down the St Mary's river we detei-mined the difference of level between the head and foot of the Neebeesh Rapids, with the view of accurately ascertain- ing the relative heights of Lakes Superior and Huron, and I may here state the result to be as follows : — Feet Rise in Little Neebeesh Rapids 0.90 Rise in Upper Sugar Island Rapid, American side 0.51 Allowance for imperceptible currents in a distance of twenty-five miles 1.50 Difference between the level of Lake Huron and the foot of Sault Ste. Marie 2.91 Rise in Sault Ste. Marie. 1 8.50 Height of Lake Superior o /er Lake Huron 21.41 General description of the coast of the W^estcrn and Huron Districts. The west side of the promontory separating the Georgian Bay from the main body of Lake Huron is marked by characteristics similar to those which were stated to belong to the south side of the Great Manitoulin Island. At all parts from Cape Hurd to Riviere au Sable (north), the eoast is low, rocky and rugged, and scantily clothed with a dwarfish growth of evergreen trees. It is deeply indented by numerous bays and creeks, and at intervals bound by groups of small, low and usually bar- ren islands of limestone. As is the case on the southern shores of the Manitoulins, these bays, though frequently capacious, rarely coxistitute good harbours, the approach to them being at times extremely dange- rous, even for vessels of small draught, owing to the shallows, which extend for a long distance out into the lake, consequent upon the low westerly dip of the calcareous strata composing the promontory. Safe and commodious places of resort, however, fc vessels navigating the lake, are not altogether wanting, and among these probably the best is the harbour of Tobermory, near Cape Hurd, well known to most persons who have frequented this part of the oast. Boats can find shelter in many places, either in coves or creeks, or among the islands ; and at the mouth of the Riviere au Sable (north), there is an excellent boat harbour, but a sand-bar at the entrruce effectually prevents the admission of ves «fils drawing over three feet. !■ J HI m !■• [ite'l: tu f ' •. ''1 'i*:J I .if ! ■! f! ■ rlivh^^y i I i i , . '^^ 136 Canada: past, present and fcture. Losing its rocky nature, a decided change takes place in the character of the coast at the Riviere au Sable (north), about the mouth of which, and for several miles south, sand dunes prevail ; and farther on, a beach of sand, strewed over in parts with boulders, extends some distance beyond the Saugeen. Between the two rivers there is no harbour of' any description, and with strong northerly or westerly winds, it is next to impossible to effect a landing, in consequence of the barriers of boul- ders which lie along the shore at considerable distances from the land, the shallowness of the approach, and the heavy surf which rolls in from the lake. Bordering the lake along the sandy tract there is no meliora- tion in the timber, which consists for the most part of a mixture of inferior evergreens, with small white birches and cedars, until approach- ing the Saugeen, where a gradual but evident improvement in the nature of the soil is indicated by the more frequent recurring presence of good sized pines, accompanied with maple, elm and birch. The mouth of the Saugeen affords a good harbour for boats and small craft, but as is the case with all the rivers of the coast, a bar is formed across its entrance, over which a heavy sea breaks when the wind is at all strong from any point between south-west and north ; its entrance under such circum- stances, is difficult, and attended with considerable danger. At a very short distance up from its junction with the lake, the river becomes rapid, and is no farther navigable except for canoes or small boats, and rapids occur at intervals to the highest part we reached, which might be about five miles from the mouth. In these five miles the river flows between banks of clay, gravel and sand, which frequently rise boldly to heights of bet.veen twenty and a hundred feet above the water ; the surface of the country on both sides is flat or gently undulating, and while in many parts it bears a heavy growth of pine timber, in others it yields maple, elm, ash, and other hardwood trees of good size. About two miles from the mouth, on the right bank of the river, there is an Indian settlement, from which a portage has been cut across the penin- sula to the Indian village of Neewash, at the head of Owen Sound. The territory to the north of the portage being exclusively an Indian Reserve, remains in its primeval state of wilderness ; and with the excep- tion of a building which was rased some years ago by a fishing company at Gaheto, or Fishing Island. th3re is not a single dwelling house on any part of the coast all the way to Cape Hurd, a distance of nearly sixty miles. Following the coast south from the Saugeen, the land is low, with a beach alternately of sand ;ind boulders, for about six or seven miles, beyond which occasional Irdges of rock ap])ear, until reaching the Little Pine River, which enters the lake to the south of Point Douglas. BeyontJ CANADA : PAST, PBESENT AND FUTCRE. 137 the Little Pine River the land becomes more elevated, and the character of its forest proclaims a still further improvement in the soil. At the outlet of a stream, dignified, though a mere brook, with the name of the Big Pine River, in which the epithet Big, however, is probably intended to qualify the wfxjd rather than the water, the surface is thickly grown over with pine of large size, and before reaching Point Clark, some nift^ miles farther, the interiior appears to consist chiefly of hardwood land, A beach of fine sand skirts the shore for the whole distance. From Point Clarke, the coast which, from the mouth of the Riviere au Sable (north) has a general bearing about south-west by west, turns due south, and maintaining this course to Port Frank (that portion of the coast opposite Brewster's saw mill at the north bend of the Riviere au Sable, (south),) in the township of Stephen, a distance of fifty miles, presents to the lake, in almost all parts, steep and lofty cliflTs of clay, the summit of which spreads back into an extensive level country, pro- ducing a luxuriant vegetation of the heaviest description of hardwood trees. At Port Frank the trend of the coast changes to south-west, and again with the adjacent country becomes sandy, presf niing innumerable sand dunes, which extend several miles back, and m many instances rise to the height of a hundred feet, and more, over the surface of the lake. This character prevails to the mouth of the Riviere au Sable (south), and beyond it to within a short distance of Cape Ipperwash or Kettle Point, which is about fifteen miles from Port Frank . Kettle Point displays a few flat rocks coming to the water's edge, but Deyond it a fine sandy beach, with high cliffs of clay rising at a short distance back, hold the coast line to within two miles of the enti-ance of the St. Clair River, where the country again appears lo vissume an arenaccou: character. With the exception of Goderich hiM I < u , ^t th mouth of the Maitland River, and the basin at the e.'at of i'i/;ore au S'able (s)uth), there is not a single place of security for any do^^cription ui vessel between the Sau- geeaandthe St. Clair. Smsu '»als, I was informed, could enter Big Pine Brook, but no craft of lav^i i fi^-^. Ther^ are no islands, no coves, no accessible brooks or streams, a.i;; v^ ith strong v'jnds from the south, west or north, it is difficult, if iiut iinpossible, to land boats with safety. At many points the water is very shallow, and large boulders often lie at a long distance out in the lake, while a very heavy sea breaks every where along the coast. The rocks exhibited upon that part r/ Lake Huron now under consideration are portions of the whole suit oi bssiliferous deposits between the Trenton limestone, (using the New York noiuenclature), the base, and the Hamilton group at the summit, both inclusive ; the superposition in ascending order, being as follows: !ii •:l <'h in J }\ fi (, i'^'ll'l . \y'.f ,1 ' ^.' i ! pi' I I 'H ■ - 1 . 1 138 CANADA : PAST, PBESENT AND FUTURE. ^----N.'X.^-w---- 1. Trenton limestone, 2. Utica slate, 3. Loraine shale, 4. Medina sandstone and marl, 5. Niagara limestone, 0. Onondaga salt group, or gypsiferous limestone and shale, 1. Corniferous limestone, 8. Hamilton group. As already remarked in former Reports, the Trenton limestone occu- pies the whole of the Peninsula between Matchadash and Nottawasaga Bays and the group of islands lying off its extremity, consisting of the Giant's Tomb, Hope, Beck with and Christian Islands. At the head of Matchadash Bay, near to the entrance of Cold Water River, the lime- stones are found with a narrow band of green sandstone below them resting unconformably upon gneiss, and from that spot a nearly straight line, drawn down the Bay to the Giant's Tomb, would mark the lower boundary of the formation, the lime stone being seen out-cropping at intervals on the south-west shore, while the islands and mainland on the opposite side display nothing but the older rock in its various granitic and syenitic aspects. The upper members of the Trenton formation were found about eight miles west of Nottawasaga river, at McGlashan's mills, at Hurontario, in the township of Nottawasaga, at the little islands called the Hen and Chickens, and on the coast in tlie North-west corner of the Township of Nottawasaga, wheve they were seen to pass below the Utica slate. The transverse breadth of the formation is thus about thirty miles, and its thickness^, supposing the dip to be to the south- Avestward at the rate of thirty feet in a mile, would be nine hundred feet. But it is not unlikely that ic may be affected by very gentle undulations, and it would therefore be scarcely safe to state the probable amount at more than six hundred to seven hundred feet. That arenaceous portion of the formation, distinguished by the New York geologists as the cal- ciferous sand-rock, is usually found at the base, and beds more or less silicious occur at intervals throughout the whole thickness. Green cal- careous and argillaceous shales are also frequently met with, usually holding numerous fossils, and alternating with beds of good limestone ; tlie pure limestones arc sometimes of a buff colour and very fine tex- ture, in which ease fossijs are scarce, those in such instances most prev- alent being small fucoids, generally replaced by calcareous spar, running through the beds vertically to the plane of stratification. Other beds are grey in colour, granular, and crowded with fossils. Among these beds some hold the tail of a trilobite {isotelus gigas) in great abundance, M'hile others are almost exclusively composed of the remains of a spe- CANADA PAST, PRKSEIVT AND FUTURE. 139 cies of leplena. The fossils observed to prevail throughout the formation were several species of leptena ajpricardia, several spiral univalves, orthoceratites, trilobites (chiefly isotelus gigas) encrinites, corals, and fucoids. In the variations in mineral quality in different parts of the formation, some beds are so very arenaceous and hard as to be altogether unfit for burning into lime, or, where not too silicious for such a purpose, the lime assumes, when slacked, such a dark yellow colour, as to unfit it for white-washing, while it permits but a small admixture of sand in form- ing mortar. Other beds, on the contrary, are uncommonly free from silicious matter, and are then often bituminous, and sometimes have a slightly argillaceous aspect. The lime from these beds is of excellent quality. Black bituminous shales come to the surface on the coast of Not- tavvasaga Bay, in the fourth concession of Collingwood, with beds of close-grained, dark brown bituminous limestone iiiterstratified." The limestones contain fossils, but by no means in such abundance as the shales, which are uncommonly productive, the prevailing fossil being the tail of the isotelas gigas, which greatly predominates, but is accompanied by triarthus heckii, orthis, lingula, orthoceras, and graptolithus. The first exposure of the Loraine shale formation we met with on our route along the coast was near Cape Boucher, in Nottawasaga Bay, where cliffs, rising abruptly to the height of one hundred aud fifty feet, present sections of buff" or drab-coloured argillaceous shales, interstratified with thin beds of grey yellow- weathering sandstone. It next makes its appearance at Point Rich, and continues exposed, in a high nearly ver- tical cliff, thence to Point William, where we found blue and drab- colourcd argillaceous shales, with thin alternations of calcareous sand- stone and thin beds of limestone. The upper part of the formation was observed in a clitf ab(»ut one hundred feet high, at the head of Owen Sound, immediately over the steamboat "\|^^harf, where the base of the precipice displayed shales of a similar character to those at Point Wil- liam, which were overlaid by hard beds of grey or brownish yellow weathering silicious limestone capping the summit. Portions of the for- mation are seen at Cape Commodore, on the islands opposite to Colpoy's Bay, at Cape Croker,aud other parts of the coast, until reaching Cabot's Head, where they were observed to pass below the Medina rocks. If a straight line were drawn from Point Rich to Cape Croker, to represent the out-crop of the base, the formation would have a breadth of about twenty miles at Owen Sound, which, at the supposed sloi)c of thirty feet in a mile, would give a thickness of about six hundred foot. If M \h \ i- m ■\ u. „ •ih H[ 140 CANADA : PAST, PRKSKNT AND FUTURE. 1; !, i y.-'. !ii. Fossils are found in vast abundance, but unequally distributed through the formation. In the section near Cape Boucher, they consist chiefly of stems of encrinites and pentacrinites, and also fucoids — shells of all kinds being very scarce. At Point William shells are more plentiful, but not in great abundance ; while at Cape Croker and Cape Montresor various species of shells occur in great numbers, in addition to encrinites, corals and fucoids. In the hard beds at the top of the formation, in Owen Sound, we met with numerous fossils ; they were principally small shells and corals, and the forms having been replaced by silica, while the imbedding matrix is calcareous, they were weathered out in relief on the exposed surfaces, being precisely in the condition in which similar remains were found in the upper beds of the same series, at Cabot's Head, and in the Grand Manitoulin Island. The species of Pterinea (P. carinata,) which appears to be peculiarly characteristic of this series of rocks, is found more or less abnudantly in different parts throughout the whole vertical thickness, and in great numbers at Point William, Cape Croker, and Cape Montresor. The materials of economic importance observed associated with the Loraine shales, were stones fit for building, for tiles and flagging, with limestone and clay. For building, the hard beds at the top of the series are of tolerably good quality, when the layers are not too thin, which however they frtouently are, and some of the calcareo-arenaceous bands might be used for a rough description of tiles and flagging ; but the material is of an inferior quality for either purpose. There are very few beds fit for burning into lime ; an occasional one, however, is met with among the blue and drab shales. When not too calcareous, the clays derived from the disintegration of the shales constitute material of good quality for brick making. Gypsum is reported to have been found in the formation near Cape Commodore, but the only specimens of it met with by me occurred in small isolated masses of no economical importance, being such as aae known to exist in the formati&a else- where. A bold precipitous escarpement, marking the outcrop of the Niagara limestoi'tv wa.' traced along the coast from Cabot's Head to Colpoy's Bay. Southward from the bight of this bay, the escarpement leaves the coast, but maintainiag some degree of parallelism with it, sweeps round towards the heights over Cape Commodore, \ honce it runs in^arly due south, keeping two to three miles disiant from the west sh^re of Owen Sound, until reaching the line between the townships of Derby and Sydenham, about three miles south of the village of the latter name at the head of Owen Sound, where it strikes to the .south-eastward and crosses the Owen Sound road. The subk*oent Tormation was not aagara \)lpoy's leaves sweeps IS nearly •ihove of f Derby ?r name '} and Ivas not CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 141 exposed at any part that we visited south of Colpoy's Bay, ' i "• con- oealed by detritus and forest trees ; but the soil at the base v.. wie Nia- gara escarpement was frequently observed to be of a red colour and marly quality, leaving little doubt that it was derived from the immedi- ate proximity of the marles of the Medina group. The upper part of the Niagara limestones, which constitutes the south shores of the Manitoulin Islands, strikes from Horse or Fitzwilliam Island across to the Isle of Coves, then to Cape Hurd, whence it holds the coast and adjacent islands to Chief's Point, and the Riviere au Sable (north) ; from this, striking into the interior, it is no more seen on the lake. Numerous fossils were observed in the Niagara limestones, but the variety was not great, except among the corals, which were of many different species. The Niagara group is fruitful in excellent materials for building and lime burning. At Owen Sound, about two miles S. by E. from the village, there are unworked strata of white or pale gray limestone ; the upper beds are from two to four feet thick, the lower ones occasion- ally over twelve feet, being all very massive ; the upper beds could be quarried to an almost boundless extent, and would yield an excellent building material ; the lower beds are likewise fit for building pur- poses, but being at the base of an abrupt escarpement could not be ex- tensively quarried ; large loose masses, however, skirt the escarpement, and these might be made available for a great length of time. All the beds would stand the weather well ; many of them have occasionally been burnt by the settlers, and are said to make an excellent quality of lime. INIaterials ot much the same sort would be found all the way to Cabot's Head. On the Riviere au Sable (north), about a mile and a half or two miles from its mouth, there are some pale greenish-blue limestone beds, one of them darker than the rest, which would all be fit for building purposes ; the stone appears to resist the disintegrating in- fluences of the weatLer well, but it turns under them to a blackish colour. The beds are from eight to eighteen inches, and even two feet thick ; they are divided by parallel joints into rhomboidal forms, and would afford blocks of any required size. At Chief's Point there is a limestone which presents a white or pale gray colour on fracture ; it has a rough pitted exterior surface, and weathers to a dark brown ap- proaching to black ; the beds are massive, ranging from two to four feet in thickness ; parallel joints intersect them, and ihey could easily be quarried, and afford a very substantial building stone ; most of the beds are supposed to be fit for burning into lime. Lyell island and the Fish- ing Islands give a stone precisely similar to that at Chief's Point, and 1 1 M t ll ! 1 I «:' 11 \iM , * ■Kfr j i '' ■*' m ■t!'' ||i 142 CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. under exactly similar circumstances ; and so indeed does nearly the whole coast to Cape Hurd, on which the rocks, running on the strike, are exposed nearly the whole way. There arc no hard rock exposures of any kind on the coast south from the Uiviere au Sable (north) for upwards of seventeen miles, or on the Saugeen River so far as we ascended it. The first discovery of such strata in situ, on our route in that direction, was at a point about seven miles nearly S. W. from the mouth of the latter stream, where an out- crop occurs displaying buff-coloured limestone, holding numerous organic remains, of which the forms were frequently replaced by hornstone. The beds were in no case at this place exposed above two feet over the level of the lake, and their approach to horizontality was so near that the eye could scarcely detect a slope. They came out at intervals along the shore, the surface of one bed being sometimes exposed for a consi- derable distance, and occupied altogether a space of four or five miles, beyond which another concealment occurs, continuing to within three miles of Point Douglass, where yellowish-coloured calcareous sand- stone skirts the coast line. Proceeding along the back, towards Point Douglass, we found this sandstone associated with calcareous beds holding a large amount of hornstone, with black bituminous shales and blue and drab-coloured limestones, one bed among which appeared to be hydraulic. The whole of these strata were devoid of fossils, but im- perfect crystals of celestine or sulphate of strontian occurred, with quartz and calc spar, lining drusy cavities or cracks in the rock, and numerous imbedded balls of hornstone were met with. A black band overlies the sandstone, and is of a coarse granular texture, appearing to be composed principally of an aggregation of imperfect crystals of calc spar, while the black colour results from the presence of bituminous matter, which exists in greater or less proportion in all the beds. Ascending in the section, which at Point Douglass displays a thickness of twelve feet, thin calcareous beds of a dark brown colour occur, sepa- rated by very thin layers of black bituminoiLs shale ; and over them the upper part of the cliff is occupied by thin bands of blue limestone, and pale yellowish calcareous beds, sometimes over a foot in thickness, much marked by small brownish lenticular crystals of calc spar. Between two of the beds there is a suture-like division ; the two beds when separated present surfaces covered with intertitting tooth-like projections, the sides of which often display a fasciculated columnar structure, and a film of bituminous matter lies between the surfaces, and invests all the projections. One part or another of the non-fossiliferous section thus exposed ai Point Douglass continues to occupy the coast to the southward, exhib:iing; gentle undulations, to a spot about half a ti '■ J, irly the e strilic, ith from r on the of such ut seven 5 an out- } organic jrnstone. over the lear that als along r a consi- Lve miles, tiin three )us sand- ,rds Point sous beds hales and peared to s, but im- red, with rock, and lack band >earing to [is of calc tuminous ;he beds, thickness lur, sepa- them the stone, and thickness, ale spar. two beds tooth-like [columnar iaces, and isiliferous coast to Lt half a CANADA: PAST, PRESENT, AND FCTUBE. lis mile beyond the Little Pine Brook, where fossililbrous beds, hdliliiig much hornstone, are seen overlying the highest of the strata ahcarly mentioned, in detached isolated patches, for upwards of a mile, beyond which no ledge is exposed for upwards of twenty-five miles. Where the line between the Townships of Ashfield and Colborne meets the lake, a little south of Maitland River, ledges come from beneath the high clay cliffs which face the water, and these ledges arc seen at intervals along the shore for about a mile. The greatest section ex- posed does not afford a vertical thickness of more than six feet ; the rocks resemble a part of those of Point Douglass ; they arc destitute of fossils, and consist, in ascending order, of gray calcareous and bitu- minous sandstones, cherty limestones, brown calcareous beds, striped with thin bituminous shales, and pale yellow calcareous layers, some- times three feet thick, with lenticular crystals of calc spar, or cavities from which such have disappeared. There occur at the falls on the Ashfield River, about a quarter of a mile above the village, a set of thick-bedded, dark gray calcareous sandstones, and buff-coloured sili- cious limestones, both holding organic remains, which are more numerous in the latter. Beds similar to those on the Ashfield coast and river, probably a continuation of the same, were observed for the last time in a cliff on the Maitland River, near Goderich. The corniferous lime ^tone extends over the greater proportion of all the western parts of the peninsula between Lakes Huron and Erie, but thick deposits of drift cover it up throughout the chief portion of the area it occupies. The only exposures of it met with in our excursion, in addition to those already mentioned, near the Saugeen, at Little Pine Brook, and on the Ashfield and Maitland rivers, were at the Maiden quarries (Anderdon) near Amherstburgh, where it displays thick beds of a pale yellowish limestone of a bituminous quality, abounding in fossils, and where, in addition to those kinds of remains already mentioned, it holds the bones of fishes. As it appears probable from what has been said, that the fossiliferous rocks south of the Saugeen, belong to the base of the corniferous lime- stone, it may be inferred that the whole of the sand and clay covered space between them and the Riviere au Sable (north) is occupied by the gypsiferous group. The upper members alone of which are brought into view on the shore of Lake Huron, and by a series of gentle undu- lations carried to Point Douglass, and the other parts of the coast to Goderich. When the flatness of the strata, and the thick coating of the superficial arenaceous and argillaceous deposits in those parts of the country, are considered, it is not surprising that the mineral which in other parts renders the formation of economic importance should not 'i ■ I' I \h 1 ■', .1 * : |i !^' } im 1' ^i m "* 1 ill t^B Mi|H 1 12^1 il^H m !' .' fij' ' ,•4 .(: I i' 144 CANADA : PAST, PRE8li:N'r A'fiX) FUTVRB. * vw>%-v-v *%% liavc been met with. But as the district becomes settled and cleared, there is little doubt many fortunate exposures of it will be found between the mouth of the Saugeen and those spots where it is already turned to use on the Grand River. The position there occupied by the available masses of gypsum is in the middle of the formation, and whcre- cver they have been observed in Canada, thoy are associated with green calcareo-argillaceous shales and thin bedo of limestone. Below these shales and limestones, red marls are known to exist in Canada, not far from the Falls of Niagara, and also in New York, where that part of the formation becomes of importance as the salt-bearing rock of Onon- daga. The opinion that the economic masses of gypsum will be found to accompany the formation to which they belong to the coast of Lake Huron, is supported by the fact that such are known to exist in its far- ther extension on Burnt Island not far northward of Michillimakinac, the rocks constituting the group of islands in the vicinity of which have been asertained to belong to the gypsiferous scries ; and the value of gypsum in its applications to the soil renders it little doubtful that its presence will have a material etfect upon the prosperity of such settlements as may be found to possess available quantities in their vicinity ; but as the mineral is distributed in detached and isolated masses, varying greatly in size and extent, and not in continuous sheets among the strata, the discovery of workable parts can only be expected as the result of careful and persevering research, continued for some time. In addition to gypsum, hydraulic lime is a material of economic value likrly to result from this formation ; a bed of it at Point Douglass has already been alluded to, which in the experiments tried with it, hardened rapidly under water, after having been burnt and pulverised. Good common material for building purposes, and limestone for burning, arc met with in both the gypsiferous and corniferous formation. In a low clifFon the west side of Cape Ipperwash, or Kettle Point, there is displayed a vertical amount of about twelve to fourteen feet of black bituminous shale, which splits into very thin laminse, and weathers to a dull lead colour, marked in many places by extensive brown stains from oxyd of iron, while patches of the exterior in such parts as are not washed by the water of the lake are encrusted with a yellowish sul- phurous looking powder. Many nodules and crystals of iron pyrites are enclosed in the shales, and many peculiar spherical concretions. On the east 3ido of the Point the upper beds of the section are concealed by debris, but the lower come out from beneath the bank> exposing their surfaces a little above the level of the water, studded by the spherical concretions, over au area of several square acres. The resemblance CANADA: PAST, PRB8KNT AND FUTURE. 145 S.>.-»N*»'K- *,%.-».> these concretions bear in many instances to inverted kettles, has proba- bly been the origin of the name commonly applied to the Point ; they arc of all sizes, from three inches to three feet in diameter, and while many of them are nearly perfect spheres others are flattened a little, generally on the under side. Sometimes they present one sub-spherical mass on the top of another, the upper of which is smaller than the under, giving a rude resemblance to a huge acorn ; the masses split open with facility, both vertically and horizontally, and when double forms occur they are readily divided horizontally. These concretions are all com- posed of dark gray crystalline limestone, presenting in many cases a confused aggregation^of crystals in the centre, from the nucleus formed by which slender elongated prisms radiated very regularly throughout tho mass to the circumference. In the nucleus are sometimes met with small disseminated specks ' lende, but these were not observed to extend to the radiating pri ^vhich both in their terminations on the exterior of the sphere, and in their filiform aspect in the radii or frac- tured surfaces, give the mass very much the semblance of a fossil coral, for which it might readily be mistaken. The whole of the beach where these bituminous shales occur, appears to have been overrun by fire, which is rumoured by the Indians and others acquainted with that section of country, to have originated spontaneously, and to have continued burning for several consecutive years. That rocks containing so much bituminous mutter, once ignited, should not cease to burn for months or even years is very probable ; but it is diffi- cult to ascertain satisfactorily whether the fire was the result of natural causes or of accident. Spontaneous combustion is known to be of frequent occurrence near collieries, where bituminous shale is thrown up in heap; as refuse resulting from the working of the coal, when the shale is of :. crimibling nature, and is accompanied by iron pyrites, a mineral present in most coal seams. In the case of Kettle Point the Fame materials, bituminous shale and pyrites, are present together, and it is not unrea- sonable to suppose that their action on one another may have originated the ignition. We observed that on digging a foot deep or more into the shingle, a faint and almost colourless vapour immediately arose from the opening, which, gradually increasing in volume and density, in the space of two or three minutes became a distinct smoke, emitting an odour very similar to that produced by the combustion of a sulphurous coal, and evolving at the same time a considerable heat. The shingle of the beach, which is almost exclusively derived from the formation, is of a bright red colour wherever the fire has extended, the bituminous matter having entirely disappeared. w ■;■, \l i»r i.' li ,, .,, H" ^i: f i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■30 2j8 |25 ■^ ftSii 12.2 u 144 * us IM IL25 i 1.4 ~ 6" 2.0 I 1.6 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 SJ \ iV v> fv '4^U ii 146 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURB. . *- "N. *• ■^ ""h ^*.^_^ *-'W -N. •• 1- The black colour and inflammable nature of the bituminous shales of Kettle Point have suggested to some persons, as in the case of the bitu- minous shales of the Utica slate in other parts of the Province, the possibility of their proximity to available coal seams. But the formation to which they belong is well known in the State of New York, where useless and expensive experiments were made in it, before the institution of the State Geological Survey, in a vain search for mineral fuel ; the formation has the name of the Hamilton group, at the base and at the summit of which there are black bituminous shales, in the former case called the Marcel lus, and in the latter the Genessee slate, either of them corresponding with the general condition of the Kettle Point shales : but between the Hamilton group and the coal areas south-east of Lake Erie on the one hand, and north-west of Lake St. Clair on the other, there occurs an important group of sandstones (called the Chemuing and Portage group) ; no trace of these sandstones, any more than of the Carboniferous group, has yet been met with in Western Canada. A great accumulation of drift was observed on the margin of the lake and on the banks of the rivers, south of the Riviere au Sable (north) consist- ing of clay, gravel, sand and boulders. Allusion has already been made to their distribution on the coast, and from this they extend into the interior, and cover the greater part of the country between Lakes Erie and Huron. The clay in the cliffs overlooking the latter was found to be very calca- reous, containing sometimes so much as thirty per cent of carbonate of lime, and constituting a rich marl, which would be of advantageous application in an agricultural point of view, to the sandy portions of the district. The clay often contains numerous pebbles and boulders of limestone, quartz, granite and allied species derived from the ruins of rocks similar to those found in place in one part or other of the shore around the lake. Those of limestone were often discovered to hold fossils peculiar to the comiferous formation, especially in the Township of Plympton, where they were numerous but usually water-worn. The sands met with on the coast consisted of fine grains of white quartz ; equally fine grains of mica, feldspar and limestone were distributed in smaller proportions, and a slightly ferruginous mixture gives it a pale yellow colour. The strong calcareous quality of the clay which would give it value as a manure, renders it unfit for bricks or pottery. But clays suited for such purposes are found in abundance in some parts of the interior. Such brooks and rivulets as issue from marshes or swamps, often give indications of iron ochre, or bog-iron ore, by ferruginous incrustations on the bottom. .= • • -if .' j: CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 147 shales of the bitu- ince, the ormation k, where nstitution fuel ; the ,nd at the •mer case V of them lales : but Lake Erie her, there wing and lan of the kda. )f the lake th) consist- en made to lie interior, tnd Huron, ^ery calca- irbonate of rantageous ions of the toulders of he ruins of the shore to hold Township om. The ite quartz; ;ributed in is it a pale ve it value I suited for bterior. , often give stations on The Spanish River joins Lake Huron in latitude 46° 12' N. longitude 82° 2T W. from Greenwich, falling into an extensive and beautiful bay, land-locked by islands and projecting points Irom the main land. A bold and elevated promontory, connected \vith the main by a long narrow isthmus, in some parts not over five chains across, separates the bay from the body of the lake, the communication to the eastward being through a narrow but deep channel, called the Petit Detroit, between the southern extremity of the peninsula, and the eastern end of a large island, the north const of which, stretching to westward, runs nearly parallel to the general trend of the main shore. Our measurements of the Spanish River commenced at a point on the north side of the bay at its mouth, bearing about north by east from the Petit Detroit, with a distance, following round the headlands, of about three miles, or about two and a half miles in a straight line. The total distance measured along the course of the river, following all its sinu- osities, was a little under sixty miles. The course of the stream above the termination of our measurements is represented by the Indians to be nearly due west for about sixteen or eighteen miles, and then turning abruptly north, to maintain a northerly bearing for a long distance into the interior, where it takes its origin from two large lakes. Four important tributaries were met with in our ascent, the two lower flowing in from the north on the right bank ; the two higher from the west on the left ; and in addition to the water derived from these, a large supply is poured in from numerous rivulets and brooks, some of which are streams of considerable size. For two miles at the mouth, the river is on the average half a mile wide, but the space is much silted up by alluvial deposit, bearing a luxuriant growth of reeds and other aquatic plants — and through the marsh thus formed, numerous narrow channels exist, some of which are deep enough to float vessels drawing five feet of water. Just above this the breadth contracts to six chains, but expanding again a little higher up, the next ten miles maintain a breadth of between ten and thircy chains, including a number of islands, which altogether occupy a considerable area in that part of the stream. In this distance the water is so still that no current is perceptible. The current is first observed in the succeeding course ; it increases in velocity to the lowest of the four principal tributaries mentioned, which is called the Riviere au Sable; and about four miles above this tributary the main stream becomes rapid, and a strong current is felt in the ascent for about a mile. Just below the first tributary the breadth of the river is nine chains, and above the second it is five chains, which it maintains to a 148 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURB. »a ■ ) h \ point thirty miles and a half from its mouth. To this point the river is navigable for craft not drawing over five feet, the only difficulty being in the mile of rapid water four miles above the Riviere au Sable, through which, however, we found little difficulty in paddling our canoes. Farther ascent is interrupted by a rocky step in the valley, over which a beautiful sheet of water is precipitated in a fall of twenty- seven feet, including the rapid immediately at its foot. In addition to this fall, four others were met with in our ascent, at each of which it was necessary to make a portage ; strong rapids likewise occurred occasionally, and the stream was found to run swiilly from the lowest fall to the highest point we reached, where the breadth was about three chains. . The following table shows the heights of the falls, and their distances in miles and chains, as measured along the course of the river from our starting point at the mouth : — Miles. Chains. Height in feet. ] st cascade 30 2nd " 34 3rd '* 43 4th « 50 5th >* 51 43 «7 31 38 2 27 20 20 50 10 Total height 127 To which may be added as an allowance for the rise in those parts mavigable to our canoes,— Ft In. Kise in thirteen miles, at two inches per mile, say. . 2 3 Rise in seventeen miles, at four inches per mile ... 5 9 Rise in thirty miles, at six inches per mile 15 Making a total height at the end of the measured distance over the level of Lake Huron of one hundred and fifty feet The total distance measured on the Riviere au Sable, following all the windings of its tortuous course, was rather over seven and a half miles, at the end of which its breadth was about two chains. This tri- butary is«aid to take its rise at a great distance to the north-westward of the point w« reached, in that part of the country which holds the sources of the Mississagui, and not far from Green Lake, passing in its course to the northward of all the waters of the Serpent River, and it is reputed to be very rapid and difficult to navigate in canoes, though as we were informed, .these have occasionally proceeded by stream to Green Lake.; but, in consequence of the number and length of the por- tages and other difficulties, the route is seldom followed. Within the limits of the j)QrtiQn we scaled, there are no less than ten falls, the total Canada: past, present and future. 149 height of which amounts, according to our estimate, to two hundred and two feet, besides several strorg rapids. The second tributary is not accessible to canoes, its channel being obstructed by fallen, drifted trees, but we were enabled to reach a con- siderable lake, through which it flows, by following a portage used by the Indians as part of a short route to the ultimate northerly bend on the main river, sixteen to eighteen miles above our measurements. The third tributary is said to take its rise near White Fish Lake, a considerable distance to the eastward, and at its junction with the main stream has nearly as great a breadth, being rather over three chains across ; the Indians report it to be navigable for canoes for a long dis- tance. According to the description given by them, the fourth tributary flows from a lake at no great distance to the eastward of the main stream, at its confluence with which it is a chain wide. A portage route is established by the Indians across the mainland from the Spanish River to La Cloche. The northern end is on a small brook which flows into the river at the eastern extremity of the flrst stated course ; this brook is ascended for a short distance, and beyond it two lakes are crossed, which, with the carrying places, complete the route. The total distance in a straight line from the main river to La Cloche is four miles twenty-six chain?, but pursuing the travelled track it is four miles thirty-nine chains. The two lakes occurring on the route, which may be called Great and Little La Cloche Lakes, were topographically surveyed. The smaller or northern one conforms in some degree to the bend in the Spanisli River. Its length is one hundred and forty chains, and its breadth, which swells out a little at each end, is on the average about twenty chains ; the whole area is about two hundred and eighty square acTet^. Both sides are bold and rocky, but the two ends are low and marshy ; the land around is altogether a good deal broken, the highest parts attaining an altitude of two hundred to three hundred feet, but it is heavily wooded with pine, hemlock, beech, elm, birch, and other kinds of trees. The southern or Great La Cloche Lake is divided eastwardly into two long arms, by the intervention of a mountainous peninsula, and westwardly into two short corresponding arms or bays, the north and south parts being joined by a strait between the two opposite dividing^ promontories. The whole superficies of the lake is two thousand six hundred and sixty-one square acres, or a little over four square miles. A sluggish stream running nearly direct east through a wide marsh, connects the Little with the Great Lake. Si: vlU-M' m ij 1 : 6' I I' [ \.'' '!•• ■Ifrtl,' n? 150 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. « "w-^ >» "v"v%.-i. -i.-^. ■\.-v>.N A large proportion of the northern shore of Great La Cloche Lake is low and marshy, and this is likewise the case in the bays at the extre- mities of the various arms ; but with these exceptions the whole of its contour is bold, precipitous, and rocky. The La Cloche Mountains, as they are called, rise up to the height of four hundred feet or more, between the southern division of Great La Cloche Lake and the coast of Lake Huron, which run nearly parallel to one another, and the mountains present their more abrupt side to the south ; another range of hills similar in character, although not so elevated, separates the south- ern and northern divisions of Great La Cloche Lake, and presents its more abrupt side to the north. To the eastward these two ranges seem to run into one, around the head of the southern division, but westward they continue nearly parallel for about two miles beyond the lake, where 1 hey die down to the ordinary level of the country. About four miles farther west, however, immediately over the eastern part of the island channel, topographically surveyed on Lake Huron, a group of high steep and picturesque hills, again presents itself, which preserves a moun- tainous character for about two miles, and thence extends in a ridge running westward to the bay near the entrance of the Spanish River. At the base of these ranges, particularly on the south side, the land is of good quality, yielding a stout growth of pine, hemlock, beech, maple, oak, elm and ash ; the hills themselves, however, are cither scantily covered with diminutive evergreens, principally pitch pine, or are perfectly bare. < The dazzling whiteness of the quartz rock of these mountains, their sharp, broken and irregular outline, and their rugged and precipitous sides, dotted here and there with groves, whether seen in combination with the waters of Lake Huron, or thpse of the interior lakes, serve to render the scenery around La Cloche singularly picturesque and beautiful. The country bordering on that part of the Spanish River which is above the first or lowest waterfall is broken and rugged, though not mountainous. The hills seldom attain a height over three hundred feet, but the banks of the river itself are frequently bold, precipitous and rocky, particularly in the vicinity of the various falls. At the great fall, which is the fourth in succession, a picturesque and imposing ruggedness prevails. A ridge of smoothly polished bare rock rises in rounded knobs, so steep in places as to be inaccessible, obstructing the south-eastern flow of the river, and splitting it into two parts, of which one turns a little to the northward of east, while the other is deflected to a precisely oppo- site course. The latter, after running above a quarter of a mile, is thrown in a beautiful cascade over a precipice thirty feet high, and tlicn turning abruptly to the eastward, rushes violently for thirty chains in that direction, falling in a vertical sheet over three successive steps, CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 151 .'^■■•'.■^'-'••V'v^-v'S/'.V'X'^-.^'S^-" of five feet each, when it is again united to the other division of the stream in a wide pool of nearly still water. In the immediate vicinity of this and the other falls, and on the tops of the hills, the rocks are cither bare or clothed only in spots by dwarfish stunted evergreens, but the country generally above the lowest cascade, is covered by a dense forest, consisting principally of the red and white pine. That part of the river which is below this cascade frequently presents high and steep banks, but these are seldom rocky. They are composed chiefly of sand, resting on a close retentive clay, rising sometimes to the height of fifty or sixty feet ; and it was evident that, in some parts, undermined by the action of the stream during freshets, masses of these deposits of con- siderable extent have been precipitated into the river by land slips. Much of the country for some distance back from the nortli side of the river, in that part between the second and third tributary, is flat or rolling, and is almost everywhere covered with a luxuriant growth of fine red and white pine. Following the portage to the lake on the second tributary, we found this character obtain for a breadth of about three miles, but farther on, the country became broken and rugged, and the timber perceptibly diminished in size and diversity all the way to the lake, where it was small, scattered, and comparatively valueless, being principally pitch pine. The change occurs in the vicinity of the falls on this tributary already mentioned ; approaching them, a nearly vertical precipice is seen to rise abruptly to the height of two hundred or three hundred feet ; it faces south-east and broken by the gorge through * which the tributary issues, constitutes one side of a valley transverse to that of the stream. This transverse valley is a geological boundary, and the difference which exists in the character of the vegetable cover- ing of the country on each side of it, is no less obvious than that in the mineral quality of the rocks. In the district between the second tribu- tary and the Riviere au Sable, the surface back from the river is more broken than that higher up, and it appears very rugged on tha latter tributary. It nevertheless continues to abound in fine pine timber, until the indigenous produce is affected by the ^.ame geological change as before, which here occurs at the western turn in the stream. In some of the hollows and valleys, however, connected with this western part, several groves of good sized red pine were seen, although on the whole undoubtedly inferior to those nearer the main river. For three miles below the mouth of the Au Sable tributary, a beautiful growth of pine envelops both sides of the river ; but further down, especially on the south side, the land is bare, rocky and barren, the timber stunted and scattered, and large tracts have been overrun by fire. At the Indian settlement, on the south bank of the stream, about six miles above the i; 1 152 Canada: past, present and futuhb. ,,!•*•(' ].' mouth, and at other parts where there are alluvial flats, the land pro- duces some good hard timber, and when cultivated, yields excellent crops of Indian corn ; but on t)ie whole, the soil is light and sandy. The extent and value of the pine forest in this region, the facility offered by the river for navigation, the water power to be found on the main stream and all its tributaries, and the capabilities of the soil for raising most of the necessaries of life, all tend to indicate a probability that it is destined, at some future period, to become of commercial import- ance to the Province. The Wallace Mine is situated on the coast of Lake Huron, about six- teen miles east from the Hudson's Bay Company's post, and one mile west from the entrance to White Fish River, (called La Cloche River in the first edition of the map of Bouchette, Jr. ;) the front of the location on which it is situated forms part of the north side of a great bay, bounded on the east and south by a long and bold peninsula of the main land, crowded with groups of various sized islands, afibrding ample shelter under any circumstances for vessels of every class, while excellent boat harbours abound in the creeks and coves which indent the main shore. The mouth of the White Fish River aflbrds a good harbour, with a sufficient depth of water, for the admission of most of such vessels as at present navigate the lake, and boats drawing three feet can ascend the stream nearly a mile, beyond which, contracted to a very inconsiderable breadth between rocky precipices, and thrown over a step of thirty feet in a cascade, which would afford an admirable mill site, it permits no farther progress. The general character of the country in the vicinity is rugged and broken ; rocky ridges and knolls rise over alluvial flats and interval lands on the coast ; and advancing about a mile and a half in a north- erly direction, a continuation of La Cloche mountains rises abruptly to a high elevation, stated in Captain Bayfield's chart to be seven hundred feet above the level of the lake. The land on each side of the White Fish River below the falls, appears to be of good quality, bearing a growth of stout maple and other hard wood trees, intermingled with pines of good size. The flats and hollows between the ridges are fre- quently marshy, but among them spots are frequenty found well fitted for cultivation, which may hereafter become of considerable importance. and pro- mt crop* ) facility id on the i soil for obability 1 import- ^bont six- nile west er in the sation on , bounded ain Iand» le shelter llent boat tin shore. r, with a sels as at scend the isiderable hirty feet ;rinits no ;ged and interval a north- [ruptly to hundred le White tearing a :led with are fre- ell fitted )rtance. « • .^.- 1. 1 Coiiiilics ill' UNCOLN.HALOIMAND.WELLAND, WENTWORTH AND HALTON. ^' E '!«•!' I' 'i1 «ili (oiiirlirs <•!' LINCOLN, HALOIMAND.WELUND, WENTWORTH AND HALTON (i IM !.» li CANADA : PAST, PRK8IMT AND rUTURI. 153 .••^^^^••^••^•f LINCOLN, IIALDIMAND, AND WELLAND. 1 f . These Counties, lately forming the Niagara District, comprise the A)l- lowing townships: — Lincoln contains Caistor, Clinton, Gainshoruugli, Grantham, Grimshy, Louth, and Niagara ; Maldimand contains Canboro*, North and South Cayuga, Dunn, Moulton, Shcrbrooke, Seneca, Oneida, Rainham, and Walpole ; Wolland contains Bertie, Crowland, llumber- stone, Pclham, Stamford, Thorold, Wainflect, and Willoughhy. According to the Government returns, these counties contain, of sur- veyed land, five hundred and sixty-four thousand one hundred acres — twenty-five thousand four hundred and fifty of which were Clergy Reserves ; of these, five hundred and thirty-seven thousand five hundred and eighty acres had been granted or appropriated — leaving vacant one thousand and seventy acres, besides Indian lands. From a return made to, and by order of the Niagara District Council, in February, eighteen hundred and forty-eight, it appears that the actual quantity of land contained in the three counties, (leaving out Seneca and Oneida, the quantity in which had not been computed,) is six hundred and fifty-three thousand one hundred and eighty-throe acres. The townships of Seneca and Oneida would probably add sixty thousand acres more to the amount. Caistor commenced settling in seventeen hundred and eighty-two ; Bertie, Willoughby, Stamford, and Grantham, in seventeen hundred and eighty-four ; Humberstone, Grimsby and Louth, in seventeen hundred and eighty-seven; Thorold and Crowland, in seventeen hundred and eighty eight ; Pelham, in seventeen hundred and ninety ; Wainflect in eighteen hundred ; and Canboro', in eighteen hundred and three. According to the reports furnished to Mr. Gourlay, in eighteen hundred and seventeen, the Niagara District at that time contained about twelve thousand five hundred and forty inhabitants ; in eighteen hundred and twenty-four, the number had increased to seventeen thousand five hun- dred and fifty-two ; in eighteen hundred and thirty-four, to twenty-seven thousand three hundred and forty-seven ; in eighteen hundred and thirty- nine, to twenty-nine thousand nine hundred and fifty-three; and in eighteen hundred and forty-eight, to thirty-six thousand five hundred and thirty-four. I, it 154 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. w * i. ^1-, The Niagara District has been long settled, and portions of it have frequently been the sites of military operations : first, during its early hettlemcnt, between the French and the Indians, then between the French and English ; during the American revolutionary war, the war of eighteen hundred and twelve, and lastly, during the Canadian rebel- lion. All these causes have doubtless had considerable influence in retarding its settlement and improvement — many timid persons shunning a residence in a region, a portion of which is in such close proximity to a foreign countr}'", lest, in the event of, at any future time, hostilities breaking out between the United States and England, they might be sufferers either in person or property, or perhaps in both. The Niagara river was early visited by the French invaders, and in sixteen hundred and seventy-nine M. de Sale enclosed a spot of ground on the Niagara territory with stockades, intended for a fort, and in the same year Father Hennepin published an account of the cataract. In seventeen hundred and fifty-nine, Niagara fort was captured by Sir William Johnston, and on the eighth of September, seventeen hun- dred and sixty, Canada was surrendered to the British. After the breaking out of the last American war, the Niagara District was frequently the scene of military operations. On the ninth of October, eighteen hundred and twelve, the armed brig Detroit, which had been taken a short time previously at Detroit, and the brig Caledonia, laden with furs belonging to the North-west Company, which had arrived the day before with American prisoners, were boarded opposite Fort Erie by a large party of the enemy ; they succeeded in cutting out the vessels, which drifted towards the American shore. The Caledonia grounded at Black Rock, and the Detroit upon Squaw Island. The ei ews, after a severe contest, were made prisoners. At night a party of men from Fort Erie succeeded in boarding the Detroit, and blowing her up. In the morning of the thirteenth of October, the American forces were concen- trated at Lewiston, for the purpose of making an attack upon Queenston, and the troops embarked under cover of a battery of two eighteen and two six pounders ; a brisk fire was immediately opened upon them from the Canadian side, by the troops and from three batteries. The first division, under Col. Van Ransalaer, effected a landing under the heights a little above Queenston, and mounting the bank, attacked and carried a battery, and dislodged the Light Company of the Forty-ninth Regiment. The enemy in the mean time continued crossing, and notwithstanding a discharge of artillery which destroyed several of their boats, managed to effect a landing close to Queenston, where they were opposed by the grenadiers of the Forty-ninth, and the York Volunteer Militia. The British troops being overwhelmed by numbers, were compelled to retire. If;.;:; and in CANADA : PAST, PUESENT AND FUTURE, 166 General Brock, who was at the time at Niagara, hearing the noise of tiie engagement, started for the field of battle, and having rallied the grenadiers, was leading them to the attack, when he received a musket ball in the breast, which almost immediately proved fatal. In the mean time the light company, supported by a party of the militia, returned to the charge and attempted to drive the enemy from the heights ; the Americans, however, adopted their favourite mode of fighting, by posting themselves behind trees. The British forces finding a regular charge would have no effect upon such combatants, followed their example, and a brisk but desultory fiie was kept up for some time. The British forces being inferior in numbers, were at length compelled to retreat, and leave the enemy in possession of the heights. General ShealFe shortly after- wards arrived with three hundred men of the Forty-first Regiment, two companies of militia, and two hundred and fifty Indians. Some troops from Chippewa increased the number to above eight hundred men, with which the General proceeded to ascend the heights on which the Ameri- cans were posted. The Indians being more active than the soldiers, first mounted the hill, but were repulsed and driven back. The British troops advanced,' and setting up a shout, which was accompanied with the terrific war-whoop of the Indians, the enemy Mas panic-struck and fled in all directions. A great slaughter ensued, till at length a flag of truce was presented, and the remainder of the party surrendered them- selves prisoners of war. The enemy's loss in killed, wounded, missing and prisoners, amounted to more than fifteen hundred men. On the morning of the twenty eighth November, the Americans effected a landing on the British side, at the upper end of Grand Island, between Fort Erie and Chippewa. Their force consisted of fourteen boats, con- taining about thirty men each, who were met by Lieutenant King of the Royal Artillery, and Lieutenants Lamont and Bartley, with a detachment of the Forty-ninth, amounting to sixty five men. Lieutenants King and Lamont were wounded, and their small force, being opposed by superior numbers, was compelled to give way ; previous to which however they managed to spike the guns so as to render them useless to the enemy. Lieutenants King and Lamont, with about thirty men, were taken pri- soners and sent across the river. Lieutenant Bartley, in the meantime, after a resistance which reduced his force to seventeen men, was com- pelled to retreat. The boats on their return to the American side, left Captain King, Aide de-Camp to the American General, with a few officers and about forty men on the British side, who, being pursued down the shore of the river by Major Ormsby, from Fort Erie, were speedily made prisoners. At about seven o'clock in the morning another division of eighteen boats was seen advancing to effect a landing two miles lower '\M 'I ^'liti •f* ■■ :'. '1 KMmI. i e^ir. 156 CANADA: PAST, PBESBNT AND rCTURE. ! ;' ■ ; x i ? down the river. Colonel Bishopp having upon the first alarm moved up from Chippewa, formed a junction with Major Ormsby, and having now a force of nearly eleven hundred men, consisting of detachments of the Forty-first, Forty-ninth, and Royal Newfoundland Regiments, with a body of militia under Lieutenant-Colonel Clark and Major Hall, and some Indians, waited the approach of the enemy. A steady and effectual fire was opened upon them, both from musketry and a six-pounder, which destroyed two of their boats, threw the remainder into confusion^ and compelled them to take flight. The enemy during part of the day made a display of their force on their own side of the river, but perceiving that the British troops bad unspiked and remounted the guns which had fallen into their hands in the morning, (and which they had not taken the precaution of removing, or sinking in the river as they might have done), they, with the view of gaining time to effect a retreat, sent over a flag to Colonel Bishopp to demand the surrender of Fort Erie, but were told to ** come and take it," an enterprise which they were not inclined to attempt. In the following April, (eighteen hundred and thirteen), the Americans landed and took possession of the town of York, after which they sailed for Niagara. Having landed their troops at Niagara, they returned to Sackett's Harbour for reinforcements, and on the twenty-fiflh of May their whole fleet, proceeding by detachments, again assembled at Niagara, ready for an attack upon Fort George. Early in the morning of the twenty-seventh of May, Commodore Chauncey and General Dearborn commenced a combined attack upon that Fort, having previously, on the twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth, materially injured the works by a cannonade from their ships and batteries. A body of about eight hundred riflemen, under Colonel Scott, landed near the two-mile Creek, while the vessels of the fleet ranged themselves in the form of a crescent, extending from the north of the lighthouse to the Two-mile Creek, so as to enfilade the British batteries by a cross fire. The riflemen after forming and ascending the bank were met by the British, and compelled to give way in dis- order, and return to the beach, from whence they kept up a smart fire under cover of the bank. In the meantime another body of upwards of two thousand men, under the direction of General Lewis, made a land- ing and formed on the beach, under cover of a tremendous cannonade of round shot, and showers of grape and canister from the fleet, that swept the adjacent plain and compelled the British to retire. General Vincent finding the works torn to pieces by the enemy's artillery and no longer tenable, caused the fort to be dismantled, and the magazine to be blown up, and retreated to Queenston, leaving the Americans to take possession of the ruins of the fort. General Vincent, on the ensuing CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTUBB. 157 '- •.-^.•\. N "V.-V ^^ day, having collected the whole of the forces from Chippewa and Fort Erie, and destroyed or rendered useless the posts and stores along that frontier, commenced his retreat towards Burlington heights. Immedi- ately after the capture of Fort George, General Dearborn pushed for- ward a body of three thousand infantry, with nine field pieces and two hundred and fifty cavalry, as far as the Forty-mile Creek, for the purpose of dislodging General Vincent, or to prevent a junction of his forces with those of General Proctor. On the fifth of June, General Vincent was apprised of the advance of the enemy by the retreat of his advanced picquets from Stoney Creek. Lieutenant-Colonel Harvey immediately moved forward with the light companies of the Eighth and Forty-ninth Regiments for the purpose of reconnoitring, and proposed to General Vin- cent an attack upon the enemy's camp during the night. The General approved of the enterprise, and about eleven o'clock at night moved with the Forty-ninth Regiment, and a part of the Eighth, his whole force, which amounted to little more than seven hundred men, towards the American position. Lieutenant-Colonel Harvey led the attack and suc- ceeded in surprising the enemy in the midst of his camp. Two Brigadier- Generals, Chandler and Winder, seven other officers, one hundred and sixteen men, with three guns, one brass howitzer and three tumbrils, fell into the hands of the British by this brilliant and intrepid action. The troops were ordered to retreat before daylight, in order to conceal from the enemy the paucity of their strength. The Americans, finding at sunrise that the British troops had retire I, re-entered their camp, and having destroyed all their encumbrances, commenced a retreat to Forty- mile Creek, ten miles from the scene of action, where they were re- inforced on the following day by General Lewis. On the evening of the seventh, the British fleet made its appearance, and on the following morning approached the shore, and after firing a few shots at the enemy, summoned them to surrender. This was refused by the officer in command, who commenced a retreat to Fort George, while the British forces followed on their heels and harassed their retreat. Twelve of their batteaux, accompanying the army on its retreat, fell into the hands of the British. On the twenty-eighth of June, a party of about six hundred of the enemy, under Lieutenant-Colonel Boerstler, who had been despatched the preceding day by General Dearborn by way of Queenston, for the purpose of dislodging a detachment of British troops posted at the Bea- ver Dams, were surprised on their route by a party of Indians, under Captain Kerr. Lieutenant Fitzgibbon, of the Forty-ninth, coming up shortly afterwards with a small party of forty-six men, the American forces, after some skirmishing, believing thfy were surrounded by a con- It ' , ?t1:i i|: i 158 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURK. slderablc body of troops, surrendered themselves prisoners of war. Two field pieces and a stand of colours fell into the possession of the British. The Americans, by these successes of the British, were compelled to confine themselves to Fort George and its vicinity, and before the first of .luly, the British had formed a line extending from Twelve-mile Creek on Lake Ontario, across to Queenston. From Chippewa a descent was made on the American fort, Schlosser, during the night of the fourth of July, by a small party of militia and soldiers, under Lieutenant-Colonel Clark, who surprised the post, and brought away a brass six-pounder, upwards of fifty stand of arms, a small quantity of stores, a gun-boat and two batteaux. Lieutenant-Colonel Bishopp, who lately held the command at Fort Erie, crossed over at daybreak on the morning of the eleventh of July, with two hundred and forty men, consisting of a small party of militia, and detachments of the Eighth, Forty-first and Forty-ninth Regiments, and surprised the American post at Black Rock, where they burnt the block-houses, stores, barracks, dock-yards and a vessel ; but while occu- pied in securing the stores, the enemy, under cover of the surrounding vi'oods, opened a fire which compelled the British to hasten their retreat, with the loss of thirteen men killed, and a considerable number wounded, Lieutenant-Colonel Bishopp mortally. Seven pieces of ordnance, two hundred stand of arms, and a great quantity of stores were the fruits of this expedition. Early in December, Majo'r-General de Rottenburgh was succeeded in the command of Upper Canada by Lieutenant-General Drummond, who proceeded from Kingston to the head of the Lake, with the intention of regaining possession of Fort George. General McClure, who, on the breaking up of the investment of Fort George, had issued a proclamation, in which he afiected to consider Upper Canada as abandoned by the British army, and offered the friendship and protection of his government to the Province, on the approach of the British under Colonel Murray, precipitately evacuated the post on the twelfth of December, and retreated across the Niagara, having previously set fire to the village of Newark, (now Niagara,) containing about one hundred and fifty houses, which were reduced to ashes. The British troops, under the command of Colonel Murray, immediately occupied Fort George, and in retaliation for the wanton and barbarous conduct of the Americans in destroying Newark, the British commander determined upon carrying the war into the enemy's country, and reducing the places along the coast. The first place attacked was the American fort, Niagara, which was captured, with a loss to the enemy of sixty-seven killed and twelve wounded ; ?.nd upwards of three hundred prisoners, with a large quan- CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND ri'TUHE. 159 »--«*.-\,-vX*-*W-. '.^^.•, ^.*i.* •••■N.^'VS. tity of commissariat stores, about three thousand stand of arms, a num- ber of rifles, and several pieces of ordnance fell into the hands of the British. Major-Gcneral Riall immediately followed up this success by marching upon Lewiston, where a force had been collected with the express intention of destroying the town of Queenston ; on his approach the Americans abandoned their position, leaving two guns, with a quan- tity of stores and small arms, which were taken by the British, and Lewiston, Manchester and the adjacent country were laid in ruins. The next position taken was that at Black Rock, which was attacked by the troops under Major-General Riall, and after an obstinate resistance, the enemy were compelled to give away, leaving behind them a twenty- four-pounder, three twelve-pounders and a nine-pounder. From Black Rock the fugitives were pursued to the town of Buffalo, where they rallied and attempted to oppose the advance of the British, but soon fled in every direction, leaving a brass field-piece, an iron eighteen, and one six-pound^. Buffalo and Black Rock were, in retaliation for the des- truction of Newark, set on fire and reduced to ashes. And three ves- sels of the enemy's lake squadron, which were lying a little below the town, were also destroyed. Nothing of any Consequence occurred on this portion of the frontier till the following year, when the American forces, about the end of June, were collected at Buffalo, Black Rock, and other places along the coast, waiting for the co-operation of the squadron on Lake Ontario to invade Upper Canada. On the morning of the third of July, the enemy effected a landing at two points above and below Fort Erie, each about a mile distant. The fort had beon lefl in the charge of Major Buck, with a small detachment of about seventy men, and on the approach of the American forces it was given up without even a show of resistance. — Afler taking possession of the post the Americans marched to the neigh- bourhood of Chippewa, for the purpose of taking that town, when General Riall, with his troo])s, hastened to the rescue. The enemy had much the advantage in numbers, and after a long and severe contest General Riall judged it advisable to retreat ; he accordingly fell back upon Chippewa, and after throwing detachments into Forts George, Niagara and Mississaga, retired to the Twenty-mile Creek. The enemy advanced as far as Queenston, which he occupied, and afterwards made his appearance before Forts George and Mississaga, but finding those forts likely to be stoutly defended, he fell back again upon Queenston; and on the twenty-fifty of July retreated with his whole force to Chip- pewa, having previously set fire to the village of St. Davids. General Riall followed in pursuit. The following description of the battle which hr ):i f ivi.. k m WW 100 CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. .->VN/^-^%^.' ensued, called " the battle of Lundy's Lane," is extracted from the oHicial despatch of General Drummond : " I embarked on board His Mtgesty's schooner Netly, at York, on Sunday evening, the 24th instant, and reached Niagara at day-break the following morning. Finding from Lieutenant-Colonel Tucker, that Major-General Riall was understood to be moving towards the Falls of Niagara, to support the advance of his division, which he had pushed on to that place, on the preceding evening, I ordered Lieutenant-Colonel Morrison, with the Eighty-ninth Regiment, and a detachment of the Royals and King's, drawn from Forts George and Mississaga, to proceed to the same point, in order that with the united force I might act against the enemy on my arrival, if it should be found expedient. I ordered Lieutenant-Colonel Tucker, at the same time, to proceed on the right bank of the river, with three hundred of the Forty-First, and about two hundred of the Royal Scots, and a body of Indian warriors, supported on the river by a party of armed seamen, under Captain Qobbs, R. N. The object of this movement was to disperse or capture a body of the enemy, which was encamped at Lewiston. Some unavoidable delay having occurred in the march of the troops up the right bank, the enemy had moved off previous to Lieutenant-Colonel Tucker's arrival. '* Having refreshed the troops at Queenston,and having brought across the Forty-first, Royals and Indians, I sent back the Forty-first and Hundredth regiments to form the garrisons of the forts, and moved with the Eighty-ninth, and detachments of the Royals and King's, and light company of the Forty-first, in all about eight hundred men, to join Major- General Riall's division at the Falls. *• When arrived within a few miles of that position, I met a report from Major-General Riall that the enemy was advancing in great force. I immediately pushed on, and joined the head of Lieutenant-Colonel Morrison's column, just as it reached the road leading towards the Beaver Dam, over the summit of the hill at Lundy's Lane. Instead of the whole of Major-General Riall's division, which I expected to find occup}ii^ this position, I found it almost all in the occupation of the enemy, whose columns were within six hundred yards of the top of the hill, and the surrounding woods filled with his light troops. The advance of Major- General Riall's division, consisting of the Glengany light infantry and incorporated militia; having commenced their retreat upon Fort George, I countermanded these corps, and formed the Eighty-ninth and the Royal Scots and Forty-first light companies in the rear of the hill, their left resting on the great road ; my two twenty-four pounder brass field guns a little advanced in front of the centre on the summit of the hill ; the Glengarry light infantry on the right, the battalion of incorporated CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 161 •v -.. ~» ■N. >. "v ~»'^. % Militia, and the detachment of the King's Regiment on the lefl oi' the great road ; the squadron of Nineteenth Light Dragoons in the rear of the left, on the road. I had scarcely completed this formation, when the whole front was warmly and closely engaged. The enemy's prin- cipal efforts were directed against our left and centre. After repeated attacks, the troops on the left were partially forced back, and the enemy gained a momentary possession of the road. This gave him, however, no material advantage, as the troops which had been forced back formed in the rear of the Eighty-ninth Regiment, fronting the road and secur- ing the flank. It was during this short interval that Major-General Rial), having received a severe wound, was intercepted as he was pas- sing to the rear by a party of the enemy's cavalry and made prisoner. In the centre, the repeated and determined attacks of the enemy, were met by the Eighty-ninth Regiment, the detachments of the Royals and King's, and the light company of the Forty-first Regiment, with the most perfect steadiness and intrepid gallantry, and the enemy was con- stantly repulsed with very heavy loss. In so determined a manner were these attacks directed against our guns, that our artillerymen were bayoneted in the act of loading, and the muzzles of the enemy's guns were advanced within a few yards of ours. The darkness of the night, during this extraordinary conflict, occasioned several uncommon inci- dents : our troops having for a moment been pushed back, some of our guns remained for a few minutes in the enemy's hands; they were, however, not only quickly recovered, but the two pieces, a six-pounder, and a five and a half-inch howitzer, which the enemy had brought up, were captured by us, together with several tumbrils ; and in limbering up our guns, at one period, one of the enemy's six-pounders was put by mistake upon a limber of ours, and one of our six-pounders limbered on one of his ; by which means the pieces were exchanged ; and thus, though we captured two of his guns, yet as he obtained one of ours, we have gained only one gun. : « About nine o'clock, the action having commenced at six, there was a short intermission of firing, during which it appears the enemy was employed in bringing up the whole of his remaining force, and he shortly afterwards renewed his attack, with fresh troops, but was every where repulsed, with equal gallantry and success. About this period the remainder of Major-General Riall's division which had been ordered to retire on the advance of the enemy, consisting of the Hundred and Third Regiment, under Colonel Scott; the head-quarter division of the Royal Scots, the head-quarter division of the Eighth, flank companies of the Hundred and Fourth, some detachments of militia, under Lieutenant- 11. t if''- !. 1G2 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FDTURE. s. > /W^ •*. V/\.'\.'« , V Colonel Hamilton, Inspecting Ficld-Officer, joined the troopf ■ n^'nged. The enemy's efforts to carry the hill were continued until about midnight, when he had suflTered so severely from the superior steadiness and dis- cipline of His IMnjcsty's troops, that he gave up the contest, and retreated with great precipitation to his camp, beyond the Chippewa. On the following day he abandoned his camp, threw the greatest part of his baggage, camp-equipage and provisions into the rapids; and, having set fire to Street's mills and destroyed the bridge at Chippewa, continued his retreat in great disorder towards Fort Erie. My light troops, cavalry and Indians are detached in pursuit, and to harass his retreat. " The loss sustained by the enemy in this severe action, cannot be estimated at less than fifteen hundred men, including several hundred prisoners left in our hands; his two commanding Generals, Brown and Scott, are said to be wounded ; his whole force, which has never been rated at less than five thousand, having been engaged. The number of troops under my command, did not, for the first three hours, exceed sixteen hundred men ; the addition of the troops, under Colonel Scott, did not increase it to more than two thousand eight hundred of every des- cription." In the action. General Drummond received a musket ball in the neck. The American loss in this battle amounted to one hundred and sixty killed, including twelve ofiicers; and five hundred and seventeen wounded, including fifty officers. The enemy retreated to Fort Erie, the command of which was taken by General Gaines. On the night of the twelfth of August, Captain Dobbs, II. N., succeeded in capturing two American schooners, the Ohio and Somers; and on the morning of the thirteenth, General Drummond opened fire from a battery upon the enemy's works, and on the following day, finding that the cannonade had proved efiec- tual, determined on storming the fort, which was accordingly done on the night of the fourteenth. After a desperate resistance the British troops succeeded in forcing their way into the fort, and the garrison took refuge in a stone building, which they maintained for some time, till a quantity of ammunition took fire and exploded, by which nearly all the troops in the fort were more or less wounded, and many killed ; which caused a panic amongst the survivors, and made it necessary to beat a retreat. The loss on the British side was severe ; Colonels Scott and Drummond fell while storming the works; and the loss, in killed, wounded and missing, amounted to thirty-seven ofiicers and eight hun- dred and sixty-nine men. General Drummond was re-inforced, a day or two after this afiair, by the arrival of troops from Lower Canada, which, although only sufficient to fill the vacancies caused by the late disaster, enabled him to cut off CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 163 *. N^'\'% - - Tinged. idnjghtf md dis- jtrcated On the t of his having ontinued cavalry mnot be hundred own and een rated of troops d sixteen t, did not very des- the neck, xty killed, [•wounded, command le twelfth American thirteenth, y's works, »ved effec- done on [he British [rison took ime, till a •ly all the id; which to beat a Scott and in killed, light hun- 1 affair, by sufficient to cutoff all communication botvvecn the fort aiul the adjacent country, and liius rendered the possession of the post of no service to the encuiy during the remainder of the campaign. For much of the preceding details of military operations wo arc indebted to Christie's valuable History of T^owcr Canada, a work we should recommend all our readers to purchase. The Niagara District is admirably situated for agricultural operations, the greater portion of it being elevated, on a high table land, having a limestone base with a good depth of soil above it. The surface is gene- rally undulating, forming a succession of hill and dale. Being bounded both on the north and south by large bodies of water, on the north by Lake Ontario, a id on the south by Lake Erie, it is less liable to suffer from late and early frosts than many other portions of the Province ; hence it has long been celebrated as a fruit-raising district. The Niagara District is also well watered. The Grand River flows in a south-easterly direction, through the County of Ilaldimand, into Lake Erie. The Chippewa, or Welland River, and its tributary, the Oswego Creek, water the Townships of Caistor, Seneca, Cayuga, and Canboro', the former river then forms the boundary of Gainsborough, Pelham, Thorold and Stamford on the north, and Wainflcet, Crowland and Willoughby on the south, and discharges itself into the Niagara River at the Town of Chippewa. The Twelve-mile Creek, Twenty- mile Creek, and Forty-mile Creek, with other small streams, water the northern townships, and empty themselves into Lake Ontario, and the Niagara River forms the eastern boundary of the district, separating it from the United States. Starting from Hamilton, by the plank road, we enter the district in the Township of Seneca, and soon reach the flourishing village of Caledonia. No better example could be shown of the advantage of making good common roads, (that every body may travel on,) through the Province, than is to be found in the country bordering the plank road from Hamilton to Port Dover ; when we first travelled it, some five or six years ago, shortly after the new road was made, the country between Caledonia and Port Dover was a perfect wilderness, scarcely a clearing was to be seen, and a stranger would ask with surprise where the traffic was to come from to support the road. Mark the contrast : in five short years nearly every lot along the road has been settled and cleared, and fine farms supply the place of dreary forests. Caledonia, which is situated on the banks of the Grand River, is a thriving settlement. In eighteen hundred and thirty-five the Grand River Navigation Company laid out a village on the west side of the river, in the Township of Oneida ; the plot contained sixteen acres, and I'll! I- '^'l "I ii li' M ..^i 164 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. ■•>.^■>.■^^^■*■^l.^• ii the village was called after the name of the township. In the follow- ing year the same company laid out another village on the opposite side of tlie river, in the Township of Seneca, about a mile below Oneida: this was also called after the township in which it was situated. In eighteen hundred and forty-three, the Government laid out a village under the name of Caledonia, and included the village of Seneca in the town plot. The place is growing and does a flourishing business, to which the valuable water-power of the Grand River is a great assistance. The plank road here crosses the river over a bridge, consisting of six arches, besides a swing bridge at the eastern side, lor the convenience of vessels plying on the river. A gentleman, named McKinnon, has lately erected a large cloth factory, which will shortly be in operation, and will add considerably to the trade of the place, and the convenience of the neighbourhood. For the information of those parties who are fond of raising the cry of " ruin and decay," and of contrasting the state of commercial operations, and the value of property in Canada, with the United States, it may be as well to mention that the same gentleman possesses a grist mill and a saw mill in the same village, the former of which he rents for four hundred pounds per annum, and the latter for three hundred pounds per annum. The grist mill contains three run of stones, and the saw mill three saws, one of which is circular. There are also in Caledonia a steam saw mill and planing machine, and a tannery; with two churches. Episcopal and Presbyterian Free Church, two common schools, and two private schools. The population, includ- ing Seneca, is said to exceed one thousand. Much of the timber in the neighbourhood of the village is pine. On the opposite side of the river, in Oneida, there is also a steam saw mill and planing machine. At Seneca, which is about a mile lower down the river than Caledonia, although included in the same plot, there are a flouring mill with four run of stones, a steam saw mill containing a gang of fourteen saws, with planing machine, circular saws and lathing machine, and a card- ing machine and cloth factory. On the opposite side of the river, in Oneida is a water saw mill containing two single saws, circular saw, and a gang of thirty-two saws. A new bridge has lately been con- structed across the river, at an expense of nearly two hundred and fifty pounds. From Caledonia to Port Dover is twenty-three miles. The land is generally rolling, the soil loamy, and the timber a mixture of pine and hardwood. For the first eight miles from Caledonia the pine predomi- nates, the timber then becomes principally hardwood for the next ten miles, after which the pine becomes more plentiful. Much of the hard- CJLJiKDK : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 1G3 steam saw wood consists of wliito oak, bcccli and inapk'. There arc three steam saw mills on tiic road, and eight miles before reaching Port Dover you pass through the small village of Jarvis, wiiich contains about one hun- dred inhabitants. From Seneca to York is about four miles, the village contains about two hundred inhabitants, but with the exception of the lumber trade, it does not appear to be a place of much business. There arc two saw mills in the village, one of which contains two gangs of saws, one single saw, a circular saw and lathing machine ; also two churches. Episcopal and Methodist. From York to Indiana is about two miles and a half; the village is pleasantly situated on the Grand River, and is a busy little place ; it con- tains about two hundred and filly inhabitants, a flouring mill with three run of stones, two saw mills, a pail factory, which supplies the Hamilton market, and turns out, on an average, fifty dozen pails per week, a dis- tillery and turning establishment. There are also two churches, Pres- byterian and Catholic. About one and a half miles above Indiana arc a flouring mill and two plaster mills ; the gypsum or plaster is obtained from a hill a short distance south of the village of York. Indiana also has the convenience of a bridge across the river. From Indiana to Cayuga the road leaves the river, and docs not touch it again till it reaches the village of Cayuga, which is about two and a half miles. The County of Ilaldimand, one of the united counties of Lincoln, Ilaldimand and Welland, having been set apart as a separate county, Cayuga has been chosen as the county-town. A handsome court house and jail have been erected, of stone, from the design of Messrs. Cumberland and Kidout. It is well situated, on a rising ground, with plenty of land attached, and has every convenience necessary for such a building. The village is now holding up its head, and looking forward to its ultimately arriving at the importance of a city. A new brick hotel has been erected, which, in point of appearance and con- venience of arrangement, would be a credit to Toronto or Hamilton ; Lawyers are crowding in, and great preparations are making to assume its new consequence with becoming dignity. In the mean time it con- tains about three hundred inhabitants. The town plot was reserved at the time of the original survey, by Sir John Colborae, and contains about fourteen hundred acres. From Caledonia to Cayuga the land on both sides of the Grand River is rolling, on the north side the greater portion of the timber is hardwood, on the south side a larger portion of it is pine. On the north the land generally is a stifl* loam, the surface undulating, forming a succession of hill and dale ; none of the hills, however, are of any height. There are 'iri ;il n %i Ei1 11 If ;t V I =f ii 'ter * if'- 166 CANADA : PAST, FREBEMT AND rVTUBC. no flats of any consiMiiirnco on the river, the rolling land generally npproncliing the wnter'H edge. From Cayuga to Dunnville there are two roads, one by the village of Canhoro', which is ten miles to Canboro', and seven miles from thence to Dunnville, and the direct roatl, called the river road, which is fifteen miles, being two miles shorter. The riva' road, however, runs for much of the distance away from the river. About four miles below Cayuga a quarry of gypsum is worked, and large quantities are exported. A tunnel or gallery has been excavated to the distance of about half a mile, a railroad is laid down, and a waggon drawn by a single horse is used to convey the plaster to the mouth of the quarry. In travelling from Cayuga to Dunnville you cross three or four long bridges, and a stranger would be led to imagine that some large streams discharged themselves into the river ; such, however, is not the fact, but the damming the Grand River at Dunnville to feed the Welland Canal, by raising the water several feet, has had the efl'rct of overflowing the low land at the mouths of the little creeks, and giving them the appearance of conside- rable rivers. Dunnville is a place of considerable business and large quantities of produce coming down the Grand River are shipped from it. Goods intended for places on the upper portion of the river are geiu^rally re- shipped here into smaller vessels, or rather those drawing less water. Dunnville contains a population of about one thousand, three grist mills to one of which a plaster mill is attached, four saw mills, a foundry, woollen factory, brewery, distillery, and tannery ; two churches, Episco- pal and Presbyterian ; post office, collector of canal tolls, and collector of customs. To the politeness of the former gentleman we are indebted for the statement of exports from the port. Canada: past, present and roTunr. 167 %%N(%%NV^i*^.« , --v>.^-v»^^' -i^»»«>^^il».'»»>VV'W»-^'V<» © 00 ^ O <^J£S »! •2 1 J 3 _ 3 rt Q 2 3 ij L *^ *^ K^ TS *^ 3*^ n s ^ cc 'X: O - ft o o , o OaoOQ'OCiOOCOOpoOO — -ftOO — Wl'-PQ00p-r-l<0 - ~ ' OOOOPCSW'* a di o^j ^ oi^ i-i >0 i-t ao- «s "> ~ Oi 5: OS . c • r 09 p 2 -O O _j ^ CO c 01 'C =* B ^ M CD a tn aj c ■- •" — • c o « « ti 0; £ « c u a <£ • tS a ct a. o I*" I be -52 u H ■< o 00 O' IS i •I' 2 & a A S 5 nboa Port J fff 8§ J .li >o -c< ■s CO «-^ t»a d (N Szi « ♦^ ^ t ha 03 "l c i>r ^ " j£ ^S' »s 1 s^ -s !> t ta .s U3 > 53 c **^ • ^ hM d m » Si o a o I! ft:. !.'1 111, ., 168 CANADA : PAST, PRESKNT AND FUTURE. ■N. ■VN.-«--».*'y< !.: m kU^\ % "i.f t » t h'. I ' On the opposite side of the river, in the Township of Dunn, is a small settlement called Haldimand. Nearly five miles from the town, at the mouth of the river, is Port Maitland, a settlement which has but a small resident population ; and since the completion of the new cut of the Welland Canal by Port Colborne, its business, even during the season of navigation, is said to have fallen off considerably. The Grand River is the outlet for a large extent of fertile country, and clearing has been carried on extensively on its banks during the last few years. It must be borne in mind, however, that a great deal of farming produce is shipped as high up as Brantford, all of which is included in the returns from Dunnville. Previous to the opening of the " new cut" of the Welland Canal, i. e., the direct line of communication, all goods passing upwards from lake to lake, left the canal through the feeder, and entered Lake Erie by Port Maitland ; now, all vessels, except those intended for places on the Grand River, take the shortest route. The country on the Grand River was formerly considered very unhealthy, and as it would appear, for some time, justly so — fevers prevailing in the hot season to a considerable extent. The cause of this seems to have been the damming the river, which raising the water over a great extent of low land, some, indeed most of which was covered with decaying wood, stumps of trees, and other vegetable matter, caused from the action of the sun, an exhalation of malarious vapour which proved exceedingly injurious to the health, particularly of those unaccustomed to it. In the course of time, however, the cause has subsided; the malaria has evaporated, and the country bordering on the Grand River is said now to be quite as healthy as other portions of the province. The greatest amount of information respecting the Indian lands on the Grand River, is to be obtained from a report made by the Honorables J. B. Robinson, James Baby and the Venerable .John Strachan, members of the Executive Council, in the year eighteen hundred and thirty, and bearing date at York, fourteenth May, eighteen hundred and thirty ; and also, from a second report made by the Honorables J. H. Dunn,G. H. Mark- land and W. Hepburn, Esquire, who had been appointed trustees to inves- tigate and report to the Lieutenant-Governor, on claims preferred by various persons to lands belonging to the Six Nations Indians, situated on the Grand River. These reports appear to have originated in a petition of a Mr. Cozens for the confirmation of his title to a township of land, said to have been purchased of Captain Brant, (Tyendenaga,) many years previous — and from them we shall make such extracts as may be desirable. The Five Nations, sometimes designated the Six Nations, on the Grand River, were acknowledged to have such strong claims upon tho ' ji CANADA: FAST, PRESENT AND FCTDRE. 169 consideration of His Majesty, from their devotion to the royal cause during the American rebellion, and the loss they sustained, that it was one of the first concerns of the government on return of peace, to pro- vide for them in this country. Sir Frederick Haldimand, on the twenty-fifth October, seventeen hun- dred and eighty-four, by an instrument under his hand and seal, declared "that they and their posterity should be allowed to possess and enjoy a tract of land six miles in depth, on each side of the Grand River, running into Lake Erie, being part of a large tract lately purchased by govern- ment from the Chippewa Indians." The lands thus set apart for the Five Nations were extensive and well situated, were soon encroached upon by the white settlers, and the Indians hunted upon the grounds of the Chippewas, with whom they were friends. In seventeen hundred and ninety-six, the Five Nations were in a great measure civilized, and wished to dispose of portions of their large tract, (retaining enough to cultivate,) and raise a fund, by sales, as an annuity for their comfort. This idea occurred to themselves or was more pro- bably suggested by their white friends. Captain Joseph Brant, their principal chief, who resided near them, and who, from his influence among them and his intelligence, took a prominent part, while he lived, in all their transactions, was by a solemn act in council appointed the agent or attorney of the Five Nations to negotiate with the government, whatever might be necessary for effect- ing their wishes upon this occasion. The principal chiefs and warriors, in the name of the whole, executed on the second November, seventeen hundred and ninety-six, a formal power of attorney, authorising Captain Brant to surrender into the hands of the government certain portions of the lands possessed by them, and for which they had found, or intended to find, purchasers, so that His Majesty, thus holding those portions of their lands, relieved from the pledge which had been given for their exclusive possession, might make a clear and free grant, in fee-simple, by letters patent, to such persons as the Indians might agree to sell to. This method of proceeding was clearly in accordance with the nature of the tenure under which the Five Nations held, and was, in principle at least, as proper as could be devised for protecting the interest of the Indians, and guarding them against hasty and indiscreet sales. The tract which Captain Brant was authorised to surrender, was described in the power of attorney referred to, and was stated to contain three hundred and ten thousand three hundred and ninety-one acres. i !' E< mi I II 'ill .Kl ).. Ill'' hh 170 CANADA*. PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. The ol)ject of the surrender was therein expressly stated to be, that the same lands " might be re-granted by His Majesty to such person or persons as their brother and agent, Captain Brant, might think meet and l)ropcr, and full authority was by the same instrument given to Captain Brant to nominate to the administration of the government such person or persons in order that grants under the Great Seal of the Province might issue for their (the purchasers) further satisfaction." By the same power of attorney, authority was given to Captain Brant, after the passing of such grants, " to ask and receive such security or securities, either in his own name or the names of others to be by him then and there nominated, as he or they might deem necessary, for the securing the payment of the several sums of money that should become due and owing from the purchasers, and likewise to receive all such sums of money as should be due and owing therefor, and to give acquit- tances in as full a manner as all his constituents (the Indians of the Five Nations,) could do if personally present." Under this authority it is supposed, with the perfect knowledge and approbation of the Indians, sales of very large tracts were effected by Captain Brant; and on the fifth February, seventeen hundred and ninety-eight, pursuing the power delegated to him, he executed, in the name of the chief warriors of the Five Nations, a formal deed, surrendering their possession of such parts of the said lands, as are mentioned below, beseeching that His Majesty would be pleased to grant the same in fee-simple to the persons named, who were to pay the sums stated as a consideration for the same. The Schedule specifies the following tracts: Block No. 1, (now forming the Township of Dumfries,) containing about 94,305 acres, was sold to P. Steadman, for £ 8,841 Block No 2, sold to Richard Beasley, James "Wilson and John B. Rosseau 94,012 acres. . . 8,887 Block No. 3, sold to William Wallace. . 86,078 acres. . . 16,364 Do. No. 4, no purchaser or price named,28,512 acres. Do. No. 5, W. Jarvis 30,800 acres. . . 5,775 Do. No. 6, given originally to John Dockstader, by him sold, for the benefit of his Indian children, to Benja- min Canby 19,000 acres. . . 5,000 Total 352,707 acres. £44,867 The making these contracts with the individual purchasers, and the fixing the consideration, were, as it appears, the acts of the Indians themselves, either concluded upon in their councils or negotiated by their agent, Brant, who was fully authorised for that purpose. The CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 171 Government of this Colony seems merely to have assented to the general measure, and to have given their sanetion and assistance, in the convic- tion that it would be beneficial to the interest of the Indians. There is, indeed, strong reason to believe, from communications received by Mr. President Russell, from His Grace the Dulce of Portland, the Secre- tary of State for the Colonies, that His Majesty's Government were not, without extreme reluctance, brought to give their sanction to these trans- fers of land reserved for the use of the Five Nations, and in one of these despatches it is plainly declared that the previous stmction of His INla- jesty must be received before any similar negotiation shall be entertained by this Government in future. It would have been better for the In- dians had the Duke of Portland's advice been followed, that the British Government should be the purchaser at the same price as they were willing to sell to individuals. Before the execution of the formal surrender above mentioned, the Government had been fully apprised of the particulars of each sale that had been effected, and patents had been prepared for the conveying the land to the respective purchasers, and on the fifth February, seventeen hundred and ninety-eight, when the surrender bears date. Captain Brant attended before Mr. President Russell, in Council, and as attorney for the Five Nations, delivered into the hands of the President the deed of surrender to His Majesty for the several tracts described in the Sche- dule, and the same being accepted, the Attorney-General for this Pro- vince, Mr. White, being also in attendance, produced five deeds of grant for the several parcels, (a purchaser not having been yet found for Block No 4,) which grants or letters patent the President signed in presence of the Council, and ordered that the Great Seal of the Province should be affixed thereto, and that the Secretary of the Province should be instructed not to deliver the said deeds to any of the parties to whom the said lands are thereby conveyed, unless they shall produce and leave with him a receipt under the hands and seals of the honorable D. W. Smith, W. Claus and Alexander Stuart, trustees, authorised by the Five Nations to receive mortgages of the said lands ; that the said persons have done every thing required of them, and necessary to secure to the Five Nations and their posterity the stipulated annuities and conside- rations which they agreed to give for the same. It is but just to remark, that Captain Brant, though himself an indivi- dual of the Five Nations, and a principal chief and warrior among them, was also a person possessed of a good English education and of superior intelligence, the intimate friend and associate of the most respectable white inhabitants of the Province, familiar with their transactions and mode of dealing, '■.ad fully as capable of managing business by writing or f.'fmth'''* fm 'I i 1 1 m MX m 172 Canada: past, present and future. verbally, as most of those with whom he might come in contact. The Indians also by the instrument they executed had reposed in him unli- mited confidence, and under such circumstances the Government might be excused if they did not assume so minute or immediate a control, or make so particular an enquiry into the circumstances of each con- tract, as duty and humanity might have constrained them to do in the case of hidians wholly uncivilized, and not represented by so intelligent and responsible an agent of their own choice. For many years past all affairs of the Indians have been transferred from the Civil Government to the Military Service, but have recently been put again in charge of the Civil Administration, in order to extri- cate their pecuniary concerns from difficulty and perplexities. The result of enquiries is, that No. 1, containing ninety-four thousand three hundred and five acres, after various transfers, (and the discovery of a forgery, pretending to assign from Stedman to a man in the United States,) at last came into the possession of the honorable William Dick- son. The principal and interest of the purchase money was paid up about the year eighteen hundred and sixteen. No. 2, of ninety-four thousand and twelve acres, sold to Beasley and others. The purchase money of this tract has been paid up. Respecting No. 3, there are no documents whatever in the Executive Council. The registry of the letters patent which followed the sur- render has been referred to, and it is there recited that one William Wallace, the purchaser from Brant, had given security for the money to the trustees, but where the mortgage or other security may be, whether anything has been paid for the principal or interest, and what remains due, the Council have no means of knowing, having applied to the proper source for information (Claus) without effect. The following is the reply to the application alluded to, which may be inserted here as a fair specimen of the manner in which public property has been dealt with in past times : " In reply I beg leave to state, for the information of His Excellency, that an imperious regard which I owe to the interests of my father's family and my own, constrains me to decline affording any information or explanation whatever on the subject of the trust unsolicitedly com- mitted by the Indians to my charge, and whenever the Executive Government of Upper Canada shall see proper to confirm by patent a certain tract of land situated on the Grand River and surrendered by the Indians for the benefit of my father and his heirs, I shall cheerfully resign a situation which has only been prolific of trouble, ingratitude and misrepresentation." CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 17» ^.■V.>.A.VN.*w'^% Block No. 4, has been sold to the Honorable Thomas Clark, ^vho has given his bond, dated twenty-fifth October eighteen hundred and six, for three thousand five hundred and sixty-four pounds, payabln in a thousand years from the date, to William Claus and Alexander Stewart, and the interest to be paid annually. No. 5, originally contracted for by Mr. Jarvis, was afterwards sold to Lord Selkirk for three thousand eight hundred and fifly pounds, and has come into the hands of Henry J. Boulton. (This tract now forms the Township of Moulton). The principal is unpaid, but the inte- rest has been discharged until within the last three years, and the pre- sent proprietor is ready to pay the arrears, under the direction of the Government for the use of the Indians, if he can be secured against any legal claims of the representatives of the late Colonel Claus. It appears by some of the papers before us that six hundred pounds. New York cur- rency, had been paid by Mr. Jarvis, the first purchaser, on account of tlie principal, which sum was repaid to Mr. Jarvis by the Earl of Sel- kirk. To secure the sum remaining due, three thousand four hundred and seventy-five pounds and interest, a mortgas^o was given by Lord Selkirk to William Claus, Esquire, as sole trustee, for a term of years, his executors therefore have the legal interest in this security. No. 6, described in the schedule as nineteen thousand acres, with the sum of five thousand pounds affixed to it, is said to have been given to John Dockstader, and sold by him for the benefit of his Indian children to Benjamin Canby. We imagine that no part of the principal or inte- rest has been paid, and it is doubtful if the Indians, as a body, have any interest in the purchase money. This tract forms the present Township of Canboro'. On blocks one and two there is nothing due. On three and four we are not sure that mortgages were taken, but presume they were similar to that of Mr. Beasley, of which a copy is before us ; the form is by conveying the lands to the trustees, in fee as joint tenants, and subject to be defeated by payment of the purchase money in one thousand years, with interest in the meantime annually. Smith was always in England, and has not acted ; he holds the estate, and is in fact sole-seized, being the only surviving trustee. No. 6, to Canby. He managed, contrary to injunctions by the Government, to obtain his patent without bond or mortgage. Govern- ment enquired, and found he got it surreptitiously. He is yet living, and believed to be a man of property. Upon the propriety of enforcing it, the Council, on perusing the correspondence from Captain Brant, and the substance of several Indian Councils, and the conflicting nature of the transactions of those Councils, can form no satisfactory opinion. :■? I ■■•) ■h ■ i i : i\ Hi CANADA : PAST, PKESENT AND FUTURB. V.^V^^*^^ Colonel Claus, as in the case of Lord Selkirk, took security in his own name — Stewart being dead, and Smith in England, as Brant and the Chicl's desired he would. It is recommended that Sir David William Smith, Bart., who resides at Alnwick, Northumberland, should resign to some one to represent him here. Colonel Claus made a will, and his executor is the only one who can sue for the securities given only in Claus' name. Colonel Claus was always anxious to submit everything to the Government. When he died, the Indians appointed his son, John Claus, a trustee (eighteen hundred and twenty-six) ; he for two years failed to give the Indians an account of their aflairs ; they complained of the non-payment of dividends, &c. The Council examined what documents they had, but had to refer to Mr. Claus and Captain John Brant ; the latter at- tended in Council, but his answers to questions intended to be put to the former gave little information. Claus refused to appear — he has all his father's papers on Indian affairs as trustee, but there is no court of equity to compel his yielding them — besides, the Indians have no corpo- rate capacity whereby to sue, unless in all their names — a thing impos- sible. A Bill was framed by the Legislative Council, but rejected by the Assembly. Governor Hunter ordered the affairs of the Indians to be looked into 24th June, eighteen hundre I and three, and 18th May, eighteen hundred and four, and the reports of these two days contain all the information the Government then possessed on the subject. Gover- nor Gore ordered, third November, eighteen hundred and six, papers to be deposited in the Council Office, to show the investments of monies for the Indians remitted to England, viz., three per cent, consolidated bank annuities; the amount of which was five thousand six hundred and sixty-six pounds nine shillings and three pence sterling, so invested as to purchase nine thousand two hundred and forty-four pounds five shillings and eleven pence three per cent. The Council cannot say what part of all the monies received the above sum embraces. In their Councils the Indians were not always consistent ; sometimes desiring that confirmations be made by Government of portions of land to those white persons settled thereon, and at other times wishing the contrary as to the same persons. The speeches in Council (Indian) re- lating thereto are on the 1st, 10th, and 13th March, eighteen hundred and nine, and Captain John Brant promised, in eighteen hundred and thirty, to send down additional information, but it did not come. The Indians sometimes complained oi' the Whites encroaching on them, then would sanction it, and loudly assert their right to lease and sell as they chose. Had the Chiefs been allowed to do as they liked, they would soon have got rid of their lands. Governor Haldimand gave it 1 i ■ CANADA*. PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 175 to them and to their posterity, by an instrument under his sign manual, which assured them they might enjoy it for ever. It is hardly nrcossary to remark that an estate in fee simple in lands, belonging to the Crown, could not be conveyed by Sir Frederick Ilaldimand's m'jre license of occupation under his seal. Letters patent, under the Great Seal of Eng- land, or of the Province of Quebec, could alone have conferred such a title. That the Indians were never to alienate their lands without the assent of the Crown was expressly declared by royal proclamation in seventeen hundred and sixty-three, when Canada had been finally ceded to Great Britain. The speech and letter of Lord Dorchester, in seven- teen hundred and eighty-eight and nine, are most express on this point, with reference to the Five Nations in particular, and several proclamations published in this Province have given notice of this restrtction from an early period. " The Council cannot avoid adverting to a document which they have found among the papers relating to the Five Nations, purporting to be the copy of a deed executed by the Hon. William Dickson, in March, eighteen hundred and nine, by which he engages to transact all necessary professional business for the Indians. The consideration for this promise was a grant of land which the Five Nations made to Mr. Dickson with the assent of the Crown (Township of Sherbrooke). The Indians acknowledge themselves to have been paid by Wallace for 7,000 acres. That of the same tract they had given to Mrs. Anne Claus, daughter of Sir W. Johnston 10,000 acres. To Captain Brant 5,000 « Sold to Captain Pilkington, Royal Engineers, for security they say had been given to the trustees 15,000 « Given to Mr. Beasley to make up a deficiency in No. 2, sold him -. 3,000 acres. The remainder of No. 3, being forty-five thousand one hundred and eighty-five acres, they had agreed to sell to Jacob Erb and others at half a dollar per acre, to be paid 1st May, eighteen hundred and seven. " Numerous claims have been submitted to the trustees, and taken into their careful consideration, and the documents accompanying them have been thoroughly investigated ; from which it appears that some of the claimants seek a confirmation from Government of their alleged titles on the ground of having derived them under leases for twenty-one years, or for a less term, from individual Indians residing upon difierent por- tions of the Indian territory ; others under leases for similar terms from one or more of the chiefs ; some under bare permissive occupations from individual Indians or Chiefs, (all of which three described classes of t i II ^f ■t .'i A i.: r;. s-.' 176 CANADA : PAST, PRE8KNT AND FCTUKK. claimants appear to have paid a greater or less consideration for their lands to the parties from whom they have purchased, and in many in- stances to have made considerable improvements on the lands) ; others as the cliildren or descendants of Indian women, with respect to whom a custom is alleged to exist among the Indians entitling them to portions of their lands; and others again claim either under existing or lost or destroyed grants in fee simple, or leases for nine hundred and ninety- nine years, executed by Captain Joseph Brant, as the agent of the Indians, for valuable considerations therein expressed to be paid to him : which deeds almost invariably recite or refer to the powers of selling or leas- ing vested in him, and are stated to be granted in execution of them. In some instances these latter deeds appear to have been (though it is conceived unnecessarily), confirmed at Indian Councils subsequently Itekl, but in the great majority of cases they seem not to have been so confirmed. " Whether Captain Joseph Brant did or not on all occasions execute the trust reposed in him faithfully towards the Indians, the trustees are unable to judge, no evidence having been laid before them upon that subject ; and it is indeed only right to observe, that no improper conduct whatever has been imputed to him before the trustees ; and they are therefore bound to assume that he discharged his duty with due fidelity. In connection with the above reports, the following address to the Super- intendent-General of Indian Afifairs, from the Indians on the Grand River, under date of April 18th, eighteen hundred and eleven, will not be unin- teresting to most of our readers, as a fair specimen of Indian eloquence. " Brother : We this day have met in Council to consult each other, and to collect and express our opinions one towards the other, upon the calamitous situation in which we find ourselves placed, by the unexam- pled and wanton cruelty which has been exercised to the faithful sup- porters of their Father across the great water, by his agents for these many years past. " Brother : We felt proud to be called the allies of so great a King ; and the Mohawks have not forgotten the great sacrifice they have made, when they took up the hatchet to fight his battles. They look back to the fertile fields which they have abandoned, and which they moistened with the blood of many of their most brave warriors. « Brother : We thought when the servant of our Father (Governor Haldimand) gave us in his name, the lands upon the Grand River that we should be secure, and without interruption enjoy it as our own. " Brother : In this we have been most egregiously deceived, and to out great surprise and grief, we find ourselves by the contrivance of artful, taithless and wicked men, stript of our property. What little is yet IpH; 1^ Canada: past, present and future. 177 •S-v- v-^-v •S."- "W^'W^"^ "S V >.-■■, V -V ^^>.*»-s,-*. for their many in- others as I whom a > portions or lost or id ninety- ic Indians, ,m : which ig or leas- n of them. lOUgh it is bsequently ve been so )ns execute ;rustees are upon that per conduct nd they are ue fidelity, othe Super- Jrand River, not be unin- n eloquence, h other, and r, upon the he unexam- [ailhful sup- its for these jat a King ; ■ have made, )ok back to ly moistened (Governor t River that or own. i, and to oar Ice of artful, lie is vet loft us we are denied the lawful right of controlling or disposing of without our master's leave. ♦* Brother : We are determined no longer to be asleep, nor give uj) our just rights to children, and base, e ' sh men, their wicked advisers. " Brother: We have often requested you to give us an answer concern- ing our money, which you, among others, many years ago received in trust for us, arising from the lands which we resigned to the King's Government, according to their desire. "Brother: We have been told again and again that it was sent to England ; but that is all we have heard of it. Promises and empty words will not satisfy us: it is time to have a direct answer, one way or the other; tells us no more tales, for on them we cannot be fed or clothed. " Brother : You continually advised us to be of one mind, yet at the same time you have spared no pains to create jealousies and distrust among us, and that by a partial distribution of the presents which Our Father intended should be justly and equitably distributed to all. "Brother: In all this we do not see that honour and sincerity which we had a right to expect from you. "Brother: We call upon you to look back to the promises made to us, and the way we (and a great number of chiefs who have gone to their Fathers, and are here no more,) have conducted ourselves since our first connection with our Father, the King. We have acted like men, honour- able and unsuspecting; and should it happen, through your fault, that our hands should unlock, we think your fingers would straighten first. " Brother: As respects the white people on the Grand River, they were placed there by our forefathers and ourselves; and according to the rules of Christianity, we cannot pull to pieces what has been solemnly past and done. " Brother: We respect our word, when once pledged, and we cannot think of disturbing the greatest or the meanest among them ; we will not make a God offone man and a beast of another. "Brother: As to the great fire placed at the Onondago Village, we think it our own, as we found the wood and made the fire. " Brother : We further understand that the sale of the Stedman Town- ship, so called, is about to be completed ; we feel satisfied at this, but should have been more so, had it been done years ago, according to our wishes. " Brother : It is expected that your word of honour will be binding upon you in regard to Mr. Augustus Jones, whom we named as pur- chaser (and no other person,) on the twenty-sixth November, eighteen hundred and eight, and who was accepted by yourself. '".' ' m M i'V i f M I- I )■( •,' ,;.' I' I >■ 178 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURK. ■-v.vn-'vxr ^ 'VS.^'N.-V^.A.^.', V-^*.'S.".."-^^*.A.'^«,^ *.Wv x-v.^ "Brother: Wc also expect thnt the money, which may he raised on the sale ol* this township, may not be sent to Enplainl, like the former, but that it should be at our disjwsal; lor we think wc can make better use of it. "Brother: We apply to ,ou as the person appointed to watch over our interest as your own, and not suffer us to be imposed upon. It is very true we arc ignorant, but is it a sufficient reason that because we arc aboriginal inhabitants of the wilderness, and not learned in the arts of white men, that we should be plundered, and our rights trodden under foot ? "Brother: We demand of you that only to which we think we have a claim, namely, justice; and if it cannot be found here, we have been led to believe it may be obtained from our Father, the King, whom we think must be the fountain of justice." Seneca, the northern township of the County of IIaldimand,is separated from Oneida and part of Cayuga by the Grand Uiver ; it is a good township of land, and is improvini? fast. The timber generally consists of hardwood and pine intermixed. In eighteen hundred and forty-five there were only three thousand acres of land under cultivation in the township, and in eighteen hundred and fifty the quantity had increased to twelve thousand. Wild land now averages thirty shillings, and cleared farms four pounds fifteen shillings per acre in value ; and twenty- four thousand bushels of wheat, and ten thousand bushels of oats were raised from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine. The township contains the villages of Caledonia, Seneca, York and Indiana, one grist and four saw mills. On the opposite side of the river, to the south-west, is the Township of Oneida. The land is rolling, the soil loam, and the timber pine, inter- mixed with hardwood. The township is well watered by small streams. In eighteen hundred and forty-five only seventeen hundred acres of land in the township were under cultivation, and in eighteen hundred and fifty the quantity had increased to eight thousand eight hundred. Wild land is valued at twenty-four shillings, and cleared farms average three pounds seventeen shillings per acre. Twenty-four thousand bushels of wheat, and eleven thousand bushels of oats were produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine. There are one grist and five saw mills in the township. A bed of gypsum has been quarried in the township for some years. To the south of Seneca and Oneida is the Township of Cayuga, which was divided, by Act of Parliament, in eighteen hundred and forty-nine, into iNorth Cayuga and South Cayuga ; the dividing boundary of the two being the Grand River. These townships have improved rapidly. CANADA ; I'A. AND llTUnE. 170 ^.V>,^•.^,■>.■^.-^-N.^, oijtaincd isi'd ii .11 <'a lui .crt- und vo Kun- 1,'hlrni .red juid cultiva- V 'hrmsmil. Wild In eighteen hundred and thirl nvr, the w tde only (Ired and ninety-six inhabitants, which number had hundred and fifty to above two thousand. Fii . forty-five, three thoussand six hundred acres of Inn tion, and in I'ightcen hundred and fifty abov(! l\\> land averages twenty-five shillings, and cleared ftirms about lour pounds ten shillings per acre in value. Twenty-seven thousand bushels of wheat, and eleven thousand bushels of oats were produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, besides twelve thousand five hundred pounds of butter. The town of Cayuga is situated in the north of the township, about four miles below which is a bed of gypsum, which has been previously noticed. To the southward of Cayuga is the Township of Rainham, which is of a triangular shape, and is bounded on the f-outh by Lake Erie. This township commenced settling in seventeen hundred and ninety-three, and in eighteen hundred and seventeen contained, with the adjoining Township of Walpole, only two hundred and forty-seven inhabitants. There were at that time in the two townships no school or medical practitioner, store or tavern. In eighteen hundred and thirty-five the population of Rainham had only increased to five hundred and fifty-two^ but in eighteen hundred and fifty it had risen to fourteen hundred. The township now contains six saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, twenty-six thousand bushels of wheat, and nineteen thousand bushels of oats, besides seventeen thousand pounds of maple sugar, six thousand pounds of wool, and eight thousand pounds of butter. In eighteen hundred and forty-five, five thousand three hundred acres of land were under cultivation, which had increased, in eighteen hundred and fifty, to fifteen thousand acres. Walpole, which lies to the west of Rainham, is also bounded on the south by Lake Erie. It commenced settling in seventeen hundred and ninety-three, and in eighteen huiidred and thirty-five contained six hun- dred and eighty-three inhabitants. In eighteen hundred and forty-five, five thousand six hundred acres of land were under cultivation in the township, and in eighteen hundred and fifty the quantity had increased to thirty-seven jthousand acres, and the population had increased to two thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight. Walpole now contains two grist and nine saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, thirty-eight thousand bushels of wheat, and nearly twenty- nine thousand bushels of oats, besides twenty-six thousand pounds of maple sugar, and thirteen thousand nine hundred pounds of butter. The soil of both Walpole and Rainham is of good quality, and generally consists of loam ; the timber, a mixture of hardwood and pine, some- iK...il 180 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE, ,*■ /V*.X N-W •, N ■- N.% N ^ ' -%-^-.'^ . ^,•»,Arf•.»,^%^.- ^v^.^.^■v*• i M times one predominating ami sometimes the other. Both townships are well watered by small streams running into the lake. The eastern townships of the county comprisf! Canboro', Moulton, Dunn and Shcrbrooke. Canboro' is a small township, the land is generally rolling, the soil loam, and the timber principally hardwood, with a little pine scattered in. It commenced settling in eighteen hun- dred and three, and in eighteen hundred and seventeen con.'aincd one hundred and ninety inhabitants ; in eighteen hundred and fifty the population had increased to six hundred and ninety-six. In eighteen hundred and forty-five, three thousand eight hundred acres were under cultivation, and in eighteen hundred and fifty, eleven thousand acres. — Wild land is now stated to ])e worth twenty-five shillings, and cleared farms about four poimds per acre. There arc one grist and five saw mills in the townshij) ; and twelve thousand bushels of wheat, and seven thousand (iight hundred bushels of oats were produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine. Moulton is also a small township, situated on the south-east of Can- borogh. In eighteen hundred and thirty-five it contained four hundred and twenty-six inhabitants, which number had increased, in eighteen hundred and fifty, to fourteen hundred and fifty-one. In eighteen hun- dred and forty-five, seventeen hundred acres were under cultivation and in eighteen hundred and fifty, seven thousand five hundred acres. The township contains two grist and four saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, five thousand bushels o wheat, and five thousand five hundred bushels of oats, and four thousand pounds of butter. The feeder of the Welland Canal is carried through the south of the township, and is bounded by tamarac and cranberry swamps. The village of Dunnville is in the cast of the township. Dunn, which is a very small township, is bounded on the north and east by the Grand River, and on the south by Lake Eric. In eighteen hundred and thirty-five it contained two hundred and one inhabitants, and in eighteen hundred and fifty the number had increased to seven hundred and forty-eight. In eighteen hundred and forty-five fifteen hundred acres were under cultivation, and in eighteen hundred and fifty, seven thousand. There are one grist and two saw mills in the township. Wild land is valued at thirty shillings, and cleared farms average four pounds fifteen shillings per acre ; and five thousand bushels df wheat, and six thousand bushels of oats were produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine. Sherbrooke, the smallest township in the county, is also the smallest -township in the Pi^vince. In eighteen hundred and forty-one its popu- lation amounted to one hundred and ninety-eight, which had increased i.t 'M CANADA : PAST, PnE0BNT AND Ft TURK. m A/V^%%V%M«%«W^ N.-V^^Ar^'^N.'SAA.^^^^^^'*. S in cightepti liuiulrod niul fifty \o tliree* liuiulrcd iirul tvvonfy. Tti ciglilrcti hundred and forty-five, fourteen hundred iieres ucre under cullivulioii, and in eighteen hundred and fifly, three thousand iieres. Six thousand six hundred hushcls of wheat, and nearly six tliousand bushels of oats wore produced from tlie erop of eighteen Imndred and forty-nine. All these townships, with the exception of Ilainhani and Walpolc, were Indian lands, and formed part of the grant of the Six Nations. — Most of these lands have now been sold, and but little remains the pro- perty of the Indians ; large tracts, however, in both Dunn and Cayuga, are said to be in the hands of private parlies, which might he purchased at reasonable rates, and the same may be the case in other townships. In the present work we have taken all returns, (with the exception of ratable property, which is not contained in them,) from the census rolls, as being more to be dcj)cnded on than the assessment rolls ; people being too apt to be troubled with forgetfulness as to the exact amount of their property, when making up their accounts for taxation. A curious instance of the length to which some persons will go, to escape tnxii- tion, occurred in this district during the late visit of the Governor General. His Excellency had, in one of his rides, entered into conversation with a Dutch farmer, and amongst other questions inquired how nuich land he had cleared, to which the farmer replied, ninety-iivc acres; he soon, however, seemed to repent his sincerity and said that " on eonsiteralioii he dit not pelieve he hat more tan filly acres elearet." The Governor was naturally " taken aback,'' as sailors have it, at this declaration, so utterly at variance with his previous statement, when a gentleman in attendance, laughingly solved the difficulty by remarking, " Ah ! Your Excellency docs not understand this. The Dutchman is afraid we are going to tax him." To overcome the falls on the Grand River, and render it navigable, eight locks were necessary; the first of these in ascending the river is at Indiana, where there is a fall of twelve feet ; the next is at York, with a fall of five feet nine inches ; the next, called Sim's lock, or num- ber three, is one mile and a half from York, with eight and a half feet fall; the next at Seneca, with five feet nine inches fall; the next at Caledonia, with seven and a half feet fall ; from thence there is level water, or as it is termed, " slack water navigation," for twenty-five miles, that is, to within two miles and three-quarters of Brantford, where there are three locks, each having a fall of eleven feet. From Dnnnville to Canboro' village is seven miles, the land is generally rolling, the timber hardwood, beech, oak, maple, elm, &e. &e., with, in some places, a few pines scattered in. The soil is loamy, and ^/ I I'MI ■ \" ,h ! ; '■ I 182 CANADA : PAST, PllESENT AND FUTURE. ? I '■: ' ,■* M m m A-u. «;•?! some fine farms arc situated along the road. About a mile before reaching Canboro', is a saw mill. Canboro', which is situated on the Oswego Creek, a tributary of the Welland River, is a pleasant little village, containing about one hundi'ed inhabitants, a saw mill, post-office, and two churches, Methodist and Baptist. From Canboro' to Welland Port, or the " Narrows," is ten miles. This is a small village, containing about a hundred and fifty inhabitants, and a steam saw mill. It is situated on the bank of the Welland River. From thonce to Fonthill is eleven miles. About three and a half miles before reaching the latter place you pass the Pelham town-hall, a good looking brick building; and in the same neighbourhood is a steam saw mill. About half a mile from Fonthill is a small sel-iement, called Iliceville, where is the Pelham post-office. From Canboro' to Fonthill the road runs nearly straight, for much of the distance within sight of the Welland River; the land is generally '•oiling, and most of the farms beautifully situated ; the majority of the houses and farm buildings on the road, however, are of a very miserable description, and the little stock to be seen about the premises, appeared to be half starved, unmistakeable evidence of bad farming. We were told that many of these farms, which gave such glaring proofs of poverty, were liable to ague, from portions of the land being wet, and that the disease damped the energies of the occupants ; but a majority of them had large clearings, and it was evident that the owners were of that class of Canadian farmers, unfortunately too numerous, who would rather spend a month in chopping or ploughing than a week in draining, although the week's labour, judiciously applied, would yield a greater return than that of the month. In other words, they are satisfied with getting the same crop from fifty acres, that might, with proper cultivation, be obtained from twenty. There are many farms on the road, however, of a very different description, and which, judging from the buildings and appearance of the stock about them, belong to men who under- stand farming. About three miles before reaching Fonthill, the settle- ments generally begin to improve. The timber, the whole distance, is a mixture of hardwood and pine. On reaching the crest of the hill, immediately above Fonthill, the traveller is suddenly taken by surprise ; afler travelling for some miles along a road where his view of the country on either side of him has seldom extended beyond two or three miles, on reaching this elevation a most magnificent panorama is, as it were by magic, displayed to his astonished vision. An immense plain, extending for many miles, lies before and below him, studded with towns, villages, groves and winding CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 183 streams; before him lies the Welland Canal, crowded with vessels moving either way ; beyond it, the perpetually dashing, roaring cataract of Niagara ; on one side, the waters of Lake Eric, and on the other those of Ontario; and on a clear day the City of Toronto may be seen in the distance. We know of no other spot in Canada from whence so exten- sive a view may be obtained. An Observatory has been erected on the brow of the hill, and a telescope is kept for the accommodation of visitors. During the summer months this neighbourhood is a favourite resort for pic-nic parties from Niagara and elsewlu-re. We would recommend the " Lord of the Manor," whoever the fortunate individual may happen to be, to erect a good substantial family hotel in the neighbourhood, with comfortable rooms for private parties, and a good English house- keeper to manage it, and we will venture to promise him a rich return for his outlay ; indeed, the bright vision of the dollars that would come tumbling in, almost makes us threaten to eschew book-making, and undertake the task ourselves. Fonthill, which is delightfully situated on the side of the hill, is a pleasant little village, containing about one hundred and fifty inhabitants, and a Baptist Church, an oil mill, sash and last factorv, and tobacco and cigar factory ; large quantities of the latter are made for the supply of the district, and, as we can testify from personal experience, of excellent quality. Smoking is by many persons considered a bad habit, and to be, at the very least,, a useless one; there is no doubt that to persons of a spare habit of body excessive smoking is decidedly injurious, while those of a full habit experience no ill effects from it. It is said, and with some justice, to make a man philosophical. Whatever may be said against it, it is an old practice, and one extensively distributed over the globe, and immense sums of money are annually spent on the weel. We recollect that at the sale of the effects of the late Duke of Sussex, many of the cigars sold for no less a sum than half a crown sterling eacL Formerly, as already noticed, large quantities of tobacco were grown in the Western District, and much of it was said to be of excel- lent quality; but the admission of foreign tobacco, at a low rate of duty, threw it in a great measure out of cultivation. Within the last year, however, the high price of American tobacco has tenaed somewhat to revive the culture. Considerable sums are annually paid for imported cigars, which is so much lost to the Province. Smokers in general are not aware that the main difierence between the quality of an imported and a home-made cigar arises from the age of the former. As good a cigar can be made from Cuba tobacco in Canada, as in the City of Havannah itself; it merely requires age to develop and mellow its flavour. If smokers, therefore, would obtain their cigars a few months S^ ', V '4 ,\< 184 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. I'l 11 ". H, I '\ 4] .If! r« •v-x. >,-»•>--%»» % before they want to use them, and keep them in a warm, dry place (being particular of course that the cigar was made of the proper quality of tobacco), their smoking would cost them considerably less, and much money would be kept in the Province. From Fonthill to St. Johns is three miles and a half, and is a most romantic drive. The country between the two villages being composed of a succession of ranges of small hills, clothed with pine timber, which run one into another, and the road is carried as much as possible through the valleys, and round the bases of these hills, frequently crossing small streams, which are the head waters of the Twelve-mile Creek. St. Johns is a picturesque looking village, being erected on very hilly and broken ground ; its valuable water power having caused the selec- tion of the site. It is an old village, but the formation of the Welland Canal has prevented its growth. It contains about one hundred and fifty inhabitants, who have a handsome brick church, Wesleyan Me- thodist; and about a mile from the village is an Episcopal Church. — There are in St. Johns, five grist and three saw mills, a cloth factory, foundry and machine shop, carding machine, and tannery. St. Johns is seven miles from St. Catharines, four miles from Allanburg, and seven miles from Port Robinson. From Fonthill to Port Robinson, on the Welland Canal, is four miles ; the land is rolling, and the timber a mixture of hardwood and pine, the hardwood predominating. Port Robinson contains about four hundred inhabitants ; it was the head-quarters of the coloured corps, while that corps was in existence ; it contains a grist mill, saw mill, and an ashery, and two churches. Episcopal and Presbyterian. The old wooden locks on the canal are now converted into a dry-dock, and are let to parties who pay a rental to government of twenty-five pounds per annum. A collector of canal tolls, who is also postmaster, resides in the village. Port Robinson is nine miles from Chippewa and nine from the Falls. From Port Robinson to Merrittsville is four miles ; an aqueduct has here been constructed to convey the Welland Canal across the Welland or Chippewa River. The fall obtained gives water power which is used to turn the Machinery of two grist mills, one of which has three run of stones; two saw mills, one containing two single saws, three circular saws, and planing machine, and a small cloth factory. The resident population scarcely numbers one hundred and fifty, but the labourers casually employed on the canal will raise the numbers to nearly three hundred and fifty. About a mile beyond Merrittsville, you pass the "Junction," the union of the Grand River feeder with the Welland Canal. A few ilL. i m CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 185 1 mses, taverns, &c., have been erected, but there is nothing here that can be called a village. From the Junction to Petersburg, better known by its old name of Stonebridge, is five miles ; this village has hitherto generally done the business of this end of the canal. It contains about two hundred inha- bitants, a small foundry and brewery. From Petersburg to Port Colborne is one mile and a quarter. This is the Lake Erie entrance of the Welland Canal. A large basin has been formed a short distance from the entrance, capable of holding two hundred vessels ; as many as one hundred and eighty sail have been in it at one time. Port Colborne contains about one hundred and sixty inhabitants. A number of hands being employed on the canal during the last season, they consumed all the surplus produce of the neighbourhood, leaving nothing to be exported. Between Port Robinson and Port Colborne the land bordering on the canal is mostly covered with hardwood, with here and there a few pines scattered through ; after passing the Junction most of the timber is still standing, the clearings being few and far between. Wainfleet, which is bounded on the north by the Chippewa River, and on the east by the Welland Canal, contains fifty-one thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine acres: it was first settled in the year eighteen hundred. In eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained seventy-two inhabited houses ; no church or medical practitioner, no grist mill, one saw mill ; and land was valued at twenty shillings per acre. At the present time it contains a population of fifteen hundred and thirty-nine; one grist and four saw mills ; and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, twenty-four thousand bushels of wheat, twenty- four thousand bushels of oats, and fourteen thousand pounds of butter. Wild land averages thirty shillings, and cleared farms four pounds per acre in value. The soil varies in quality ; much of it is clay, and the timber a mixture of hardwood, with pine intermixed. In the south and centre of the township is a large tamar^c and cranberry swamp, which extends into Moulton on the west, and into Ilumberstone on the east. The Grand River feeder of the Welland Canal is carried through nearly the centre of the township, and on it is situated the small village of Marshville. Humberstone, which contains twenty-nine thousand one hundred and thirty-two acres, commenced settling in the year seventeen hundred and eighty-five, when land in the township was selling at sixpence currency per acre. In eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained seventy-five inhabited houses, one grist and one saw mill ; and land had risen in value to twelve shillings and sixpence per acre. The township now contains two thousand three hundred and seventy inhabitants ; has one L' ! 4\ I i] ii fe:,;- ^m Iti'l-'' 180 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. grist and three saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hun- dred and forty-nine, twenty-five thousand bushels of wheat, twenty-four thousand bushels of oats, twelve thousand five hundred bushels of pota- toes, ten thousand pounds of cheese, and sixteen thousand pounds of butter. Wild land will average forty shillings, and cleared farms four pounds ten shillings per acre in value. The greater portion of the soil of the township is loam, and the timber a mixture of hardwood and pine. The Welland Canal is cut through the east of the township, and the villages of Petersburg or Stonebridge, and Port Colborne are situated on it. A singular conical-shaped hill, called " sugar loaf hill," is situated in the western corner of the township, near the lake shore. Crowland, which contains twenty-one thousand one hundred and seven acres, was first settled in the year seventeen hundred and eighty- eight, when wild land was sold at eighteen pence per acre. In eighteen hundred and seventeen the township contained about six hundred inha- bitants, one grist mill and one saw mill. Wool was then worth half a dollar per pound, and land had risen in value to twenty shillings per acre. Crowland now contains twelve hundred and seventy-two inhabitants, one grist and two saw mills. Land has risen in value to forty shillings per acre for wild, and four pounds for cleared ; and it produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty nine, twenty-six thousand bushels of wheat, twenty-one thousand bushels of oats, and ten thousand eight hundred pounds of butter. The land is generally rolling ; the soil varies in quality, being composed of every variety from clay to sand, and the timber a mixture of hardwood and pine. The Welland Canal and the Welland River run through the east of the township. The village of Merrittsville is situated in the south-west of the township, on the canal ; and the village of Crowland, or Cook's Mills, near the centre of the township. Thorold, which contains twenty-five thousand seven hundred and sixly-five acres, commenced settling in the year seventeen hundred and eighty-eight, when wild land might be bought for seven pence per acre. In eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained about eight hundred and thirty inhabitants, one grist and four saw mills, and land had risen in value to fifty shillings per acre. The township now contains three thousand six hundred and ninety-five inhabitants, thirteen grist and six saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty- nine, forty-four thousand bushels of wheat, twenty-nine thousand bushels of oats, and seventeen thousand pounds of butter. Wild land is worth thirty shillings, and cleared farms about five pounds ten shillings per acre. The Welland Canal runs from north to south through the town- ship, a little east of its centre, and on it are situated the villages of canapa: past, present and future. 187 Thorold, Allanburg and Port Robinson ; the former in the north, Allan- burg near the centre, and the latter in the south of the township. The land is generally rolling, and the timber a mixture of hardwood and pine. Grantham, which contains twenty-three thousand four hundred and fifteen acres, is, with the exception of a narrow ridge along its south- west border, situated below the " mountain." The township commenced settling in seventeen hundred and eighty-four, when land was selling at seven pence half-penny per acre. In eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained about twelve hundred inhabitants, and land had risen in value to fifty shillings per acre. The township now contains two thou- sand eight hundred and eighty-seven inhabitants, two grist and two saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, fifty-six thousand bushels of wheat, twenty three thousand bushels of oats, and fifteen thousand bushels of mangel wurzel, besides eighteen thousand pounds of butter. Wild land is valued at three pounds, and cleared farms at ten pounds per acre. The Welland Canal is carried through the township, and the town of St. Catharines is situated on it. The land is generally level, and the soil loam, varying in its consistence ; the timber, a mixture of hardwood and pine, the hardwood predominating. The Welland Canal, one of the most important works ever undertaken on the continent of America, was projected in the year eighteen hundred and eighteen by Mr. Wm. H. Merritt, and was commenced in the year eighteen hundred and twenty-four. The original design of con- necting Lake Ontario with Lake Erie, through the Welland and Niagara rivers, having failed from the caving in of the work at the deep cut, the Grand River was adopted as the feeder, and the difficulties of the descent were overcome by thirty-nine locks. These locks were of wood, one hundred and ten feet by twenty feet. The old works having got out of repair, it was determined to enlarge and improve the canal, by increas- ing the size of the locks, and constructing them in a more substantial manner. This has been done most effectively. A new cut has been made in a direct line from the Junction to Lake Erie ; three miles of which was carried through the solid rock. The new locks have been made in the most substantial manner. The first lock is at Port Dal- housie, which has ten feet fall, and is of the dimensions of two hundred feet by forty-five ; the next, below St. Catherines, has eight feet fall, and is of the same dimensions; then three locks in the town of St. Catharines, with twelve and a half feet fall each ; between St. Catha- rines and Thorold, including the latter place, there are twenty locks, five of which have fourteen feet fall each, and the remainder twelve and a half feet fall each. The last lock is at Allanburg, with eighteen feet f Ul i\ V iff. If I m I , .1''^ 188 CANADA: PAST, FUESEMT AND rU|UBB. fall. These locks are one hundred and fifty feet long by twenty-six and a half wide, and have a general depth of ten feet water. The Welland Canal is about twenty-six miles in length, and the Grand River feeder is about twenty-two miles in length. The total expenditure on the work since its commencement has been one million two hundred and ninety-nine thousand one hundred and eighty-six pounds, six shillings and two pence. A tolerable sum for a poor country to expend on one work; but the following tables will show the importanre of the canal to the western country : Principal articles of property passed through the Welland Canal, during the season of navigation, in the year 1835. FROM BRITISH TO BRITISH PORTS. Up Tbadb. Down Tbadb. Article. Quantity. Article. Quantity. Shingles 40 M. 349| tons. 199 barrels. 210 " 458 " 92 « 20 " 110 " 1573 bushels. 399 " 40 tons. 3 " 5800 number. 20,465 feet. Ashes 28 brls. Merchandize Flour 10,307 " Beer and Cider Pork 587 " Flour Whisky 354 " Salt Salt 17 " Whisky Hams 5 " Apples Boards 1,109,005 fee% 26,312 cub. ft Pork ...::.::...::..... Sauare Timber Barley Pine Stftv^s. .....*•. 33,935 No. 13.933 No. Potatoes Saw Loffs.... Castings Shineles 166 M. Plaster Iron 126^ tons. 4674 " Staves, W. I Plaster Boards Cnstincrs 86j •• 5064 bushels Wheat Barley 175 " Tobacco 360i hhds. Staves. W. I 37,000 No. 9 tons. Merchandize Lard 6 kegs. FROM BRITISH TO AMERICAN PORTS. ■vh;\9 Up Tbadb. DowK Tbade. Article. Quantity. Article. Quantity. Boards 211,860 feet. 25,000 M. 202 barrels. Stavf.8, West India Staves, Pipe 14,009 No. 184,487 No. Shingles Flour Flour 1 295 barrels. Wheat 4802 bushels. Square Timber 76,648 cubic ft. Saw Logs 4114 Canada: past, present and future. FROM AMERICAN TO BRITISH PORTS. 18Q Up Tbadb. ' Down Trade. Article. Quantity. 10^ tons. 1093 barrels. 2 tons. Article. Quantity. Merchandize Wheat 18917 bushels. 8060 No. 540n barrels Salt Staves, Pipe Pork Coal Flour 100 " Merchandize Coal 7 tons. 239J " 11 " Castings Staves, VV. I 1000 M. ^■^■^■S.-S.-\.-N.-Vi ■. %'v.^.-\.-\,-V Statement of the principal articles passed through the Welland Canal, from the opening to the close of navigation, in the years 1842, 1844, 1847 and 1849. Article. Quantity in 1842. Quantity in 1844. Beef and Pork 87394 247602 441 234 152533 41976 305208 3412 50 209008 4204 931 2068 470 4639 1429 1182 1662 75 1758 132 36 96 10411 7493574 490525 13922 20879 barrels. Flour it /Vshcs i< Beer and Cider. (1 Salt Salt bags, barrels. Wliiskv 3142 310 459 1259 609 sle"'"" Plaster 11 Fruit and Nuta :..... (1 Butter and Lard ti Seeds ti Tallow i( Water Lime... .......••>•..•>>...••>•....... (C Pitch and Tar i( Fish 838 li Oatmeal i( Bees' Wax (1 Oil 2 8885 4199590 267242 11 Saw Lobs number. Boards feet. Souare Timber cubic feet. Half Flatted Timber t. Round Timber 7231 « y iiUl'i.lK-""' b if t *;' m f ■^M im CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND rVTVRE. s.-«- >.->,-^-N,-^-^_-\.-w-s V>->.S.-»>.'S.^'S, Statement of the principal articles, ^'C. — Continued. Article. Qunntity in 1842 | Quantity in 1844. Staves. Pino 1253405 1128506 2G0700 217000 1891380 151164 20 1764 12240 1050 1917 3539 2301 213 237 277 220 (35 16 41 392 ' 630602 1197916 130500 330400 2122592 75328 930 142 5653 7311 4669 11318^ 1689 211 1748 140 151 1491 101 307 231 441 738 3251 3261 459 102 2121 484 1671 118 No. Do. West Indin tt Do. double flour barrel i> Shingles u Wheat bushels. Corn «4 Barley Grindstones tl Piaster ft Hides It Bacon and Mams tl Bran and Shorts tt Water Lime it Stone 311 402 1229 496 112 2226 34 1430 78 toisp. Firewood cords. Passenoers number. Small Dackaffcs •t Pumns it Schooners it Steamboats and Propelierd it Scows llafis ii it DOWN TRAPF. • Article. Quantity in 1847. Quantity in 1849. Wheat 3605584 182165 939456 6464 kegs 1390 brIs. 153} 886 22133 )-20 3260390 bushels. Flour 176746 barrels. Com « 439125 bushels. Butter Do '• t riams .......... 1410^ tons. 1865 barrels. Tallow Pork 70540 *' Oil Cake 1 7} tons. '||L! I* y ill 1844. ! No. ! *t 1 ) " ) " 2 bushels. i 3 2 " 3 1 9 kcg^. 8^ tOIld. 9 " 1 " 8 " " 1 " 1 " »1 " ►7 " 11 " H " 18 toisp. !1 cords. 51 number. 19 >2 " 11 « 14 " l " 8 " CANADA : PAST, PKESENT AND FUTLHE Statement of the principal articles, tju-. — Cnntiiiucd. 191 DOWN TRADE. Articlr. Qunntit}- in 1847.' Quniititj in 1849. Lnni Do Cheese Wool and Ilcmp Merchandize Furniture Whisky, Fish and Oil Sugar Tobacco Grindstones Leather Salt Coals Lend Water Lime Passengers Square Timber Boards .. Flour Barrel Staves Pipe Staves...* West India Staves. 2 186i 1113 43} 3718 8 lC9.i 475? ]4i 3485} 25 86 43556 1554030 33 1199 490 .185 278.58 barrels. kegs. tons. 51 " 307 i " 26i " 6359 barrel 32} tons. 191 335} " lOi " Sli » 5533^ " H 3 81 264768 3329300 30 415 barrels. number. cubic feet. feet. M. M. 1539 M. UP TRADE. Article. Wheat Flour Peas and Oats... Butter Pork Lard Sheep Skins Cheese Wool and Hemp . Merchandize Furniture Whisky, Fish and Oil. Sugar Tobacco Bricks Salt Coals Iniu, Castings, &c. . Water Lime Passengers Timber Square Timber Boards Shingles Flour Barrel Stares. Quantity in 1847. 25939 20 700 21 Barrels, 3 152 90 8817 J im 2141 16| Bags, 5i 282439 6851 8627] 5167 1577 1000 Cb. feet, 1700 1 125 40 M. 5 Quantity in 1849. 2385 bushels. 2133 barrels. 1500 bushels. 291 kegs. 69 barrels. 8 bales. ^ ton. 8878? 97i 1100 2936 823} 12 371 11920 354322 663 16916 10625 1373 9270 tons. tt barrels. «( tons. i( tt bags. barrel;*. tons, ti banels. No. cubic feet. 153000 feet. 11 M. '. -'I I ril , 1 f.;!"! WP ■ t mis r™*!' •! ■» * 102 CANADA : PAST, PUESENT AND FUTURE. AciJUEUA'i'E amount of Tonnage which passed through the Welland Canal, in the years 1842, 1844, 1847, and 1840. Down Trade Tons 1842. 1844. 327,570 1847. 190,633 65,183 255,836 1849. 176,7;J1 ITij Trndo Tons j .' 88,595 1 ,,,,, ••••• Total Tons 304.0S.1 327,570 265,326 The importance of the canal, in a commercial point of view, cannot be over estimated, connecting as it does the two lakes, and enabling the produce of the whole western country to reach the St. Lawrence, and consequently the seaboard ; while the amount of hydraulic power gained by its construction, — a fall of more than three hundred feet, with Lake Erie for a mill pond, — is such as probably no country in the world can equal within a similar space. And there is no doubt that considerable manufacturing towns will eventually spring up on the canal. The unlimited supply of water power for turning machinery, with the facility of obtaining coal from the Ohio mines, at a small expense, offer advan- tages such as few places in the Province possess for similar undertakings. The sites obtainable on the canal for building purposes are num- rous, and are to be found at Dunnville, Marshville, the south side of the Aque- duct, Port Robinson, AUanburg, and Port Dalhousie ; but the principal locality is in the distance of four miles between Thorold and St. Catha- rines, between which places there is a fall of about three hundred feet. The following are the principal regulations and terms laid down by the Government for the occupation of sites, (or " privileges," as the Yankees term them,) and the consumption of water. In the granting of " privileges," preference will be given in the fol- lowing order : 1st. To Manufactories requiring the aid of expensive machinery, and the employment of considerable labour. 2d. To Grist Mills. 3d. To Carding or Fulling Mills, &c. 4th. For Mechanical purposes, such as planing, turning; pail, last, wainscot, and sash-making, &c. 5th. Saw Mills. ' The water in all cases to be applied through the medium of driving- wheels of the most approved modern principle, as to small consump- tion of water. The regulating weir and gates, for the discharge of the CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 193 water through the canal bank, to be constructed by the Department ol" Public Works — six per cent, on the cost of which is to be paid by the tenant, in addition to his rent. The Humes, head and tail races, to be made by the tenant ; and the water, when returned into the canal, is to be discharged in the manner and direction approved of by the super- intendent of the canal — with whom will also rest wholly the manage- ment and regulation of the water generally, so that no interruption or inconvenience to the navigation shall take j)lacc. The risk of the supply of surplus water, to rest with the proprietors of the mills, &.c. ; and from the low rents fixed on, no allowance what- ever, or abatement of rent, will be made for any stoppage of water that might at any time be necessary, either for canal repairs, or other pur- poses, unless it shall exceed six months. On the application for a lease been accepted, ten pounds are to be paid by the applicant, and if his erections are not commenced and duly proceeded with, within six months, this deposit and his lease shall be forfeited and revokod ; if they are duly proceeded with, the deposit will be credited to his rent. The rent is to commence six months after the application is accepted of, and be payable hall-yearly ; and if not paid within one month after it is due, the supply of water to be stopped until it is paid ; and if it shall remain unpaid for six months, the lease to be revoked, and the water may be let to other parties. Every applicant to give satisfactory security as to his ability and means to proceed with the erection of the intended premises. The nature of the lease to be granted in all cases is for ten years, renewable as each term expires, unless the Government deem it expe- dient to recall it, on the expiration of each or any term, when they will have the power of doing so, on making compensation to the lessee for the value of his erections : the amount to be determined by arbitration. The ground-rent for the site of a mill or manufactory to be five pounds a year. "Where more yard accomodation is required, the ground-rent to be fixed in proportion, but it is not in any case to exceed twenty-five pounds per acre per annum. For the letting of water power, thcs quantity of water sufficient to propel one run of stones, with the approved water-wheel, taken in con- nection with the Respective falls, is assumed as the basis. ,.^ For this quantity of water power applied to grist mills, fifteen pounds a year rent is required for one run of stones. Twelve pound9 ten shil- lings, in addition, for each extra run. M A- m:, ,: K;;,: ii'- 104 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. ».^^*.^^ v».*.«^.«.^^.v*^^iv The Hnmc. rates nrn fixed on, for water applied to nil other nmoliinery enumerated, except for saw mills, which are to pnyat the rate of twenty pounds per annum for a sinjjjic saw, and fifteen pounds for each udditionnl saw. All applications for sites or water to be made to the Superintendent of the Welland Canal, at the Welland Canal office, Si. Catharinus. Following the fine of the canal, northwards from I'ort Robinson, afler travelling two miles you reach Allanburg, a village containing^ about three hundred inhabitants. There is a lock here on the canal, with a fall of about eighteen feet, and two grist and two saw mills have been erected. There are also in the village two woollen factories, a tannery and a Methodist church. From Allanburg a road runs direct to Druni- mondville and the Falls of Niagara ; distance six and seven miles. From Allanburg to Thorold is four miles. This place has greatly increased in size within the last few years, and now contains a popula- tion of about twelve hundred. The hydraulic powers of the canal have here been taken advantage of to a considerable extent, and five grist mills have been erected, having an aggregate of fifteen run o( stones ; also a saw mill, containing one upright and two circular saws, and two planing machines. There are also attached to the establishment a machine shop and carding machine. A cotton factory was in operation here for some time, but has ceased working, and the establishment, with machinery, ?ara three different roads are travelled; the " lake shore road," about fifteen miles; the "swamp road," which is twelve miles ; and the road by Queenston, which is seventeen miles. The swamp road, which is the shortest, is a good road in summer, or in winter when the sleighing is good, but we lately traversed it in a sleigh during the January thaw, when a boat would have been a more appro- priate vehicle. The land from St. Catharines to Niagara, through which this road passes, being perfectly level and much of it rather low, and not particularly well drained, the water in the spring and fall accu- mulates on it and renders it almost impassable. The timber is generally hardwood, with a little pine occasionally scattered in. On the road, about four miles from St. Catharines, is a small settlement called Law- renceville, it contains about sixty inhabitants, and three churches, Pres- byterian, Methodist and Baptist. Niagara, lately the district town of the Niagara District, and now the county town of the united counties of Lincoln and Welland, was formerly called Newark. It is one of the oldest settlements in Upper Canada, and was for a short time the capital of the country. It was once a place of considerable business, but since the formation of the Welland Canal, St. Catharines, being more centrically situated, has absorbed its trade and thrown it completely in the shade. The town, however, is airily and healthily situated, and is a pleasant summer resi- dence, and will remain a quiet country town, frequented during the summer season by families having spare time and spare money, by health-seekers and hypochondriacs. Many schemes are projected by parties having property in the town to endeavour to resuscitate it, and bring back the trade of the olden times, but none of them promise suffi- ciently well to tempt those who must furnish the means to run the risk. The Niagara Harbour and Dock Company formerly did a large busi- ness, and many first class vessels have been built here, and at their ship yard at Chippewa ; latterly, however, from some cause or other, affairs did not prosper with them, and the whole concern was sold by the sheriff, and the establishment passed into private hands. Work is still executed here in the various departments of ship building and repairing, engine making, »fcc. A little below the town is Fort Mississaga, and a short distance above it are the ruins of Fort George. Niagara is incorporated, and is the head quarters of the Royal Canadian Rifies. A new stone court house and jail was erected in the centre of the town between four and five yeare since, and is a substantial tiuilding Two newspapers are published CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 197 here, the " Chronicle " and " Mail." There is a resident collector of customs who is also agent for the Upper Canada Bank. There are five churches in Niagara, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist and Catholic. The quantity of produce shipped from Niagara is small, but even that we could not get an account of, the collector as he told us, " not having made up his accounts." From Niagara to Queenston, seven miles distant, the road runs for most of the distance within sight of the Niagara river. You first cross the garrison reserve, then a small extent of oak plains, and then the road becomes bordered with good farms, most of which have large orchards. The land is generally gently rolling, the timber hardwood, with a few cedars bordering the river. Queenston is a village containing about two hundred inhabitants; it is situated at the head of navigation of the Niagara river, and at the foot of the heights, and is most noted as being the scene of the sangui- nary action, known as the " battle of Queenston heights." The banks below the village are seventy feet in height, and above the village are two hundred and thirty feet high. The river is here only six hundred feet in width. A suspension bridge is now nearly com})leted across the river from Queenston to Lewiston, owned by a joint company of Cana- dians and Americans. It is supported by wire cables, ten in number, carried over stone towers, the distance between which is one thousand and forty feet. The total length of the cable is twelve hundred and forty-five feet; the length of roadway, eight hundred and forty-nine feet; and the width of roadway twenty feet. The bridge is supposed to be capable of bearing a weight of eight hundred and thirty-five tons with- out breaking, and will cost about twelve thousand five hundred pounds. The Telegraph Company have an office here, and a railroad has been in operation for some years I'rom hence to Chippewa ; the cars, however, only run in summer, and are ])ropelled by horse power. A macadam- ized road has also been formed from Queenston to St. Catharines, and on it is one toll-gate. There are three churches, Episcopal, Presbyterian and Baptist, and a tannery. A horse ferry-boat plies across the river to Lewiston. Leaving Queenston for the falls, seven miles distant, you ascend the heights, and looking to the north you have a fine view of the surround- ing country. You pass the ruins of Brock's monument, which, although destroyed in eighteen hundred and forty-one, has not yet been rebuilt. Four miles from Queenston you pass through the pleasant village of Stamford, w^hich is situated about a mile and a half from the Niagara river, and contains about two hundred and fifty inhabitants, and three tr } i i 'I I!! s,;nn%,«] N. 'r 198 CANADA : FAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. churches, Episcopal, Presbyterian and Wesleyan Methodist. Here are two hop yards, on one of which, containing three acres, a ton of hops was raised during the last season. About one mile from the village, on the road to St. Davids, are two grist mills, a brewery and distillery. Three miles from Stamford you reach the village of Drummondville, situated about a mile back from the falls. It is a pleasant looking village, and would be an agreeable place of residence, were it not for the con- tinuous, monotonous, rumbling sound of the cataract, resembling the noise of some huge spinning mill ; but no doubt the residents, after some time, get so much accustomed to it as not to notice it. Drummondville contains about five hundred inhabitants; a brewery and tannery, and four churches. Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist and Baptist. On a hill, immediately above the village, on the road called Lundy's Lane, (the road leading from the falls to AUanburg,) are two observatories for the accommodation of visitors ; the highest of which is said to be eighty feet in height. From Drummondville to the Clifton House, at the falls, is about a mile. So much has been already published respecting the great cataracts, that it is going over old ground to describe them ; still, as a work on Canada would not seem complete without some notice of one; f ' • cbief " wonders of the world," we shall devote a small space to a ^' j. d s- cription of them. The first published notice we have of the lu.id, is from the travels of Father .lennepin, published in Utrecht in sixteen hundred and ninety-seven, and in London in sixteen hundred and ninety- eight. He says : " Betwixt the Lake Ontario and the Lake Erie there is a vast and prodigious cadence of water, which falls down after a surprising and astonishing manner, insomuch that the universe does not afford its parallel. This wonderL! downfall is about six hundred feet, and com- posed of two great cross streams of water, and two falls, with an island sloping across the middle of it. The waters which fall from this hor- rible precipice, do foam and boil after the most hideous manner imagin- able, making an outrageous noise, more terrible than that of thunder ; for when the wind blows out of the south, their dismal roaring may be heard more than fifteen leagues off*. The Niagara river, at the foot of the falls, is a quarter of a league broad." Hennepin's description was illustrated by a plate, in which Goat Island is represented in the same position with regard to the falls as it now occupies, leading to the belief that no great change has taken place in the appearance or position since his day. From Lake Erie to the rapids, which commence immediately below the mouth of the Chippewa, is sixteen miles, the fall in which distance Canada: past, present and future. 199 is not more than twenty feet; from the commencement of the rapids to the verge of the horse shoe fall, there is a descent of fifty-seven feet, and to the American fall, fifty-two feet ; between the base of the falls and Queenston it rushes rapidly along, and has a fal' of a hundred and one feet. The horse-shoe fall is about nineteen hundred feet across, and has a fall of a hundred and fifty-eight feet ; the American fall is nine hundred and twenty feet across, and has a fall of one hundred and sixty-four feet. The whole width of the river at the falls is about three-quarters of a mile. Three miles below the falls is the whirlpool, and below that is a deep ravine, called the " bloody run," from an Indian fight which occurred there in the year seventeen hundred and fifty-nine. On the American side of the river, dividing the falls, is a large island; this was formerly for many years known as Goat Island, but the Ame- ricans, who are fond of fine names, have changed it to Iris Island. It is laid out as a pleasure ground, and the proprietor must make a pretty good annual profit of it. On the Canadian side are two large hotels, the Clifton House and the Pavilion. A large addition is making to the former house during the present winter, and when completed it will contain about a hundred rooms. This is decidedly the best point from whence to view the whole extent of the falls. It is the opinion of many persons, that the falls were once situated at Queenston, and such appears to be the impression of Mr. Ljell, the geologist. In treating on the subject, he says: "The first feature which strikes you in this region is the escarpment, or line of inland cliffs, one of which runs to a great distance east from Queenston. On the Canada side it has a height of more than three hundred feet. The first question which occurs when we consider the nature of the country is, how the cliffs were produced ; why do we so suddenly step from this range to the gypseous marls, and then so suddenly to the subjacent shale and sandstone. We have similar lines of escarpment in all countries, especially where the rock is limestone; and they are consi- dered to be ancient sea-cliffs, which have become more gentle in their slope, as the ■ country has emerged from the ocean. You may per- haps ask if the Ontario may not once have stood at a higher level, and the cliffs have been produced by its action, instead of that of the ocean. Some of you may have rode along the ridge road, as it is called, that remarkable bank of sand which exists parallel, or nearly so, to the pre- sent borders of Lake Ontario, at a considerable height above it. I perfectly agree with the general opinion respecting this, that it was the ancient boundary of Lake Ontario. In some parts of it fresh-water shells have been found. You cannot explain the escarpment by the aid of the aclion of the lake, for it extends farther and not in the same ! m :;i. %"'» 'iM ! i ' 11 ii ' I'd !H i& ' 1? %. m 5 M J ia 200 Canada: i-ast, present and future. direction. Wiien the land emerged gradually from the sea, as it is now doing, the sea would naturally create those sea-cliffs, and during the up- heaval they would of course become inland. In Europe, proofs that lime- stone rocks have been washed away are abundant. In Greece, in the Morea, this is especially conspicuous. We have there three limestones one above the other, at various distances from the sea. Along the line you may see literal caves worn out by the action of the waves. The action of the salt spray, which has also effected a sort of chemical decomposition, is also easily to be observed. So completely is this the case with each of these lines that you cannot doubt for an instant that here is a series of inland cliffs ; and this phenomenon being so certain in the Morea, leads us by analogy to infer that these escarpments of the dis- trict were produced by a similar cause." It is not disputed that there is some change going on at the falls, even now. There occurs, as we know, occasionally a falling down of fragments of rock, as may be seen at Goat Island. The shale at the bottom is destroyed in consequence of the action of the spray and frost ; the limestone being thus undermined, falls down ; and it has been believed that in this way t^ere has been a recession of about fifty yards in about forty years ; but this is now generally admitted to have been overstated. There is at least a probable recession of about one foot every year; though part of the fall may goback faster than this ; yet if you regard the whole river, even this probably will be something of an exaggeration. Our observations upon this point fire necessarily imperfect ; and when we reflect that fifty years ago the country was perfectly wild, and inhabited by bears, wolves, and here and there ;i hunter, we shall think it surprising that we have any observations at all, even for such a period back. We have an account of the falls, given by Father Hennepin, a French Missionary, who gives an exagge- rated description of them, and yet one which is tolerably correct. lie represents a cascade as falling from the Canada side across the other two. He says that between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, there is a vast and wonderful waterfall ; after speaking of this, he says there is a third cascade at the left of the other two, falling from west to east, the other falling from south to north. He several times alludes to the third cascade, which he says was smaller than the other two. Now, those who consider that because Father Hennepin gave the height of the falls at six hundred feet, small value is to be atrached to his testimony respecting any part of the country, do him injustice. I think it perfectly evident that there must have been such a third cascade, falling from west to east, as that to which he alludes. ■ ( It 4 i( f ' ) CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTTTRfi. 201 A Danish naturalist, in seventeen hundred and fifty, uho came to this country and visited the falls, of which he has also given us a description, which was puhlished in the Gentleman's Magazine, in seventeen hundred and fifty-one, also gives a view of the Falls. In its general features his description agrees well with that of Father Hennepin. He went seventy- three years after him, and there was then no third cascade. Hut the point where Father Hennepin had put his cascade, he had marked, and says that, "that is the place where the water was forced out of its direct course by a prodigious rock, which turned the water and obliged it to fall across the falls." He goes on to say, that only a few years before, there had been a downfall of that rock; whicli was undoubtedly part of the table rock; and after that the cascade ceased to flow. No\V, it does not appear whether he had ever seen Hennepin's account or not, he only mentions the fact that there had been a third cascade ; and it is a strikingconfirmationofthe accuracy ofFather Hennepin's description. We find these two observers, at an interval of seventy years apart, remarking on the very kind of change which we now remark as having taken place within the last fifty years ; an undermining of the rock, and a falling down of the limestone, and a consequent obliteration of the fall. Every one who has visited the falls, on inquiring of the guides about the changes that have taken place, may have been told that the American fall has became more crescent-shaped than it was thirty years ago, when it was nearly straight. The centre has given way, and now there is an indentation of nearly thirty feet. The horse-shoe fall also has been considerably altered. It is not of so regular a cres- cent shape as formerly, but has a more jagged outline, especinlly near Goat Island; it has less of the horse-shoe shape, from which it derives its name, than when it was given. It is quite certain that things there are not stationary; and the great question is, whether, by this action, the whole falls have been reduced in this manner. From representa- tions made by other travellers, I was desirous of ascertaining whether fresh water remains were found on Goat Island, as had been said ; for it would be striking if on this island there should be a stratum of twenty- five feet of sand and loam, pebbles and fresh water shells. They were found there, and I made a collection of several species of shells found on the island ; among them were the planorhis, a small vahata, and several other kinds. They were of kinds generally found living in the rapids, in the river above, or in the lake. In digging a mill-race there, only a few years since, there were found a great number of shells, and also a tooth of a mastodon, some twelve or thirteen feet below the surface. It was the common Ohio mastodon, and must have been buried beneath these twelve or thirteen feet of fresh- prl » II V,, 'hi. 202 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. \vat(M- (Icposif, one layer at a time, each containing diflercnt shells. In answer to my (juestion, whether similar shells were ever found lower down? the guide said he would take me to a place, half a mile below, where the strata had been laid open. We found there deposited in the rock a small quantity of fresh-water shells, showing that this old depo- sition extended down to that distance. Here we have proofs that the river ouco stood at a higher level, and in a tranquil slate ; and there is every aj)pearance of the rock having been like a solid barrier to hold the waters back in a lake-like state, so that they might throw down those fresh-water deposits at that height. You will understand this better, if you consider that if the falls go on receding, no matter at what rate, — an inch, a foot, a yard a year, — in the course of time the whole must recede considerably from its present condition. What proofs should we have of this afterwards ? You will easily see that if the river should cut its wziy back to a certain point, the effect would be to remove the rocky barrier, the limestone of the rapids, which has been sufficient to pond the river back. But if the river cuts its way back, this barrier could no longer exist ; the channel would be deepened, and the deposits existing high and dry upon the land, would become proof of the recession. This kind of proof we have that the falls have receded three miles from the whirlpool, the limestone having been higher at the whirlpool than the river at the falls. It may be well to say, that the beds all dip to the south, at the rate of about twenty-five feet in a mile. In seven miles the dip causes a general rise of the platform to the north, so that when at the top of the cliff, you are at a greater height than the level of Lake Erie ; and if the falls were formerly at Queenston, their height was probably near double what they now are. • Mr. Ilall suggested that at that time the whole fall was not at one place, and I think it quite likely that such was the case. There is rea- son to believe that one fall was upon the quartz-oze sand below, and the other on the Protean bed. The upper part would of course recede faster than the lower, because it is softer, as is seen to be the case at Rochester ; but the limestone becoming thicker and harder, would recede more slowly. There may have been several falls, as at Rochester, each one of them being less high than at present, and yet the whole being nearly double its present height. I told you that the river fell about one hundred feet between the base of the falls and Lewiston, so that the bed slopes at that rate. This slope of the river, and then the upvi'ard slope of the platform, are the reasons why the falls are now of less height than formerly ; so when we carry ourselves back in imagination to the time when the river had not receded so far, we have a barrier of limestone much higher. The valley in CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 203 which the river then flowed must have been much narrower than its present ravine. Tlie distance now from the Canada to the American side is about three-quarters of a mile, whereas at half-a-mile below it is only half that distance. Farther investigations, by tracing the fresh-water deposits lower, will give more precise information. You might suppose that if we find the remains of a mastodon in a fresh-water deposit so lately laid dry, as that near the village of Nia- gara, and only tw^elve feet below the surface, the mastodon has lived in the country at a modern period ; you might think that a few centuries would have been suflicient for the accumulation of twelve feet of shelly sandstone and limcstono. gnd that it may have been recently that this mastodon was buried, '■ '..ca the barrier was at the whirlpool, before this twelve feet of fluviatile strata were deposited. Yet those strata are older than the whirlpool. Among the objections to the supposition that the ravine was cut out by the Niagara one is, that at the place called the " devil's hole," or the " bloody run," the ravine must have been cut by some more powerful cause, than by a slight stream. But this I regard as no objection at all, for on examining the nature of the soil, &c., I am convinced that even the small stream which now flows, would have been perfectly competent to cut out the ravine, and that we need look for no more powerful cause. Suppose the falls once to have been near Queenston, they would recede diflerently at diflerent times ; faster when the soft shale was at the base, at other times slowly when the hard sandstone was to be cut through. First of all comes the quartz-oze sandstone for a certain dis- tance ; then the falls recede slowly, but more rapidly when it came to the soft shales. Then comes the sandstone again at the base, which now extends to the whirlpool, and here the movement was slow. It probably stood for ages at the whirlpool. Then for another period it receded more rapidly ; and it is probable that for the last mile its reces- sion has been comparatively slow, because the Protean group, and about twenty feet of sandstone, making about fifty feet of hard rock at the base, were to be cut through. It is certain that the movement now is at a faster rate, as the shale is exposed." It has been estimated that about fifteen millions cubic feet of water fall over the cataract every minute. In eighteen hundred and eighteen a portion of the table rock became loosened and fell, and in eighteen hundred and twenty-eight a large mass fell from the centre of the horse-shoe fall. It destroyed in a great measure the horse-shoe form, and left the shape much more K 1^ i iif m CANADA : PAST, PPKSENT AND FUTURE. anj^ular. In the fall of eighteen hundred and fifty the whole of the table rock fell with a terrible crash, fortunately no one was injured, althoujrh several persons had been on the rock a few minutes previous. A \ar<;(i portion of rock, said to be nearly a quarter of an acre in extent, has since fallen from near the centre of the horse-shoe fall, which has completely blocked up the passage behind the great sheet of water, and carried with it a canal boat which had been carried down the rapids and lodged near the verge of the fall some months since. Immediately above the horse-shoe iall are two small islands, covered with cedars ; these are called Long Island, and Gull Island. Numerous paintings and engravings have been executed of the falls and surrounding scenery, but as yet no artist has succeeded in doing them justice. On the whole we are inclined to consider the winter view the finest, although at that season of the year the visitor cannot enjoy himself in rambling about the falls as he would in summer, the risk and danger of slipping from the frozen rocks being too great to be hazarded. Every square foot of land on the American side is turned into a show ground ; nor are places of amusement wanting on the Ca- nadian side. First and foremost stands Barnett's museum, which is worth visiting, besides which are other places where refreshments are to be obtained, and Indian curiosities, crystals obtained from the rocks in the neighbourhood, and other articles are to be purchased. Occasionally^ but very seldom, the river below the falls becomes blocked up with ice, so as to make it safe crossing from one side to the other ; this usually occurs during the January thaw, when immense quantities of ice have become loosened and detached from the lakes and rivers above, and are carried down the falls faster than the river can carry them off", and the channel becoming narrower a short distance below the cataract, the ice becomes wedged up, and gradually accumu- lating, forms a hard irregular, frozen mass, which generally remains till the approach of spring. On the thirtieth of January, eighteen hundred and forty-two, the channel was thus obstructed, and an ice bridge formed, and again in the winter of eighteen hundred and forty-five and six. The ice is said to have obstructed the channel but twice before during the last twenty-five years. All the islands, and both banks of the river are covered with cedars. A short distance above the falls are Street's mills ; these however are not reachable by vehicles from the falls — and to proceed to Chippewa it is necessary to return to Drummondville, or to strike the main road by going through the ravine. Prom Drummondville to Chippewa is three miles ; a macadamized road has been formed between the two h Canada: past, present and future. » ^N'T.'V, ■*.•*.-.■*. -i,*.' 205 rht places. The drive is a pleasant one, I'or part of the distance within si^ of the rapids. Chippewa, which is situated on both sides of the Chippewa or Welland river, in the townships of Stamford and Willoughby, (having a swing bridge to connect the two portions of the town), contains about one thousand inhabitants. The place has not increased much in h'izo durin^ the last few years, but a better class ol" buildings has been erected. A large tannery is in operation, and twenty-two thousand sides of leather, four thousand calf skins, and two thousand sides of upper leather were manufactured last year. There are also in the village another tannery, a steam saw mill, and foundry ; three churches. Episcopal, Presbyterian and Wesleyau Methodist ; a collector of customs, and an agent lor the Gore Bank. About three miles from Chippewa, in the township of Willougliby, is a sour spring. The water is very acid to the taste, and strongly impreg- nated with sulphuretted hydrogen. On analysis the acid was ascerlahied to be the sulphuric. Protosalts of iron, and small quantities of lime, magnesia and alum were also detected in it. During the summer a steamboat runs daily f||pm Chippewa to Buffalo. Nearly opposite Chippewa is situated Navy Island, noted for its ocupa- tion, during the rebellion, by a party of rebels and " sympathisers," alias American vagabonds. From Chippewa a road runs to Port Robinson, distant about eight miles. The land is generally flat or gently undulating ; and the Wel- land river for some miles has a very different appearence from most Canadian rivers, the channels of which generally appear as if excavated by mountain torrents. The Chippewa, on the contrary is a deep, still, sluggish stream, full to the water's edge, and flowing through rather a pretty country ; slightly rolling. The soil is composed of loam, varying in consistence, and the timber principally hardwood, with here and there a little pine scattered in. From Chippewa to Waterloo, or Fort Erie, the road follows the course of the Niagara river, through the townships of Willoughby and Bertie. As early as seventeen hundred and eighty-four there were a few settlers in the township of Willoughby, although it was not surveyed and laid out till the year seventeen hundred and eighty-seven, at which time land was to be purchased at one shilling per acre. In eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained about four hundred and forty inhabitants, and land had risen in value to twenty-five shillings per acre. In eighteen hun- dred and fifty it contained nine hundred and seventy inhabitants and two saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty- nine, thirty-one thousand bushels of wheat, eighteen thousand bushels of nh. ^% 20G CANADA : PAST, PRESRNT AND FUTURE. V-.V %,•»,•*. -s,»--V^ ^ N^ s-^-v^^-*. r.- ,x%x *,' r r iM ( ii Ji h' \ ' i oats, ne.irly (ivo thousand pounds ofwool, and eight thousand seven liundrod pounds of l)uttcr ; and land was valued at three pounds per acre for wild, and four jjounds ten shillings for cleared farms. The surface of the country is rather flat, and portions of it arc low. The timber is prin- cipally hardwood, with a mixture of pine. Willoughby contains eighteen thousand six hundred and sixty-six acres. Passing throiij^h Willoughby we reach Bertie, a township double the size of the preceding, containing thirty-eight thousand three hundred and ninely acres. The soil and timber of Bertie much resemble those of Willoughby. The township commenced .settling in seventeen hundred and eighty-four, when land was to be purchased at one shilling and three pence per acre. In eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained about sixteen hundred inhabitants, three grist and five saw mills, and land had risen in value to thirty-five shillings per acre. In eighteen hundred and fifty it contained a population of two thousand and thirty-six, three grist and nine saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, forty-two thousand bushels of wheat, thirty-five thousand bushels of oats, ten thousand bushels of Indian corn, twelve thousand pounds of maple sugar, and eighteen thousand pounds of butter. Wild land was valued at three pounds, and cleared farms at four pounds ten shillings per acre. About eight miles from Chippewa is situated a small village called Stevensville, where is a post office, and eight miles beyond this is the village of Waterloo, situated about two miles below the entrance of Lake Erie, and containing about two hundred and fifty inhabitants. Here is a grist mill, also a post office, and a collector of customs. A ferry-boat plies between Waterloo and Black Rock on the American side. Above Waterloo, at the upper extremity of the Niagara river, are the remains of Fort Erie, the destruction of which, during the American war, has been previously mentioned. Returning to Queenston we pass through the township of Stamford, of which we have not yet spoken. This township commenced settling in seventeen hundred and eighty-four, when wild land was selling at one shilling per acre ; and in eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained twelve hundred inhabitants, one grist and two saw mills, and land had risen in value to fifty shillings per acre. In eighteen hundred and fifty it contained two thousand five hundred and eleven inhabitants, two grist and no saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, forty-two thousand bushels of Wheat, thirty-two thousand bushels of oats, eleven thousand bushels of Indian corn, eleven thousand nine hundred bushels of potatoes, eight thousand bushels of buck- wheat, nine thousand pounds of wool, and twenty-three thousand pounds of CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 207 V -N. -V/V S ^ -S. -^ -N. N n hundred e for wild, [ICC of the ler is prin- ts eighteen blc the size ndred and le those of sn hundred 5 and three ined about id land had undred and , three grist lundrcd and e thousand ve thousand itter. Wild ■ pounds ten 11 age called id this is the entrance oi inhabitants. iustoms. A lerican side, iver, are the lerican war, butter. Wild land was viilijrd at tlirro pounds, and cleared farms at five pounds ten sliilljngs prr acre. Tliis townshij) at its lirst st'tfk-nifiit was called Mount Dorchrslor, or township nmnbrr two. It contains twenty-llirco thousand one hundred and thirty-two acres. The land is gcne'-ully rolling, and the soil loamy. Tiic timber hardwood with a sm.all quantity of pine. Returning to Qiicenston, we take the road back to St. Catharines. Throe miles from Quecnston we reach the village of St. Davids, con- taining a population of a])out one hundred and fifty ; a steam grist mill, water grist mill, asliery, taimery, and soap and candle factory. There is a church in the village, belonging to the Episcopal .Methodists, iho use of which is allowed to other denominations. About a mile from the village a large spring issues from the mountain, about seventy or eighty feet from the summit, with a sufficient body of water to turn a mill at about one hundred and fifty yards from its source. This township (Nia- gara) was one of the earliest settled in the Upper Province, and I'rom its situation its frontier was much exj)oscd to the casualties of war, some of the details of which wc have already given our readers. The north- west of the township is rather fiat; the east and south rolling: and its southern border is occu[>ied by "heights" or the "mountain." The soil varies in quality, from clay to sandy loam. The timber is mostly hard- wood. In eighteen hundred and fiHy it contained a population of two thousand one hundred and forty-five, possessed four grist and three saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, fifty-five thousand bushels of wheat, twenty-seven thousand bushels of oats, twenty-three thousand bushels of Indian corn, ten thousand bushels of potatoes, seven thousand pounds of wool, and twelve thousand nine hundred pounds of butter. The township of Niagara contains twenty- four thousand five hundred and ninety acres. From St. Davids to St. Catharines is about eight miles. From St. Catharines to Jordan is seven miles, the road runs along an elevated ridge of land, and a level plain stretches away towards the lake. At Jordan the timber begins to be more mixed, and to contain a large proportion of pine. The village is situated in the centre of the east of the township of Louth, on high ground, having on its left a large and deep valley, through which flows the " twenty-mile creek." A short dis- tance below the village the creek is large and deep enough for larger scows to navigate. A project is in contemplation to connect this creek with the Chippewa river, in order to obtain a large supply of water power. Jordan is three miles from the lake shore, and about half a mile from the mountain, and contains about two hundred inhabitants ; :(i ■} II '■ 'I W:m ri \ [A H CANADA : PAST, PHESKNT AND rUTURE. ^V*.* ^XN,-*^* N^^W^,* -^ *.^V.^'V<*w* . " n ciirdiii;^ iiiiicIiiiK! luiil lulling,' mill, tannery, aslicry, saw mill, and four churcli'js, Episcopal, Methodist, I)iscipl(!s and McMioiiist. About a mile and a ({uartcr south ul' Jurdun is a ^'rist mill, having four run orsl()u<;s, and ii cloth I'actory. The townsliip of Louth was first settled in seventeen hundred and eighty seven, when wild land was only worth one shilling and three pence per aen;. la eighteen hundred and seventeen the townsliip con- tained ahout seven hundred inhabitants, two grist and five saw mills, and land had risen in value to (ifty shillings per acre ; this, however, was Ibr land j)artially cleared. In eighteen hundred and filly the town- ship contained seventeen hundred and eighty-six inhal)itants, one grist and i\\\i .saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, thirty-one thousand bushels of wheat, thirteen thousand bushels of oats, ten thousand bushels of Indian corn, and eighteen thousand pounds of butter, and cleared land had increased in value to seven pounds ten s'lillings per acre. The township contahis nineteen thousand and eighty- four acres. From Jordan to Beamsvillc, distant six miles, the road runs principally along rolling land, which is occasionally a little hilly. For two or three miles betbre reaching Beamsville, the road is tolerably level; being bounded on the left frequently by a range of low hills or knolls, and having a large extent of level ground stretching away towards the lake. Beamsville, situated in the north-west of Clinton, is a village containing about three hundred and fifty iuhabitants, a loundry, tannery, ashery, two potteries, a grammar school, and three churches, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Baptist. The township of Clinton contains twenty-four thousand nine hundred and twenty-five acres, and in eighteen hundred and thirty-five it con- tained seventeen hundred and seventy-nine inhabitants. In eighteen hundred and fifty the population had increased to two thousand six hun- dred and fifty-two, and it produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, sixty thousand bushels of wheat, nineteen thousand bushels of oats, fifteen thousand pounds of maple sugar, ten thousand pounds of wool, sixteen thousand pounds of cheese, and thirty-three thousand pounds of butter. There are two grist and ten saw mills in the town- sliip. Wild land is now valued at ten dollars, and cleared farms aver- age thirty dollars per acre. From Beamsville to Smithville, in Grimsby, is seven miles. There are two roads to the village, one of which is very crooked and difficult to find; taking the other, you follow the Hamilton road for about a mile and a half, when you turn to the left, and after a short distance CANADA : PAUT, PKKSIiNT AND rOTURE. 200 IjN.NN/^'S.'W -^ uiid I'uur viug four hiiiulrcd mul three isl'.ip con- siiw mills, however, the town- , one K'ist iiidreil and md hushcls uid pouiuls pounds ten and eighty- principally wo or throe 3vel; being knolls, and rds the lake, e containing cry, ashery, resbyterian, i; ne hundred -five it con- n eighteen and six. hun- een hundred sand bushels id pounds of ee thousand in the town- farms aver- There are d difficult to about a mile ort distance ascend the mountain. The road is then tolerably straight till you reach the village. Snuthvillocuntainsa poi)ul!itlon of about four hundred and fifty, a grist mill, saw mill and woollen luclory, foundry and tannery; two churches, Wesleyan Methodist and Episcopal Methodist. It is pleasantly situated on the river Jordan or twenty-mile creek, in the south-east corner of the township. About three miles from the village a lead mine was com- menced working last autumn, and the ore is said to be obtained in large quantities. We were unable to visit the spot, but wo examined another locality in the village itself, where lead is also to be obtained. It is the common cubic lead ore, and appeared to be contained in large quantities, in nests, in the rocks lying upon the surface of the ground. No par- ticular search has yet been made in IY'a locality. The limestone foun- dation appears to be vvy cavernous, an i two sulphur springs discharge themselves in the immuJiate neighbr*urhood. The ore is said to be rich in silver, but not having yet had time to examine the specimens obtained, we are unable to give an opinion on the subject Three miles south-east from feuiithvillr .a the iimall village of Gains- borough, situated ih the north of the to'vr. j^ip on the twenty-mile creek, and containing about a hundred inhabitants, a grist and saw mill, tan- nery, and Presbyterian churcl . From Gainsborough a roa'' "uns iiearly south across thn township to the village of Wellandport. The township of Gainsborou^; . i.s bounded on the south by the Welland river, on the east by Pelham, and on the west by Caistor. It contains thirty-eight thousand four hundred and fifty-one acres, and in eighteen hundred and thirty-five it contained fif teen hundred and forty-three inhabitants. In eighteen hundred and fifty this number had increased to two thousand one hundred and thirty-three There are one grist and seven saw mills in the township, and it pro- duced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, thirty-six thou- sand bushels of wheat, twenty-five thousand bushels of oats, and eighteen thousand pounds oi •.>:;tter. Wild land is valued at thirty-five shillings, and cleared farms u: three pounds ten shillings per acre. The land is generally rolling and the timber a mixture of hardwood and pine. Pelham coroTCenced settling in the year seventeen hundred and ninety, when land w as valued at one shilling and three pence per acre. In eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained seven hundred and seventy- six inhabitants, three grist and six saw mills, and land had risen in value to forty shillings per acre. In eighteen hundred and fifty it contained twenty-two hundred and fifty-three inhabitants, four grist and eight saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, forty thousand bushels of wheat, twenty-five thousand bushels of oats, I't ■ P ' ' i : J..M i ' M mm VI /•^ CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTCRE. sixteen thousand bushels of Indian com, eighteen thousand bushels of potafoes, and seventeen thousand pounds of butter. Wild Ihnd is now valued at three pounds, and cleared farms at six pounds per acre. The land is generally rolling, and some parts of it are hilly. The neighbour- hood of Fonthill contains the highest land between the lakes. A tornado passed over this section of country on the first of July, seventeen hun- dred and ninety-two, which felled to the ground nearly every tree that stood in its course. Pelham contains twenty-nine thousand and eighty- seven acres of land. Caistor contains thirty-two thousand seven hundred and thirty-nine acres of land ; it commenced settling in seventeen hundred and eighty two, and in eighteen hundred and seventeen contained only one hundred and fifty-six inhabitants, one grist and four saw mills. In eighteen hun- dred and fifty it contained one thousand and forty-seven inhabitants, one grist and five sav/ mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, eighteen thousand bushels of wheat, ten thou- sand bushels of oats, ten thousand pounds of maple sugar, and seventeen thousand pounds of butter. Land is valued at thirty shillings for wild, and four pounds per acre for cleared. The land is generally rolling and the soil a mixture of light and heavy loam. The timber consists of hardwood and pine. The Welland river waters the south of the town- ship, and the road from Smithville to Canboro runs through the east of it. From Smithville to Grimsby village is .''even miles, ta reach which you descend the mountain, which here approaches close to the village ; or rather the village has been built immediately under the mountain. Grims- by is only about three quarters of a mile from the lake, and is situated on the Forty-mile Creek ; it is five miles from Beamsville and ten from Stoney Creek. - It contains about three hundred inhabitants, two grist and three saw mills, a brewery, distillery, and two churches. Episcopal and Presbyterian. The township contains thirty-six thousand four hun- dred and fifteen acres. It commenced settling in seventeen hundred and eighty-seven, when wild land in the township was valued at two shil- lings per acre. In eighteen hundred and seventeen, it contained eight hundred and five inhabitants, four grist and six saw mills. In eighteen hundred and fifty, the population had increased to two thousand three hundred and twenty-two, it contained three grist and eight saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, fifty thousand bushels of wheat, thirty-two thousand bushels of oats, nino thousand bushels of Indian corn, fourteen thousand pounds of maple sugar, ten thousand pounds of wool, and twenty-two thousand pounds of butter. And land had i-iscn in value to fifty shillings for Avild, and iir:0i ishcls of d is now re. The jighbour- L tornado teen hun- tree that id eighty- hirty-nine id eighty le hundred titeenhun- ihabitants, f eighteen , ten thou- , seventeen s for wild, rolling and consists of f the town- the east of ■ach which village ; or ain. Grims- 1 is situated nd ten from ;s, two grist 5, Episcopal id four hun- lundred and at two shil- [tained eight In eighteen (usand three It saw mills, ty-nine, fifty »f oats, nine is of maple land pounds ir wild, and CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 211 six pounds per acre for cleared farms. The land in the to^vnship is rolling, and the soil good ; the timber, a mixture of hardwood and pine. The ridge of land running along the border of the Niagara District, called the " mountain" was, in Governor Simcoe's time, by royal procla- mation, named Mount Dorchester. The agriculture of the district is improving, and the establishment of agricultural societies will stimulate the farmers to exertion that they may not be left behind in the race of improvement. The district received last year from the government grant two hundred and fifty pounds towards the support of its agricultural societies, and one hundred pounds towards a grammar school, besides its proportion of the amount granted for the support of common schools. Number of Common Schools in operation in the Niagara District, in 1847, loith the amount of remuneration paid to Teachers. Township. Apportionment from Legislative School Grant. Total Annual Salary of Teachers. Bertie 15 7 7 10 9 10 2 12 13 13 8 7 1? 12 11 3 14 9 7 X86 9 10 29 6 23 18 11 61 8 7 46 7 6 79 14 5 14 6 11 64 15 4 151 9 2 74 7 4 68 18 2 51 18 8 28 17 11 138 5 63 15 1 89 16 6 11 14 5 121 17 1 43 8 11 42 12 9 £ 330 3 Caistor 200 Canboro 245 Crowland 359 10 Cavuea 220 10 Clinton 336 12 Dunn 105 Gainsboroueh 293 Grantham 480 Grimsby 498 15 a Humberstone 366 10 Louth 458 5 Moulton 121 0. Niaeara 673 12 Pelham 461 14 Stamford SS6 15 Sherbrooke 148 10 Thorold 678 7 Wainfleet 381 WiUoughby 238 17 Total 183 £1283 4 £7363^ Number of Common Schools in operation for the year eighteen hun- dred and forty-nine : Bertie, fifteen ; Caistor, seven ; Canboro, six ; Crowland, ten ; ■'\ m I. iU.:H\ 1 1 I" I i i i f . I ,'^' i il .11! 212 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND rVTDRB. Cayuga, eleven ; Clinton, eleven ; Dunn, two ; Gainsborough, eleven ; Grantham, nine ; Grimsby, thirteen ; Humberstone, eight ; Louth, eight ; Mofulton, three ; Niagara, nine ; Pelham, twelve ; Stamford, three ; Sher- brooke, eleven ; Thorold, fourteen ; Willoughby, ten ; Wainfleet, seven ; town of Niagara, four; town of St. Catharines, six ; total, one hundred and ninety. ExPENorruRE on and Revenue from Public Works, in the Counties of Lincoln, Haldimand, and Welland, up to 31st December, 1849. EXPENDITURE. Work. Welland Canal Queenston and Grimsby Road Dunnville Bridge Loan to the Grand River Navigation Company. Expenditure before the Union of the Provinces. X277,144 8 10 17,388 17 9 500 Total Expenditure. £1,299,186 6 2 28,788 10 8 1,332 4 6 500 Comparative Statement of Revenue and Expenses for the years 1846, 1848 and 1849. WELLAND CANAL. Date. 1846 1848 1849 Gross Revenue. £27,410 29,064 34,742 Expenses of Collection and Repairs. £2,741 15,132 6,250 Net Revenue. £24,669 13,932 28,492 ■\r I'K >i 3tal iditure. 186 6 788 10 332 4 500 2 8 6 CANADA: PAST, PRESEMT AND FUTURS. QUEENSTON AND GRIMSBY ROAD. 213 Date. Gross Revenue. Expenses of Collection and llepaira. Net Revenue. 1846 1848 £ 184 67 £30 33 £ 154 1849 34 * PORT MAITLAND. Date. Gross Revenue. Expenses of Collection and Repairs. Net Revenue. 1846 £ 34 33 56 £34 1848 £2 3 31 1849 : 53 PORT DALHOUSIE. Date. Gross Revenue. Expenses of Collection and Repairs. Net Revenue. 1846 £43 33 32 £2 "o"o' 2 £43 1848 31 1649 . 30 ExPENDTTURE 071 Lighthouscs foT the year 1849. Port. Salaries. Supplies. Total. Port Maitland £105 7 5 66 3 4 120 2 4 £ 105 7 5 Port Dalhousie 66 3 4 Port Colborne 120 2 4 J if' f ' : I r It ii i 11 :i ^ i * I '3'|lt;.'.-5i -1 ■■-'".'' ;lr.' vi ,'t^i;l 214 Canada: past, presbnt and futdrk. Revenue from Lighthouse or Tonnage Duty, for the year ending the 5th January, 1850. Dunnville Niagara Port Dalhousie. X2 4 62 7 Revenue from Customs Duties, for the year ending 5th January, 1849. Port. Gross Amount of Collections. Salaries and other Expenses. Net Revenue. Chippewa i;i952 18 8 767 13 972 5 3 47 14 9 1658 9 3 85 9 5 1104 16 1078 17 6 £424 19 2 222 12 5 303 9 1 146 6 5 310 6 3 228 19 3 283 3 10 244 2 5 £1527 19 6 DunDville 545 6 Fort Erie 668 16 2 Port Maitland Jfiasara 1348 3 Port Colborne Port Dalhousie 821 12 2 Queenston 834 15 1 For the year ending 5th January, 1850: Chippewa £2931 2 863 14 1097 8 10 61 9 10 2392 11 4 25 15 10 1296 16 9 561 1 9 £432 10 233 18 1) 295 10 140 5 6 303 6 2 212 10 253 4 224 16 2 £2498 12 Dunnville 629 15 1 Fort Erie 801 18 10 Port Maitland Niagara • Port Colborne 2089 5 2 Port Dalhousie 1043 16 S Queenston 336 5 7 i Ii;, Canada: past, present and future. 215 Abstracts from the Assessment Rolls, for the years 1843, 1844 and 1848, and from the Census and Assessment Rolls for the year 1850. Number of Acres Cultivated. Mills. Oxen, four years old aud upwards. Cows. Horned Cattle, from two to four years old. Date. • o i Amount of Ratable Property. 1842 156954 161334 52 46 94 83 3214 3504 12987 5574 £578179 1844 , 142205298 617085 1843. Township. Lincoln {County)— Caistor. Clinton 4314 13190 10405 12024 12615 8051 11133 1744 14867 7217 7554 12352 12405 13349 7591 7511 4695 6750 2453 2176 1681 3 2 1 1 4 3 11 1 1 1 2 5 10 6 1 5 8 2 9 2 3 8 4 4 2 5 2 2 5 230 646 538 778 580 438 620 199 689 363 439 592 645 709 401 332 219 248 102 125 98 149 137 233 114 194 109 124 83 60 101 129 35 57 188 56 90 240 90 95 34 456 1258 949 990 1029 705 834 232 1135 507 747 859 908 950 656 554 352 545 225 297 138 132 273 255 114 333 120 209 8 358 178 259 224 126 154 281 157 91 216 64 82 44 £13770 16 40662 7 Gainsborough 29932 2 6 Grantham .*... Grimsby Louth 76363 5 40171 14 26419 17 6 Niagara 33758 14 4 Town of Niagara Wellani (County) — Uertie 27690 12 40763 2 4 Crowland 20880 15 4 Hiiinberstonc Pclliain 25810 19 4 35227 13 10 Stamford 50414 Thorold 52168 6 Wainfleet 23442 8 2 Willoughby 22045 13 Haldimand {County) — Cauboro Cavusra... 14536 19195 2 Dunn Moulton 9096 10 12555 10 Shcrbrooke 4630 18 174077 45 83 8991 2318 14326 3678 £619536 6 4 B'- m ij, ;'3 HI a*' *^ m 216 CANADA: PAST, PRCSENT AND FCTUBB. © 00 )uoqM}[onQ •siaqsng ui 'pdsiDj sao)e)oj ■siaqsnq UI UJ03 uvipuj rSl art w p- (M O V5 '-» Tji O P-l -H « « h- «0 n r. « (M CS «0 — ".-s 05 •^ « t^ 151 Oi eo< <7* 2 CO »^ CO o ■spqsng UI 'pasiej BB3J «OOQp-c«iaO^-Tll^OOCOiX>CI(M>OOS05V5'^(NW5P5>fll~- _>Qi— (CDQ0k^^»-^tj^-JC^'ifr7ltri»(3WJU3«o"^rt;*l»r3rs>or* (NCO-^^^ — Oh.«i»-^(N'^0'l'«OI-0«i>0(M(MW«'M o IN •sioqsng UI 'pasiBj 8}B0 J>-(Mwts>o«)— '^^«'*0^^5>flco't■T«>.^'1''tooo^- »>-«(N«v5oiOOJoo-^o;o>o>owooi>.ooT»o-^ — •8(3qsng UI 'pasiBJ 3\\i >0^l«50o ;0 00 « O (N eo "^^'i: • »» Tjt O -« M : t^ 00 >o OOOJM>."5'»l>.W50i'1>«OI>.Oi '*— ••^OOOOi^O'J'SOOr-'D'-OCIOOh-'rt't'OOSi— (MTf «(N-<-(M0O0SWOOrl<;0«---H ojiMTf;o«oos«ow«'>*o>oso«5i t^OSt^CDCOCOODCO(NfiOC'3COCOOaOCOOCO'^COQOCOO)OS^ WS — 0«000«0O«}«0)«QTi •J8U9 'djniSBj aapun sajoy JO -oij •doig Japan 83J3Y jo" 'o^ •uoijBindoj •^-HMNi-iOi'-tOW'-^F-'-* ©(NOOrHOi-ieocqrtti-H^eo aDoct^OO-I'-»^OJ(NT)<'?»«)r<.»-<»*Tt.«X!'^(N>0«i—Cl«5Wi— — C5f-h00«00(N«O>O'MO5 i>oo««it»-> — «OTt^oo--<«)(N<»o^^^^^»(^J5^ca^- f«^F-ll■^F^l-4COl— I *-< 1-^ I— ti— ii-H ' Tf rf a6'ffr'^~'*~>-<"»(5'0 QO'eo to ^ tp o> w? oWo^le^Tjri-i eo t» •—oiO'i' — ooT^lf^^ccl«o>oOJ■^<-'■-"^-v^oowo•-«(^^^- ooaoo^^^-lC01'»ao^»Tf'1"05•^^»e'SOioooi«Olr^oowx F-<«o«n«>o "-Iff* rt ►■o<»(Nt»eo(?il>.05»ooe>5«0 — (MOi»oo5>o — eoOir»«> Ti<«s^ooeo>'i'^»aoai>-i'^(NW5eoos05l>.eo05'-i»fl»»»^eo -Hi>.Moo-^i»ott^oo»^eo'iocoa»>o<»«. v^s. > . ^ « CO « >.-5 !M 3 e>i >o 00 00 oTi^ "Ti « d »* rt oo Tjl t» o ^* p^ CI Oi OS f w >o '.-s § 1 OS >o CO 5 w^ r~ ^^ 5 « 'M ?" 1 Ol (N , l>- ! ^ 5r-cj ' 1— • 00 3 00 O 1 r? f — >fl (M M (N « i'-J 3J :»- 8 X< : o i>. 1-^ • (J* 1 -^ CO t~- OS ^ CI ■^ CD «- -^ M « X eo CO « w OS ^ «* cocj I T)< t- I- 1 CO 0 0SO-'?O'f00COO 01 '■? 00 (NC5 — !>■'-<'-< OC0Tt"^h.«t»»r-t0S0SC0Wb»«0(N0S00C001>.-5'OiM — « •^OO'tWOOOS — OirtN.OWiaOSOiOOOt^t-OSCIiMN.CO ■-"■^0S000St>.O>fl. 00 — t>.'tlOCO'M«t-.OS«00COQ0O5W00>.'5'MOS—-t>. »i'0'i."5 00 I- I'. lO ■.CO&>O0DOtI'-Q0«COCOCO't W-HQ'»'0S00C0OO'Md!0«l>-(NW— .00'1"OSCO — W t-'O 505 — eo'Mtflao050cO'^J>-aoOoo050i»wr>.ao(r»co i-4p^C^»^C^C^*^»^fs CI OS I CI OS t^ 1 1— t 05 ^* CO CI t» O eo 30 F^ Ol l-l 1^ o 00 00 c» OS 00 I O d CO kj 1^ t* eo h CO d o 1 ©!'-<ooco»o Tjt : CI : -« t>. 'c o o CI OS : »^ t^ CO >o OS eo t CO p-i i-H r^oocoO'T'oooiio CI — o-^os—'ceco'oi^ «i-icieo — w5Ci>o o " O Tt ^^ eo OS OS d o eo »^ -H ^: O 05 CO >0 "-I eo CO >o d OS d o eo :eoocooi«o»flOscst^d>oo-N o>.ocot»co» — o :-H»C000-Hi-cC00S00COt»e000O5>fSO'<<«OSC0l>.h- >oo — O>oocot^r^.-c>-i — •->di>-osco»>-i>--"eoo !os-coeod ■^«5d CO -^dcocod F^ i-H f-^ ^ rH d «5~6b OS cfo ooV-'co "I* co'>i< — O'^i-os'^dco F-i fH CI — CO d 00 d WS t^oOOOSeOOTttdO'tOeOOSOSOS'OaOd'tTfOiiOCOd'O eOt^CI OOSLOOSUOh-COb-F-OOOO— I^C0'1i»>.d — dCIOS -f'^oo v5-^eO'.«cOTjtioco>-toi>-c-osO'ot>-dco ddd d CO -^ — d i-H rt 1-1 d d eo d -^ Tj< d 00 CO CO !>. CO d eo OS OS d •«J< CO !? o> o d >-0 F^ o d 's^aqsng ui 1 'pssioa sdiujnj^ 00'tt^OSOOS'^t^'.OCO»^OOOCO— <>OCO — l>-r|-coTi-«oscot^— lOsioosT)! oOQO>ot^«ob.dOddeod«od'^deo05di->flO«05 eO»-ldF^ F^ dFH FlF^ FHTfllOCO"* FN 00 d CO CO t>. u ■^w I: ;!,■ s;.;p; -^1 il ■ly • '^1 ■mM . f iif^ 218 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. N, >. "V. %.-\. -%. -^ -^ -s. >. Distances in the Counties of Lincoln, Haldimand and Wclland. Niagara to Queenston, seven miles ; Stamford, eleven ; Drummomlville, fourteen ; Chippewa, seventeen ; Stevensville, twenty-five ; Waterloo, thirty-three ; St. Davids, ten ; Port Robinson, twenty-six. St. Catharines to Niagara, twelve miles ; Port Dalhousie, five ; Thorold, four ; Allanburg, eight ; Port Robinson, twelve ; Merrittsville, sixteen ; Petersburg, twenty-two ; Port Colborne, twenty-three and a quarter ; St. Johns, Seven; Smithville, eighteen; St. Davids, eight ; Queenston, eleven ; Jordan, seven ; Beamsville, thirteen ; Grimsby, eighteen ; Stoney Creek, twenty-eight. Port Robinson to Chippewa, nine miles ; Drummondville, nine ; St. Johns, seven. Fonthi!l to St. Johns, three and a half; Wellandport, ten; Canboro', twenty-one ; Port Robinson, four. Beamsville to Smithville, seven ; Grimsby, five ; Stoney Creek, fifteen ; Hamilton, twenty-two. Drummondville to Stamford, three ; the Falls, 1 : Chippewa, nineteen. Stamford to St. Davids, two ; Queenston, 4 ; Drummondville, three. Smithville to Grimsby, seven ; Beamsville, seven ; St, Catharines, eighteen ; Hamilton, twenty ; Canboro', eleven ; Gainsboro, three ; Wel- landport, nine. Chippewa to Port Robinson, nine miles ; Drummondville, three ; Waterloo, sixteen ; Queenston, ten ; Fonthill, thirteen ; Merrittsville, thirteen ; Petersburg, nineteen; /ort Colborne, twenty and a quarter. Allanburg to Drummondville, six ; the Falls, seven ; Thorold, four. Caledonia to Seneca, two ; Jarvis, fifteen ; Port Dover, twenty-three ; York, six ; Indiana, eight and a half; Cayuga, eleven ; Dunnville, twenty-six ; Hamilton, fourteen. Dunnville to Canboro, seven ; Wellandport, twelve : Fonthill, twenty- eight. "^'m CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTUIiE. 219 WENTWORTn AND IlALTOx\. These counties, which formed the Gore District, comprise the follow- ing townships : Wentworth contains Ancaster, Barton, Binbrook, Brant- ford, Glanford, Onondaga, Tuscarora and Saltflcct; Ilalton contains Beverley, Dumfries, Esquesing, Flamborough West, Flamborough East, Nassagaweya, Nelson and Trafalgar. Wentworth and Halton contain of surveyed land one million one hundred and eighty thousand four hundred acres ; of these one hundred and forty-six thousand nine hundred and forty acres were clergy reserves. 0$e million and thirty thousand seven hundred and eighty-one acres have been granted or appropriated, leaving vacant two thousand six hundred and seventy-nine acres. Of the above quantity forty-two thou- sand acres are or were the property of the Canada Company ; and the township of Tuscarora, containing about foi*ty-thrce thousand acres, and the river lots ranging from number thirty-five to sixty, both inclusive, in Onondaga, are Indian reserves. The Gore District would be nearly octagon in shape, were it not penetrated on its eastern side by the western point of Lake Ontario, which, with its continuation, Burlington Bay, and the marsh beyond, reach nearly to the centre of the district. Wentworth and Halton are bounded on the north-east by the Home District, on the north-west and north by the Wellingtc i District, on the west by the Brock District, and on the south and south-east by the Tal- bot and Niagara districts. The western and south-western townships are watered by the Grand River and its tributaries, one of the finest mill streams in the Province, having an abundant supply of water power which never fails. The northern and eastern townships are watered by the Sixteen-mile Creek, the Twelve-mile Creek, the Credit, and other smaller streams. The district first commenced settling in seventeen hundred and eighty three, and according to the calculations of Mr. Gourlay, it contained in eighteen hundred and seventeen, six thousand six hundred and eighty- four inhabitants. By the Government returns it contained in eighteen hundred and twenty-four, thirteen thousand one hundred and fifty-seven inhabitants ; in eighteen hundred and thi rty-four the number had increased to thirty-four thousand six hundred and eighteen ; in eighteen hundred if- I 'A t \i ■■'■■J' I %■ ■' 1 1 k i ■ ' < 990 CANADA. : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. : 1 B":' ' , ' :'*':U: ^n, and tl)irty-nine to fifty-one thousand six hundred and twenty-soven, and in eighteen hundred and forty-eight to sixty-seven thousand six hundred and seventy one. In eighteen hundred and seventeen, there were in the district four places of worship, eighteen grist and forty-one saw mills and three medi- cal practitioners. In eighteen hundred n nd forty-eight, it contained sixty- four churches, forty grist mills, twenty-three oat and barley mills, and one hundred and forty-eight saw mills. The Gore District is admirably situated both for trade and agriculture, having great facilities for exporting produce, and large quantities of grain are shipped at Oakville, Nelson, Wellington Square, Dundas, Hamil- ton and Brantford. The district has improved perhaps faster than any other in the Province ; plank and macadamized roads have been in operation for some years from Hamilton through Brantford to London, from Hamilton to Port Dover ; from Hamilton to Gait ; from Hamilton to Stoney Creek, and a new road has lately been made from Oakvi^e back into the country, and other roads are projected. We let1t our reader in the village of Grimsby, in the County of Lincoln. From thence to Stoney Creek is ten miles. The road is level and is bounded on the south by the mountain ; the soil is a sandy loam, and the timber a mixture of hardwood and pine. Stoney Creek is a village containing about two hundred inhabitants; it is built on the banks of the creek, on which is a grist mill a short distance from the village. From Stoney Creek to Hamilton is seven miles, the road is mac- adamised, is well settled, and is bounded by the mountain the whole dis- tance. The township of Saltfleet commenced settling in seventeen hundred and eighty-seven, and in eighteen hundred and seventeen con- tained seven hundred inhabitants, one grist and six saw mills. In eighteen hundred and fifty the population had increased to two thousand seven hundred and sixteen ; it contained one grist and nine saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty nine, fifty thousand bushels of wheat, thirty-seven thousand bushels of oats, twenty- six thousand bushels of Indian Corn, sixteen thousand jjounds of wool, and twenty-one thousand pounds of butter. Hamilton, which is situated on the south-M'cstern extremity of Burling- ton Bay and in the north-west of the township of Barton, may be con- sidered the capital of the western country. It was laid out in eighteen hundred and thirteen, and occupies a space extending back from the bay to the base of the mountain. The land has a gradual rise the whole distance, affording good facilities for drainage. The streets are generally laid out at right angles, those rnnning back from the bay having a direction nearly north and south, and being crossed III CANADA: PAST, TRKSENT AND FUTURE. 221 n'en, and : hundred itrict four ircc mcdi- ined sixty- mills, and griculture, lantities of las,Hamil- r than any re been in to London, n Hamilton ,m Oakvil^e jr of Lincoln, level and is y loam, and : is a village [banks of the age. •oad is mac- he whole dis- n seventeen venteen con- mills. In wo thousand e saw mills, ty nine, fifty oats, twenty- mds of wool, tyofBurling- may be con- it in eighteen from the bay le the whole Irnnning back Ibeing crossed by others running cast and west. The chief business portion of the city is situated about a mile back from the bay, and the principal thorough- fare is called "King street, " which runs rust and west through the town, having in its centre a wide open space, admirably sitiuitid Cor a set of market buildings, or a garden for the rccreatiou and refreshment of the citizens. A little north of King street is the market square, on which is erected a large building intended to serve the double purpose of market- house and town-hall, the lower portion being devoted to the purposes of trade, and the upper story forming the sanctum of the city dignitaries. On this floor are two large apartments ; the inner one forms the council chamber, on either side of which are the offices of t lie chamberlain and city clerk ; and the outer one is appropriated to public meetings &c. There is also another market-house on the upper portion of .John street. Between King street and the mountain, on a large open space called the Court House Square, is situated the court house and jail. In addition to the public buildings, Hamilton contains thirteen churches, some of which are handsome structures ; these consist of two Episcopal, Church of Scotland, Free Church, United Presbyterian, Wesleyan Methodist, Canadian Wesleyan, Episcopal Methodist, Primitive Methodist, New Connection Methodist, Congregational, Baptist, Roman Catholic, and church for coloured people. The town of Hamilton was laid out about the year eighteen hundred and thirteen, but for many years its progress was very slow, and although in Gourlay's work a meeting is spoken of as having been held in the town of Hamilton, yet, as the whole township at that time only contained eight hundred inhabitants, the town itself must have been very small indeed. The completion of the Burlington Bay Canal, however, gave it access to the lake, and formed the commencement of a new era in its history. Since then it has gone on steadily, increasing both in size and prosperity. In eighteen hundred and forty-five it contained six thousand four hundred and seventy-five inhabitants, and in eighteen hundred and fifty the number had increased to ten thousand two hundred and forty- eight ; and the amount of assessment had risen to sixty-one thousand three hundred and fifty-nine pounds. It must be understood that this sum is principally the amounc of rental or supposed annual value of lots or town property ; the only property assessed at a certain sum, as its real or nominal value, being horses, carriages, cows, and vacant lots. The progress of Hamilton is not confined to size — a vast improvement having been effected in the character of its buildings within the last few years. The inexhaustible supply of both freestone and limestone in the rear of the city is of incalculable benefit to it, and stone is getting into very general use, which gives an appearance of solidity and durability i\ ^ m f; i; ! mIm '' < '■■'./ 222 CANADA: PAST, PRK8KNT AlfD TCTURE. to the hiiildiugs wliich no 'iVit'. t* uitlirr urchltrct or builder, can ronfrr uj)()ii wood. Tlir biiidvs niu' ' -ny of tlio ir.or; iiJUits' stores nrc haiid.'^orMc slruciures; tlio IJ.uik of JJril N< 'th Anierirji is pnrticulurly luliiiircd ; a new slimc buildin;,' lias recently been rr.niplefcd for the post oflico, iirid on the rising ground approaching the mountain are many elegant resi- dence.-^, most of fhem faced with cut stone. Hamilton is the head quarters of the Gore Bank, and the Rank of British North America, the Commercial and ^Montreal Banks have each an agency here ; and two Savings Banks are also established. Also a Mechanics Institute, and a Beading Room ; three fire companies, hook and ladder and ho.jc companies ; Freemasons,' Orange and Odd-fellows' lodges, and the national societies. Hamilton has telegraphic communication with Toronto on the one side, and with Buffalo on the other. On the thirty-first of January, eighteen hundred and fifty-one, the city was first illurninafcd with gas. The event was celebrated by the fire companies turning out by torch light and parading the town. Hamilton is also the head quarters of the " Great Western Railroad Company" — the stock of which is distributed in sixty thousand shares at twenty-five pounds each. The board of directors consists of some of the principal men in Hamilton, the "Warden of the county of Oxford, the Reeve of Gait, the Mayor of London, and the heads of such other muni- cipalities as shall subscribe for stock to the extent of twenty-five thou- sand pounds. This company was originally chartered in eighteen hundred and thirty- four, as the London and Gore Railroad Company, but after an ineflTectual attempt to raise the necessary capital, and a lapse of years, the charter expired. In eighteen hundred and forty-five the Legislature revived and extended the act of incorporation, with power to construct a line of railroad, from the Niagara river via Hamilton to the Detroit river, with a branch to the St. Clair river. In eighteen hundred and forty-seven the company completed the surveys of the entire line, placed it under contract and commenced work at various points, but unexpected diffi- culties caused a suspension of operations until the last year, (1850,) when, having obtained from the Legislature the iurther privileges of the guarantee of the Province for the interest of one half the cost of the road, and authority to municipalities to subscribe for and hold stock, the company thus encouraged were able to resume operations, which are now proceed- ing with energy, and in the confident expectation of completing the road in about two years. The length of this railroad from Niagara Falls to the Detroit river will be two hundred and twenty-eight miles, passing through the most populous and fertile portion of Canada West, and connecting the central CANADA : PAST, PnKSKNT AND FUTUHE. 223 riiilroiid of ]Micl»i;,';in iind tlin iipprr lakfs with l.nkv Ontario, iiiid tlio miiiicrous linos of railroiid fhrouyli tlio State of Now York to IJoston and New York. Tudcr tlu! act Miitliorisini,' municipalities to siil)scril)(> for stock, the town of (lait, town of London, and county of Oxford have already become sharclioldcrs for twenty-five thousand pounds each, and the city of Hamilton f(jr one hundred thousand pounds ; while other corj)o- ralions liavo intimated their intention of doin}? so likewise. Tlie railway is intended to start from the Falls of Niagara, passing through or hy 8t. Catharines, Hamilton, Dundas, Paris, (with a hranch to (lalf,) Woodstock, London, and Chatham, terminating at Windsor, on the Detroit river. JManufacturcs of various kinds arc carried on in the city, the machi- nery used in Avhich is all moved hy steam power ; the princi])al of these are, four foundries, two of which art; on an extensive scale, a saw mill, and planing machine, grist mills, tanneries, breweries, machine shoj)s, &c., — and a short distance from the town is a nursery. Among other branches of industry may be mentioned the corn-broom factory ; large quantities of broorns arc made and sent to a distance. The principal portion of the material used is imported from the State of Ohio. From six to ten hundred weight of the corn tops may be grown per acre, which will also yield from forty to fifty bushels of seed. The broom is worth, in Ohio, about one hundred dollars per ton weight, and the seed about thirty-five cents per bushel. The crop is but little cultivated in Canada, although in the neighbourhood of large towns like Hamilton or Toronto, it would doubtless pay, if grown on suitable land, as the seed is excellent food for poultry. The crop requires keeping clean during the early stages of its growth. From the mountain above the city a magnificent view may be ob- tained over the surrounding country, amply repaying the pedestrian for the trouble of the ascent. Hamilton is admirably situated for carrying on a large wholesale trade with the West, — being at the head of navigation of Lake Ontario, and in the heart of the best settled portion of the Province, it possesses peculiar advantages for receiving goods, and distributing them through the interior, while its central position makes it the depot of a large extent of grain and other produce. The following t.ables will give a good idea of the exports and trade of Hamilton and the neighbourhood : — m^\ '11 i i ; »-''! -' '•'^S^UfifillMniKMUittKiilHMfl^i^i --^.,-.-^-,..,^a.>„«iu«,iw9W4ij^Sll^t,-'^, 224 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. : Mf Tke following articles passed outwards through the Burlington Bay Canal during (he season of 1 850. Denomination. Merchandize Flour Pork and beef „ Whisky Butter and lard., Cider Apples Biscuit Wheat , Oats and barley Wool Rags Hogs , Grass seed Quantity. 150 172278 786 4242 2571 3 100 20 74;188 25910 74 37J 489 1632 tons. barrels. barrels. barrels. kegs. barrels. barrels. tons. bushels. bushels. tonb. tons. No. bushels. Denomination. Pot and pearl ashes Cut stone Scrap iron Iron castings Stones, unwrought Hides and skins ... Furs Square timber Pine boards Pipe staves West India staves Headings Quantity. Shingles. 1600 91 23i 639' 19i n 2000 5621200 106500 154200 12000 i«li barrels. tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. tons. cubic feet feet. No. No. No. M. \h r^ The following articles, {being part of the foregoing table,) were shipped to the United States. Denomination. Pot and pearl ashes. Staves, standard .... Other staves Planks and boards . Shingles Furs and skins Butter Hides Horns Wool Scrap copper Scrap iron Wheat Flour Barley and rye Biscuit Beans and peas .... Oats Bran Grass seeds Malt Beeswax Total. Quantity. 163 11200 50000 4794409 barrels . No No feet .... M 112^ 37 3 82 cwt. .. bales tons ., bales 21 97440.i 52890 12003 400 1242 30603 224 1584 6761 tons bushels barrels.. bushels cwt bushels bushels cwt bushels bushels Value. £941 238 214 8324 105 100 375 170 27 676 150 48 20079 52604 867 60 146 1736 22 657 676 5 5 4 9 4 17 6 10 2 8 2 19 16 6 5 3 7 7 3 £88222 16 4 This return includes articles shipped to the United States from Wel- lington Square, Stoney Creek, &c. Value. •941 238 214 5 8324 4 9 105 4 100 375 170 17 6 27 676 150 48 10 :0079 2 8 >2604 2 7 867 19 60 146 16 7 1736 6 3 22 657 5 676 3 6 38222 16 4 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 225 The follomng table will show the British and Foreign Trade of the Port of Hamilton. British Vessels. Foreign Vessels. No. Tons. Men. No. Tons. Men. No. of steamers arrived during year ... Do. do. cleared Do. iiailing vessels arrived 6 2 85 71 929 210 9176 6086 84 22 515 410 210 209 77 68 74330 73U76 10652 1630 2941 2927 512 Do. do. cleared 437 British Vessels from and to British Ports. Sailing vessels Steamers Arrived. Number of vessels. 213 .. 552 .., Tonnage. 16188 125873 Cleared. Number of vessels. 225 ... 556 ... Tonnage. 19118 12659a Total value of imports at the port of Hamilton for the jear 1850... Total amount of duties thereon Total amount of tolls received at Burlington Bay Canal for the year 1850 £395782 14 10 59398 15 4 3779 6 a Number of Vessels owned at the Port of Hamilton. Steamers — Magnet Britannia Hibernia Schooners- Royalist Hope Queen Shannon Clyde General Wolfe.... Princess Victoria . James Coleman . William Gordon . Pomona Sovereign Jessie Woods .... Lady Bagot Breeze Tons Register. 235 156i 160 116 45 150 121 115 ]S^ 168 233 581 265i 11«| 85 Ul 298) ht'i i'iJ - \:.C •n 4 Ici l« f'l i- i 226 CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. •-«_*.V^«.^,'fc M *H li'uii ■ ' ( h i-.l :u Probably no town in the Province has increased so rapidly as Hamilton, Dundas Street, from Toronto to Hamilton, was cut out in eighteen hun- dred and eleven ; the first store in the neighbourhood was started in eighteen hundred and twelve, about two miles from the present site of Hamilton ; this was the first place of business in this section of country east of An caster. The Gore District was set apart in eighteen hundred and sixteen. In eighteen hundred and seventeen, a person named Samuel AVrighton, who owned the farm through which this portion of the road (Ancaster to Niagara) passed, laid out a village and sold a few Ic^s, the upset price being fifteen dollars per quarter acre ; and for a comer lot, con- sidered to be a particularly good situation for business, twenty-five pounds were paid. The emigrant in those days must have had much to contend with ; the passage of goods from ]Montreal to the head of the lake was tedious and expensive ; from four to six weeks being the time usually occupied in the voyage there and back, a month's voyage heing considered a capital trip. The Montreal merchant charged the Upper Canada merchant high prices, and he of course retaliated on his own customers. The usual price for wheat was half a dollar per bushel, paid mostly in goods, which generally cost about three times the present price. A person who started a distillery, gave a quarter of a dollar per bushel for rye, and sold his whisky at two dollars per gallon. The first wheat was shipped to England from this neighbourhood in the year eighteen hundred. Some strange tales are told of the early days of the district. An old log building served the purposes of a jail, but it was so very insecure that prisoners are said to have frequently gone home at night, and return- ed to the jail in the morning ; and one person from Ancaster, a prisoner for debt, very coolly sent word to the Sheriff, that as winter was coming ■on, and the weather getting cold, if he did not make better fires and keep the place warmer, he should leave. As soon as the neighbourhood began to do a little business, store- houses u ere erected at Burlington Beach. The sea acting on the sand- bar sir;paratin.j the bay from the lake, would occasionally wash out a deep channel through which schooners could pass; this however seldom cont'nued long, a contrary wind usually blocking up the passage again iu a fihort time, and at times a person might walk dry-footed across it. In eighteen hundred and twenty-three an Act was passed appro- priating five thousand pounds for the purpose of constructing the Burling- ton Bay Canal ; in the following year another act was passed granting -an additional sum of three thousand pounds towards completing it, and .^Ar CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 227 ■,r^.»\.-.'^.»\.'^ it was finished in the Ibllowiiiji; year. But no business of any consequence was done till eighteen hundred and thirty. The first road from the town to the bay was cut out in eighteen hundred and twenty-nine. The first settlers in this section of country were almost exclusively f'. E. Loyalists, who came into Canada after the revolutionary war; but a visi«itor in lookinjf round the streets of Hamilton, may sec at a glance that the pratacipal business of the place is carried on by Scotch houses. Lots in the bes^ situations in King-street, Hamilton, now sell at from twenty-five to thirty pounds per foot frontage. The ibllowing table, furnished me by the city clerk, will show the rate of progression of the town for some years past. Year. Population. Amount of Property Assessed. 1836.... 284') Actuiil value Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Annual value Do. Do. ... £ 44020 1837.... 35«7 45622 1838.... 3358 62130 1840 3342 60160 1841.... 344G 64812 1842 • 42G0 1843 4860 1845 6478 ..J fiS3> ... 110038 1846 ... ] i3720 1848 1 60737 1849 ...j 10170 .J 10248 60317 1850.. .. 61359 1 The term "actual value" however, is not strictly correct; it is the value put on the property by law, and is in most cases considerably below the true value. During, and since, eighteen hundred and forty- seven, the taxes have hcen assessed on the annual value. The township of Ba 'on. is itoimued on the north by Burlington Bay, arid nearly half of it ii below fhf n>.ouptiiin. It commenced settling in the year sevent*^ :n hvindred a'ti c'ghty-seven, and in eighteen hundred and seventeen c ntained one hu'nlred and thirty houses, and about eight hundred inhabitants. Iw eighteen hmivlred and forty-one the population had increased to fourtce.i hundred and t lirty-four. We were unable to collect any accouni uf its subsequent progress, the census rolls of the last year not being uvneatahk. Below the mountain the soil is gene- rally a sandy loam> and above, it consists mostly of clay with a mixture of loam. The timber is a mixtia 3 of various kinds of hardwood and pine. To the south of Barton is the township of G Ian ford. This is a small township, it is pretty well settled, and contains some good farms, and four hundred and forty-seven inhabitants. The land is rolling, and the ^ioi««*«»;«„ .a. tl' I--0 i- t-iWI If!. •f ,i ■) ! mM i ilf-i 228 CANADA: PAST, PRCSENT AND FUTURE. timber a mixture of hardwood and pine. There is no village in the township. About a mile from the southern boundary, on the Hamilton and Dover road, is a post office, and about a quarter of a mile distant is a Methodist church. There is one saw mill in the township. Nino thousand bushels of wheat, eleven thousand five hundred bushels of oats, and eight thousand pounds of butter were raised from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine. To the east of Glanford is the township of Binbrook, which in eighteen hundred and seventeen contained only sixteen families. There are two small settlements in Binbrook : " Hall's Corners" situated a little west of the centre of the township, where is the post office, and the Presbyterian church ; and " Woodburn," near the south-east corner, where is a saw mill, and an Episcopal church. There is considerable pine in the town- ship, which affords material to supply six steam saw mills. Binbrook, in eighteen hundred and fifty contained three hundied and eighty-nine inhabitants, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty- nine, ten thousand bushels of wheat, and eight thousand bushels of oats. The township is watered by the Welland river and the Twenty-mile Creek. Leaving Hamilton for the western townships of the District, we follow the main western road, (which is an excellent macadamised one, although a little hilly), till we come within sight of the town of Dundas ; the road here makes a bend to the left, while the Dundas and Gait, or Dundas and Waterloo road, as it is generally called, diverges off to the right. Following the former, you ascend by a steep, though gradual winding way till you reach the summit of the mountain, when you have a fine prospect over hill and dale for many a mile. The village of Ancaster is pleasantly situated in the north-east of the township of the same name, seven miles from Hamilton. It contains about five hundred inhabitants, and has the advantage of a good, though not very large mill stream. A large woollen factory which -"^-is. in operation here was burned down during the last year, and is now re- building. There are also two establishments for the manufacture of carding and other machines, a grist mill, tannery, &c.; and three churches, Episcopal, churc'i of Scotland, and Presbyterian church of Canada. The township of Ancaster, which is of a triangular shape, commenced settling about the year seventeen hundred and ninety-five, when land in the township was to be bought at six pounds five shillings per lot of two hundred acres. On applying to one of the old setders, (though not " the oldest inhabitant," ) for information respecting the early settlement of the neighbourhood, we were furnished with the following humv)rou3 sketch. in the imilton istant. is I. Nino of oats, crop of eighteen are two ttle west hyterian is a saw he town- Binbroolv, ^hty-nine ind forty- Is of oats, ■enty-mile we follow ., although ! ; the road T Dundas the right. winding lave a fine east of the t contains od, though ch ■-%•■' 9. in is now re- ifacture of churches, .nada. lommenced len land in r lot of two •h not "the ttlemcnt of hutiurous CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 229 The first settlers in Ancaster were a French Canadian, named St. Jean Baptiste Rousseaux, the progenitor of the family of that >^ame now in the village and neighbourhood, who built a log grist mill and a saw mill shortly after pitching his tent here ; the other was James Wilson, a U. E. Loyalist from the State of Pennsylvania. Shortly afterwards the township began to be settled by individuals from the States of Pennsylvania and Jersey, very many of whose descendants remain unto this day. About the year seventeen hundred and ninety-eight, two brothers, Richard and Samuel Hatt, both Englishmen, established themselves here as merchants, and built the second grist mill, (the first in the township for manufacturing flour for exportation ;) and as the township began to be settled, opened up and improved, other enterprising young men follow- ed and divided the business of the country with the Messrs. Hatt. About the year eighteen hundred and ten the business of this township and surrounding country was of the most comprehensive character, as it was the only market west of, York then, (Toronto now), and Niagara, for farmers living to -the south, north and west to bring their produce to, and get the necessaries required for their families, many of whom had to travel a hundred miles. Business in those days was altogether upon the credit system ; a year's credit being given to the farmer. Wheat, the staple of the country, was then always worth a dollar the bushel, and the merchant's profits on goods never less than eighty-seven and a half per cent, but more frequently a hundred and fifty. When Messrs. Rousseaux and Wilson first settled, the country was a wilderness, the abode of the bear and the woli"; no roads, nothing but an Indian track, but the proximity of Lake Ontario and Burlington Bay to a very considerable extent, obviated the difficulty of want of roads. Until the Messrs. Hatt built their mill, Mr. Rousseaux's was the only one for scores of miles round, and many of the first settlers, w^hen going to mill, had to strap their grist upon their backs, for want of roads, and had there been roads, for want of the means of other transport. None but the pioneers of a new country know the difficulties of a first settle- ment. Previous to the war of eighteen hundred and twelve, with America, when the farmer came to settle his account with the merchant, if there was a balance in his favour, he generally got as much money in hard dollars, (we had no banks then), as would pay his taxes, the tanner for leather, (for leather has always appeared to be a cash article, " nothing like leather,") his spinning girl and the weaver : the remainder was drawn for in goods from the merchant's shop, in payment to the men who were clearing their lands, usually then called "jobbers." ^i's'? !i^i 0- :■ l( H il" Mil'. i i ., i^l 'I i ■- ■• ;■ iiTlJBltlWiii '-' w ^i^x-o. mm It 230 CANADA : PAST, PKESENT AND FUTUKE. The moral character of the people before that war was such, that it was but rare that a man's note was taken for a debt, his word being considered sufficient, and we had then neither lawsuits nor lawyers. Bui the war had a most demoralizing effect, and things in those parti- culars became most awfully changed. In eighteen hundred and fifteen, and up to eighteen hundred and eighteen, there were twenty merchants' shops in the village of Ancaster, and all doing a good business, but about tliat period Dundas, Hamilton, Brantford and West Flamborough sprung into existence as business places; and later, London, Simcoe, Ingersol and other places of business to the westward, and the monopoly enjoyed for a brief period by Ancas- ter was destroyed, and there are now but four merchants' shops in the village, doing but a moderate business. The township however has not followed the downward course of the village, its farmers gti'icraliy have capital buildings, large improvements, their farms in fir^i rate condition, and every external evidencing care, taste and industry' — a sure index to prosperity, wealth and independence. The first house built in this township still stands ; it is one and a half stories high, and built of hewed oak logs. General Simcoe, our first Lieut rnant-Governor, used to make it head quarters in his pedestrian excvirsions from York to Sandwich, in the early setl lenient of this coun- try. It has been a tavern, a church, a school-house, a court-house, a cooper's shop, a dwelling house, and a score of other things, " every thing by turns but nothing long." The soil of the township is generally loam, but there is some clay. The timber consists of pine, white am! red or black oak, white and black ash, maple, beech, elm, hickory, black walnut, butternut, cli(>stiuit, syca- more, and a gieat variety of other *voods ; it is beautifully watered, its surface undulating, and the people only die of old age. In eighteen hundred and seventeen the population of the township amounted to one thousand and thirty-seven, and it contained four grist and five saw mills. In eighteen hundred and fifty the population had increased to '<>ur thousand and eighty-two. There wore four grist and eleven saw mills ; and seventy thousand bushels o{' wheat, ninoty-sov( n thousar:d bushels of oats, eleven thousand bushels of Indian corn, eistnut, syca- watered, its [\o township hI ibur grist halation had ur grist and nincty-scvcn Icorn, eighty- s of turnips, »d poancis of |odu<:ed from Inown as the The for- teir is about 231 Nw.^.N'V«i_*.^J^ li two miles west of the village. A well V- »ik some years since, to the depth of thirty feet, and during the late . ..^i .oan war a considerable quantity of salt was manufactured in a rude way. The water rises nearly to the surface, and at times a stream is said to flow from it ; no outlet is visible, yet the spring fills up rapidly when the water is dipped out. The temperature was found to be the same as that of a neigh- bouring fresh spring, 48" F. no evolution of gas is perceptible. The water is intensely bitter and saline to the taste ; by boiling a minute quantity of carbonate of lime is deposited, and the liquid contains chlo- rine, bromine, sulphuric acid, with potassium, sodium, calcium and mag- nesium. This water is extraordinary on account of the immense proportion of chloride of magnesium and calcium it contains ; the sum of these ex- ceeding the amount of common salt. With almost the same amount of solid matter, it contains less than two-thirds of the quantity of this salt, that is found in sea water. The Ancaster water contains a much greater quantity of lime, and much less of sulphates, than sea water. The amount of- earthy chlorides is so great, that this w^ater would not easily afford pure salt ; and the difficulty of removing them is such, that as long as w^e have better sources, this Avould scarcely be eligible. The amount of bromine which it contains is how^ever considerable, and would be a secondary product of considerable value, as the process of extracting it from the residue is not expensive, and it commands a high price. The Sulphur Spring is situated about one mile and three-^aarters north-west tVom the village, by the side of the road to Flamborongh West. The quantity of water discharged is but small, probably about two gallons per minute ; it is quite limpid, and has a sulphurous odour ; the taste is feebly saline and bitter. A qualitative examination shows the presence of chlorides of sodium, calcium, magnesium and traces ot potassium, the first two in large quantity, small portions of sulphate of lime, with carbonates of lime and magnesia, and traces of carbonate of iron and alumina. A minute portion of bromine was also detected in the concentrated water. The amount of sulphuretted hydrogen is small. From Ancaster to Brantford is about seventeen miles, the land is rolling, and the timber a mixture of luii'dv^ood and j)inc. The township of Brantford, which was \nivt of the lands granted to the Indians on the Grand river, was not set apart in Gourlay's time, and must have been surrendered at a later date. About three miles before reaching the town of Brantford, you pass through the small village of Cainsvillc, which contains about one hun- dred inhabitants. About a mile cast iVom the village is an Episcopal ''W'^ 232 CANADA : FAST, FBEiENT AMD rVTVRB. church, (of a strange order of architecture,) and a little east of that is a Methodist church. The town of Brant ford is admirably situated on a high gravelly ridge, skirting the north bank of the Grand river, and has fine views over a large extent of country, forming the beautiful valley of the Grand river. The town derives its name from the celebrated Indian chief, Brant — the Indians having a ford or crossing place at this point, whiph was known as Brant's ford. As a record of the life of so celebrated a man cannot but be interesting to the majority of our readers, we shall make no apology for inserting a brief sketch ; regretting that the large extent of country to be described, and the numerous details to be gone into in this work, preclude us from devoting as much space as we would wish to a subject so inviting. Joseph Brant, or Thayendanegea, was born on the banks of the Ohio, in the year seventeen hundred and forty-two. Many conflicting accounts have been published respecting his birth and parentage, but it appears from tolerable authority that his father was Tehowaghwengaraghkwin, a full blooded Mohawk of the Wolf tribe ; one of the three tribes (the Tortoise, Bear and Wolf,) into which each of the Five Nations was divided. He is said to have been a grandson of one of the five Sachems or Chiefs who visited England in the year seventeen hundred and ten, during the reign of Queen Anne, where, as might be expected, they excited considerable attention, and where they were introduced at Court by the Duke of Shrewsbury. Brant appears to have received his early education at Lebanon, in Connecticut, and having been taken notice of by Sir William Johnson, accompanied him to the wars at an early period of his life, being only thirteen when engaged in his first battle. He became a firm ally of the British, and assisted with his tribe during the remainder of the French war. In seventeen hundred and sixty-five he married the daughter of an Oneida Chief, and settled at Canajoharie. This wife dying of consump- tion about the year seventeen hundred and seventy-one or two, he after- wards married her half sister. After the breaking out of the revolutionary war, the Six Nations Indians continued to fight on the British side, till the peace in seventeen hundred and eighty-two. In conclading the treaty of peace with the United States, the commis- sioners on the part of Great Britain had forgotten to make any stipula- tion on behalf of their Indian allies, who had steadily supported the crown during the war; although the country of the Six Nations was included w^ithin the boundaries of the territory ceded to the Amei-icana. ^ janon, m CANADA*. PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 283 When, however, the Mohawks first abandoned their native valley to embark in Ilis Majesty's service. Sir Guy Carleton had given a pledge that as soon as theOvar was at an end, they should be restored, at the expense of the Government, to the condition they were in before the con- test began; and in April, seventeen hundred and seventy-nine. General Haldimand, then Commander-in-Chief in Canada, ratified the promise of his predecessor, pledging himself, as far as in him lay, to its faithful execution " as soon as that happy time should come." At the close of the war, the Mohawks were temporarily residing on the American side of the Niagara river, in the vicinity of the old landing place above the fort. The Senecas, who had been in closer alliance with the Mohawks during the war than any other of the Six Nations, and who had been chiefly induced by the former to take up the hoitchet against the United States, offered them a tract of land in the valley of the Genesee ; but, as Captain Brant long afterwards said in one of his speeches, the Mohawks were determined " to sink or swim" with the English ; and besides they did not wish to reside within the boundaries of the United States. The generous offer of the Senecas was therefore declined, and the Mohawk Chief proceeded to Montreal to confer with the Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs, Sir John Johnson, and from thence to Quebec to claim from General Haldimand the fulfilment of his pledge.* The tract upon which the chief had fixed his attention was situated upon the Bay of Quintc, and at his request General Hal- dimand agreed that it should be purchased and conveyed to the Mohawks. The Senecas, however, were unwilling that the Mohawks should remove so far from them, and the land situated on the Grand river was after- wards chosen. About the close of the year seventeen hundred and eighty-five. Brant visited England, where he appears to have been very well received. — When introduced at Court he proudly declined the honor of kissing the King's hand, but remarked that he would gladly kiss 'hat of the Queen. During his stay in London an amusing circumstance occurred. Hav- ing been invited to a grand masquerade or fancy ball, he went richly dressed in the costume of his nation ; wearing no mask, but painting one half of his face. " His plumes nodded as proudly in his cap as though the blood of a hundred Percys coursed through his veins, and his tomahawk glittered in his girdle like burnished silver." Among the guests was a Turk of rank, whose attention was particularly attracted by the grotesque appearance of the chief's singular, and as he supposed, fantastic attire. He scrutinized the chief very closely, and mistaking his complexion for a painted visor, took the liberty of attempting to handle his nose. Brant, who had noticed the observation he excited, :ii: 1 ^ ♦) ' ih 'i' I- ' I », tnr, - ,1^ 231 CANADA : PAPT, J'7ESENT AND FUTDRB. > l! AVixs in the humour for a little sport ; no f;ooner, therefore, did the fingers of tiic Turlv toucli liisn.'isivl orgun, than he raised the war-whoop, and snatching his tomaljawk I'roin his girdle, whirled Ground the head of his astonished assailant. Such a piercing and frightful cry hod never before rung through the halls of fashion, and breaking suddenly and with startling wildness upon tic ears of the merry throng, produced a strange, sensation. The Turk himself trembled with terror, while the lady gu(!sts shrieked, screamed and scattered themselves in every direc- tion. The jest, howe,ver, was soon explained, and all was right again, though it is doubtful if the Turk sulficiently recovered his mental ecjui- librium to enjoy the latter part of the evening as much as he had the commencement. Brant died at Wellington Scpiare, on the twenty-fourth of November, eighteen hundred and seven, at the age of sixty-four, and his remains were removed to the ]\Iohawk village on the Grand river, in the church yard of which they were interred. He was a brave warrior, a stedlast ally of the British, and notwithstanding much that has been published to the contrary, as humane as he was brave. Catharine Brant, the third wife and widow of Thayendanegea, was forty-eight years old at the time of his decease. According to the con- stitution of the Mohawks the inheritance descends through the female line exclusively. Consequently the superior chieftainship does not descend to the eldest male, but the eldest female, in what may be called the Royal line, nominates one of her sons or other descendants who then becomes the chief. If her choice does not fall upon her own son, the grandson whom she selects must be the child of her daughter. The widow of Thayendanegea was the eldest daughter of the head chief of the Turtle tribe, first in rank in the Mohawk nation. In her own right, therefore, on the death of Irer husband, she alone had power to choose a successor to the chieftaincy. The official title of the principal chief of the Six Nations is Tekarihogea, to which station John, the fourth and youngest son, was appointed. The young chief was born at the ]M[oha\v'k village, on the twenty-seventh of September, seventeen hundred and ninety-four, being at the time of his father's death thirteen years of age. He received a good English education at Ancaster and Niagara. When the war of eighteen hundred and twelve, between the United States and England, broke out, the Mohawks, true to their ancient faith, espoused the cause of the latter, and were engaged in many of the actions on the Niagara frontier. Thayendanegea had held a Captain's commission in the British service up to the time of his death, and in the year eighteen hundred and twenty-seven, his son, John, was appointed by the Earl of CANADA : PAST, PnESENT AND FUTURE. 235 Dalliousic to tlic rank ol' Captain, nntl also as SupcrinlciKloiit of iho Six Nntions. In the year eiglitccn liundrrd and tliirly-two John Rrant was rlrctrd a member of the Provincial Parliament for the county of Ilaldiniand, comprehending a large portion of the territory originally granted to the Mohawks, but as a considerable number of the persons by whose votes Brant was clccled merely had leases of their lands, while llie laws of Upper Canada rerjuircd a freehold (|uaIificalion for county voters, his election was contested by ihc opposing candidate, and eventually set aside. The same year he was carried olf by cholera, and was interred in the same vault with his father. The Mohawk village, or "the Institute" as it is called, whicli is about a mile and a half lioni the town of Drantford, is pleasantly ; iumted in abend of the '^'''rtnd river. It consists of a cluster of houses, the principal of which ar (se belonging to the lay agent of the " New England Company," uud other ofReers of the establishment, for the support and education of the Indians. The children, who are both male and female* receive a good pjain English education, and the boys are also taught a trade, workshops of various kinds being established on the premises. About forty children are boarded and instructed at the present time. These consist not merely of Mohawks, but include Tuscaroras and the children of other tribes. The principal object of attraction in the village, however, particularly to strangers, is the church, which is visited more for its antiquity than its beauty; it being the first church erected in Canada West. The Indians have in their possession a handsome communion service of beaten silver, each piece bearing an inscription, stating it to have been given to the Mohawks for the use of their chapel, by Qeeen Anne. The armoreal bearings of the same Queen, carved and gilt, are also affixed to the wall of the church. The church bell was also supposed to have been a present from Her Majesty, but on climbing up the steeple for the purpose of ascertaining the fact, we found it to have been made by " John Warner, Fleet Street, London, 1780 ;" this settled the question as to its age, and there is no doubt it was procured by Joseph Brant at the time of his visit to England. The Mohawks have the "prayer book" of the Church of England translated into their language, and from an English preface to the book we gleaned the following particulars. "The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts" was incorporated in seventeen hundred and one, and the following year sent a Jiiissionary to the JMohawks, who were situated the nearest to the English settlements ; and other missionaries were appointed to that station from time to time. Means i||ii it r I" , 1 -I % IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■50 ~^" ui m m m £ Itf 12.0 2.5 ■ 2.2 11 m 11-25 III 1.4 I 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. MS80 (716) 872-4503 m \ <^ h. •^ V W^-/*^ V"^^ v\ '4fV >5" ^ J 1 ^ •■^■- — 'iwittri;-;- inJMiiniiii^Ui. ' ' ; i! : "*? iiki''i r ! 236 Canada: past, present and foture. N.'-*>.*W-V'VV-'V-.^-S. were taken to have the liturgy of the Church of England translated into the Mohawk language, which was first printed at New York in seventeen hundred and fourteen. This edition comprised the morning and evening service, the litany and cate(^ism ; to which were added select passages from the Old and New Testaments. The communion office, that of baptism, matrimony and burial of the dead, with more passages of scripture, occasional prayers, and some psalms were trans- lated and printed also at New York in seventeen hundred and ninety-six. In the course of the late American war most of the Indian prayer books were destroyed ; a very few copies only were preserved, and the Mo- hawks, apprehensive that the book might be wholly lost in a short time, and desirous also of a new supply, earnestly requested General Haldi- mand. Governor of Canada, that he would order it to be reprinted. In compliance with this request the Indian prayer book was printed at Quebec in seventeen hundred and eighty. The Company, commonly called " The New England Company," was originally constituted a corporation under the name of " The President and Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England," by an ordinance issued in sixteen hundred and forty-nine. Under the autho- rity of this ordinance a general collection was made in all the counties, cities, towns and parishes in England and Wales, and lands were pur- chased with the money so collected. On the Restoration, a Royal Charter, dated 7 th Feby., 14 Car. II. was issued, erecting the corporation anew by the title which it still bears, "The company for the Propagation of the Gospel in new England and the parts adjacent in America." The Ilon'ble. Robert Boyle, was appointed the first Governor, and held that office for about thirty years. Under his will a handsome annuity was settled on the company, and their means were subsequently increased by other pious and well disposed persons. It was this company, composed as it always has been, partly of mem- bers of the Church of England, and partly of Protestant dissenters, which supported various missionary undertakings in New England during the seventeenth century. Their endeavours were continued for the same purpose through the greater part of the eighteenth, until interrupted and for some time suspended by the war between Great Britain and her North American Colonies. The operations of the com- pany have since been carried to the neighbouring Provinces of New Brunswick and Canada, where in addition to schools and other establish- ments for the instruction of Indians in useful learning, this company has contributed largely to the repairing of the church at the Mohawk vil- lage, on the Grand river, and has caused another church to be built lower down on the same river at the Tuscarora village. CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 237 translated r York in 3 morning ere added ommunion with more irere trans- ninety-six. ayer books id the Mo- short time, eral Haldi- )rinted. In 1 printed at ipany," was . le President land," by an r the autho- the counties, Is were pur- Car. II. was t still bears, land and the IS appointed ars. Under their means ised persons, irtly of mem- It dissenters, iw England lontinued for ;eenth, until Iween Great of the corn- ices of New Lcr establish- lompany has [ohawk vil- to be built The original vault of the Brant family having been constructed of wood, got in the course of lime considerably out of repair. It was therefore decided by the inhabitants of the neighbourhood to raise a subscription for the purpose of replacing it with one more wortliy of its object. This was accordingly dojie. A tomb was prepared, of stone, and on the appointed day a large number of persons turned out to assist in the ceremony. Amongst the most conspicuous of whom were the Freemasons : the deceased chief having been a member of that body. A large stone slab, forming the top of the tomb, bears the following inscription : This Tomb Is erected to the Memory of TIIATENDANEGEA, OR CAPT. JOSEPH DRAKT, I'riiiL-ipal Chief »iid Warrior of The Six Nations Indians, By his Fellow Subjects, Admirers of hia fidelity and Attachment to the British Crown. Born on the banks of the Ohio River 1742, died at Wellington Square, U. C. 1807. It also contains the remains of his Son, aiituuwaighs, or CAPT. JOSEPH HRANT, Who succeeded his father as TicKABiuoacA, and distinguished himself in The War of 1812-15. Born at the Mohawk village, U. C. 1794 Died at the same place 1832 Krected 1850. A short distance from the preceding is another grave, with a marble head-stone erected to the memory of " Peter Brant John," (a grandson of Joseph Brant,) whose widow resides in a small house near the church. To return to Brantford. On the nineteenth of April, eighteen hundred and thirty, the Indians made a surrender to the Government of the town plot of Brantford, which was immediately surveyed in part, and sold by auction to actual settlers at an upset price of ten pounds per lot, and as much more as the purchasers saw fit to bid. The town has increased rapidly within the last few years, having great advantages for shipping produce through the Grand river, and ■ I*! 'l! '!i I . -■.*^rj.»-- '— ''tifiiiyigiiiii'^^ ^■ina»'A*a(i«i^4&iii. is^^ ; i- ■ : U'^ *; il I 1 238 CANADA : PAST, PRESRNT AND rUTVRE. also bnlng situated on the great thorouglifare leading from Hamilton to London. The situation is healthy, and is well supplied with good spring water. During the summer season steamboats ply regularly to Dunn- ville, and from thence to Buffalo. Brantford now contains about three thousand two hundred inhabi- tants; has a largo town-hall and market house, built of brick, which cost twenty-two hundred pounds; a large public school, also of brick, with about three hundred scholars attending; six churches, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist, Congregationalist, Baptist and Catholic. There are four grist mills, one of which is a large brick building; two foun- dries, doing a large business ; a stone-ware manufactory, the only one yet in operation in the west of Canada, (the clay used is imported from Amboy, in the State of New- Jersey) ; two tanneries, two breweries, four distilleries, a planing machine and sash factory, lanted with n of country, |ng an inland al with both If in length, able bendi in by Act of lital stock of Indians are thirty-eight )resented at iovernment. invested, as a» yet have jrably on the capabilities Description of Article. Quantity. 1840. 31208 barrelc DO barrels 240 barrels 75 barrels 175174 busliils ... 450 bushels ... Quantity. ■ Flour 1850. 25284 barrels. Pork 22 1 barrels. Whisky, beer, &o. 155 barrels. Ashes, (pot and pcurl) Wheat 91 l)(irri*ts. 223651 buNJiels. Potatoes 195 bushels. Stone l!2(i toisc. Castini^s 15 tons 1:^ tons. 19000 No. Bricks Morses 3 No 8 No. Shepp 1 1 No. Square pine timber, Square oak timber Saw logs 5)S280 cubic fett... 778-27 cubic feet... 29033 No 3140 cubic feet. 236789 cubic feet. 19361 No. Sawn lumber 12624(559 feet 13043031 feet. Staves t 5500 No 31000 No. Lime 100 bushels ... 3G6 cords 144 M 6 buslicla. Firewood 517'. enrds. Shingles 224^ M. Oats 13378* bu-ihcls. Malt : 1016 bushels. llarley .' 3000 bushels. Bran and shorts 132 tons G\ tons. Number of steamboats departed arrived and 56 Ill Scows, do 598 82-1 A large portion of the lumber, square timber and saw logs, was shipped below Brantford. Revenue from tolls, 1849 Do. do. 1850 Rent of hydraulic privileges under lease Rent of warehouse and other sites £1843 9 U 1959 12 3 1156 10 137 7 In addition to the produce, «&c. shipped via the Grand river, large quantities of flour, whisky and ashes are teamed down to Hamilton and shipped there. One merchant alone ships about two hundred barrels of ashes yearly. * Two newspapers are published in Brantford, the "Courier" and "Herald." That portion of the town situated on the opposite side of the river is called "West Brantford." The township of Brantford is well settled, and contains a number of excellent and many large farms. A considerable portion of the land in the neighbourhood of the town consists of oak plains, and the soil is generally a sandy loam. The hills are mostly full of gravel. Having :.. IVJ m r: i' ■/ Pi- !M ^*^.'..,.. — in I i i! ' ■■! 1 240 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FCTURK. " r.-*.v^* -v^ V the advantage of a good supply of plaster within a short distance, the farmers arc enabled to grow excellent crops of wheat. One farmer alone, a gentleman named Christie, is said to raise upwards of seven thousand bushels of wheat annually. He took the premium at the last Provincial exhibition for the best twenty-five bushels of wheat ; it weighed sixty-six pounds to the bushel, and was sent to England to compete against the world at the great fair. Farming land in the township is now worth from thirty to forty dollars per acre. The census rolls of the township not being where they should have been, viz. in the ofllce of the clerk of the peace for the county, we are unable to go as much Into detail respecting the products of the town- ship as we would wish. About five miles from Brantford, in the south of the township, on the road leading from Brantford to Slmcoe, is the fine settlement called " Mount Pleasant." It is in truth a pleasant situation, although it has not much of the 7nount about it. It is a long village, in a fine section of country ; it contains about four hundred inhabitants, has a woollen factory, and about the usual proportion of business people and mechanics. There are three churches. Episcopal, Presbyterian and Methodist. In the western extremity of the township, on the plank road, about six miles from Brantford, is the village called " Springfield." A small stream, called Whlteman's creek, passes through it, on which are situated a grist mill, saw mill and woollen factory. There is a Methodist church in the village. To the south-east of Brantford, and bounded on the north by the Grand river, is the township of Tuscarora. This township, which contains about forty-three thousand acres, is held altogether as an Indian reserve. Many lots in the township have been squatted upon by ignorant or unprincipled persons, who have given considerable trouble both to the Indians and the Government. About nine miles south from Brantford, and three miles south of the Grand river, is situated the noted " sour spring ;" not having time to visit the locality, we avail ourselves of the description furnished by Mr. Hunt : — " The country for some distance around is thickly wooded, but in the immediate vicinity of the spring is a small clearing, on a rising ground, on one side of which is the spring, in an enclosure some eight or ten rods square. In the centre of this is a hillock, six or eight feet high, made up of the gnarled roots of a pine, now partially decayed. The whole enclosure is covered with crumbling rotten wood, and resem- bles a tan-heap ; upon digging down eighteen inches the same material was found, apparently derived from the crumbling aw^ay of the trunk of the once huge pine, whose roots now occupy the centre of the enclosure. ancc, the le farmer of seven it the last wheat ; it ,ngland to »rty dollars hey should county, we f the town- ship, on the nent called ough it has fine section ,s a woollen il mechanics, hodist. ad, about six small stream, re situated a lodist church by the Grand lich contains fdian reserve, ignorant or both to the CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 211 The whole soil, if it may be thus desifrnatecl, is saturated with acid water, and the mould at the top of the hillock, as well as without the enclosure, is strongly acid. Near the confines of this region, but in soil still quite acid to the taste, several jjlants were observed growing. They were the sheep's sorrel, the wild strawberry, two species of rasp- berry, besides several mosses and a I'crn. The more acid parts were devoid of all vegetation. The principal spring is at the east side of the stump, and has a round basin about eight feet in diameter, and four to five feet deep ; the bot- tom is soft mud. At the time of my visit it was filled to within a foot of the brim, and, as the guide assured me, unusually full, much fuller indeed than it had been five days previously, although no rain had fallen in the interval. There is no visible outlet to the basin ; at the centre a constant ebullition is going on from the evolution of small bubbles of gas, which is found on examination to be carburetteil hydrogen. The water is slightly turbid and brownish coloured, .apparently from the surrounding decayed wood, which indeed forms the sides of the basin. It is strongly acid.and styptic to the taste, and at the same time decidedly sulphurous ; a bright silver coin is readily blackened by the water, and the odour of sulphuretted hydrogen is perceived for some distance round the place. Within a few feet of this, was another smaller basin, two feet in diameter, and having about one foot of water in it ; this was evolving gas more copiously than the other, and was somewhat more sulphurous to the taste, although not more acid. In other parts of the enclosure were three or four smaller cavities partly filled with a water more or less acid, and evolving a small quantity of gas. The temperature of the larger spring was 56° F., that of the smaller one 56" near the sur- face, but on burying the thermometer in the soft mud at the bottom the mercury rose to 60.5°. One thousand parts of the water yielded — Sulphuric acid 4,63500 Potash ,03290 Soda ,02190 Lime .,31920 Magnesia ,05240 Alumina 14000 Feroxyd of Iron ,19150 Phosphoric acid, (traces) The quantity of sulphuretted hydrogen is small, being about one-half of a cubic inch in two hundred cubic inches of the water. To the north of Tuscarora is the township of Onondaga. The loto fronting the river, from number thirty-five to sixty, are reserved by the a li i. '"■»-■ . '!llli> i' m ■pi lE ; Ji : I Mil ■A f if ' ' i^MH- It. : ■"] ' .-iM, 1 ' ■; I! \ ' 'H ,: I ■ if 242 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FOTURE. '.NV^*--.«^.^j« ^.^.^5.v Indians for their own use. Thus of the original grant, extending from the mouth of the Grand river to the Falls of Elora, all that the Indiann now retain is the township of Tuscarora, these lots in Onondaga, a small quantity in Brantford, and a small quantity in Oneida. We have already spoken of the early sales by Joseph Brant ; since that time the land has been gradually, and from time to time surrendered and sold, at prices varying from three shillings and ninepence to two pounds per acre. The Six Nations number about two thousand three hundred, and there are also about two hundred and fifly Mississagus settled upon the reserves. The township of Onondaga is now well settled, containing sixteen hundred and seventy-seven inhabitants, and four saw mills ; and it pro- duced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, fifty- six thousand bushels of wheat, thirty-three thousand bushels of oats, ten thousand bushels of potatoes^ six thousand five hundred pounds of wool, and five thousand six hundred pounds of butter. This township has filled up rapidly, the ratable property in it only amounting to five thousand six hundred pounds, in eighteen hundred and forty-five ; and having increas- ed to above twenty-two thousand pounds in eighteen hundred and fifty. Froni Brantford to Paris, distant seven miles, the land is rolling, and a considerable portion of it may fairly be called hilly ; a large portion of the timber is oak, and the soil a sandy loam. Fine farms line the road on either side. Paris, so called from its contiguity to beds of gypsum or plaster of Paris, is situated on the Governor's road, partly in the township of Brantford, but principally in Dumfries. It is divided into the upper town and lower town, (Smith's creek, which here enters the Grand river, separating the two); and the most singular circumstance connected with it is that the water runs from the lower town to the upper town. Not that the water absolutely runs up hill, but the banks in the lower town, on the upper portion of the streams are low, while below the banks rise suddenly to a considerable height. Even the main street of the upper town has a "higher still," and is bounded by a range of hills. It is in these hills or knolls that the beds of plaster are found. The streams here give a considerable amount of water power : that furnished by Smith's creek alone has yet been made use of. The formation of the plank road through Brantford having deprived Paris of a great deal of its traffic, strenuous exertions are now making to turn the tide of trade back again. A company was formed in the fall of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, with a capital of ten thousand pounds, for the purpose of gravelling and planking the Governor's road from Dundas to a distance of sixteen miles beyond Paris, making thirty* ■\.- ^ ^\.%^* ling from e Indiana a, a small . We have time the nd sold, at ounds per , and there le reserves, ig sixteen and it pro- iX thousand n thousand «1, and five IS filled up lousand six ing increas- ;d and fifty, rolling, and j,rge portion •ms line the n or plaster he township to the upper the Grand ce connected upper town. 5 lower town, le banks rise of the upper Is. lund. ipower: that ling deprived Inow making rormed in the Tten thousand Ivcmor's road Tiaking thirty- Canada: past, present and future. 243 eight miles in all. The work is expected to be finished in the summer of the present year, (eighteen hundred and fifty-one.) The population of Paris in eighteen hundred and fifty was eighteen hundred and ten. It contains two flouring mills, having seven run of stones, two plaster mills, a woollen factory, two foundries, a tannery, machine shop, with planing machine, &c. distillery, soap and candle factory, saw mill, &c. There is a town hall and " lock-up-house '' for the safe custody of evil doers, and six churches. Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist, Congre- gational, Baptist and Roman Catholic. There are two bridges across the Grand river and one across Smith's creek. There were exported from the village last year, twenty-seven thousand barrels of flour, one hundred and fifty thousand feet of lumber, nine hundred and ninety-seven hogsheads of whisky, and about one thousand tons of plaster. Since the establishment of a second mill there has been considerable competition in the plaster trade ; the opposition however does not appear to have lowered the price, which still remains at four dollars and a half per ton. Should the Great Western Railroad be carried through Paris, as projected, the beds of plaster will form a profitable source of revenue. We must not omit to notice, amongst the manufactures, one of Bath bricks, being as far as we are aware, the second only started in the Province, the first being at Goderich. How absurd it seems to import a heavy article like bricks from the other side of the Atlantic, when we have the material at hand to make them. The Gore Bank has an agent in Paris, and a newspaper, the ** Paris Star," is printed here. From Paris to Gait there are two roads, one which i nx< for much of the distance within sight of the river, and is tolerably level %nd the other on the opposite side of the river, which has a branch leading ofi* to Ayr. The direct distance is about fourteen miles. To Ayr there are two roads, the old travelled road, which is about ten Rules, and a new road, which is as yet not much travelled, which is about eight miles. By the former, you follow the Gait road for about seven miles, and then turn to the left. Within less than a quarter of a mile of Ayr is a small settlement, called Jedburgh, containing a grist mill and distillery. Ayr, which appears to be a thriving village, has increased considerably within the last few years. It contains about five hundred inhabitants; two grist mills, with two run of stones in each ; a foundry and machine sbop^ distillery, fulling mill, &c. Three churches, United Presbyterian, Free church and Catholic. ■>M II ' I' 1 , i p, ■' i it M'if:,,, it ^ I 1 « ni.'.^;j . fir 4;, 244 CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. vv%\■v%^.^,v^v'^•.■^.w^^ S.%^>.V« -s.-^ ^.*."' '^^V^^j'i.^.-N, V.^ V From Ayr to Gait, you return the way you came, three miles, to the Paris ami C^ilt road, from whence to Gait is about seven miles. The road is tolcrahly straight, but the land the whole distance from Paris to Ayr, and from Ayr to Gait, is hilly ; the timber is at first principally oak, with a small (juantity of pine intermixed ; afterwards the pine becomes more frequent, and in larger quantity, although where the timber has been cut off the land, and the young brushwood allowed to spring up, oak is the predominating species. Gait, so called after the late author of that name, is a thriving little town, situated on the Grand river, near the north-east corner of the township of Dumfries. It is built on a limestone foundation, on both banks of the river, and has considerable advantages in the way of water power. A number of new stone buildings have been erected, and it has increased considerably since the year eighteen hundred and forty-five, when its population only amounted to about a thousand. In eighteen hundred and fifty the inhabitants numbered two thousand two hundred and thirteen. There arc two large flouring mills, having each four run of stones, which made last year thirty-two thousand seven hundred and sixty-five barrels of flour ; one oatmeal mill, one barley mill, two saw mills, two foundries, two distilleries, two woollen factories, a last factory, pail factory, two axe factories, a tannery, and soap and candle factory. The Gore Bank and the Commercial Bank of the Midland District, have each an agent here ; and two newspapers are published, the *» Reporter," and " Reformer." The principal societies established are, the St. George's, Odd Fellows', Sons of Temperance, a building society, and fire and hook and ladder companies. The ratable property in the town in eighteen hundred and fifty, amounted to nineteen thousand one hundred and thirty-three pounds. We have not yet mentioned the new paper mill, as it deserves a special notice to itself. This establishment is situated on the bank of the river, and has been in operation only a few months. It appears to be very complete of its kind. As it requires a large quantity of pure water it is supplied from a neighbouring hill, and the water is conveyed to the upper floor of the building. The process of transmuting old rags into beautiful paper is a very interesting one. The first operation is shaking the dust out of the rags ; this is done by placing them in a large perforated metal cylinder, which is kept revolv- ing till the rags are sufliciently dusted. They are then conveyed to the sorters ; these are young women who examine the rags and separate the linen or cotton from the woollen, (the latter being useless for paper making), at the same time cutting off, against a large knife fixed for the purpose, buttons, hooks and eyes, &c. The rags are then washed and Ics, to the ilcs. The m Paris to ipally ofxk, ic becomes timber has spring up, riving little trner of the on, on both ay of water 1, and it has (1 forty-five, In eighteen two hundred ach four run hundred and xill, two saw ilastfaetory, ndle factory, land District, ablished, the [ishedare,the society, and ;d and fifty, ;e pounds. [it deserves a the bank of It appears to Intity of pure Ir is conveyed iting old rags Ihisisdoneby L kept revolv- Inveyed to the 1 separate the ess for paper ■ fixed for the washed and CANAD* : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 245 afterwards hoiird in an immense vat or cauldron for a sufllcicnt length of time ; then, after being bleached and reduced to pulp, (all by macjji- ncry) tlii-y begin to be ready to be converted into paper. The last part of the operation is the most interesting. It is carried on in a long room, at one end of which the paper in a liquid state, resembling very much thin water gruel, is conveyed into a reservoir in which a large cylinder covered with cloth or fine blanket is continually revolving. As it passes through the pulp it gathers up a certain film of the suspended matter, the moisture of which is pressed out as it travels along the machinery. After being carried over roller after roller, becoming firmer and more solid at every turn, it passes between hot polished iron or stctl rollers, which dry and give it a face at the same time. As it makes its exit at the farther extremity of the machine, a large cutting blade divides it into slices the size of the intended sheet. A girl gathers up and arranges the pieces as they fall, and they are then carried to another room, where they are folded, counted and put up in quires, reams and bundles. The whole operation, from the picking up the pulp to delivering the paper, is performed by one set of machinery ; it will thus be seen that, but for the occasional breakage of the web, an accident that sometimes happens, through some little jerk or check of the machinery, it is as easy to make the paper by the 7nile as by the yard. As great steadiness is required in order to avoid these breakages, a steam engine is employed for the special purpose of working this machine alone. The greatest obstruction to paper making in Canada is the difiiculty of obtaining a good quality of " stock," as it is called, or material. It is impossible to make linen paper out of cotton rags, and very little linen comparatively being worn in Canada, or indeed in any part of North America, linen rags are necessarily scarce. The enterprising proprietors of this mill are therefore endeavouring to induce the farmers to grow flax for the purpose of supplying them. There is considerable difficulty in persuading a Canadian farmer to attempt growing any crop he has not been accustomed to, the fear of failure in his mind counterbalancing the chance of gain. In the present case the proprietors had succeeded in tempting a farmer to undertake the task, by ofiering him double the sum per acre that he was accustomed to make by growing wheat. For making linen, the flax is recommended to be pulled before the seed is quite ripe ; but for paper making, the Messrs. Forbes say they would prefer that the seed should be ripe, before the pulling. This of course would increase the profit of the grower, as he would have the seed as well as the straw to make money of. ^ *M \ M . i rwiiiia«h.iiiirin -TI M itlC, ,, Im t \ ii /' i m !■ Ii, liy<(;'.i,|, U Ii 248 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. I 'I larger number perhaps than will be found in any other township in the Province. There is much hilly land in the township, and in the valleys are a number of small lakes, much frequented by the disciples of Isaac Wal- ton, and also by the sportsmen of the neighbourhood ; being noted for affording in the proper seasons, both good fishing and duck and snipe shooting. One in particular, " Blue Lake," is much resorted to, not only by the aforesaid gentry, but also by pic-nic parties. The soil of the township is generally loam, with very little clay ; the timber a mixture of oak, pine, maple, beech, basswood, elm, cherry, and chestnut, with cedar in the swamps. The oak plains are easily cleared, and the proximity of beds of plf hter is a great advantage. It is usu- ally sown in quantities of from sixty to a hundred pounds weight per acre. Near the south-east corner of the township, about ten miles from Gait, is a small village called St. George, where is a grist and saw mill and distillery. In returning from Gait to Hamilton, we pass through the townships of Beverley and West Flamborough. After leaving Gait a short dis- tance the character of the timber changes, and it is nearly altogether hardwood for two or three miles, after which the limestone rock begins to make its appearance at the surface, with a coating above it of rich loam, varying in depth from a few inches to two or three feet ; the tim- ber at the same time becomes more mixed with pine. The township of Beverley commenced settling about the year eighteen hundred, when wild land was selling at ten pounds per lot of two hun- dred acres. In eighteen hundred and seventeen it contained about three hundred inhabitants and two smv mills, and wild land had increased in value to fi'om ten shillings to two pounds per acre, according to situation. In eighteen hundred and forty-one the population had increased to two thousand six hundred and eighty-four, and in eighteen hundred and fifty to six thousand one hundred and fifty-five. There are one grist and twenty-one saw mills in the township, and seventy-eight thousand bush- els of wheat, ninety-nine thousand bushels of oats, nineteen thousand bushels of peas, forty-four thousand bushels of potatoes, sixty-three thousand bushels of turnips, thirty-four thousand pounds of maple sugar, twenty thousand pounds of wool, and forty-four thousand pounds of but- ter, were produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine. The soil of Beverley is principally a rich loam, and the timber con- sists of white and red oak, pine, chestnut, maple, beech, basswood, oln), cherry, cedar, &.c. There is no village in Beverley. ill: ip m the jys are a lac Wal- loted for ind snipe d to, not clay ; the lerry, and ly cleared, It is usu- ,'eight per from Gait, ' mill and townships I short dis- altogether ock begins B it of rich it ; the tim- Lr eighteen If two hun- ibout three icreased in p situation. Iscd to two ;d and fifty grist and isand bush- thousand sixty-three laple sugar, Inds of but- |rty-nine. imber con- fwood, elm, CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE, 249 . -^ - - -vr. -v -N, N. >, ■v^. -v. -^ Vs. -S, -v r, ^ -k, -^ Part of the Hamilton and Gait road, passing through this township, known as the " Beverley swamp road," was long a terror to travellers, but within the last three or four years it has been macadamised and improved. Sixteen and a-half miles from Gait we reach the village of Flam- borough, in the township of Flamborough West. It is pleasantly situ- ated, in the midst of a fine country. In the village itself there is a foundry, post olTice, &c. and about a quarter of a mile distant, in a beau- tiful valley, called " Crooks's hollow," is quite a cluster of buildings con- sisting of a grist mill, saw mill, distillery, paper mill, woollen factory and tannery. An oil mill was in operation here some years since, but had to stop working from the impossibility of obtaining linseed to keep the mill going. The farmers finding' it cheaper to purchase cottons than to manufacture the flax, and there being no purchaser of the article for exportation. A beautiful and rapid stream flows or rather dashes through the val- ley, known here as the " Flamborough stream ;" when it reaches Dundas its name is changed to the " Dundas stream." It was originally called " Morden's creek.'' About a mile above Crook's mills, are a grist and saw mill and distillery, and about a mile below is another grist mill with a large distillery attached. In the village is a Methodist church, and a short distance from it is a Presbyterian church. The first mill was built here in eighteen hundred and sixteen. Flamborough village, including the " hollow" contains a population of about four hundred. The township of West Flamborough commenced settling in seventeen hundred and ninety-four, when wild land might be bought for about one shilling per acre. In eighteen hundred and seventeen the township con- tained three hundred and sixty inhabitants, one grist and six saw mills, and one fulling mill. In eighteen hundred and forty-one the population had increased to two thousand four hundred and twenty eight, and in eighteen hundred and fifty to two thousand nine hundred and fifty-five. It now contains two grist and two saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, fifty-three thousand bushels of wheat, twenty-seven thousand bushels of oats, twenty-one thousand bushels of potatoes, twenty-two thousand bushels of turnips, seven thousand pounds of wool, and twelve thousand pounds of butter. The surface of the country varies, being composed of hill and dale ; the soil is chiefly loam, and is well watered with numerous small streams. There are many fine farms, beautifully situated in the township. Soon after leaving Flamborough you begin gradually to descend the "mountain," getting occasionally a fine view over the surrounding i> I ii i%; I i+' :c»»^waHSttt^ j - ■^^—-i^fc.-arMiinliatotiii . M-7 wJ 1^ III t '»!| 250 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. ^ "^.^^'.-s.-^ 'S.-\.-VS. -v-i. ■«, country. The road is circuitous, but well made. Before descending into the town of Dundas, you see towering above you, on the left, an enormous cutting and embankment, now making by the Great Western Railroad Company. And immediately in front of it the Flamborough stream, now become the Dundas stream, having supplied Spencer's mill, crosses the road and rushing into the valley below, hurries on to add to the prosperity of Dundas. Dundas, which is three miles and a half from Flamborough, and five from Hamilton, is situated on a rising ground at the foot of the mountain* and has long been noted as a manufacturing place. It has a valuable supply of water power, which is made use of to a considerable extent. A marsh, called " Coote's Paradise," (from a keen sportsman who used to spend much of his time here in shooting wild ducks, snipes, &c.,) extends from the town to Burlington Bay. For some time the trade of the town had considerable difficulties to contend with, all produce shipped having to be conveyed to Burlington Bay by land. The construction of the Desjardins canal, which is five miles in length, and is carried through the marsh to Burlington Bay, enables the manufacturers and merchants to ship from their own doors. We have no account of the actual cost of the canal, but in the public accounts there is one item of a loan to the Desjardins Canal Company of seventeen thousand pounds. Having a large supply of freestone and limestone in the immediate vicinity, a large number of the principal buildings are constructed of stone. The population in eighteen hundred and forty-five was about seven- teen hundred. It has now increased to two thousand five hundred. A large town hall has recently been erected at an expense of two thousand five hundred pounds. There are in the town seven churches. Episcopal, Presbyterian, Presbyterian church of Canada, United Presbyteaan, Wesleyan Methodist, Baptist and Roman Catholic. There are three fire companies, and hook and ladder company, with two engine houses ; a St. Andrew's Society, Society of Odd-Fellows, Sons of Temperance, and a building society. The registry office for the county is kept in Dundas, and the Bank of British North America has an agent here. The principal manufactories of the town consist of three flouring mills : the Dundas mills, having six run of stones ; the Wentworth mills, with two run, and the Gore mills, with four run. A paper mill is now erecting by the proprietor of the latter. The foundry of Messrs. Gartshore and company is an extensive establishment, where machinery, of every kind, steam engines, &c. &,c. are made to a large extent ; this concern is well mr-T Canada: past, present and future. S5l known over a large portion of the Province ; as also is the axe factory of Mr. George Leavitt. Besides these there is a woollen factory, a patent sash factory, to which establishment a planing machine is attached ; a last factory, manufactory for making fanning mills and straw cutters, a corn broom factory, tannery, soap and candle factory, brewery, and shoe peg factory. A newspaper is published here, the " Dundas Warder." The process of turning lasts is a very ingenious and very simple one. The piece of wood, generally green maple, is chopped with an axe into a rude shape, something resembling the form of a last. It is then placed in a lathe of a peculiar construction, opposite to a set of circular chisels attached to a hook or circlet of iron. Attached to the same portion of the machinery and in a line with the block of wood, is a perfect last, which acts as a guide to the other. As the chisels revolve, the rod to which the last and the piece of wood to be manufactured are attached also revolves, and this part of the machinery has also a lateral motion, and is elastic in its motion, so that the perfect last as it revolves, striking against a smooth iron cushion, placed opposite to it, throws the block in course of manufacture farther, or brings it nearer as the case may be» to the set of chisels, thus producing a perfect fac-simile of the pattern, with the exception of the two ends, the point of the toe and heel, by which it was affixed to the machine. They are then seasoned, and afterwards the heel and toe are cut into shape with an enormous blade, something resembling an old-fashioned hay knife, after which they are polished up with sand paper. The Episcopal church, the only one we had time to visit, although it has a plain exterior, is well finished and fitted up within. The following account of exports and imports will give some idea of the trade of the place. The statements are given for eighteen hundred and forty-nine as being a fair average for the last four years. During the season of eighteen hundred and fifty the canal was undergoing repairs and improvements, and in consequence but little business was done on it. I' I f^ n \ Ir'i :%! ■ »>«i^-t'mmiamktti:,_'ti»iiM.i»mm,m a»:.,...,., , , ;. n II ^' >; rii ■f . .: ! u ' I, 1 . ■< t 252 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND rUTVRE. Exports by the Desjardins Canal for the year 1849. Article. Quantity. Flour 120261 barrels. 772 barrels. 47 barrels. 3347 barrels. 409 barrels. 110 barrels. 226 barrels. 660 firkins. 54 barrels. 20 barrels. 7 barrels. 599 cwt. 7840 bushels. 3414 bushels. 626000 feet. 7127 No. 1945 cwt. 40 i cwt. Oatnical Pot Barlev Whisky Vinegar Ashes Pork Butter.... Grass seed Biscuits Beef Good? Wheat Barley Lumber Staves, ^puncheon) Castings Mill stones Impokts by the Desjardins Canal for the year 1849. Article. Merchandize Salt Crockery Pig iron Bar iron IIuop and bundle iron Burr stones Grind stones Coals Water lime Gj'psum or plaster Tallow Kosin Oil Nails Sugar and molasses ... Fish Indian corn Turpentine and tar ... Firewood Quantity. 5748 7084 325 i 370 76364 66 210 320 290.i 262 400 50 66 84 113U 1882 762 4012 12 15 cwt. barrels. cwt. tons. cwt. cwt. ■cwt. cwt. tons. barrels. barrels. barrels. banels. brls. & hhds. cwt. cwt. barrels. bushels. barrels. cords. From Dundas to Hamilton the road is macadamised, and is rather hilly. The old road, between Dundas and the Hamilton and Brantford road, having got considerably out of repair, and in fact almost impass- able, a new road was made which is a great improvement. This is CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 253 fy- rrcls. rrels. rrels. rrels. rrcls. rrels. irrels. kins. irrels. irrels. irrels. JVt. ushels. ushcls. ;et. lo. wt. wt. ). ntity. 2Wt. )arrels. cwt. tons. :wt. :wt. :wt. :wt. tons. jarrels. jarrels. )arrels. jariels. jrls. & hhds.. :wt. ;wt. )arrel9. jushels. jarrels. boids. is rather Brantford lost impass- ]t. This is called the Dundas and Binkley road. Rut vliile acknowledging the improvement, we think that two toll gates between Hamilton and Dun- das, a distance of five miles, is too much for cither the pockets or the patience of Her Majesty's subjects. No man wlio has ever travelled on bad roads need object to paying fair tolls for the j)rivilege of travelling on good roads; but when a road has been so badly made in the first instance, and so lightly covered with stone, or so badly kept in repair afterwards, (as is the ease with part of the old road,) that a few days wet weather causes it to be cut into ribands, and travellers' wheels arc continually slipping across the road, no sooner out of one rut than in another, we think road makers or road owners ought to have a little conscience. We have now given a synopsis of the past and present condition of the western townships of the Gore District, as fine a section of country as is to be found in the Province. On turning over the pages of a work published in eighteen hundred and thirty-nine by ^Messrs. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, a work we have before alluded to, we were much amused at stumbling on the following passage : " Gore District, when it passes Burlington Bay, must, we suspect, be considered as mere bush. Beyond Ontario, the shores of Lake Erie, even since the completion of the Welland canal, cannot be recommended without some hesitation. The distance from IMontreal becomes great, and as the goods could scarcely be conveyed without transhipment, the tolls of three canals must be paid. At all events, it is only the lands closely adjoining this great lake that appear to afford a profitable site for the more opulent settlers; for the interior of the London District, including even the banks of the Thames, must still, we suspect, be classed with the bush territory. The shores of Lake Huron must also be included under the same des- cription." We can imagine the peals of hearty laughter that would be raised by many of the thriving and even wealthy settlers in the Gore, Niagara, Talbot, Brock, Wellington, London, and even Western and Huron Dis- tricts, at reading such a passage as this ; and yet many of them came to the country with scarcely a shilling. As an example of the success that usually attends exertions properly applied in western Canada, we may repeat an anecdote related to us by an eccentric friend, the truth of which we can vouch for, having merely, for obvious reasons, omitted names and the locality. The story cannot be better told than in his own words : " I was standing," said Mr. ****, « one day, about four years ago, by the river side, watching the steamboat which had just arrived on her upward trip ; while she was taking in wood and discharging cargo, the captain drew me aside ■i-y '■"■ !•■ i, \ ■'i iii- ^^HBHHNp^Sl£||gy the j)lank road, is lour uiilos. At the point of junction, avIu-H' the plank road cto5!S('s Dundas street, is tho Trafal>?ar post-oflice, and clos(! by is a steam saw mill ; hut the jjlaco is more generally known from boinj; tho site of " I'ost's tavern," tho usual stoppin>f place of stages travellini? tho road. I'rom thence, fol- lowinj; the plank road, it is cif,'ht miles to f?orid)y, a village containing about eighty inhabitants, and a post-odiee. About four miles and a half soutli- west from Hornby is a small village called Milton. This is situated on a road running straight back from Palermo, and contains a grist and saw mill, situated on the ►Sixteen-milo Creek, and a steam grist mill is now building, intended to contain four run of stones. About a mile and a half from Milton is a small settlement, containing a saw mill, known as " Peru." The township'of Trafalgar commenced settling about the year eight- een hundred and seven, when wild land was selling at seven shillings and sixpence per acre. In eighteen hundred and seventeen, it contained five hundred and forty-eight inhabitants, one grist and tour saw mills, and land had risen in value to twenty-two shillings per acre. In eigh- teen hundred and fifty, the population had increased to four thousand five hundred and thirteen ; it contained three grist and nineteen saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, one hundred and forty-four thousand bushels of wheat, fifty-six thousand bushels of oats, twenty-six thousand bushels of peas, thirty thousand bushels of potatoes, eleven thousand bushels of turnips, thirty-one thou- sand pounds of wool, and seventeen thousand pounds of butter. The land through the township is generally rolling, and the timber a mixture of various kinds of hardwood and pine. Continuing along the plank road, four miles from Hornby, you pass through the small settlement called " Ashgrovc;" and two miles beyond that, you reach the flourishing village of Stewarttown, situated on a por- tion of the west branch of the Credit river. It contains a population of about three hundred, a grist mill with three run of stones, saw mill, and tannery, and post-office. And a commodious brick building has been erected for a town-hall. About a mile and a half from Stewarttown, is Georgetown, a consi- derable village, also situated on a portion of the west branch of the Credit. It contains a population of about six hundred, a large woollen factory, employing about forty hands, a grist mill, tvi^o tanneries and I li i h I I i\ t ' ■ E i,<'' i' I' J'', ^\] ««' Mi ill ^^ 262 CANAUA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. ,-.'■, -^"v ->-■-.■->. two foundries. There are two churches, Wesleyan Methodist and Episcopal Methodist. In the west corner of the township is a small village called Acton. It is about eight miles from Georgetown, by the road at present travelled; when- the plank road is completed to the village, (Credit and Guelph roaJ,) the distance will be reduced to six miles. Acton contains a grist and saw mill, carding machine and fulling mill. About two miles norlh-east from Georgetown, is a small village called Williamsburg, which contains a grist and saw mill, woollen factory, and a Melhodist church. From Georgetown to Nerval is three miles and a half, in a south- easterly direction. This village is situated on the river Credit, and also on the plank road ; it contains a grist and oatmeal mill, saw mill and tannery ; with two churches. Episcopal and Free church, and a post- office. From Stewarttown to Georgetown the land is rather hilly, and from Georgetown to Norval it is also hilly. The timber is principally pine, with a little hardwood intermixed ; occasionally a few acres may be seen, timbered entirely with hardwood. The township of Esquesing is well settled, and contained in eighteen hundred and fifty, three thousand three hundred and forty inhabitants, three grist and eleven saw mills. And it produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, eighty thousand bushels of wheat, thirtj'-two thousand bushels of oats, fifteen thousand bushels of peas, twenty-two thousand bushels of potatoes, eighteen thousand pounds of ma[)le sugar, fourteen thousand pounds of wool, and fifteen thousand pounds of butter. To the south-west of Esquesing lies the township of Nassagaweya. This township is about the size of Nelson, but contains at present only half the population of that township. The land in Nassagaweya is generally of excellent quality, and the timber hardwood, with pine intermixed. There is no village in the township. It contained in eighteen hundred and fifty, eighteen hundred and sixty-eight inhabitants, one grist and seven saw mills, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, forty-six thousand bushels of wheat, twenty-seven thousand bushels of oats, twenty thousand bushels of potatoes, seventeen thousand bushels of turnips, twenty-two thousand pounds of maple sugar, eight thousand pounds of wool, and twenty-two thousand pounds of butter. The Gore District is admirably situated both for trade and agricultu- ral operations ; the soil is generally good, and the oak plains, with the assistance of the powerful fertilizing properties of gypsum, which exists in large quantities in the district, produce crops of wheat which can Canada: past, present and tvjvrk. 203 .---^.'..*.->.v-."^^. scarcely be excelled, in weight or quality. Some of the largest and best cultivated farms in the Province are also to be found in the Gore District. The district receives an annual allowance of about two hundred and fifty pounds towards the support of its agricultural societies. And the Government allowance for common schools amounted, in eighteen hun- dred and forty-nine, to thirteen hundred and ninety pounds, besides one hundred pounds for a grammar school. Number of Common Schools in operation in the Gore District, in 1847, with the amount of remuneration paid to teachers : Township. Hamilton (city) Ancaster Barton Beverly Brantford Dumfries .... Binbrook Esquesing Flamborough East Flamborough West Glandford Nassagaweya Nelson Oneida Onondaga , Saltfleet Seneca Trafalgar Total 09 "o c o o Apportionment Total ^S from Annual Salary 'o% Legislative of o.S School Grant. Teachers. )^ 6 £173 7 9 £500 14 110 4 8 495 6 56 9 7 246 18 1-20 16 11 590 21 222 15 11 970 28 254 18 6 1488 4 38 3 10 22) 16 131 7 1 736 7 55 7 5 267 9 110 4 8 525 5 43 10 11 245 8 62 9 291 15 117 16 3 735 4 46 1 6 136 5 42 2 8 189 10 86 7 9 473 7 51 2 6 231 17 16-1 7 10 723 200 £1887 6 6 £9071 Number of Common Schools in operation in eighteen hundred and forty-nine : — Ancaster, eleven ; Barton, five ; Beverly, seventeen ; Binbrook, six ; Brantford, eighteen ; Dumfries, twenty-five ; Esquesing, seventeen ; Flamborough West, eight ; Flamborough East, six ; Glandford, four ; Nassagavveya, eight ; Nelson, thirteen ; Oneida, six ; Onondaga, six ; Saltfleet, eleven ; Seneca, ten ; Trafalgar, seventeen ; City of Hamilton, six ; Town of Brantford, two ; Dundas, one. — Total, one hundred and ninety-seven. ; '* ^' I , I I m.. if^' 264 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND F0T17RC. !'!S ; i\\ Expenditure on, and Revenue from Public Works, up to December 31s/, 1849 : Work. Expended before the Union. Total Cost. Dundas and Waterloo Road £25000 40000 1500 17000 2500 1500 £30532 1 49988 6 4350 7 17000 2500 1813 16 69403 3324 17 5 Hamilton and Brantford Road 9 Brant furd Bridge 6 Loan to Dcsjardins Canal Company O Loan to Oakville Harbour Company Paris Bridge f) Burlington Bay Canal Caledonia Bridge 8 Comparative Statement of Revenue and Expenses for the years 1840, 1848, anc? 1849: Burlington Bay Canal. Year. Gross Revenue. Expenses of Collection and Repairs. Net Revenue. 1846 £3273 2454 2618 £ 164 1742 632 £3109 1848 712 1849 1986 Hamilton and Brantford Road. 1846 1848 £3604 2613 £ 605 778 £ 2999 1849 1 835 Brantford Bridge. 1846 £ 154 19 599 £ 154 1848 £ 2 49 17 1849 550 Caledonia Bridge. 1846 1848 £ 118 246 £ 28 60 £ 90 1849 186 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 265 Oakville Harbour. 1846 £ 602 0^ 413 n £ 189 212 317 1348 646 434 1849 844 527 i fc!||( ' ■!■ Dundas and Waterloo Road. 1849. £ 1194 i £ 1808 ! £ 614 Expenditure on Lighthouses for the year 1849 : Name of Light. Salaries. Supplies. Total. Burlington Bay £ 100 £ 120 a 10 62 15 2 £ 220 5 10 Oakville .-. 62 15 2 ■ Revenue from Lighthouse, or Tonnage Duties, for the year ending 5ih January, 1850 : Haniiltnn Oakville £ 124 1 6 45 14 6 Revenue /rom Customs Duties for the year ending 5th January, 1849 Port. Gross Amount of Collections. Salaries and other Expenses. Net Revenue. Hamilton £30326 3 11 1023 16 4 £ 1203 5 6 150 2 4 £29122 18 5 Oakville 873 14 For the year ending Jan. 5, 1850. Hamilton £4-5005 10 5 1298 1 5 £ 1451 6 5 123 9 3 £43554 4 Oakville 1174 12 2 .-: 3 «*t***J, IW, i:;;^; 266 CANADA : PAST, PRESE.\T AND FUTURE. Abstract from the Assessment Rolls for the years 1843, 1844, and 1848 : Number of Acres cultivated. Mills. Horses. Oxen, 4 j'ears old, aud upwards. Cows. Young Cattle. Amount of Ratable Propertj. Date. Jin 115 130 1842... 222098 266842 37 38 5899 6099 16087 16577 7873 8097 £ 986499 1041713 1844... No. of acres cul- tivated. Mills Horses. Oxen, 4 years old & upwards. Cows. Young Cattle. junt of ised in •ict. Township. CQ •c O 1 1 4 5 4 3 4 5 1 8 4 3 1 ca (» 1 10 4 3 12 12 12 18 23 19 5 15 17 6 12 7 3 e 2 ts •1 ^''^ o c« .a Bart on 8634 12977 8618 8514 21872 10632 11124 20974 33411 24439 10.300 22152 55015 40079 7333 7041 7398 401 605 400 310 952 557 404 780 1174 727 257 758 1722 1180 333 216 257 45 181 99 186 240 214 290 400 578 575 470 6(59 677 591 329 311 216 549 932 585 572 1606 922 790 1541 2248 1588 829 1577 2900 1940 655 551 553 110 216 316 234 495 201 271 473 893 791 340 662 992 796 165 182 226 jE 240 15 2 Saltfleet 378 13 3 Glanford 230 18 9 Ilitibrook 242 17 4 Ancastor 657 16 6 Flainborough, West... Flamborough, East... Nelson 336 10 6 534 10 11 592 2 9 Trafalgar 928 1 9 EsoucsinEr 138 8 Nassagaweya 322 1 8 Ileverly 610 4 5 Dumfries 1310 10 10 Bruntford 857 3 4 Seni'ca Oneida 325 18 6 228 10 7 Ouonducra 305 18 3 Total 310513 44 179 11033 6071 19338 7349 .£8740 15 2 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FOTURE. 267 \. -^ -^ -^r^-S. 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M «! u o 60 ♦J CA to :d .5 CS ^ feD •S '3 J3 B 4-* « M o en 1 B 3 1 ri U4 •o .-i 3 «S •o a; •S a .i^ a 2 cs u n B OS t3 rn » c n. cs ^ -M B o B o o o ^ n 4-* a o ^ .B >^ a B M ■o O ^ bo nr s 3 n w .ii tf u i B U B 35 cr en B 4> t> "04 a o t« o tJ r/) s; en < a. 3 en (4 B o ■B cs E is" c2 en s l*"^ V c IS ?» rG n l4 *•» 01 _5i o 5 V •n o 4^ <» ux O 1) ed o 1 O (A E o B o to u vs c u f^ u 4-» -1 .s o F— 1 H CJ 4) IS .B B O d ♦- !■■ I I a' HI ■ ^i'lf p. J, :|- i I -. I, 1.1 r-K -! ! *i! LI t, , « ^««iM— iamn '*! nii-i I ■miiatit'im, 3 .•>^. »-»,>», M..HH*'l»i'»«^. 268 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. w CO O) t^ »-* (N ^H f>\ 00 »>. o» •^ ■-4 ■^ 00 •eSon (N (N 00 I'. CO « >o M C4 F^ 1— 1 • 'O 00 CI (}* CI o 00 « (M >.0 I* o 'O 00 CO o O >.-5 C5 O CO -^ OU CI 00 CO S5 'O . o 'O CI O CO CO CI CO 00 o o CO o CO oi p— I i;^ 1— 1 1-- 00 CO 1^ CI O) CI 1^ CI 00 ■- >.o CO r-t CO CO OS C5 "O CO 00 CO F^ p"^ — . 1.0 1.0 10 C5 10 ws c» CI co^ o~ o o C5 1-1 o o CO Ci 00 ■-• i-i Ci CO CO — CI 00 CO »^ CI — 00 CO ~ >0 CO CI c< « -f >.0 CI O CI C CO CO 1—1 •|3ZJnw p3uBi\[ •.fEfijosuox •fidiujn J, JO -qsng 6. ^ o CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 CO 10 >.o eo CI CO o ^ i~" "^ 1.0 Oi !>• '^ 1^ 00 oi — f^ 00 CO 05 00 CI M CI 00 CI rl CI OS d OV 1.0 CO CO CI CI CI 00 -rll CI •^ 00 00 CI d >o CI o d eo CO 00 CO CO 00 '- W5 T 0> CO — CI to -H I- a o ed u « n « Distances in the Counties of Wentivorth and Halton. Hamilton to Dundiis, five miles; West Flamborough, eight and a half; Gait, twenty-five ; Paris, twenty-seven ; Ayr, thirty- four; An- castcr, seven ; Cainsville, twenty-one ; lirantfortl, twenty-four ; Mohawk Village, twenty-five and a half; Mount Pleasant, twenty-nine ; Springfield, thirty ; Waterdown, seven ; Ilan- nahsville, ten ; Centrcville, fourteen ; Cumminsville, fourteen and a half; Lowville, sixteen ; Palermo, fifteen ; Wellington Square, nine ; Port Nelson, ten and a quarter; Bronte, fifteen and a quarter ; Oakville, nineteen and a quarter ; Stoney Creek, seven. Brantford to Cainsville, three miles; Ancaster, seventeen; Hamilton, twenty-four; Mohawk Village, one and a half ; Mount Plea- sant, five ; Springfield, six ; Paris, seven ; Gait, twenty-one ; Dundas, twenty-one ; Waterdown, twenty-eight ; Hannahs- ville, thirty-two ; Palermo, thirty-seven ; Wellington Square, thirty-three ; Bronte thirty-nine ; Oakville, forty-three. Dundas to West Flamborough, tlrree and a half miles; Gait, twenty; Copetown, five ; Paris, twenty-two ; Brantford, twenty-one ; Ancaster, four ; Stoney Creek, twelve ; Waterdown, seven ; Hannahsville, eleven ; Cumminsville, fifteen ; Lowville, sixteen and a half; Milton, twenty-six; Palermo, seventeen ; Stewart- town, twenty-eight ; Acton, twenty-eight ; Norval, thirty-nine ; Georgetown, thirty ; Wellington Square, twelve ; Port Nelson, thirteen and a half ; Bronte, nineteen ; Oakville, twenty-three. Gait to Ayr, ten miles ; St. George's, ten ; Dundas, twenty ; Water-down, twenty-seven ; Hannahsville, thirty-one ; Palermo, thirty-six ; Wellington Square, thirty-two ; Bronte, thirty-eight ; Oakville, forty-two ; Paris, fourteen ; Brantford, twenty-one : Spring- field, twenty-seven ; Mount Pleasant, twenty-six ; Hamilton, twenty-five ; Flamborough, West, sixteen and a half. Paris to Gait, fourteen miles ; Ayr, ten ; Brantford, seven ; Dundas, twenty-two ; Hamilton, twenty-seven ; Waterdown, twenty- nine ; Hannahsville, thirty-three ; Palermo, thirty-eight ; Wel- lington Square, thirty-six ; Bronte, forty-two ; Oakville, forty- six. Oakville to Hamilton, twenty miles ; Bronte, four ; Wellington Square, eleven ; Trafalgar,?. 0., (Dundas street,) four ; Hornby, twelve ; Ashgrove, sixteen ; Stewarttown, eighteen ; Georgetown, nine- teen and a half; Milton, fifteen; Williamsburg, twenty-one and a half; Acton, twenty-six. Ill,: M m ^ .7" • il- I I ««*«w.j<(a,. >i'im^,MmiiiA»miifillM* u. ■ " t i 1 "" " A H ' v> 270 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. Wellington Square to Cumminsville, nine and n half miles ; Lowvillo, ten and three quarters; Watcrdown, seven ; Centrcvillc, four- teen ; Ilannahsville, five ; Port Nelson, one and a quarter ; Bronte, six and a quarter; Oakville, ten and a quarter. Waterdown to Ilannahsville, four miles ; Palermo, nine ; Centreville, seven; Lowville, eight and a half; Cumminsville, seven; Dundas, seven ; Flamborpugh West, ten and a half; Gait, twenty-seven ; Paris, twenty-nine ; Brantford, twenty-eight ; Ancaster, eleven. YORK. The County of York, lately the Home District, is divided into four Ridings, each of which returns a Member to the House of Assembly, and the City of Toronto returns two. The East Riding comprises the townships of Marklmm, Pickering, Scarboro and Whitby. The West Riding, the townships of Albion, Caledon, Chinguacousy, Toronto, and the Gore of Toronto. The North Riding, the townships of Brock, Georgina, East Gwillimbury, North Gwillimbury, Mara, Rama, Reach, Scott, Thorah, Uxbridge and Whit- church; and tlie South Riding the townships of Etobicoke, King, Vaughan and York. The County of York contains of surveyed land two millions, eight hundred and seventy-nine thousand, nine hundred acres ; four hundred and thirteen thousand, three hundred and thirty-three acres of which were clergy reserves, of this two millions one hundred and five thousand, six hundred and seventy-seven acres have been granted or appropriated ; leaving vacant, three hundred and fifty-five thousand eight hundred and ninety acres. The County of York varies in breadth from five miles to sixty-five, measuring from east to west, and in length, from north to south, from thirty miles to seventy. The County of York is bounded on the east by the Newcastle and Colborne Districts ; on the west by the Gore, Wellington and Simcoe Districts ; on the south by Lake Ontario, and on the north by the Simcoe District and by Lake Simcoe. The county is well watered by numerous streams, many of which are excellent mill streams, possessing a never failing supply of water. The h' CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 271 VN.'V* •S.VV^- Lowvillc, •illc, four- , (quarter; cr. entrcville, le, seven ; alf; Gait, iuty-ciglit ; d into four f Assembly, 1, riclccrinj?, 3 of Albion, The North bury. North e and Whit- colcc, King, lUons, eight Pour hundred [es of which [vc thousand, Ippropriated ; Ihundred and \o sixty-five, south, from Iwcastle and and Simcoe the Simcoe lof which arc Uvater. The principal of these arc the Credit and the Iluinbcr, both of which were formerly excellent salmon slreams,and large quantities used to he taken in the proper season, but from the number of saw mills erectv. m them during the last few years, and the quantity of saw-dust carried down them in consequence, the fish have almost ceased to visit them. The other streams arc the river Don, the river Rouge, the Ilolliind river, Talbot river, Beaver river, Etobicoke creek. Highland creek, DulTm's creek, and Mimico creek. The Home district, which formerly inckided the townships now form- ing the Simcoe district, or county of Simcoe, has been settled about fifty- five years. In seventeen hundred and ninety-nine, it only contained two hundred and twenty-four inhabitants. In eighteen hundred and twenty-four, the population had increased to sixteen thousand, six hun- dred and nine. In eighteen hundred and thirty-two, to forty thousand, six hundred and forty-eight. In eighteen hundred and thirty-four, to fifty-five thousand five hundred and eight, and in eighteen hundred and forty-two, to eighty-three thousand three hundred and one. These num- bers included the population of the Simcoe district. In eighteen hun- dred and forty-eight the population of the Home district had increased to one hundred and six thousand nine hundred and ninety-five, and in eighteen hundred and fifty, to one hundred and twelve thousand nine hundred and ninety-six. It is to be regretted that we have for tliis county no continuation of the township reports furnished by Gourlay, giving the statistics of the townships in eighteen hundred and seventeen. These are valuable as showing the state of the country three and thirty years ago. In writing on the subject he says : " From this district I did not receive a single reply to my address, although it was first published here, and had the cordial approbation of the head magistrate of the Province, as well as of every body with whom I held converse. This may be ascribed to two causes ; first, the opposition of a monstrous little fool of a parson, who, for reasons best known to himself, fell foul of the address which I had published, abused me as its author, and has ever since laboured, with unremitting malignity, to frustrate its intention. This man, unfortunately, was a member of the Executive Council ; and his efforts, from that circumstance, were but too successful. The second cause may be traced to the low condition of society in the Home district, owing to the peculiar state of property. The foregoing reports sufficiently demonstrate how the farmers of Upper Canada have been baffled in their improvements by the large tracts of unsettled land ; but, in the Home district they have suflTered most from this ; and not only has it dulled the edge of husbandry, but in a remarkable degree clouded the rise of intellect and spirit among the inhabitants. i&. \ tl 272 i^ im ■ 1 ?' lis !&■. tis' CANADA : PA8T, PRESKNT AND FUTURE. No sooner was York, or Little York, as it was first called by Governor Siinooe, — no sooner was Little York fixed upon as the capital of the I'ro- vinco, than it became obvious that sooner or later the landed property around, and on the j^reat roads leading to Kingston, &c. would bear a high value. For this good reason the creatures in ofiice and favour bent Iheir avaricious eyes upon it, and large portions were secured to them and their friends. The consiujuences are melancholy. For five miles round the capital of Upper Canada, scarcely one improved farm can bo seen in contact with another; and even within a gun-shot of the place, the gloomy woods riso up in judgment against its nefarious inmates. I say, " the gloomy woods," b(!cause nature does not appear in her full attire in the neighbourhood of Little York. The need of firewood has stolen from the forest its chief ornaments, and left a parcel of scorched and decaying pine trees to frown over the seat of rapacity. The only connected settlement commences about five miles to the north, on Yonge street. In other directions, so far as the district goes, you might travel in eighteen hundred and seventeen to its utmost limits, and "ot find more than one farm house for every three miles. It is true that round York, and particularly to the westward, the soil is inferior ; but the con- venience attendant on proximity to a town would long ago have over- balanced this disadvantage, had property not been monopolized and mangled. Where Yonge street is compactly settled, it is well cultivated and thriving, particularly beyond what is called the " oak ridges." "In this quarter the land is excellent, and it is 'veil occupied by indus- trious people, mostly Quakers. In other quarters Simple and unsuspect- ing Germans, Tunkers and Menonists, have been thinly stuck in by the knowing ones among their precious blocks and reserves, by whose plod- ding labours the value of this sinecure property may be increased." " There are not more desirable situations for settlement in the Province, than on the great road from York to Kingston ; but here the largest portions of land have been seized upon by people in power and office. Some twenty years ago, these people sold two whole townships of Crown land, and had the effrontery to lay out a great part of the proceeds in opening the road through these their favorite locations, which actual settlers would cheerfully have done gratis, besides keeping it in continual repair. The road was indeed opened, but to this day, except in sleighing time and fine weather, it is an absolute block up against him who would attempt to pass between the two principal towns of the Province." This is a gloomy picture, but the affairs of the Province have brightened since those days; we presume the "York Parson," described as a stumbling block in the path of progress and improvement, has long since been gathered to his fathers : Little York is Little York no longer, nor CANADA : PAST, PBESENT AND FUTUBF:. 5'^ ■^"^.^s. %,>--*, •- s.-\,>.%%^»^-.-vv lovcrnor the I'ro- property I boar a our bent I to them ive miles •m can be the place, mates. 1 II her lull ■wood has f scorched The only , on Yonge ight travel id 'tot find that round 3Ut the con- have over- polized and ill cultivated [dges." [ed by indus- unsuspect- •k in by the whose plod- reased." jhe Province, the largest ir and office. ps of Crown proceeds in rhich actual in continual in sleighing who would )vince.'' e brightened cribed as a las long since longer, nor is the capital of the Upper Province any longer in the woods. Tliat it may have boon keptl)ack in its early days by greedy speculators is very likely, such being tlic case with most towns in the Province. The county of York contains a great variety of soil and timber; the former varies from ?and to clay, passing through all its varying combi- nations of light loam, stirt" loam, »fco. A chain of hills, known as the " ridgos" crosses the centre of the County, running from east to west, and giving birth to numerous streams. Lini(\stone, sandstone or freestone, lithographic stone, shell marl, clay of various (jualitios (some of it fit for potters use,) exist, and bog iron ore is said to have been found in various places. The timber consists of pine, beech, hard and soft maple, white and red oak, black and white birch, basswood, ironwood, hickory, cedar, elm ash, cherry, tamarack, and many other varieties. The principal towns and villages in the County, are Toronto, the county town, and the present capital of the United Provinces, Oshawn, Whitby, Streetsville, Cooksvillo, Ih'ampton, Georgetown, Markliam, New- market, Richmond Hill, Holland Landing, Lloydtown, Bradford, "Weston, &;c. «fcc. Yonge street, the great northern road through the County, was laid out by General Simcoe, when Lieutenant Governor, and opened by the troops under his command for thirty-two miles in a direct line. It would be well for the Province, and equally beneficial to the troops if other Governors employed them as usefully. The Province would then derive some benefit from the troops being stationed here, and the men them- selves would be more healthy, and from being actively employed would be less likely to be led themselves, or to lead others into dissipation. Gourlay snys, "one great object of opening Yonge street, was to shorten and facilitate the communicatioii with the north-west ; aecor(lin'■ ij X - I' .•■ 274 Canada: past, present and ruTuni. :'^t falls of Ningarn, is less than ten iiiilcs; whereas from York to Cloufrsfrr, it is more than thirty. The qucslion of preference is still nf^il.ited hy the respective partisans of these did'crent routes, and seems not yet clcci Huron, Irod and ciirriage lat those Uidcau, ly a l)ody It degree a twenty- c town of , hundred :e. They isted by a to defeat prisoners iscssion of exploded General ids. The town on ivaded by nel Scott, a number try stores, retreated. jfNorval, the town- iding line in, having the plank iguacousy •^^■VN N %V^ 'S.-,-^ *.^ ft'utrr of (he l«i\vuslii|» of Toroalt), at. llial point wlicrr tin* "crutn! I'oail." MS it is called, rrosscs Duiidas stn-cl, sixtccM iniU-s iVom Toronto. It (Iocs a fiotul business lor its size, and as the sla'ies >;()in^; east, west, uiiil north usually st(»|i here, thi^ eonstant tratiie ^;ives tho village an ii|t|iearanei' oi'j;reater husiness and huslh' than its size woidd s«'en» to uarrant. Coolvsville eoiitaiiis .'iliout three luuidred and twtMity inhabitants, ti daily post, three saw mills, ojje of whieh is worUed by steam ; a sti'aiu last and \\v^ laetory. and a taujiery. There are also two Methodist ehurehes, and a Keehabile hall. A small stream Hows tlirou};h the villafi'e. About a mile and a halt' east from Clooksville, Jilso on Dundas street, is the pleasant little village oT Sydenham. A lari;esl«>am jurist mill and distillery w«'re in operation here a lew years since, which were untbrtu- iiatelv deslroved bv lire. 'I'liis »>stablishnient was I'ornierly in tlic possession ol' the Messrs. Ihichanan, ami at that time the villaf;e did a «'onsiderable am»>uul ol' business ; on the wilhdraw;il of tlu> hirji'i' capital of those ijtMillemen tVom the plact>, its trade beiijin to decrease, and it is now ujcrely nominal. A steam saw mill has been erected on the site o['\\w old i;rist mill, and there are also in the village a brewery, distillery ami taimery. Sydenham contains a p(>puhvtion of about one hundred and {\i\\. Vvoux l\u>ksville to Vort Credit is about two miles and a hall', the road is planked, the lainl level. and the lindter compos( barrels. '2S barrels. 271.-) bushels. n-i!);{ bushels. 'J!l(i buslicla. 24;i07.';i feet. One schooner ofeif^hty tons is owned at Port Credit. This section of country couUl have been l)Ut litth^ settled in Oourlay's time, as he says, " There, is an Indian reserve west of York, which extends from the lake to tlie irildcnu'ss, between Toronto and Etohicoko, and on Avliich some i\[iss:issaga Indians arc stationary ;" and ap^aiii, " hi eighteen hmidred and eighteen a purchase was made I'rom the Missassagas ofpart of their reserve, and a vast extent of the irihlcrncss.''^ Toronto township contains a large proportion of excellent land, the greater porti^JU of which is rolling. The soil varies in quality, some portions of it being sandy loam, and others stiff loam or clay. The timber consists generally of a mixture of hardwood and pine, although some tracts of land are altogether timbered with hardwood, and some small portions on the contrary are covered with pine. The township is Avcll watered, having the Credit on the south-west, and the Etobicokc on the north-east. la eighteen hundred and forty-five the township con- tained four grist and twenty-one saw mills. The saw mills have decreased in number, but the grist mills have increased ; a favorable sign, as it may be presumed that the timber is becoming scarcer, and more land is being brought under cultivation. In eighteen hundred and fifty there were in the township seven grist and seventeen saw mills ; six thousand, two hundred and three inhabitants ; and one hundred and eighty-nine thou- sand bushels of wheat, twenty thousand bushels of barley, seventy-eight thousand bushels of oats, forty-two thousand bushels of peas, thirty- seven thousand bushels of potatoes, thirteen thousand bushels of turnips, ■fi! "^"—■minMMrt' Willi 278 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. If twenty-four thousand pounds of wool, and twenty-seven thousand pounds of butter, were produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine. The land on each side of the mouth of the river, four thousand six hundred acres in quantity, was an Indian reserve, belonging to the Mississaga Indians, and was surrendered by them to the Government, two or three years since, to be sold for their benefit. This has been done, and the greater portion has now been taken up, the Indians' having removed to the Grand Kiver. They had a village about two miles from the mouth of the Credit, where houses had been built for them by the Government. Leaving Cooksville for the more northern township of Chinguacousy, we follow the plank road to Brampton, ten miles distant. Three miles and three quarters before reaching Brampton we pass through the small settlement called " Derry West," which contains about sixty inhabitants, and two churches. Episcopal and United Presbyterian. The land between Cooksville and Brampton is rolling, the soil of excellent quality, and a large portion of the timber is hardwood ; in the neighbour- hood of Brampton the hardwood is intermixed with pine. There are many fine farms along the road, and the appearance of the substantial houses, with good farm buildings, sufficiently prove that the owners are in easy circumstances. Brampton, so called after a town of the same name in Cumberland, is a busy, thriving little place, in a good situation for trade, being situated in the midst of a fine tract of larming country, and during the winter of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, about a hundred thousand bushels of wheat were purchased in the village. The centre road or " Hurontario Street," was cut out from hence to Dundas street, and commenced settling about the year eigliteen hundred and twenty. The farm on which Brampton is now built, was purchased about that time at two dollars and a half per acre, which was then considered a very high price. Farming land in the neighbourhood will now average about ten pounds per acre in value ; farms having changed hands within the last year or two at one thousand pounds for the hundred acre lot. And village lots of a quarter of an acre, are selling at from twenty-five to thirty pounds each. Brampton now contains about four hundred and fifty inhabitants. A steam flouring mill, containing three run of stones, was erected during the last year, and a steam saw mill is in progress. There is also a tannery, a foundry, brewery, and distillery. There are three churches, United Presbyterian, Wesleyan Methodist, and Primitive Methodist, and a post office. The Etobicoke creek runs through the village. CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND rUTURE. 279 s. r--\.>. -vw-s."*- w About five miles above Brampton, on the same road, is a small village called Edmonton, containing about a hundred inhabitants. The centre road is at present planked as high as the village, but not beyond it. Near the north-west corner of the township, about eleven miles from Brampton, is a small settlement called Cheltenham. It is situated on a road running nearly straight back from Churchville, from which place it is also about eleven miles distant. Cheltenham contains a grist and saw mill, situated on the Credit, which runs through the village. Taking it as a whole, Chinguacousy is a very fine township. It is one of the largest w'heat producing townships in the county, being second only to Whitby, and before all the rest. In eighteen hundred and forty- two it contained three thousand nine hundred and sixty-five inhabitants, which number had increased in eighteen hundred and fifty to five thou- sand four hundred and eighty-nine. It contains two grist and eight saw mills, and one hundred and ninety-four thousand bushels of wheat, sixty- two thousand bushels of oats, thirty-eight thousand bushels of peas, forty-eight thousand bushels of potatoes, seventeen thousand bushels of turnips, twenty-one thousand pounds of maple sugar, twenty-seven thou- sand pounds of wool, fourteen thousand pounds of cheese, and thirtj'-three thousand pounds of butter, were produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine. The west and south of the township are watered by the river Credit, and the centre by the Etobicoke, and the cast of the township is watered by small streams, tributaries of the Humbcr. To the north-west of Chinguacousy lies the township of Caledon, long looked upon as beyond the verge of civilization, or habitable country by emigrants or land seekers. It was originally peopled by a rough and hardy set, a large number of whom still remain, and retaining their old backwoods, dioil-me-care manners, seem to think, when they descend to an older settled or more civilized township, that it is necessary to give themselves airs, to show their independence. It is amusing to see some of these gentry at a tavern, when they happen to come down to the village lo sell their wheat, or transact other business. Nothing pleases them ; nothing is so good as they get in Caledon ! There are no potatoes on the table ; they can get potatoes for supper in Caledon. They do not like bread; they get hot cakes for supper in Caledon. The beef is not as good as they get in Caledon. The tea is not as good. Even the salt is not as salt, the sugar as sweet, nor is the mustard, (even when it brings tears into their eyes) as strong as they get in Caledon ! And should any one at table possessing a little more sense of propriety, attempt good naturedly to check their grumbling, they will probably become sulky, and exclaim loudly that they can talk as much as they m m iilf f n gjii ii ' i a n maBi awwjwHi^R^ 11 280 CAiNADA PAST, PRESENT AND FCTCBE. V >^V^ -N. "v N. -VW % X \,->. >. like in Ca/edon. Calcdon being in their opinion the r.e plus ultra of every thing that is desirable or worthy of admiration, and they themselves " the pink of perfection." This state of things has been perpetuated in a great measure by ihc remoteness of the situation, and the extent ot bad road that for a groat portion of the year cut them ofl' from mixing or associating with the inhabitants of older settled portions of the country. In the meantime, however, they have been clearing and improving their farms, and many of them must now be in good circumstances. Of late years settlers of a different class have been moving in, and as soon as the plank road from Brampton is extended through the township, (which is in contemplation), it will improve much more rapidly. The centre road, or Ilurontario street, is carried through the centre of the township, and from thence through the townships beyond to Nottawassaga Bay. Caledon is watered by the Credit river ; and a range of hills called the " mountains of Caledon," stretch across the township. In eighteen hundred and forty-two the township contained nineteen hundred and twenty inhabitants, which number had increased in eighteen hundred and fifty to two thousand seven hundred and forty-four. Caledon contains three grist and two saw mills, and produced fiffy-four thousand bushels of wheat, thirty thousand bushels of oats, eight thousand bushels of peas, thirty-three thousand bushels of potatoes, thirty-one thousand pounds of maple sugar, ten thousand pounds of wool, and twelve thousand pounds of butter, from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine. To the east of Chinguacousy and Toronto lies the Gore of Toronto, which is introduced like a wedge between those townships and Vaughan, and Etobicokc. The Gore of Toronto is a very small township ; it is well settled, and contains good farms. There is no village of any size in the township, but the lower portion of the sixth line plank road is rather thickly settled, and there is a small settlement called Clairville, on the line between the Gore of Toronto and the townships of Vaughan and Etobicoke. The township is watered by the west branch of the Humber. In eighteen hundred and forty-two the Gore of Toronto contained eleven hundred and forty-five inhabitants, which number had increased in eighteen hundred and fifty to sixteen hundred and two. It contains two grist mills and one saw mill, and produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine, fifly-sevcn thousand bushels of wheat, twenty- three thousand bushels of oats, seventeen thousand bushels of peas, fourteen thousand bushels of potatoes, eight thousand bushels of turnips, eight thousand pounds of wool, and ten thousand pounds of butter. In travelling from Brampton to the sixth line you may either strike directly across the township from the village, or, if you are going higher CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 281 ultra of mselves uated in ixtent ot lixing or country, ing their Of late 3 soon as ), (which le centre ownship, |a Bay. Us called eighteen idred and I hundred II contains id bushels lis of peas, pounds of id pounds Toronto, |Vaughan, ihip ; it is any size ik road is |ciairville, Vaughan ich of the Icontained I increased contains If eighteen |t, twenty- of peas, )f turnips, itter. ler strike Lg higher up the line, you may follow the plank road to the village of Edmonton, and turn there. By choosing the latter, at any season except the middle of summer, or in sleighing time, you cscaj)e five miles of bad road. From Brampton straight across to the sixth line is about four miles. You reach the line at " IMuUips's corner," as it is called, from whence to the place called " Stanley's Mills" is tw'o miles. This is a small settlement, containing about a hundred inhabitants, and two grist mills. A small stream runs through the village. Two miles beyond Stanley's IMills, and sixteen miles from Dundas street, is a small settlement called " Tulla- more," a miserable, tumble-down, dilapidated looking place. It contains about a hundred inhabitants, and an Episcopal church. Four miles from thence you reach a neatly built, and fresh looking little village called Newtown Hewitt or Sandhill. The appearance of which strikes you favourably after passing through "Tullamorc." Here is a post office, and a stage runs from hence to Toronto. There is a Methodist church, built of brick, a short distance froin the village. After leaving Phillips's corner the majority of the houses and farm buildings are of a very poor descrij)tion, although most of the farms have large clearings. There are a few, however, of a dillerent descrip- tion, but they are not numerous. From Sandhill to Bolton village, in Albion, is about six miles. The land is gencraMy level or rolling, till you arrive within about a mile of Bolton, when it becomes very hilly. You have scarcely lost sight of the sixth line when you perceive an improvement in the character of the buildngs, good substantial houses and farm buildings appearing in every direction. The timber is hardwood and pine intermixed. Bolton village, or Bolton's Mills, so called after one of the first settlers, is a picturesque looking village, being situated in a valley, with the Humber river flowing through it ; and so completely surrounded w ith hills, that from whatever side you approach you see nothing of the village till you crown the heights above it. Bolton is a busy little place, containing about four hundred inhabitants, a grist and saw mill, carding and fulling mill, tannery, and post office. There are three churches. Episcopal, Congregational, and Methodist. Iron ore is said to have been found in the neighbourhood of the village. Bolton is twenty-seven miles from Toronto, and ten miles from Lloyd- town, and about ten miles from the present termination of the Weston and Albion plank road. It is intended to carry this road farther up during the present season. Many of the settlers in the village are emigrants from England, and brought with them the old country fondness for horticulture ; consequently gardening is the amusement of the inhabitants, and the appearance of r ■ w 11 f 5 J n ^1 • 1 i. i^Vt^H'i ^^H^Ht. l^aMwi ^v I^^K^^Hj •ta' HIh 1 ^■IhI 1 Hh^^BI ffi: Blf H^nB^upV Wut 1 282 CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. V- ^ ^ -N^V -N. ■\. %, -v. ^* the village in summer time is much improved by the refined and culti- vated taste oi" the residents". About two miles nearly northwards from Bolton is a small settlement called Columbia, where a grist and saw mill are in operation, situated on a small stream, a tributary of the Ilumber. Albion is generally considered an English townsliip, although there arc natives of other countries scattered in amongst the English emigrants. A portion of the township is very hilly and broken, but the remainder con- tains very excellent land. In eighteen hundred and forty-two Albion con- tained a population of two thousand one hundred and fit>y-four, which number had increased in eighteen hundred and fifty to three thousand nine hundred and fifty-seven. There are four grist and six saw mills in the town- ship, and seventy-one thousand bushels of wheat, twenty-three thousand bushels of oats, thirteen thousand bushels of peas, thirty-two thousand bushels of potatoes, nine thousand bushels of turnips, fourteen thousand pounds of maple sugar, and thirteen thousand pounds cf wool, were produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine. From Bolton to Lloydtown you follow a north-easterly course till you reach the town line between Albion and King, and then turn a little to the left, and take the road known as the "tenth line," which brings you straight to the village. The first portion of the road is very hilly, and the timber consists of pine and hardwood intermixed. About four miles before reaching Lloydtown you cross a cedar swamp, after which the timber becomes principally pine and hemlock for the next two miles ; large tracts of land bordering the road, being still covered with wood. The country then opens, and large clearings lie before and on either side of you. ,. The character of the timber here becomes changed, and a large proportion of it is hardwood. The soil, the whole distance, is of a loamy character, varying in consistence. The country, generally, has a new appearance, a large portion of the stumps being still standing in the fields, and the houses and farm buildings are poor, with few excep- tions. Thn road the whole distance is hilly, or composed of a succes- sion of rolling ridges. Lloydtown, which is situated in the north of the township of King, contains a population of about three hundred and fifty. The village is situated in the midst of a hilly country, though not so hilly as that sur- rounding Bolton. The west branch of the Holland river runs through the village, and a grist mill, having three run of stones, a saw mill, and a carding and fulling mill, are situated on it. The grist mill has a fall of twenty-five feet. There are also in the village two tanneries, a post office, and two churches, Efiscopal and Methodist. CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 283 Lloydtowii is twelve miles from Yongc street, nine miles from the Vaughan plank routl, sixteen miles from Holland Landing, nine miles from Bond Head, twelve and a half from Bradford, and fourteen from Newmarket. At about a mile from Lloydlown, situated to the north-east, is a small village called Brownsville. It contains one hundred and thirty-eight inhabitants, a grist mill, saw mill, and tannery ; and a church open to all denominations. Brownsville is also situated on the west branch of the Holland river, which has here a fall of twenty feet. From Lloydtown to Yonge street is twelve miles in an easterly direction, the road being varied from a direct line in order to avoid a large swamp which projects into the township. Seven m'.lcs from Lloydtown you pass Tyrwhitt's Mills or Kcttleby, where is a grist and saw mill. The situation is picturesque, and would be more so had a little of the timber been left standing on the hills. Here, however, the universal Canadian practice has been followed in clearing the land, that of sweeping away every thing capable of bearing a green leaf; although it requires a generation to repair the devastations of a few houi's. The new settler, however, looks upon trees as enemies, which must be des- troyed on any terms, and it is not till he has been settled for some years, and begins to feel comfortable, that he wishes he had left a few trees to ornament his domain. Between Lloydtown and Tyrwhitt's INIills the road is very hilly, and for part of the distance the land is timbered with cedar, hemlock, and pine, with a little hardwood scattered in. After leaving Tyrwhitt's, although the land is still hilly, the slopes are more gentle, and the undu- lations on a broader scale. There are several large clearings on the road, but considerable quantities of timber are still standing. The soil is generally a rich loam. The township of King varies much in agricultural capabilities. A large portion of the east, west, and north is hilly and broken, while the centre and south are more level. The west branch of the Holland river takes it* rise in a small lake on the town line between King and Albion. This originally covered only fifty acres of ground, but the damming the river to supply the mills has flooded some of the low land about its banks, and increased its size to one huT dred and fifty acres. The south and east of the township arc watered by small streams, tributaries of the Humber. King is a well settled township, and has been improving rapidly within the last few years, many acres of land have been brought into cultiva- tion, and its agricultural products have considerably increased. In eighteen hundred and forty-two it contained twenty-six hundred and 1 1 ! ■ ^ m i W 'ti \ ", '■ m 1 ■i; !' !; I: -I'll i ri i' ■Mil 1 ^ 1 "^ ^^ B tf - i 1 i '11 n 284 CANADA : PAST, PHESCNT AND FUTURE. twcnty-nvc inhahitiinls, and in olf^hfccn luimliTd and fifty tlio number liad iniToasod to live thousand fivr hundred and sovrnty-fonr. 'J'hrro arc in tlio township sovon ^rist and twonfy-onc saw mills, and one hun- dri'd and forly-ninc thousand bushels of wheat, live thousand bushels of barley, oij^hty thousand busliels oi" oats, thirty-seven thousand bushels of peas, lifly-two thousand bushels of potatoes, fourteen tliousand bushels of turnips, thirty-two thousand pounds of maple suj^ar, nineteen thousand pounds of wool, and twenty-two thousand pounds of butter, were produeed from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine. After reaching Yongc street it is four miles to the Holland Jianding, or the village so called, situated on Yonge street, which is hero the town line between l^ast and West (hvillimbury. It is thirty-two miles from Toronto, four miles from liradford in West Cwillimbury, and ten miles from Lake 8imcoe. The cast branch of the Holland river runs through it. From the name given to the village, " Holland Landin;^^^ strangers and persons at a distance are led to imagine that it is in reality a land- ing pitta', and that the steamlioat starts from thence on her trips across the lake (Simcoe) ; such, however, is not the fact, the village is built about three miles from the old steamboat landing, and I'rom thence it is seven miles to the lake, and passengers were conveyed to the place of embarkation in stages kept for the purpose. The course of the Holland river is very serpentine, the stream is narrow, and in many places the bends are so abrupt that the boat in her course would frequently run her nose into the marsh, and have to be pushed off with long poles. It was a. tedious passage, those seven miles, as we can testify from experience. During the last season, the old boat, the " Reaver,'' was removed from the old binding place on the east branch, to the Bradford bridge landing place, on the west branch of the river. This branch is said to be much easier to navigate than the east branch ; the water being deeper, the stream broader, and its course not as tortuous or choked with marsh. A new and second steamboat was started last season, which ran from the old landing place. The starting a second boat on a route so remote was a matter of doubtful policy, as it was very improbable that Lake Simcoe, or the country bordering it, could at present support two boats. The "Reaver," however, has since changed hands, and we understand that for the future it is only intended to run one boat at a time. Holland Landing is situated in rather a hilly part of the country. It is improving slowly, and contains some good brick houses. It contains about five hundred inhabitants, a grist, and two saw mills, one of which is worked by steam ; a foundry, tannery, and brewery. There is also a CANADA : PAST, PIIESENT AND FUTURE. 285 post ofRco with a daily post, and two cliiurlu's, Episcopal and INIctho- dist. Tlicrc is a daily stafrr bctwrcn the v!lla;;c and Toronto. Three milos cast IVoni llulland F.anding is tho villa};c of Sharon, or, as it is more IVcciurntly callinl, Davidtown, a villaj;r contiiininji^ about iwo hundrt'd inhabitants, and noted as hv'uvj; the adopted home of a pe- culiar sect, secedcrs iVoin the Society of Friends. We are not aware if they have adopted any j)eculiar designation or cognomen for themselves, but tliey are usually known as Davidites, alter their leader, a jNlr. David Wilson. The original settlers emigrated from the State of New York in the year eighteen hundred. They were at lirst only six in nundxT, but soon added to tluMr strength, and erected two singular looking build- ings. One of these, intended as an imitation of the .Tewish Temple, is sixty feet scjuare, and sixty-five feet high, and is arranged and deco- rated within in a curious manner. This temple was built by the society, who worked occasionally, and took seven years to complete it. On the lirst Friday in Septendjcr in each year, the temple is illumiriated. The second building was erected for a meeting-house, and measures one hundred feet by ^ifly. It contains an organ, and cost about twenty- five hundred dollars building, which sum was raised by subscription. The members meet every Sunday I'or religious services, and twice a year for a feast or communion. There is a i)ost oliice and a taiuiery in the village. Sharon is situated in the midst of a fine tract of farming country, and is surrounded by well situated and handsome looking farms. A road, called Queen Street, which runs through the township, par- allel to Yongo street, passes through the village. On this road, about two miles north from Sharon, is a small settlement called Queensvillc ; and about nine miles farther north, at the " Dug-hill," is the Keswick j)ost oincc. About a mile and a half from thence, on the shore of Cook's Bav, is a small settlement called Keswick. This is better known as Roche's Point. East Gwillimbury has been settled about fifty years. It is a township of land of very variable quality; there is, however, a fair proportion of good land in it. It is watered by the cast branch of the Holland river and other small streams. In eighteen hundred and forty-two it con- tained seventeen hundred and ninety-six inhabitants, and in eighteen hundred and fifty the number had increased to twenty-six hundred and sixteen. It contains one grist and eight saw mills ; and fifty thousand bushels of wheat, forty-six thousand buslrels of oats, fourteen thousand bushels of peas, thirty-four thousand bushels of potatoes, twenty-seven thousand bushels of turnips, thirty-two thousand pounds of maple sugar, I ^ n I il ,11 (J •I it III > .il! V ' 28G CANADA : PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. eleven thousand pounds of wool, and twenty-one tliousand pounds of butter, were produced from the crop of cijj^liteen hundred and forty-nine. IS'orth Clwilliiiibury is bounded on the north and west by Lalce Simcoc, and it is watered by several small streams running through it. The soil varies in quality, much of that in the north and west, bordering the lake being of poor quality, with a considerable quantity of marsh, and much of the timber pine. The township, however, is improving, and its agricultural products arc on the increase. In eighteen hundred and forty-two it contained only six hundred and ninety-seven inhabi- tants, and in eighteen hundred and fifty the number had increased to eleven hundred and seventy-two. There are no grist mills, and but three saw mills, in the township. Twenty-six thousand bushels of wheat, thirteen thousand bushels of oats, five thousand bushels of peas, thirteen thousand bushels of potatoes, ten thousand bushels of turnips, sixteen thousand pounds of maple sugar, four thousand pounds of wool, and two thousand pounds of butter, were produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine. From Holland Landing to Newmarket is about four miles. New- market, which is situated in the north-west corner of the township of Whitchurch, is a considerable village, containing nearly eight hundred inhabitants. It has been long settled, and, to tell the truth, it has rather an old-fashioned look about it. It is divided into two distinct portions, at some little distance from each other. The east branch of the Hol- land river runs through the village, and two grist mills are erected on it. There are also in Newmarket a foundry, tannery, and brewery ; seven churches. Episcopal, Presbyterian, Congregational, Wesleyan Methodist, Baptist, Christian, and Roman Catholic ; a court-house, and a grammar school. Newmarket is situated in a fine section of country, and is surrounded by excellent farms ; the appearance of the neighbourhood has a great resemblance to the country in the vicinity of Streetsville. Newmarket is about a mile from Yonge street, and has two roads leading to it, an upper and lower road ; the soil of both is composed of clay, and we lately had the felicity of travelling over, or radfier through them, and, although part of the lower road appeared to be ma- cadamised with broken bricks, we can assure those parties who have the management of the roads in that vicinity that they might be im- proved. About five miles from Newmarket, and twenty-four from Toronto, is a small settlement called Machell's or Mitchell's Corners. This is situa- ted on Yonge street, partly in Whitchurch, and partly in the adjoining township of King. It contains about one hundred inhabitants ; and at CANADA: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. 287 K ^.•S.^.N. W'.^'V.'S.'V.'N. V" .^"^^.^,'V,^." «.*.^V,^^«.-». lounds of orty-nine. c Slincoc, it. The bordering of marsh, mproviiig, n hundred en inhabi- creased to 1 but three of wheat, xs, thirteen ips, sixteen ol, and two of eighteen Ics. New- township of yht hundred it has rather ict portions, of the Hol- erected on d brewery; Wesleyan :-house, and surrounded las a great two roads composed k or rather Id to be ma- Is who have f.ght be im- Toronto, is this is situa- Le adjoining Ints ; and at .1 short distance is a grist and saw mill, known as "Ifollinsliod jMills." There arc also in tlie settlement a tannery, post othcc, K])iscopiil church, and a Quaker meeting house. Whitchurch is a fine townsliip, well settled, and contains numerous well cultivated farms. It has been settled for many years, originally by Pennsylvanian Quakers, a large portion of whom, or their families, still occupy the township. Part of the township is hilly, but the greater portion of the land is rolling. It is watered by numerous small streams. In eighteen liundrcd and forty-two, Whitchurch contained three thou- sand eight hundred and thirty-six inhabitants, and in eighteen hundred and fifty the number had increased to four thousand two hundred and forty-two. There are four grist and fourteen saw mills in the township, and seventy-six thousand bushels of wheat, eight thousand bushels of barley, eighty-one thousand bushels of oats, twenty-two thousand Ijushcls of peas, forty-two thousand bushels of potatoes, forty thousand bushels of turnips, forty-eight thousand pounds of maple sugar, seventeen thou- sand pounds of wool, and twentj-seven thousand pounds of butter, were produced from the crop of eighteen hundred and forty-nine. Eight miles from Machell's Corners you reach the village of Ilieh- moud Hill, pleasantly situated on Yonge street, sixteen miles from To- ronto, pt.'tly in the township of Vaughan, and partly in IMarkham. It is rather a long village, stretching up and down the road for some dis- tance. It is difficult to calculate the number of inhabitants, the houses being so scattered that it is scarcely safe to say what should be com- prised within the legitimate limits of the village. It is, however, a smart little place, and contains within its bounds a steam grist mill, (the Elgin mills), a steam saw mill, and a tannery ; and two churches, Presbyterian and Methodist. Five miles from Richmond Hill, and eleven from Toronto, is another settlement called Thomhill, this is also on Yonge street, and is also situated partly in Vaughan and partly in Markham. Here also is a grist and saw mill, and a very extensive tannery. Thornhill was, until lately, a place of considerable business, till it received a sudden check by the closure of the business of the late Mr. Thorn. It is, however, a good situation for business, and its prosperity may in time revive. Vaughan is an old and well settled township, and contains numerous well cleared and cultivated farms. A large number of the inhabitants are Pennsylvanian Dutch, or their descendants. The land is generally rolling, the soil varies in quality, some parts being timbered with hard- wood, others with a mixture of hardwood and pine, and large tracts are covered with pine exclusively. The township is watered by the Humber, • ^ P'vf' ■ \ '' !■ 1 • 1 ; « 1 4 - m ^ f 1 ''' |''l -^ ■ i ,1 V' 1 j • l ti i fi I; :!" ^ ■ IL 288 CANADA : PAST, PRESKNT AND FUTUnE. -/! •• on wliich are sifuatod tin* Piiic Grove Mills, aiul Uurwick. At tl»c latter place is a Iarj,'c woollen factory. Vaii;?liaii lias improved rajiidly within tins last few years. In ei BUSINESS DIRECTORY ESSEX, KENT, AND LAMBTON, CLate Western District.) MERCHANTS, &c., &c. Armstrong, W. R., merchant Morpeth (towns, of Howard) Aiders, S, distiller Chatham Blackwood & Baxter, merchants Dresden (Bear Creek) Brooke, J. E., merchant Chatham Buchanan, David, merchant Port Sarnia Burns, James, merchant Chatham Cameron, Allan P., merchant Chatham Cameron, Malcolm, merchant Port Sarnia Clarke, W. B., merchant Port Sarnia Copland, James, merchant Port Sarnia Crow & Beatty, merchants Chatham Currie, Andrew, merchant tailor Chatham Curtis, Clarke, pumpmaker and boatbuilder Port Sarnia Carroll, H. M., merchant Warwick village Davies, Stephen S,, wholesale importer of dry goods Chatham Davis, John, foundry and machine shop Chatham Deaubin, J. M., merchant Amherstburg Dewson, A. K., merchant Amherstburg Dougall, James, nurseryman Windsor Durand, George, merchant and postmaster Port Sarnia Eberts, W. & W., merchants and steamboat proprietors.. .Chatham Eberts & Robertson, merchants and druggists Chatham Findlan, John, merchant Morpeth Firby, Thomas, soap and candle factory and ashery Windsor Flintoft, James, steam saw mill Port Sarnia Gibbs, A. W., chemist and druggist, and bookseller Chatham Griffis, Wm., merchant Chatham Giiillott, H, C, merchant Sandwich I'M ;■/ ll i»^>i«wininai>.ite if III I i\ I 4 I 9 BUSINESS DIKECTORV — CANADA WEST. Hill, A., forwarder, &c Hill's Landing, near Morpctb Holmes, Jabez, distiller and malstcr Chatham Houston & MacKenzie, merchants Port Sarnia Hunt & lilackader, merchants Windsor Hunt, Charles, forwarder, soap and candle factory, and ashery .Windsor Hunt, W., merchant Sandwich Ives, John, marine railway Amherstburg Jones, Alex., foundry Amherstburg Kerby, G. R., merchant Zone Mills Kerby, N. C, merchant Dresden King, G. W., merchant ...Morpeth Kitchen & Gordon, merchants Zone Mills Kolfagc, J. K., merchant and tanner Amherstburg Laidlaw, Adam, merchant Morpeth Lavery, Charles, merchant Amherstburg Lalibcrty, — ., lumber and stave merchant Amherstburg Leys, Alex., merchant Port Sarnia Lily, John, merchant Zone Mills McCrae, John, merchant Windsor McEwan, John, forwarding merchant Windsor McDowell, John, foundry and machine shop Chatham McGregor, M., merchant Amherstburg McKay, J., merchant Louisville Mcintosh A., & Co., merchants Port Sarnia McKellar & Dolsen, steam saw mill Chatham McKeuny, Henry, auctioneer Amherstburg McLeod, John, merchant, miller, distiller, cloth factory, and auctioneer Amherathurg Mcnzies, Peter, merchant Amherstburg Miller, Joseph, merchant Sandwich Northwood, J. & W^, millers Chatham Mortbwood, Josh., distiller Chatham Ouellette, M., merchant Sandwich Park b Co., merchants and forwarders Amherstburg Paxton, Thos., fish merchant Amherstburg Pegley & Cross, druggists Chatham Poole, Samuel, merchant Chathatn Plumb, Anson, merchant Morpeth Furday, H., merchant Dresden Read, v. D., merchant Morpeth .. . Salmoni, Thos., merchant and forwarder Amherstburg; Sanderson, James, distiller Amherstburg BUSINESS DIRECTOR V— CANADA WEST. Sheldon & Fellows, steam saw mill, dealers in walnut and ' ■ other lumber Morpeth and Antrim Slagg, Joseph & Henry, brewers Chatham Smart, James, tanner Port Sarpia Smith, James, mcrehant, earding machine, and fulling uiill...Dawn Mills Smith, Samuel, grist and saw mill, and cloth factory Euphemia Smith, VV. B., tanner Chatham Smith, John, tanner Chatham Stevenson, George, merchant Port Samia Taylor, Peter, merchant Araherstburg Taylor, T. M., stage proprietor Chatham Thomas, George, agent Upper Canada Bank Chatham Verhoeff, P. F., & Co., merchants Windsor Vidal, T. G., iron and brass founder Port Sarnia Wagner, Alex. II., auctioneer Amherstburg Wilson, Wm., merchant Morpeth Winter, Wm., merchant Chatham Winter & Martin, steam saw mill Chatham Witherspoon & Charteris, merchants, and agents Gore Bank Chatham Woov!, *"•' r^ , «team saw mill Dresden Woodbi'-^ 1 .^Illis, saddlers and harness makers Sandwich Wolf & . o- ; , merchants Port Sarnia Wright, John, & Co., merchants and millers lAmherstburg Wright, W., merchant Dresden » Young, A., merchant, and agent for National Loan Fund Life Assurance Society of London Port Sarnia PROFESSIONAL MEN, &c., &c. Baby, Chas., clerk of peace Sandwich Baby & Woods, barristers, &c Sandwich Baby, W. D., barrister Sandwich Barr, Robert, Dr Chatham Bullock, George, treasurer of county Sandwich Chewett, Alex., judge of county court Sandwich Cosgrove, W., collector of customs Chatham Dewson, A. K., Dr Amherstburg Duck, George, clerk of peace Chatham Fluett, L. J., attorney, &c Sandwich Glass, Henry, registrar of county Port Sarnia Guichard, D., Dr Sandwich 8 ■1i ■ ,li • ;| ' : 1 ll'i i J :|'J ]'■ f '' 1 ! 1';:: li ' ' 1 •if 1 B ' ill i: ill 1- |i'- •ir: ■:l """• I illBlMttii I \ ::i M f ST I ' <: 1^ 1] E BUBIMESS DIHECTORY — CANADA WEST. Hall, W. G., inspector of licenses Sandwich Ironside, Alex., Dr Chatham Johnston, Thos., Dr Port Sarnin McDonell, S. S., county clerk Sandwich McMuUin, P., crown lands agent Sandwich Mercer, Joseph, clerk division court Sandwich McKay, H. B., deputy registrar Chatham McCrae, W. A., inspector of licenses, and weights and measures Chatham McCrae, Walter, barrister and attorney Chatham McLean, A. D., barrister and attorney Chatham Fegley & Cross, surgeons, &c Chatham Prince & Son, barristers, &c Sandwich Rankin, Arthur, surveyor Sandwich Reynolds, R. T., Dr Araherstburg Robertson, Alex. R., Dr Chatham Rolls, James, Dr Morpeth Salter, P. D., surveyor Sandwich Salter, P. J., master grammar school Sandwich Yidal, R. E., Capt., R. N., collector of customs Port Samia Vidal, W. P., barrister Sandwich Vervaia, J. A., Dr Sandwich Waddell, John, sheriff Chatham Wallen James, Dr Morpeth Wilkinson, J. A>, judge of surrogate court, and surveyor.. .Sandwich HOTEL, INN, AND TAVERN-KEEPERS. Beeman, E Windsor Biles, Henry, " Chatham Arms " Chatham Conroy, F Amherstburg Hirons, T Amherstburg Horseman, T Amherstburg Hutton, J., "Windsor Castle" Windsor Laughton, Sandwich Marie, L AmherstlHirg Smith, .John, "Morpeth Exchange" Morpeth Swart, J, B Fort Samia White, Samuel Morpeth Winter, John, " Royal Exchange" Chatham BUSINESS DIRECTORV — CANADA WEST. i,i'n T ■U- COUNTY OF MIDDLESEX. MERCHANTS, &c., &c. Adair & ThompsoD, merchants, dry goods London Adams, E., merchant, groceries London Aiken, John, merchant Sparta Akins, W. H., merchant Vienna Alexander, J., merchant Vienna AUworth & Co., mcrchantb St. Thomas Anderson, M., foundry and tinsmith London Arkell, Thomas & H., distillers Port Stanley Bald, James T., merchant and forwarder Port Stanley Beddome, F. B, bookseller and stationer London Begg, James, merchant St. Thomas Bissell, William, sash factory London Black, Henry, merchant St. Thomas Blackwoods, Roe & Co., merchants, millers, and distillers. ..St. Thomas Brennan, John, merchant Katesville Buckley, R. H., grocer London Buttery, John, nursery for fruit trees, near Strathroy Carling, Wm., brewer London Carruthers, John, grocer Port Stanley Caughell, IL, merchant Vienna Childs, W. H , agent for Columbus, Hartford, and North Western Fire Insurance Companies London Churchill, E., lumber merchant Vienna Coats, J., livery stable keeper London Code, Thomas, builder London Collovin, Matthew, merchant, dry goods London CoUovin, Charles, merchant, dry goods London Comfort, Jos., carding mill Kilworth Cook, Charles, merchant Kilworth Cook, Timothy, merchant and miller Strathroy Cox, B, & Co., merchants, dry goods London Coyne, J. & H., merchants St. Thomas Dalton, Henry, tallow chandler London Darch, Robert, saddler London Darch, J., saddler London Davi«, Henry, watchmaker London Dell, Hiram, merchant Strathroy Dlmond, John, brewer London Dixon, Thomas C, hatter and furrier London , ii I 1: l''f « f I; ■*-4«il«ai«ilif*.:4,^.„^. r > % 11 BUSINESS DIRECTORV CANADA WEST. Drake, John, merchant Delaware Drake, Samuel, merchant KU worth Eccles and Labatt, brewers London Edison, S., tinsmith Vienna Elliott, J., merchant Vienna Elliott, J., builder London Ellis, E. P., cabinetmaker London Fennel, Robert, saddler London Firth and Smith, millers Port Stanley Fisher, Benjamin & Co., lumber merchants Vienna Fox & Co., lumber merchants Vienna Francisco, W., merchant Vicuna Franklin, J., agent for Merchants' Mutual Insurance Com- pany of Buffalo London Eraser, John, agent of Bank of Montreal London Garnsey, S., merchant Vienna Gibbins, J., saddler London Gillean, J., bookseller, &c London Glass, Wm., grocer London Glen, J., tailor London Gordon, Wm., merchant, dry goods London Graham, J. M., bookseller, &c London Grant and Morgan, merchants St. Thomas Green, Messrs., builders : London Gunn, G. M., merchant, dry goods London Gunn, Marcus, printer St. Thomas Gustin, II., merchant Lobo Village Hall, W., tailor London Hamilton, James, agent of Bank of Upper Canada, and National Loan Fund Life Assurance Society London Hawkins, William, lumber merchant Vienna Hodge, A. & Co., merchants and forwarders Port Stanley Hodgman, Wm., tanner Kilworth Holmes, Marcus, carriage maker London Hope, Birrel & Co., merchants, dry goods, hardware and groceries London Hayman, E. W., tanner London Jackson and Elliott, foundry London Jacobs, O. B., mercliant St. Thonia.s Jarmain, John, tinsmith London Jarvis, Francis, distiller Kilworth Jennneret, R. J., watchmaker, &c London Jenkins, Thomas, merchant Vienna Jennings, John, livery stable keeper London Kent and Southwick, booksellers and druggists St. Thomas , > DU8INE33 DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. King, W., saddler London Laing, J., grocer St. Thomaa Lmnpkin, II., agent for Kinpiro State Fire Company, Or- leans Company of Rome, N. Y., and Genesse Mutual. ..London Laurason and Chisiholm, merchants London Lawson and Ladd, merchants Delaware Lemon and Hart, printers — " Times' office" London Leonard, E., founder and tinsmith London Little and Waugh, merchants Aylmcr Love, A., cabinet maker St. Thomas Lowrie, Alexander, carriage maker Lonr'f"*. Luke, Richard, brewer St. !'' urns Luke, Joseph, tanner St. Thomas Macdonald, Alexander, land agent, and agent for National Life Assurance Company of U. S. and Niagara District Mutual Fire Insurance Company London Macklin, J. C, merchant, dry goods and groceries London McRride, S., tinsmith London McDonald, J. P., merchant Vienna McFee, Hugh, grocer London McFie, Daniel, merchant, dry goods London McGill, Francis, merchant, dry goods London McKay, John, merchant St. Thomas McKenzie, A„ merchant St. Thomas McKinnon and Wrong, merchants Vienna McKittrick, P., tailor London Magee, Geo. J., merchant, dry goods London Magill, Matthew, merchant, dry goods London Macintosh, J. G., & Co., merchant, dry goods London Marsh, D. O., saddler London Morrill, J. U, cabinet maker London Mi'ls, Wilson, commifision merchant London Mills and Jay, merchants Sparta Mitchell, J., merchant St. Thomas Monsarrat, Charles, agent Commercial Bank and Colonial Life Assurance Company London Mitchel, B. A., druggist London Moore", William, distiller London Moore, M., tanner St. Thomaa Morrill, S., tanner and currier London Mount, Thomas M., miller ....Port Stanley Mountjoy and Sons, cabinetmakers London Munro, A. F., lumber merchant Vienna Murphy, D., grocer, .'v London Murray, R. S. & Co., mercliants, dry goods London Jfewccmbe, II. T., printer, London ji', '■ 'i ; ! ^, 8 BUSINESS OIBEOTORY — CANADA WEST. Ogden, John, saddler Kilworth Page and Manson, merchants Strathroy Paul and Smith, millers St. Thomas Paul and Rykert, distillers St. Thomas Paul, A., grocer London Peters, Samuel, distiller London Phillips, Ralph, distiller Port Stanley Phillips, John, merchant, dry goods London Pomroy, S. S., agent St. Lawrence Mutual Fire Iniiurance Company, and New York Mutual Life Insurance Co.. ..London Plummer and Racey, carriage makers London Price, Samuel, merchant Port Stanley Raymond, E., hatter London Raynard, John, merchant, dry goods London Rcid, Robert, bookseller and stationer London Reilly, VV. T., livery stable keeper London Ridout, L., merchant, hardware London Richardson, W. & Co., stave and lumber merchants Vienna Rose, Hugh, grocer London Routh and Davison, forwarders Port Stanley Salter, John, druggist London Sells and Leonard, foundry St. Thomas Smith, B. T., merchant Vienna Smith, F. W., merchant Vienna Smith, Francis, grocer London Smith, A. and G., grocers London Smith and Reynold, grocers London Smith, Roger, miller London Smith, H., merchant S[Kirta Smith, John, meichant Vienna Stewart and Brothers, tailors Londot> Street, W. W., agent for Gore Bank, and British North Ameiican Fire Insurance Company, and Britannia Fire and Life Insurance Company London Sutherland, W., printer — "Free Press" office London Talbot, John, auctioneer London Till, W., cabinet maker London Thompson and Macpherson, merchants Port Stanlej Tomlinson, J., druggist Vienna Towle, S. M., merchant Delaware Trcbble and Hawking, brewers ......St. Thomas- Tyas and Williams, merchants, dry goods London Waddel, Woods & Co., distillers Port Stanley Wade, James, & Co., chemists and druggists Port Stanley Wade, — ., chemist and druggist St. Thomas BUSINESS DIREOTORY — CANADA WEST. Wallace, Wm. F., & Co., stave and lumber merchants Vienna Watson, George, builder London Whipple, A., & Co., lumber merchants Vienna Williams, George R., forwarder Port Stanley Williams, J., druggist London WiUon, Robert, grocer London Winsor and Scrciton, builders London Woodhull, licDJamin, miller — grist and saw, carder and fuller Kilworth Wrung, W. B., merchant Vienna PROFESSIONAL MEN, &c., &c. Anderson, A., Dr London Askin, J. R., clerk of peace, clerk of county court, and deputy clerk of crown .....London Beecher, IL & R., barristers, &c London Burgess, William, Dr Port Stanley Burwell, 11., registrar of county London Caddy, J. H., town engineer and land agent London Clench, Joseph B., inspector of licenses London Farley, J., town clerk London Farrow, David, Dr London Gill, W. C, deputy registrar London Going, Henry, Dr London Going. F., Dr St. Thomas Goodhue, George J., postmaster London Daniel, James, bairister, &c London Duncombe, E., Dr St. Thomas Hall, C. B., Dr St. Thomas Hamilton, James, sheriff London Hanvey, Daniel, surveyor St. Thomas Harris, John, agent for issuing marriage licenses London Horton, Wm., barriiiter, &c London MeClary, Wm., surveyor London McKenzie, A., Dr London McMillan, W., surveyor London Moore, Charles, G., Dr London Moore, John, M., Dr Port Stanley Parke & Scatcharc', biirristers, &c London Phillips, Thomas, Dr., and coroner for county London Saxon, J. F., barrister, &c Vienna ^'' ! ' i! I I:: 10 BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. Shanlcv, S., barriHtpr, &c London Snia'l, il. K , jii^lgc of county court London Strathv ./. IJ., county clerk ....London Street, W. W., trcHMurcr of county London 8outluvick, George, L)r St. Thomas Tlionipson, D, M., barrister, &c London Waiiltss, John, Dr., and coroner for town London Wiirren & Hamilton, barristers, &c St, Thomas Wilson k Hughes, barrister.s, &c London • NEWSPAPERS PUBLISHED IN LONDON. "London Times" Lemon & Hart " Western Globe" George Urown "Canadian Free Press" Wni. Sutherland "Gospel Messenger" John R. Lavell HOTEL, INN, AND TAVERN-KEEPERS. Palkwill, William, "Hope Hotel" London Barker, William London Bennett, J. M,, "Robinson Hall" London Collina, D. C Vienna Hutchison, William, "Middlesex Hotel" St. Thomas Lee, W. B., "Exchange Inn" London Mathews, John London McDowell, John London McFie, F London Mountford, J., "St. Thomas Hotel" St. Thomas Robertson, W'illiam London Smith, John, " British Exchange" London Smith, S, » Caledonia Hotel" St. Thomas Strong, H London Summers, John London Thompson, David, " Mansion House " St. Thorana nUSI.VESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WE8T. ri ^■^■W-.-v.N-s.-^-^V'^W COUNTY OF OXFORD. MERCHANTS, «Scc., &c. Andrews and Sutherlond, merchants Woodstock Bain, J., cabinetmaker Woodstock Barr, D., watchmaker Woodstock Barwick, II. C, agent Montreal Bank, Colonial Life Assu- rance Company, and British American Life Assurance Company Woodstock Beatty, J., merchant Woodstock BedJome, F. B., bookseller and stationer Woodstock Brown and Wilson, tanners Woodstock Brown, II. P. & Co., foundry Wood.'>totk Brown, Thomas, tanner and currier Ingcrsol Brown and Galiiford, boot and shoe store Ingersol Brown and Byrne, saddlers Ingersol Browet and Barker, merchants Ingersol Buchanan, John, tin and coppersmith Ingcrsol Burton, George, tanner and currier Beachville Bullock, Edward, grist mill, saw mill and cloth factory ...Otterville Campbell, Angus, distiller Woodstock Campbell, II., cabinetmaker Ingersol Carder, G. W., merchant ....Otterville Carrol, R. H., miller Ingersol Chapman, J. M., druggist Ingcrsol Clark, Robert, merchant Woodstock Coots, E., livery stable keeper Woodstock Cornell, H. J., merchant Norwiehville Cornrll, J. H. and S. P., merchants Otterville Cornell and Taylor, merchants Otterville Cromwell, R. B., merchant Otterville Doty, E., grocer and confectioner Ingersol Douglas, John, saddler Woodstock Dunbar, Nehemiah, distiller Beachville Eastwood, W., merchant and harness-maker Ingersol Elliott, A., merchant Woodstock Featherson, William, cabinetmaker Ingersol Finkle, H. and J., merchants and millers Woodstock Gurnet, Gabriel, saddler Woodstock 'f #•■1 i m m :j. l:^' I / -5', n m rt 'i 12 BUSINESS DIRBCTORY— CANADA WEST. '.'s.'s^,- -.'»- -«.-.-■% •^,'^•«l.^•ylv•,^^.^,^^^,^v^^• Ilaininii;, Robert, tin and coppersmith Ingerxol Hall, E., saw mill Ingersol Hull, C p., watchmaker Ingcrnol Hamilton, W., watchmaker VVoudfitock HarriRon, Georgr, wire worker and seive maker Ingcrsol Hill, E., merchant Woodstock Hook, William, miller Dcachvillc Idalc, John, merchant Woodstock Ingersnl, .lames, agent for Gore Bank Woodstock Ingcrsol, J. H., saw mill Ingersol Jarvis, G. T., distiller Ingersol Lakemaii, E, merchant Woodstock Laycock, Jamos, merchant Woodstock Lewis, E., builder Woodstock Loucks, Philip, grocer Ingcrsol Macklin, J. C, merchant Woodstock McDonald, J. C, &, Co., merchants Ingcrsol McGill, M., merchant Ingcrsol McKenzie, J, J., merchant Ingersol McLeod, W. C , merchant Woodstock McLcod, Peter, distiller Woodstock Mairs, Peter, miller Ingersol Malcolm, — ., grist and saw mill Oakland Mann, II. S., merchant Beachville Mason, Charles, carder and fuller Beachville Mathcson, Duncan, merchant Beachville Moore, Gilbert, merchant , Norwichvillc Murdock, James, carriagc-muker Ingcrsol O'Ncil, John, grocer Beachville Phelim, Thomas, auctioneer Woodstock Bawling, B., cabinetmaker Woodstock Robinson, R., livery stable keeper Woodstock Rumsey, W, A., founder and machinist Ingersol Scott, M., merchant Norwichville Scott, T., druggist Woodstock Smith, Andrew, merchant Woodstock Smith, William and Thomas, tanners Woodstock Smith, Thomas, saddler Woodstock Smith, William, carriage-maker Ingersol Snellgroves, Abraham, chair-muker, &c Ingersol Steel, John, merchant and miller Norwichville Thompson, Andrew, foundry Woodstock Tisdale, John E., merchant W'oodstock '\ BUfllNEMil DIBECTORV CANADA WEST. IS Tojnc, — ., merchant Oakland Turner, Ilonry L., nicrchnnt WiiodHtuck Turner, Charles, merchant \Voo(Utock Waito, K. B., livery stiible keeper Wood«tock Wallace, Thonuis, merchant and distiller Norwitlivillc Warren, Henry, tanner and currier Ucachvillc Webster, David, merchant Norwiclivillc Webster, H. II., cabinetmaker WoodMoik Welch, John, saw mill Woodstock White and Dixon, builders Woodstock Young, M. & Co., merchants Woodstock PROFESSIONAL MEN, &c., &c. Ball, F. R., barrister Woodstock Barry, II., surgeon Ingcrsol Bnrtloy, O., surveyor Woodstock Barwick, II. C, treasurer of county and postmaster Woocistock Blevins, Edward, (of Wilson, Hughes and Blevins,) soli- citor, &c Woodstock Canficld, D., clerk of division court Ingcrsol Carrol, James, shcrifT Woodstock Charles, "Jordan, inspector of licenses 13cachvillo Foquett, Richard, clerk of county court and deputy clerk of crown Woodstock Ingersol, James, registrar of county Woodstock Lapenoticrc, W., clerk of peace, and judge of surrogate court Woodstock Maddock, John F., barrister and attorney Woodstock McCarthy, J. F., surgeon Ty^f^-iol McQueen, D. S., judge of county court "•>'<' ;ijtock Miller and Smyth, solicitors Woodstock Parke, E. J., (Parke and Scatchard) barrister, &c ....Woodstock Phelan, D., postmaster , Woodstock Richardson, Hugh, barrister Ingersol Scott, Dr. W Woodstock Shenstone, Thomas S., county clerk Woodstock Smylie, W., surveyor Beachville Turquand, J. H., Dr Woodstock Vansittart, John G., registrar of surrogate court Woodstock Watt, J. H., Dr Woodstock m ji't % :l^: I 11 l!« i 14 BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. ^.-^"^-.■\,-V».-^ COUNTY OF NORFOLK. MERCHANTS, &c., &c. Abbot, John, printer — "Simcoe Standard" SImcoe Anderson, Henry, miller and distiller Vittoria Armstrong, W. & D., saddlers Port Dover Becker, — ., merchant Waterford Bowlby, A., steam saw mill Waterford Bradley, J. J., merchant Port Dover Brown, Augustus, merchant Simcoe Campbell, Duncan, agent for Gore Bank Simcoe Campbell, Alexander, merchant Simcoe CarpentA, J., agent for Provincial Mutual Insurance Company Simcoe Clancey, C. B., printer — "Norfolk Messenger" Simcoe Covernton, Charles W., agent for Britannia Life Assurance Company Simcoe Curtis, John, merchant Simcoe Darling, G. L., watchmaker Simcoe Donald, John, distiller Yittoria Eagles, H. W., merchant Fredericksburg Ellis, F. W., foundry Port Dover Falls, O. H, merchant Simcoe Fergusson, George, merchaut Port Dover Finlay, William, merchant Yittoria Fisher, Benjamin, lumber merchant Port Dover Gibbon, William, soap and candle factory Simcoe Green, James L., foundry Waterford Guudry, Jonathan, bookseller and druggist Simcoe Hayes, David, distiller Simcoe Hewitt, — ., druggist, &c Yittoria Hooker and Slack, grist and saw mill and distillery Waterford House, 11. M., primer — "Long Point Advocate" Simcoe Hunt, T. C, merchaut Simcoe Jerome and Baker, steam saw mill Port Rowan Kent, E., brewer Simcoe Kilmaster, John, merchant • Port Rowan Lamport, Henry, merchant Yittoria . BUSUTESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. Lawson and Bennett, tanners Port Dover Lees, Andrew, engineer Port Dover Lyons, James A., merchant Simcoe McLennan, Andrew, merchant Port Rowan Mitchell, John, druggist Simcoe Mulkins and Lamson, merchants Simcoe Owen, Abner, saw mill Simcoe Park, George, merchant Waterford Polly, John, foundry Simcoe Powell, J. W. and Son, merchants Port Dover Riddel], James, merchant Port Dover Richardson, Richard, merchant Port Rowan Ritchie, Ford and Jonr's, merchants, millers and distillers, ..Simcoe Robinson, Charles, lumber merchant Port Dover Ross, D. S., merchant Vittoria Sovereen, Jacob, merchant and miller Fredericksburg Sovereen, L. G., merchant Simcoe Stanton, F. G., agent Colonial Life Assurjfhce Company. ..Simcoe Thompson, Andrew, merchant and miller Port Dover Van Norman and Johnson, iron founders Simcoe Wallace, William, merchant Simcoe Weston, William, tanner Simcoe Wheeler, Henry, lumber merchant. Port Dover Whiting, W. and B., fulling mill Vittoria Williams, Israel, tanner Simcoe Wiliion, James G., miller and distiller Simcoe Wilson, Richard, agent for Gore District Mutual Fire Insurance Company Simcoe Young, Peter £•, merchant Vittoria PROFESSIONAL MEN, &c., &c. Burton, E., attorney, &c Port Dover Campbell, Duncan, crown lands agent Simcoe Clarke, John, Dr Vittoria Covernton, Charles W., Dr Simcoe Crouse, John B., Dr., warden ot county Simcoe Ford, William, Dr Simcoe Fuller, Stephen J., county clerk Simcoe Gilman, Edward, barrister Simcoe 16 h ■ '! I ■■'lia.i- g i f ii iaf li afn tiaia^f...^.^,^,,, '! 16 BUSINESS DIRECTORY CANADA WEST. Givins, A., attorne}, .ic Simcoe Green, James L., postmaster Waterford Groff, Ilenry, treasurer of county Simcoe Haycock, F. II., collector of customs Port Dover Johnson, — ., master of grammar school Port Dover Lamson, Nathaniel, coroner Simcoe McCall, S., postmaster Vittoria McKay, Adam, Dr Vittoria Mulkins, Thomas J., postmaster Simcoe Palmer, Dr Port Dover Phelan, John, Dr Port Rowan Rapclje, H. V. A., sheriff. Simcoe l\apelje, Abraham, deputy clerk of crown Simcoe Rapelje, P. W., barrister Vittoria Reade, George, collector of customs Port Rowan Salmon, Wm., judge of county court Simcoe Salmon, James M., Dr ?. Simcoe Segar,— ., Dr Port Dover Stanton, F. G., barrister and attorney Simcoe Van Norman, G. R., barrister Simcoe Walsh, F. L., registrar of county Vittoria Walsh, A., deputy registrar Simcoe Walsh, Thomas W., surveyor .Simcoe Waters, Henry, postmaster Port Dover Wilson, William M, clerk of peace Simcoe HOTEL, INN, AND TAVERN-KEEPERS. Beaupre, John Port Dover Dredge, George H Simcoe FlewcUen, Benjamo-^^ COUNTIES Oi' T.IXCOLN, WELLAND AND HALDIMAND. MERCHANTS, &c. &c. Abbey, John and James, owners of dry dock Po-t Robinson Allison and Vandyke, coachniakcrs Grimsby Alma, J. L., wine merchant , , Niagara Amsden, Samuel, merchant Dunnvillc Anderson, Alexander, merchant ■. Thorokl Armour, John, merchant Dunnville Armstrong, J. W., hatter St. Catharines Atkinson, William, saddler St. Catharines Bailie and Cook, merchants Grimsby Ball, G. P. M., miller, woollen manufacturer and lumber merchant Glen Elgin Mills Band, R., & Co., millers ... Port RobiDson Barker, J., merchant St. Catharines Barnard, P. C, merchant Caledonia Baron, William, marble manufacturer St. Catharines Barr, W^., merchant Niagara Barr, J. M., merchant St. (Catharines Barry, Thomas, saddler Caledopia Bate and Hunter, merchants Niagara Beadle, Chauncey, nurseryman .' St. Catharines Beatty, William, tanner Thorold Becker, John L., merchant Wellandport Beckett, Samuel T., grist mill St. Johns Bender, George and John, tanners Druramondville Benson, J. R. & Co., hardware merchants St. Catharines Berston, Harris & Co , tobacco and cigar manufacturers. ..Fonthill Berbeck, Richard, hardware merchant Thorold Bingham, A., tinsmith St. Catharines Bingle, Thomas, merchant Grimsby Bland, Luke, potash manufacturer St. Davids Bolan, Edward, merchant Queenston Boles, A. and J., distillers St. Catharines Bond, Henry, carriagemaker Chippewa Boomer, Brothers & Co., merchants St. Catharines Boomer, Hugh, miller Dunnville Bouck, William, pottery ....^ Thorold Boyle, Thomas & Co., merchants Dunnville Brant, George, merchant Smithville Brockelbank, J. W. & Co., lumber merchants Dunnville n m * ( P' \^ n' 18 BUSINESS DIBECTORY CANADA WEST. I I n m / i\ Pi 1 1 • i i j p.g. Brown, William, merchaut Queenston Brown, Mrs., merchant Qucinston Brown, J. R., merchant Ounnville Brown, George, merchant Caledonia Brown, George, merchant York Brownlee, VV., merchant St. Catharines Brownsou and Weatherby, founders and tinsmiths Dunnvillc Buck, A. C, dk'uggist Caledonia Bump and Carey, tanners AUanburg Bunting, T., tanner St. Catharines Burnham, W. S., tanner Chippewa Burns, John, tanner and currier Niagara Bush, W. A., merchant Smithville Cameron, William, brewer Dunnville Carrol, Sylvester, merchant, Thorold Carter, Louis G., merchant Port Colborne Chace, W., druggist St. Catharines Chacc, W., lumber merchant St. Catharines Chadwick, Benjamin, merchant Drummondville Chambers, Richard, grocer Dunnville Chnppe!, Robert, sash and last factory Fonthill Charles, Henry, merchant Niagara Chisholm and Minor, merchants and lumber merchants ...Dunnville Christie, Alexander U., merchant Niagara Christie, Alexander, miller , Thorold Clarke, John, merchant , St. Catharines Clendenan, J. B., merchant St. Catharines CoUaday and Massalcs, founders Beamsville Collier, R., locksmith and plater St. Catharines Collier, R., merchant St. Catharines Cook, Moses, miller Mcrrittsville Cook, John, plaster merchant Seneca Township Cook, Wm., merchant Stevensville Copland, W. R , & Co., booksellers, stationers and hatters, St. Catharines Cowan and Park, millers Thorold Cuiry, Robert, soap and candle factory Thorold Cutler, Abraham, lumber merchant Wellandport Dare, John, tanner Beamsville Darling, Samuel, miller, flour and plaster Dunnville Davidson, Alexander, agent Britannia Life Assurance Company Niagara Davis, Ilezekia, miller Dunnville Dawis, W., merchant St. Catharines Dean, Seth, miller and lumber merchant Grimsby Dittrifk and Vandecburg, stage proprietors St. Catharines Donaldson, John, & Co., millers Port Robinson Donaldson, John, plaster mill Seneca Douglass, James, watch maker Beamsville .. .-,-:y.^^..,,'!!^ias^," \ BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. Dudley and Campbell, merchants and forwarders Cayuga Dunlap and Seelcy, millers and lumber merchants Merrittsville Durkec, M. P. & J., merchants Smithvillc Durkoe, Joseph, tanner Smithville Durkin, Michael, merchant Canboro' Ellenwood, B., woollen manufacturer Allanburg Ellenwood, Francis, woollen manufacturer Merrittsville Elliot, Robert, merchant Port Robinson Evans and Griffiths, potash manufacturers Port Robinsou Farewell, J. M., merchant Grimsby Fell, Charles, merchant St. John's Fell, J. W., merchant Chippewa Ferguson, Duncan, merchant Caledonia Fields, E., stage proprietor St. Catharines Finn, Thomas, merchant Merrittsville Fish, W. T., merchant Thorold Fitzgerald, R. R., merchant St. Catharines Flctt, John, merchant ....; ....Chippewa Folmsbee, J., merchant Canboro' Forbes, George, livery stable keeper St. Catharines Fortier, James, merchant and postmaster Port Colborne Foster, A., merchant St. Catharines Fowlie, Robert F., forwarding merchant St. Catharines Furgusson, Mrs., merchant Thorold Garden, W, N., merchant Thorold Gardener, William, tanner Gainsboro' village Gibbons, Peter, merchant Petersburg Gibson, J., cloth manufacturer St. Catharines Gibson, James, miller Thorold Giles, J. B., printer — "Constitutional Office" St. Catharines Gowens, John, merchant Thorold Grant, John, merchant and druggist Jarvis Groger, William, potash manufacturer Cayuga Guernsey, John, tanner Queenston Ilaney and Brooks, millers and lumber merchants St. Johns Harris, J., livery stable keeper St. Catharines Hart, H. P., merchant Niagara Haun, A. L., founder Stonebridge Harvey, James, chemist and druggist Niagara Harvey and Doughtwait, soap and candle factory St. Davids Harvey, U., miller and tanner St. Davids Harvey, S., chemist and druggist St. Catharines Harvey, Adam, saddler St. Catharines Haynes, F., merchant Bcamsville Heaton, Andrew A., merchant and saddler Stamford HelUwell, John L., agent Upper Canada Bank St. Catharines 19 ffl ^'■■:r !l ■''* " i .:iMMi«te^> tiU if F I 5 '' m-y 30 BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. Ilcllcms, C. W., machinist St. Catharines Ilcndcrshot, W. B., merchant Thorold ITcnlcv, Tliclt.ud, apothecary Drummondville Henry, J. S., iiierchaiit Bt'ainsville Heron, Andrew, proprietor of dockyard and foundry Niagara Hif^by, Hammond and Fox, lumber merchants Yovli Hill, T. S., saddler Ikanisviile Hilton, James, broom manufacturer Thorold Hinman, F. H., saddler St. Catharines Holden, James B., miller Caledonia Holmes and Greenwood, carriagemakers St. Catharines Holmes, Thorpe, printer — "Journal Office " St. Catharines Housbergcr, M. H., merchant Jordan Hope, William, wharfinger Niagara House, H G., merchant Smithville House, Benjamin, postmaster Stevensville Hudson, C. L., merchant York Hurchell, Joseph, forwarder Cayuga James and Stevens, merchants Thorold James, WiUiam, merchant Stevensville Jamieson, C, merchant St. Catharines Jarvis, A. H., tinsmith Caledonia Junkin, John, Junr., & Co., merchants St. Catharines Keefer, Jacob, miller Thorold Keefer, George, miller Thorold Kemball. J. J., livery stable keeper St. Catharines Kemble, Samuel, miller and lumber merchant Grimsby Kent, James, & Co., mercnants Dunnville Kew, William, carriagcmaker Beamsville Kilburn, John, potash manufacturer Beamsville King, W. D., miller St. Catharines Kinsman, Danson, merchant Fonthill Kirkland, James, distiller Indiana Kirkpatrick, John, merchant Chippevra Knight, G., machinist ...St. Catharines Knox and Cheney, lumber merchants Caledonia Lally, Martin, merchant Smithville Lally, Martin, merchant Wellandport Lawder, J. M., agent, St. Lawrence Mutual Insurance Company , Niagara Lemons, John, & Co., lumber merchants Port RoblusoD Lepper, George, & Co., merchants St. Catharines Lester, Thomas, lumber merchant Indiana Lindley, — , tanner Caledonia Little, James, merchant and postmaster Caledonia Little, Cyrus, pottery Beamsville Lowcil, William, merchant Drummondville I > DUSIN'ESS DIRECTORY CAXADA WEST. 21 Lowry, Sliaftoo, planing machine Caledonia Lockh.irt, DaviJ, mcrcliant Ni;igara Lyons, J, II., bootmaker Ciiippcwa McArcUc, E., mercliant St. Catharines McArthur, J., merchant St. Catharines McDonald, John, watchmaker and jeweller Cliippcwa McCormiek, T., agent Upper Canada Bank Niagara McGIvrrn & Co, mcreh.ints ^ Dnnnviile jMcIndoc, James, merchant Niagara McCoppan, James, merchant Port Robinson Mclntyre, Thomas, cabinetmaker St. Catharines McKinnon, Ranald, mill owner and cloth mannfacturer ...Caledonia McRca, John, merchant Petersburg Macklem, O. T., founder and lumber merchant Chippewa Macklem and Cunimings, tanners Chippewa Macklem, James, agent Upper Canada Bank Chippewa Mahcr, William, mercliant SinithvlUc Manley, — ., merchant Port Colborne Marlatt, Isaac, founder Bcamsville Martin, A., Si Co., merchants Niagara M^uhleson, Gcorg;*, merchant Druiumondville j\iay, Richard, mcrcliant Uumiville Jlellanby, William, merchant Petersburg fiercer, L. W., agent Provincial Mutual General Insurance Company Niagara Merriam, John II., cabinetmaker Chippewa Mcrritt, T. R., miller St. Catharines Mills, Benjamin S , miller Caledonia Mills, A., machinist St. Catharines Mittleberger, II., agent Montreal Bank St. Catharines Mittlebcrger, J. B., watchmaker and jeweller St. Catharines Mitchell and McGIvcrn, merchants St Catharines Morley, John, plough manufacturer Thorold Montague, George, distiller Dunnville Moore, Henry J., lumber merchant Seneca Morrison, T., merchant St. Catharines Morse, A., bookseller and stationer, notary public, and conveyancer — agent for National Loan Fund Life and Fire Insurance Company Smithvllle Morse, ()., cabinetmaker DrwmmonJville Munro, Jas., & Co., merchants Thorold Murgatroyd, Thomas, carriagemaker ."Sinithville Murray, Andrew, postmaster and collector of canal tolls. ..Port Robinson Musson, William, pail manufacturer Indiana Nellcs, R. F., merchant and postmaster Grimsby Nelles, P. B., lumber merchant Grimsby Ificholsou, A. & W., merchants and lumber merchants ...Cliippcwa HI 1^ ■ .■,.i J :^r .' t'. .' J l\ I '■ r .. i J! J tl W ^ ft'," ri 22 BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. V.M Noble, J., miller St, Catharines Noble, Jacob, axe and edge-tool manufacturer St. Catharines Oill, G. N., machinist , St. Catharines Oidfiuld, John, lumber merchant Dunnville OIlis, W., merchant St. Catharines Osborne, J. B., merchant and postmaster Beamsville Paffurd, F., chemist and druggist St. Catharines Page, Edward R., merchant Fonthill Palmer, J., locksmith and plater St. Catharines Park, Paul, lumber merchant York Parsons, Frederick, watchmaker and jeweller St. Catharines Patterson, William, merchant Chippewa Patterson and Nichol, merchants St. Catharines Pennock, William, merchant Allanburg Perry, Cornelius, merchant ....Dunnville Pew and Ross, carriagemakcrs Drummondville Phelps, O, S., merchant and forwarder Cayuga Phelps, Calvin, miller St. Catharines Potts, J., last manufacturer St. Catharines Powell, John S , merchant Port Robinson Price, John S., merchant and postmaster Riceville, Pelharo Rainsford, William, merchant and postmaster Waterloo Ramsay, William, pottery Thorold Ranney, John L., miller St. Catharine* Rannie, John, merchant and postmaster Allanburg Rannie and Tucker, millers and lumber merchants Allanburg Reynolds, B. F., merchant St. Catharines Rich, Russell, Mrs., founder, cloth manufacturer, machinist, and lumber merchant St. Johns Roberts, John, merchant tailor Beamsville Robinson, Richard, merchant Chippewa Rogers, John, merchant Niagara Ross, John, merchant Chippewa Russ, William, founder Smithville Russell, William, brewer Druntmiondville Russell, R. J., merchant -^ .....Dunnville Routh, John, merchant ».... Waterloo Roy, W. R., merchant Beamsville Rykert, G., agent Commercial Bank, Midlaad District ...St. Catharines Sammons, Peter, merchant Wellandport Sanderson, J, merchant St. Catharines Schofield , Thomas L., merchant Port Colborne Scholfield, James, grocer Dunnville Scholfield, William, grocer Dunnville Schooley, Elijah, merchant Merrittsville Schawbs, William, pottery Beamsville ScobcU, H., hardware merchant St. Cathariuei rf" V \^ w^ w^^\/v ' • BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WKST. Scoble, Alexander, merchant Caledonia Scott and McKinnon, merchants and forwarders Caledonia Shannon, C. W., merchant Jarvis Shaw, T., merchant St. Catharines Shrigley, A. \V., merchant Merrittsvillc Sime, George, tanner Dunnville Simpson, John, bookseller and stationer Niagara Simpson, George, land agent Drummnndvil'c Smith, George, carriageniakcr St. Catharines Snyder, J., miller and lumber merchant Gainsborough Stack, Morris, merchant Thorold Stephenson, E. W., stage proprietor St. Catharines Steward, William, saddler St, Catharines Stinson, Francis, distiller St. Catharines St. John, S. L., merchant St. Catharines Stocking, J., merchant St. Catharines Street, Robert II., merchant Indiana Street, John, miller and lumber merchant St. Johns Strong, J. W., booksr:llcr and stntioner St. Catharines Suter, Samuel, & Co., merchants Cayuga Sweeney, D., merchant St. Catharine* Taylor, Potter & Co., millers, woollen manufacturers, and lumber merchants Sinithville Taylor, James, brewer St. Catharines Thompson, W. A., miller Waterloo Thompson, David, mill owner Indiana Thorn, C. W., miller and carder St. Johns Towers and Seaman, iron founders and machinists St. Catharines Turner, Jacob, merchant, miller and lumber merchant ...Seneca Turncy, James, merchant Thorold Udell, Morris, brewer and distiller Grimsby Upper, J., merchant Gainsborough village Vanalstein, W., merchant and miller, and postmaster Cook's Mills, Crowland Vanderburg, A., merchant and lumber merchant Allauburg Walters, John, merchant Cayuga W'arden and Keefer, lumber merchants, machinists, and carders Thorold Warren, Robert, merchant Niagara Warren, E. F., tanner St. Johns W'eatherby, L. J., woollen manufacturer Dunnville Whan and McLean, merchants St. Catharines White, Thomas, brewer Petersburg Whitelaw, F. M., bookseller and stationer Niagara Wilson, Dav?d, grocer St. Johns W'ilson, John, merchant Stamford Woodbury, Edwin, cooper Caledonia 1^ V' iC m :. : ' 't-, \^ i Ill fi,?. ■t 24 BiJHiNRsa DirvixTonr — Canada west. Woodruff, J. C., nicrchniit Dniinmondville WoodiiifF, (J. iind W., mcrcliiints Drtiinmondvillo WoodniflT and Kirkpatriol;, iiuTcImnts St. Catharines Woo'lriifr, Hichnrd, nierclisint St. Davids Woodruif, Willinm, incrtiinnt iiiid miller , St. Davids VVoodniir, J. A., agent lor Colonial Lite Assurance Company Niagara Woodward and Dunn, niillcra St. Catharines Wright, G., merchant St. Catharines Wright and Duncan, millers AUaiiburg Wright, Claik & Co., spirit merchants Quccnston Yale, C, founder and machinist St. Catharines rUOFESSIONAL MEN, &c., &c. Aberdeen, R., Dr Cliippewa Ball, Louis A., barrister and attorney 'i'liorold Barker, K., solicitor Cayuga Black well, J. IL, Dr Drmmnondvillc Doomcr, George, barrister Niagara Campbell, Duncan, Dr Niagara Campbell, E. C, judge county court, Lincoln and Wel- land Niagara Carrol, William, surveyor Caledonia Clark, J., collector of customs St. Catharines Claus, Warren, judge of surrogate court, Lincoln and Welland Niagara Clench, F. A., clerk county court, Lincoln and Welland... Niagara Considine, J. W., Dr Smithville Corry, M. N., Dr Stamford Cross, Lutlicr, Dr St Catharines Davis, Job, Dr Wellandport Davidson, Alexander, postmaster Niagara Davidson, J. A., editor of" Mail" Niagara Eccles, William, barrister and attorney St. Catharines Fell, Zcnas, diputy provincial surveyor and coroner . ...St. Johns Ferris, William, Dr St. Catharines Finn, Eugene, Dr Niagara Foley, Bernard, judge county court, Haldimand Cliippewa Forbes, — ., Dr ..St. Catharines Goodman, Henry, Dr Cayuga Hamilton, A. C, barrister St. Catharines Hepburn, William, postmaster Chippewa .•*.*,. ^.^ ^.^.^^ *.. nUSINI'.83 niRECTOUV — CANADA WT.ST. IIooil, AiiJicw, surveyor Duiinvlllo Irunsulo, K(linii!i I, Dr Thorolil Jackiioii, Jiiliii, civil ciigiiifcr — rnj^iiiocr to (Iraiul Ilivor Niivij^ntioii C'oiiiiiiiiiy Srncca Jarroii, Joliii, Dr., iind coroner county lIiKliiirm I Duiinvilln Jukes, Augustus, Dr Port Ilohliison Kccfcr, Peter, postmaster Tliorolil King, Uiciiaril S,, Dr I'uri Robinson Kingsuiill, \V., shcritr, Liucolii au'.l Wcliaml Niagara Kirby, James, collector of customs Cliippcwii Lawdcr, Joiui M., barrister Niagara Macdonald, Rolland, barrister... St. Catharines iMeCormiek, T., collector of customs Niagara ^IcDoug il, Daniel, treasurer of counties I^ineoln and Welland Niagara MeDongal, Alexander, Dr Niagara MeMullon, W., attorney Dunnvillc !MePlierson, William, Dr..! Caledonia Mack, Theopliihis, Dr St, Catharines Mneklcm, Thomas, Dr Chippewa ^lartin, Uiehanl, sherifii lounty of lialdiniand Cayuga Maxwell, George, eolleelor of tu^touis Grimsby Morritt, J. P., postmaster St. Catharines Mewburn, Joiin, Dr Stamford Slewburn, P., Dr DrummondviUe Ottley, n. R., notary public Stamford Powell, John, registrar, counties of Linccjln and Welland. ..Niagara Raymond, Trueman, Dr St. Catharines Raymond, Lorenzo D., barrister (Jhippewa Rolls, Henry, Dr Thorold Secord, Charlrs B., barrister and attorney Qiicenston Shcchan, W. B., collector of customs Dunnvillo Simpson, John, editor of" Chronicle" Niagara Smith, Henry, agent for crown lands Smithvillc Stevenson, John, clerk of peace, county of IlalJimand... Cayuga Tims, II. W., coroner Port Robinson Wilson, S., Dr Dunnvillc Winterbottom, W., clerk division court Niagara Woodruff, J. A,, clerk of peace Lincoln and Welland ...Niagara Wright, James, collector of canal tolls Dunnvillc 25 i II "^HRmHfi ,>f m 26 nirsiNKHS DIIIECTORY — CANADA WEST. IIOTKL, INN, AND TAVKIIN-KRKPKIIS. Brown, Thomas St. CuthiirineR Campbi'll, Duncan ('ii)'ii|;a Clark, John C Canhoro' Coleniun, D I'ort IlnbiiiRon Dnvis, John C ....Cliippewn lluwnril, llicliurd Niiignra May, William St. Catharines Mead, Ilichurd Caii'doiiia Miller, James Niagara Miller, (!a;;o Niaf^an MoH'att, Ilicliiird Niagara Smith, Thomas Fonthill Vuiidcrburg and Dcttrick St. Catharines Wiggins, T., Jr. ., Dunuville mm WENTWORTH AND HALTON. CITY OF HAMILTON. MERCHANTS, &c., ifec. Abel, D., boot and shoemaker John street Aitkcn, S. M., & VV., dry goods merchants, wholesale King street Alexander, A., groeer John street Ambrose, Charles, teacher of music Peel street Applegarth, John, miller John street Armstrong, G. II., police magistrate John street Bank, Savings, Hamilton and Gore District, at the Gore Bank King street Bank, Savings, Thomas Stinson's Office, ITughson street Bain and Hastings, cabinetmakers King street Baker, II. C, president Canada Life Assnrance Company. ..King street Balfour, Peter, cabinclmiikcr John street Ball, F. A., commission merchant King street BUHlNKSt) DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. 87 Ikiik, British North Amcriin King direct Dank, Coinmerciul uf Miilliind Dii«trict Jiitno-i Htrect IJuiik, Gore King iitroct Hank, Montroiil Kirij^ strrct Hastcdo, J, M., hiittcr niiJ furrier Miiin street Haxfer, John, livery ntnhie ke<|)or MiuNab street IknrJniore, (Icorgc L., leutlier merchant James street Hensley, II, S., groeer Market si|unrc flediiome, Joscphus, importer of rcccU King street east Ikcmer, L., wutelimnker nnil jeweller King street Hell, Dunenn, & Co , dry goods merchants, wholesale King utreet Benner, Uiehnrd, grocer King street Dest, T. N, anetioneer Tames street Dickie, Thomas, & Son, ehcmists and druggists King street Illizard, Robert, cooper John street Ulood, (},, k Co., founders and tinsmiths John street Hlyih, T. A., surveyor King street Bowers, Jonathan, painter and glazier James street Uraincrd, (). N., manufacturer of com brooms King street Jlranngan, Terence, baker James street Bray, Josias, land and general agent James street Brega, Solomon, proprietor of "Journal and Express" ...John street Brcthour, Joshua, dry goods merchant King street Booker, A., auctioneer and commission merchant King street Brown, M. W., & E., wharfingers and forwarders Foot of James street Brown & Childs, shoemakers King street Bruce, Magnus, tailor Ilughson street Buchanan, Harris & Co., wholesale merchants King street Bull, II. II., proprietor of "Gazette"- John street Buntin, Alexander, wholesale stationer King street Burgess, John, teacher of music Ilughson street Burton and Sudlier, barristers King street Cameron, C. W., commis.sion merchant King street Campbell and Garratt, commission merchants John street Campbell and Pickard, machinists MacNab street Carnall, Miss, milliner and dressmaker James street Carter, J. F., working jeweller ,...King street Cartwright, G. E., chemist and druggist King street Carpenter and Woods, hardware merchants King street Clarke, \V. E., tailor Main street Clark, Hutchinson, builder Hughson street Clement and Moore, tanners Tyburn street CoUingwood, Thomas, builder John street Cook, Hiram, & Co., wharfingers and forwarders Foot of MacNab street Copp, Brothers, tinsmiths York street Cozens, G. II., merchant tailor James street Crawford, James, dry goods merchant King street Crossley, John, dry goods merchant James street I t UUSINESa DIRECTORY CANADA WEST. 1:^ !l"> ! s.-^.-^-v.'^-v-v N.-\--V.-\\.XN, Cunibcrland, F. W., architect and surveyor King street Cuiiiiiiiugs, Jatiics, & Co., glass and crocl;cry ini:rcliiiiit.s,..Kii)g street Didl}!!, J., & Son, forge bellows makers James street Dalivn, J. E., luiirdrcsser James street David.st)!!, John, saddler King street Davis, Milton, stage proprietor John street Dawson, William, elothier King street DawsM), — ., watchmaker King street Dajfoot, J. n., boot and shoemaker King street D'xon, William, dry goods merchant lames street Distin, W. L., tinsmith King street Dodsworth, John, cabinetmaker James street Drysdalc, Alexander, ui'.hol-terer King street DufRcld, George, cooper John street . Duuii, J., carpenter and builder West market street Eastwood, Datiiel, bookseller and stationer King street Ebbs, John E., accountant James street Ecclcstone, Thomas, confectioner King street Egan, Francis L., grocer James street Elm.dev, (leorge, master of grammar school Henry street l^vans, Hrothers & Co., luirdw.irc merchants King street Ewen, John, tailor John street Fairclough, Richard, skin dealer York street Fell, William, engraver King street Ferric, C & J., & Co., wlxile-ale merehants Ilughson street Field and Davidson, saddlers James street Filgiano, Theophilns, dentist Tohn street Fletcher and Mooney, boot and shoemaker James street Ford, Xehemiah, painter and glazier Catharine street Foster, Thomas, toflee and spiee merchant John sltect Foster, C, tailor John street Eraser, Donald, merchant John street Freeland, C, commission merchant King street Galbreath, J., & Co., grocers King street Gamble, James, tlnsmiih York street Ganlncr, John, boot and shoemaker King street Garratt and Campbell, commission merchants John street Garth, Charles, gas fitter James street Gibb, J. P., grocer James street Gilbert, J. W., spirit merchant Market square Gilkison, J. T., secretary Great Western Railroad King street Glackmeyer, Edward, manager of Gas Works Mulberry street Glasseo, W. II., hatter and furrier King street Goldie, Adam, commission iiu'rchant King street Goodcrhani, James, painter and glazier... John street Gray, Thomas, grocer Market square t: r^ nUSINESg DIREOTORY — CANADA WE.ST. Greer, John II., commission iiicrchant Jnnics strcrt Giiiin, D. C, fi)i' warder J'^ii'S street Gurnrys nticl Carpcnd r, iron fsuii.lcrs Jolin street Green, E. D., clriigu,i>t Uiipci Jolm street Il;ig:tr and Vo^t, organ bniWcrs Cannon street Hamilton and Kneesliaw, chemists and druggists King street Ilankey, Fcnton, carriageinalicr Main street Ilardikir, Richard, grocer Ki"g street Harding, G., plumber John strct Harrison, J. P., portrait painter Yurk rl.eet Hajward, John, tinsmith 5'^i"S William street IlcUiwcll, C. L.,& Co., booksellers and stationers King itrcet Ilcsroidt, C. W., cabinetmaker John street Hilton, 'i'homas, cabinetmaker York street Hill.s, Albert, builder Janus street Holbrook, Robert, t,iioemaker King street Hewson, StoplKni, bookbinder James street Hill and Ilolmcs, dentists Ki'ig street Inman, J. W., dry goods merchant K'i'g street Ireland, H. W., hardware merchant Khig street Jackson, Edward, tinsmith Khig street Judd, John, tallow chandler Macnab street Juson, Richard, & Co. wholesale hardware merchants King street Jolley, A. S., saddler John street Kelly, Charles, & Co , nurserymen and seedsmen King street Kendall, T. & J., brewers Peel street Kennedy, Parker & Co., wholesale dry goods merchants, ..King street Kerr, A. & T. C & Co., wholesale dry goods merchants. ..King street Kerr, R. \V., surveyor Main street Kerr, W. G., grocer King street Kerr, Robert, cabinetmaker MacNab street Kinread, Thomas, builder Catharine street Knox, William, baker York street Langdon, H., stage agent City Hotel Land, Routh & Co., forwarders Foot of Joan street Larkin, J. P., dry goods mei'hant King street Lawrie, H. J., butcher James-street Lawson, William, & Brother, clothiers and dry goods mer- chants King street Lazarus, George J., turner James street Lee, George, baker Court house tquare Lister, Joseph, merchant James street McDonald, W. R., insurance ageiit King street Macdonald, Frederick, grocer Market square McDowell, Sa'.nucl, grocer King street 29 ;■ !'■! in y * m w Pi* Pi 30 BUSINESS DIRECTORY CANADA WEST. .i 4— -.4- Mackay, Brothers, wholesale grocers King street Maekay and Brothers, commission merchants King street McCurdy, Samuel, tailor John street McGivern, E., & Co., saddlers King street Mcliroy, Robert, stonemason and contractor King street Melnncs, D., & Co., wholesale merchants King street jMcKeand, HrothtTS & Co., wholesale dry goods merchants. .King street Mackenzie, Gates & Co., wholesale dry goods merchants.. .King street AIcKillop, John, confectioner King street McKillop, Tcmplcman & Co., grocers James street McKinstry, H., cashier, Commercial Bank James street McLaren, W. P., grocer King street McLauchlan, Robert, grocer York street McLellan, D., bookseller King street MacNab, D. & Co., hardware merchants King street McQucsten, C. & Co., iron founders James street Magill Charles, dry goods mereliant King street Mechanics' Institute King street McRac, D., dry goods merchant James street Magill, Edward, watchmaker King street Martin, J. B., watchmaker and silversmith King street Mason, T., hatter and furrier King street Mathews, J. B., livery stable keeper King William street Mathiesoi), J., grocer King street Miller, James, painter Corner Nelson Btreet Mills, Joseph, hatter and furrier ....King street Moore, E. and J. F., lumber merchants King William street Moore, Dennis & Co., tinsmiths King street Murphy, Timothy, grocer King street Murton, William, grocer Market square News and Reading Room King street Nicholson, William, & Co., printers Corner of James and King St. Northey, George, miller Peel street Nowlan, Owen, livery stable keeper James street O'Higgins, John, clothier ,. ^ King street Oliver, Stephen, auctioneer John street O'Neil, Ambrose, .vaggonmaker King street Osborne, William, produce merchant James street (Osborne and Wyllie, merchants Kir'g street Osborne, Robert, watchmaker and jeweller James street Pattison and Phillips, cigar, cracker pnd confectionary inakcrs Cannon street Pettuige.', W. and G., blacksmiths John street Powell, Thomas S., builder Mountain brow Price, W. G., dry goods merchant King street Pronguey, J. P., carriagemaker York street Quiggin, John, steam saw mill and planing machine Cannon street ""^ ;if : , ) reet ;reet reet and King st. BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. Rae, Richard, agent Gore District Mutual Fire Insurance Company King street Reid, James, cabinetmalvrr King street Reid, William, cabinetmaker King street Robb, William, wholesale dry goods iwerehant King street Robinson, J., dry goods merchant , John street Robinson, Jumcs, painter and paper-hanger , Jan\cs street Rose, David, tobacco a..>(l cigar nianutaelurer King street west Roy, Robert, dry goods merchant King street Ruthven, Peter, printer. King street Ryan, J. S., hardware merchant James street Sillett, Mrs., milliner and dressmaker John street Sltnpson, Jonathan, builder Main street Simons, T. M., secretary Canada Life Assurance Com- pany King street Skinner, C. A., bookseller King street ca&t Smiley, R. R., proprietor of " Spectator" James street Snowden and Giant, brewers Main street Sterling, George, boot and shoemaker King street Stevenson, P. S., commission merchant King stret^t Stevenson, James, agent Bank of Montreal King street Steven, Andrew, cashier Gore Bank King street Steward, James & Co, iron founders MacNab street Stokoe, C. II, city clerk City Hall Strongman, George, quarryman Tyburn street » Sunlcy, George, boot and shoemaker James street Sunley, W. T., saddler King street Swift, J. L., dentist King street Sylvester, Thomas, tinsmith James street Stein, L., gilder James street Taylor, Thomas, house carpenter , West Tivivket street Thomas, G. F., surveyor King ; Uee< Thompson, O., grocer ....King si net Tisdalc, V. H., merchant, (fancy wares) Ki.i;^- meet Titus, H. N. & Co., wholesale dry goods ^'ii't? street Turner, J. & J., g'oeers '' 'ug street Thomas, William, architect and surveyor K'n^; >itf^ot VanNijfman, D. C, principal of Burlington Academy sitit; street Vara and Thorner, dentists Walker, James, tallow chandler Mai.i street Ware, P. T., & Co., watchmakers and jewellers King street Warmoll, Charles, dry goods merchant King street Washington, George, dry goods merchant Kin^ street Watkins, F. W., clothier King street Webster, C. II., chemist and druggist King street Williams, J. M., earriagemaker King street Winer and Sims, druggists King street 31 % %. Ik * "4 1 I -n ^ !J m . Wis: BUSINESS DinECTORV — CANADA WEST. Workman, Thos., auctioneer and commission merchant ...James street AVright and Green, auctioneers and commission agents ...King street Wiii^iit, S., insurance ai^cnt .James street Wilkins, ?uiss, seminary .^ .lames street Young, John, junior, grocer King street FIRE INSURANCE OFFICES. British Ameiica, agent, A. Steven King street Equitable, agent, J. S. Garratt John street Globe, agent, P. S. Stevenson I'^'ng street (iore District JNIutual, agent, II. II. Rae I'^i'ig street Home District 3Iutual, agents, Wriglitand Green King street IMontrcal, agent, C. C. Ferric Ilughson street Provincial Mutual and General, agent, Joaias Bray James street St. Lawrence Inland ^Marine Insurance Company, agent, £. Ritchie, post office James street LIFE ASSURANCE OFFICES. British Commercial, agent, Josias Bray James street Canada Life Assurance Company, president, II. C. Baker ; secretary, T. M. Simons King street Colonial Life Assurance Company, agent, A. Logic King street National Loan Fund, agent, James S. Garratt John street READING ROOM of the Mercantile Library Asso- ciation, over Osborne and Wyllie's store King street MECHANICS' INSTITUTE King street POST OFFICE James street NEWSPAPER OFFICES. " Canada Christian Advocate" King street "Gazette" * John street "Journal and Express" John street "Spectator and Journal of Commerce" James street EXPRESS OFFICE. Amerlian Express Company, agent, J. Biay James street ..^i^:ji23itxz ^.S^ mi% BUSINESS DIRECTORY CANADA WEST. BUILDING SOCIETIES. "Hamilton," II. C. Baker, president ; II. P. Street, secre- tary and treasurer K'"g street " Gore Distriet," II. C. IJaktr, president ; Jo.sias Dr;iy, secretary and treasurer King street "Western," W. P. McLaren, president; II. C. Iklier, Bceretary and treasurer King .street (JREAT WESTERN R.MLROAD OFFICE King street TELEUR.APU OFFICE King street PROFESSIONAL MEN, &c., &c. Aiknian, T. II., barrister, &c King street Barrett, R. G Ilnghson street IJ.itos, James, surgeon, Sid Gore street Brown, John, city cliauiberlain City-hall Cahill, James, barrister King street Case, Ur King street Counsel!, C O., county cleilc Main street Craigie, William, Dr Ilughson street Dickenson, W., Dr John street Duggan and IloUlcn, barristers, &c King street Duggan, Thomas, Dr Hughson street Frnser, Douglas, barrister Main street Freeman, S. U., clerk of peace King street Freeman and Jones, barristers ....King street Ilatt, Jolit! ' /,, barrister King street Ilenwood, E , Dr Main street Ilogan, .John S., attorney James street Hunter, J., Dr Main street Kerr, William, Dr Main street Kirby, John, coroner Gore street Kirkpatrick, James, county treasurer Main street Law, Robert N., attorney Court-house square Leg;^o, William, barrister Ilughscn street Logic, Alexai'Jer, barrister King street Long, Dr Main street Macartney, William II., Dr James street McKelcan, Johti, Dr ...,. Gore street • H H r:! 1 'iVV, ^.y f^ '?*' \ 84 BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. McKerlie, U., barrister James street McKinstry, II., agent Commercial Rank Midland District, James street Macdougal, Duncan, inspector of licenses King street Martin and Mills, barristers, &c Ilughson street O'Reilly, Miles, judge county court Catharine street O'Reilly, Gerald, Dr King street Parke, Dr King street Pring, William, surveyor of customs Custom-house Reid, C. D., barrister Ilughson street Ritchie, Edmund, postmaster James street Ilyckman, Samuel, high bailiff East-market street Ryal', Dr Main street Spun"., r irul Crickmore, barristers King street Stok K, (;. H., city clerk City-hall Tbomui, E. C, sherifF Court-house TuTDnv and Rubidge, barristers Ilughson street V'aijkoughnet and Pringle, barristers and attorneys Ilughson street Kl ' • it 3 HOTEL, INN, AND TAVERN-KEEPERS. Acramen, Edward, St, George's Hotel James street Austin, John, Farmers' Hotel King street Beatty, Thomas John street Davidson, Thomas, City Iloiel James street Grant, Andrew, Highland Piper Hotel John street Kennoy, Henry L King street Lynd, George F., Tiritish American Hotel John stret*^ McKay, Willi.'ui King street McKay, John King street Muliin, James, Farmers' Inn John street Nixon, James, Avenue Inn , King street Pritchard, Joseph..,. Kii:jc street Robinson, Joseph , John street Weeks, Hiram, Burlington Hotel King street Young, John Y., Commercial Hotel James street «mSj^^ •*^ )i BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. 85 WENTWORTH AND HALT ON— {Continued.) MERCHANTS, &c., &c. Addison, Alexander, i;abinctmakcr and upholsterer Gait Aikman, Richard, merchant Paris Ainslic, Adam, agent Commercial Rank Gait Ainslie, James, & Co., printers — "Reformer Office " Gait AUchin, Samuel, pail manufacturer .Gait AUchin, William, cradle and rake manufacturer Paris Anderson, A., miller and lumber merchant Waterdown Andrews, James K., merchant Gait Appclbe, James, merchant and postmaster Trafalgar Appelbe, William, merchant, Stewarttown Appkgarth, John, lumber merchant Waterdown Arnoft, James, merchant, Oakvillo Ashmorc and Thurcsson, manufacturers of machinery Ancaster Atkinson, Robert, miller, distiller and lumber merchant. ..Flamborough Bubcock, George, stage proprietor Brantford liacon, S., cabinetmaker Brantford Bailey, Robert, gunsmith Brantford Baker, Read, rake, cradle, &c. factory Waterdown Baker, William, merchant Ayr Baldwin, Edwin, toachmakcr Mount Pleasant Balmer, John, carpenter Oakvillo Baiber, William, and brothers, cloth nuvnufacturers and iron founders Georgetown Barbour, John, cabinetmaker end upholsterer Gait Barclay, 'P., merchant Georgetown Batty, William, tinsmith Paris Baxter, Thomas, merchant Low'ille Bcattio, James, merchant Oakvillc Beattic, James, cabinetmaker , Brantford Bent and Beefotth, merchants Wellington Square Bishop, Thomas, saddler Ancaster Boice, William, merchant Dundas Bottstbrd, A., stationer Paris Bowie, James, druggist Brantford Bradley, A., livery stable keeper Brantford Brcthour, John, merchant Brantford Brower, E., ax-; raakir Gait Brown and Black, merchants Ayr Brown, M., bookseller and auctioneer .Brantford Brown, George, merchant Milton ;i"' |{ /VfJ' li 1 1' : t !■■■ 86 nUSINESa DIRECTORV C/\NADA WEST. Brown, Charles, cabinetmaker nrantford Brown, T.. druggi.tt Wtlliiigton S(]iiare BiiL'hanan, J. K., lanii agent nrantford BunntU, A., wheat merchant nrnntford Bunton, William, mcrthint Wellington Square B^rns, UaviiJ, boot and shoemaker Dundus Cainpbill, D., merchant J Dnndas ' Capron, Walt«r, liver) stable keeper Paris Cartan and Dee, merchants Urantford Chep, James, postmaster and agent for Marriage Licenses, tind merchant Aneastcr Chi.^holm, II. K , postmaster Oakville Chishohn, A. M., merchant Wellington Square Choate, Thomas, lumber merchant (ilanford ■ Christie, James, agent Bank British North America Hrantford Christie, E., merchant Urantford Chry>ler, John, waggonmaker Wellington Square Church, Daniel, iron founder Taria Clay, William, merchant and postmaster Norval Cli'ghorn, Allan, hardware merchant Urantford Clifford, Daniel, cabinetmaker Brant ford Cioile, William, merchant Paris Coik>.hutt, Ignatius, merchant Urantford Co'.ekngh, Walter, merchnnt and postmaster Flamborough Colcleiigh, Ge6rg ■, merchant and distiller Ayr Coldcrwood, John, sad Her Paris Cole, Alexander, w 'ollen manufacturer Flamborough Cole, S., owner of plaiiing machine ana sash factory Urantford Coleman and Mcliitvre, merchants and leather merchants, Dundus Collier, Thomas, grocer Dundas Collins, Uobert. veterinary surgeon Urantford Colincr, W., saddler Urantford Comerford, J-hn, merchant Urantford Cook, Peter, merchant Giilt Cook, Abraham, merchant Mount Pleasant Cook and Strobridije, merchants Urantford Copp and Uoice, axe makirs Gait Courtney and Ihime, mcrehnnts Gait Cowherd, Tlioinas, tinsmith Urantford Craig, Joseph, grocer Urantford Crombie, James, & Co., iron founders (Jalt Crooker, F., grocer Watcrdown Crooks, James, miller, distiller, taniicr, & lumber merchant Flamborough Crooks, Matliew, conveyancer and commissioner Court of Queen's IJench Amcaster Crooks, A. and D, merchants -. Flamborough Cross, David, tanner „ ^ Sfewarttown Cuauner & Co., nalllcrs and lumber saerchants Waterdown IS ' BUSINESS DIRKCTORV — CANADA WEST. Cummins, John, lumber merthant WatcrJowu Dalrymplc, William, cabinctmnkpr Bnmtford Dalr^mplc, Thomas, cabinetmaker Braiitford Dulton, J., butcher nraiitford Daly, J., grocer Urantfurd Date, II. II., merefiant, hardware GiiU Davidson, Joliii, m^rehant P. M., and agent Gore Bank..,(ialt Davidson, James, mcrehant I'aris Davidson, Thomns,*fuller Avr Davis, J. \V., & Co., tinsmiths, &e Gait Dayfoot, P. W., tnniier (Jeorgctown Dexter, VV. L., carpenter Oakville Dixon, James, merchant Duiidas Donovan, John, Mrs. merchant Brantford Dresser, Jasper, tar.ner Copetowu Dunlop, — ., saddler Ayr Dutbie, John, druggist Ayr Eaglcston II. & A., manufacturer;! of machinery, &c Aneaster Eaton, W., mcrehnnt Waterdown Elliot, Andrew, & Co., merchants and distillers Gait Elliot & 'i hornton, druggists and bookselieis Dundas Evans, Thomas, bookseller Brantford Evans, Robert, merchant Port Nelson Ewart, J. B., miller and postmaster Dundas and Gait Finlayson, Ilujh, saddler Paris Fisher, John, tinsmith Dundas Fisher & Lutz, iron founders Gait Fitch, J., saddler Stcwarttown Forbes, II. & D. II., paper makers Gait Ford, A. B., tinsmith Brant'brd FosK.r, Francis, merchant Mount Pleasant Foster, Lionel, & Co., la.'it and peg manufacturers (lult Fowler, R. G., watchmaker Gait Eraser, Alexander, merchant and miller Lowville Fraser, Warnock, & Co., merchants Gait French, James, soap and candle maker Paris Gable, Jacob, tanner .Aneaster Gage, A , lumber merchant Cumniinsville Galloway, Thomas, miller Cumminsville Gartshore & Co., iron and brass Ibunders Dundas Geddjs, James, auctioneer Gait Giles and Laycock, flooring and sash manufacturers Paris Glassco, Thomas, hatter and furrier Brantford Gleeson, Lyman, potter, potash and bath bri,.k maker Paris Good, Allan, secretary Gore District Mutual Fire Insu- rance Company Brantford 8V ft! ' t . i f \l 1 i 1; I' f' 4 Mi .f iaHBB y iM ;;l'.f Mi ir: 'Ifj" F Tnil^^H IBn 1 ''' ^^H«3Hr Jvr. IJUJBnn liHI, kI' JV^Hh! «( Kv' i^^H^S H'' ^^Vw 1 ■ 38 Busixnes directory — caxada west, Gooderhnm, Willinm, merchant, miller, and Innner Norvnl Goold, Bennett, & Co , ii on founders Brantfurd Graham, Henry, grocer Dundas Graham, II. F., tanner ...Wiiterdown Grant, Alexander, merchant Stewarttown Griffin, Marks & Co., hardware merchantr. Wuterdown Griffin, J. K., agent London National Loan Fund Life Assu- rance Company and Equitable Waterdown Gurnet, L. A., merchant Ancaster Ilaighf, E., woollen manufacturer Mount Pleasant Hall, Henry, merchant and postmaster Hall's Corners, Binbrook Hall, John, distiller Jedburgh Hanu'll, John, and Jacob, sculptors Drantford Hav\kins, F., owner of piuiiin|j muchiue and patent ea.sh factory Dundas Hawthern, and Stewart, carriagcmakers Palermo Hayncs and Mason, tanners Cumminsville Hcarlc, John J., clerk of division court Gait Ileaton, John, grocer Brantford Heeney, Thomas, carriagemaker Brantford Ilelliwell, C. L., paper maker Flamborough IlelHwell, C. L., & Co., booksellers and stationers Brantford lliggiubotham, A., druggist Brantford Hill and Cairns, iron founders Paris Hill, William, merchant Milton Hill, Charles, lumber merehaiit Peru Hoffman, John, scap and candle manufacturer Dundas Holgate, John, merchant Acton Holt, Robert, miller and brewer, (Wentworth Mills") Dundas Holt, John, carder and fuller Acton Hopkins, R. N., merchant VVatcrdown Howell, G., merchant Brantford Hunter, John, merchant Ashgrove Hutchinson, James, merchant Ayr Ironside, James, last manufacturer Dundas Irvin, John, merchant Paris Jackson and Cahvell, merchants Ayr Jaffray, P., & Sons,printers—" Reporter Office" Gait James, Joseph, livery stable keeper Brantford Johnstone, William, propricter of " Herald" Brantford Jones, W. 3., merchant Mount Pleasant Jonesand Harris, printers — "Warder Oi'ficp " Dundas Jones, printer — "Star Office" Paris Jones, Nevens, chair, cabinet and fanning mill maker Stewarttown Kay, James, carriagemaker ....Galt Kennedy, George, iron founder and miller Georgetown ^£SSm ' rikt BU8INE9S DIRF.CTORY^^ANADA WEST. 80 Kcrby, John, miller nnd distiller nrantfurd Kerby and Griffin, mrrchnnts DrantfurJ Kilgour, Joseph, nicrclmnt Ayr Kirkland, A., merchant Uruntford Lawrence, Jacob, iron founder Palermo Lnycock, James, coachmakcr Paris Lazier, 1). F., merchant Dundiis Leach, R.. & Co., iron founders Oakvillo Leavens, £., saddle and harness maker Gcorj^etown Lcavitt, George, & Co., axe manufacturers Uundas Lee, James, merchant Acton Lee, George, watchmaker (Jalt Lemon, Henry, proprietor of "Courier" Hrantford Le.sslie, John, druggist and bookseller ...Dundas Levins, Leandcr, saddler Paris Lewis, Lewis, cabinet maker Dundas Lilly, William, chair and bedstead manufacturer Watcrdown Lister, S. II., merchant Cenfrevillo Lodor, William, merchant Ancastcr Logan, P., merchant and plaster merchant Paris Long, William, saddler Rrantford Lottridge.Robt., merchant, P. M., and woollen manufacturer Watcrdown Lyons, William, grocer Brantford McAlistcr, — ., merchant Oakville Macartney, George, miller and postmaster Paris McCay, A., merchant Ilannahsville McCrum, II., agent Toronto Mutual Fire Insurance Com- pany, and Canada Life do Gait McDonald, John, merchant Ancaster McDonald, George, merchant Ayr McEwcn, Archibald, merchant Mount Pleasant McKay, R., tanner Dundas McKay, D., saddler and tanner Hrantford McKenzic, T. II., merchant Dundas McKenzie, John, merchant Dundas McKindscy, G. C, merchant and postmaster Hornby McLean, John, builder and brickmaker Oakville McLean, J., agent Equitable Fire Insurance Company ...(Jalt McMichael, James, saddler Brantford McNaughton, John, miller Jedburgh McVr.nn, John, saddler Gait Mair, J. T., grocer Brantford Malcolm, Andrew, chair manufacturer Gait Manley, Daniel, miller Ayr Mathews, William, auctioneer Brantford McUish nnd Russell, builders Brantford Millar, John, merchant Paris ; I: vi J>i .. 5 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 11.25 Uillt 125 ■JO ^^~ R^H ■u lii 12.2 m m £f us. 12.0 Li m» U |l.6 1 ^ til ^1 w ■'I Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WiBSTfR.N.Y. 14SM (716) •72-4S03 > g 40 B0FINE3B DIRECTORV — CANADA WEST. Miller, John, mcnhant Tlnnnahsvillo Miller, S, druggist Giilt Mittlull, Alt XiUidrr, iiicrcliaiit ^Jnlt Mitchell, Daviil, miller Avr Mitclull nnd Johnson, carriagcinnkerd Paris Mitthell, James, thrashing iiiachiiiennd fanning mill miikcr Purls MontgonuT)r, Willian), woollen manufactun r Cumminsville Montgomery and MtVicnr, tanners Paris Moore, John, & Co., tin and coppersmiths Onkville Moore and Chapman, nicrclianfs Wellington Square Moore, Patruk, shoemaker Wellington Square Moore, Hugh, merchant Dundiis Mooro, John II., merchant Hrantford Moore, Robert, merchant Paris Moriisi, Thomas, waggonnwikcr I'lamborough West Morton & Co., stone ware mamifacturors lirantford Mouat, Alexander, II., merchant (Jnlt Muirhead, William, agent Montreal Hank Briintford Murray, Alexander, merchant and tailor Palermo Nicklin, John, miller and lumber merchant Aetoii Nimmo, Janjes, agent Gore Bank Paris Oliver, Andrew, druggist Gait Ovcrfield, Samuel, nurcliant Uundas Panton and Baker, merchants Cumminsville Pa«3niorc, William, saddl.T Dundas Paterson, John, woollen manufacturer Dnndas Patten, William, merchant Paris Patten and Currie, distilUrs Paris Patten, Andrew, miller Cenfrcville Patterson, Robert, fanning mill and strawcutter maker ...Dundas Peiiton, John A., conveyancer, &c Paris Pierson, John, tanner Gait Powell and Moore, merchants and lumber merchants Woodburn, Binbrook Pruyn and Clark, grocers Braniford Quarry, W'illiam, saddler Gait Quarry, John, saddler Dnndas Quin, P., merchant , Oakville Rackham, John, earriagcmaker Brantford Ramorc, D., tinsmith Gait Ratterie, D. M., merchant .Ayr Rccht, Joseph, watchmaker Brantford Rcid, James, merchant Oakville Rcid, Alfred, leather merchant Brantford Reynold. Charles, merchant Oukville Rich, Thomas, ngont Gore District Mutual Fire Insurance Company Gult BUSINESS DIKECTORY — CANADA WEST. Robinson, Jdliii, livery stnble krepcr l]nintford Robinson, Willi.iin, tarriiigciniilicr (i;ilt Robinsim, Tlioiniis, grocer IJianijtoa Roc, William, incrch.int and aiictionci.T Ashgrovc Roniain, W. F., nicrchant Oakvillc Rousseaux, George, 1), mcrehiint Ancastcr Roy, E., nicrchant IJrantforcl Russell, James, niillir and woollen manufacturer Ancastcr Sanderson, Robert, iron founder Flaniborough Scott, George II., druggi^t Paris Senior, Riclianl. nurehant Ayr Simpson, F., grocer Hrantford Smith, Sidney, soap and candle maker G.ilt SaiitI), John, brickin.iker Paris Smith, Georgo, gunsmith Riantford Sours, Isaac, woollen manufacturer Gait Sawdcn, Sainnel, drnggi>t Paris Spencc, Robert, connnission nicrchant, and agent Canada Life Assurance Cojnpjiny Dundas Spencer, Joseph, miller and p:ipcnnakcr, " Gore Mills " ...Dundas Spencer, William, brewer Hrantford Spencer, Hugh and Thomas, brcwcis Rraniford Spottiswoode, Alexniulcr, merchant Paris Spottiswoode and Young, plaster mcrchatits Paris Sproulc, Robert, merchant Hrantford Steele, John,, merchant, miller and distiller Rrantford Stevenson and Sutherland, merchants Gait Stewart, Peter S., merchant Rnntford Stratford, W. II , druggist Hrantford Strobridge and H.)tham, merchants Hrantford Sumpter, John, merchant Georgetown Suter, Robert, Insiirai.cc agent, accountant and conveyancer Dundas Swan, Robert, merchant Acton fiwnnson & Co., grocers Dimdas Switzcr, II. M., merchant and postmaster Palermo Taylor, — ., Lumber merchant Cumminsville Tcctzel, M., merchant, post master, miller and lumber merchant Milton Thompson, Rojcrt, lumber merchant Cumminsville Thompson, Joseph, watchmaker Hrantford Totten, Daniel, woollen manufacturer Paris Townsend, A., coaehmaker Mount Pleasant Tracy, Richard, merchant, pnslmast'.T, agent for JIarriage Licenses, and Com. Court of Queen's Hench Stcwnrttown Tapper, John, carriagemaker Hrampton Tnrnbull, Alexander, hardware merchant Dundas Turner, John, builder Brantford 41 ■I J! ii ' iki h ' 43 BUSINESS DIRECTORY CANADA WEST. Turncy, John, corn broom manufHcturrr Dundas Urquhart, John, chemist and druggist Oakvillc Vanbroclilin, Peter C, iron founder Drnntford Va3>i(', Join), grocer Dundas Vc'itch, George, merchant Ayr Wade, Henry, merchant Brantford Wngstaffj John, hardware merchant Dundas Wallace, James, grocer Brantford Wallace, James, tanner Brantford Wallace, Robert, merchant and distiller Gait Watkins, G. II., merchant Hornby Watson, John, iron founder Ayr Watts, Charles, miller and distiller Brantford Webster, II, B., tanner (Jeorgetown Wells, O. W., shoe peg manufacturer Dundas Whitham, William, painter Brantford Whitham, mathew, confectioner Brantford Whitlaw, Charles, miller Paris Wilkes, George, wheat merchant Brantford Wilkes, John A., miller Brantford Wilkins, Henry, livery stable keeper Bra it ford Will, W., lumber merchant Cm miinsville Williams, Jacob, woollen manufacturer W.lliamsburg Williams, Charles, miller and lumber merchant ..Williamsburg Williams, J. W., merchint Oikville Willie, William, merchant Williamsburg Wilson, II., lumber merchant Centreville Witherspoon, II., grocer Dundas Woodyatt, James, faiior Rrantford Woolverton, Asa, lumber merchant Paris Wylie, James, woollen manufacturer Gall Wylie, R., merchant Ayr Yardington, Henry, livery stable keeper Brantford Youpg, James, miller Stewarttown Young, James, merchant Georgetown Young, J., and Broth' r, merchants Stewarttown PROFESSIONAL MEN, &c., &c. Ainslie, Adam, barrister and attorney Giilt Beardslcy, B. C .barrister, &c Oakville Bell, William, Dr Ayr Billings, William, Dr Watcrdown Bowie, James, Dr ..Brantford Brooke, Daniel, attorney Brantford BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WUST. 43 Burwell, Lewis, surveyor, &c Brantford Cameron, John, secretary Griind River Niivijjiition Com- pany Rrantford Cameron and llubidgc, attorneys Hrantford Chisolm, II. K., eolleitor of customs O.ikvillc Clement, J. D., postmaster Hrantfurd Cook, -.U'xander, Dr Mnunt Pleasant Cook, S. R, Dr Paris Dalton, W. II., Dr Aneaster Davis, VV., dentist Dundiia Digby, Alfred, Ur iJrantford Gilkison, A,, barrister, &c Rrantford Gun, W. G., Dr Oak\iiic Hamilton, James, Dr Dundas Hardy, Henry A., attorney Rrantford Hart, John, attorney Rrantford Henwood, Roginald, Dr Rrantford Herod, George, Dr : Georgetown Hunter, Robert, Dr Dunda.s Irving, Eniilius, barrister, &c Gait ° Lawrence, John, Dr Gait Layeoek, — ., Dr Paris MeCosh, Robert, Dr Paris McCuUoeh, Robert, Dr Georgetown McGeorge, Charles, Dr Ayr McKeand, Donald, apothecary and dentist Gait McLean, J., barrister, &c Gait McMahon, James, Dr Ayr Marter, Peter, Dr Rrantford Mason, John C, Dr Brantford Miller and Robertson, barristers, &c Dundas Miller, John, barrister and attorney Gait Milne, A. S., barrister, &c Aneaster Mitchell, James, Dr Dundas Murray, J., Dr VVatcrdown Notman, William, barrister Dundas Page, D., surgeon Flamborough West Pollock, James, land surveyor Gait Quick, Addenbrooke, Dr Dundaa Rncey, Thomas, registrar, (county of Ilalton) Dundas Richardson, Samuel, Dr Gait Robinson, Charles, barrister, &c Brantford i'i i i it ; 1 ',/"' li " ■»■■ ., 44 nUSINESS DIUECTORV — CANADA WEST. Scn^Tim, Tliomns, l)r Giilt Skiiiiur, .loliii, I)r nruiitfurd Speiicc, llubuit, warden of cuuiitics Duiidus VanNormaii, — ., l)r ]]rontc Watt, John, I)r I'nri* Witk", — ., l)r Wellington Square Wraith, J. VV., Ur Dundaa NFAVSPAPERS PUBLISHED 1\ THE COUxNTIES, EXCLUSIVE OF HAMILTON. " nrnntrord lIoraM," William Johnstone •' Brail I ford Courier," lliiiry Lemon " Dinidas WiirdtT," Jones and Harris "Gnlt Rpporter," P. Jaflray and Sons " (lalt Ilifonner," James Ain^lic & Co. " Paris Star," — ., Jones HOTEL, INN, AND TAVERN-KEEPERS. Bolyon, Jesse Oakville Ui'ntloy, Ahraliam Trafulgar nradlonl, (). 1)., Paris Bruce, F., Wellington Square Chapman, John Flamhorough Collins, IJ., "North American" Uundas Colwell, Thomas Ayr Corbet, George Flaniborough Davis, Charles, " Teniperaneo House" Oakville Dolman, William Ayr Gilliland, Thomas Wellington Square Green, P., Paris mic, J, '^ Stage Oflice" Brantford Huntley, John Paris Kennedy, J., " Merchants Exchange" Dundas Lowell, F., Gait Macdonncll, William, " Elgin House" Dundas McMillan, Thomas Gait McMillan, James Gait Mcllac, John Gait Ncsbit, B., Hannahsville irc CLUSIVE ni'siNEss DinncTonv— CANADA \\i:iir. Hilcy. P, Diintl.s Hoy. Mis, Ancastof Tripp, Job nriintCurd WVnvcr, M., "Red Lion" : Dnndas Williiim", Juhii ()ak\illc Yordiiigton, II., nanlford W^N-x ^v^xx-x w-v\.>.-\ v-v*^ -v-^ -V -w -w-v 45 M Johnstone iCiiion d Harris y and Sons liIl^Uc & Co. iCS COUNTY OF YORK. lare ■arc CITY OF TOROX TO. MERCHANTS, &c., &c. Anron, Isaac, nuttionocr and commission mrrcliant Yong^' street AcIiesoM, James, «)f Watson & Co., tanner 15iy slioru Adams, Mrs., miirmcr and drcssmal^cr (,'ity Uiiiiliiigs, King street Adams, Julm, sliij) carpenter Siver street Adams, Uohcrt, patternmaker 18, Klizabetli street Adams, Wiiliain, baker '21, Richmond street Agnew, Ilinry, engineer 5, Queen street Ag?)ew, James, carpentir 17, Staidcy street Alderdiee, Sanuiel, engineer John street Alexander, A., c irpmtcr Wiiliatn street Alexander, AndriAv, grocer 1, Adelaide street, cast Alexander, William, carpenter '29, Uielimond street, west Alianson, Jolin, wood eiigr.iver, and agent ibr periodicals, Yonge .street Alien, (i. L., chief constable Teraidey street Allen, Samuel, eaipenter Terauley street Anderson, Iv, mason 32, Hielimond Ptrect, cast Anderson, George, mason 109, Richmond street, west Anderson, R G., tclKr, Bank U. C 10, Ontario street Anderson, T. W., watchmaker 112, Yongc street Anderson, William, carpenter Kdward street Angus, James, carpenter Queen street Ansconibc, James, eoaeh-trimmer Park lane Argue, Miss, milliner 35, Adelaide street, east Armour, A. II., & Co., booksellers and stationers 14, King street Armstrong, Alexander, joiner Richmond street \'i !"i I" tin i il !, jii^ lit r.M. i : I I 'VI I •16 nuHiNnss DiurcToRV — Canada west. Annsfronp, n. B, nxcfiiiislur 70, Adfluido Atrcct, west Arinstrtinu;, J. Il.,& Co., HtovcinamiraL'turors, City Foundry, 11(1, Voiij^c! street, niid St. James' nnililings K'"o "•''ert Ariiistroii!^, .laiiii'.s, junior, warden fire brigade Duke street Ariii-ilronf:, .lasoii, Ixiilcr-inaker Sliuter street Arinstronj;, I'liilip, butcher Yoiige Htrcet Arnisiront;, William, carpenter '200, Queen Htrcet, west Asdcl, \Viliiam, moulder H, 'I't rauley Rtrecl Asli, James, blacksmith !(.'), Queen street, west Ashlield, James, ginimaker 21, KiiiK street, west Aslilield, William, ^umiiaker '2\, Queen street, west Asliton, Jolii), paintir and glazier 100, Queen street, west Atkinson, John, shoemaker Yonge street Atkinson, John, carpenter Jchn stieet Atkinson, 'I'liomas, stationer .'5, King street, cast Atkinson, William, saddler 1'2, City Huiidings, King st Atkinson, \Villiam, sIioeuKiktr Yongc street Austin, James, of Foy I'Jc Austin 75, Duke street Austin, Jolin, blacksmith George street Avary, George, ship carpenter 70, James street Pngley, George, confectioner 11"2, King street Baiky, Ji>sc|)h, slioemaker King street, fast IJailey, William, hairdresser 4.'!!, King street, east Bailies and Tliompson, West Toronto Brewery King street, west Baker, Charles, baker 85, Duke street IJaker, Charles, merchant tailor 37, King street, west Baker, Charles, stonemason Agnes street Baker, Job, gunsmith S3, King street, west Baker, William, livery stable keeper Toronto street Baldry, John, brushmaker and fruiterer 38, King street, west Baldry, William, mason 31, Adelaide street, west Balfour, John, bookseller, stationer, printer, &c King street, east Balfour, Georgo, tailor 59, Yongc street Ballantyne, Robert, carpenter Yongc street Bank of Upper Canada 17, Duke street Bank of British North America, corner of. Wellington and George sts Bank, Commercial Wellington street Bank of Montreal, corner of Yonge and Front streets Bank, City of Montreal Church street Bank, Savings' Duke street Bannerman, John, confectioner 54, Stanley street Bansley, Charles, hairdresser 24, King street, west Barber, Joseph, ropemakcr 21, Queen street, west Barnfather, David, tailor 52, Queen street, west Barrett, Joseph, miller Sumach street Barrj', Thomas, currier .;Ontario street Bartlctt, Richard, carpenter Teraulcy street Bartow, R. II., watchmaker Yongie street > > nirsiNnss mnECTORV — canada wkst. 47 ct, west }t, west ct t, west west t, west ct, west ast ngs, King St t :;t ct iSt t, cast est t t, west t, west [t, west trcet, west [ISt ct |d George sts rcet font streets reet It, west |eet, west leet, west RiHtcdo, Jacob, Iiattor nnd furrier f), Kitif; street, cast Hates, E., painter Ivlw.ird street DatcK, Josepl), tailor H, Stanley street Datt, John, brickniaker Spadiiia avenue Batkin, John, carpenter Adelaide street, west Uaxter, James, bricklayer Spadina avenue Daxter, John, mason Spadina avenue Baync?, N., carpenter K\, York street Ueamish, Francis, tallow chandler Queen street lleainish, Thomas, tallow chandler Queen street Beaty, James, hide and leather dealer 1'20, Kinj^ street, cast Beckett, Edward, enf^ineer Simeoc street Beckett, Joseph, & Co., chemists and drugmists IJ, King street, west Beekman, Robert, auctioneer nnd comniissie.n merchant ...'lU, Yongc street Bell, Alexander, tailor Alice street Bell, James, carpenter Adelaide street Bell, Ili.hard, builder Elm street Bell, John, bricklayer McGiil street Bell, William, carpenter '2H(!, Yonf^e street Bell, William, watch and glockmakcr I'il, Yonjjje street Belling, John, watchnakcr .'5:], Yoiige street Bender, P., cabinetmaker 78, Queen street, west Bennett, II., shoemaker 38, Nelson street Bennett, James, blacksmith lliehmoiid street Bennett, John, carpenter Kingston road Borms, riiilip, blacksmith Devenport road Benoit, John, carpenter I'i'l, King street, west Bcntley, John, drujjgist and stationer G5, Yong(! street Bergin, James, butcher St. Lawrence Market Bcrkinshaw, Thomas, grocer and provision dealer 4, east side, market square Berryman, John, butcher Queen street, east Bescoby, Edward, lime work".. King street, east Best, Thoma.s, plasterer Centre street Beswiek, James, grocer 66, King street, cast Bethune, Donald, & Co., steamboat proprietors, " Iloyal Mail Packet Office"...'. Front .street Betley and Kay, importers of dry goods King street, corner of Yonge Bcttridge, John C, druggist and grocer, corner of Yongc nnd Richmond streets Bettridge, Charles B., ginger beer maker 40, Queen street, west Beaven, George, timber dealer Palace street Bcvan, J. W., cooper Yongc street Bilton, George, woollen draper lO.'i, Yonge street Bilton, Thomas, merchant tailor 43, King street, cast Bishop, John, butcher Kingston road Bishop, Paul, blacksmith Boulton street Bishop, Richard, bricklayer • 53, George street Blogg, John S., bootmaker 10, King street west, Bli'ff, Angus, Ontario brewery Front street Boice, Abraham, carpenter 46, Queen street f : I 1 I. i im mm Mr '^Ji Hu m WTi 8 I'M tt- ri Pr WC8t 49 iifHtNEHfl niRnrroRY — canada wrnr. T»on(l, .Toliii, livcrv ntnlile kcfpcr Slu'ppnrd ^^rr^t Doti'l, 'I'lioiiiiis buildir Wellington place Ddwch mill IIill, wIkiIi'miIo drv j^oods importirs Yonm- Htret-t Drdt, U 11, ;:( luriil mkicIiiwiI, wIuiIcsiiK' Mil, King ntrect Urnvcr, Mtl'iiiiliSc Co., wIkiIi-siiIc i\iu1 ictnil Ktnlitiiiii!', |)iiiit( r», l)i)(ikl)in(]( rs, v*\(; 4(1, King Htrrct, Driglit, Jmnu!), bl.icksinitli Kin:{kill, 'I'lioinas, wli(desiiic nicrehant (!hurcli Hirect IJrvce, AleMurrieli Si Co., wliulesaic dry goods niortliants, Yonge street Ihigi;, John, builder Albert street Luildin^ Soe'ely, "City of Toronto," \V. C Iloss, sccrc- taiy — ofliLe, II. B. N. A. HiiildiuL;'* Wellington street Buildius:! Society, " Farnier.s' and Meelianics'," W. IJ. Cnwe, 8ecret;n-y — office 92, King street cn.st Uuilding Society, " Upper Canada," K. Slioitis, heeretiiry — office torner of Wellington and Jordan sts. Buililing Socii'ty, " Home District," H. C. McMulicn, Hcerc- tary— office Cluircli street Buililing Society, " Peoples'," C. Siote-ibury, secretary — office, Lidlell's Building'* Church street Building Society, "Church of Kngland and Metiopolitan, " G. A Barber, secretary,— offii.c, Al!)aiiy Cli inibers...King street Building Society, "County of York," W. S. Burn, secre- tary — oftice Colbotnc street Building Society, " Ontario," M, Gatchill, .s trctary — office Ciiurdi street Burgess and Ltislrnaii, clothing and dry goods store GJ, King street Burn, Mrs. and the Mis-ts, (icrnian fancy work establish- ment 4», King street, west Burn, Willinn S, account uit. &c 4J, King street, west Buttery, Thomas, veterinary surgeon, opposite St. Law- rence Hall King street Buttery, Sabine and Huggins, importers, wiiolesalc and retail dealers in groceries, provisions, &e. &c., opposite St. Lawrence Hall King street Campbell, Donald, saddler, opposite St. Lawrence Hall ...King street Caldwell, Henry, nicrehant tailor '2.5, King street, cast Canada Company's Office Frederick street Canada Gazette Office "....G4, King street, west vest bast |\C8t BUaiXEaS DIRECTORY— CANADA WEST. 49 Canada Life Assurancn Company, K. Bradhurnc, agent, Albany CliumbcrR King street Caprcol, I', C , manager of thf Toronto, Sinicoc and Huron Ilailroad Company — office 6, Colborno street CarniichncI, J., wholcHale and retail dry goodi and niilii- ■icry (is, King street, cast Caroline street iirewery Caroline street Carr, John, painter Queen street, west Carr, Samuel, glue mnnufucturer (.'Iiurcli xtrrct Carter, Uichard, carpenter Uiehniond street, west Carter and Thomas, over Maelear's stationery store Yongo street Cary and Urown, grocers 117, King street, cast Casper, Samuel, boarding house Adelaide street, west Cassels, \V. G., manager Bank of H. \. A., corner of Wellington and Yonge sts. Churlesworth, John, dry goods merchant, Woodstock, C. W., and fiO, King street, cast Ch(;ncy, George II., & Co., manufacturers of stoves and tinware, /j, St. James' Ruildings King street, cast Chcttlc, Thomas, commission agent ^G, Front street Chidley, II., clothing store, 4, City Buildings King street, east Chilvcr, .loseph, blacksmith 4!), Richmond street, west Christie, Alc.x , hardware merchant 2.*, King street, cast Clarke, George, builder 5.3, Adilaidc street Clarke, Joseph, brewer (54, Ilichmoiul street, west Clarkson, Tiiomas, commission mercliaiit Fro;it street Clciil, Daniel, baker, &e., &e., &c George street Cleland, James, printer Yonge street Clinkinbroomer, Charles, watchmaker 75, Richmond street, cast Coate, Philip and Richard, soap and candle factory 221, King street, east Cochrane, James, sculptor Quaeii street, east CodJ, Miss, Exchange Otficc 12, Nelson street Coleman and Manning, steam saw mills Front street Collins, J. C, importer of staple and fancy dry goods ...35, King street, east Cook, W'illium, confectioner 52, King street, west Cook, Robert, confectioner 52, Yonge street Cooper, Edward, millinery and dry goods 84, King street, east Copeland, William, & Co., east Toronto Brewery King street, east Cornish, John, ladies and gentlemen's boot and shoe maker, wholesale and retail 12, King street, cast Cosgrove, B., Boston book store, 10, Wellington Buildings, King street, east Cotton, James, Government contractor 51, Ciiurch street Craig, John, painter and glass stainer 70, King street, west Craig, Mathew, builder, near Ontario Brewery Bay shore Craig, Thomas, builder, near Rces' wharf. Bay shore Craig, Miss, dressmaker » 94, King street, west Crapper, James, plumber and gas fitter 58, King street, west Creclman, William, & Co., commission agents Church street Creighton, William, dry goods merchant 22, King street, cast Crcighton, S., turner 18, Richmond street, west D \ » ii' £ 00 nusiNMfl ninEtrroRV— CAJTAnA wnr. ^^■ 1 Ifl Crew, W. H., luictlonccr iind luiid agent, City niiililIiigi...Kin(( ptrret Crocker, \V,, comriitTciul tttiain iiiill.'* Paliict! Mtrrt-t Cufl', W. II., i)iovi»i(iii (linlor Kiwt Mitrkut Square Cull, J. A., htiiriili maiiufmtlurcr Palace mrcct Ciillun, Mrs., boariliii^ lioiisr liuiid rttifut ('iiiniiiin;{'<, Mrs., inilliii(.-r uiid dn'HHinukiT I!)'i Yuiigu htrcct CiiniiniiiK Mild Wc'IN, plunibtTn and Kan litturH !);<, King iitrei't, went Curraii, James, tea di-idcr, &f York gtrcct Curtail), J., \ Co., dry guotU inerciiaiitM, 1, St. Junieii' linildin^s King street, cnxt Cutlibcrt, lliL'liard, bookbinder (i.'i, Ilichiiiond Htrcct, cast Cuthbcrtsoii, Jolin, soap and candle maker 74, Victoria btnct Daek, E., bootninker fiO, Kinn street, west Dack, Mr.!., Freiieh stayinaker .'">(), King ."Street, went Dallas, Angus, wooden ware dealer 2'2, Ki,.g street, wc»t Darling, lUotlien', iinport'rs of Imrdwaie, &e Church Btrect Davis, II., iSi Co., iiMjXH'ters of teas, groteii«s, wines, &c.,.44. King street, west ])avi.s, Thi>iiias, brewer, near Don riv(,r King street, cast De Graisi, Allio, iigent Ciiurch street Dcsb;irats and Derbi.shire, printer.^ King street Derbyshire, S., Queen's printer (14, King street, west Dixon, Alexander, saddlers' ironmongery and general hard- ware, 7, Wellington Buildings Kin!» street, cast Docl, W. II., druggist and apothee.iry r». King street, east Donlevy, Clias., proprietor " Mirror " newspaper, corner of Nelson and King strcctu Douglas, K. D., leather rncrcliant I'iG, King street, east Dow, William II., dry goods merchant, corner of Yongc and King streets. Drew, G. W., ivory turner 282, Yonge street Drouillard, F., cigar maker 6.5, Yonge street Druinmond, John, cabinetmaker Yonge street Dunlop, Mrs. Elizabuth, confectioner, Victoria Buililings ...58, King street, east Dunn, Jonathan, butcher Queen street, west K^irl, T., baker Queen street, west Kastwood, John, paper maker Yonge street Eastwood, Jolm, clothier, ;J, St. James' Huildings King street, east Edw.trds, W. and U., saddler? 8!), Yonge street Ellis, J. VV., watchmaker and jeweller 4, King street, east Ellis, J. & Co, bank note, map and seal engravers 8, King street, west Emery, llob'.M-t, wheelwright 47, Queen street, west Esmonde, John, tinsmith Church street Erans and Hamilton, general outfitting warehouse, 5, City Buildings King street, east Evans, John J., grocer, &e.&c 122, Yonge street Ewart, George, & Co., importers of groceries, brandies, wines, &e. &c., cast corner of St. Lawrence Buildings, King street E'.vart, John, junr, & Co., wholesale dry goods merchants, Front street Falls, Mrs., boarding house 55. King street, west :8t ni;si.Neii.i uinunoKV — canada wut. 01 Fnrr, JdIiii, brewer Qiiom itrcc», wott Fiirragliar, TIidhi'ii, wiitchninkrr ('iill)oriie Mtrift Frrliaii, I). K., a^jiMit tor Moiilrfal Tjpc Foundry 'JJ, Front nircct FcllowLS, W. II., lanJ ««ciit IH, Wcllinntoii Ktrcct Fit«Kcral(l, Mim, iKmrdiiin house, corner of Ailel.iide nnd York strutti Fl< ininn, Janut, Knnlrcii-r uml sceiUmun YonRc utrct t Forbes, MIhh, ilrcssmiiker Church, nciir (icrard itrciel Foster, James, boot and ithoe nuikt r, 4, (.'ity HuiklinKA ...King ntrect, cant Fowler, Heiirv, importer of staple and Cuncv dry goods*, *tc. 41, Voiipe ntrc<'t Fowler, Dr., fur'^ioii dentist Day otrret Fraiu'i^, JainoK, limber dealer Kinc Htreet, vaHt Frceland, I'., ehandUr and sonp boiler, Front, foot of Yoii^e street Frcneh, Kieliard, ehiiirniaker 54, King street, cawt Fuller, T. J., Kiif^lish, Kreiieh, Anu rieiin,nnd(iermHn fancy goodsstorc 4H, Kiiif^ ntrcct, cast Gardner, Ilo'jert, finding store lOC, Yonge street (leddes, Forbi."*, stoek and produce broker West Market stjuaro (jilbert, Kiiiiha I)., c:ii)inetinaker Hay htriet Ciil!>ert, Josepli, cabinet maker Yonge street (lilmor and CnuUoii, \vhole.sale importers, corner of Wellington and Y'ongc t>t. (iond, JamcN, iron founder l.'U, Yongc street Goodcrham and Wortii, steam mills Trinity strict (lordon, William, seedsman, florist, &C 34, Yonge street Gorhani, Walter, exchange office, Liddle's IJuildings Front strict Gorric, William, wharfinger, forwarder and general agent, Yoiige street wharf Graham, William, grocery and [jroviaion store .54, Yonge street Grant, Jolin, wheelwright 170, Queen street, west Grantham, .lolin, livery stable keeper Wellington street Gray, .John butcher , Charles street Green, Cluuh'!*, drujigist, &c 80, King street Green, John, gunsmith .'<, Martimc street Green, Samuel, guiunakcr 46, Yonge street Griffith, John C, & Co., grocers 15G, Yonge street Griffith, Thomas, boot and shoemaker 11!), King street, cast GiiHiths and Penny, British saddlery warehouse ()U, King street, cast Ilaas, Mrs. M., Berlin wool shop, 18, King street, west Haas and I'aaf, grocery and provision store 102, Yonge street llaigh, William, tinsmith Yonge street Ilalford, Mrs., boarding house 97, llichmond street, west Ilall, Jas., dry goods nierchint, wholesale nnd retail. King street, corner of. Church street Hamburger, B , importer of cigars and tobacco, fancy goods, A0\, King street, east Hamilton, Alexander, painter, paper hanger, &c Church street Hamilton, James, brickmaker, near Don river King street, east Hamilton, Patrick John, & Co., produce agents, brokers, and commission merchants, City Buildings King street, east Hamilton, Sidney, captain and owner of the " Rose of Toronto " Duke street ;i,l -*^-, custom-house broker Sherbourne street Hurley, D., grocery and provision store 58, Queen street, west Hutchison, Black & Co., commission merchants Church street Iredale, William, plumber, &c 170, Yonge street Izzard, James, patent leather maker 208, Queen street, west Jackson, Henry, manufacturer of jewellery and silver ware, 36, King street, east Jacques and Hay, cabinet and furniture warehouse, corner Bay and King streets Jamieson, W. M., importer of British and Foreign dry goods, &c. &c., 76, City Buildings King street Jarvis, George M., commission merchant, Liddle's Build- ings Church street Jones, J. B., surgeon dentist 30, Bay street Joseph, J. G., optician, watchmaker and jeweller 56, King street, east Kahn, Charles, surgeon dentist 46, King street, west Kane, Michael, spirit store 51, Yonge street -x*^^ l< ■ Bay Bt sst BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. 53 Ka}', John, brassfounder 18, Queen street, west Kennedy, James, waggonmaker 216, Queen street, west King, Mrs., boarding house Bay, corner of Alfred street Kingsmill, George, boarding house 135, King street, west Kissock, William, notary public, land, fire and life assu- raiiceagent,conveyancer,&c. &c., Post office Buildings, Wellington street Knecshaw, Richard, druggist, &c., (late Lyman, Kncesliaw & Co.) Carleton street Lailey, Thomas, clothing store IIG, King street Langley, William, boot and shoemaker Queen street Lawson, E., grocer, confectioner and baker 91, Yonge street Lawson, Thomas, clothier, &c. &c 11, King street, east Leak, John, grocer, &c 112, Yonge street Leask, James, importer and dealer in British and Foreign dry goods and groceries, corner of Yonge and Queen street!. Leonard, Noel R., painter and glazier 123, Yonge street. Lepper, Arthur, dry goods merchant, opposite St. Lawrence Hall * King street, east Leslie, George, & Co, Toronto nursery Kingston road Leslie, James, proprietor of " Examiner;" stationer and druggist 27, King street, east Lewis, Rice, general hardware merchant, 1, Wellington Buildings King street, east Liddle, James, provision merchant. New Market Buildings Front street Logan, John, gardener and florist Yonge street Love, Neil C, druggist ..85, Yonge street Lovell & Gibson, printers to Legislative Assembly Front street Lowe, Turner & Co, manufacturers of steam engines, boil- ers, &c. &c., adjoining Tinning's wharf Front street Lumley, Maurice, wholesale manufacturer of clothing 119, King street, east Lumsden, Mrs. M., grocery and provision store King street, east Lyman, Brothers, & Co., chemists and druggists, St. Law- rence Buildings King street, east Lynn, S. G., merchant King street, east Lysaght, John, boot and shoemaker 37, King street, east Mabley and Sons, clothiers Yonge street Macdonnell, W. J., & Co., forwarders, &c 22, Front street Macfarlane, Walter, importer of British and Foreign goods Victoria House, 1, City Buildings ...King street, east Macfie, William, dry goods merchant, 2, City Buildings ...King street, east Maclear, Thomas, bookseller, stationer and publisher, agent for Blackie and Sons, Glasgow 45, Yonge street Macpherson, Alex., grocery and prt)vision store, corner of.. .Church and Front streets Malcolm, Alexander, grocer and provision dealer 76, Yonge street Maitland, David, bread and biscuit baker, wholesale and retail, foot of Yonge street Maitland, Robert, wharfinger, bonding warehouse. City wharf Church street 'I ' i: W' .. 'I' m 54 BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. McGce, John, tin, sheet iron, and coppersmith 49, Yonge street McMafter, William, wholesale mercliant, adjoining Bank of Montreal \onge street Maltinan, John, bandbox maker Maria, near Queen street Manning, Alexander, builder Bay street Manning, James, insurance agency office Church street Mansncld, Robert, gardener Spadina avenue Mara, Thomas, house agent .....John street March, Charles, house, Kigu, and ornamental painter, glazier grainer, paper hanger, frame maker, and gilder 29, King street, west Matthews & Co., wholesale and retail grocers 77, Yonge street Maulson, John, accountant and commission agent .'»9, King street, east Mcdcalfc, Thomas, bailiff, division court John street Millf;r, A. W., stage proprietor Church street Miller, Hugh, chemist and druggist 118, King street, east Miller, Mrs. and the Misses, dressmakers 136, Yonge street Milligan, the Misses, milliners l.'il, King street, east Mishaw, 11. \V., boot and shoemaker ., 47, King street, west Mitchell, S., tanner, near the Don river Queen street, east Moffutt, James, dry goods mt-rchant and general dt-alcr ...Queen street, west Moffatts, Murray & Co., wholesale importing and commission merchants Yonge street Monro, George, wholesale merchant Front street Monro, Mrs., boarding house, near church of Holy Trinity, Yonge street Morgan, G. VV., bootmaker 93, Yonge street Morphy, E. M, watchmaker and jeweller 98, Yonge street Morrison, W. C, watchmaker and jeweller 9, King street Mosiinan and Bass, tin, sheet iron, and copperware manu- facturers 48, King street, west Mountjoy, J. R., importer of British and American btaple and fancy goods, 6, City Buildings King street Mulholland, John, & Co., china and glass warehouse 86, King street, east Mullaney, P., butcher Parliament street Meyers, James, grocery and provision store 32, King street, west Macdonald, Alexander, auctioneer and commission agent, 61, Yonge street Macintosh, Mrs., boarding house 146, Yonge street Mclndoc, Thomas, dancing master 77, Yonge street McDonald, John, dry goods merchant 103, Yonge street McKay, Adam, brewer Spadina avenue McLean, D. C, tinsmith plumber, &c. &c 112, King street, east McLean, Samuel, wharflnger 6, Victoria street McLean, Mrs., boarding house 77, Richmond street, east McMulIen, R. C, auctioneer and general agent Church street McMurray, Thomas, watchmaker, &c 121, King street, east Nasmith, John, baker Nelson street Nash and Cayley, Ontario brewery Front street Nimmo, John, agent for newspapers and periodicals 92, King street, east Nordheimer, A. and S., importers of and dealers in music, HOBBUsCffiSSJ last ?t, east bast lat BUSINESS DIRECTORY CANADA WE8T. S5 pianos and musical instruments 14, King street, east Norris, II. F., importer of china, glass and earthenware ...3, King street, west O'Dca, Edward, shoemaker Victoria street O'Dca, Francis, wholesale and retail clothier, 8, City Buildings King street, east O'Dea, James, grocer 41, Church street O'Donohoc, John, auctioneer and conmiission merchant, 4, Wellington Buildings 7, King street, cast O'Donohoe, Malachy, auctioneer, &c. &c 55, King street, east Ogilvie, Alexander, & Co., wliolesalc and retail grocers ..,G, King street, west O'Neill, John P., Bee liive clothing store, opposite St. Lawrence Hall King street O'Neill, P. J., wholesale dry goods merchant 29, Yonge street Osborne, William, land agent and conveyancer IG, King street, west Owen and Mills, coachmakcrs, &c. &c 130, King street, west Panton, James, confectioner 56, Yonge street Parkes, J. and V., turners Adelaide street Paterson, P. and Son, general hardware merchants 21, King street, east Patcrson, P., iinporter.of British and Foreign dry goods, Albert Buildings . King street, cast Paterson, Thomas, importer of staple and fancy dry goods. King street, east Patton & Co., importers of china, glass and earthenware, lamps, &c. &c., 5, Wellington Buildings King street, east Percy, M., dry goods merchant 92, King street, east Perkins, F. and G., wholesale merchants Front street Perrin, W. L., & Co., wholesale dry goods merchants 31, Yonge street Petch, Robert, builder 15, Adelaide street, cast. Phipps, W. B., manager Farmers' Bank 22, King street, west Piper, Hiram, tinsmith 50, Yonge street Piatt, Samuel, brewer and distiller Front street Pocock. John II., tinsmith Yonge street Preston, Thomas J 78, Chuich street Price, James, builder Elm street Price, George, sausagemaker and grocer 169, Queen street, west Proudfoot, William, president Bank of Upper Canada Yonge street Provandie, Mrs., shirtmaker King street Rahn, Charles, surgeon dentist, corner of Bay and Melinda streets Reynolds, William, baker and grocer 25G, Yonge street Reynolds and DufTett, pianoforte makers, Chewett's Buildings King street, west Richardson, Francis, chemist and druggist 8, King street, east Riddle and McLean, merchant tailors 8, King street, west Ridout, Thomas G., cashier Bank of Upper Canada, corner of. Duke and George streets Ridout, Samuel G,. grocer Queen street, west Ridout Brothers, wholesale and retail ironmongers, cor- ner of King and Yonge streets 4 •111 mm i 11 66 BUSINESS DIRECTORY CANADA WEST. Ritchey, John, master builder 61, Adelaide street Ritchey, John, Junior, dry goods merchant, St. Lawrence Buildings King street, east Roberts, David, engineer Peter street Roberts, George, cabinetmaker and upholsterer Yonge street Robertson, Charles, grocer, seed and provision merchant, corner of. King and Nelson streets Robertson, Charles, junior, importer of staple and fancy dry goods 28, King street, east Robertson, John, wholesale merchant 41, Yonge street Rogers, Hugh, book agent, office New Market Buildings Rogers, Joseph, hatter and furrier 78, King street, cast Rogers, Samuel, painter and glazier 42, Bay street Rose, John, revenue inspector Yonge street Ross, George S., grocer King street, east Ross, George, sailing master Caroline street Ross, James, carpenter Spadina avenue Ross, John, undertaker Adelaide street, west Ross, William, builder Caroline street Ross, Mitchell & Co., wholesale dry goods merchants 41, Yonge street Rossin, Brothers, importers of jewellery 30, King street, east Rowel), George, brewer Agnes street Rowell, Joseph, smith and waggon maker 37, Queen street, west Rowsell, Henry, stationer and bookseller 78, King street, west Rowsell and Thompson, book and general printing office Wellington Buildings King street Russell, John, old country auction mart 7, King street Russell, Patrick, merchant tailor King street, east Ryan, J. S., & Co., hardware merchants 75, Yonge street Ryan, Thomas, furnishing undertaker 129, King street, east Saintleger, Mrs, boarding house, corner of Bi«y and Melmda streets Salt, John, hatter and furrier, Victoria Row King street, east Sargant, Robert, & Co., dry goods merchant, St. Lawrence Buildings King street, east Savage, George, importer and manufacturer of watches, clocks, gold and silver ware, &c., Victoria Row 54, King street, east Sawdon, George, clothier 35, King street, east Scobie, Hugh, bookseller and stationer, printer, &e. &C....18, King street, east Score, R., merchant tailor 74, King street, west Scott, Thomas, surveyor of customs 69, Richmond street, east Scott and Laidlaw, wholesale and retail dry goods ware- housemen, corner of King and Church streets Searle, Henry, paper hanger and pianoforte tuner, Chewitt's Buildings King street, west Shaw, Samuel, axe and edge-tool factory, corner of Shep- pard and Richmond streets, shop 75, Yonge street Shaw, TurnbuU & Co., wholesale dry goods merchants ...Wellington street, east Sheppard, William, boot and shoemaker, corner of King and George streets kst Ut |st leat Ut, east Istreets BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. 57 east streets Sheppard, Jacob, cabinetmaker 218, Yonge street Sheppard, W. W. and R, marble masons 84, King street, west Short, J. nd E., carpenters 74, Richmond street, cast Silvas, Mark, saddler 194, King street, east Simpson, George, baker Ill, Queen street, west Siason, Z., planing machine Yonge street Skelton, James, importer of jewellery and fancy goods ...6, King street, east Sleigh, John, butcher Yonge street, Yorkville Sleigh, Samuel, miller, baker, confectioner and grocer, 122, 124, and 126 King street, east Smith, Mrs. and Miss, ladies' seminary 162, King street, east Smith, A. M., grocer and provision merchant 104, Yonge street Smith, Thomas, painter 21, Wellington street, west Smith, Thompson, lumber merchant, Gorrie's wharf, foot of Yonge street Smith, J. F., surgeon dentist 5, King street, east Saarr, John, builder Victoria street Sovereign, John, brewer Yonge street Spencer, George B., Phoenix foundry 55, Yonge street, Spreull, Samuel, accountant, notary public, agent and com- mission merchant 61.i Yonge street Sproat, Henry, ginger befer maker 69, King street, west Stanton, Robert, general commission agent, &c Yonge street Stephens. H., printer 27, King street, west Stephens, James, printer King street, east Sterling, John, boot and shoemaker, 6, Wellington Build- ings King street, east Stewart, H., commission merchant 4, Yonge street Stewart, W., saddler and harness maker 95, Yonge street Stoddard, E. L., commission merchant, opposite Western Hotel Wellington street Storm, William, builder 58, George street Strachan and Reford, grocers, &c West Market square Sutherland, K. M., importer of wines, spirits, groceries, &c., corner of. Yonge and King streets Swain, Jthn, & Co., patent medicines, opposite St. Law- rence Hall King street, east Taylor and Stevenson, wholesale dry goods merchants Yonge street Taylor, John, & Brothers, Toronto paper mills warehouse. West Market square Telfer and Sproat, carriagemakers Shuter street Thiem, C, oil cloth manufacturer 184, Queen street, west Thomas, F., ironmonger 51, King street, west Thomas, John, pianoforte maker. Harmony Place 140, King street, west Thompson, Chas., stage and steamboat owner — office, op- posite Wellington Hotel Church street Thompson, — ., manager consumers' gas company — office, Post office Buildings Wellington street Thompson, Thomas, dry goods and clothing, Mammoth House King street, east . i r;-: i; ! 1 r, F il fl ;"f m 68 BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CAKADA WEST. Timpson, Tlioinas II, mathemntical instrument ninkcr. ...1.5, Adelaide street, cast Tinning, Richard, timber nicrchiint and wliariingcr. Bay shore, foot of York street Topping and Brown, dry goods importers, opposite Com- mercial Bank Wellington street, west Torrance, Benjamin, & Co., wholesale merchants Church street Urquhart, S. F., patent medicine warehouse 69, Yongc street Vale, Charles, axe and edge-tool maker, bell hanger, &c... Adelaide street, west IS ■' m m Wakefield, William, auctioneer and commission merchant 155, King street Walker, George, merchant tailor 45, King street, east Walker, Charles and William, merchant tailors 10, King street, east Walkor & Hutchinson, clothiers and dry goods merchants 2G, King street, east Wallii), Thomas J., general store, corner of Queen and John streets Watkin.s, John, high bailiff Richmond street, west Watson & Co., leather dealers and tanners 13, Yonge street Watts, Thomas, upholsterer 67, King street, west Webb, Thomas, bootmaker, &c Yonge street Webb, Thomas, baker and confectioner Yonge street Weller, Lorenzo, stage proprietor, corner of Front and Wellington streets Wetherell, Joseph, butcher Jarvis street, Yorkville Wharam, C. B., gilder York street Wheeler, Thomas, engraver, watchmaker, &c 10, King street, east White, David, carriagemaker 60, York street Whittemore, Rutherford & Co., general merchants King street, east Wickson, James, butcher Yonge street Wightman, Robert, & Co., wholesale importers of dry goods, 10, Yonge street Williams, George W., cabinetmaker and upholsterer 1, Queen street, west Williams, II. B., undertaker, cabinetmaker and upholsterer, 140, Yonge street Williams, John, soap and candle maker South Park street Williams, J. J., upholsterer 49, Queen street, west Williams, Hewitt and Holmes, City Carriage Factory 142, Yonge street Williamson, William, accountant and book-keeper Church street Willmott, John, flour (actor and produce agent, corner of Market Buildings Front street Willoughby, M., general blacksmith, Adelaide street, near Bay street Wilson, David, boot and shoemaker, wholesale and retail, 19, King street, west Wilson, John, confectioner 26, Church street Wilson and Haigh, cabinetmakers and upholsterers 34, King street, west Winson and Nuthall, linen and woollen drapers, &c 40 King street, east Withrow, James, master builder Centre street Wood, Robert, butcher Charles street Wood, Samuel, surgeon dentist 49, King street, west Woodsworth, Richard, builder Richmond street, east Workman Brothers, hardware merchants 36, King street, east Worthington, John, builder Albert street Worthington, James, marble and stone cutter Temperance street west west I west east I west east least cet BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. Wright, Charles and William, hair dressers, &c., warm and cold baths Front street Wyllic, George B., importer of British and Foreign dry goods, 18, Adelaide Buildings ....King street, east Yates, Richard, grocer, wine and spirit merchant 50, King street, cast Young, James, builder Isubelia street FIRE, LIFE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANIES. ^tna Fire Insurance Company, Hartford, Connecticut — agents, Whittemore, Rutherford & Co King street Britannia Life Assurance Company of London — agent, Francis H. Howard Front street British America Fire and Life Assurance Company — mana- ging director, T. W. Birchall George street British Commercial Life Assurance Company of London — agent, William Kissock, Post Office Buildings Wellington street Canada Life Assuance Company, Hamilton — agent, E. Bradburnc, Bank Buildings Wellington street Colonial Life Assurance Company — agent, J. Mauhon, Wellington Buildings King street Columbus Fire and Marine Insurance Company — agent, George H. Cheney King street Eagle Life Assurance Company of London — agent, John Cameron, Commercial Bank Wellington street Equitable Fire Insurance Company — agent, Francis H, Ueward Front street Globe Insurance Company of London — sub-agent for To- ronto, J. W. Brent Church street Hartford Fire Insurance Company — agents, Whittemore, Rutherford & Co King street Home District Mutual Fire Insurance Company — secretary, John Rains, opposite St James' Cathedral King street Lafayette Marine Insurance Company — agent, Francis II. Heward Front street Merchants' Mutual Insurance Company, Buffalo — agent, Samuel Spreull 61.^, Yonge street Montreal Fire, Life and Inland Navigation Company — agent, Robert Beekman Yonge street Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York — agent, George IL Cheney King street 59 m 'I ■ti .oMiite.i^tMKjHggl^l^ w ik^ 00 BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. New York Protection Fire and Marine Insurance Company — aji^ent, James Manning, Liddle's Buildings Church street North-Western Marine Insurance Company, Oswego — agent, James Browne, Browne's Wharf Front street Orleans Fire and Marine Insurance Company — agent, George II. Cheney King street Phoenix Fire Insurance Company of London — agents, MoflTatts, Murray & Co Yonge street Protection Fire and Marine Insurance Company, Hartford, Connecticut — agents, Whittemorc, Rutherford & Co. King street Provincial Mutual and General Insurance Cmnpany — E. G. O'Brien, secretary Church street Quebec Fire Insurance Company, agent — Francis H. ileward Front street St. Lawrence County Mutual Fire Insurance Company, Ogdcnsburgh, N. Y. — agent, William Kissotk, Post Office Buildings Wellington street St. Lawrence Inland Marine Assurance Company — agent, £. C.Jones King street, east NEWSPAPERS PUBLISHED IN TORONTO. '' British Colonist" King street " Canada Gazette" King street " Christian Guardian " King street " Church" King street " Daily Patriot and Express" King street *' Examiner" King street " Globe" ; King street " Mirror" King street " North American" Yonge street " Watchman" corner of Church and King street European, United States, and Canada Express, and For- warding Office — James Browne, agent Front street Athenaeum and Commersial News Room 57, King street, west Mechanics' Institute, Court house lane, ofT Church street west BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. 61 Post OrricE Wellington street Tei.eqrapii Office Front street ToBO.NTo AND Lakb IIuron Railroad Officb Colborne street Toronto University Head of College avnnuc Upper Canada College Ki"g street, west of Siincoe Normal School King street, west of Simcoe Model School Education Office, Albany Chambers King street, west Osgoode Hall, Courts of Law Queen street PROFESSIONAL MEN, &c., &c. Aikins, Dr 53, Queen street, west Ambrose, Charles and John, professors of music Church street Andrews, William, junior, attorney, &c Richmond street, cast Antrobus, Colonel, Prov. A. D. C Church street Armstrong, John, notary public, &c King street Bacon, W. V., solicitor in chancery, corner of Church and King streets Badgley, F., M. D Bay street Bainea, Thomas, secretary to clergy corporation William street Baldwin, Hon. Robert, attorney general, west, corner of.. .Bay and Front streets Barrett, M., first English master, U. C. College, residence, William street Barber, George A., city superintendent of education, Al- bany Chambers, residence John street Barron, F. W., principal of U. C. College, residence College Buildings Beaumont, William R, surgeon 11, Bay street Beel & Crowther, barristers, corner of Church and King streets Begly, Thomas A., secretary to board of works, residence. King street, west Berezy, Charles, post master, residence, (adjoining Post , Office) Wellington street Birchall, Thomas W., managing director of the British American Fire and Life Assurance Company 17, George street Blake, lion. William Hume, chancellor, residence, corner of Wellington and Bay streets Boulton, Henry John, junior, barrister Church street Boulton, James, barrister Church street Boulton,W.U., M.P.P., barrister, residence, "The Grange" John street Bourret, Hon. Joseph, president. Executive Council, resi- dence 16, Wellington street, west Bovell, Dr Carlton stiect Boys, Henry, bursar, Toronto University, and U. C. Col- lege Office, residence , Wellington street ,!.■ m I ti ■: i' > 63 nUBINEflH DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. Braill)urnp, K Inioiul, n^cnt fur Canada Life AsHuranco Coinpiiiiy Otliio, rt'siilcncc, Albany Clinmbcrii Urrnt,.?. W., sei-iTlnry to lloHpital Trusters, offii-o C'liiiich btrctt Uroik, (ii'orm', barrister, (ofCamiroii, Droik & Ilobiiivuii,) riHidtiici- Wi'llington sfrrct llrook, Gforgf, barrister, Ike, offiio oornc-r of King ami NcIhoii streets IJrougli, Allan P., civil ciigiiii'cr and dipiity provincial sur- veyor lolin street Ilrou;?h, Seeker, biirriyiter, office, Temple Ciianibers King street, west Uruee, Hon. Col. inilitnry aiid civil secretary, and principal Aid-dc-Cainp to Governor (Jeneial, residence, EUali's Hotel King street, west Buchanan, C. W., M. 1)., Toronto Lying-in Hospital, corner of. Victoria and Richmond its. Bueklaud, (Icori^c, editor of "Canadian Agriculturist," re- sidence, Yorkville Yonge street Bull, K. C, artint Isabella street Burns, Hon. Robert E, judge of Court of Common Pleas, residence Yonge street Burnside, Dr. Alexander Yonge street Cadwcll, Dr., oculist and aurist 5, King street, cast Cameron, John, cashier, Commercial Hunk, M. D 12, Wellington street Cameron, John H., barrister, corner of Wellington and Jordan stB Cameron, M., barrister Church street Caron, Hon. R. E,, speaker Legislative Council, residence, Eilah's Hotel King street, west Carruihers, V. F., solicitor in chancery, barrister, &c., 15, Post Office Buildings Wellington street Cary, Joseph, deputy inspector general Rathurst street Casscls, W. < i., manager of Bunk of British North America, corner of. Wellington and Yonge st*. Cathcart, Joseph A., attorney, &c Bathurst street Cayley and Cameron, barristers, &e Church street Clarke, J. P., professor of music Church street Connor, Skeffington, L, L. D., professor of law, Toronto University 9, Bay street Congregational Academy 29, King street, east Cooper, C. W., solicitor in chancery Church street Cooper, Robert, barrister Wellington street Coscns, Mrs., ladies seminary St, Georges square Crawford, Hagarty and Crookshank, barristers, &c. &c. ...Church street Crawford, Miss A., ,'54, Church street Crawford, Dr Queen street Crew, Dr. Henry Yonge street Crickmore, John, barrister, office Church street Croft. H. IL, professor of chemistry, vice-chancellor Toronto University, residence Gerrard street BUaiNGSg IHRECTORY — CANADA WlUiT. 68 Crombic, M. C, head ninHtiT county of York grntninnr •chool Nilsoti striTf Crooks, 11 P., barriatcT, office, Haiik of Uriti-sh Norlli Amrriia Huildinf^s Witllingtoii utreet Cuinberlanil und Kidoiit, iircliitccts ami civil cii^iiicvrs. County Buildings Toronto street Dalton, Robert (I., barrister, corner of Kinir nnd Cbnreh streets Daly, Cbarles, clerk. City Council King street, west Dela llaye, .1. P., French master, U. (I. College, residence, Collej^c HuilJings Deslandcs, M(ms. and Madame, ladies' seminary, head of John street Dempsey, John VV. nnd Uicliard, bairistcr:*, &c Church street Dempsey nnd Ketle, barristers, &c Church street Deiiison nnd Dewaon, barristers, &<•., New Market Huild- inga Front street Derry, I)r 39, Bay street DcSalaberry, Lieut. Col. D. A. (i. Militia, East Carleton street Dixon, Joseph, city assessor .Albert street Dolmage, J. II. S., deputy clerk of the peace Yonge street Draper, Hon. \V. H., judge Court of (iueen's Hcneh York street Draper, (Icorge, barrister, office, Albany Chambeis King street, west Duggan, George, senior, coroner Duke street Duggan, George, junior, barrister, city recorder, &c .Adelaide street Duggan and Morph}', barristers, &c Church street Durand, Charles, conveyancer 15, King street Eceles, Henry, barrister Toronto street Elliott, J., attorney, &c., clerk of County Council, court house Church street Esten, J. C. P., vice-chancellor Beverley street Fitzger.ild and Fitzgibbon, barristers 43, King street Eraser, W. VV., architect Agnes street Freeland, Patrick, barrister, 6, Wellington Buildings King street G.ile, Rev. Alexander, principal Toronto Academy Front street Gait, Thomas, barrister Colborne street Gamble, Clarke, barrister Church street Gamble, Dr. T. C, homoepathist 155, King street, west Garlic, Thomas, city inspector, east New City Hall Gilkison, Mrs., organist 39, Bay street Grant, Alexander, barrister 65, Yonge street Green, Rev. Anson, book steward, Wesleyan Book Deposi- tory 57, King street, east Gurnett, George, clerk of the peace, H. D., &c King street Gwynne, Hugh, secretary, &c., Law Society, C. \V Osgood Ilall Gwynnc, John W., barrister, &c., Club House, King street Gwynne, W. C, B. M., T. C. D., Professer of Anatomy, Toronto University York street Ilalliuan, James, barrister '26, King street I t ■t I I '^ i '-■-'tBThrirriffriairJilfc? r;::|: (H BUfllNESB DIRECTOBV — CANADA WMT. Ilallowrll, Dr., Queen itrcct IIiimkI, T., portrait puiiitcr, St. Lnwrenec HuildingH Kiiif; stDct Hiirri-oii, S. H., jii'Igc of County Court of County of York, Duiidas utri-et Iliiwkc, A. 11, cliitf emigrRMt ngent, C. W Hay 8treet Ilttwkiiif!, William, provincial surveyor King ttrcct Hayes, Dr Church street llciitl), C. \V., barrister, Albany Chambers King street Ilectur, John, barrister. Post OHice lluildingH Wellington street Henderson, James, manngrr of Savings Dank Duke street 111 rriek, Dr. George, M. D., professor of midwifery, To- ronto University 50, Church street Hcward, W. li., clerk to judge in chambers 1*20, Queen street, west Ilincks, Hon. Francis, inspector general Duke street Hodgins, J. (i , secretary to Education OfRcc Yongu street Hore, R. C, surgeon and apothecary Yonge street, Yorkvillo Hougliton, George W., attorney, &c , Law Chambers 5, King street, east Howard, J. (>., nrchiteet, &c 82, King street, west Howard, James T., treasurer, County of York Gerrard street Howeutt, John Crock street Humplircys, J. D., professor of music Seaton street Hurlburt, Rev. Jesse, princpal Adelaide Academy 28, Bay street Hutchison, Rev. John, academy 8, King street, west James, Robert, junior, agent, Montreal City Bank Church street Jarvis, S. M., barrister King street Jiirvis, W. H., sheriff, County of York, court house Church street Jes.sopp, H. H., attorney, 2, Wellington Ruihlings King street, east Jones and Proudfoot, barristers, 5, Wellington Buildings. ..King street, east Jones, Edward C, barrister, reporter to Court of Common Pleas Duke street Joseph, John, clerk to Executive Council Sleepy Hollow, Caur Howell Kane, Paul, artist 49, King street Keefer, Alexander, barrister, Chewett's Buildings 98, King street Keefer, Samuel, chief engineer Board of Works 40, Queen street, east Keele, W. C, solicitor in chancery 50, Bay street King, John M. B., professor of theory and practice of medi- cine, Toronto University Richmond street Lafontaine, Hon. L. H., attorney general east Bay street Leslie, Hon. James, provincial secretary Bay street Lindsay, W. B., clerk Legislative Assembly Wellington street Lowe, F. C, wood engraver Western Hotel Lount, Charles W., barrister, corner of King and Church streets Macara, John, barrister, &e., Albany Chambers King street Macauley, Hon. J. B., cliief justice Court of Common Pleas, Wickham Lodge Y'onge street Mason, Miss, ladies' seminary, corner of. Bay and Adelaide streets March, Peter, portrait painter Yonge street '♦1 west tville t est St ler Ilowell east streets streets nt'siNEM DrRrrrnRY — canada webt. to M lynard, nc'v.ncorRo, mallirmallcMl iiiB^ttr, IT. C. Citlli'^jp, College nuildiiigi Mciidtll, \V. F., c.ilIcitDr of .'\,'\.-^"\.>.-, Vine, William, "St. Ledger Inn" Kingston road Ward, Matthew, " Gardeners' Arras Inn" Yonge street COUNTY OF YORK— {Continued.) CO ■^*^^' (# ii 4 bare ■re rest tkville MERCHANTS, &c., &.c. Abbott and Bettcs, iron founders Oshawa Adair, Alexander, merchant Richmond Hill Adams, Henry, saddler Whitby Allan, William, merchant, Cheltenham Anderson, Charles, merchant, Whitby Anderson, John, tanner, Beaverton Archer, A., merchant, Yorkville Armstrong, Geo., Agent Provincial Mutual Insurance Co. Lloydtown Armstrong, Wm., Miller and Distiller, Markham Bagwell, J. B., merchant, Mimico Balmer, George, merchant, Weston Barber & Brothers, woollen manufacturers and lumber merchants Strectsville Barker, A., miller, merchant, brewer and Postmaster Markham Barnard, G. & B., merchant.s, Ilichmond Hill Barnhart, John, senior, general agent, Strectsville Barnhart, John, junior, chemist and druggist, Strectsville Barnhart & Brothers, merchants, Strectsville Barnhart, S. J., printer (proprietor of " Strectsville Review"), Strectsville Bartlett, Moses, tanner, Brooklin Bascom, Joseph, tanner and postmasten, Uxbridge Batcman, Edward, iron founder, Brooklin Beaty, H., miller, Strectsville Berry, J., saddler, Brampton Bettes, Wm., tinsmith and stove dealer, Oshawa Bevan, J. W , cooper in gpueral, Yorkville Bigelow, J. and J., merciiants, Scugog Bishop, Wm., butcher, , Oshawa Black, John, merchant, Kdinonton Black, John, lumber merchant and postmaster, Columbus Bloor, Wm., butcher, Yorkville Bolster, Thomas, merchant and ash manufacturer, Uxbridge ' Bolster, — , merchant, Colter's Corners, Mariposa Bolton, James, miller and lumber merchant, Bolton Bolton, Charles, merchant, Bolton Bouchier, J. O. B., merchant, miller and lumber merchant, carder, fuller and postmaster, Sutton Bowman, Rooert, merchant and postmaster, Clairville Boyer, John, merchant, Stauffville % i ■70 BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. Dradshnw, Charles, comb maker, Yorkville Brain, Jolin, brewer and distiller, , Brampton Bright, J. A., carpenter, .' Oshawa Brunskill, John, merchant, Thornhill Bryan, A., merchant, Prince Albert Bryan, Benjamin, tinsmith, Whitby Bunton and Allan, iron merchants, Newmarket Burk, Jesse, rope maker, Yorkville Burns, Gavin, bookseller and postmaster, Oshawa Bywater, Robert, incrchaut and postmaster, Pine Grove Cairns, Henry, brewer, Holland Landing Caldwell, Edward, threshing machine maker, Whitby Caldwell, William, chair maker, Whitby Cameron, Donald, merchant, distiller and potash manu- facturer Beavcrton Campbell, J. and R., merchants and millers, Brooklin Campbell, C, merchant, Strcetsville Campbell, Allan, merchant, Colter's corners Card, Ethan, woollen mannfacturer, Cannington Card, Chester, woollen manufacturer, Rrooklin Cash, David, pump and fanning mill maker, Markham Cawthra, John, merchant, Newmarket Chafec, J. M., merchant, Tullamore Chapman, P., merchant, Weston Cheney, M., watchmaker, Oshawa Church, Richard, brewer and distiller, Sydenham Clarke, Charles, brewer, Whitby Clarke, W. A., fancy leather maker, Yorkville Clarkson, Wm., merchant, Oshawa Clay, Wm., merchant and postmaster, Norval Clay, W. T., cabinet maker, Thornhill Cliff, E., merchant, Weston Coates, Thomas, tanner, Sydenham Cogswell, Mason, waggon maker, Thornhill Cook, James, fancy leather maker, Yorkville Cotter, G. S., miller, Newmarket Cotton, Rowe & Co., merchants Scugog Cotton, Robert, merchant, Port Credit Crosby, P., merchant, Machells' Corners Crosby H. P., merchant, Markham Crosby, L. & Co., nurserymen, Markham Currie, George, merchant and pearlash manufacturer, Prince Albert Dain, John, butcher, Yorkville Dale, John, saddler, Yorkville Daniels, H. & Co., merchants, saleratus and pearlash makers., Brooklin Darlington, Robert, merchant and postmaster, Brooklin Davidson, Joseph, woollen manufacturer, Cannington -^ BbVINESa DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. 71 \,-<.---Vv.-v.-s.-v>, Davis, Mrs., merchant, Newmarket Demmery, T., butcher, ^...Yorkville Denham, Mrs., Ladies' school, Yorkville Dennis, Henry, owner of saw mill and planing machine,. ..Weston Dickson, G. P., miller, (Elgin milisi,) Richmond Hill Doan, Charles, merchant and postmaster, MachcU's Corners Doan, Charles, merchant, Sharon Donaldson, J. A., postmaster, Weston Douglas, Mrs., postmistress, Colter's Corners Dow, Thomas, merchant, Whitby and Columbus DufTus, A., merchant, Lloydtown Dunn, Jonathan, tanner, Cooksville Dwyer, Robert, merchant, Newtown Hewitt, Albion Eastwood, A., merchant and postmaster, Lloydtown Eckhardt, Andrew, merchant, Unionville Edmunds, John, shoemaker and grocer, Yorkville Edwards, George, tanner, Lloydtown Edy, John, carpenter, Thoinhill Ellerby, David, woollen manufacturer, E. Gwillimbury Eliis, H. B., merchant,. Lloydtown EUwood, James, merchant, Queensville Elsworlh, Henry, tinsmith, Whitby Embleton, John, surveyor and land agent, Strectsvillc Falconbridge, J. K., merohant, Richmond Hill Farewell, A., merchant, Oshawa Fisher, Thomas, miller, (Millwood mills) Lambton Fisher, Thomas, merchant, Coonat's Corners or St. Andrews Flint and Holden, merchants Stauflville Fhimerfcit, George, merchant, Markham Flumerfelt, William, tanner, Maikham Forster, William, merchant, Brampton Forster, Matthew, threshing machine maker, Markham French, Edward, merchant, Oshawa Fuller and Brothers, merchants, Prince Albert Fuller, Thomas & Co., tinsmiths and stove dealers, Oshawa Galbraith, J. D., shoemaker, Cooksville Gamble, J. W., miller, distiller, meichant, lumber mer- chant, brewer and tanner, Pine grove, Vaughan Gamble, W., miller, merchant, postmaster, woollen manu • facturer, lumber merchant, &c., (Milton mills), Humber Gartshore, Robert, saddler, Whitby Gibbs, Thomas, miller, South Oshawa Gibbs, Charles, merchant, Cannington Gibbs, W. H., merchant, Columbus Glendinning, John, lumber merchant, St'eetsville Glenny, William, merchant, Oshawa Gooderham, William, miller, merchant, lumber merchant, and tanner, Norval. TO BUSINE.SS DIRECTORY CANADA WEST. Gorliain, Charles, woollen manufacturer Newmarket Gould, Joseph, miller, lumber merchant, carder, and fuller, Uxbridge Guernsay, A., merchant and auctioneer, Newmarket Guernsay, L., miller, .'. Newmarket Gurnett, — , tanner, Machell's Corners Ilaggart, Brothers, iron founders, Brampton Haines, — , miller and lumber merchant, Cheltenham Hall, Trueman, merchant, Churchville Hamilton and Smith, cabinet and chair makers, Brampton Hammond, O., merchant, Port Credit Harrison and Marsh, mfrchants, Holland Landing Hawkins, George, auctioneer, ., Streetsville Hayes, Brothers, ropemakers, Yorkville Head, Peter, miller, Duffin's Creek Henry, Thomas, harbour master, Port Oshawa Hepburn, George, tanner, Columbus Herie, Gerrie J. A., bookseller and druggist, Whitby Herrington. William, merchant, Sparta Hicks, John, miller, distiller, and lumber merchant Uxbridge Higley, P. R., churnmaker, Oshawa Hill, Samuel, lumber merchant, Scugog Hodgson, Matthew, brewer, Dufiin's Creek Hogaboom, John C, post-master, Sharon Hogg, J. and W., merchants, ..Hogg's hollow, Yonge Street Holley, Joseph, lumber merchant, Weston Holmes, John, tanner, ■. Brampton Hore, R. C, Apothecary and Druggist, Yorkville Houck, Louis, merchant and fanning mill maker, Markham Howell, John H., merchant, Oshawa Howland, P., merchant and postmaster, Brampton Howiand, W. P., miller and merchant, Lambton Hughes, W. C, merchant, Columbia, Albion Hughes, George, merchant, Brownsville Humphrey and Lawrence, merchants, Richmond Hill Hurd, A., postmaster, Prince Albert Hurd, P. A„ tanner, merchant and pearlash maker. Prince Albert Hutchinswn, M., carriage maker, Yorkville Hyde, .Tohn C, miller and lumber merchant, Streetsville Hyland, John, merchant, Oshawa Jackson, Samuel, merchant, Brampton Jewctt, Charles, tanner, Duffin's Creek Jcwett, Charles S., merchant, Borelia Johnson, Edward, merchant, ...,. Uxbridge Johnson, Joseph, merchant, Uxbridge Keller, James, merchant, Unionville Kennedy, William, merchant, Sydenham Kirkpatrick, Robert, merchant, Newmarket BU9INES3 DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. 73 « Knox, Thomao, cabinetmaker, Oshawa Laidlasv, Douglas, mcichant, ifolland Landing Laing, James, merchant, and agent for commercial bank, ..Osliawa Laing, William, merchant, Whitby Laing, Andrew, merchant and pearlash manufacturer, Prince Albert Law, Abraham, tanner, '. Richmond Ilill Lawder, Robert H., merchant, Port Whitby Lawrence, J. H., merchant, Cheltenham Lawrence, G. T.. merchant, Bolton Lawrence, J., tanner, Weston Leek, E., saddler, Yoikville Lehoe and Joint, soap, candle and ash manufacturers, ...Columbus Leppcr, M., merchant, MacheU's Corners Lepper, \., merchant, Duffin's Creek Levens, Horatio, tanner, Sparta Leys, Francis, postmaster, Duffin's Creek Lloyd, A., postmaster, Stauffville Lockhart and Wilson, millers and distillers, Oshawn Logan, F., merchant and lumber merchant, Cooksville and Sydenham Lount, Hiram, merchant, Rrownsville Lount and West, lumber merchants, Holland Landing Luke and Ash, tanners, South Oshawa Lumsden, William, merchant, Duffin's Creek Lund, Richard, & Co., merchants, Scugog Lundy, F., merchant, Derry West Lynch, D. L., merchant, Brampton Lynde, Carleton, merchant and tanner, Whitby Lyons, John, merchant, Yorkville McClair, William, merchant, Derry West Macdougall, Robert, miller, (south-western mills) Weston McGee, William, & Co., saleratus makers, Brooklin McGill, George, lumber merchant, Springfidd McGlashan, Andrew, tanner, Hogg's Hollow McGuire, Patrick, merchant and brewer Brooklin Machell — , merchant, MacheU's Corners Mcllioy, Thomas, cabinet and chairmaker, Brampton Macdonald, — , merchant, Sutton Macintosh, John, carder and fuller, Bolton McKay, J , carriage maker, Newmarket McKay, John, merchant, Thornhill McKelvey, J., tinsmith, Brampton McKelvey, William, tinsmith, Brampton McKinnon, Neil, merchant Streetsvillft McMahon, John, merchant O-hawa McMaster, John, merchant, Streetsville McMaster, A, merchant, Holland Landing McMullen, — , merchant and ash maker, Athcrly McPherson, Alexander, postmaster, Whitby m m ■'* 74 BUSINESS DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. • McPhcrson, William, merchant, Richmond Hill McFhiliips, John, nicruhaiit, Richmond Hill Miigrafh, Jnincs, merchant and postmaster, Springfield Maguire, John, saddler, Richmond Hill MHrkie, E., pump maker, Cooksville Martin, John, & Co., merchants, Port Whitby Martin, John, axemaker, Oshawa Martin, John, carpenter, Thornhill Mason, Tliomas, saddler, Columbus Medd, George, saddler, Thornhill Millard, Joseph, cabinetmaker, Newmarket Mills, James, saddler, Columbus Milne, Thomas A., miller and woollen manufacturer, Markham Monroe, Hugh, maiiufjtcfurer of machinery, Oshawa Monroe, G., merchant, miller, distiller and lumber nier- ehant, Cannington Moore & Robertson, merchants Brownsville Moore, Martin, saddler, Holland Landing Morley, F. B., postmaster and agent for marriage licenses, Cooksville Moiliy, John, tailor, Cooksville Morrison, M., merchant, Beaverton Mountain, Benjamin, merchant, Yorkville Nash, Noah G., brewer, Port Whitby Nelson, J., saddler, Brampton Nichols, William, merchant, Brooklin O'Connor, II. B., merchant, Whitby Oliphant, D., book.^eller and printer, (Oshawa Reformer) Oshawa Ostertag, G. M. G., tinsmith, Tliornliill Parsons & Wilcocks, merchants, Thornhill Parsons, T., merchant, -x Holland Landing Paterson, Thomas, merchant, Streetsville Paterson, Wm. II., merchant and postmaster, Streetsville Paxton, Thomas, & Co., lumber merchants, Scugog Perry, Peter, merchant, Whitby Perry, R. E., merchant, Whitby Perry, D., merchant, Churehville Pirie, Johnstone, carriage maker, .....Whitby Playter, R., merchant, Rouge Pointer, Richard, tanner, Churehville Pollock, Charles, lumber merchant, Richmond Hill Porter, G. S., printer and bookseller, Newiwarket Postell, William, waggon maker, Bolton Power, John, tanner, Brownsville Proetor, George, miller, lumber merchant, merchant, dis- tiller, &c., Beaverton Purkiss, Josiah, merchant, Thornhill Quigley, M., carpenter, Oshawa ■^«*' BUSINE88 DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. Ray, N., cnrriage maker, Whitby Rcid, Willson, tanner, Sharon Roadhouse, Samuel, cubinetui , Newmarket Robinson, John, tanner Markham Robison, John, miller, (oatmeal mill) Markham Roe, William, merchant and postmaster Newmarket Rogers & Morrison, saddlers, Cooksville Rogers, — , merchant, Queensville Remain, P. Z , mereliant and commissioner Court of Queen's Ikneh, Cooksville Romain, C. E., lumber merchant, Cooksville Rowe, James & Co., warehousemen and forwarders, Tort Whitby Russell, Robert, watchmaker, O.^hawa Rutledge, Robert, lumber merchant, Cooksville Rutledge, U., merchant, Yoikville Savingny, W. II., miller, (Metcalfe mills), Ilop^r's Hollow Schoficld, L. II., merchant, Whitby Scott, John, merchant tailor, Weston Scott, Joseph, carder and fuller, Lloydtown Shaw, Peter, mcrchanf, • SJj.iron Siiaw, William, cabinetmaker, Whitby Shepherd, Charles, merchant, Thonihill Shield.'^, William, merchant, Bolton Silvcithorn, J., lumber merchant, Cooksville Simmons & Sons, millers, Streetsvilie Simpson, John, miller, Cluirchville Simpson, William, brewer, Newmarket Sktlton, W. K., saddler, Lloydtown Skirving, R., merchant, Coluuibus Sloan, William, postmaster, Holland Landing Smith, J. H., merchant, agent Home District Mutual In- surance Company, andconimissiouer of Court of Queen's Bench, Lloydtown Smith, Edward, miller, , Brooklin Smith, John, merchant, U.xbridgn Smith, Andrew, miller, Columbus Smith & McMastcr, merchants, Newmarket Smith, H., soapmaker, Whitby Soady, James, last and shoe peg manufacturer, Cooksville Somerville, Thomas, miller, ((Sllcnbank mills), Weston Sovereign, John, brewer, Yorkville Spalding, David, merchant and brewer, Oshawa Spedding, , iron founder, .StautT.ile Spcnce, C, merchant, .Cheltenham Spencer, Henry, tinsmith, ...Whitby Sprowle, J. S., printer, (Whitby Reporter), Whitby Spurrell, John, merchant, Whitby Steers, Abraham, tanner, Stauiivillc w .■>.^V,N.>.>.N.N.'>. ' 1 i n- '>l m H. V ■ 76 DUSIXE.'^S DIRECTORY — CANADA WEST. Sterling, James, mcrchnnt, Duffin'n Crerk Stevenson, E., mcrchunt, MnchcH's Corners Stogdill, Solomon, tanner, Lloydtown Stone, M. B, shoemaker, Oshawa Street, .Ii)lin, lumber nierchiint, Streetsville Styles, Wm., tanner, Queensville Sutton, Walter, ehcmist and druggist, Oshawa Sutherland, Donald, miller and lumber morchant, Urownsville Svinnerton, Thomas, miller and lumber merchant, Columbia, Albion Switzcr, Benjamin, merchant, Streetsville Tait & Harvey, iron founders, Holland Landing Tanner, Steph.n, tanner Prince .--Ibert Teefy, M., merchant, postmaster and agent Home District M itnal Insurance Company, Richmond Hill Tegart, Anderson, aiiddlor, Brownsville Telfer, James, merchant, Etobicoke Thistle, J., merchant, St. Andrews Thomas, L. C, soap andcandlemakcr an I bookseller, Brooklia Thompson, T. J., merchant, and agent National Loan Fund Life and Equitable Fire Insurance Companies, Cooksville Till, William, cabinet maker, Whitby Tomlin=on, Alfred, woollen manufacturer, Sparta Tomlinson, Joseph, lumber merchant, Sparta Tomlinson, S., pjiil manufacturer, Sparta Torrance, Mrs., merchant, Newmarket Townsley, William, brickmaker, Yorkvllle Traeey & Cotton, merchmts, Churchville Trott, Job, mason, Thornhill Trueman, D., druggist, Brampton Tyson, T. W., miller and lumber merchant, Lloydtown Vannostrand, Cornelius, merchant and miller, Springfield Vannostrand, John, merchant and postmaster, (near) ....Hogg's Hollow Wadsworth, Charles, miller, merchant, lumber merchant and distiller, , WVston Wallace, George & Thoma', merchants, Whitby Wallis, William, tanner and saddler, Newmarket Walsh, Rob't, surveyor, Lloydtown Warbrick, Joseph, tanner, Rolton Ward, Andrew, auctioneer, Etobicoke W^ard, William, miller, Etobicoke Ward, John, chair and bedstead manufacturer, Etobicoke Warren, J. B., miller, distiller, carder and fuller, Oshawa Warren, J. & Co., merchants , Oshawa Warren, , tanner, (Colter's Corners), Mariposa Watson, John, merchant Edmonton W^atson, John, harbor master, Port Whitby W^ay, Daniel S., miller, Brooklin nUitlNEf OmiBOTOJI -CANADA WEaT. VVibbcr, Ilcnry, tailor, ' liawa Wtlth, Jolin, ngciit for St. Lawrence Iiilaml .Muiint stirancc Company, Port Wlikijy WheltT, Edwanl, miller and lumber nicrclmnt, Sliuflviile VVhiler, John, P., merchant, Slaulfviile White, Ira, miller, rnionvillc Whiteheatl, '1 liomns, merchant, Hramptoii Whitehead & Paps, morchants, KiiinDiidton Whitney, P. F., merchant, Dudiu's Creek Williams & Gledhill, woollen manufacturers, Weston Willson, Calvin E., tanner, Iloll.nd Landing Wilson, John, merchant, Wliitl)y Windsor Koad Coini)iiny, warehousemen and forwarders,. ..Port Whitby Wolfenden, John, marble cutter, Wiiiiliy WoHbrd, Samuel, postmaster and tallow chandler, ^.llollon Wright, (Jeorge, nurchant and miller, lJiani[)ton Wright, Robert, saddler, Richmond Ilill Wright & Mulligan, merchants, Tullaniorc Wright, S. II. & Co., iron founders, Markham w iir PROFESSIONAL MEX, &c. Adams, William, Dr Bolton Allison, William, Dr Urooklin Ardagh, J., Dr Holland Landing Ball, B. F., barrister, &c Whitby Barnhart, John, Dr Strcetsville Bell, Joseph, attorney, &c Holland Landing Blackstonc, Henry, barrister, &c Holland Landing Borthwiek, H. J., master of grammar school Newmarket Boulton, D'Atcy, Barrister and attorney Newmarket Bull, Edward, Dr., and coroner Lloydtown Burnham, Z., barrister, &c Whitby Burns, Robert, Dr Duffin's Creek Chantlcr, Henry, Dr Newmarket Clarke, Joseph, Dr Oshawa Clarke, R. W., Dr Whitby Cotter, G. C, Dr Cooksville ©rewe, H., Dr Yorkville Crewe, W. P., Dr Cooksville Crumbie, John, Dr Strcetsville Cummins, J. P., attorney, &c.., Lloydtown De la Hookc, J. A., Dr Weston Dennis, Stoughton, surveyor, &c Weston Dixie, B., Dr Springfield ■I.5!' r «; ■! 1*1 «..' ~>aiU«M«». [¥ . T8 nUMINEBg ninKCToRY — CANAI)A WE.ST. Dohcrty, John Or , Markham KiiiihaiikM, S, II, attorney, kc Oshnwa riiii), — , l>r Sharon I'uot, J., I)r Drooklin (Ir.int, — , I)r YorkvlHo Gunri, llobcrt, Dr Whitby Iliirvcy, A., Dr Brampton, Ilxli^Hdii, Janus, nuiHtor of granimiir school \\ liitby Hunter, — , Dr Ilichinorid Hill Hunter, Janirs, Dr Dionklin Jainieson, — , Dr Thornhill Keller, C. M., Clerk of Division Court Richmond Flill * Langstaff, James, Dr Richmond Hill Lloyd, A., Dr StautfvilK! Lyons, — , Dr Churehvilio Macdonrll, H. J., attorney and Bolieitor ; Whitby MeGill, William, Dr O.hawa MeNab & itoultbee, barristers, attorneys, &e Newmarket Mathews, James, DulHn's Crecik Murdock, W., Dr Dramptoii Nash, J., Dr Newmarket Norris, W. H., rrineipal of Collegiate School Sc.irboro Owens, Frnneis, Dr Columbus ProHser, T. C, surveyor, conveyancer, and commissioner Court of Queen's Bench Bolton Pureell, A. F., Classical Master Collegiate School Scarboro Scobie, Miss, ladies' seminary Weston Shier, John, surveyor and civil engineer Whitby Strachan, — , Dr IJeaverton Tempest, William, Dr Oshawa Vernon, E., Dr Prince Albert Warbrick, J. C, Dr., and coroner Bolton Ware, J. E., Dr Newmarket Warren, William, Collector of Customs Port Whitby Wright, n., Dr Markhain BUHINBM UlRECTURY — CANADA VVK.HT. IIOTKL. INN AND TAVHKN-KKr.PKUS. ArmsfronR, Ci. W I'ort Cn-dit Arini>troii|{, \V Miirkhain Darwii'k, Robert 'riiornliill ltii)<;liam, II Uicliiiioiid Mill Itlauk, Juiiii'R Itoii^c I)L)iiitun, Willi.ini I'riniv Allnrt Clarke, Jamrn CoIiiihIxh Clurkson, Tlioiiias 'riioriiliill Dtilhy, Francis UicliiiKnui IIlll Doiiglity, VVilliuin Osluiwn Forsyth, James Ni-wiiiarkct Grnham, Julitison Osliawa Hall, II Markliam Hi'ail, I'ltcr DuHin's Creek Hewitt, JoMi'ph Newmarket Irwin, Isaiah Ilollaiid Landing Jackson, J. M Weston. Keller, Francis, Oshawn Lemon, Samuel, Thornhill Linfujt, J., lliehmund Hill McCorquedalo, Duncan, Prince Albert Mcllroy, John Oshnwa May, Thomas Hoiliind Landing Montgomery, T., Mimico Noble, A., Rouge Payne, Charles, Duffin's creek Plank, John P Uxhridjic Flaytcr, R., II( Hand Landing Ray, N AVhltby Scripture, Thomas N., Whitby Shcppard, E., Richmond Ilill Shepherdson, George, ThornliiU Simpson, J., Riehmon I Hill Smiiii, T., .Mimico Smith, A Stauffvillo Stead, Mrs., Lloydtown .Stephens, Robert, Stroetsvillc Stewart, A Rrampton ,1 '* 80 BUSINESS DIRECTOnV — CANADA WEST. Tcctcr, Closes, Cooksville Traccy, Thomns, Lloydtowii ^ViIc•(1xon, Thomas, Columbus Woulf, J Ilumber COUNTY OF SIMCOE. MERCHANTS, &c., &c. Alexander, J., agent for National Loan Fund Life As- surance Company, Barrio I Barry, James, tanner, Bradford Bingham, Joseph, tanner, Bradford Boys, II. R. A., merchant, Barrie Burnett, A., iron and tin plate worker, Barrie Cameron, Duncan, merchant, Bradford Campbell, Alexander, merchant, Middleton Cliantkr, William, merchant, Newtown Robinson Copland, George, miller and lumber merchant, Penctanguishine Dallas, Thomas, merchant, Orillia Davies, T. F., printer, " Barrie Magnet" Barrie Dougall, n. & J., carpenters and builders, Barrie Douglas, George, postmaster, Bradford Edwards, James, Saddler, Barrie George, Robert, merchant, Orillia Graham, Andrew, merchant and tanner, Barrie Graham, William, builder and auctioneer, Bariie Hamilton, W. B., merchant Penctanguishine Harper, J., merchant Cookstown Harrison, C, merchant Barrie Hunt, W. C, tanner Newtown Robinson Jeffrey, Edward, merchant Penetanguishine King, A., merchant Orillia Lally, E., agent for bank of U. C, and British America Fire Insurance Company.., Barrie Lane, Jonathan, bookseller Barrie Lynd, Joseph, merchant Bond Head Maconchy, Brothers, merchants Bradford ^laconchy, T. D., merchr.nt Barrie McGregor, John, merchant Orillia FIRST LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO §&m<&w&t ® ® PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE. His Excellency the Earl of Elgin and Kin- ciirdinc, Governor- General of British North America, 3 copies, Toronto Hon. John Beverley Robinson, Chief Justice of Upper Canada, Hon. Robert Baldwin Hon. Louis H. Lafontainc Hon. James Leslie Hon. Francis llincks Hon. James H. Price Hon. Joseph Bourret Hon. Col. Tache Hon. W. H. Merritt Hon. Chief Justice Macaulay, C. C, do Hon. Wm. Hume Blake, Chancellor, do Hon. Mr. Justice McLean Hon. Mr. Justice Sullivan Hon. Mr. Justice Draper Hon. Mr. Justice Harrison Hon. Mr. Justice Bums Right Rev. Dr. Strachan, Bishop of Toronto Hon. Mr. Killaly Hon. W. B. Robinson lion. Henry Sherwood Hon. H. J. Boulton Sir Hew Dalrymple, 3 copies, Toronto Receiver General's Department do Crown Lands Department, 4 copies, do Secretaiy of the Province, 3 copies, do do Toronto University do do F. Widder do do Morrison, Connor, & McDonald do do CapL S. Freeth, R E. do do Lieut Fuller, list R«gt do do « Ord, do. do do " Neville, do. do do Col. De Salaberry, D. A. G. M. do do Education Office, 2 copies do do Legislative Assembly, 2 copies do do C. C. Small do do Public Works' Department do do S. Brough do do J. Howcutt do do R. Peai-son do do Capt. Lee do Thomas Henning, 2 copies do do J. F. M. Emery do do Mr. Neave, Comm. Staff do do H. L. Jones do do J. Dunscomb, 2 copies do do G. Powell do h ;i 11 «<#' '§ r B5 p ■lis fii U FIRST LIST OF SUBSCRIBEKS TO T, Baincs Toronto Jacob Gothon Toronto J. Helliwell do Bowes & Hall do A. B. Hawke, 2 copies do John Ewart do A. Wilson do Robert Miller do Mattlicws & Co., 2 copies do W. B. Sisley do J. S. Mitchell do John Parkins do Geo. Keid do R. A. Iloskins do Samuel Shaw do J. Leask do John Duggan do John BeiTj'man do A. M. Howard do T. W. Birchall do Ross, Mitchell & Co. * do H. Cotton do John Spragge do Dempsey & Keelo do Brycc, McMurrich & Co. do G. M, Jarvis do Peter Morgan do J. C. C. Taibutt do Richard Church do J. H. Ince do F. W. Jarvis do J. Y. Betts do H. D. Newman do W. Thomson do A. Keefer do R C. McMullen do L. Marks do W. J. Storm do John G. Bowes, Mayor do C. W. Lount, 2 copies do Robinson & Allan do J. C. Rykert do F. T. Carruthers do James Browne do Wilson & Smith do John Shaw do G. Allen do T. S. Shortis do Dr. Herrick do T. D. Harris do Charles Baker do J. B. Helliwell do Peter Freeland do D. Gilkison do D. Paterson do Patton & Co. do John Harrington do J. Cribb do J. H, Thompson do James Boulton do John Eastwood do J. Smith do G. D. Hodgson do Richard Knecshaw do J. H. O'Neill do C. Romaine do D. M. G. McDonald do John Taylor, 2 copies do Mr. Stewart do John Coclu-anc do James McDonough do James Manning do George Ewart & Co. do Dr. Durie do W. Wharing do J. C. Morrison do T. Tyson do Rossin Brothers do L. Moffatt do A. Anderson do Thomas Bell do J. K. Gould do George Duggan do Matthew Ryan do E. F. Whitteniore do T. D. Harrington, ' KUTMlli.". S James Lidilell Toronto Henry Searle Toronto Matthew Craig do William Kissock do Jacques it Hay do John Ritchcy do Dr. F. A CadwcU do Samuel Sproull do Branch, City Hank, Montreal do J. M. Jackson do Alhin P. ]3rough do Thomas Mara do Angus IJhie do James Carruthers do Elizabeth J^unlop do Thomas Haworth do .[araes M. 8trachan do Darling Brothers do John Smith do Edward Green do C. B. Coleman do John Laidlaw do Lowe, Turner «fe Co. do Alexander Hamilton do James Leishman do John MulhoUand do Robert F. Maitland do Capt. Dick do J. Maulson do James Angus do Richard Tinning do James Pitt do Peter liutty do W. R. Robertson do William Steer do Toronto Corporation, 2 copies do Kivas Tully do W. H. Griffin do John Crickmoro do Buchanan, Harris &; Co. 2 cop's, Hamilton H. Piper do Duncan Bell do Charles Vale do John Mahoney do Dr. Workman do Thoma.s A. Hiiincs do lien. Schallehn do John Ross do Joseph J. Inglis do A. Walker do F. W. Barron, U. C. C. do Daniel Macnab do James McCutcheon do John Osborne do Walter Skelton do OUver, W. S. do Worlonan Brothers do Richard Hardiker do John Charles worth do George L. Marwood do Sidney S. Hamilton do John Austin do J. P. Clarke, Mus. Bac. do Josias Bray do James G. Chewctt do P. S. Stevenson, do Dr. Bcthune do Frederick A. Ball do C. C. Taylor do J. T. Giiyson do John Rose do Robert Roy do Gray & Wilson do John R Holden do John O'Donohoe do W. P. McLaren do James Meyers do Kennedy, Parker &, Co. do T. McConkey do John P. Tjarkin do Jolm Harrington do R. Juson do Wm. McMastcr do E. Cartwright Thomas da Alexander Dingwall do S. B. Freeman do II i m KIUHT LIST OK 81 llSCnUlEKS TO Tliomiis M. Simons Hamilton Jl. S. I'.easley 1 lamilton Charles K. Sims do W. Lawson do II. 15. Wilson do John Whalen do Frederick Gates do Ciiarles Foster do llobcrt Osboriu! do Alexander Carpenter do A. it T. C. Iverr Si Co do E. M. Simons do .1. Cumminij it Oo. do 'riiomas Alason do 0. ik ,1. I'Vrric it Co. do Hugh C. Baker do D. Mclnnos it Jo. do Dr. McCartney do Samuel Mills do George Elmsley do n. W. Ireland 'do A. U. Hills do Alexander Campbell do II. N. Case do John Brown do Mr. Ucher do J. Wright do William Cliff do James Flood do William Norton do T. Bicklc ife Son do J. Judd do 11. N. Titus tfe Co. do J. W. MUls do R. Kneeshaw do Archibald McKilloj) do C. H. Stokoe do Mr. Grant do T. Davidson do D. Moore & Co. do George W. Burton do John Quiggin do C. G. Crickmoro do C. Kelly «k Co. do William Osborne do Mr. Ford do Thomas Foster do Dr. Dickinson do Geoi'ge S. Tiffimy do Thomas Home do Robert McKay do Rev. Mr. E. Gordon do W. J. GUbert do Franklin Smith do Thomas Sylvester do Mr. Fisher do Mr. Branagan do Mr. Hess do William Tholcomb do Mr. E. Smyth do Mr. Thuclier do Mr. Jarvis do Joseph Kendall do Patrick Henning do W. S. K. Calcutt do Mr. Campbell do Charles Coimsell do Rev. H. Wilkinson do G. F. Lynd do John Lopping do Mr. Secor do M. Luoney do J. T. Wilson do James Davidson do Dr. Ryal do William Bartlett do Thomas Worthington do- Jer. F. Smyth do Mrs. Zealand do Donald Campbell do Wm. Thomson do Thomas Smyth 4o E. Urquhart do John Robinson do J. R PWlp do Patrick Flanigan do (ANAU.V: I'AST I'KESENT AM) fUTl'UK. iimilloii do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do John Mcintosh Hamilton Allen Good Brantlord l<'rancis Northcy do W. Muirhead do Wni. Green do John Steele do Alex. Stewart do Ignatius Cockshut do W. Leggo do John Ru.ssell do Wm. Kobb do Lewis Burwell do J. L. Willson do .lohn Comerford do A. Logie do C. Merigold do Great Western llailruaJ Co. do J. D. clement do John 11. Greer do Jno. Cameron do Thomas Workman do S. (Jriftin do D. McKerlie do 'I'homas Evans do Ed. Glackmeycr do R. P. Cartan . do Joscpli S. Clement do C. G. Ilanning do McKeand Bros, tt Co. do William Murphy do Jno. Edmondson do J. Hale do Thos. Walker do J. Daltoii do — McGregor do Alfred Digby do James Strachan do J. Marty n do Wm. Rhoder do T. Smith Newport James Bates do George Wilson do James Chep Ancaster R. E. Clark Mohawk Village W. B. Woods , ^« W. D. Soules Onondago G. B. Rousseaux do E. Lakeman Woodstock Matt Crooks do R. Wilson do John Mcdonald do F. R. Ball do Wm. Edwards do D. S. McQueen do Mrs. Roy do R. Foquett do John Gable do W. Lapenotierc do Archibald Gillesby do T. S. Shcnstonc do Calvin Young do Miller & Smyth do L. A. Gurnett do Hugh Richardson do Alonzo Eaglestone do Charles Turner do William Ashmore do W. Warwick do F. T. Wilkes Brantford E. J. Park do H. Biggar do G. W. Whitehead do A. Gilkison do Peter Newkirk do J. K. Buchanan do Rev. Benj. Cronyn London G. S. Wilkes do J. B. Clench do P. C. Van Brocklin do Hope, Birrell &, Co. do John Turner do Thomas C. Dixon do A. C leghorn do William W. Street do James Christie do Chfirles Monserrat do m m Ill i 4 ' ,:fi i KIKST Liur OF SUnSCUIBKKS TO € Adiiir & Thompson London Thos. W. Johnston Porl Sariii.'i fiobert Reid do D. Buchanan do Alexander Macdonald do D. Mackenzie do U. Lnmbkin do James Flintoft do John Phillips do John Taylor do James Glen do W. B. Clark do M. Anderson do A. Mcintosh do John Wilson do 11. E. Vidal, R. N. do S. Morrill do Geo. Stevenson do D. 0. Marsh do Alexr. Vidal do E. Leonard do William E. Wright, R. N. do £. Adams do Judge Wells Chatham F. Smith do W. Cosgrove do W. Horton do Geo. Duck, Jr. do S. S. Pomroy do W. & W. Ebcrts do James Hamilton do W. Winter do J. Shanley, Jun. do Allan P. Cameron do Jackson & Elliott do W. A. McCrae do J. K. Labatt do John Winter do Samuel Eccles do Joshua Byles do . W. J. Fuller do Andrew Currie • do Colonel Manley Dixon Carradoc Samuel Poole do John Drake Delaware A. R. Robertson do S. M. Towle do W. C. Griffis do W. F. Bullen do J. G. Weir do Rev. Bichd. Flood do J. &. W. Northwood do Charles Cook Kilworth H. B. Mackay do Aw. Tyrrell St. Andrew's, Nissouri J. Waddell do A. Harvey do Mr. McKenzie do R. S. Mann Beacbville P. F. Verhoef Windsor Wm Hook, Jr. do Hunt & Blackodder do Joidan Charles do A. Chewett Sandwich R. A. Woodcock Ingersol P. McMullin do Jno. Galliford do Louis Fluett do James F. McCarthy do J. W. Wilkinson do J. H. Ingersol do Dr. Guichard do Rev. R. Wallace do Colonel Askin do Arthur J. Kingstone Warwick W. P. Vidal do H. M. Carroll do M. Ouellette do John G. Clarke do Charles Baby do George Hyde Plympton P. Salter do Thos. L. Crooke do Thos. Woodbridge do T. G. Vidal Port Sarnia James Woodbridge do CANADA: PAHT, I'RKSKNT AMU FI.'TL'RK. do do do do do do do do do do do do do do Windsor do indwich do do do do do do do do (to Albert Prince Sandwich Robert Douglas Vienna S. S.Macclonell do J. Tomlinson ' do John McLeod Amherstburg Henry Caughell do Horatio Nelson do A. F. jyiunro do Peter Menzics do J. F. Saxon do John Ives do W. B. Wrong do Jnmos Dougall do J. G. McKinnon do Thomas Paxton do S. Edison do C. C. Allen do D. C. CoUins do Thomas Salmoni do Geo. Raymond do Prldeaux Girty Gosfield Humphrey Purdy do A. Laidlaw Morpeth S. B. Farr do A. McKenzie St. Thomas Michael Hamilton do Rev. Mark Burnham do Alex. Prentice do J. A. Roe do Mr. Jenkins do Hy. Black do James Hunter do James Mitchell do James Walker do D. Hanvey do Doctor Marr do C. B. Hall do Thomas Ward Bayham, P. 0. T. D. Warren do L. Burwell Port Burwell Alex. Love do J. P. Bellairs do John Sella St. Thomas Philip Hodgkinson Aylmer G. VV. Boggs do Little & Waugh do J. W. Drake do Wm. Boyd Simcoe John G. Mountford do D. Campbell do James Tii flits Junction Jacob Langs do W. D. Halo Port Stanley H. V. A. Rapelje do Thomas M. Mount do A. Brown do Bryce Thompson do G. R. VanNorman do Richard Smith do J. A Lyons do R. Phillips do Wm. Salmon do Samuel Price do Wm. M. Wilson do J. Wade do A. Walsh do Mechanics' Institute do Ritchie, Ford & Jones do Alex. ITodge do T. W. Walsh do G. R. Williams do J. G. Wilson do Rouih & Davison do J. Curtis do John Alexander Vienna James M. Salmon do John Smith do J. H. Forse do Wm. F. Wallace do Rev. Geo. Bell do Saml. Garnsey do John. B. Grouse do Jno. P. McDonald do Geo. W. Powell do Thomas Edison do F. G. Stanton do i 4 ii i\ (-1 t: : ! M i iff I • * ■ SO riRST U8T or 8VB80RIBMUI Td Edward Oilman Simcoe L. H. Barrett Port Royal Chas. Covernton, M. D. do Allen Fick do T. C. Hunt do David R. Cooke Walpole John Winch «» Ronald McKinnon Caledonia Jonathan Oundry do John Scott do Wm. Boyd do P. Barnard do J. Gowens Jarvis J. B. Holdcn do LawrenceH.Hunt Windham B. S. Mills do J. Powell & Son Port Dover Edwin Woodbury do H. Waters do D. FerguBson do M. C. Nickerson do James Little do Alfred Buckwell do Thomas Barry do LawBon & Bennett do William Murton do James Riddell do Samuel Macphiss do Thos. Waters do Mr. Smyth do J. D. VanNorman do J. Shaw do John H. Howes do Mr. Smyth do Andrew Lees do Mr. Couly do F. H. Haycock do Wm. Lockhart do Duncan McFarlane do John J. Law Oneida William Finlay Vittoria Robt McBride do F. L. Walsh do W.McQruer Seneca, G. R D. S Ross do Jacob Turner do P. E. Young do Henry J. Moore do S. McCall do John Jackson do P. W. Rapelje do Charles Bain do J. Potts do George McKay do W. Warren do W. W. NeUes do David Shearer do Paul Park York George Elliott Vittoria Mills John Wilson do Jonathan Bridgham Houghton Dr. McGregor do B. M. Brown do John He do Charles Loveless do Robt Barker do Geo. Johnson do Saml Cormick do Mr. Finch Forestville JohnPlis do Geo. Reade Port Rowan Robert H. Street Indiana R. Richardson do A. H. Lester do John Killmaster do David Thompson do John Phelan, M. D. do Wm. Mussen do Peter Newkirk do E. Barker, Cayuga H. P. Empey Port Royal Owen Dudley do Spencer Lott ' do Duncan Campbell do '- ■ \\ CANADA: PAST, PRKSBKT AND rUTUBI. 11 1^0 do do do do do York do do do do do do Indiana do do do Cayuga do do Robert D. Griffith Cayuga John Rannie AUanburgh TJios. Boglo Dunnville Mr. Woters do James Mclndoe do John Jackson do Chas, Klingender do W. B. Hendershot Thorold John Armour do Peter H. Ball do Samuel Amsden do James Park do John Martin do H. W. Tims Port Robinson A. Brownson do L. Lemon do H. Hyatt do R. Elliott do H. Davis do Andrew Murray do John J. Minor do A. W. Haney St. Johns G. W. Carbile do Zenas Fell do Mr. Minor do Matthew Haney do Mr. Joseph Scott do Thomas Foley do Thomas Wiggins do D. D'Everardo Fonthill Rev. VV. C. Clarke do E. R. Page do George Beuder do Danson Kinsman do John Folmsbee Canboro' J. H. Berston do John C. Clark do Alfred Willett do M. Durkin do Thomas Canby do John Frazer Pel ham Robert Hobson do Lewis Willson do A. B. Kinsman do John Bevans do J. S. Price Riceville Jno. B. O'Reilly Wainfleet John McFarland Niagara John Graybiel do J. S. Brown do J. Forest do James Durham do L. Mishen do W. D. Miller do H. N. Graybiel Marshville A. Martin do Amos Mann do F. G. Nash do Thomas Parke Port Colborne Thomas McGiverin do William Steele do Wm. Hope do Wm. Mellanby Stone Bridge Geo. Boomer do Peter Gibbons do Geo. L. Hunter do David P. Browa Crowland A. Heron do Mr. Seeley Aqueduct John Burns do Mr. Vanderburg Seeley'fi Mills John M. Lawder do Chester Deniara do Mr. Mercer do John Garrene do Thomas Lynch do James Parker do James Dunn do Frederick Walsh do Geo. Liddle do John Hellems Merrittsville W. H. Dickson do A. W. Shrigley do J. Woodruff do H ■j ^^1 If riMT LIHT OK NrBHCHIHKHH TO m' : J. Porson Niagara Uidmrd MilU'r ! •it. Catharine* F. A. B. Clench 'io John L. Ilolliweli do W. Elliott do (Jcorge Kykert do Wm. Ker Buffalo Wm. KccleH do Mr. Chrystler Haldimand A. S. St. John do D. Everham do W. II. Merrill, Jr . do Richard Thompson Queennton John Gibson do H. McQuaid do Thomas Towers do Wm. Foster do K. L. Fitzgcruld do Mr. Wynn do W, Atkinson do Wm. Brown ' do \V. Davis do S. Tudor do J. U. Benson do Mr. Leeord do J. Kirkpatrick do Richard Woodruff St. Davids Wm. Kissock. • do J. R. Palmer Stamford n. Dettrick do A. A. Heaton do E. W. Stcplipnson do William Lowell Drummondvillo John Berrymnn do J. C. Woodruff do Rev. E. F. Atkinson do George Simpson do Mr. Donaldson do Geo. Math i son do S. C. Hamilton do Adam Fralick do J. Clark do Rev. C. Ingles do J. B. Clendenan do J. Cleighton do R. Collier do 0. T. Macklem Chippewa A. Foster do G. Nicholson do A. Harvey do W. S. Burnham do W. D. iMiller do J. Cummings do Mitchell & McGivern do J. Macklem do C. Gale do W. Patterson do Holland McDonald do H. Bond do Dr. J. Mack do Wm. Hepburn do Struthers & Carlisle do J. H. Lyons do J, B. Osborne Reamsville Joseph Moore do Alfred Bingham do John C. Davis do William Kew do Mr. Kirkpatrick do John Dare do Henry Miller do Dr. Wolverton do James Kirby Fort Erie W. H. Taylor Smithville John Thompson Fort Erie John W. Lewis do Mr. Thompson do Martin Lally do Lachlan Bell St. Catharines Henry Smith do Thomas Whan do A. Morse do H. Mittleberger do A. Drake do' I arino« lo lo Jo do tin ilo do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do camsville do do do do mithville do do do do ' » IANADa; pant, PKKHKNT and PItTtrRli. \n William A-. Riisii Hiiiitlivillo It. Walker Flnmboro' W«'Mt J. W. Cook do Jiihii Ward do Roljnit !•". NpIIcs Grimiiby D, IV, M. D. do Rov. Will. David do Jiihn Weir do Andrew Uiinduil do Thomas Stork Flnmboro' Kait Edwnrd Perkins >' do Thomas Smith do Mr. Wjniison .g/ GriiiiMliy Mr. Ajiplegarth do Henry Hall Hiiihrook INter Snoot do Al|iii<'iis Corrnan Suittleet I'cter Carroll do James Leo Stoney Creek Mr.s. \V. Tonger do E. J{inM,Imm Glantord John Bennett Beverly Rev. W. IIiiw d.> Jdlin McKeen Gnlt' Henry Shaw do John McHea do Lewis Smith Barton James K. Andrew* do J(ihn McCormick Ryckman's Corners J. W. Crombie do Wm. Hoilcs do Dr. 8«;a«;ram do Joliii Gmnniell Dundaa Dr. Laurence do John Scott do William Hall do R. Spotice • ' . do Francis Lowell do Do do Robert Forbes do \V. Miller do J. Davis do L. Lewis do William Dickson do William Huckham do A. Shade do James Coleman do Adam Ker do John Wac^staff do D. Ramore do Robert Holt do G. Hume do Thomas Racey do John Miller do Jame.s Ewart do John Davidson do John Gartshore do Mr. Fleming do John M. Thornton do Wm. Quarry do W. B. Smith do Henry Eby Berlin Mr. Cowper do John McLean Guelph • Thos. H. McKenzip do Samuel Dunbar do Thos. Robertson do A. D. Farrier do D. Camjibell do Al wood's Hotel do F. R Hawkins do W. Davidson do Geo. Leavitt do C. H. Case Preston Walter Colcleugh Flnmboro' West A. A. Erb do Robert Sanderson do Jacob Beek do G. Corbett do Charles Rose do Joseph Rodd do Sylvanus Connell do James Crooks do Robert Ferrie Doon Mills i !! I ^ M 14 FIRST LIBT OF SUBSCRIBERS TO Conway Nalirgang New Hope Dr. Van Norman 1 Bronte Walker Markle do K Sanderson do Philip Pepler Hnycville B. Hagarman do Andrew Geddes Elora Williams & Belyea do \Vm. Armstrong Owen's Sound Mr. Bums Nelson Richd. Carny do Robert Miller do Andrew Stuart Durham Mr. Balmer A' Oakville Mr. Pollock Paris Jas. Reid do Mr. Nimmo do G. K. Chisholm do Mr. Penton do James Arnott do SamL Bullock do John McLean do Mr. Munn do Wm. G. Gun, M. D. do Mr. Huntley do John Balmer do T. N. Bosworth do John Donker do Charles Whitlaw do Mr. Thomas do Robert More do R. Coats do Hiram Capron do Capt Boylan do A. Spottiswoode do W. L. Dexter do A. Wolverton do P. L. Dexter do Rev. D. Caw do Alexr. Murray Palermo Robert Cairns . do Abraham Bentley Trafalgar Robert Black Ayr Richard Coates do M. J. Jackson do James Appelbe do James McMahon, M. D. do Rev. Thos. Cosford do- Thos. Allchin Blenheim Dr. Adamson do Mr. Ayerst do Geo. C. McKindsey, Hornby James K. Griffin Waterdown J. C. Watkins do John Bent Wellington Squai-e R. Tracy Stewart Town W. Bunton do R. Young do Dr. Weeks do Daniel Graham Esquesing John Chrysler do James Hume do William Beeforth do Frs. Barclay Georgetown A. M. Chisholm do P. W. Dayfoot do John Hawkins do D. Perry Churchville Thomas GUleland do John McMaster Streetsville Andrew Fisher do Neil McKinnon do Patrick Moore do Robert Barber 4o Mr. Holman do Robert Stephens do Chas. Morrison do Thomas Paterson, do Mr. Bum do John Galbrailh Cooksville James Belyea Bronte Thos. J. Thompson do P. Sovereign do P. Z. Remain do ' V ronte io do do [elson do ikville do do do do do do do do do do do do •alermo 'rafalgar do do do do Hornby do art Town do squesing do orgetown do urchville reetsville do do do do ooksville do do CANADA: PAST FRK8ENT AND FUTURK. IS G. W. Armstrong Port Credit Douglas [laidlaw Holland Landing 0. Hammond do W. J. Marsh do Thos. Whitehead Brampton Aaron Jakeway do Geo. Wright do Thomas Paterson do Saml. Jackson do David Traverse East Gwillimbury Alex. Harvey do Matthew Ford do Mr. Wilson do James Ayleward do Robert Kelley do J. C Atkinson do M. O'Brien do John Reid do John Lynch do Samuel Brook do Peter Smith do Wm. WiUson do Angus Macauly do James Cameron, North Gwillimbury Whl Martain do Wm. Anderson do Jas. Hamilton do Dr. 0. Bmton do W. T. Martyn Chinguacousy Thos. Tracy do Rev. David Couts do John Tyson King G. T. Lawrence, Bolton, Albion John Webb do J. C. Warbrick do Thomas Webb do James Bolton Bolton's Mills Jesse Walton do T. C. Prosser do Jas. G. Edwards do C. Bolton do James O'Reilly do Wm. Postell do Andrew Morrison do T. W. Tyson Lloydtown James Milligan do H. B. Ellis do John Procior do A. Duffus do Richard Perry do J. H. Smith do William Proctor do Rev. H. B. Osier do Mr. Stewart do F. G. Bull do Augustus Rogers do A. Lount Brownsville A. Lount do Wm. Moore do Mr. Ashdown do Geo. Hughes do Rev J. Gibson Georgina William Fraser Bond Head Mr. Mosington do J. H. Rogers do James Donnell do A. Sinclair do^ Neil McDonald do J. H. Gordon do Mr, Crone Sutton Village W. C. Hunt do John McGee Brooklin Village John Ferguson do George Proctor Beaverton, Thorah A. Todd do M. B. Wright do Geo. Davison do John Boynton do John Barwick do Rev. G. Hallen Penetanguishine A. Russell do A. Guernsay Newmarket Alex. Pass do D'Arcy Boulton do 1\ If ■•^»«i*ifiirr,, 1 16 flRST LIST OP SUBSCRIBEKS TO H ' George Bell, Newmarket Mr. Maguire Richmond Hill §B H. Wideman Whitchurch Mr. Aduir do wM John Boyman do H. Hall do BR Dr. Wright Markham Edmd. Seager do i^f Frs. Hunter do A. C. Lawrence do BB Rev. G. Hill do John Wilkie Thomhill Hi H. Pingle do Job Trott do 19 G. Pingle do Michael Shepard do 8hI A. Alexander do Thomas Shepard do ffl|^ James Fenwick do James Menet Ariol Cottage wSm B. Bowman do J. B. Marsh York Mills |R ' Wm. Durouse do B. Marsh do m Robt. Grundie do Thos. Wightman do MB Wm. Ratcliff do John H. Savigny do 1^1 ! P. Vandenburgh do James Merret do ^m\ B. Barnard do H. Cooper do ^fl ' G. Thompson do John Vannoslrand do 1^' Jas. Clifford do Jabitha Sheppard York Township ^K; Wm. Armstrong do Wm. Hogg do Pmj s . Peter Kerr do James Mitchell do ffl /'^ Matthew Forster do J. Milhvard y<:<- 5;reet ^B " H. Hall do Geo. Cunningham .'0 H ! A. Size do John McCormick do 1' D. McKinnon do John Papps Yonge Street J. Keiller do .Tames McEwen do Hi Thos. Lounsbrough do J. Powell York Township B John Pingle do J. Campbell do wt- - Jacob A. Pingle do Wm. Catclipowell do R^^H Major Button do Mr. Hoo-g Hogg's Hollow M'l 1 Peter Milne do Chr. Alderson York, Don Mills Wm Jacob Stouffville do John Hamilton do fii John Dodgson Stouffville John Ilarley Don Biidge S^ » A. Smith do James Janiie.son Don Mills ii?l' ?i Thos. Sinclair do JesSe Burk Yorkvilie Pj. ;i' John Reynolds do 0. T. Bevan do p, 1 John Spedding do Mr. Lefroy Vaughan ^L Rev. L. Kribbs do Owen Mansfield do HI \ G. McPhilips Richmond Hill A. C. Lawrence do R! I">" J. K. Falconbridge do Henry Hall do Mp Thomas Clarkson do John Maguire do IP .!' ' Joseph Johnson do Edmund Lecqer do ^; { Mr. Slater do John Constable Pine Grove end Hill do do do do hornhill do do do I Cottage .rk Mills do do do do do do Township do do II • Slreet .'o I do nge Street do Township do do s Hollow Don Mills do on Bridge Ion Mills ^orkville do Vaughan do do do do do ine Grove , Canada: past present and' puturk. 17 1 Mr. Farragher Pine Grove G. T. Lawrence Bolton ' [ J. M. Chaffe, Tullamore, Gore Toronto J. C. Prosser do William Cox, Sprmgfield, Toronto J. C. Warbeck do John Lane do Wm. Blake Markham Wm. McGuffin do Wra. Pierce do i E. Cushman do A. Barker do John Boskover Lambton John G. Smith Unic nville j Joseph Reynolds do Joshua Atkinson . Thomhill i James Noble do l^derick O'Brien Lmdsay Mrs. Dash do Mark Borlin do 1^ 1 Mr. Ferrier Mimico Thos. Mannell Bradford [ Mr. Trenhurst do Wallace do Mr. Willis do H. B. Hopkins Barrie John Smith do A. W. Pa.ss do Wm. Smith Etobicoke John Sheran do J I. Thompson do Aaron Burnett do 1 i Danl. Custead do J. Harman, Esq. Toronto Mr. Sommerville Weston J. R. Carroll, Esq. do J. M. Jackson do W. J. Macdonell, Esq. do Mechanics' Institute Ingersol Jac. Carter Uxbridge i 1 Do Do do Mic. Neil do . f j Mr. Mathison Beachville David Walks do -i, do 1 Doctor Kellogg Mariposa Doctor Nation . Jas. McBean, Esq. do Geo. McCleish do i Mr. McLoughlin do John Planks do H J. R. Little do Mark Shell do ^ Thos. Mark do Jos. Gould do Wm. Boynton do Jas. Hobbs do Major H. McDonald do John Wilson do i Jas. Draper do Sam], Widdifield do i John Jacobs do Thos. Bolster do » Mr. Robertson Georgina Fred. Blodgett do Jas. Bolton Bolton Mrs. Brooks, Hotel do 1 Chas. Bolton do John Freelick Scott f Wm. Portell do Hugh Mustced do i g<*w>( n l" i ■ »-^ SELECTIONS FROM NOTICES OF THE WORK. 19 f kly admi- lirees and tieighbor- author, Lained in "The author of thia work has handed us the first part, which has been got up in a very handsome style. The publication is really valuable, and should be liberally supported by the Canadian public. A mass of information respecting the early settlement of the western country, and the rapid progress which it has made, cannot be otherwise than acceptable, both at home and abroad. Mr. Smith will, we hope, be amply remunerated for his labors. — Hamilton Spectator. " After a closer inspection of the first part of this work, our opinion of its utility as a work of reference is confirmed. It will be sought by those in search of substantial infor- mation respecting Canada ; and which, except in a scattered form, is not elsewhere to be found, and much of it not at all." — Examiner. " This is a work by Mr. W. H. Smith, the well known author of the Gazetteer. He brings to his task an amount of statistical and general information relative to Canada, such as is possessed perhaps by not another individual in the Province. Mr. Smith is now travelling through the Province to add to his stock of knowledge upon points embraced in his new work, and will correct his statistics of the latest dates, and which may be relied upon when presented to the public. The first number of the work is before us and is highly creditable to the publisher. — Christian Chiardian. "The book is filled with important statistical information of the Western Counties; and if accurately made up (of which we have no doubt, but will endeavour to ascertain here- after) the compilatiot> continued throughout the various sections of the Province will form a most valuable and useful work. — OU^. " A copy of the above book has reached us ; it is from the pen of the writer of " the Ca- nadian Gazetteer." Books of this kind are much wanted in Canada ; few well informed persons have a statistical knowledge of the province they inhabit ; and everything which tends to increase that knowledge should be received with favor and approbation. The style is clear, plain, and tolerably descriptive, without being tedious. The information collected together in these pages is such that cannot be acquired elsewhere, and should be carefully prized. To the landholder, emigrant, and intending settler it is invaluable, for it places in one view that which otherwise would take a long journey and much ex- pense to know. We recommend the book therefore to all such persons and should the future parts equal No. 1 , we make no question but it will become one of the most useful and necessary publications." — British Whig. "We beg leave to call attention to this work by W. H. Smith, Esq., author of the Canadian Gazetteer, which is now being published in parts by Mr. Thomas Maclear of Toronto. We have long looked upon a work of this kind as a desideratum ; for while the opportunities of learning the Geography and statistics of other countries were sufficiently plentiful, there were none for acquiring such a knowledge of our own, and the consequence was, that a lamentable amount of ignorance of the surface, capacity and resources of the province, obtained amongst persons otherwise well informed. This want will be supplied by the work under consideration, and we hope to see it taken in nearly every family." — Picton Gazette. " The mechanical execution of the work is excellent, and if the author succeeds as well with other counties, as he has done with Essex, Kent, and Lambton, his work will contain a mine of valuable information. We may treat our readers to a few extracts as a sample, in the hope that they will order the work. They will find it well worth the price."— A'lwil American. \i M ''^»'*»*iut*tAl^.* 90 SELECTIONS FROM NOTICES OF THK WORK. "This is the first number of a work to be issued in parts which will give a statistical and geogn'aphical account of Canada West. This number is descriptive of the Counties of Essex, Kent, and.Lambton. The indeiiatigable author visits the places he describes: his statements are therefore for the most part the result of his own personal observations." — Oskatea Reformer. "The accuracy of the information contained in the Canadian Gazetteer, will have secured for Mr. Smith, that kind of Confidence, which is the very best guarantee for the success of his new undertaking. The present work is one of much greater pretensions than the Gazetteer, and from the part already published, we venture to hope that it will add to the author's reputation, as a very diligent, pains-taking collection of facts and statistics." — Tlie Church. " We recommend this work to all who desire a knowledge of the present condition of Upper Canada. Those who have friends in the old country would do well to forward them copies, that they might have some idea of the extent and capabilites of this flourishing land, which is destined ere long to become a great, and mighty, and wealthy nation. The external appearance of the work is very tasteful." — Ghbc. 2nd notice. " If the rest of the work correspond with this commencement, it will be one of the most valuable books ever published in the Province. We trust that both the author and publisher will meet the encouragement which they so obviously deserve." — Patriot. " Every incident coni^ected with the early settlement of this country is noted — every feature worthy of note in the character of its primeval inhabitants is given with accuracy, and nothing is omitted of a useful or instructive nature. Of the work we may with safety say we have never seen its equal in point of general utility, accurate statistical information and geological description. We therefore recommend it to the notice of every one who takes an interest in the prosperity of this country." — Simcoc Standard. '• The work in the press will be a useful one, and one which should find its way into every family." — Picton Sun. " We have long looked upon a work of this kind as a desideratum," — North American. " We believe we may safely pronounce it to be a valuable addition to our provincial literature and one deserving the encouragement and support of all who feel an interest in the land of their birth or their adoption." — St. Catherines Conslitidional. "It is well worthy of public support. Such a work is desiderated, and will be a most valuable present to friends in Great Britain and Ireland."— //ami/tow Journal df- Express. " In point of beauty of printing and utility, we cannot but characterize it as a work of real merit, richly deserving of the patronage and liberal encouragement of the Canadian public." — Norfolk Messenger. " The plan laid out and adopted is an admirable one. After taking a cursory glance of the first part, we feel ourselves warranted in pronouncing the work to be an excellent and most useful one, and ought to be in the hands of every one who is desirous of obtaining correct and satisfactory information regarding what Canada was, is, and is likely to be."— Port Hope Watch-nan, SELECTIONH TROM NOTICKS OF TH> WORK. 91 glance of client and lobtaining to be."— " The first number has appeared, and fully sustains the character and quality described in the prospectus." — Chippewa Advocate. " We have much pleasure in being able to give it a hearty recommendation. The plan of the worlf is excellent." — Guelpk Advertiser. " Canadian Booksellers have seldom, if ever offered to the public a work so deserving of universal support. We hope a second edition may be soon called ioT."—Dundas Warder. "The work is well deserving of extensive circulation, and has our cordial recommend- ation." — Guelph Advertiser. " It is a truly valuable and interesting work, which is worthy of a place in the library or bookshelf of every merchant, farmer, tradesman, and indeed of every householder."— Guelpk Advirussr nd notice. " This will be a valuable addition to Canadian literature, and quite necessary to every man wishing to be acquainted with the statistics of the country."— S^ Catharines Journal. " This highly important Canadian work, has already obtained a wide and extensive circulation." — Port Hope Watchman. -.l " This is an enterprise which deserves the direct support of the government, in order to insure the careful prosecution of what has been so auspiciously begun." — Globe, 3rd notice. " Judging from this and the former numbers, we are fully convinced that it will become an important standard work in reference to the history and condition of the Province, especially as it seems characterized by industry and accuracy. To shew the importance of such a work, we refer to paaje 128, vvliere a most mischievous paragraph is pointed out in a work published by Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, in the description of the County of Norfolk, which, if not contradicted, would be quite enough to deter any emigrant from even examining that part of the country." — Patriot, 2nd notice. "We cannot but express our satisfaction at the continuance of this work, got up, as it is, in a manner highly creditable to the publishers. It is accompanied by a map of Oxford, Norfolk, and Middlesex, which is considered very correct, as well as minute, by those who are acquainted with those Counties. The descriptive part is not only generally accurate and interesting, but, in many respects, amusing — and the historic portions will acquire fresh interest as the traces of the by-gone times alluded to, disappear. As a work of reference, it is becoming particularly valuable ; and, with the Directory attached, is deserving of the highest patronage the public can bestow." — Patriot, 3rd notice. " The third part of this Canadian work has made its appearance. Allusion has already been made to the tasteful style in which these parts are got up, and the dependence to be placed upon the statistics and descriptions given, as they are the result of a personal survey by the editor. His design is to present a faithful picture of Canada, and for that purpose he has spent several years collecting the materials now worked up into a very readable book, and one which will form a text book for future reference." — Globe, 3rd notice, " We have every reason to expect that this publication will be a most valuable addition to the statistical literature of the country, and cordially recommend it to the public." — Church, 3rd notice. !h' •.;.m.' I m 22 SELECTIONS FROM NOTICES OF THE WORK. *' The work possesaea the additional recommendation of cheapness, when the labour and expense of getting it up are considered." — British Whig, 2nd notice. " Its statistical information is ef (he highest importance; and what raises it in value to those residing in this part of the country, is a fine map of the Counties of Northumberland and Durham. Let every man who wishes to see his country flourish, encourage provincial enterprise, purchase a copy of this voTk."-^Sojonianviile Messenger," " We have received the second part of Canada : Past, Present and FiUure, by W. H. Smith, and published by Thomas Maclear, of Toronto. It contains a neat map of the Counties of Peterborough, Durham and Northumberland. A work of this kind was much wanted in Canada. In the midst of the mass of political flummery continually issuing from the Press, we rejoice to see something of a substantial character making its appearance ; and from the little attention we have been able to bestow on this work, we bellve it to be of such a character ^as to entitle it to an extensive sale." — Lanark Herald " We have been presented wkh the three first numbers of this admirable work now emanating from the Press of Mr. Thomas Maclear, Toronto. The publication is issued in numbers of about 112 pages octavo, and each number contains a very neat map of one or more Counties of the Province, and at the conclusion of the work a map of Canada will accompany it. Price 2s. 6d. per number, of which there will be ten in all. We have looked over these numbers, and found them to contain a large fund of statistical and geographical information respecting the Upper Province, a good deal of which we knmo to be correct. Mr. W. H. Smith, author of the " Canadian Gazetteer," prepares the matter, and he is certainly well qualified for the task. A Business Directory, which will be found very useful, is attached to the work." — Prescott Tdegraph. " We have examined the three parts which have appeared, and are enabled to speak of them in the highest terms. The information contained in them, statistical and general, is of the most complete character. The geography of the country, its agricultural and mineral wealth, are fully treated of, in a highly interesting manner ; whilst every description of local advantage and manufacturing discovery or improvement finds a place. What gives additional value to the details is their entire accuracy, which has been fully assured by their being almost entirely the result of personal observation — the author having devoted an immense amount of labor and time in personally making himself acquainted with every thing that he describes. We need scarcely recommend the work further: its intrinsic merit and its great utility must command for it a rapid sale. Such a publication has long formed a desideratum in our literature. All who have had occasion to turn their attention to the resources and capabilities of Canada — and who has not more or less thought on the subject 1 — can appreciate the value of the labour our author has bestowed on this book, and such will avail themselves of the information it affords."— Mm<. Pilot. "The work must have cost Mr. Smith a large amount of travel and research. It is particularly neatly, and so far as we can judge, accurately got up ; nor are the maps of the different counties, drafted on a large scale, its least useful feature. We cordially recommend it to our readers, as worthy to occupy a place in the library of every son of the land by birth or adoption."— GrwcipA Herald. i aj HELRCTIUNS VKOlf M0TICK8 OV THS WORK. 28 " The style is characterized by a plain, clear, and intelligent statement of facts, and is not without that interest which attaches itself to many historical delineations of aboriginal customs, localities, and incidents. The labor, mental employment, and expense, consequent upon such an undertaking, cannot easily nor accurately be estimated. The amount must be obvious and the enterprize should induce that general patronage from every portion of the Province which it so well deserves. If its objects are faithfully carried out, a& we believe they will be, it will ,as a work of general reference, serve as a Text-Book, or Manual of Canadian Statistics, which should be not only in the Libraries of the statesman, the Lawyer, and the merchant, but in the hands of every Mechanic, Farmer, and Artificer in the Pro- vince." — MoiUreal Courier. "It is handsomely got up, and embellished with maps. The whole cannot fail to prove useful and interesting to parties resident in or connected with Canada.— Montreal Witness. "We have to acknowledge the receipt of three numbers of this publication.— This is a work of no ordinary character. Its utility is of the highest importance. Tie author pur- ports to give a statistical and geographical account of Canada West, shewilt; its resources and capabilities as a great Agricultural and Manufacturing country ; with I particular ac- count of its mineral wealth, and other valuable resources. The numberlbefore us afford excellent information on the points of which they treat, and will be foUid invaluable to those who are desirous to become acquainted with the past history of th#Upper Province, its mineral wealth, agricultural richness, and future prospects. A wo|; of this descrip- tion has long been wanted, one, as this is, containing useful informatln of the greatest importance to settlers, and as affording every means to become ac^ainted with the resources of Canada West. We cheerfully recommend it to our ^ders. We trust that the talented and enterprising author will be amply remunerate for his toil and laudable eflbrts to diffuse useful knowledge among our population."— ^/on^reai Transcript. " This part completes the first volume of this work, and is the most Jtertsting which has yet appeared. It comprises the introduction, which gives a most iteresting history of Canada, from its first discovery to the present time. Its earh history, under the French, will be read with pleasure. The expedition of Father Heneqtti and his companions in 1679 is briefly given. The second chapter contains a narrative cthe seizure and cap- ture of Q,uebec, and the terms ol capitulation which among olher#,)rovided " that the ex- ercise of the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman Religion, should be ^intained." Of the rapid rise and progress of Canada under British sway te sketch is good. The commercial and other statistics of the country will be found uieil ; and of this number we may say it forms in itself a complete volume and a valuable adition to any library." Toronto Church. " Owing to some mistake we only received the published nmbers of this work to day, and cannot therefore speak from personal observation of its mets. We may however re- mark, that the voice of the universnl press of Canada speaks t it in the highest terms of approbation, and that it is generally acknowledged to be a worJthat ought to be on the shelf not only of the Merchant, and the Professional man, but of eviy Mechanic, who desires to possess a repository of the useful knowledge of his own couny." — Bytown Gazette. " The two first numbers of this useful and valuable work hae been forwarded to us by the publisher Mr. H. Smith. The work is well got up and rilily deserves the public com- mendation. It is published at 2s. 6d. per number, to sutacpers only, and contains a great variety of useful and entertaioiog iufonnatioa."— C/iotAon 'aper. 94 BKLKCTIONS FROM NOTICBS OF THK WOltK. t " We have received the first three numbers of this work, which is now in course of pub- lication. On opening it we find the paper and typography of a good dcscripiion, which we understand are of Canadian manufacture: the appearance of the book is creditable. The numbers contain each a copper plate map of a county : and we understand, the work will have a copper plate map of the Province. On examining the contents of the book, we find they are valuable so far. The descrip- tions are confined to the Western section of the Province. In the words of the writer, they " will embrace observations respecting the Geological Features, Climate, duality of Soil, and Natural Productions ; and notices of the valuaofLand, cleared and uncleared, in eachlo cality : with detailed statements, collected from the best authorities, shewing the ratio of in- crease and progress, in population, in improvements, in public works, and in private enter- prise throughout the Province." The information seems to have been laboriously collected by the writer, and he tells us that for several years, he has travelled over every part of the province in quest of it. The kind of information will be very useful to emigrants or others desirous of learning details of the character above stated ; we presume it will be found correct, and always useful to keep for reference. The labour of collection must have been immense, and Mr. Smith deserves credit for it." — Montreal Gazette. " Number four, completing the first volume of this valuable work, is just published. It contains, in the form of an Introduction, a very interesting history of the Discovery of Canada, with the principal events in her annals to the present day. We are glad to find that the sale of this repertory of facts relating to Canada is greatly increased of late, and we trust it will be sufficient to indemnify the author, for the time and labour he has expended in bringing together so much statistical and general information." — Pibt "We would recommend all persons wishing to make themselves thoroughly acquainted with Canada to become subscribers to this work." — Nor'h, Avierican. "The third part of this valuable work is on our table — it is well deserving of the high eulogiums which it has received from the Canadian Press." — Long Point Advocate. JAMES STEPHENS, PRINTER, KING STREET EAST, TORONTO. course of pub- lion, which we editable. The , the work will The descrip- the writer, they lityof Soil.and ired, in each lo the ratio of in- n private enter- ^V§