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ANNUAL 
 
 UNIVERSITY LECT 
 
 DELIVERED NOV. 27, 1863. 
 
 « t B J E T 
 
 <( 
 
 mm of i&AmM ]knn Pen in |5rili})h imrriin." 
 
 BY J. W. DAWSON. LL.D , F.R.8.. Ac. 
 
 [MoNTBBAi, Daily WiTNEst* RiiiMVttT 
 

 u 
 
 I 
 
 i;„ji'..A\vi „-t 
 
A N N I A I . 
 
 |liM\l']l!S|'rV LiriTllE. 
 
 SI M .' E ( r ■ 
 
 ".Diilir.'i of (l*diii';i!e.'l ]]mu\ .Hlra in i5rilifili .^InuTini" 
 
 MY .) W. liAVVSnx |,;, u !• K «., .\o. 
 
 iu 186!^, It wurf iiiitddt-il t.j dfiv,' »< h iM.iiit 
 ot uuiti) l(j" uil uur ?!ijiitutif( tuiJ g»hJi..iie:» ;-- 
 an ttiiaually rtc irriuii ocean iori dti wlr.L'l. tiuthfi 
 I)!' iutfrfst to ail, and cotiwroinj? tlx- j^tm nil 
 good of t.h* U'/iv«>r8iiy, mignt >(> Bfated; on 
 wLicb, in iJio bej{itiniti>< vt the sfi^smu a.> ia 
 the (onvocMtiuu Ht iis close, w<» inifiht. come 
 fogelher as a uai'ed body, tmcl vovibw our tur(:*-H 
 frepjiraui.')- to ihi- su i^gle cf ihM wcadeiuiua; 
 ytftr. 
 
 The utility of aucb i\ meeting no cue can 
 reuiionably doubt , and if on tbesi" occaBiong 
 tho Univtrsily .-ha!! couUr.ue to Se rppi^'seviU'd 
 bj itij bfirfl n!<>n, arid its mudtuits '^rid gfiduntca 
 to aaseiible in U>e irue spiri; of t^'nrii.'js and 
 tbiukfcM, V.O may boji-i that the beuflitci to oa 
 h\l wiil bo gre«ti»r tbaa, from tbt- ivifrfqii^fiu-.y of 
 \heae occasions, mij^ut at tirat aigbl bi tiup- 
 posed. 
 
 J had tlie honor to deliver th« first of ih'Be 
 arjnnal let;tur(i3, in Nov*:a'.oer i^^M , hud on 
 that 'icnasion dirfcted your atiention ti) the 
 early hJBtory of this Ui.ivctH'ty, and efl{it-Hally 
 to ihe life and ;'iTaraot»r of /'•; foinidor. The 
 Ht'cond lecture wt.0 ddivered bv the Rev. 
 Vico-Priocipal Li neb, nn the " Priucif.lps oi 
 Absolute and Relative JudtiLe,"- tboaf great 
 (■nnciplffl on which are baaed the uiora! gov- 
 en uuot of the worlo, and nil tne du'ieaof man 
 to his feUow ruari. Pvof Jobceon followed in the 
 tfucceeding ytar wilb bii elaborate and iiiatrue- 
 tivo bidtor.",al vi. v, of I'uivers'ty education. 
 Tht Rev. Prof (.oroish ntit ably din (.•tt:d your 
 attention lo the ccnfiiiioi: of tdiu-atic ti among 
 thf» ancients, — a moat inteiettting ani instruc- 
 tive Bubject. The lecturer 01 lrt<»t year wae 
 Prof . Tonanc* , who eloquently advocated ttie 
 claims of clftfc-aicKl study aH a baeia for niodera 
 liljera! efluoation. No* any of these leciurte 
 has failed of good n-aultd to tbb I'niverflity. 
 Wfc can CHcb of 113 rmvili them with pbas'ire iu 
 connection with iustruc'ive innhs brought bt:- 
 fore us, and healthy tueutul atitnulus I'ioaitnuni- 
 catvd. It is only to bo rtcretted that thry 
 have not yel been collected in a peiuiunent 
 lo. iQ for reference, and iof the benebt of lbo8►^ 
 who had not the bdittutug?. of hearing their. 
 
 The 'I'liv of ;t/epari g the Univeraity lectiir? 
 b ''ftiig ti,«HiQ (ifTolvtd oil ran, I bar<» cbo^en ad 
 niv 8utj»-r. t, " r/" D'l'^ei^ nt h'ltt/caicd Younj 
 M.'ii ■/! I'rltiali AineriC'ty The 3ulj» ct ia otii 
 on which littie has beer, written, nud which I 
 ma\, ttiercfoje, f-ndfiv ip to treat in an original 
 'uaiiticr, witbO'U hlariH' even from tbuse wh" 
 m()>-(t value i ncedrJiis and most Bcrnp jloudly 
 walk in the footiieva of auti<(>jity , ant, on the 
 o'her liHitid, as being niviidf a uativu of Brifsb 
 Atnericiv, J m^y vunture to speak of' hikI tu, njy 
 coutt'.ryui.^n win a freedom which t>>f-y njiuhi 
 not readily tolerate from one of aruithir 
 oritfin. 
 
 The title of my lecture lead^ m^, firs', to say 
 i ii A wordd (f Brititib Ameiica, its preutnt cir- 
 cunojiaoccs. a ,d it» 1 rosoects. Among ui and 
 those who wian 'o please ug, there is already a 
 oouvcntional style of treating; the aul j"ct. \r 
 is to txpatiate en oiii' buiidltss territories, oar 
 taei natural rebturces, our rapid orogrt^ss in 
 pop.lanoM, wealth, and civilisation; and to 
 picture a future in wbiob all the blePflin^a of 
 i.a;ional greatnfaeard jrosperity wiU be [toured 
 tipou ui, without Lbeir druwhackd. I prefVr 
 hero to take a i^oinewhat dillertnt view, and to 
 look Hi ci'rtair. aoV^i r realities of our p"i-ition, 
 icsa fi <r'iut Tilly dwf»lt upon by popular &pfak«r8. 
 ^ do ihia the Uior^ readily, bccsuse 'be view 
 ord'nariiy taken dirtr'.s our aUen'i.n too 
 stiongiy to merely material adv«uta;<fs, and 
 prevcnta os froi;. regaiding a« we nbculd ihotH 
 dilliculties ;(.n(' Irawbiitks wli'.i.b muei* be inpt 
 by ihoughf, enery;y, and enter(.rise, It. iertil>j 
 us to exa^rg'jra'e our arjv9rtag»?, and to forift t 
 that these, bi-wevor great, canuol of ibeu, selves 
 secure true prosperity. 
 
 First, tbti;, I wviuld remark that British 
 America is a narrow Htrip of tttii'ory, (le.-iituie 
 of good natural boundaries, and hnmrned in b»^-- 
 iweeu 'Le domini'tns of a powerful neigh l)or on 
 the one hand and the dnmaio of B'erili'.v and 
 frost on the o'htr. From Cape Rtce to Lake 
 Superior, we have b belt of coutittj of irregu- 
 lar width, but 30 narrow that arywbere no 
 very long journey e.aHes tht^ Iravpller to pass 
 entirety atrossii, while its eitrem^^s are widely 
 Beparatcd and distant cmatries when the best 
 
2 
 
 m«»»n9 of oniHiunicition have beftn ftstRb'i'shed 
 hetwffftn tli"!ti. Theao cirrMfnutanocs present 
 •li(> fltrori)ii;edl poBsihln barrii r to n*iioi'il 9«- 
 virify rt'i'l ((rpafn^'Sd. Our commHrcp will tia« 
 'uiHlly lli)W iilonn the nhort'^flt linos to the 
 'iciffhbonng yt»t«B. (^ir Busrorn [mople will 
 know ]«99 of oiir W"9rern people thtti (hny 
 know of thepeoplflof FiritHin aiKl St-w Koi?- 
 l>tnii. Our fjrHHt ueitf^ibar on tho Smith hua, 
 'in'ler tht* p^^'^8llre if a Mirf i;ft'ion'»l ticofusifv, 
 ilreaiy grow'i t'r >m b^'ig in" l^-ftfl' wurlike 
 nution in ihfi wr»rl i into a K:r«Hi military piwer ; 
 whiln if if, Bhonlil tbjnk proper to assHil us, no 
 v'.onceival)l(! amount, nt'iuilitHpy r^-aourcoa could 
 P'.otort till our lo'ig frdutirtr, Hud [irfvpnt our 
 country from suff-ritift n Horne pan of it the 
 horrors of inv.iHion. <Mi the other hand there 
 s.'Pms HmHll iiroappct of our twin? Hhle to in- 
 rude with the arts nt civilised life the deaolate 
 reixious lyini? to the north of Uci. 
 
 ^fo country so formed and Mi'uated ha^i ever 
 8«>oured and ni ait; tai tied a lUable national exifl- 
 tenc«i, without nm'nent (jiialitie-t on the part of 
 il9 people The i)ld seats of population on the 
 Kuphrates and Tiizris were, it is true, thus 
 rietnmed in between the Curdiah Mountains tiiid 
 'he Syiian iesert. Ecyi>t also was a siri;) 
 along th»* Nile. The F^oruui provnu'i^H in At- 
 ricft form'-d a band of populoti 'n between de- 
 serts and the sea, hut the circumstances in all 
 thi'Se caries were wid^dy diffi^rfnt from ours; and 
 even in thepe, only ^leaier civilization and en- 
 er(?y secured them n temporary prosperity, and 
 want ot i 'ternal unity and feaia of invasion 
 from abroad, r revented security, and led to 
 ultimatH overthrow. 
 
 I hold, therotore, that to a country like Bri- 
 tish America, at; independent nat^ional existence, 
 for any uaef 1 or good purpose, is a ditficult 
 (kchievetnent, and in the present state of our 
 population, impossible. We mii.st, in our 
 liresetit condition, remain a dep.'ndenoy of the 
 Mother country, or fall into the hands of the 
 United Stales, This aitutttior, whUe it affords 
 no present hope of threat political pro-eminence 
 or military aucceari, 18 not without coutiterhal 
 )\acinp advantage?. It, ((ivt-s uaa position of hum 
 bie and paciti? useful ness, lespectable if not 
 great ; and tendinp; to induce u3 to cultivate 
 the arts and sciences of pCMce, rather than those 
 ambitions projects whicb ii>;;itat» grt^ater stivlea. 
 
 Again British America is not one state. It 
 is a rope of sand, made up o^ a uumber of petty 
 provinces, and peopled with dis8itj.;i!nr and 
 ofte» antagonisttc races. Here again is small 
 prosoect nf a great natiunnl exi3t''iu;e; and in 
 the want of united action In matters of public 
 concern, <■! ''^e j trrinc v^ w^ and liltle hostile 
 local and r- cmiolictes of ou/ pieseni politic, we 
 3ee but » fcri'shttdowlng oi wiiat might befall 
 ua, if present restraints were removed 
 
 Even here, however, there is room for conso- 
 lation. The rivalry ofrRccfl and locilitiei, if 
 iinpleasant, is atiniulatiDg. It prevenla stag- 
 nation, and so long as it i,^ conducted with ia- 
 lelligence and honesty of purpose, it promotes 
 g.^neral proanerity. Only when it places itself 
 in op >08ition to public interest?, and ia diebon- 
 est in its meaus, does it become a destructivo 
 
 Duie»iic«. The states of G'eece, and the Rppiib 
 lioa of Italy, rtir)rd us hiatoric inst.HinceB uf nation- 
 al life oTthe highest order, amidst th'-seelementK 
 of weakiiHgfl and disorder, yet with draw- 
 backn and fmlureH which we shoiid not desire 
 to imitate Hritaiu itae'f is an eminent itiBlance 
 of the moat di-icordant and hostile population?, 
 form<ii bv time ami Iraining inttj n harinon mu 
 who'e, yet by a course of training bo Iodk ant 
 painful, that wp would do well here to avoid hs 
 auj'h of i' us We can 
 
 Ajrain, British America •« a new country. 
 (t is but a colony, not bef;iii.>iP any one forcibly 
 kpeps ir so, but bec*i8<' tl la le its nature. \' i9 
 m>'re') an offshoot of the redundant population 
 of other lands, with every ttiing new and in- 
 comideto, without old ins'ittiliouB, or hfart- 
 siirring traditions; desli'iito of nearly all 
 thing! around which, in older countries, the 
 popular mind cliug? as the centres of iis unity 
 and patriotihm. The want is gnat ; but fhnn 
 we have the advaiitage of the experience of the 
 m')iher countries of our population , and we 
 have our own history to make in '.he present 
 and the fu'urt'. la doing so, on tli« one Laud, 
 WB are tree to choope our own plan,-?, and, on 
 the other, we can borrow a.>i much as we jjleaae 
 from abrodd 
 
 Canada has two emblems which have often 
 appeared to some to point out its posit joa 
 in these resp^cs, — the I'enmr and the Mufili. 
 The b"aver in his sagacity, his '.-..dustry, his 
 ingenuity, and his perseverance, is a most- res- 
 peCnble animal ; a much better emblem for au 
 infant cnutitry than the rapacious eagle or even 
 the lordly lion , but he ia nlsoa typo of unvary- 
 ing inat nets and old-world traditions lie 
 does not improve, and becutnes ex'inci 
 rather than chnnne Ida ways. The mmile, 
 again, is the emblem of the vitality and energy 
 of At.ew country ; viRoroiiH and stately ia its 
 growth, changing its hues as the seHSoua change, 
 equally at home in the forest, in the culiiva'id 
 fit-Id, and stretching its (rreen boughs over the 
 dustv streets, it may well be received as a type 
 of the progressive and versatile spirit ot a new 
 and growing country. 
 
 Some of our artists have the bad taste to re- 
 present the beaver as perched qu the muplw 
 bough ; amofltuDpl aiuint fioaition for the |iO'>f 
 anim d, »nd suggestive of the tho-ight that he 
 '6 in the net of Kaawit;g through the irurk of 
 our naticn.il tree. f'erhrt.;3 :>onu- more ventiir- 
 otjp deai^'D'T may some day reverse the pofiiion, 
 and represent the map'e branch as fa-^bioned 
 into a clnb wherewith to k'lock the beaver ou 
 the head. It is the pan (d a man of tas'e to 
 avoid both extremes. In othv^r words, we nre 
 placed in a position in which either unproj^res- 
 eive stolidity or rafih innrivatiot', eiih(r blind 
 adherence to or sflf confident abandonment of 
 them mny be f.ital to us. 
 
 The conclusion to wiiich I wi^^h to lead by 
 these preliminary remarks is, that, in British 
 America, »( ml^ and eepccially cultivHtod mind, 
 ia the clief of th*^ natural r-sources of the 
 country , that, with this, we mi hope to over- 
 come all the disadva'itagea of oui f)oaition, and 
 to achieve a greatness al! the more stable that 
 

 it hM eoat Boraetbiiiur ; thiU, withoul thi.'^, we 
 shHii bo poor ui(]e<d,— ft tnerw fi)il U' net off itj« 
 Biijiori r liK'H ah J jiri»a)>prity ut' otb«r Inridu. 
 Kilnniii«-d miad, Hrd, «ii )Vf u'i, 'be .'ducAiril 
 n\uid id th'jdo youuK ui» u woo aie u»iuv(i«t ,/ 
 the floil, — <vbo ttju-it own Hritidb AuKTiid »a 
 tbt'ir ouuntry, — i3 tii-ilujoi. wliich. nmUr God'* 
 blfHB'iijjT. w« niUBl cbuM) rely f')r prospw 
 riiy Hod projrr^'BH, nuu wiib.nit wiicb «-v«d 
 lho«' fToai n»kiiirKl r».'rfourc»s wbicb uur '•ouii- 
 try pMBseespH uny bo uceleaa, or mny hm used 
 oil I" by o'herB. 
 
 liiK whtit \-i fdiOHtiou? Kuiic'UioD bai dif- 
 ferent dtvrcfs I tmid to bn ijiii'ducai»d ihhd, 
 tlioK" wh(Ht' oppoi Uifiilitthi'! li-iiihiiif{ liiiVfrb'fa 
 limited '<j tbf ruTrt imilHlioa of lUcu !<eui()rj, — 
 tli *»«■ wlio, prh-lH nlly, oaiHitl or do uot nud 
 una wtuc la llx-ir own ram ht.-r tongue. S.icli 
 poreoDH nuidt, wilb few ex eption*, dtiri wiih 
 thn current. In lh« ir riabiid, ih«ir tastee, and 
 lb< ir CH(»ii('ilie'i, tlicy will be wljul lti<ir |>r»-dt- 
 Cedsora liHve ht'«o ; or, in ilu- more (rue bltitea 
 of Bocie'.y, in renutr, setUed diairic'S, h IhiIb 
 lower. hicb in- n m^y, by tbeir pbyaiotil 
 powers, bf) of Bt-rvice to sucu'iy , bui, lU il.t 
 prvseui SMigf' ot UiH worl'J'd (>ro)ircBtf, ih^-y nro 
 DieiiMliy rtrid Diiiraily a dt.jid wci^hl [i\n>ii \' ; 
 and tbe> iiie lititile ^o c)traL.t{«i dthitiu.iiB lii.d 
 wild ex(?it< menlfl, wbirb uii^ki' Ibtm, und<-r 
 crtui'i c.iicuiUHtttiK'eH, un unstable nnd drtiofei- 
 ous mob. lo iheui, tiiuir oontitry bad to ;in.sl 
 at)d no tutiire; tbeir lives (liiu tboutjbtB i-iinif 
 to ibe present alon»,nn.i toihi8 in il.'i nwrrowt st 
 8pbere. it is to be boped that, in Britidh Aiue- 
 rioa, tew persoas uow grow up in ibu cuiidi- 
 tior.. 
 
 To tbeBe we may add ftB pracfically iiuedu- 
 CH'ed men, ibose wbose e'uorttiou bus faiUn 
 ebort of enabliiij? oi iiiducin^ Uniu to aeqijire 
 kiiiiWiedjiP by reafmur, or to tbmit tor ibtui- 
 Hi Ucd ; or, hgain, tbo.se wbo, bavinn; abanaou- 
 «•() «b»;'a(8elveB to rtsnsuHl and itnmoriii fi.thits, 
 b«V'' tost all control ovt-r tbeir afipetilts >iud 
 piiPsioud ; or, HkTrtiu, those w h» bav*-. tbrown 
 tbeijijielveB into the vortex ot dissipation and 
 fr'voliiy, and are wbir.td nround witbo'il any 
 8'.'ady peici'ption r,f tbeir true lut'Tedtd, or iboae 
 ofonur.'?. Hu;.'b tntn may come out of ' ur 
 eoboola and instiiuteci t)f higber I -arniu^;, tbouga 
 tbe greater part of ttimn aiv, even iu ibis lea- 
 peci, uneducated men. The edu'.'itted men are, 
 then, tboee wbo, bitving bwn tntined to h- vuo 
 Udelul prolejaiou, and pars iIuk this wi'b dili- 
 ^'> nt;e atid nkill, are at tbe saroe liint familiar, 
 loaome extent, wilb Beience anu literal .ire, and 
 are Ki n posi'.io.i 1.0 exe'et.^e a doumS ami bon- 
 eHi judjiuienl on then own "rtaira and those of 
 tlieu- cou'jtry. Sucb njeo laay exist in 
 vnrioua social pogjViong. Tbey may, or may 
 not have lieen trained at fullered and 
 bigber Bchoole ; bu', wherever erfui',ated, they 
 HPf the true strendithof >» nation growing from 
 infancy to maturity. It ia not loo much to 
 PHV, that every ooiiejfe student aud graduate 
 should be sucb an eocuted n'lu.. Ho, if any 
 man, should be learned, usetul, enerjjetie, 
 and tbouRbsful ; a leader of men, to be 
 relied on as an • ffii-ii'nt member of our British 
 American Comm uwealtb in this it3 critical 
 
 fltaffe of forra*tioa and ffrowth. If he should 
 not, he iiiUHt be re«tirded ad a wiHtrhid abort ion, 
 H lailure in the ciroumvaiiCfti iu..«t tavorabic ty 
 rturceia, a juece of wnrlblebs tnateritil, proved 
 uu.H«)rvioeftbU) by the very meaun employed to 
 raider it i.aeful. If he who has bi'en selected 
 to rec.eive a culture not auc--Beible ii one iu u 
 thousand, should t-rove uuwortli^ ot tbui cul- 
 ture, a mere dra»c upon a pronreB-ivt- coiumuui" 
 ty, tne conirabi between bu) opiurt.iniiirH and 
 his perlormaucea only a^t^ravutej his faihirc, 
 a:id inakea nim tbe more des|iioiible. To you, 
 therefore, aiudenls aud irraduatej, as haviti»; 
 etj 'Veil the bijjhest privileges, and, for that 
 reauoii, having the gravest resp aisiiiiUiius, I 
 wo'ild ^apt I ial'V addresB my pnictical deduc- 
 tiouH as lu the du/ics of tbe educated uiaa iii 
 tbio Hijiitry. 
 
 l»t, tiieii, I would sav that our country ex- 
 peitB of you that you should prepare you rselve.i , 
 iboroug'ilji for, and pursue earnestly and per- 
 severiiirfiv, ■<• trie ,is» Iu! walk m liti* ; bavii;.' 
 due rn^ard m 'biB to youi o»n powers a: >, 
 Itd't-rt, and to your hiKbegt usefiiinesH lOBOcieiy. 
 yt'Ui relatives and friends, and to the ChUie ol 
 truth and ri>ib'eoiJBn»'B.-' in tbe world Hriiis'' 
 AiuTica baM no looiii iu it for idlers. Tii«ri> 
 iu umre iban enough ol work fo) all, and if we 
 do -loi fiiid It, it is* because we perversely iiul 
 f)Uiyclvt:B IU tbe wrouti place. There is, pe: 
 hapn, at ihf pie.senf lime too great a tendency 
 to Bf-ek one or two profepsionti as the soli 
 ave!;ueB I" nucctss in life, not T' inemberinjf, tba". 
 iu any useful callinK there may lie ample aco',:^ 
 for th. energies o( evKU tbe abiest and best edu- 
 lai.ed men. There is also an unsettled ano 
 reeiliSB disposition which inducea young mm 
 to Ririve to enter into the active work of lile, 
 bef.jie ti/"ir edu>.aiion ib completed, or th< ir tii- 
 cnttirs matured, aud which in like maaner 
 caiisen tb»-m readily, Hiid wuh aliniJt indu.c- 
 meni to fi>ranktj one calling lor another. Tluc' 
 'bings 'ire iu tb..- atmosphere of new coun'ri', 
 Tb- V ate incidental to uufuimed and i iun^iu,; 
 sii •( of society ; but they tond often lo pei • 
 man '. weakness and iuetTicieucy. 
 
 V.,uiig men are, no doubt, precocious in Am- 
 erica, Htul call judf/e for tbemselvcH at an earlit r 
 jieriod of life than iu the old w.irld. There ih 
 also less of that ]i'e3."*ure of labour to the U vd 
 of the demand for it, which, iu older countiics, 
 makes it so dilHcuU to obtain cli^fible opeuinj:s 
 for youu^ men. He ,ce, perhafis, there are few- 
 er misplaced ni'*n here, but aiill their number 
 is too ureal, and much ol this is to he attribu- 
 ted to the desire to * nier the bunincss of life lA 
 too early a per.'U'l, and with too little [.repara- 
 tion. 
 
 One of the tiat duties of tbe educated youn>i[ 
 mtm ia thus to find, it | ossible, his true place 
 in our social eyst^'tu, the gap ;a the great aim y 
 of progress whic he can beet fill, and iu wbicu 
 be may beet do battle tor his country and bira- 
 aelf. He will mo'jt certaiv.ly do this w.-U if he 
 consults his powers rather than bis propensi- 
 ties, hia duty rather tnan his seliich interes's, 
 and if be regards the leadings of Providence, 
 and takes counsel of tl-ge wbo have greater 
 experience than he. 
 
2u() h U the diitj of odiicAt<>d meo to rulti- 
 »»if.e the hii/boHtttHndftrd of prof«"«t»ion>il ex pel- 
 W.nno. ft IB disKraciifuJ ti th« ediirtitpd mnri to 
 fink twlov^ othcra iu thin rfppirf, to b«» ■•(ini^-nl 
 mi>r(*ly with tlje nan:." of exerclsjifij.' some ii«ffiil 
 rillinn, and to be incompi'toQt to Mie proper 
 dischftrn^ of its diitlen. 8iich cacs as tbi? nre 
 rnrK ; but thern ««• olhor fMluren in vhls mfttter 
 Bcarcflj h86 ciilpnhlp. 
 
 Therf> nre Borne nian who nrc I'oniAnf with 
 ♦ He Tn»^re rrtnthic ffirfonimncf^ >! the ilutiea tf 
 their proft'ssion, who ftHpiro to nothing Iw'ond 
 mediocrity, and aro in cotmequeni t*, tPtHpf^d to 
 court eiicceH by mc-tn arta and peruooal iriHu- 
 fncp, rattier than by in liontwt etfort to nirain 
 to etn'Tifoce. There is a]j(> h tBiidbvcy to aettk 
 for the caaieRt and shortest rnursM of profes- 
 Biunal trHinltiR, to think iht» enti ih securt-d if 
 au eiatninatiun id paM-^fd and a title paiMn'* and 
 rhU kind of entrance >i:to profe.n:ional liff is 
 frenerally followed by the dibooiy and in>'ffi- 
 rien' proaecutiou of it to which I havt? joat re- 
 ferred. 
 
 AfT'iiu, wo arc loo ofti-n content, oven 't we 
 Hupire above mediocrity, to limit our hop-^H to 
 the level of those who have immediately prece- 
 ded 118. Tiicro m >y bo circiinvi>tatK;<'3 in which 
 this is allowable, tmt they rarely occur in oir 
 lime and in this country. <)n' pre.<er«'n=tor3 
 h9v>' (f'^nernlly bad fewer aiivaotages »han we, 
 or, if i^ot, these have, to a certain extent, been 
 neiitr'»li7.-'d by the liitfifiillieB of an eavly ti^nii^. 
 )tle in :\ new '-oiintry aad in m tried circum- 
 Btantes If we are simply to i!o;iy ihem. we 
 shall surely fill below them ; and the (roKress 
 of the art.g and acienre? among 03 will b^ ar- 
 rested or will give place to preriiai'.ire ■1»«eay. 
 A mere imitator can never attain to exwllencfl. 
 He who, in a coiintry like this, eels b'forc him- 
 aeit only the etaii laid of a previous Ren* ration, 
 will be a dw>irf ia the geiierMlioa 'o cora'». 
 
 Ft 14 this consideratiou whicli best shows ui? 
 the folly of those who, ia thia country, m^ke 
 w*r ou out professional SJitioole, and wjnld 
 narrow down profeuaional tramiot? to the iu«rfi 
 serving of an apprentice tihip, Were our le^al 
 and medical practitioners, .irourliod-surv^yors, 
 for instaace, to be trained iu«irp|y ia thi,4 wny, 
 they woi'ld, as a matter of couraftj fall b» lovr 
 the love! of their masters ; or, if they atiained 
 thereto, it would only be l)y superior ability or 
 desperate eff )rta. The genera i standard of r.he 
 profession would be lowered from time ti, time, 
 Mere examioatiuua, however jevere in name 
 always deaoeud to the profeasiou.Ll level of the. 
 period ; and there would, conseipieritlv in 
 the higher professions, be a gradii-U d«- 
 cadeu'.-e, unlil we might with truth look 
 b'ick wiih regret on byg'^ae 'iay?, aad mo^ru 
 the intellectual giants wbo had giv^ n biiib to a 
 race of pigmies. The true intnrests of a prof-s- 
 sion require that some of it-i br>8t men should bf 
 selec'ert, and r'urn'slied with every means Ov 
 keeping op ftt\d exienJitig tl.eii- piofe^.^ioual 
 knowledge and skill, and far com nuaioaiing 
 these to others ; an •» that in this way the stan- 
 dard of proli^sdiunal attiinmentslnald b^ raised 
 progressively as the country and the world ad- 
 vaace in civilisation. It may be a cause of 
 
 rnoTtiticalion to lonie jealous tind set fiib ptnOBt 
 that young iri«n bftter educated than they 
 should enter into proie<i8lonal life ; but the triiljr 
 patriot.c wil! rejiat all .ifjriB to repreis pro*eJ- 
 sii^nal edura'i)ri, kr beiinj; st^i.^ bA<:kwnrd 
 toward nied i'val burbariam. Nor wou'd I 
 limit myself lifre to aohoola for the so CKllod 
 iearn. d profesalonK We have not enough 
 la British America of firt and pruoticul 
 science Bcbooln, which c )old b>ar directly 
 on the tine and uieful arts, and on the growth 
 of our raaouftiCtures. Ii this roireraity we 
 have end(!.i^ ore!, evi'o at the ri»k of ov«r»frp- 
 ping at once o'lr means and our tr le fimction 
 HH a cioUegiato i'lsti'uiion, in ev»ry way in our 
 power to etiraulata public o(iioion in thia diree- 
 lloo, atid 'o do some of the work onrsi'lves. In 
 praetical cbemls'ry, in geology and miniiig, ic 
 ellgiM^erial^, in tKo art nf teaching, in agricul- 
 t'lre, we hive striven ti (connect scienlihc teaeb- 
 ing wu.h the ansoflif'. We hHre Tiiet with 
 somp succeBS, though we have lound that in 
 H')me re",)p>vs this country is still be.low t'i« 
 point at wli'cli the watit of good 1 raining is fe.lt. 
 Hi«t this infant state of our society is passing 
 «wfty, (lud the time may come s.ioner than we 
 exp 'ct when Mriii.'h Aiiierir>< may have not 
 iiiei-ely echoola of Law and Meduir.e, an t Rngi 
 U'^ering and Ncrirnil schools, but Midiaty, Min- 
 ing, Agriculniral and Technological ^chouln, and 
 sctinols of fine m t and ornamerital d»fllga. 
 
 The point tiom which I have been led into 
 this dicresi^ion is the staienunt that the edu- 
 cated man Fhniild not be content with profes- 
 "ioa <1 mediocrity, but s'jould ri-ie as hi ah to- 
 ward ' min'ue.o ii his profep'^ion us possible. I 
 yhrtll close ibis part of my 8'lllJ^•c^ with impres- 
 sing on you as a farther reason for puch ambi- 
 tion, tlie duty of leaving your country V»etter 
 th-ia you found it, of Ifuving io your wuik in 
 life some imprint of a petmnu'nt character, 
 which mav n ark that you have 'iffi; In a 
 coontry like British Amer'ca, whethff a man 
 can dig out aet^^m-'O'" a ?tump, or (mu iiitro- 
 (inc'i n uhw art or profeasiou or build great im- 
 provemonta on an old on'>, ii'> is bound to do his 
 part in 'be work of pro|.;re8S, and thi^ applies 
 with nceuliar fovte to tbo man of education. 
 
 '!r.l. It ;•. the, ilacv of every erlu( :ited mu) to 
 oxteid his culture mi Hold,* that He beyond mere- 
 ly [irofesiiioniil pursuits To these la*t, au en- 
 lig'ifeiied 9elf-iutere->t would bo thought .-ulfieient. 
 to pnriiii; iitteotioti ; but :-ince this, eonu'tiinoa, 
 fails of its ctTcci, we ueed 'ii>t wood-T that ;iiany 
 men, siippojied to have been educated in their 
 yoimger days-, contradict this beliol by a mcutal 
 torpor iu tbeic luii'urer ycnrt*. 
 
 The uned;ic;ited mm, who roitiains unti\iight, 
 is sinipl) luojt or loss a barh.irian. The. edu- 
 cated ti aa who stops short where the -chojl or 
 college life cu.l-i, aud Ihoncefu'th devotes himself 
 •'xchisivciv 10 rhe narrow ti jld of profo-t-ional 
 lilo, is either a ineie speeiuli-t or a p^nlint. '1 here 
 are count lies ia the world wlnsre the Bemi- 
 bvruaiiiin m:«y be equal to the duties required of 
 him by soci"ty. Tliero are, pcrhups, countries or 
 eoudiiioiii^ of life, where tiie pure apecifU!?t, or 
 the ped;nt nny occupy a usef il pliic« ; but, if so, 
 Biit»«h America is uot one of those ouutries. 
 
ttu tr«>riii«>nt r|w!.yi ■; of (h.^**',!., , i|'. i ^--i,. | kiiiiJ^ 
 o»' w.>rk nt'iotpil of nfulv ♦'T»«i_i >ii,i:!, itcinxiil m 
 v»r»< 'J <»f iiif't'itn'lon, nnd II vi-firt'il'M ii i.*"?!--, 
 Hiwi'or «.-v.Mi ihiin tliu' wlii -'i H'lili k>f> m < «-H«.|r v 
 ii; t!it» ri'irf" advi«<;c >J c ci.iMU'pit •• < ( tlit <il'( 
 Wftrlil. Oir fr)ii 1(1111(1 i« nior-' l,',, (hit "nn|i.« 
 fliliwi «'fiCi' nl ih mrt »! ,. h I'xi -111 It, it|ik 
 1. 1'ioriJ" of Hiitinui;v, wh,»i h rr.un n.infl.i >ii> f<.i!|.'<| 
 /roin flii^ ploti^h or tfi( *ii< »• |. (d-l, to ■•Mutiiimul 
 
 li'Ol'OH Hlld to ll'K I tlHli't'^i'^ 't t.iiijllf •'.(!, lit du' 
 
 Fairo lim ', 1*io iiiui*! liv •typ m.} iitpiivtiMy in- 
 I oiigi'Uou* oni''cti III ll*'- "Ufe. It 1,1 u- lit» !h it ilii« 
 
 !' hm Ik miliil f'liliiry in I ilirvnti-" OiM-i-ll ■"rtlc ; 
 
 lii.t it ii oiu? ittf('[>Hi-ii Ic It (M ^lii iiiivfl mill 
 v.^'oiftiidi ti;ii)\«'ti «.♦ u'tf mi,,.)tiH ^V1 ,l>-, iIu'm, 
 «.iiO'i)i|->t ur, I', it til • i!ii >• 1)1 cvi^-t I'u'u tC' dim 
 Ht oxcellTiT in hi- "pi'iiHt i''\il'ni; i» I* >ilii<> lii* 
 •luty t(< ciiUlv'ii.' I,!-, ii,(.M'».<l f "Wi'Ct !>iur«- r^fnii 
 •■ucly llm.i t'lH, Ht)<< to ti-«|iii" 'i' t'l.i', vi-i<,ni,il" V 
 wt,i<l. iiiny Ti),il\r I, ill) 0*1 fill m HIV n ii> <ir il|i 
 iiv.'i'iH" [.D ,'><i,» u> «•!,••', h" tinv }•:' ■• (IK if 
 </rio wiy "t '!'>irn( tlii* i*, liv ntl )■(,; to !iu't"l\ 
 piolOKHiortrtl Hli'li"-, ('h- 'ito . If 1 1 huiitV' liriioh 
 ol III. r.i'iiic, Hfi.iit !• oi iiif i-,.'ni(M 'nl to (iiii 
 .nsti'i. ir. rli". 'uttiti ,• ,t (•«. iJ-iiiuiiitti' ii! 
 'itortilire if'I -I'i't''', (i'-" pjl 1p ),i'u'i ili.-ui. 'nin 
 
 ill.' i>"'irvc_\*, (II Ii-i'hi,l^ t\ < ',-'ti "<fs v'f |l|. 
 JfCll'lltV-H Hli,l :lfM, tniV illh.r) I ' 'lli'i^"r (,.•(■ (,, 
 
 iirolf>-*i('r'«l p!"!ifii> ; f'li', I M (••• !' )4i (,.ii., iMir 
 t,i-tt>ilaii.< aiMl ("X tK, nil- i!iv, -f|;;i 111; I V,,,.,, ...^ 
 •irj'l our !i'!i-r^ f'.i.i >ii' wm i', •ti-' , »wi '.' i- 
 wiir'fiy too ii''ii'li to .li'iiiu, till, t; . 'Xtityii 
 
 lOM-HOIilll I'i'Kll. of !iiir)i iiifii H'l' a: Vill (■ ',!,• It 
 
 <ho (mI |>"i..; f^ji (,t o,i;- lMt;.,-r i M. ^- i,.il ii(,', 
 
 iirt any Jitoiiv-ii.'Ilnl , M'j(~ r. P Ik''. 
 
 I w)i;lils»y, I'n'ii tn ,.v, r> viln \(« '1 i, .i'> • 
 m Kililii'Mi l«» t^(^' (r*':i':.tl (•;ili.v,ii''ii <•• In ,,i 
 
 • ml' wliu'l) 1" ii»Ti!,j -i) iri ii<ritiiii y uhu'.i" ,h' 
 
 'IVM* UU(i to IIJiXlIllJ wiMl s ,i;!( ry, Pt'cit c(':*i,' 
 
 liiiiit.cii OrmiMli o( s'u !y, (.ir u' ,iSi?'ul ,■< Mi'ii*. — 
 \nl,i'» 1-1 hfti.ro v.) I wi'li ;i iho'ifti'i'i niitn I'l ' 
 |)nli> (if o!i<;.in(il iii*i'-i- .•■,lio!', i:r. tins' vi'ir li 'i 
 rrniHuJal ;-civnc<> m ii.'* .-n |'l^ -rtilon u> il',' •! t.- ot 
 hfe wmiiH ninity luo'c < > Mv.it .l^. Th" (in.' mii 
 
 »OI(l I'Tlll U!ft'lP,'l<il>;it ■ to l!ll^ caltiV tli II, (•/ t!V 'v 
 
 Hiu.l -liill. A lid'ti lire 'iif JlciMii A lit . <• V, uii'l 
 fjii iJiilitih Aiii'.'iAHii -uliifi'.ih-, i.-, (!;r iv, II!,; iif. uivt 
 Hvkini; for 'li'l Alovi>>j,i, tht'n- ;vio ■.•o'.in'li".H 
 «|)^.''-iiiiK"' J'"' ii-^t'fiiiiK.^i^ ill i'liproviiio r.li,. u.ciitd', 
 II, oral .ml iv-liifiou- ■'"tiiliti"M ft' inr •,<'0)'l';, i.iul 
 C( (lunili^' thou,t,'ht Hill t'MJiiiiy to i;iiil;l i!,- i.ji 
 j)rosf:catiiifr tiu'in. ''an ^o i iioi tiii.:.iv ImIo om'- 
 
 • if f! o«i- -JLiii' t ifi h.!^ ot fill, itui <;,,rj.;y, !)i,i! 
 l}u.\^ iJo «im»'tli:n(r for ."i,ir . v iimv tjft m; ,i<l I 
 ilint. Ow tiiisi-.<t. aii't iir:»l h iC''-'.-<-f il ,'!iO!ii*iO 'fl'o.'ii 
 ihu^v WHO (fo tlio luo'.'i I' t' '.< VI- ly, 
 
 •1. Tli';!KO t'ourii'tt raM'X.j iiiiiiraily It.til I.i t'w^ 
 nv.M n*pcCi. ill whi. !i I ■lo'^io t*i ;iii -ent Uiin ni' 
 jcct, naiiu'ly, thm if. is thi;. 'luty o) rtn; cd'iCi.Ail 
 mill t<? I.iho'ir Idi' tin- ovti't^vi nii !,i. i;,| tl" I jh 
 «"'ucatcil mii> .<«.•< iiri'M'. I tiim. It u on. ot ti'.i 
 narroW'Ot.ijt'c'ioi.-- uiir-'t !!;;iiii>! ihv higluT iJ,\ 
 ' Htioii, that il oi?i.i (ii- .•» tt'«' ii? lln' i »p>'ii:'t' cf 
 the many. 'J'lut th ; if' ii(.'t tiL", i'i«" e-4f-iivho 
 ^omwu by <;oiii^iil.;iii^ ihia '.\::: Mi|i[.ort of !li,s.i- 
 (utt'g ot I'.ighfr leuiiong Cull-! in gipat jart, -.n 
 tlio3o who are tlin'ink tiiut .IfL-J t>y Ui«-rn, nml 
 tb^At tli« iuduoi't beiivfit^ i'< pi' vidiotr luotiis- 
 
 Hioitii' nivti, tiii'I lit tful'i'i.;; iti.i. i- 'i. ni.i ft^^' well 
 tfif liulior liiii'ri'Ki^ oi jwiiH} »Iit vii.,i||y irrffcf.er 
 tliiiii fiif «M.i«i, of «'u 'i iiiJtiiiiti'.iM Iiiil(!«»<i if, xanr 
 Ih' J i-ily iiiM, '}>m f.1.1' juh'U' li ; jfiv».Mi to lh« 
 bi^hrr inrttit'itUiii.^ of U'ftinir.t; in lliit»'-h Arno* 
 ri'-n, i« «llo|<. {lu't i"x[iPopi'rtii(ii.U to th*-; hmioftlH 
 wiiii'h ihvv lri.|irp( ilj i:onl« i iir lU'' ppoiili.' Hut 
 I wNfj fxTotu r»?j'inl ihc iiih;»<t from a fliff.'P' 
 «;iit piliit of nirw, i.iirl to ""ho* ft, t!i>' rJiir.kK"! 
 itiiii, thai 'I wivijMv <iti!i)^nili,n t> A' >u liiui l»)t 
 to iMiUii" iiini.-t'll it, -^rltl.Jh '■fi'litViotu'i' lion; th'" 
 ii.i:>rr«*u. »•' !ii^ Ivllow no-'!, hut. tc Icinl ihern all 
 f'i,, '(ill thttl h«' I'iin in flio -Jti'iKfrlo, wliirh man In 
 '•i(ii-iiiiifly o.akiiif,' iijj'iuiBt the cv'Ih tJi'tt tM'-.-t 
 I'iiii ill llii« '^or'tl. 
 
 Th" .'«iuc»t."i mill 9;i,)'ilil he a puhl'if op'rifrt'l 
 n "p uti'l i'l fVCfVfh'iiu t.«"ivliin{ to popular <mi- 
 ''^•ii'i niii" n' nr\ fraini'if, in which h\^ hi;{h t 
 nirp'il .iiitii'i i'na'iI''N hiin to b" rnoif t>l^.;i»"it 
 ti ii; o^Uif, Ip' • loiilil 'le toijint i<( lii~. poft ft-i a 
 II' ••Ih'K IIP iiibi I ofUij HOi'i il itj'ifi 111, 
 
 ''■',(•(< UP "■•no lii'.t'f.'j'^ ill pirt'.piil.\i ill wliiofi 
 
 till* i-. I' I'lM'i'l'IV till' CilM', 
 
 I w • '- p'li't to \l^^ I iti all ihii«o :n)pli(.aii()n«i 
 ( f -iiii'iic • (,' t.].r r«"'',, i«rt.« whi,'h ■" ri"ifli (IIk 
 (PioiHii .1. I tin c. Tfu •inp'lu(uU'>i f'l'iiiot iiviii! 
 ilii'fiH.'lvvM !>• (';i'4..- it'i-'iout a.«'i.'.t.!uu:- Thi'v 
 '•','' of'i I r^i, III tic 'ii L'ciMi.'iliou t-.i ;;• iU'ratU'ii, 
 parirni;.' 'ii-p' iv,' iiii'i|io.|. i-i i|"iri'ly iiii|iiricil 
 iMiiPp"!, .'(iitl fallii,t{ •"■iiil;." niiil faitlur liiliiiul 
 ijic |tr(i}(. ,-,4 , t thf III?, 1 ')(■ c'ip'./io.'d 111 II, can 
 i''i;;i:'i I'p'in •It,' •' •!..- pi', b» Hho.siiijr »ho 
 iiyp.; ot ;i<'\v i icthi,'!- ,i'iil hv iiitroiiiiriiig i.n 
 (■r','. I »fi. To lo il. Ml- notiPi', T.iii;, in- in n t>ij 
 lo'.'il uf i\ii I!,' III!' 'I'lier, ir.if ri'lirnliul im a 
 t.l,<'.nsT .III'! .1 «i-i i|.:«ry ; inil, lu t'li) op^l, hii 
 vi^'*" «, i'' wi'j) I'l 'ir,ili 'I, anJ iviudiv miil jH'M<s'ore 
 iiiijlr 111 f't, >\.!l |.'"vii;i I !:'nv, ]■>;• ii;?:aii«.'- 
 I'l IMS i'l »h li.'uii "t 'iiipr<v->i:,j^ "ii the yt.'uiion 
 ( CIV siu'li'M'-^ il' !* 'I'Ti* thf rlufy wtiip.h '''tifM 
 on i',"rii, ,'■', I'liDw'inT iic.i!Hthirj» of iIp; pliy- 
 i-i 1. 'v cf p'-in' ., iu ,| thi' ii'l.i'iun-- uf pl:int;^ to 
 '.'ii Ji i!, tl' i.io'iK'' ' ill i.^*' iinprov, in,>n'-i oi ii..'ii 
 c li un' 'v|)i' Il nil.'. aiM' llu; iiiij'Ox "ii>liiii"!ii ot 
 '.'.:■ ij, i' ''■ lioii'' \s<'\ l'..;pl (o llii' j^n.' I'tT rnr- 
 f.,uii(ia,i,! ii' • .i^Mi'ilu.i ri?turii ol our i',|tivat id 
 iT";,-, HI! I tl' fli- .M,'v,iriip of iiL;ri''iilr iri' to its 
 •i'ti(« , ''p.'ij ip^ 1 M'ii 'iMlv: art. T i-i is oiip o! iht- 
 •H I'.' i-i w'.ici tlui t-tlip-nti' 1 II. i:i i :m hi; ii^ijfui 
 
 ■p, tip.* Y*H •,.'«•!,. 
 
 ) i.illiei, ill'? i!i!',c I'l^'.i mat; gh-np.! "lo al! In h\^ 
 |.i.'V(c ,i, p.ornit" IIP, I iiiipi' vi' iIp i il'ioaliop \>\ 
 Vn' v.»i!i,t! I lowe pii il.-'-" to uu.Jfi'rutp the 
 coi'i^.tiuii of pip plcippt iij eil'jpii'oii, or thi> 
 ••^tl.iflf! o!' tho.<o wli.i ''a'.-i- ll'.oi'il, atl'.] iro lilt,'.)»* 
 iiij.' f'ln i .^ ii,ii/i'c\' ra"!)t : liP.t. ii. il.r ;;h"i liaort, 
 iti- f'llty to a'p;!, i. n 'jyi'.i p.' il.-^ ui.pi'rtL'C- 
 ii,"K. 
 
 1'. i-t n'arf.',?!v lo » iiv.icl: I'l "••; . t'lO, owing to 
 ii'i'i^a.-ily of ttMci it-., fJ*ifCt,!l ,iii I (li'lii.i''i;"ip.« in 
 1.!..? niiiciial of eJ.ipjticn, ar'"l .'Ii'.mi.p-'.'J of th--- 
 tn I" (1 'Vii. ,1 to it. ip't hall <if' 1)111' yiHiii;'; pt''4'l"^' 
 !''c..i?i! mn ..'I .iiii!i!Cur\ 'rai'iiii;: ailtjuaU' l.o thi;ir 
 H'.iiijii in life'; n;it: .irn luimh ii-ctiivy '^lucb 
 liiiiiliifi; IS to i'i'.'p any 'oti! litonry tait-f-, or 
 that IIP p.t il exj'.-.. i.'^i'in ntcp^is.iry to pinbli'. th.im 
 t(- (xer''i"<; 11 ;.-oufpl nrijriii.il iii'l,s;mrnl in the 
 luo.-'t iiiiportHtit alViii" of '.it'\ Evi'u iii our tie't 
 uml higip'-'t. SL'tiOftla, iHirit'titfiblp lief'-ci*' tsi.si, 
 
6 
 
 rtliioli can he noireou d only hy bringing to boar 
 on tht'in t)ic fonre of au ■;nlii.'iil'''nMi [.uMj.' opi- 
 ri'oii. F tpi.'lievi' t!i«f., If tn<' ♦■liuoHtcii iin'ii iml 
 women of thi"! ^•oiintiy w«.t»> u> study thih siiojert, 
 Hti(i ciiusto their intiucnce to fie felt on ii, <iiir 
 <cli(>(ilsi would he '•ovolu'ionized, ami « more 
 hfHlihy lUrfiiUl md i.ioirtl torn I'oriHiiaiiii itfi! to 
 ♦ lie hi.'8t (>f thiuii ; mWuo the more soiubl'inCL- of 
 (•(iuoatioii, io Uh! (•h.-'u of a liirtj*' protmrtion of 
 ciiildri'ii, would no longer he tolerafed. Thti 
 ed'icatfd men, who urn to coti.^titute the apex of 
 tin' isocirtl pvriiiiiid. owe it to tlii'inHelvetii iinil to 
 tlifir fellow Minn nore narrowU t'> in>tpoct the 
 ruiibish imd stubble which are daily being bniit 
 into its foi.iiilAtion. 
 
 r>. Tie eiji:c:iled Tiian should especially ai>l aud 
 prumoto the lilulu-r liberal ediieition, as d-,-'iin- 
 pin^'i'-'l from >hrtt «hicii is (lurelv pro(i.'s(<'oual, 
 uiid ihii' wnich is merely t'lementary. 
 
 l! i-! this whie.h, in a new c<'Uiitry, ip lea^t ap- 
 ineeiuteii, an 1 wl-ieh .'un^eiineutly aio^t cailb for 
 the aiil of f'iose w|io ean uinlerHlaad n-* value. 
 Mori: espe/iallv it* Ihi.^ the eai^e with regard to 
 that form of tl'.e higher education represetit^'d 
 by the Kaciiltie-" ol Arts in our llnivet^itieH, and 
 which conr^tiiutefi iho highest ment.il culture 
 ncces.-ibl'j to our youni; men. ThiH, the truly 
 edueated nian yhouid steadily proujoa- an f /.'-ix- 
 i nisly guard, a'^ the germ of the future iniellee- 
 tuai life ol O'jr eouijtiv, — not for the few onl>, 
 )jui lor liie many. 
 
 1 S'ueiy need icarcely add that every ediicited 
 man aiioal i no; only remenitior with gratitude, 
 but sulietunliaily aid, the infUituiion 'it which he 
 has himiH'lt been iiained; .;nd I woidd desire luTe 
 to say to our own graduates tliat 1 liiiiik ihe time 
 billy eamt whoa they should, a^ a body, do 
 .-omeihing for itti advautuge. Ili'lierto, men 
 wlio -luve not received iu-» educational benefi'.s. 
 have been toiling and m.iiiiug «^ciili';e.« for its 
 maiutenance, and hmi(l.-«t ni.>ny ddheulties have 
 b-'en developirig its powers. If )ts giadimtes 
 would now endow one of itt* chairs, or eritabiish 
 a iiuisar'. fund to :iid poor s'udentH, or give it 
 the nicaus to ineroHse its library up to the : ^- 
 (piirtinenia of the u".iver.sir.y atid the city, they 
 would not oidy do a graceful and Vi.seful thitig, 
 but woulii earn a tieiter title lo have a voice in 
 the management o' it,'< aiVurn. Ff our graduites 
 liave not already dones^uch things, it is not be 
 cause they ate too tew, too poor, or two uninfiu' 
 eiui'd, but bc'Cause they have not thought of 
 them. Their nlucau Uial umtluu' expeet.^j, in her 
 preseiit stiuggles with narrow circuujstances, 
 s-uch traits ot her pa>f labors 
 
 I may also call your attention to the fact, 
 known, perhaps, to s(>tue </ you by experie'jcc, 
 that the laws of this country attach too little 
 Viiliif to a superior edtication lor public eninloy- 
 nieiite. aud in other wayt ; and there appear to 
 be among our public men some vviio would even 
 t^ike awiiv the little vah.o th'.t such distiuctioiii? 
 have. If we have any piovision tor educational 
 (jUftliiications in the civil atid military ser\ice of 
 this couutry, it is a dead hiiei ; aud my attention 
 was oidy a few davs ago called to the fact that 
 in Ijower Canada a university graviuate has not 
 even the poor ^.riviiege, accorded to a nun or 
 eccleL-iadtic, of icuchiijg u school without a prt. 
 
 liniinarv examination. This i* also a matter af 
 f^^|•dlng some scope for the notion ttf our elucate.l 
 Ui,en, on Seb-df ot our higher iustiiutions. 
 
 (Jur educated iricu should not be insensible to 
 the sociil ind poht:cal intiT-'sfs of iln'ir coijnir> . 
 This onens a wide fi.dd f )r usebd exfrti< o, rung 
 ing fi )ni winU may b<' do;ie to iinp'ove the sani- 
 tary at)d 'ionit'sM'. condition of o,ir p'Mr<'r peoi.le, 
 up to the highist dep irtnieiits of the public 
 policy of the country, All matters of tianitary and 
 Boeial arrangement are in this country in a very 
 crude state. Our pt i>ple have th-eii !'.uddle<l to- 
 gether from Tar) )i.m places aud stato ol .-ocii'ty, 
 and have tiot yet settled down iiito auv regular 
 system of social order Our civic regulations, the 
 drainage of our streets, our kdgiogs for tiie la- 
 b ring cla-'ses, lujr luean.s ol contioliing vice, 
 our a.-rangeinents lor instructive (w h'>,dt;i ul re- 
 crt'aiion, iro all in an impeitect conduion. and 
 many zealous workers aie needed to bring theui 
 to a K'spt'ctable level. The-'o are all matters 
 claiming the atteniion of the * enevoleut and 
 thinking man, lor they ail tend largely to-vard 
 tlie sum of human happiness or misery. 
 
 The sphere of poti'ical li^e is a i.rt.'ublesome and 
 anxious om;, an<i r.heai.iii who selec's this lor nis 
 held ol action is, perha^irt, in'ilie preaeiit state of 
 tnis country, less to be envied chau those who 
 devote them.Hdves to more quiet departmeuis of 
 ex'riioti. Still some mu;U woik here, audi is a 
 field s[)(riull_v demanding the services o'' the 
 truly educated man, who, wliether, properly 
 sjieaking, in [lolitical life or not, sh(»u!d always 
 lake some interest in i'lblie affairs. 
 
 There are two great evils incident to the Hbrts 
 of a young, ! oor, atid partially educated country 
 to govern ifsi If, which Hiuinently merit the ai- 
 ttuition of rcfieciing men. I mean the inflaence 
 o. pri judicesainl of mercenaiy uunivus in our 
 provincial councils. I do not wish to insinuate 
 that these are the exclu.-!ive possession of any 
 political paity. On the ontiary, it i.s certain 
 ihar. in a country s^-lieieu populutiou is scattered 
 over a wide area, wtn'ie luncli of it is uneducated, 
 wliere it has been derived fruiu the most varied 
 origins, there must of necessity be a mass of 
 local and tribal feelings, destitute of sound rea- 
 son atjid of expedien(;y, yet itiliuencitig men in 
 their political relations, anu aflording great lacili- 
 ties to the designing dematfogue. It is cqutily 
 certain that where m^arly ail are poor and sirusr- 
 gling, and wheie men'.-' ai^tion is dol hedged 
 round by class di^tiMCtloni^ and by oh] t>recedeiits, 
 and especiallv where there is not a s.druiini 
 leadii.g and thinking population to utter a lu.ited 
 nndj -^t pulifK' opini (IJ, lliere v*ill be a lendtiiev 
 for liuman -elti^miess to mistake [icrgonal f.ji 
 public inieresis, or so to mingle tiie two, that the 
 boundaries between political integrity and dis- 
 honesty may be. readdy overpasS' d. 
 
 It i> the part of '.he truly cduc.ited and patriotic 
 to contend agdnst the.Sv; iiidueuces, and to stiive, 
 however apparently hopeless the case may bo, for 
 th" influeaco o( r<'usou and justice in our public 
 ttUairs. 
 
 Another pha.we ot oar British Ameiicaii [>olit • 
 cal liie nierits consideration here. An aimo,-t 
 universal eullrflge extending over a population 
 where uo clat-s lifies far above another, onaurtd 
 
itiati' 
 
 ;in.v 
 
 ertiiiu 
 
 t.'reil 
 
 jiried 
 Ilrt3 ot 
 i rua- 
 
 eii in 
 liii'ili- 
 
 |i;iily 
 
 ilMlt!', 
 
 Lifiu 
 i: iieti 
 
 ji!, for 
 pu'>lic 
 
 polit • 
 aiinot^t 
 
 the full weight t)f tht popular iTiitri, wbHtovfr it 
 iiuiy \)'\ in (Hir public counci'i. Sou sw-h a 
 popnlHtion may be in any om- of thieo stalest. 
 ICenliidy untHinctiteil anil itrnonint n( pnhlic af- 
 i.'iirs?, it rtMi>iiiti8 in ti stnlo of vIi-ImI quifiuiie, 
 untiiovoii by flio gr(-al»;.-t I'vil.-, hva\ Drily stimu- 
 liiti'd 1,0 ftrtioti when »'xc.it<d l>y the leadi'rsj in 
 whoni it confidorf. If a littlo fntiluT auvtinrfd 
 in intelli<T('n"«' it bfcunn'iJ I'M-irnlik', (pii^^k. to 
 .Hf'tioii, iviidily tiiovi'd by iver> m-w turn ot pub- 
 lic HtTiiirs, and broken into iiiuuy confiK-nn^ p.ir- 
 tief ; a si.ate of maiiory oltcii more ditticult to 
 deal wif.h tiian the iiiOi<- ilebased coiuliiiun ot 
 (Otal ifjuoranee. thouirh ^l.lll to be ri'i;aided a^* r, 
 .^tHge of proyretiS toward thu! euiighteiied pubiii; 
 opinion which ean proceed alone tioni the judg- 
 ment of an educated cotjirnunity That we in 
 r.ritish Ani<frii'H huNe iriiveil at tnici IhHt stiii^e 
 it >*ouid be r«ti!i lo alliim, that we Hhiill leach it 
 I Oilievp, but not, without strtnuo.is ex'jiliona 
 and much seU-saorilife 
 
 In the present impel tVot state o^^ooifcty he>e, ai 
 :n other cuutiir!t'<i -iuiilnrlv -^itTjuted, we nmy ex- 
 pect public opinion to run into violent exireniee, 
 and perhaps its oidy law to be, tli;it if it pet.* very 
 strongly in on« direction to-day, it will be pretty 
 sure to set in the op[lo^•ite wav tt»-iiiCiro*, — 
 S'ill, .1) all this il^ere is iiu re hope ai.J pr(';:resfl 
 thun in mere Ptaeiiation. The cu'rent ol oui ^'o- 
 loinal feeling i.-^ like ibut of ene ot our great 
 rivers — rushing troiu side to yide of its rocky 
 bed, now ui one :ii:ect,iori, now iu rtuoiher, now 
 gliding quietly along, nmv lacliing itself inic foaiD- 
 ing t>iliows, We may not arrest its* course, nor w 
 it desirable to do so ; but we may lead il.'^ wa'irs 
 P':?iitl.y aside, ami make beside it? most a.iigcrou? 
 mrid. peaceful highways (or our couiimici^ In 
 oihei words, no num can ui a country like this 
 check ur control or repre.ss the will o( the peo- 
 ple, but any wise man m.-ty guide it. to uscluleuds. 
 Eveiv wi^e man may 
 some dep»rtmeiit to this result, 
 
 lUit to do this etVectuiiliy,the wine and good nmn, 
 while sympathising with every popujar emoticm, 
 tiiust keep himself above the lueit' driltuge of 
 ll.e ..uirent. lie must not be either rejieih-d or 
 seduced by the VHrvii>g courae of the imstal>ie 
 wateis He may find tlior<e who to-day .-ee fiad'ty 
 ami progress only in union, to-monow r<Hdy to 
 q'.ariel with rheir nortiest iieifiibois or g<'t u| a 
 strife o' races — thost; who io(ia\ ari' anr.cxulion- 
 ists, to-morrow clamorii g f'oi' .tn American war— 
 those who now would orcck every link of con- 
 nection wiiii the mothfi-country, lo-ni'Miow 
 leaity to submit to oi welcome a despotism. 
 N\i one who has lived long in this countr\ is with- 
 out such exp^'rienoe.s, antl when we tliink ol them 
 mill at the 8nme time ol the Itvtal tllVcts ol such 
 Aimileri gus's of public opinion in the case of 
 ether countries, we shall be thankful iliHt wo 
 have been prevented from yielding to these im- 
 pul-ts, aid shall lie d'tiposeti ti> euvioavor to ex- 
 eici.se a sound and cal.u judgment iu such, mat- 
 ;ers m the future. 
 
 Om tiie precise position of the educated mm, 
 w.th rigaiu to these shifting phases tt our poli- 
 tiial lite, 1 wou!'l not uarr in venture into deuuis. 
 I ina> , however, .^tate two resulis o( some thought 
 uu thi.- sui'ject. Ono is, that we ahould strise 'o 
 
 ot. tribute .soinetliijig in 
 
 form na rapidly an possibl.', a inily pnIightP''o'f| 
 public <ipinion, a.*< distin((uish>Mi ('r<>n inc-ely local, 
 pergonal, race and cla."** |)rcjudic«'8 and uitcresirt. 
 Just as tht engii iMir, in every cnvv{\ which the 
 surface ol the jounlry obliges him to thke, turtii 
 as rapidly asi he cmi back to lii» ftmight line 
 leading to the point fie has to rcadi, '-o dhoulil 
 the true lover of hie country make the moral aiul 
 mental piogross of the jieojile as .i wl ole. his 
 line of direct (Ml. It may often seem the Ic.hs 
 di'ect way, i>ui it is the oidy one that can 0>3 
 truly succe-^sfiil. The second Is, that iu our pre- 
 pcnl siHge we should keep constantly in view tliti 
 link^ of connectiori which bind us to the gtiut 
 Briti-^b Enipire, ami atrengtheii tl em as lar a?j 
 may be in our power. It is no small thing to ita 
 members of an orgitnieation the most staoie and 
 powerl... ill the world, and, at tlic same tune, 
 tliat which allows trie greatest auniirit <.ii litiettv. 
 Iiidepen'iently of nil national prejudices, or patri- 
 otic feehngB, or differoiice of origin, we cannot 
 bv' too thankful lb' tfie [irivi eges we thus enjoy ; 
 aiid if we ran desire anything Inrther in ihis 
 respect, it seems to me that it should be sought, 
 in eudeavtiunng more complet>'ly and closely ti> 
 unite all the mt tubers of the Empire in one gieat 
 coloi;:iil ,uid imperial council, having its .-eat hi 
 the m,; ri*polis ol th( Empire, and binding to- 
 gather hU its Pcaitered parts iu closer union with 
 one another, and with our common head. 
 
 Hut liu<tly I would direct yo'ir attenrion to th,j 
 duties (il the educated tuan in his teLtion to his 
 (.ind, and to the ex.miple that he set'- betore his 
 lellow-man. The religious life of a people is ltd 
 oijly true lite. If this ip wanting, or if it is viti- 
 .ited t<y infidelitv, by superstition, or by any of 
 the idolatries wliich are «et up between man and 
 hi.s Milker, nothing will avail to gi\e firo.-'- 
 perity and happiness. 
 
 On till- grcht matter it i.s the part of the edii- 
 chie 1 rniiii, if .)) inv man, to exerci.se an inde- 
 pendent judgmi'iit. Himestly, solemuly, and as 
 ill a matter uf lU'ir'! concern than any of the 
 pa.^sing things of earth, he must Sft himself to 
 form fixed and cerfaia < pinions, which conuiienij 
 themselves to Jiisuwu calm judgmeif and con- 
 science, and which h" can vindicate f)efoie 
 others, on hia own uiomI relations' to the Supieiue 
 Judge ol all, and on the way which He has fixed 
 tor attaiumg r<i n-ippiness and !;eaven. The man. 
 who ha-i not ti-oaght of these things, i,s not nii 
 educal. i man in the higheet sense, because he 
 is not t oicflted lor eternity, and be(!au.se tiiiling 
 thus, he lack-i the greate-u, and nuhlest motive 
 lor good — the lo\e of liis (iod as a rcconoile'l 
 father, and the lovo ol his brother man. 
 
 The rude and ignorant unbeliever, lU- '.he de 
 graded votary of an habitual superbtition, \< 
 tfimpiy an obj.-ct of pity. The educated man 
 who pretends to doubt that which ho ha.s m^t 
 humbly ai d carefully studied, or who is content 
 I'lmdlt to follow others, wheic (iod has [ilaccd 
 the truth l)elo-'e his owti mii.<l, •'carcely dc^ervv:- 
 ir pity. 
 
 I do not speak hero of th<' mere ;^i rsiiulist. I' 
 there is any y^ung man so vile, .-o unwtuiliy cf 
 bis high calling, a-^ to devote hiiii.selt to viciou< 
 pleaHUK.'S, to waste the !]o*^er c>i his youth and 
 the piiriiu of h'.s life iu sinlul indulgences, he is 
 
not to be reckono} as tt\Ay edi'OttfnJ, hut onl}' is 
 one whi> has tioililt'U fliifpodrl v;!i(lerhis ket, and 
 who UiuiH to tt'nr the Jioarts of th'i.x*' wl'O ha»e 
 sought ill THtii to eTii.ch him. I Hpt^aW i ot, o< 
 ruch >i itmri, l>ia of thoi-f' n ho, hoNVcvtr liijjh Uifir 
 stHtulanl of conventional morality, yot f«il sliorr, 
 oCtbc hij.licp' fiyle of Viiriiiii'ify, thnt df tho truly 
 rlirJHtiiui nod <1oii-ft);iriiig iiiun. Hi thie i-)mr- 
 AvAer are i^unnuod up nil tho love uiitj purity, aU 
 
 th(; polI'Jeniitl find < arnt'Hl t»x<iU'->n, -ill the Crt?tv 
 fijl thought and .-ouiuiiudgmem, all tho ci.ituro 
 of our lilghebttiidowjtieiitH, which [ a«k of our 
 ftiutatcJ young intvo, ami wlikh. if ilu;v Wvro 
 thi.' (onnuon pojiea'^ion ol u!l Uio jouof^ in«M> o{ 
 British Aujorjcik, w-aiM bo to us* iho siirest j'ua'- 
 ante*.' of Ooil's blt^-'i-m^' of our owr hignoat .-.uc- 
 rcjis, and oi'il\« luMut gre.uiue.-)B uf uur btloviid 
 tountrj, 
 
 
 ♦■•'»-' 
 
 
.rtrt;- 
 tuio 
 our 
 *v.ro 
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