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PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY LOVELL AND GIBSON, YONOE STBEET, fc 3o91. 3 Entered according to the Act of the Provincial Parliament, in the year 1858, BT MESSRS. LOVBLL >') 'in Miiv .1 ■; s7 June r>t\ \)'i X. 12 TOEONTO. Months. Highest Temperature. Lowest. Mean. July a 86.6 88-2 82-0 64-0 58-2 46-0 o 470 46-0 34-1 26-5 —3-5 —4-7 o 67-76 A.uifust .............. 66-31 Seotember 68-64 October 46-42 November 33-54 December 81-86 The maximiim 88-2, minimum — 20-1 : giving a montlily range of 108 -3. The mean of 1857 waa 42 -73. Barombtbical Pressure (corrected to a temperature of 32 degrees.) — ^The variations of the Barometer are frequent, but seldom of any great amoimt. The monthly variations for the year 1857 are thus represented :— Months. Maximum. Minimum. Monthly Range. Jftnuarv ............ R 30-168 80-361 30-006 80-006 29-896 29-707 29-848 29-860 80-076 29-994 30-281 30-258 o 29-181 29-152 29-116 28-898 29-199 28-952 29-255 29-155 29-248 29-289 28-452 28-852 0-987 February 1-209 March 0-891 Apvil 1-108 May • 0-697 June ..••.. 0-756 July August 0-693 0-706 Seotember 0-828 October 706 November 1-829 December ............ 1-406 Winds. — The direction of the winds appears to be cliiefly from tlie North and West. The resvdtant direction for 1857, with the mean velocity, are represented as follow : — Months. Resultant direction. Mean Velocity. January N. 70 W. S. 78 W. N. 63 W. N. 60 W. 10^81 February 9-82 March 10-84 Aptil 10-24 i u !FHE CLIMATE. Id Months. May June July August September October November December Average Resultant Resultant direction. N. N. S. N. N. N. S. K 23 W. 49 W. 68 E. 77 W. 68 W. 19 W. 61 W. 89 W. N. 74 W. Mean Velocity. 8-13 7-60 4-74 6 38 5-65 6-24 9-25 6-84 Mean . . 7 • 99 Rain and Snow. — The quantity of rain and snow which fell in 1857, and the number of fair dp.;'3 for the year, are as follow : — Rain. Snow. Fair Months. Depth of inches. Days during which rain fell. Depth of Snow. Days of Snow. Days. January Inap. 3-050 0-335 1-755 4-145 5-060 3-476 6-266 2-640 1-040 3-2.35 3-205 3 11 4 10 15 21 15 13 11 10 14 7 21-8 11-7 11-3 12-9 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0-2 6-9 9 16 11 15 11 1 • • • • 2 9 14 14 February 10 March •••. 15 April IS JVlav 15 June 9 July IS AUiTUSt 18 September October 19 19 November December 9 12 Total 33-205 134 73'8 79 171 Thunder Storms, (fee. — The number of thunder storms during the year 1857 was 28. There were but few of these remarkable for violence. There were, besides, 19 days in which lightning occurred ■vvithout thunder or hail ; 36 days in which thunder occurred without lightning or haU ; and 6 days when hail fell unaccompanied by thunder or lightnmg. Auroras. — The nights favourable for observing auroras, and the number of auroras observedj were both considerably fewer than I u TOEOKTO. during the precetling three years ; but the auroras that were observ- ed on the nights of the 7th May and 17th November were far more brilliant than any recorded during these three years. The number of nights in which it woidd have been possible to see auroras, had such existed, was 189, compared with 233 for the year 1853. On 26 of these nights aurora was distinctly visible, compared with 57 for 1853. Climatology. — With a view to the prosecution of enquiries rela- tive to atmospheric phenomena, oiir Legislature, in the session of 1853, very wisely inserted the following clause in the Grammar School Act, providing that meteorological registers be kept at all the Senior County Grammar Schools in Upper Canada : " And whereas it is desirable at all seminaries and places of education to direct attention to natural phenomena and to encotu^ge habits of observa- tion ; and whereas a better knowledge of the climate and meteoro- logy of Canada will be serviceable to agricultural and other pursuits, and be of value to scientific enquirers ; — Be it therefore enacted, that it shall be part of the duty of the master of every Senior County Grammar School to make the requisite observations for keeping, and to keep a meteorological Journal, embracing such observations and kept according to such form as shall from time to time be directed by the Council of Public Instruction, and aU such Journals or abstracts of them shall be presented annually by the Chief Superin- tendent of Education to tlie Governor General with his Annual Report." Each of the schools referred to was to be furnished on or before the end of September, 1854, with the requisite instruments and books and forms, but owing to an unavoidable delay they have only now been obtained. The instrimients first selected in tlie United States were foiind to be unsuitable ; and upon consultation with Colonel Lefroy, so long and favorably known in connection with Her Majes- ty's Magnetical Observatory in Canada, and with whom this provision of the Grammar School Act originated, the Chief Superintendent deemed it advisable to have new instruments prepared in England expressly for the Department. Improvements, which experience in this climate had suggested, were adopted, and a range as low as 35" and 40" below zero was given to the thermometers. The instru- ments here enumerated were all tested by James Glaisher, F. R. S. Tliey were also examined and approved by Colonel Lefroy, and in addition subjected to a winter's test at the Provincial Magnetical Observatory, Toronto. One Barometer, either a standard, or one of a second quality ; a ♦ hi OEOLOOT. 15 Self-registering Maximum Thermometer ; a Self -registering Mini- mum Thermometer ; a Wet and Dry Bulb Tlxermometer ; a Rain Guage and Graduated Measuring Glass. Connected with these are the following books : A copy of the Official Instructions and Direc- tions for Making and Recording Observations ; Daily Register Book, containing printed forms, and adapted for the observations of one complete year ; Monthly and Annual Abstract Book ; Blank Book for extraordinary records ; Map of the Stars, four tables, and synopsis, reprinted from the instructions, and mounted for convenient refer- ence ; a copy of Drew's Practical Meteorology ; and a copy of Coffin's Hygrometrical Tables, boimd up with the instructions. Professor Kingston, of the Magnetical Observatory, has published a small volume of general instinictions for making meteorological observations, for the nae of the Grammar Schools, and has instructed in the use of the instruments one of the officers of the Normal School department, to whom is entrusted the locating of the olwwrvatories and the initiation of the mastera of the Grammar Schools in their new avocation. The schools already supplied are Chatham, London, Barrie^ Guelph, Niagara, Belleville, Picton, Cornwall, andl'Orignal. 3 t M SECTION IL— GEOLOGY. The only natural exposures of solid rock visible near Toronto are to be found on the shores of Lake NaflF, a mile west of the city, and in the deep gullies which the Don and the Humber rivers have ex- cavated in their passage to the Lake. The city itself is built upon drift clays, which have accmnulated upon the flat surface of the rock, to an average depth of thirty feet. While the drift clays are of comparatively recent origin, the subjacent rock is seen by the numer- ous fossil remains which it embodies to belong to the most ancient group of known fossiliferotis rocks, and may be classed, as the uppermost member of the Lower Silurian. The specific name given to it by the New York State Geologists, and adopted by the Geolo- ^cal Commission of Canada, is '* The Hudson River Group." This rock may be traced far into the State of New York, in an easterly direction, and towards Lake Huron, along the north eastern hovai- dary of the Saugeen Peninsula. In its westerly continuation it appears on the Manitoulin Islands, and the northern peninsula of the State of Michigan, south of the Sault Ste. Marie River. It thus forms a narrow belt, about W miles in breadth at Toronto, and nar- rowing rapidly in its progress towards the north-west. By compari- 16 TOBOITTO. Bon with the rocks which are found to the east and west of this belt, it is found to fonii an exposed jiortion of the rim of a vjist basin, whose ojiposite or southern boundary is met with in the Southern States of the Mississippi Valley. Tlie tliicknessof this " Group," or "Loraine Shales" as it is sometimes termed, is about 1,100 feet, with a dip in a southerly direction of about 30 feet in the mile. Within the vast basin which it thus fonns, lie a considerable nimiber of other fonnations in regular Geological succession, the forms they display following pretty accurately, with gradually diminishing radii — the general circle of exposure exliibited by the Hudson River Group. The centrical basin or nucleus is composed of the vast coal-fields of Appalachia (of which Pennsylvania is part) Illinois, and Michigan, which, at a remote epoch, were doubtless united in one uniform deposit. Outside, as it were, of the Basin of the Hudson River Group may be traced the older fonnations upon which it reposes. These are three in niunber, called resjMSctively the Utica Slate, the Trenton or Kingston Limestone, and the Califerous and Potsdam Sandstone. This last named rock reposes immediately upon the Gneiss or Laurentian series, and is supposed to have been deposited at the bottom of the fii'st sea in which animal life was manifest — at least, no older rock is known to preserve the remains of organic life, or to exliibit any traces of its presence. The Hudson River Group has been quarried in the vicinity of Toronto, and it exliibits a de- posit of shale, interstratified with thin bands of calcareous sandstone often fit for the purpose of flagging, and these occasionally being highly charged with fossils, exhibit the character of limestone, but they are of no value for economic purposes. The clays rej)osing upon the solid rock belong to the drift and boidder formation, and are of three kinds, buft", blue, and yellow, affording abundance of materials for the manufactiure of white and red bricks. Fragments of trees are not uncommonly met with in the blue clay, wliich lies nearest the surface of the formation rock. It may be here remarked that the water held up by the clays is generally of excellent quality, though sometimes slightly impregnated with salt ; while the water from the foundation rock is not only strongly impregnated with saline matter, but is often liiglily disagreeable from the presence of sulphur. In the Report of the Geological Commission of Canada fear 1852-3, the following arrangement in the superposition of the clays is given. In a brick field on Mr. ex-Sheriff" Jarvis's land, in the second concession from the Bay, the descending section pre- sented : — r' NATURAL HI8T0ET'. 17 I Feet. Inches. 1. Yellow clfty, giving red brick 8 2. Yellow clay, mnking cream yellow bricks by mixture ; — there are smiill calcareous coucrctions in it 1 8 8. Yellow sand with a thin layer of calcareous material at the bottom 9 4. Yellow clay, giving white brick 1 8 5. Bluish or ash-colored clay, giving white bricks ; clay calcareous 9 6. Yellow sand 1 3 7. Ash-coloured clay, burning white 1 6 8. Yellow sand 9 9. Ash-coloured clay, burniuij white 2 10. Bluish sand 2 11. Ash coloured clay, burning white; it has a jointed structure, and the thickness is said to be 60 12 8 The same authority says : " The bluish or fish-coloured clay fit for white bricks is said to have been cut to a depth of between 70 and 80 feet, in a well in the neighborhood, where it was as well suited for the purpose at the bottom as at the top. Boulders are occasion- ally found throughout it ; but the number is not great. Pebbles and boulders occur in the red brick clay. On its surftice it supports large gneissoid boulders of a red colour ; and boulders of crystalline limestone from the Laiirentisin series, are met with near Mr. Jarvis's house. The bed immediately under the red-biick clay is considered too strong for bricks, that is, it holds too little sand. It is sold at half-a-doUar a cart load for the manufacturing of common red potteiy. A circumstance worthy of observation is, that the potter's clay, with occasionally a layer of sand, and the red-brick clay above, appear to undulate with the general surface, (not, hoM'ever, descend- ing to the bottom of deep ravines,) while the white- brick clay lies in very even horizontal strata ; from wliich it would seem that the one must have been worn down into gentle hollows before the other, which may be much more recent, was deposited. SECTION III.— NATURAL HISTORY. The Floka. — So short a time has elapsed since the site of the city was the southern boundary of a dense forest, undis- turbed by the axe of the woodman, that very Uttle modification can possibly have taken place in the indigenous plants of the imme- 18 TOBONTO. diato noighborhood. Hero and there in the natural sucoosaion of plants, yon may find the majestic maple tree, striking its roots through the decayed stump of an old pine, which, having reared its head aloft for centuries, at last gave place to the germ of a more vigorous rival. This inexorable law is strikingly manifested in many parts of the Province. One entire tract to the east of the city, — k'^own as the Pino Ridges, is now covered with a race of hardy oaks ; and in many other places where the maple and the beech and the elm give indications of a particular character of soil, a little investigation will show, in the massive stumps, which here and there stand as mementos of the past, that a few generations back the floral character of these localities must have been very materially different from what it is now. Apart from the instinctive preference which some minds have for the prosecution of the study of the Flora of the country in which they reside, no extraneous cause has operated so happily to turn the attention of professional men to this study, as the Annual Provincial and Horticultural Exhibitions, wliich have for several years past been held here. We have had at these exhibitions large collections of native plants arranged and classified, and also polished specimens of the various kinds of wood to bo found in our forests. The Tro- phy sent to the Paris Exhibition, was perhaps the most complete collection of specimens which has yet been made. It was, however, a collection from all parts of the province, and consequently con- tained many specimens not to be foimd in the immediate neighbor- hood of Toronto. The black walnut, (Juglans nigra), for example, a very useful and valuable wood for cabinet making purposes, and used extensively in Jacques nsis, . . . , Water Weed. Anagallii ttrvensig « , Pimpernel. Aiietnone cyliii'h ica .,,... .Cylimlrieftl long-fruited Anomono. " Viryifia/'a , i . * i rluH Anemone. " Ptuusylvaniea lV«tff*ylvnnian Anemone. * " nemoruia , Tlie Wood A/icmoue. Anthoxanlhum odoratum Sweetuctntt'd Vernal flriisB. Antennaiia Margarttacca IV-itrly Everluslinj;. " plantuginifolia IMantRiu-ieuved Everlasting. *Apio» tnberoaa Ground Nut. "Apocunum Androaanifolium. .... .S|ircadiiig Dogbane. " caiin-ibinnm Indian Hen)p. Aphyllon ■untjlorwn One floweied Cancer-root. *Aqitilfgia Catiadensia Wild Columliine. Arabia C'ltmdenaia 8iekIe-|iod. Aralia raccmoaa Spikenard. " hiapida Bristly Sarsaparilla. * " nudicanlia Wild Sur^nparilla. " tri/olia Dwarf Gmsieng. Ariaama triphifliam Indian Turnip. Ariatida purpureaceua Triple Lawn Grass. Arteineaia Vulgaris Common May wort. " Canadetiaia Can.ida Wormwood. Arrhenaihcrum avenaceuin O.it Grass. *A8ar%im C'anadenxe Wild Ginger. *Aaclepias cornati Common 8dk Weed. " phytolaccoidea Poke-leaved Siik Weed. * " incarnala Rose-colored do. * " tubcroaa Buitei fly Weed. Aapidium thelypteria Marati fern. Aapidium apinulosmn " dditatum " marginale " acroatichoidea Aster corymboaua Aster, or Micliaelmas Daisy. * " macrophytlua Large-leaved Aster. * " patens Spreading do. " cordifoUus Heart-leaved do. " dumosua Bushy do. " tradeacanli 23 i i ': ■ f f. 24) TOBONTO. '* Aster miser Starved Aster. * •• simplex Willow-leaved do. " temii/olius Narrow-leaved do. " 2fova Angli(B New England do. Athyriiim Jilix femina Lady Fern. Barbarea Vulgaris Yellow Rocket. •' prcecox Early Winter Cress. \Bellis perennis Common Daisy. Bidens frondosa Common Beggar-ticks. " cernua Burr Mariold. " chrysanthemoides ^Blephilia hirsuta Hairy Blephilia. * " ciliata Fringed do. *Blitum capitatum Strawberry Blite. ** bonus Henricus Good King Harry. Bcehmeria cylindrica False Nettle. Botrichium iunarioidea Common Moonwort. ** Virginicum Brizia media Quaking Grass. Bromus cccalinus Cheat Grass. " mollis Soft Broom Grass. * Calystegia sepiiim Hedge Bind Weed. * " spithamceus Two-flowered do. '*Galopogon pulchelhis Calopogon. *Calla palustris Watei Arum. Callitriche verna , Common Starwort. *Caltha palustris Marsh Marigold. * Campanula rotundifolia Hare Bell. " aparinoides Marsh Bell Flower. Cannabis sativa Hemp. Capsella bursa pabtoris Shepherd's Purse. Carex stipata Sedge. " scoparia " straminea , " plantaginea " laxijlora , " varia " prcecox * filiformis " intumescens " ampulacea Cardamine rhombordea Spring Cress. NATUBAL HISTOBT. 25 Cardamlne hirtuta Bitter Cress. *Castilleja coccinea , Scarlet-painted Cup. Caulophyllum thalictroides Blue Cohosb. Centaurea cyanua Blue Bottle. Ceraslium vulgatum Mouse-ear duckweed. " viscosnm Larger do. " arvense Field do. Ceratophyllum detnerawn Hornwort Chelidonium majiis Qreater Celandine. *Chelone glabra Snake-head. * Chenopodium urbicum Goose-foot. " album Wliite goose-foot — Lamb's quarters. ** botrys Jerusalem Oak. Chimaphila umbellata. Prince's Pine. " maculata Spotted Winter-gi'een. Chiogenes hispidula Creeping Snowberry. Chrysosplenium Americanum Golden Saxifrage. Cicuta macidata Spotted Cowbine, Water hemlock. " bulbifera Bulb-bearing Cowbane. Cichorium intybus Chicory. * Cimicifuga racemosa Black Snake-root. Circcea lutetiana Enchanter's Nightshade. " alpina Mountain Nightshade. Cirsium lunceolulum Common Thistle. " discolor Tall Thistle. ' *' arvense Canada Thistle. Claytonia Virginica Spring Beauty. " Caroliniana Caroline Spring Beauty, * Clematis Virginiana Virgin's Bower. Clinlonia borealis, Clintouia. *Colllnsonia Canadensis Horse Balm. Comandra umbellata Bastard Toad-flay. Conioselinum Canadense Hemlock Parsley. Conium maculatum Poison Hemlock. f Coptis tri/olia Gold Thread. Corallorhiza multijlora Coral Root. Coriandrum sativum Coriander. Coreopsis verticillata Tick-seed Sunflower. *Cornus Canadensis Dvrarf Cornel. Cryptotcenia Canadensis Hone-wort. Cynoglossum officinale Hound's Tongue. •' Morisoni Virginian Mouse-Ear. Cyperus diandrus Gallingale. " sirigosus Brittle-spiked Gallingale. '* Cyprpediu7n pulescens Larger yellow Ladies' slipper. C M ; ' 26 TOEONTO. * Cypripedium aperiahile Showy Ladies' slipper. * " parvijlorum Smaller yellow do. Cystea hulbifera Bulb-beariug Bladder Fern. " fragilis Commou do. Lactylis glomerata Orchard Grass. Datura stramonium Thorn Apple. *J)asystoma puacebena Downy Dasystoma. Dcntaria diphylla Pepper-root — Tooth wort. Leamodium nudijlorum Naked flowered Tick Trefoil. " acuminatum Spiked do. " Canadenae Canadian do. " cuapidatum Smooth tick do. Dlcentra Canadenaia Squirrel Corn. Dickaonia piloaiuacula Fine-haired Mountain Fern. Drosera rotundifolia Sun-dew. Dufichium apaihacetim Hchinoapcrmum lappula Stick-seed — Burr-seed. Eleocharia obtuaa Spike Rush. " paluatria Marsh Club Rush. " acicularia Hair Club Rush. Elodea Virginica Marsh St. John's wort. Elyinua Canadenaia Wild Rye. *Epilobinm angustifolium Great Willow-herb — Rose-bay. " paluatre. Marsh Willow-herb. " color alum Dingy Willow-herb. "Eguisetum arvenae Common Horse-tail. " pratenae Shady do. * " aylvaticum Wood do. " limoaum Water do. " paluatre Marsh do. " hyemale Scouring Rush. " acirpoidea *Epigcea repena Ground Laurel. This was the first flower seen by the Pilgrim Fathers when they landed in New England, and they called it the May Flower, after the ship wliich had brought them to the land of liberty. Epiphegua Virginiana Beech Drops. Erechtitea hieracifoliua Fire-weed. * Eriophorum polyatachyofi Common Cotton Grass. *Erigcion Canadenae Butter Weed. * " bellidifolium Robin's Plantain. " Philadelphiaim Flea-bane. • , I they I after VATTTSAL HIBTOBT. Erigeron strigosum Daisy Flea-bane. Erysimum cheiranthoides Worm-seed — Mustard. Erythronium Americanum Yellow Adder's-tongue. ^Eupatorium purpureum Trumpet-weed. * " per/oliatum Boneset. * " agcratoides White Suake-root. Euphorbia peplus. . Petty Spurge. " polygonifolia Shore do, ** maculata Spotted do. " hypericifolia Larger do. " helioscopia Sun do. *' obtusata Obtuse-leaved do. Fagopyrum esculentum Buc'' vheat. Featuca ovina Sbeep 's Fescue Grass. " elatior Tall Meadow Grass. Fragaria Virginiana American Strawberry. " vesca Common Strawberry. Fumaria officinalis Common Fumitory. Galium aparine Goose Grass. " asprellum Rough Bed Straw. " trijlorum Sweet-scented Bed Straw. " trifidum Small Bed Stravr. " circcezans Wild Liquorice. \ " lanceolatum Lance-leaved do. * '• boreale Northern do. Galeopsis tetrahit Common Hemp Nettle. * Gaultheria procumbens Aromatic Wintergreen. Gaylussacia resinosa Black Huckleberry. Geranium maculatum Wild Crane's Bill. * " Carolinianum Carolina Crane's Bill. " pusillum Small-flowered Crane's Bill. " Robertianum Herb Robert. *Gentiana crinita , Blue Fringed Gentian. ♦• Andrewsii Soapwort or Closed Gentian. " quinquejlora Five-flowered Gentian. *Gerardia tenuifotia » . .Slender Gerardia. " Jlava Downy False Fox-glove. " guerci/olia , . .Smooth False Fox-glove. * " pedicularia Geum album White Avens. * " striatum Yellow or Upright Avene. " rivale Water Avens. Glyceria Canadensis Rattlesnake Grass. " aquatica Water Manna Grass. 27 I i t * 28 KATUBAL HISTOBT. Olyceria Jluitans Floating Manna Grass. * Onaphalium polycephalum Fragrant Life Everlasting. * " vliffinoautn Low Cudweed. * Ooodyera repena Rattlesnake Plantain. *Gymno8ticum hystrix Bottle-brush Grass. Helianthemum Canadense Frost Plant— Rock Rose. Jlelianthua divaricatus Wild Sunflower. " decapelalus Ten- rayed Sunflower. •» trachelifolim " " Heliopais Icevis Ox-eye. Heracleum lanatum Cow Parsnip. *Hepatica triloba Round-lobed Hepatica. * " acutiloba Sharp-lobed do. Hieracium Canadenae Canadian Hawk weed. " acabrum Rough do. " Gronovii Hairy do. •« paniculatum Slender do. Hierochloa Borealia Seneca Grass. Hippurla vulgaria Mare's Tail. Holcua lanatua Meadow Soft Grass. Hydrophyllum Virginicum Virginian Water-lea£ •' Canadenae Canadian do. Hydrocotyle Americana Marsh Penny Wort. Hyoacyamua niger Black Henbane. •Hypericum perforatum St. John's Wort » « Canadense Canadian do. Ilyaanthua gratioloidea False Pimpernel. *Impatiena pallida Pale Touch-me-not. * «' fulva Spotted do. — Jew el- weed. Inula Selenium Elecampane. *Iria veraicolor Variegated Iris— Blue Flag. " Virginica Slender Blue Flag. Juncua effuaua Soft Rush— Bulrush. u tenuia Slender Rush. « hufoniua Toad Rush. Lactuca elongata Wild Lettuce. Lamiwn amplexicaule .Dead Nettle. Lampaana communia Nipple Wort. Lappa major Burdock. Lemna triaulca Ivy leaved Duck-meat. " minor Lesaer do. «« polyrhiza Many-leaved Duck Weed. » I NATVBAL HISTOBT. 29 Lalhyrua maritimua Beach Pea. Luciola pilosa Hairy Wood Rusb. " campestris Common do. Zeontodon autumnalis Fall Dandelion— Hawkweed. Leonwrus cardtaca Common Mother Wort. Lepidium Virginicum Wild Pepper Gross. Leucanthetnum vulgare Ox-eye Daisy. Lespedeza hirta Bush Clover. *Liatna cylindrica Button Snake Root. Lilium Philadelphicum Wild Orange Lily. * '• Canadense Yellow Lily. * " superbum Turk's Cap Lily. LinncBa borealis Twin-flower. Linum usitatissimum Common Flax. Lithospermum arveme Corn Gromwell — 'Wheat Thief. "^Lobelia cardinalia Cardinal Flower, * " aylphilitica Blue Cardinal Flower. * " injlata Indian Tobacco. " apicata Spiked Lobelia. * Lupinus perennia Wild Lupine. *Lycopodium lucidulum Shining Club Moss. " dendroideum Ground Pine — Tree Club Moss. * " clavatum Common Club Moss. * " complanatum Seven-leaved Club Moss. Lycopua Virginicus Bugle Weed. " JSuropceus Water Hoarhound. *Lyaimachia ttricta Upright Lysimachta. " quadrifoUa Four-leaved Loose-strife. * " eiliata Heart-leaved Loose-strife. Malva rotundifolia Common Marsh Mallow. Maruta cotula May-weed. Medicago lupulina None-such. *Medeola Virginica Indian Cucumber Root. Melampyrum Amerieanum American Cow-wheat. Melilotua alba Sweet-scented Clover. Meniapermum Canadenae Canadian Moon Seed. Mentha viridia Spear Mint. * " Canadenaia Common Mint. Menyanthea trifoliata Buck Bean. Milium effuaum Millet Grass. *Mitnulua ringena Monkey Flower. *Mitchella repena Partridge Berry, Mitella diphylla .Two-leaved Mitre Wort. " nuda Dwarf do. I : I I .f 30 TOBOWTO. *Monarda didyma Oswego Tea. " JtHtuloia Wild Bergamot. "Moneset uniflora One-flowered Pyrola. *MoHolropa uniflora Indian Pipe. Myoaotit palusiria Forget-me-not. " aroensis Scorpion Grass. Myriophyllum tpicaium Water Milfoil. Nabalus albus Rattlesnake Root " altisaimHa Tall White Lettuce; *♦ Fraseri Eraser's Nabulus« Nasturtium officinale Water Cress. " paltistre Marsh Oress. *Naumhirgia thyrsiflora Tufted Loose-strife. Nepeta cataria Catmint— Catnip. Nescea verticillata Swamp Loose-strife. Nicandraphysaloides Apple of Peru. *Nuphar advena Yellow I'ond Lily. *Nymphcea odorata Sweet-scented Water Lily. * Oenothera biennis Comntou Evening Primrose. * " fruticosa Perennial Evening Primrose. Oldenlandia ciliolata Bluets, or Clustered Pink Onoclea aenaibilis Sensitive Fern. Onopordmi acanthium Scotch Thistle. '^Orehis spectabilia Showy Orchis. Oryazopsis asperifolia Common Mountain Rice. Oamorhiza longiatylis Smooth Sweet Cicely. " breviatylia Hairy do. * Oamunda regalia Royal Flowering Fern. " Claytoniana " citmamomea Cinnamon-coloured Fern. Oxalia Acetosella Common Wood Sorrel. * " stricta Yellow Wood Sorrel. *Oxycoeeus macrocarpus Larger Cranberry, Panicum sanguinale Crab Grass. " capillar e Pi*airie Grass. " latifolium " " clandeatinum " «' cruagalli Barnyard do. *Papaver rhceaa Common Poppy. •♦ dubium Smooth-fruited Poppy. " aomniferum Opium Poppy. Paatinaca saliva Wild Parsnip. A- NATUBAL niSTOET. 81 ».f Pedicnlarls Canadensu Common Louse-wort. "Pentstemon pubescens Beard-tongue. Penthorum tedoulea Ditch Stone Crop. Phalaria arundinacca Reed Gras^. " Canndensia Canary Grass. Phleum pratense Timothy Grass. * Phlox divaricata Early I'blox. Phryma leptoatachya Lop Seed. Physoater/ia Virginiana False Dragon-head. Phyaalia viaooaa Ground Cherry. Plantago major Greater Common Plantain. " lanceolata Ribwort Plantain. " Virginica Virginian or Lesser Plantain. *Platanthera orbiadata Large Round-leavod Orchis. * " Hookeriana Small two-leaved do. * " bracteata Bracteated Green Orchis. * " hyperborea Green Orchis. * " obtuaata Dwarf Orchis. Poa annua Low, or Annual Spear Grass. " pratenaia Meadow Grass. " compreaaa Blue Grass. * Podophyllum peltatum May Apple — Wild Mandrake. *Pogonia ophiogloaaoides Arethusa. *Polygala aenega Seneca Snakeroot. * '* paucifoHa Fringed Polygala. " polygama Bitter do. *Polygonatum bijlorum Smaller Solomon's Seal. [ther. Polygonum Orientate Oriental Knot Grass — Prince's Fea- " amphibium .Water Knot Weed. " nodoaum Nut Grass. •' Pennaylvanicum Pennsylvanian Parsicaria. " hydropiper Smai t Weed — Water Pepper. " peraicaria Lady's Thumb. '• aviculare Goose Grass. " convolvulua Black Bind Weed. Polaniaia graveolena Honey-scented Polauisia. * Pontederia cordata Pickerel-weed. Portuhca oleraeea Purslane. *Potamogeton natana Broad-leaved Pond-weed. Potentilla Norvegica .Norwegian Cinquefoil. " Canadenaia Canadian do. •* anaiHna Silver-weed. " paluatria Marsh Cinquefoil. Proaerpinaca paluatria Mermaid-weed. ^Prunella vulgaris Self-heal. W m^i^f^ttV^ 32 TOBOSTO. i i Pleris aquilina Common Brake. PleroHpora Andromedea Albauy Beech-drops. *Pnrola rotundifolia Round-leaved Winter-green. * " elliptka Pear-leaved Winter-green. " chlorantha Small Pj^rola. * *' secunda One-sided Pyrola. Jianuncuhts aquatilia White Water Crowfoot. " Flammula Spear-wort. " abortivas Round-leaved Crowfoot. * ** »celeralu8 Celery Crowfoot " recurvatus Hooked Crowfoot. *' Pennsylvanicus Bristly Crowfoot. " fascicularia Early Crowfoot. * " reptana Creeping Crowfoot. •' hulboauB Bulbous Crowfoot. " acris Butter-cups, Tall Crowfoot. Haphanns liaphanistrum Wild Radish. *Jiiidbcckia laciniata Cone-flower. * '• hirta Rough Cone-flower. JRumex crispus Curled Dock. " aquaticHs Great Water Dock. " acelosella Sheep Sorrel. f " acetosa Common Sorrel. *Sagittaria variabilis Arrow-head. Samolus Valerandi Water Pimpernel. Sanictda Canadensis Canadian Sanicle. " Marilandiea Maryland do. Sangimorba Canadensis Canadian Burnet. *Sanguinaria Canadensis Blood-Root. *8aponaria officinalis Common Soap- wort. *Sorracenia purpurea Side-saddle Flower. Saxifraga Virginiensis Early Saxifrage. Scirpus lacustris Lake Bulrush. " eriophorum Wool Grass, " sylvaticus Wood Rush. Scleranthus annuus Common Knawel. Silene tioctijlora Night-flowering Catch-fl.y. Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard. Sinapis alba White Mustard. " arvensis Field Mi;stard. Sium lineare Water Parsnip. Schollera graminea Water Star Grasa. Serophularia nodosa Fly-wortj /ir. > -""■■>•<»■*■••• HATUBAL HI8T0BT. "Scutellaria galericulala Common ScuU-cnp. " lateriflora Mad-dog ScuU-cnp. " ' parvula Small ScuU-cnp. Senecw vulgaris Common Groundsel. Setaria f/lauca Fox tail Grass. " viridia Green do. " Italica Millet Grass. * Sisyrinchium Bermudiana Blue-eyed Grass. *Smilax herhacea Carrion Flower. Smilacina racemosa False Spikenard. " atellata Star flowered do. " trifolia Three-leaved do. Solatium Dulcamara Woody Night-sliade. Solidago sqnarrosa Golden-rod. •' bicolor Two coloured do. " latifolia " casta Blue-stemmed do. " nemoralis Field Aster. " altissima Tall Goidenrod. * •' Canadensis Canadian do. " puberula * " lanceolata Grass-leaved '^■olden-rod. * " serotina Smooth Golden-rod. Sonclius oleraceus Common Sow Thistle. " ai^per Spring leaved do. Sparganium ramosum Burr Reed. * Spiranthea cernua Nodding Ladies' Tresses. Stellaria media Common Chickweed. *' loHgifolia Stitch-wort. " uliginosa Swamp Stitch-wort. Streptopua roscus Twisted Stock. Struthiopteris Germanica Ostrich Fern. Symphytum officinale Comfrey. Symplocarptis fcetidua Skunk Cabbage. Tanacetum vulgare Common Tansey. Taraxacum Bens-leonia Common Dandelion. *Teucrium Canadense Wild Germander. liarella cordi/olia False Mitre- wort. Thaspium aureum Meadow Parsnip. *Thalictrum dioicum Early Meadow Rue. * " cornuti Large Meadow Rue. Phragmitla ccmmunis Reed Grass. Trientalis Americana Star Flower. Tri/olium arvenae , Hare's-foot Trefoil. d M 34 TORONTO. Tr'ifolium pralensc Red Clover. " repent \V hite do. " agrariiim Hop do. *• procHinbena Yellow Clover. * Trillium cernuum Nodding Trillium. * " ereclum Purple do. * " grandijlorum Largo White do. Triticum repena Couch Qrasa. Trioateum per/oliatum Horse Gentian. Ti/pha latifolia Common Cut-tnil. " anguslifolia Narrow-leaved do. Urtica gracilis Tall Wild-nettle. " urena Small Stinging nettle. Utricularia Vulgaris Common Bladder- wort. Uvularia grandijlora Large-flowered Bell- wort. " per/oliafa Smaller Bell-wort. Vaccininm vitiaidaa Common Cowberry. * " Canadenae Canadian Blueberry. Verbaacnm thapaua Common Mullein. * Verbena haatata , , . .Blue Vervain. " anticifolia Nettle-leaved do. Veronica Anagallis Water Speedwell. * " Americana American Brooklime. " aciilellata Marsh Speedwell. " offiuinalia Common Sjieedwell. " aerpiillifolia Thyme-leaved Speed we^. " peregriiia Purslane Speedwell. " agrestia Field Speedwell. " Buxbaumii Vicia Caroliniana Carolina Vetch. ' ' Americana American do. * " cracca Tufted Vetch. * Viola blanda Sweet White Violet. •* paluatria Marsh Violet. " eucullata Common Blue Violet. " rostrata Long-speared do. " Muhlenbergii American Dog Violet. * " Canadensis Canadian Violet. " pubeacens Downy Yellow Violet " tricolor Pansey or Heart' s-ease. * " striata Pale Violet. * " lanccolata Lanced-leaved Violet. Xanthium Strumarium Cockle-burr. I i 1 NATUBAL niSTOET. 35 Zizania aqnatica Indian Rico. Zizia integer fima Entirc-lenved Ziaiu. The Fauna. — Tlio Fauna of tlio neighborhood hn« no «l<'nl)t been considoral)ly uiodifioil by tho progrcHs of civilization, or at least by tho clearing of tho forest. The Wolf and the Bear, and other largo animals so fre(inently met with by tho early settler, aro now seldom seen except by tho hinibernuui, whoso store of bacon lures them to his hut. Now and again, indeed, one or other of these fex'ocious animals, impelled by hunger, or allured by the scent of prey, strays beyond tho line marked by civilization, and finds, when too late, that it has wandered too near tho haunts of its relentless enemy, man. Of several of the orders of mammals, wo liave no representatives here. VERTEBRATA. Class 1. Mammals. — Cuvier divides this class into nine orders* Of the first and second Bimana (man) and Quadntmana (monkeys) we have nothing to say. Order III. Carnivora (Flosheaters). The New York Bat Vespertilio N^ovcboracennis. Tliis bat is from three to four inches in length, with a spread of wing of from ten to twelve inches. In the winter of 1864, Mr. Couper, Entomologist, found one of these bats asleep one forenoon suspended by the feet from the branch of a tree in the HomoAvood Estate. He stufied it and sent it to tho celebrated Naturalist, L. Agassiz, to whom it was of the utmost importance, for it enabled him to correct an error into wliich he had fallen in regard to the geograpliical range of this species. He had set it down as ranging no farther north than the Middle States ; yet here it was apparently at home, a little north of Carlton Street. DeKay, in his valuable Natural History of New York, seems to have fallen into a similar error, for he says that this species extends only to the 42nd parallel, and from Massachusetts to the Rocky Mountains. The Hoary Bat Vespertilio pruinosus. This is the largest species of bat in America. There are altogether discovered upwards of 150 species distributed over the globe, only five of which seemingly belong to our share. The Hoary Bat is four and a-half inches in length, with a spread of 15 inches. Little Brown Bat Vespertilio subulatus. Silver-b<^!red Bat " noctivagana. llvf IS 80 TOBOKTO. DoKiiy wvys tlio liistnry of this bat is inconiploto. Ho, liowovor, restricts its northeni riiiigo to tho sjiino parallol jw tho Now York IJat, which is ovidoiitly an oiTor ; for although wo have no spocimon of it, H(» far as I know, in any collection in tho City, it has boon soon performing its nocturnal evolutions along the nuu-gin of the bay. Onrolina Bnt Vetpertilio Carulinenait. Shrew Mole Scalopa Canadentia, Tliis animal rosomblos the European B])ccies l)oth in form and habits. *Starnn80 Mole Comhjlura eriafata. •Black Bear Urtua Amtricanua. The f\ir of this animal was formerly much sought after as an article of commerce. In 1783, ten thousand five himdred bear skins wore imported into England from the northern parts of America, and the number gradually increased until 1803, when it reached twenty-five thousand, — the average value of each skin being estimated at forty shillings sterling. Richardson says it inliabits every wooded distinct of tho American continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Carolina to the shores of the Arctic sea. •Racoon Procyon lotor This animal is nocturnal in its habits, sleeping during the day and prowling at night in search of food. It is veiy partial to shellfish. "Wolverine Gulo hiacua. •Skunk Mephitis variana. This little animal, — the synonyme for all that is ofiensive, — pi-eys on the smaller animals, rats, mice, &c. •Common Weasel Muatela putoriua. •Ermine or Stoat " erminea. •Nurek Vison or Mink Viaon lutreola. *Browa Weasel Muatela fuscua. Pine Marten " martea. Pekan or Fisher " Canadenaia. Sable Marten " eucopiia. Canada Otter Lutra Canadenaia. •Grey Wolf Cania Lupus. ♦American Red Fox Vulpea Fnlvtis. •Black or Silver Fox " argentatua. •Canada Lynx Felia Canadensis. * Specimens of those so marked have been obtaiued in the immediate vicinity of Toronto. .< )|! KATUUAL niBTonr. 87 OnDRn IV. MumupiaVia (Pouchod aninmlH). ♦Virginian Opoisuin Diddphia Virginiana. TkiH is tliG only roproscnttttivo wo hnvo of tliis onlor. Okdeh V. Rodcntia (Gnawing auimalH). •Black Squirrel ..Sciurua niger. ^'Louisiana Binck Squirrel " Auduhoni, *6i . ' Squirrel " Carolinenaia, •lioeky Mountain Flying Si7»es or JRopfores (Birds of prey). In the study of this interesting branch of Natural History, the raptorial birds are the first to claim attention. By virtue of their great muscular strength, and the daring and ferocity by which they are distinguished, they are the terror of the feathered race. Al- though, for the most part, destitute of that brilliancy of plmnage which is so attractive in many of the Insessorial birds ; they have many characteristic features, which even the casual observer cannot but admire. This order contains two families, Accipitres Diurni and Accipitres Nocturniy — the former being again di\ided by Linnteus into two tribes — the Vultiires and Falcons. Family I. — Diurnal Birds of prey. Tribe 1st. — Vulturidoi. There is none of the Viilture tribe in oiu" immediate neighborhood. Tribe 2nd. — Falconidce. Golden Eagle Falco chrt/atetoa. *White-headed or Bald Eagle " leucocephalua. SB I^'ng-TailefJ Eagle. *Sea, or Black Eagle ^»lcofulvus, ^JsLHuwkorOsprey.V.'.V.V.'"" ." ^***>«i7"«. This bird •+ " ''"^''^'"»' of the mosAwmrr/ •''^'^'■"'' ^''^^^^^^ entirely on fl . »n the FalJ,__.,,;'f;^^^^!'^ood of Toronto in tiLl .^* '' ^"^'^'-^to^y, «^« finny tribes by t^T '' *^^ '"^W^roach of Z t^TT ^^ numeroizs at the Is^ w • ''^* ^« ^^^^ted tL '^""^^ "^ ^ ^"^ ^a«t sirring. • -'■^ey were very Cfyr Falcon ... *Great.footed Hawk.*.' ^^^'^o I^^andicm. P^SooQHawk " pcreffrinus. Sparrow Hawk ;;;;"' '' columiarius. This is one of th " *^"''''^''"'«- .^-e ..e ... j'i:s r^r*""'^ w:x:te ::r : * Ash colored or BlaoVl * " * *, > "" ^^^m'anws. ;BIaokHawk ."It^^-PP^^Hawk. . ,,,,„^^..^^^^_ Kough.Jegged Hawk " ^"*^«<«.». HedtailedHawk... " %«/)«.. *^ar.hHawkorco.,;;H;;;:;;- : ^--^- Tlus bird like ti, " ""miwrna. Wilson steti that tt! ' ''"°^' ™ -"«« as well •., „ V the „a,„o of tht ^ "'■' °°'""""" "• New J r 1 . ■ '''^• *Sharp-8},i„ne,, Hawk SJate-colored Hawk. .'.".' ^^^'^o fuscus. giare of the noonday sun,_ i^ *, I J^fl6'«« ITATUEAL HISTOBT. 39 "f^ is one jgratoiy, pearance hoala of re very Plough irly as ilo, as els. wn he he St although some of them do hunt during the day. Tiidir plmnage is so delicately soft, that they are enabled to approach theii' victim without the least rustling or noise, and they are consequently more successful in their nocturnal depredations, where a stealthy silence is indispensable. The beak and talons are cui"\-ed and strong, and, judging from the large size and peculiar construction of theii" external ear, their sense of hearing must be very acute. *Hawk Owl Strix funerea. This bird fomis a kind of connecting link between the Hawks and Owls. It is migi'atory, arriving in the Fall. Like the Sno^vy Owl, it hunts by day as well as by night. It is an inhabitant of both continents. *Great Cinereous Owl Strix cinerea. Although the habitation of this bird is in Northern North America, north of 42 ® , yet dinging the past winter several very fine specimens have been obtained in oiu" neighborhood. This is the largest known species of the owl which inhabits North America, and is restricted on the Atlantic to the Northern States. In Western America its range is not knoATO, Tnit it was broiight from Oregon by Dr. To^vnsend. Dr. HaU says it breeds in the vicinity of Montreal. Snowy Owl Strix nyctea. This is a majestic and most beautiful bird, well deserving the name " King of Owls," or " SnoAvy Eagle." It arrives here at the commencement of our cold weather, and many of them are annually shot on the penmsula. It is well fitted to stand the severity of a cold climate, being so closely covered with soft and warm plumage that not a single point is left exposed. It hunts by day as well as by night, and is admiral)ly adapted to that puipose. Its powerful and noiseless flight, aided by the fleecy whiteness of its plumage, enables it, as it skims over snow-clad plains, to approach its victim imseen and unheard. It feeds on mice and birds, and is particularly fond of fish. The female is darker in plumage than the male, and seldom if ever assumes the same snowy whiteness. ♦Barred Owl Strix nehiilosa, •Long-eared Owl " Wilsoni. *Short-eared Owl " brachi/otus. *Great. Horned Owl " Virr/itiiana, This bird is very rare in our neighborhood, although common in every part of the Western States, where it remains throughout the m ^^ 40 TOEONTO. year. Tliere is a feeling of superstitious dread associated in the minds of many persons in reference to this bird. Its harsh and dis- cordant voice resounding through the gloomy forest, or the desolate ruin where it makes its abode, is regarded as a supematiiral omen ; a feeling not much diminished by approaching the bird itself ; for the large goggling and immoveable eye, the loud snapping of the bill, and the gi-otesque contortions of the neck and body, rather increase the displeasing effect. Mottled Owl Strix asio. •Little Owl " Acadica. This pretty little bird is one of the smallest of the nocturnal birds of prey. When disturbed during the day-time, it flies but a short distance ere it is overpowered with the dazzling light, and becomes so stupid that it may be taken by the hand without much effort. Several of them have been caught in Spadina Avenue. Okder II. Passeres or Insessores, (Perching Birds.) This order is the most niunerous of the entire class, comprehend- ing all those birds which live habitually among trees, with the ex- ception of the birds of prey, and the climbing birds. Their regimen is not fixed like that of the Gallinaceotis birds or the Water Fowl. It consists cliiefly of insects, fruits, and grain, being more or less granivorous in proportion to the thickness of the biU, and more or less insectivorous as the bill becomes attenuated. The order is sub- divided into foiu" families : Family 1. Fissirostres Cleft beaked. ' ' 2. Tenuirostres Slender beaked. * ' 3. Dentirostrea Tooth beaked. " 4. Conirostres Cone beaked. Family I. Fissirostres. Chuck Will's Widow Caprimulgus Carolinensis. * Whip-poor Will " vociferus. Tliis species is frequently confounded with the Night Hawk, al- though very different in habits as well as appearance. It arrives in our neighborhood in early spring. It is a solitary bird, being usu- ally found alone, in high, dry situations, wliile the Night Hawks fly in large flocks, and are very abundant in the immediate vicinity of marshy places. Its extended wing is four inches shorter than that of the hawk ; the tail is rounded ; the hawk's is forked. The man- dible is larger and stronger than that of the hawk, and long ranges XA-TUBAIi HISTOBY. 41 of bristles project from each side beyond the point of the bill. It has a pectinated claw on the middle toe, which, according to modern ornithologists is used to free itself of certain insects with wliich it is infested. It is nocturnal in its habits, and feeds upon large flies, moths, (fee. In quiet evenings, it is heard to utter its name, — whip- p)Oor-wiIl, — ^very distinctly. During the present season a large num- ber of them have been shot in our neighborhood. *Night Hawk Caprimulgus Americanua. This is a migratory bird, almost identical with the English Night Hawk or Goat Sucker, which has from the earliest times been con- sidered a bird of evil omen. It is referred to by Aristotle, Pliny, and other ancient writers as deserving all the imputations cast upon it. It is accused of flying upon goats and sucking them, — the teat soon after becoming dry, and the animal blind, — ^also of inflicting a fatal distemper on weaning calves should it happen to strike them when in quest of the insects with which these animals are infested, A little study into the real habits of the bird would however remove these erroneous opinions. It is nocturnal, and feeds upon moths and other large insects. It may be often seen in the City of Toronto, on a fine STunmer evening, displaying a variety of inimitable evolu- tions as it glides with rapid wing in pursuit of its prey. *Chimney Swallow Hirunio pelasgia. This species is easily distinguished from the rest of its tribe by the thorny-looking extremities of its tail ; the shafts extending consider- ably beyond the vanes, sharp, elastic, and of a black colour. Turple Martin Hirundo purpurea. This interesting and beautiful bird is so much a favorite in conse- quence of its social character, that it is no imcommon thing for persons to prepare it a place of abode diuing its brief sojourn. Hundreds of little boxes are stuck up on long poles in the gardens throughout the city, where these wanderers annually find a resting place, and a temporary home after their long flight. *\VhUe-beHied Swallow Hirundo bicolor. 'lIJs bird feeds on the berries of the myrtle previous to its depar- tiu:e in aciumn. *Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica. This bird associates with the White-bellied Swallow, but is easily \ n I 4fi TOEONTO. t ' distinguished by the chestnut color of the belly and vent. It fliea with great velocity ; its usual speed being a mile a minute, and while on wing it collects its food. *Bank Swallow or Saud Martin Hirundo riparia. The Sand Martin is a social bii-d, large flocks of them uniting to form a colony in some favorite locality, such as the high sandy bank of an old quarry, or the bluff bank of a river. They excavate holes to the depth of from two to three feet — always horizontally — for their nests, and usually near the surface of the bank. The sand- banks near the Toronto Necropolis contain large colonies of them, and during the simimer months they may be seen in himdreds hover- ing around the entrance to their abode. Their nests are always placed at the inner extremity of the burrow, and consist simply of a little dry grass, with a few downy feathers inside. *Belted Eiogiisber. . . , Alcedo Alcyon. This bird frequents lonely and secluded places, near streams and torrents, perching on some overhanging bough or jutting cliff where it can watch in every direction for its prey. It darts down with incredible velocity upon its victim, seizes it and carries it off to some lonely spot to be devoured. The idea, — long entertained by the ancients, — that these birds had floating nests, is now exploded. Family II. Tenuirostres. ^Humming Bird Trochilus Colubris. This beautiful and delicate little bird makes its appearance amongst us about the middle of May when it may be seen hovering around the currant bushes. When the time of blossom has passed, it leaves oui" neighborhood and returns again about the end of July. Large numbers of young birds appear on this second visit, but very few adult male birds return, — a circumstance which has caused many to think that they do not rear their young in the immediate neighbor- hood. Upwards of fifty specimens shot during the past summer were examined by Mr. May, and not one of them had the orna- mental feathers on the throat, which are only foimd on the adult male, — the young male resembling the female in plumage. This is one of the most interesting of our Canadian birds, — ^brilliant in plumage, delicate in structure, and diminutive in size. Its food con- sists of small insects and of the nectar of flowers. After a shower of rain they may be seen hovering before a flower seemingly as if suspended in the air rather than by their wings, the rapid motion of KATUBAL HISTORY. 43 which produces that bvuszing sound from which their name is derived. This is the only one of the genus wliich visits us, although tliere are upwards of fom* hundred species known, some few of which are natives of the southern part of North America. *Black and White Creeper Certhia maculata. This species is classed by some naturalists with the Sylviadce., or Warblers, but as it has many of the characteristics of the Scansorial birds, Wilson haa placed it with the genus Certhia. *Brown Creeper Certhia familiaris. This pretty little bird is identical with the European Brown Creeper. Like that bird it is ever on the move, climbing round the branches of trees with astonishing dexterity, and darting its prehen- sile tongue into every crevice for the insects therein lodged. They are very numerous in spring on the peninsula. •White-breasted Black-capped Nuthatch , . . Sitta Carolinensis. This bird, — formerly enrolled as a mere variety of the European Nuthatch, (Sitta Eiu-opea), — is now generally acknowledged as a distinct species. It feeds on insects, cateipillars, and beetles of a small size, and is also somewhat granivorous. It derives its name from the peculiar tact which it displays in extracting the kernels of nuts. *Red-bellied Black-capped Nuthatch Silta varia. This species is considerably smaller than the former, and is fre- quently found on the pine trees, associating with the smaller wood- peckers. Family III. Dentirostres. •Canada Fly Catcher . . . . , Muscicapa Canadensis. ♦Tyrant Fly Catcher, or King Bird ** tyrannus. This species is very abmidant in our neighborhood during the months of Jime and July. It is one of the most daring of the perching birds, — attacking Crows and Hawks and even Eagles, in defence of its young. It is only on this continent that we meet with the large species, or Tyrant Fly Catcher. Nature has here been lavish with her insect tribes, both as to numbers and size ; but in this bird she has opposed to them a most powerful and cruel enemy. ♦Crested Fly Catcher , . . . Muscicapa crinita. 44 TOAOITTO. This species, like the fly catchers generally, is of a wild and soli- tary character, the physiognomy being of a distrustful, as well as ferocious expression. Green Crested Fly Catcher Muscicapa Acadica. *Pewit do do " fusca. ♦Wood Pewee do " rapax. This is one of ova earliest visitants in spring. Small-headed Fly Catcher Muteieapa eomuta. ♦Red Start •• ruticilla. This bird differs from the European Bed Start, both in size and color. Our great American ornithologist, Wilson, places it amongst the fly catchers, although differently classed by several most respect- able authorities. Green Black-capped Fly Catcher Muscicapa puiilla. * Yellow-throated Fly Catcher " sylvicola. ♦Small Blue-grey Fly Catcher ** ccerulea. White-eyed Fly Catcher " cantatrix. Solitary Fly Catcher " Solitaria. ♦Great American Shrike Lanitu borealis. This bird is very rare in the vicinity of Toronto. Althot^h living partly on insects, it displays great ferocity of disposition in attacking small animals. Its beak is similar to that of birds of prey, and is used for a similar piirpose. like the European Butcher Bird, it has been accused of cruelty towards its victims ; but a more minute examination has convinced ornithologists that the claws being imadapted for grasping or tearing, it has to resort to methods which wovdd be imnecessary were it furnished with the bill and the daws of a bird of prey. ♦Robin TurduB tnigratorius. This bird is very different both in form and size from the English Hobin. It no doubt received the name "Robin" from the early English settlers, in consequence of a similarity in disposition, and a striking resemblance in the colour of its breast. ♦Hermit Thrush Turdut tolitariui, ♦Golden- crowned Thrush " ata^oeapillua. ♦Ferruginous Thrush " rufus. This is the largest of our Thrushes, and is at once distinguished from the others by the length of its tail, and by its beautiful fan- VATUBAL niSTOBT. 45 shape when the bird is on the wing. It is a good songster, almost equaling the Song Thrush in musical powers, and it is hailed as one of oiu: earliest harbingers of spring. *Tawny Thrush Tardus mustelinus. •'••Water Thrush " aquatints. •Wood Thrush •' melodua. As a songster, this bird is equal to the European Song Thrush — Turdita tnusicus. Audubon says : "Its song, although confined to but few notes, is so powerful, distinct, clear, and mellow, that it is impossible for any person to hear it without being struck with the effect it produces on the mind." *Cat Bird Turdus lividns, Thig is one of our most common siunmer visitants. Brown Lark Antkus spinoletta. This is the A lauda Rufa of Wilson, but Bonaparte, after repeated observations, and the distinguished Audubon, both class it with the genu& An(hu$, ♦Yellow-rump Warbler MniotUta eoronaia. *Black-poll '* '• striata. •Yellow-throated " *' pemilis. •Bay-breasted " " castanea. Bonaparte says this bird was first discovered and described by Wilson. European Ornithologists do not mention it, and probably liave not met with it. Oape May Warbler Mniotilta maritima. •Chestnut-sided " " Penmyhaniea. •Mourning " " Philadelphia. *Pine Creeping " " pinus. •Blackburuian " " Blackburnioe. Yellow-backed " " Americana. Black and Yellow" " maculata. •Black- throated Blue Warbler ♦• Canadensis. •Maryland Yellow-throated Warbler " trichas. •Golden-winged Warbler " chrysoptera. *Blue-eyed Yellow " « aestiva. This beautiful little bird is most familiar and unsuspicious in its disposition, allowing you to approach within three or four yards of it, seemingly without fear. Great numbers of them may be seen in 46 TOBONTO. the gardens in the upper part of the city, among the shrubs and fruit trees, and sometimes in the streets, unmindful of the bustle and din of a crowded thoroughfare. For many siunmera past they have frequented in great numbers a large willow tree in Yonge street, nearly opposite Gen'ard street, and always ai>pcared most sprightly and joyful when there was any extra stir on the street. It is the most plentiful of our warbler visitants. The Cow Bunting, which, like the European Cuckoo, deposits its eggs in other birds' nests, frequently does so in the nest of the Blue- eyed Yellow Warbler, and the way in which this little bird gets rid of the alien egg — which is much larger than its own — is singidarly ingenious. Unable to eject the egg, in consequence of its size, it builds a new bottom to the nest, completely covering over the Bunting's egg, and thus depriving it of all warmth dui-ing incuba- tion. Should the Bunting again pay a visit to the nest, a similar course is adopted, even at the sacrifice of its own eggs, rather than become a foster parent. The Warblers are extremely numerous. Aiidubon describes forty- four different species as being common to America. Those most commonly met with in the neighbourhood of Toronto are of small size and very delicate structiu-e, and many of them are remarkable for the melody of their song, which they pour forth incessantly dic- ing the period of incubation. They are migratory in their liabits and rank among our suixmier visitants. Tliey are familiar tenants in our gardens and shrubberies, living almost exclusively on insects which they catch on wing, or peck from the leaves of the trees and shrubs they frequent. When insect food fails they resort to grain and fruit. Oarolina Wren Troglodytes Ludovicianua. *Winter Wren *' hyemalh. *Marsh Wren " palustris. *Wood Wren *' AmericanuK •House Wren " domeatica. The immense numbers of caterpillars and other insects which this little bird destroys, should endear it especially to aU who have gardens. One pair will, while providing for the wants of their young, destroy many hundreds of these insects daily. They build readily in small boxes fastened to the top of a pole in the garden or under the eaves of the hoase. They are deserving of all the attention that could be paid to them, in consequence of their value in clearing away the caterpillars and other insects so destructive of the beauty of the garden. KATUBAL HISTOBT. 47 *Gol(len-orested Wren, or Anicricuu i „ _ . V Regulus satrapa. Tliis delightful little bird frevn of rich vennUlion, while the crest of the other is of a golden or orange color. *The Blue Bird Sialea Wilsoni, Early in March this beautiful bu'd makes its appeai-ance, and visits the old box in the garden, or the hole in the old apple tree, which may have formed the cradle for some generations of its ancestors. It is tame and confiding, and generally receives a joyous welcome from those whose gardens it visits. *Blaek-capped Titmouse Partis atricapillus. This species is so closely allied in habits and appearance to the European Marsh Titmouse (Parus Palustris) that they were at one time considered identical. The opinion is now almost universal that they are distinct species, — the Black-capped Titmouse Vjeing exclu- sively American. This hardy little bird braves the severest cold. It ranges as far north as Hudson's Bay, and appears most lively in the coldest weather. According to Nattall, it is named chickadee by many Eiu-opean colonists. In the fall and winter it frequents the gardens and yards of the more retired streets in the city. The woodshed is a favorite place of resort, where, perched on the wood- pUe, it searches in the crevices of the bark and among the decayed wood for the numerous insects and theii' larvae, wliich are there to be found. TOnOWTO. [I' Oediir Bird Ampelis ccdrormn. This birtl, conunouly called tho ChoiTy Bird, in consixinonco of its fonlus to sullocation. So soon as the chenies begin to ripen, flocks of these birds may be seen feeding voraciously on tho ripest and tho best, and no oiilinaiy precaution, in tho shape of scare-crows, will intimidate them. Nor are they easily driven from any troo, if woU stored with fniit. A large flock of those cherry devourers made a descent on a favorite ivvQ in a gai-den o- . Gerrard Street, two summers ago. Their noisy chatter attracted the attention of tho lady of tho house, who saw with dismay tho fruit of her favorite cheny treo rapidly disappearing. Broom in hand, sho tried to change their (juaiiera, but, being somewhat beyond reach, they paid no attention either to her threats or her broom, and only left when they had enjoyed an abundant feast. Bohemian Chatterer Ampelis garrula. The principal difFerenco between tlxis and the Cedar Bird is in size, the Chatterer being consideraHy larger. There is no difference in plumage or disposition, which may account for the fact that it is only noticed by one or two ^vriters on Canadian Ornithology. Du- ring the present spring, a yoimg Chatterer was shot in tho midst of a flock of Cedar Birds. They appear to be excessively fond of tho berry of tho moimtain ash, and, like the Cedar Birds, may be seen congregiited in large numbers on the dead biaiich of some tree after they have done feeding. Family IV. Conirostres. *Shore Lark Alauda alpestris. This bird arrives in our vicinity in the spring. It is said to winter within the boundaries of the City of Pliiladelphia, leaving about the middle of March, on its route to the nortli. Foster says that it visits the environs of Albany Fort in the beginning of May, but goes further north to breed. *Meadow Lark MaucLt magna. This is the Meadow Starluig of some ornithologists. They are NATURAL niSTOEY. 49 iiunioroua in our vicinity throughout tho Hummor ami in the full. In riclniusH of phniuij^u this l)inl surpuMrte.s all othorH of tlui if*;nitii, and though its n(»tos aro (aw, thoy aro oqtial if not Huporior in Hwuot- nt-SH of tono to tho famous Eiu-opean Sky Lark {Aluuda Arocnsin), tho themo of many a hoautiful lyric, — "Typo of U\o wise, who mmr, hut never ronm, True to ihu kindred points of hcnvun and homo." •Song Sparrow Fringilla melodia. Thi.s spocio.s is very common in tho neighborhood of Toronto. It is oiir earliest song hinl, and is famed for melody and richness of voice. It is of a social disi)osition. Two years ago a pair of these birds built their nest in a small shrub in tho Normal School grounds, almost immediately under one of the windows. When tho weather became warm, and it Wiw foiind necessary to upon tho wuidow to admit a ctin-ent of air, tho littlo pair were discovered in their for- merly sniig retreat. Tlie female was very timid at first ; but by tho gentle as.surancos of its mate, confidence Wius restored, and after a few days it would remain quite composeil in tho nest thongh tho window wa.s lifted, and though any one was standing watching it. ♦White Throated Sparrow Frlmjilla Pennsylvanica. This is the handsomest as well as the largest of onr sparrows. They visit us abciut the end of April, and remain till tho beginning of October, when they again go south to winter. ♦Chipping Sparrow Fringilla sociulia. This is the most fanoiliar and domestic bird of the genus. •Tree Sparrow Fringilla Canadensis. '^'Suow Bird Fringilla JIudsonia. As soon as winter commences, this bird mak&s its appearance in the neighborhood, and as the cold becomes intense, they flock into the city, and may be seen in almost any garden during the cold weather searching for their food. It is a true finch and must not be confounded with the Snow Bunting, although like that bird it is the harbinger of cold. Wilson says that it is the most numerous of all the feathered tribes that visit us from the frozen regions, and the most extensively disseminated throughout the entire continent. *Les8er Redpoll Fringilla horealia. This is also known as a snow bird from tho fact of its appearance when our snowy wintry weather commences. I>uring the cold wea- -'r. !^> it> 60 TORONTO. thor it may l»« soon m tho gardon or tho wockInHocI in q\ioBt of food It (uwuciatuH with thu Cudar Binl. *riuo FIdcIi Friiujilla pinus. This littlo binl takes up iis residonco in wintor, ahnost exchwivoly among thu pine trous, wlicru it fuods un thu conuH, wliiuh uru tliun fully ripe. ^Purple Finch Fritigilla purpurea, TluH is a rare specios in our uoighl)orhood. The male is of a dui'k crimson, tho fomalo of a brown or olivi color. Bay Wingod Finch Fringilla yraminea. Tliis BpecioH is very numerous in the city and neighborliood during the Hummcr months. *Gold Finch Frim/illa hislia. Eveaing GroBbcnk Coccothmustes vesper linua. *Ro8e-brea8ted Qrusbcuk Guiraca Ludoviciana, This beautiful species is very abundant in tho vicinity of Toronto in spring. They are also numerous on the island, whore thoy are often wantonly destroyed by lads who resort thither to practise shooting. The plumage of the female is not so beautiful as that of the male. The breast is of a light yellow streaked with olive. ♦Cardinal Grosbeak Cardinalis Virgininnus. This bird is known in England as the Virginia Nightingale. It is easily domesticated, and is much admii-ed for the brilliancy of its pliunage as well as for the riclmess and strength of its voice. *Pine Grosbeak Strobihphaga enucleator. Black Throated Buntiug Emberiza Americana. ♦Cow Buutiug Emberiza pecoris. This bird was previously alluded to as dropping its eggs in the nest of the Blue-eyed Yellow Warbler. It selects for that pvu'pose the nests of various other birds of the fly catcher and warbler genus, though why, naturalists are still unable to discover. *Rice Bunting Emberiza oryzivora. This is the Bob-o-link of some writers. It is met with now and again in our neighborhood, though by no means numerous. Its plumage is beautifvd ; its notes are musical, and its flesh is prized by the epicure. In the Southern States, where they are very numerous, VATVRkL iiisTonr. 51 tho plftntofH look ufMiu thoin as a dovouriiif? Hcourgo to thoir rico fiuliU, and thurufuru dustruy thuui in gi'cat munbei-H. •Snow Bunting Emheriza nivalis. TtiiB bird in well known anion^Ht \\n. It is tho hardioHt bird of its Hizo that in known. It iH not <»nly found in Lapland and (Jroouland, but in tlio intonscly cold and iidioRi)ita])lo region of Spitzbergen, where vogetiition in ahnost unknown. It is alHo very abundant in the Highlands of Hcotland where it is known by the name of tlie Snow-flake. *Towhe Buutiag Emheriza erylhroptera, Tliis bird is well known from its plaintive cry of "To-whe " with which our neighboring woods resound. From a variety of examina- tions it is considered that this bird has the property of changing the color of the ii-is of its eye in the sauie way us the chameleon changes its hue. •White Crowned Bunting Emheriza eucophrya. •Indigo Bird Spiza cj/anea. Painted Finch Spiza ciria. Tliis bird is veiy rare in our neighborhood, being only now and again seen. •Americau Crossbill Loxia Curviroatra. Tliesc birds are usually seen in large flocks, and when the winter is severe they are frequently seen in the neighborhooil. White-winged Orossbill , Loxia teucoptera. Very rare. •Scarlet Tanager Tanagra rubra. This is the most brilliant of all the birds which visit us from the south. Its plumage is bright scarlet, except that of the wings and tail, which are of a deep glo.s8y black. Like the Rose-breasted Gros- beak, the male Tanager is made tho target of idle and malicious lads. The female being of a greenish colour eludes more easily their wanton cruelty. •Baltimore Oriole Yphantea Baltimore. Tliis bird, as its name imports, is also one of our southern \asitors, and is much admired for the richness of its plumage. The head and throat, and part of the back and wings, are black ; the rest briUiant 52 TOHONTO. orange. The Oriole remains with lis during the summer months, and although Tcire in the neighborhood of the city, it is not so fifty miles further north. This is not the result so much of a retiring disposi- tion, as Wilson, in an interesting account of this bird, says : " Since the streets of oiu* cities have been planted with that beautiful and stately tree — the Lombardy poplar — these birds are our constant visi- tors during the early part of summer, and amid the noise and tmnult of coaches, drays, wheelbaiTows, and the din of the multitude, heard chanting " their native wood notes wild," sometimes, too, within a few yards of an oysterman who stands bellowing with the limgs of a stentor under the shade of the same tree. •Orchard Oriole Xmithornus varius- *Red-winged Stu vli.ig Sturnus predatorius. These birds are very numerous on the peninsula in the early spring, congregating together in flocks. *Ru8ty Grakle Gracula ferruginea. This bird associates with the Red-winged Starling, and,is found at the peninsida with it. •Purple Gratlc, or Crow Blackbird Gracula quisc i/a. This is one of the birds whose office in the economy of nature seems to be misunderstood. It is disliked by the farmer, in conse- quence of its supposed mischief to his crops. Naturalists agree in saying that it is not a granivorous bird — ^at least, not excliisively — but that it feeds upon the caterpillars and worms, and other insects, which, if left immolested, would make fearful ravages in the crops. •Raven Conms corax. This bird frequents the g>i ores of om* Lakes, and feeds on dead fish which may be cast up by the waves. It is also fond of shell fish, and, like the Vulture, feeds on carrion no matter how putrescent. *Crow Corvus corone. *Blue Jay Corvus cristatus. This bird is frequently kept in a domestic state. It possesses won- derful powers of mimicry, and is admired for its sagacity as well as for the beauty of its pliuuage. ^Canada Jay Corvus Canadensi*. This bird is common with us during the winter months ; but it has ITATTJBAL UI8T0BT. 53 no x)eculiar attractions, as its pliuuage is of a rusty grey and white colour. Order III. Scansores. (Climbers.) This "order," in the systems of several eminent Ornithologists, forms a family of the Insessores, or percliing birds ; but Cuvier makes them a distinct order. * Yellow billed Cuckoo Cuculus Carolineus. This species is very common throughout Upper Canada. It differs from the European Cuckoo, inasmuch as it builds its own nests and rears its young. Its nest frequently presents this striking peculiarity of recently laid eggs, young birds newly hatched, and nestlings ready to fly — ^the female bird commencing incubation as soon as the first egg is laid. *Black-bilIed Cuckoo. Cttculus Erythropthalmus. *Canada Woodpecker Picus leucomelaa, *Pileated Woodpecker Picus pileatus. This is the largest of our Canadian Woodpeckers. It is eighteen inches long, with an expanse of wing of twenty-eight inches. It is common in the Northern States under the name of the Black Wood- cock, and in the Southern States as the Log-cock. *Hairy Woodpecker Picus villosus. Downy Woodpecker Picus pubescens. This is the smallest of our Woodpeckers. ♦Yellow-bellied Woodpecker Picus varius, R'^d-bellied Woodpecker Picus Carolinus. •ke^ headed Woodpecker Picus erythrocephalus. This bird is very niunerous in om* neighbourhood. Its red, white, and black plxmaage make it very attractive. *Golden-winged Woodpecker Picus auratus. This is also a well-known species, being very common throughout Upper Canada. Three-toed Woodpecker Picus areticus. Order IV. Gallince or liasores. (Scrapers, ) Tlie birds composing this order are nearly all granivorous and ter- restrial in their habits. ♦Passenger Pigeon Columba Migratoria. This is the most numerous of all the North Americsui birds, and ranges from Hudson's Bay to the Gulf of Mexico. f ill TOBOIITO. ♦Common Quail or American Partridge Ortyx Vitginianua. This is the only species of Quail known in Canada. Although they winter here the climate seems too severe for them, as they are fr*;- quently found frozen to deatli. Carolina Fig>?on Columba Garolinenaia , 'Pinnated Grouse Tetrao cupido. This is the Heath Hen of oiu* Legislative Act for the preservation of game. *Ruffed Qrouse Tetrao umhelhis. This bird is known as the American pheasant. *Oanada Grouse Tetrao Canadensis. This species is common throughout Canada, and is much smaller than either the Ruffed or Piimated Grouse. Order V. Grallatores (Stilt Birds or Waders). The Grallatores form an intermediate group between the Scraping and Swimming Birds. ^Florida Gallinule Oallinula galeata. This bird is very common in oxxr marshes, and is almost identical with the European Gallinule {GaUinula Chloropus). ♦American Coot Fulica Americana. ♦Virginia Rail Rallus Virginianus. ♦Clapper Rail Rallus crepitans. This bird is variously known as the Mud Hen, Meadow Clapper, or Big Rail. Wilson says that its eggs are "exquisite eating, far surpassing those of the domestic Hen." Water Hen Rallus elegans. *Rail Rallus Carolinus. *Night Heron Ardea nycticorax. ♦American Bittern *' lentiginosa. ♦Least Bittern " exilis. *Green Heron . . .' *' virescens, *Qreat Blue Heron ** herodias. ♦Black-bellied Plover Cftaradrius helvetieus. Golden Plover " vmrmoratus. ♦Kildeer Plover " vociferua. ♦Ringed Plover " hialicula. ♦Wilson's Plover .....,.., " Wihoniua, NATUBAL HISTOBT. 55 ♦Turnstone Cinclus interpres. ♦Ashcolored Sftndpiper Tringa cinerea. *Red-backed Sandpiper " alpina. This species is so numerous at the peninsula about the end of May, when they arrive here, that one individual is stated to have shot thirty dozen in one day. *Serai- pulmated Sandpiper Tringa semipahnata. Little Sandpiper " pusilla. Sandarling Sandpiper " arenaria. ♦Spotted Sandpiper Tolanus macularius. ♦Solitary Tattler, or Sandpiper " aolitarius, ♦Yellow Shank Tattler " Jlavipes. ♦Tell-tale Tattler " vocijferus. •Great Marbled Qodwit Limosa fedoa, •Common Snipe Scolopax Wilsonii. ♦Red-breasted Snipe " Noveboracensis, ♦American Woodcock Philohda minor. ♦Esquimaux Curlew Numenius borealis. Whimbrel " phmopus. American Curlew " longirostris. Order VI. Natatores or Palmipedes (Swimming Birds). This order contains those birds whose habits are decidedly aquatic, '^hey are almost all easily distinguished from the' preceding orders f y the peculiar structiu-e and position of their feet ; the toes being connected together by a membrane, and their legs placed behind the equilibriiun of the body, thus giving them greater force as propellers in the water. Their food consists chiefly of fish and insects. Trumpeter Swan Cj/gnas buccinator. ♦Canada Goose A riser Canadensis. Brent Goose " Bernicla. ♦Snow Goose " hyperboreus. ♦Mallard Duck Alias boschaa. »Dusky Duck *' obscura. Gadwall " strepera. * American Widgeon " Americana. ♦Pintail Duck " acuta. ♦Wood Duck •* sponaa. ♦American Green-winged Teal *' Carolinensis, •Blue- Winged Teal *' discors. Shoveller Duck " clypenta. ♦Canvasa-back Duck Faligula ralisneria. ♦Ked-headed Duck " femia. "A 56 TOBONIO. American Scaup Duck Fuligula marila. Lake do " mariloidea. *Ruddy do " rubida. Pied Scaup Duck " Labradora, *yelvet do " fusca. *Surf do " perspicillata. ^American Scoter " Americana, *Eider Duck " tnollissma. King Duck " epectabilia. *Golden-eye Duck " clangula. *BuffeI-headed " " alheola. Harlequin " " histrionica. *Long-tailed " " glacialis. *Tuf ted Duck ♦* collaria. ^Goosander Mergus merganser, *Red-breasted Merganser '•' serrator. *Hooded do " cucullatus. *Smew, or White do " Albellua. •Great Northern Diver, or Loon Colynbus glacialis. ♦Red-throated Diver " septentrionalis. *Marsh Tern Sterna Anglica. *Common do " hirundo, •Leser Tern, or Sea Swallow '• minuta. *Oa«pian Tern " Caapia. An exceedingly fine specimen of this rare bird was shot in our neighbourhood recently, and is now in the musemn of University College. Little Auk Uria alle. Marbled Guillemot " gryile. *Black- headed Gull Larus ridibundus. *Kittawake " voidactylus. Laughing Gull i, " atricilla. Large White-winged Gull '• glacus. Ivory Gull " eberneus. Common American " zonorhynchus. *Herring Gull " argentatus. *Saddle-back Gull " tnarinus. Oommon Skua Lestria cataractes. Richardson's Skua '* Richardsonii, ♦Crested Orebe Podiceps cristatus. •Red-necked do " rubricoUis. *Horned do " cornutua. •Pied-bellied Dobchick , " Carolinensis. Cormorant t < Graculua carbo. KATUBAL HISTOBT. 57 Class III. Reptilia (Reptiles.) ' ' With the exception of one member of the Ranidaean Family — and that even by our citizens very rarely, so far as I am aware — there are none of the animals which belong to this class sought after for any utilitarian purpose whatever, unless by the Herpetologist, who lauda- bly pursues his somewhat repulsive investigations, that science may be enriched thereby, or by the collector who wishes to fill up the niche in his museum which would otherwise be left without its proper representative. Although most of them are rather loathsome than otherwise, their organizations are fitted to excite our deepest interest and admiration. The foot of the common frog, for example, is one of the most wonderful pieces of mechanism which nature exhibits, and each member of the class has some distinctive feature which dis • plays the wonderful wisdom of the Creator. I am indebted to DeKay's valuable works for the lengths and markings of the class here described. The specimens foimd in our neighborhood vary so much that I deemed it better to give the conclusions of so eminent a Herpetologist to any random remarks of my own. Family Chelonid^. The animals of this family are strictly oviparous, hiding their eggs in the sand and leaving them to be hatched by the heat of the sun. Some of them are exclusively aquatic, others exclusively terrestrial, while others appear to live equally on the land and in the water. Leather Turtle Sphargis coriacea. Soft-shelled Turtle Trionyx ferox. This species is abundant in Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. Snapping Turtle Chelonura serpentina. This is one of our largest turtles ; it is from two to four feet long. It is met with frequently at a distance from the water, either in search of food or a suitable place to deposit its eggs. It feeds upon frogs and fishes, and snaps greedily at ducks as they are swimming along, drawing them under water, to be devoured at leisure. Its popular name is derived from this propensity to snapping. In other places it is known under tJie names Loggerhead, Alligator Turtle, and Couta. DeKay speaks of having seen a small leech (depsina scabra) adhering to this species. Smooth Terrapin , JSmyt terrapin. Painted Tortoise , " picta. Spotted Tortoise " guttata.. ■ 68 TOBOVTO. I i Tliis species feeds on iiusects, frogs and worms. They bury them- selves on the approach of winter in the mud at the bottom of ponds. Wood Terrapin Emya insculpta. This species is not exclusively aquatic, being often found at a distance from the water. It is generally called the Fresh-water Terrapin. Red-bellied TerrapiD £my$ ruhriventrin. Geographic Tortoiee " geographica. Pseudo Geographic Tortoise " paeudo geographica. Mud Tortoise Kinosternon Peitnf,yhaniewn. Musk Tortoise Sternothtcrua odoratua. This species, under the names Musk Tortoise, Mud Turtle, Mud Terrapin, or Stinkpot, is to be found in most of our ponds and ditches. Common Box Tortoise Ciatuda Carolina. This species is frequently kept in cellars, under the idea that it expels i-ats and other domestic vermin. It feeds on insects, fruit, and the edible mushroom. It never takes to the water by choice. Blanding's Box Tortoise Ciatuda Blandingii Family Coluberidje. The Black Snake Coluber conalrictor. This species is from three to six feet in length, of ' aniform shining bluish bLock above, with the margin of the jaws, chin, and throat white ; the belly usually slate coloured or bluish white. It climbs trees with great ease by coiling itself round the trunk in a spiral manner in search of eggs and young birds. The coloiu^ of most of the snakes are exceedingly brilliant, but they require to be seen alive ascending a tree, or gliding tlirough the grass when the sun is shin- ing on them, to be fuUy appreciated, as their colour loses its lustre after death. The Milk Snake Coluber eximius. This species is from three to five feet long. It has a variety of names, being known as the Chicken Snake, ITiunder and Lightning Snake, House Snake, and Chequered Adder, There are from 30 to 50 chestnut coloured spots, bordered with black, distributed along the whole upper surface of the body and tail. These spots are often minutely punctate with red. On the summit of the head there is often a reddish semi-circular band extending from one eye to the other. IfATUBAL HISTOBY. 69 Ring Snake Coluber punctatui. This species is from twelve to eighteen inches long. It is bluish brown, approaching to black above ; head lustrous black ; a yellowish white round the neck, margined with black j beneath it is yellowish white. Grass Snake Coluber vernalis. This species is from one to two feet in length ; grass-green above ; with smooth scales ; beneath white tinged with yellow ; head dark olive brown ; throat dull white. Water Snake Tropidonotut aipedon. This species is from two to five feet long ; dark brovm, banded with a darker shade ; beneath wlxite varied with bro^vn or rufous. Striped Snake Tropidonotus tcenia. This species is known under the names Green Garter Snake, Slow Garter, Swamp Garter, Water Garter, «fec. ; it is from two to four feet long, greenish-brown, with three light stripes running along the body. Yellow-bellied Snake Tropidonotus leberia. Length from two to three feet ; olive brown, with three black lines above ; beneath, yellow. Small BrowQ Snake Tropidonotus Dekayi. Length, twelve to fifteen inches ; reddish brown ; lighter coloured dorsal stripe with a double row of small blackish spots. Ribbon Snake , Leptophis saurita. Length, from one to two feet ; body slender ; chocolate brown with three yellowish stripes. Red Snake Calamaria amana. Length, six to twelve inches ; reddish brown ; beneath red ; scales smooth. Hog-nosed Snake ..,.,,. Heterodon plafyrhinoi. This species is two feet long. It is greyish, tinged with yellow, and having a triple series of blackish blotches above. The dorsal series largest, bordered with black, and dark brown around the eyes- FaMILY CROTAHDiE. Copper Head Trigonoeephalus contortrix Length, two to three feet ; reddish brown patches over the back. m I 60 TORONTO. Northern Rattle Snake Crolalus duriaava. This snake is three feet long, reddisli brown or chestnut, and black with regular rhomboidal black blotches. Although plentiftil at Niagara, where it may be seen sunning itself on the limestone cliflFs, I am not aware that this species has every been met with in our im- mediate neighborhood. Its range is as far north, but it is only found as a general thing amongst rocks and jutting cliffs, a kind of rustic scenery of which our vicinity is entirely destitute. Class Amphibia. — Family IlAiriDiB. Bull Frog Rana pipienS' This species is common throughout North America. It attains to a veiy large size, measuring from six to seven inches in length, and having a corresponding corpulency. Audubon says that the hind legs (when cooked) are white, tender, and excellent eating. Some specimens weigh half a pound. Large Nort'uern Bull Frog Rana Horiconenaia. It is somewhat doubtful whether we have the species here named. It is m\ich smaller than the Bull Frog, being only from three to four inches long. Its name is local, being derived from Lake George, in the State of New York, the Indian name of which is ''Lake Horicon," as upon its banks the species fii*st described was found. Spring Frog Rana fontinalis. Tliis is the species which is so much esteemed as a delicacy, al- though I am not aware that that nicely adjusted Epicurean taste which would so peculiarly relish either Spring Frogs, or that other Imperial dish — "peacock's brains" — is much cultivated in Toronto. The appearance of our St. Lawrence market would almost negative such an idea. This species lives in the immediate vicinity of clear pools and running streams, and leaps into them when disturbed. It feeds upon aquatic insects, and such others as may approach within its reach. It is from tliree to four inches long. Marsh Frog Kana palvstria. Shad Frog " hulcina. These Frogs seem synonymous with the Water Frog of some Naturalists, being termed Water Frog, Shad Frog, and Marsh Frog, indiscriminately. DeKay gives them as distinct species. The Shad Frog of North America is, however, considered the representative of the Rana esc^nta of the European Continent, as it resembles that species closely in habits and colouring. NATURAL BIBTOBY. 61 Wood Frog Eana ayhmticua. The Hermit Spade Foot (aeophiopus aolUariun) ia a ciirioiui specieH, with the teeth of a frog and the parotid glands of a toad. It was first detected by the eminent Hoq^etologist, Dr. Holbrook, and placed by him as a connecting link between the two genera. I have not seen it in any of our collections, and doubt whether it has been found in our immediate neighborhood, although it is very possible. Cumtnon American Toad Bn/o Americanus. Pickering's Hylodes Hylodes Pickeringi, Criiket Hylodes *• gryllua. Northern Tree ' oad " versicolor. Squirrel Tre« Toad •' squirella. Family Salamandbid^. Tellow -bellied Salamander Salamandra symmetrica. Red bucked " " erythronofa' Tainted " " picta. Blotched " *' fasciata. Granulated " " gramilata. Searlet " *' coccinea. Tiger Triton Triton tigrinua. Common Spotted Triton " miltepunctatua. Dusky Triton " nigra. Grey Spotted Triton " porphyriticus. Famhy Amphiumidje. Three-tood AmpLiuma Amphiuma tridactylum. Two species of Amphiuma only are known, and specimens of both have been discovered in our neighborhood. They have four limbs, very small and jointless. One species has three toes on each limb ; the other only two. These animals are essentially formed for the water, where they obtain their prey. On the approach of winter, they bury themselves in the mud, and there hybemate. Occasion- ally, however, they creep on land and burrow in spongy places or under decaying logs or fallen trunks of trees in swamps and marshes. Family Siebnidje. The Banded Menobranchua Menobrancbus lateralia. This species ia generally called the Big Water Lizard. Of its habits little is known. Several specimens have been taken in the River Don — all on night-lines which had been set for eels. TOBONTO. Class IV. Pitsces (Fiahes). As our little work is more exclusively confined to Toronto and its immediate vicinity, it would be somewhat out of place to enter at all minutely into a description of the varied kinds of fish that in- habit Lake Ontario. A reference to a few of the more prominent ones will therefore suffice. The first in order that claims notice is — The Yellow Perch Perca Jlavesceut. Common Poml ?\t>h Pomoiis vulgarit. Marsh Siin-fish There is a great variety in the specimens of this gehu8 that have been obtained, and it is consequently difficult to say what number of species there are. The Picarel Lncioperea Americana. The Little Picarel Pileoma stmi/asciatum. Slack Bass JIuro nigrieuns. Rock Bass Centrarchus (eneuM, Lake White Bas3 Labrax alhidua. Lake Sheepshead Cortina oseula. Agassiz states that this fish is found in Lake Champlain, Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and the Ohio River. It is but remotely allied to the genus Corvina, and must be considered as the type of a dis- tinct genus, described upwards of thirty years ago by Rafinesque, one of our most indefatigable naturalists, under the name of Ambloden. Common Sucker Catastomua eommunia. Mallet Sucker " aui eolua. Pale Sucker ♦« paUidus. Long- finned Chub Sucker Zah*o eypriuvs. There is a species of the true shad (Clupea Alosa) taken in the Lake, but it is very rare. Rougbhead Leuciacus Comvtua. Very little is known of the genus Leudscns or Dace Family. The one her© named is sddom taken in the Lake, as it prefers the run- ning waters of creeks^ where it is always fomid in company with its cwngener, the Blacknosed Dace Leuciscua Atronetsua, There are many little fishes in the streams in the immediate neigh- borhood that go imder the names of Chub and Minnow, but exam- ination shows that they present a great difference in generic form, and have therefore for convenience sake been all classed together. NATUBAL UI8T0ET. 63 We have two species, at least, of the Oarpike, or genus LepidosUun, Common Pike ^">r l^iciua. Moskinoii^e " ««'<"■• Groat Lake Catfish Pimelodua nigricans. Agassiz terras tliis fish Pimelodus Cotrul-scens. It weighs occa- sionally over one hundred pounds. Common Catfish Pimeloilus catus. The great Lake Trout Salmo mamajfcuBh, IJrook Trout " fonlinalia. White Fish Cotegonua albus. Frosted White Fish " There are several species of Coregonus which are termed herrings by the lake fishermen. Sturgeon , Acipenaer Sturio. There are two species of this fish, one of which is termed by the fishermen, the Rock Sturgeon. The one named above is a very large fish and not so common in our waters. The Dog Fish Amia ocelicauda' There are two species of Dog Fish in the bay ; the one here named IS a very pretty fish. They are not eaten. Eel-pout Gadus lota. This fish is sometimes taken in great numbers. The fishermen on the island make an excellent oil from the liver, which bums well and produces a good light. There are two or three species of eel, the largest of which inhabit the lake. Great Lake Eel AnguiUa. Silver Eel Long-nosed Eel The Lamprey Eel Petromyzon, This fish is common in the lake where it is a parasite on the Salmon. Invektbbrata. The animals which compose the sub -kingdom Articulata are exceedingly numerous and minute. The Insecta is the only class which I have noticed at any length. It not only belongs to the highest division of the series, but its study is very interesting. The other branches, including the Centipede tribe, the Spiders and Mites, the Crabs and Lobsters and other crustaceoua animals, the Lt^sch TOBOITTO. and Wurm tribe, and the lowest ntogoof all, the Wheel Animalcules, I havif not entered U|k>ii. They re(iuire un elaboration altogether too minute and microacopic for my present purpose. Cla88 V. Insecta (Inaocts). Entomology ia a branch of Natural History hitherto but little studied in T«»ronto, Some nine years ago Professor Cnift delivered a voiy interesting lecture on Entomology in the Mechanics' Institute, and contrary to the expectations of some of the Committee of the Institute, who looked upon the subject ivs rather a small afioir, and not likely to be attractive, ho had a large audience. The worthy Professor exhibiteil a collection which ho had himself formed, and which itp to that time had l»en strictly jHivate, and altlioiigh the subject was entirely new to most of the audience, they were exceed- ingly delighted with such a bu-ge collection of '* beautiful butterflies.'* This lectiiro had one happy result, for it gave a stimulus to Mr. William Coiiper, then a jounieyiuan printer in the Globe office, to prosecute with greater vigor a study wliieh ho had a few years before commenced, and wliich from that time to this, he has prosecuted with unabate(] zeal and with very great success. When Dr. Goadby delivered his admirable lectin-es on Natural History in Toronto, in 1864, he paid a high and justly merited compliment to Mr. Couper as a most successful entomologist. At the Provincial Show held here in 1852, Mr. Couper exhibited a largo collection in which were includetl specimens of all the Orders of this division of Natural History found in the vicinity of Toronto. That beautiful collection, after sundry additions, has recently been sold to Professor Dawson of McGill College, Montreal, and I under- stand it is placed iu the College under the title of the Couper Col- lection. At the same Show, Mr. Couper exhibited a case of Insect Architectvu-e, containing nests, transfomxations, habitations, and eggs of insects, with the excrescences produced on leaves and plants by their operations. This case was purchased by Mr. Hodgins for the M\isemn of the Normal SchooL This interesting department ia divided into seven Ordei-s. Order I. Coleoptera (Beetles.) Of this order alone, there are at least 5,000 species. The collec- tion already alluded to contained 1,200, nearly all of which ^were taken by Mr. Couper himself in the vicinity of the city. Many of the beetles are very serviceable by preying upon caterpillars, plant- lice, and other noxious ov destructive insects. Numbers of them live 9ATUUAL niSTORT. 65 entirely on muahrnoma, tomlHtoolH, ami other menibere of the (ujnric family, many of thoin jJoiHonous, and which in u Htato of decay are otfeiiHivo. Others live under the bark and in the tnnikH of oKl treoH ond hoHton their decay. One nuecies of the genus ('antharvlida., the blistering l>eetle, has for a long time been employed by the medi- cal faculty. But there are others which are extensively injurious. Of late years, the gardenera in the City and neighborhood have been vexed and annoyed by sevend insect plagues belonging to this order, which have in a very iniceremoniouH way despoiled the fniit trees of their foliage and their crops, and seemingly defy all attempts at extennination. The phun crop more especially is often entirely ruined by the depredations of these insects. The Plum Weevil, or Curculio, as it is sometimes called, — RlhijnchanuH Nenuphar, — is a little, rough, dark brown, or blackish beetle, about one-fifth of an inch long. They make their appearance here towaiils the latter part of April, and remain till July. Soon after the blossom falls from the plum tree, they begin to puncture the little plums with their curved snout, and lay an egg in the wound. Fro::t otie plum they go to another until their store of eggs is exhausted^ and very rarely is there more than one egg .n a phun. From tliis egg a little whitish grub, very much like a maggot in appearance, is hatched. It imme- diately eats towards the centre of the fniit mitil it has readied the stone; and the plums drop off before having reached one-fourth their natural size. When the frxiit falls, the gnib leaves it and burrows in the ground, where it remains for about tliree weeks, when, having completed its ti-ansfoi-mations, it comes out of the gro\uid in the beetle form. Our gardeners recommend shaking the trees briskly every morning and evening, when these insects first ai)pear and are laying their eggs. When diatiu-bed in this way they fall off and may be caught in a sheet spread under the tree, and should bo immediately put into the fire. Syringing the yoimg fruit with a coating of whitewash or tobacconist's liquor mixed with 8uli)hur and soft soap, is also recommended as an infallible remedy. The Turnip-fly, or flea-beetle, one of the family of the Chrysomelian tribe, and generically termed Halticadaj, is a most destructive insect, laying waste entire fields of turnip. Wlien the ground begins to get w^arm and yield to the genial influences of spring, these little pests come up out of the earth and devour the seedling leaves as the plants spring up, — and they continue their ravages throughout the summer. Cabbage, mustard, cress, radish, and other plants of that family, are subject to attack from one or other of these flea-beetles. The Wheat Weevil, the Sitophilus granarice of Linnceus, belongs -f ^ 66 TOBOKTO* to this order. It is very fully described by Harris in his valuable work on Insects. This weevil, about which so much has been said and written of late, is stated by those who have studied its nature and instincts not to be common in Canada, and, if foimd at all, only to be detected in stores where grain has been kept for a length of time. In this order are also found the wood-ticks, which include in their num>)er the ominous Death-Watch (Anobium tasselatum), which has made many an othervrise stout heart quail. This little timber-borer is purely European, but we have it in abundance, introduced un- doubtedly, — as Le Conte so conclusively reasons with regard to the importation of other insects, — in the articles of furniture which from time to time have been brought across the Atlantic. Ordbk II. Orthoptera (Cockroaches, Crickets, Grasshoppers, (i(f'S0us ; the catei*pillar of this moth feeds oi' the potato. Three species of yEgeria, several species of Agrotis, and an abimdance of the Tineai, among wliich are the clothes-moth {Tima Vestianella), the carpet moth {Tinea tapetzella), the fur moth {Tinea peUionella)^ the hair moth {Tinea Crvnella), the grain moth {Tinea graneUa)^ (kc. &c. Tlie apple worm {Carpocajysa pomoneUa) has become natiunUzed wherever the apple tree has been introduced, and is very injurious to *he fniit. During the latter part of June and the month of .Tu.ly, the apple worm motlis, — wlxich are the most beautiful of the beautiful tribe to which they belong, — ^fly about the apple trees every evening and drop their eggs one by one into the eye or blossom of the apple, where they are hatched in a few days, and the worms eat their way into the apples towards the core. The fiiiit ripens prematurely and falls off before attaining its full size. As the wonns instinctively leave the apples soon after they fall, the wind-fallen apples shovdd be gathered daily and *' used up" in such a way as to kiU the insects before they have time to escape. It is recommended also to hang any old cloth in the crotches of the trees, as the apple worais that leave the fruit before it falls will conceal themselves therein, and in this way thousands of them may be taken and destroyed. The American tent-caterpillar {(Mxlocampa Americana) is very destructive to api>le-trees, stripping them sometimes of their entire foliage. Tliey are, however, easily destroyed, if proper care is taken. Tlxe caterpillars make a web for their shelter in the branches i 68 TOBONTO. iiii I of the trees, where their larvee are reared, and issue forth to feed upon the tender foliage. The most effectu.-il remedy is to crush them in their nests. Ordeb VI. Hymenoptera (Saw-flies, Ants, Wasps, Bees). This order is very nimierous, and includes many insects that are exceedingly interesting in their operations and highly serviceable to man. The gall-flies (DiplcUepuiulce) furnish the gall-nuts, so useful in coloring and in medicine, and wliich form the chief ingredient in ink. The wasps and hornets (Pcdistes and Vespa) show us that paper can be manufactured without the aid of old rags ; while from the bees (Apis milifiea) we have an abundant store of wax and honey. Upwards of 200 species have been taken in the vicinity. To this order belong, however, sevei-al insects that are very injurious to vegetation. The pear-slug {Selandria Cerasi), or, as some of our naturalists prefer {Blennocampa Cerasi), is very injurious to the pear trees when allowed to ravage at will ; but it is easily destroyed. They live upon the upi:)er side of the leaves of the pear and cherry trees, eating away the substance and leaving the veins and skin untouched. Sometimes twenty or thirty of them nmy be seen on a single leaf. They are loathsome slimy creatures, and, when nmnerous, infest the air with a disagreeable sickening odor. They are destroyed by dusting ashes or quicklime on tlie trees with a sieve fastened to the end of a pole. The rose-slug, or Saw-fly of the Rose {Selandria Uosoj), seems to have been more injurious during the present year to the rose-buahes in the city than at any former time. Even the rose-bushes in the ornamental grounds of the Normal School, where every possible care is bestowed to present nature in her most attractive forms, as well as those in many private gardens in the northern parts of the City, have been completely scathed by these pernicious insects. These saw-flies come out of the ground at various times between the middle of May and the middle of June, when they lay their eggs in the leaves and the young are shortly hatched, and commence their destructive operations, eating away the upper surface of the leaves 80 efiectually that the entire foliage looks as if it had been scorched by fire. Dusting lime over the plants, when wet with dew, has been found of use ; but the most eftectual remedy is what is known as Haggerston's Mixture — a mixture of whale-oil soap and water, in the proportion of two pounds of soap to fifteen gallons of water. STATISTICS. 69 Order VII. Diptera — Mosquitoes, Gnats, Flies, Jbc. This order is also numerous. Upwards of 200 species have been taken in the vicinity. It includes the flies that are so extensively injurious to our wheat crops. The weevil, a small beetle which is blamed with all the mischief, has already been noticed under its respective head. It is to the Wheat Midge and the Hessian i'ly (the Cecidomyia iritici and the Gecidomyia destructor), however, that the farmer must look as tl-e c estroyers of his crops. To this order also belongs that little pest, the mosquito, an insect known so extensively by experience in some parts of the city. There are many species of mosquitoes, but, from the annoyance and actual pain which they are alleged to cause, I think they may all be classed under the term Culex excrucians. There are some minor divisions of the order Articulata ; but these seven include all the varied species, although some Naturalists have arranged some of them under different heads. Class VI. Mollusca. We pass with a simple notice the Molluscous series of animals. Tlie range of forms comprehended in this class is so extensive, ramified, and excespively minute, that it would have required considerably more time to bring it within our present compass than we can at present bestow, and any sketch hurriedly prepared would have been necessarily imperfect. We have a gi-eat many members of the family of the Nayadcs, or fresh- water Mussels — the shells of some of which are very beautiful. We have also a few species of Cyclas, and a few land and fresh-water Snails, which at some future time may be more minutely referred to. The most interesting and at- tractive forms of our Fauna have been treated of as fully as the limits of this work woxUd admit, the less attractive forms must necessarily pass with a single remark. SECTION IV.— STATISTICS. In 1791, with a view to allay the bitterness of feeling which had begun to spring up in Canada between the French Canadians and the settlers of British origin, the Province of Quebec, then contain- ing a population of 150,000, was, by virtue of an Act of the Imperial Parliament, divided into two separate Provinces, termed, respec- 70 TOEONTO. tively, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. John Graves Simcoe, an English military gentleman who had served in the American war, and had subsequently occupied a seat in the House of Commons and supported Mr. Pitt's Bill for the division of the Province, was appoint- ed Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada — ^the population of which was estimated at somewhere about 20,000 — while Loi-d Dorchester, who, from 1787, had been Governor General of all the British North American Provinces, conducted the affairs of Lower Canada more immediately, although still retaining his position of Governor General. On the 1st of May, 1792, Governor Simcoe sailed from London with a staff of officials to administer the affairs of the Province. He arrived in Upper Canada on the 8th of July, and took up his resi- dence in Newark (now Niagara) then the most central and most populous portion of the country. Here he summoned his first par- liament to meet on the 17th of September, — the House of Assembly consisting of sixteen representatives chosen by the people ; the Upper House of half that number, appointed by the Crown for life. The session closed on the 15th of October, the Legislature having in that brief space passed several important measures, one of which introduced English Civil Law, another established Trial by Jury, and a third provided for the bmlding of Jails and Court Houses, and such public buildings as were considered requisite in the four districts into which the Upper Province was divided. In the con- cluding paragraph of liis Sjieech with wluch he closed the first par- liament, we have a glunpse of the moral stamina of the Governor : ** I cannot dismiss you without earnestly desiring you to promote by precept and example, among your respective Counties, the regular habits of piety and morality, the surest foundations of all private and pubhc felicity. " The next point of importance for the Governor's consideration was the selection of a Seat of Government, a question at all times seemingly surrounded with difficulties. Lord Dorchester had his Head Quarters at Quebec, the only place then considered capable of defence ; and he would appear to have demanded that Kingston should be selected as the capital of Upper Canada, a settlement hav- ing already been made there. But Governor Simcoe had a mind and Awill of his own, which neither the greater proximity to Quebec, nor the convenience of obtaining orders and news more rapidly from Europe, which Kingston presented, could influence ; and as Newark lay within range of the American Foi-t on the opposite bank of the river, and was not, therefore, the moat appropriate place, he^fixed STATISTICS. 71 npon the site on which Toronto now stands as the scene of his future administrative operations, and carried out his determination irres- pective of the opposition which he had to encounter. From the arrangements and plans which the Governor formed, the development of the resources of the country seems to have been the leading idea in his mind, and undoubtedly the magnificent har- bour formed by nature at the very point at which he looked for" an outlet to the ti-ade of the north, was not the least attractive feature in the rude scene which presented itself to his keen scrutinizing eye, as he made his selection of this spot as his capital. Colonel Bou- chette, Surveyor General of Lower Canada, and then engaged in the naval service of the Lakes, was selected to make the first survey of the harbour of York, as the place was then named by Governor Simcoe. In looking back upon that time (1793) he says: "I still distinctly recollect the xmtamed aspect which the country exhibited when first I entered the beautiful basin which then became the scene of my early hydrographical operations. Dense and trackless forests lined the margin of the Lake, and reflected their inverted images in its glassy surface. The wandering savage had constructed his ephe- meral habitation beneath their luxuriant foliage — the group then consisting of two families of Mississaguas — and the Bay and neigh- bouring marshes were the hitherto uninvaded haimts of immense coveys of wild fowl. In the spring following the Lieutenant-Gover- nor removed to the site of the new capital, attended by the Regi- ment of Queen's Rangers, and commenced at once the realization of his favorite project." The building of the Town of York may be said to have commenced in 1794, under all the disadvantages which an unhealthy locality, described as better fitted " for a frog pond or a beaver meadow than for the residence of human beings" would necessarily present. The spot which the Governor selected for his own residence was on the liigh ground north of the old Don and Danforth Road, overlooking the "flats" or valley of the Don — decidedly the most romantic and picturesque spot in the vicinity of Toronto. The log-house in which he established liimself, and which was named Castle Frank, — after one of the members of his family, — was destroyed by fire upwards of thirty years ago ; but the residence of Mr. Francis Cayley, erected near the site of the old castle, still bears, and very appropriately, the name of Castle Frank. While the public buildings were progressing. Parliament continued to meet at Newark until 1796, when Governor Simcor, who does not seem to have been subservient enough, was re-called. Mr. Peter ;i m 72 TOEOITTO. I: ! 'I .-t ■•;!r- '^ Riissell, the senior member of the Executive Council, a gentlemr n who had come out with Governor Simcoe, and who to his other duties added those of Inspector General, assumed the direction of public affairs dui'ing the interregniim. He convened the Parliament at York on the 6th of June, 1797, the buildings for their reception having been completed during Governor Simcoe's administration, although, from the representations of interested parties, he was re- called ere yet he had enjoyed the pleasiu'e of meeting his Parliament in their new chambers, erected on the spot he had so judiciously selected as the capital of Upper Canada. President Russell's first parliament was prorogued on the 30th of July, but he continued to preside over the administration of afl'airs until 1799, assembling the Legislature at York on the 5th of Jmie, 1798, and on the 12th of June, 1799, Peter Hunter was appointed meanwhUe as Lieutenant Governor, and arrived at the capital after the parliament of 1799 had been pro- rogued. Governor Himter having been recalled in 1805, Mr. Alex- ander Grant presided over the affairs of the province until the arrival of Francis Gore, who had been appointed Lieutenant-Governor. In 1811, Governor Gore returned to England on leave of absence, entrusting Major General Brock with the temporary charge of the public affairs. Meanwhile the number of houses in York was increasing, although the early settlers seem to have experienced considerable difficulty with regard to roads from the marshy nature of the soil at the eastern part of the "clearing," which was then the. nucleus of the little to^vn. Yonge street, north to Holland River, thirty miles in a direct line, thence to Lake Simcoe, was opened out and formed by the Queen's Rangers, and was one of the first works undertaken by Governor Simcoe, and is a mouvunent of the prudence and discern- ment with which his plans ^ere formed. But the town was so far to the east of Yonge street that the farmers experienced great incon- venience in threading their way through stumps and pitfalls from this great thoroughfare to the infant capital. Mr. George Heriot, Deputy Postmaster General of British North America, in his "Travels through the Canadas," thus writes of York in 1806 : " The to'vvn of York, according to the plan, is projected to extend a mile and a half, from the bottom of the harboiu* along its banks. Many houses are already completed, some of which display a considerable degree of taste. The advancement of this place to its present condition has been effected within the lapse of six or seven years, and persons who have formerly travelled in this part of the wm STATISTICS. 73 oountry are impressed with sentiments of wonder on beholding a town which may be termed handsome, reared as if by enchantment in the midst of a wilderness. Two buildings of brick at the eastern extre- mity of the town, which were designed as wings to a centre, are occupied as Chambers for the Upper and Lower Houses of Assembly. The scene from this point of the basin is agreeable and diversified." For several years from this time the town seems to have progressed in the same enchanting way, but the baleful influence of the war of 1812, as it is chronologically termed, dispelled the charm. The only incident in connection with 1812 in which we are interested is the death of the gallant General Brock, to whom Lieutenant-Governor Gore had entrusted, temporarily, the direction of public affairs. This melancholy event occurred on the 13th of October, 1812, at the battle of Queenstown Heights. The Americans, imder General Van Rensselaer, had gained possession of the Heights, and General Brock, having come suddenly up from Niagara, resolved to check their pro- gress ; but advancing with too small a force, he was repulsed and killed,* his brillant carreer being terminated by a ball from one of the American riflemen. Brock was held in very high esteem both as a soldier and a civil Governor. He was descended from a respectable family in Guernsey, had been at Copenhagen with Nelson, and had served in several campaigns in Europe. The Indians regarded him with the utmost veneration, as a brave and gallant warrior. He fell at the early age of 42, and as an honorable testimony to his personal worth a monument was erected on the spot, and his remains, and those of his gallant aid-de-camp, Colonel McDonnell, were deposited therein. On the death of Brock, Major General Sheaffe, an American by birth, assumed the chief command, and unfortimately retained that command, during the campaign of 1813. On the 25th of February, the Parliament was convened by General Sheaffe, and several impor- tant measures were passed, one of which prohibited distillation from grain as a scarcity of food was apprehended in consequence of the war. Another prohibited the sale of liquors to Indians. The Ameri- cans not having been quite so successful in the campaign of 1812 as they had calcxilated upon, mustered new strength in 1813 to make the conquest of Canada sure. The army of the north, one of the divisions of the American force, was placed under the command of General Dearborn, to whom was entrusted the task of subduing Western Canada. According to arrangement therefore, General * Murray's Britiitb America. Edinburgh, 1839. H TOBOVTO. » I i Dearborn with IGOO men* embarked at Sackett's Harbour, — ansral depot on the southern ahore of Lake Ontwrio, — ^with Commodore Chaunoey , and sailed on the 25th of April, 1813, for York. The capital was then ill prepared for resistance, scarcely at all fortified, and d&* fended by Oeneral Sheafie with only about 600 jn&CL On the momr ir\g of the 27th the fleet reached the luirbotu*, and succeeded iu landing. The General remained on board, entrusting the command to General Pike, a young officer of distinction, who had planned the attack. The fire from the fleet silenced very speedily the batteries on shore, and enabled General Pike to proceed with little difficulty. But after he had carried the first line of defences, the explosion of the powder magazine, which had been fired by an artillery sergeant to prevent its falling into the hands of the Americans, completely destroyed the advanced portion of Pike's colunm, killing and wound- ing 260 men. Among the wounded was the gallant yoimg General Pike, but he died in a few hoiurs after the explosion. Sheaffe seems to have become faint-hearted at the appearance of the superior niun- bers of the American force, and having destroyed the naval stores, he retired towards Kingston, leaving Colonel Chewett of the militia to treat with the invaders. The consequence was that the town was taken, the public buildings burned, and such stores as could not be carried off were destroyed. Frost says that the Government Hall was burned contrary to the orders of the American General. We have simply to do with the fact that it was burned. After burning all the public buildings, they carried off the artillery and naval stores, and by the 1st of May evacuated the place, t We have refrained from giving details as to the numbers of killed and wounded, because no two authorities agree, and as a matter of course we cannot vouch for the accuracy of either. Nor does it now signify much ; the bare fact is all that we have to do with, and the injurious effects it had upon the rising capital. One capture made shortly after this occur- rence, is still preserved sacred as a trophy of the raid. This was a fire engine presented to the inhabitants by Lieutenant Governor Major General Hunter, in 1802. It is now kept by the United States Government, in the Navy Yard, having been taken by one Robert H. Nicols on the 13th October, 1813. When oiu" Museum Of Arts and Manufactures is fairly established, I hope the President of the Board will respectfidly request the United States authorities to return the engine, that the old "Blackfriar" may fill up an empty comer. * Frost'a History of the United States. London, 1838. t James's Military occurrences of the Late War. London, 1818. STATISTICS. n Major General Sheaffe having Biink considerably in public estima- tion by his laine defence of York, was shortly after this occuiTonce superseded by Major General do Rottonburg, to whom was entrusted the chief command in Upper Canada. Again, however, did the capital suffer from the ruthless hand of the spoiler. The Glengarry Fencibles by a rapid movement from York, checked the Americans in their attempts to destroy the military depot and stores at Burlington Heights ; but they left the capital de- fenceless, and Commodore Chauncey taking advantage of this move- ment, landed a >)ody of troops here on the 23rd July, 1813, who without opposition set fire to the barracks and public storehouses, liberated the prisoners from the jail, ill-treated some of the inhabi- tants, and retired with the few stores they could find. * About the middle of December, 1813, Lieutenant General Sir Gordon Drummond arrived at York to assume the direction of pub- lic affairs, civil and military, Governor Gore not having yet returned from England. General Drummond lost no time in proceeding to the head quarters of the army, near Queenston, and assisted materi- ally in closing successfully the campaign of 1813. On the 15th of February, 1814, he assembled Parliament at the capital, and several necessaiy measures were passed, one of which authorized the appro- priation of £6,000 for roads and bridges. On the 24th of December the Treaty of Ghent fortiuiately put a termination to the hostilities which had distracted the two countries, and during which the pro- gress of York had not only been checked but its public buiklings destroyed. On the 3rd of April, 1816, His Excellency Sir George Provost, Governor General of Canada, having returned to England to answer to some charges affecting his military character. Sir Gordon Drummond was appointed Governor General and aasimied the direc- tion of government in Lower Canada, Generals Miirray and Robin- son administering the affairs of Upper Canada until the return of Lieutenant Governor Gore about the end of 1815. On the 6th of February, 1816, Parliament assembled and passed several important measures. One of these laid the foundation of our Common School System, appropriating the simi of £600 per annum to assist in paying the salaries of the teachers, and in piu> chasing books for the use of the schools ; another appropriated £800 for the purchase of a Library for the use of the members of both Houses. Lieutenant Governor Gore having been recalled. Sir Peregrine Maitland arrived in Canada on the 29th of July, 1818, to direct the ^ McMulIen's History of Canada, p. 274 76 TOBOHTO. affairs of the Upper Province. Meanwhile the little capital was be- ginning to recover from the disasters of the war. Talbot speaking of its appearance in 1821, says : *'The town now contains 1336 inhal)- itants, and abont 250 houses, many of which have a very agreeable appearance. The public edifices are a Protestant Episcopal Church, a Roman Catholic Chapel, a Presbyterian Meeting House, a Metho- dist Meeting House, the Hospital, the Parliament House, and the residence of the Lieutenant Governor. The Episcopal Church is a building devoid of decoration, constructed of wood, with a belfry of wood. The Roman Catholic Chapel, which is not yet completed, it is proposed to make very magnificent. The Parliament House, built in 1820, is a long and commodious building, built with brick, and with much simpUcity. The York Hospital is the most important building of the Province. It has a fine exterior. "* I have not met with any published account of the town of York of a later date than that of Talbot, just quoted, with the exception of the record that in the early jmrt of January, 1825, the Parliament House, which Talbot speaks of as having been built "with much simplicity," was destroyed by fire, the library and fumitiu:e how- ever were saved. The loss was estimated at £2000. From this time the progress of the Town became more rapid, and fortunately the agues, chills, and fevers with which in past times the inhabi- tants were afflicted, are now matters of history, and every one who takes a calm survey of the location of the city with its admirable har- bor, must be struck with the sound judgment and great sagacity which Governor Simcoe displayed in his selection, even although the formation of a settlement in a swampy hollow could not fail to be prejudicial to the health and comfort of the early settlers. Sir Peregrine Maitland continued to administer the affairs of Upper Canada from 1818 to 1828, whence he was removed to Nova Scotia. Party feeling seems to have run very high towards the close of Sir Per;^grine's administration. He was succeeded in the administration by Sir John Colbome, who anived at the Seat of Government in November, 1828. The legacy of discontent which had been left liim by his predecessor was by no means an enviable one, if we may judge from the address which the Assembly present- ed in reply to Sir John's speech at the opening of the House on the 9th of January, 1829. One portion of that address runs thus : — " We His Majesty's faithful Commons, confiding in the candour of yoiir Excellency and in your readiness to recognise us as constitu- tional advisers of the Crown, do humbly pray your Excellency * Talbot's five Tears in America. BTXTISTiCB. n iigainfit the ii^||||h9roUcT hithHrto punutul by tho Provincial Ad> ministration ; tmd although wu aA \^msfumt Heo yoiir Excellency rni- happily surroundwd by the :iaine arti^niierm as have f«o deeply wounilo♦■ )roporly respected, and tho revenues of the Colony bo hereafter ilevoted to objects of public improvement, after making provision for the public service on a basis of economy suited to the exigencies of the country. " To this rather reflective address the Governor very sagaciously replied : — " It is less difficult to discover the traces of political dissensions and local jealousies in this Colony than to efl'ace them. I anticipate that the principles of the Consti- tution being kept steadily in view, the good sense of the people will neutralize the efiforts of any interested faction. " I have made this brief quotation that it may serve as a key to the party spirit which then prevailed, and which increased in intensity until it led to the use of very unconstitutional means to obtain a redress of grievances which were declared to exist. In 1835, Sir John Colborne was recalled, and Sir Francis Bond Head, Assistant Poor Law Commissioner for the District of Kent, a half-pay military Major,* was appointed his successor. He ar- rived at the Seat of Qovemment about the end of January, 1836, and remained there till towards the middle of March, 1838, little more than two years, and yet during tliat time the Rebellion of 1837, as it is termed, had occurred, and the feelings of the people were very much exasperatetl. A very fair account of this unwise attempt on the part of Mackenzie and his friends to remedy their grievances is given in McMullen's Canada. It is beyond the scope of this work to do more than simply chronicle the fact. But we cannot look back upon the derangement to society then caused, and the antagonistic feelings which must have been aroused, without re- gretting that Britain should ocwwionally be so unwise as to send men here as Governors of Canada who are neither fitted by natui'al endowments nor by education, nor by experience, for the honour- able performance of the important duties devolving upon them. Sir Francis Bond Head, in his own "Narrative," thiis speaks of his entering upon his responsible duties — '* As I was no more con- nected with human politics than the horses that were drawing me — as I never had joined any political l^uiy, had never attended » McMulIen, p. 408. Ii' 78 TOBOKTO. I a {loliticol disciUHion, had never oveii voted at an election, nor taken any ptirt in ono, it was with no little inrprise I ohaerved the walla pliicanle0. Tlie amount of real property in the city was valued by the assessors for 1857 at £7,288,150, the yearly value of which for piu-poses of assessment was £437,289. The personal property was similarly valued at £1,296,616. The annual value of which for assessment piuposes was £77,797, making a total assessment value of £515,086, or 6 per cent, of the estimated value of real and personal property belonging to the citizens, and yielding a gross amoimt of assessment for all piuposes of £74,962. Independently of this real property in the hands of citizens, the city, as an incorporation, holds property in public buildings, water lots, (fee, valued in 1857 at £430,418. Our Social State. — It is perhaps as well to admit at the outset, that there is felt now and again the slightest possible deficiency in that geniality of disposition and temperament, — that hearty cordi- ality of manner, — which some older communities manifest. It is in point of fact often broadly stated that the people of Toronto are not by any means so social as they might be ; with them the enjoyment of the social affections, that " Mysterious cement of the soul," is cramped by formality and chilled by etiquette ; and, even at its best estate, is veiy exclusive. We admit that, to the casual observer, this may be the case, and first impressions are not at all times easily erased, but that apparently lugenial temperament is undoubtedly the result of deeper and more sacred mental communings than those ix) wiiich it is generally attributed. It may justly be ascribed, less STATISTICS. 81 to any inherent or acquired snobbishness of feeding which makes some men think that they are something " Above the common level of their kind," than to the fact that our poptilation is not only but of yesterday, — it is also very fluctuating. True, genuine, perennial sociality, is a plant of slow growth, and can only flourish in certain stages of society. The people who have snapped asunder all the ties of kin- dred, who have done violence to all the fond endearing associations which boTind them with romantic enthusiasm to the place of their birth, — the hearths and the homes of their sires, — and have been rocked on the wide ocean that they might seek a home in the far West, — cannot again for years enjoy that elasticity of spirit, nor that sense of fixedness which form a basis for the cultivation of warm, lasting friendship. They have made one change, and they know not how soon they may make another ; and any feeling of sociality with them is but a fitful, transient gleam of the sunshine of the soul bursting through those endearing memories which link them so inseparably to the joys, the sorrows, and the early associations of their Fatherland, — 'Tis evanescent, fleeting, transient, As the thin, fleecy clouds, which float around The setting sun's ethereal temple, As throi,(th the gorKeuus golden peristyle. Paved with enamelled rrdiance, he retires Amidst the dazzling splendors of his own Befiilgent beams. Or if they succeed in business here, and have the prospect of perma- nency before them, the social feelings are too often kept subsei-vient to the one gi'and aim of acquiring wealth and a name, in the land of their adoption. Whatever, therefore, does not either directly or incidentally conduce to this absorbing desire is left in abeyance until a more convenient season, and thus a state of i^'nd is gradually superinduced, the very antithesis of sociality in its broad expansive sense. But, notwithstanding these admissions, Toronto in a social point of Adew presents rather an agreeable aspect. Benevolent and chari" table Institutions, Churches, Colleges, Institutes, Common Schools, and Educational establishments of higher pretensions, meet you at every turning. An air of quietness, order and respectability, per- vades the streets duiing the week ; and on the Sabbath-day the numerous Churches are comfortably filled. The Sabbath-schools connected with them have an interesting and healthful appearance, and there are many auxiliary or district Sunday-schools throughout i I I tu 1 82 TOBOVTO. the City for the benefit of those children, more eRpecially, who ar« not placed either morally or physically in the most favorable circum- stances. Within these few years several Mutual Improvement and other ameliorating Societies have been formed with a view to direct the thoughts of our young men to subjects of lasting interest, and to prepare them for worthily filling the peculiar niche which an all-wise Providence may have marked out for them, for after all " We do but mw. Fate guides the helm." Altogether, then, the contour of our social arrangements is ex- ceedingly pleasing. Our mechanics and artizans earn good wages and live respectably, many of them on their own property, which the proceeds of a few years' steady employment, well husbanded, have enabled them to acquire. Our best uud most successful mercantile and professional men are all self-made, and no one therefore claims priority of con- sideration. Those of a previous day, on whom fortune smiled so blandly as to enable them to retire from business pursuits with an easy competency, retain, with a few isolated exceptions, that frank- ness of manner for which they were characterized, when, exerting themselves to earn honorably their ample fee, or, standing behind the counter, using every effort to please and serve their customers. But as vice and demoralization are expected to prevail to a greater or less extent in every city, Toronto, unfortunately, forms no excep- tion to the general rule. There is a substratum of vice in our social fabric, ^rhich neither the influence of our Sabbath-schools nor all the eloquenae and fervor of our pulpit ministrations, nor the cheering and benign effects of Mutual and Fellowhship Societies can reach ; and although it has been beautifully s^'id " What would offend the eye in a good picture, The painter casts discreetly into shade," yet we must take this demoralization into account if we would view aright our social condition. Could it b^ reckoned up and statistically expressed, there might be some hope of making ah approximate estimate of its amoimt. But the statistics of our crime convey but a very inadequate idea of its extent. We will glance at these, how- ever, aa they are furnished by official authority, and are therefore, so far as they go, reliable. Nurseries or Crime. — During the past year we had upwards of 600 licensed and unlicensed houses, — one for every fifteen families,— engaged in the sale of intoxicating drinks, and, as the necosiiary result of their operations, our Jail and Police statistics pre» nt i STATlSTIOi. 10 rather an appalling and humiliating picture of our every-day life. No one would imagine, in walking along King street of an afternoon, amidst the display of beauty, fashion Mid gaiety, which are then exhibited, that one out of every nine of our population was brought up before the police magistrate during the past year, for some mis- demeanor growing out of our drinking customs. Yet such is the lamentable fact ; so that while ardent hopes and noble aspirationa cheer and aninuite one portion of society, the other is left to grovol in the most pitiful debasement. Police Register. — It appears by the police statistics for the year ending Decoraber last, that 3,1)71 males and 1,025 females, — in all, 4,996 persons, — ^being one in every nme of oiu* ix)p\ilation, — were arrested and brought before the police mygisti-ate during the year 1 857. Of this number there are classed under the generic phrase, drunk and disorderly, 2,031 males and 673 females, — in all 2,704. To this number require to be added 420 for assault, 86 for keeping disorderly houses, — a class of houses alarmingly and unblushingly on tho increase in the City, — 271 for threatening, — wliich is assault in its incipient stages, and 208 for staling intoxicating drink without license, making a total of 3,709 as the dii-ect residt of the traffic in intoxicating liquors, — or inoi"e than three- fourtlis of the whole num- ber. By an analysis of the remaining foiuiih, it is very evident that but for intoxicating liquors the majority of the cases therein em- braced would never have occurred. Jail Record. — In the Jail Record for 1857 we have, under the head of "intemperate habits," 1,085 mjdea and 526 females — in all 1,611. The total numlier committed was 1,906 — 1,316 males and 590 females — so that there are only 295 of the whole commitments, over and al)ove those classed by the Governor of the Jail, as of intem- perate habits. The adiJiirable manner in which the Record is kept gives further ground for comment on this sad state of things, for there are 175 stated as under 20 years of age, and therefore not within the scope of the designation habit and repute drunkai'ds : leaving only 120 of the entire number committed to whom the designation of "intemperate habits'* is not strictly applicable. And yet when you look over the list of offences, the assaults and threatenings, and trespasses, which, with the drunk and disorderly oases, form the bulk of the commitments, you are forcofl to the conclusion that the whole offences, so carefully enumerated, have one common parentage. It is worthy of remark, to(^, that the ratio, nationally speaking, is somewhat in keeping with the nimibera contributed by etkch of the 84 TOBOKTO. three great nationalities which comprise the bulk of our population. We have on that list 1,272 natives of Ireland : 703 males and 479 females ; 282 from England : 231 males and 51 females ; and 131 from Scotland : 109 males and 22 females. Such is the melancholy catalogue of the past year. Nor is it likely that the record of the present year will be more cheering. If the numbers deluded and ensnared by the evanescent exhilaration which intoxicating liquor imparts, bear any ratio to the facilities for obtain- ing intoxicants, there is great reason to fear that the criminal calen- dar of the present year, traced as impartially as that of the past year, will present a far gloomier aspect of our social state than the chronicle now commented on. The City Council By-law, passed in the early part of this year, proclaimed free trade in drink selling, and, as a necessary consequence, if we sow the wind we shall reap the whirl- wind. Have we already begun to reap a portion of that ungenial harvest in the swiirms of beggars which now infest the city ? A few years ago such a thing was unknown. You might have passed from one end of the city to the other, at all hours of the day, without meeting with one suppliant for charity. Why has the scene so sadly changed that it attracts the attention of strangers and is heralded through the broadsheets of the neighboring republic that begging forms one of the distinctive features in our social state ? The cor- respondent of a New York paper thus alludes to it : '* I am surprised at the number of beggars in Toronto. You cannot go into the streets without annoyance from them. If two persons stop to speak, they are sure to be joined in a few seconds by a beggar." These remarks from a stranger might easily be accounted for, even although begging was on a comparatively small scale, from the fact that if there are beggars in a city they are sure to be found at the doors of stage offices and hotels, where strangers congregate. This decay in social status has, however, attracted the attention of one of our city editors. He says : * ' This beggar-nuisance is growing to be intolerable. Pass wliere you will, and often as you will, you are beset with some sturdy applicant for alms — they dodge you round corners, they ft)llow you into shops, they are to be found at the church steps, they are at the door of the theatre, they infest the entr before the notice of the Trustees, but as yet no remedy has been provided. The Local Superintendent says — "If I understand aright the principle upon which free schoola, maintained by general assessment upon property, have been estab. lished and are justified, it means that the rich ought to educate the poor, not as a charity, but because, in a social as well as a moral point of view, it is, as a mere matter of economy, better to educate than to punish at the public expense ; and because School-houses are better public investments than Penitentiaries or Jails. Tested by this prin- ciple, the result of our experiment^ as regards even those children who have attended, though irregularly, our free schools, ha^ been any- thing but encouraging or satisfactory, while as regai'ds the education, moral and social, of those children, large in number, for whose training and reformation the free school principle is justified, we have failed altogetJier to bnng that particular class of children, in any way at aU within the restraining influences of our tkhools. * * We set out, full of hope, to accomplish a certain purpose, namely, the universal education of the young, as a means of social and moral improvement among that class of people who, knowing little or nothing of the advantages of education, or who cared nothing for such advantages ; but thus far, after years of experience and the expenditure of increasing annual thousands of the public money, we have accomplished little more than a partial, and by no means a cheerful, recognition of the value of our Schools, even from those whose children to a limited extent do attend our Free Schools, while the more numerous, and at the same time more necessitous, class of children continue to frequent our streets, our lanes, and our wliarfs, in idle swarms, growing up in ignorance and crime, the future abundant material for our pobce courts and prisons.*" To remedy the evil inevitably incident to a Free School system, a compulsory law, similar to that in the Massachusetts School system, hai been recommended. Such a law would undoubtedly clear the wharfs and lanes of that class whose education at the present can only be in vice ; but whether it would suit the genius of our citizens as a body, and render more popular the present Fre > School system, admits of grave and serious doubts. It has been urged as a reason for the want of success, that ministers of religion seldom co'intenance the Schools, or endeavor to bring before their congregations the great advantages which are held out by these Schools ; while the clergy of the Church of England have sought to create a prejudice against them by representing them as devoid of • Superinteudent's Report, Ist December, 1857. ^^g?^;; -;- :'! g.v : 12SS^^^M^-Jj BTATtSTICfl. 89 rollgious instructi*)!!.* Tliia may account to some extent for the sniallnoss of the gross Register, but it can in no way account for the want of punctuality in those registered as pupils. Tliero are certain prejudices which take hold of the mind, and, although they have little foundation, they are not easily eradicated. You cannot per- suade some persons, for example, that " Free Schools" do not mean " Charity Schools," and that, as a matter of necessity, if they are Charity Schools, the education given at them will not amount to nuich. These are simply prejudices which have not the slightest fotmdation in so far as the City Schools are concerned. Others again spurn the idea of educating their children at their neighbour's expense, and in the Model Schools we have this idea developed. In the M(Mlel Schof>l each pupil pays 7|d. a week, and, although this is not e(piivalont to the advantages aiforded, it is as much as is paid in many of the n\erely elementary Schools in London, and cei-taiidy as much as is paid in the generality of elementary schools in Scotland. This may acoovuvt for the fact that the Model Schools are always well attended. From the decided opposition which the " Free Schools," in conse- quence of their present inadequate resvdts, have received, it is evident that some change must shortly be made. It is worthy of the consideratifjn of the Tnistees, then, whether such a coiu^e as that adoj)ted in the Model Schools might not be pursued with regard to the City Schools, and whether such a provision, if judici- ously engrafted upon our present system, wovild not be far more likely to secure a better and more cheerful attendance than any compulsory law, such as that referred to as existing in Massachu- setts, Avhile at the same time for that neglected class to which a compulsory law might be somewhat of a mercy, provision coiUd be made in the same way as is done in the Parochial Schools of Scot- land. Sunday School.s. — As already stated, o\ir Sabbath Schools have a healthy and interesting appearance. I have not considered it neces- sary to give the attendance at the several Schools separately, as any omission, however accidental, might be looked upon as invidious. Taking the Superintendents' lists as a guide, there are nearly 4,000 boys and girls in regulur attendance at these Schools, with a staft' of Teachers numbei'ing upwards of 500 ; and, amongst these, some of the most exemplary yoimg men and young women in our community. • Superintendent's Report, 6th May, 1856. 90 TOBOKTO. County Board of Public Instuuction. — The County B^jju-J of Public luBtruotiou ia oompostxl of thu Trustees of Onuiuuai" Schools and the Local Suporinteudents of Couunon Schools for tho time buing. The meetings of thu Board are hold qiiarterly. TIio following is tlio list of Triisteca for tlio City of Toronto Grammar School ; Rev. John Jennings, D. D. , ll4jl>ert Cathcaii;, Rev. J. Barclay, D.D., J. McMurrich, Rev. H. J. Grasett, Dr. J. Hays. ExPENSBS OF Ckimiital JusmcB. — As tluj Comity Buildings are located in Toronto, and as the principal part of the Judicial business is there transacted, a statement of the estimated expense of Ciiminal Justice for 1858, is here submitted : Criminal Justice expenses, aa in 1857 |I5,763 Payment of jurors, Bheriffs, &o., as in 1857 6,876 Jury cxpcusea, Ac, as in 1857 2,644 Constables not included iu Criminal Justice expenses. . . 60 Clerk of the Peace, general services same as 1 857 656 Crown 'witnesses, as in 1867 72 Printing, advertising, 6 [2 12 n'ease or by it the t was Tear. Value of Imports. Duty, Valuo of Ex|iort8. 1854 1S58 1856 1857 June 30, '58. £1445183 7 9 1373652 6 1 1685969 1 10 1326880 18 1 $1442729. 00 £173588 9 I 152585 17 3 198159 144727 14 6 1(16816083.00 £278049 15 8 404106 17 S 551333 2 10 U'.3416 16 11 *il84513.U0 £360082 5 £4204020 16 £4t)523 6 Banking Estabmshmftnth. — Durini,' the recent commerciul criHis, when every Bank in the n.Mgliboring State niingled with the geuond debris of commercial existence, the Banku /Q 7. ^^^. > !^ :) /^ ^■'/- /■;'-^ V ^ ^ m o--^- Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 m v ?v ;\ \ 4^ ^ o ^ :\ \ 4S ' 1 R' ^ 92 TOBONTO. with somewhere about 1,400 inhabitants, and opened for business early in 1822, under the presidency of the Hon. William Allan, in a small building on the comer of King and Frederick streets. In 1826, their present more commodious premises on the comer of George and Duke streets, were erected ; but although central at the time, the tendency of the city has been towards the West, and the Upper Canada Bank is consequently verj' much out of the way of business people. It was nmioured some time ago that the Directors had made arrangements to erect a more modernized structiu-e near the foot of Church street ; but, so far, groimd has not yet been broken. Authorized Capital $4,000,000. President William Proudfoot. Cashier T. G. Ridout. Commercial Bank of Canada. — Tliis Bank was established in Kingston in 1832, under the name of the Commercial Bank of the Midland District. The Toronto Branch was opened in the following year. By an Act passed in the Session of 1856, the name was changed to that of the Commercial Bank of Canada. It is situate on the south side of Wellington street, opposite to the foot of Jordan street. Authorized Capital $4,000,000. President Hon. John Hamilton. Manager C. J. Campbell. Bank of British North America. — The Head Office of this Branch is in London, England. The Toronto Branch was estab- lished in 1837. It commenced operations in the old house on King and Frederick streets, where the Baixk of Upper Canada was first opened, and was incorporated by Boyal Charter in 1840. The Bank is now situated on the north-east comer of Yonge and Wellington streets. Authorized Capital $6,000,000. Directors Lewis Moffatt, Frederick Perkins. Manf^r W. G. Cassels. Bank of Montreal. — In 1840, the Bank of Montreal purchased the charter of the Bank of the People, carried on under the presi- dency of James Lesslie, with Francis Hincks, the present Governor of Barbadoes, as its Cashier, and they opened it as a Branch Bank. It is situated at the comer of Yonge and Front streets. Authorized Capital $6,000,000. Manager Robert Milroy. am STATISTICS. 93 City Bank of Moxtreal. — The Toronto Branch of the City Bank of Montreal was opened in 1849, in one of the large houses on Church street, south of St. Andrew's Church. In 1856, it was re- moved to its present commodious premises, on the north-west comer of Yonge and Wellington streets. Authorized Capital $1,200,000. Manager T. Woodside. Bank of Toronto. — This Bank was incorporated in 1855, and commenced business in 1856 in the premises on Chiirch street, wliich had just been vacated by the City Bank. Authorized Capital |2,000,000. President J. G. Chewett. Cashier Angus Cameron. Quebec Bank.— The Toronto Branch of the Quebec Bank was opened in 1857, in a building on Wellington street, adjoining the Toronto Exchange. Authorized Capital $1,000,000. Manager W. W. Ransom. Moison's Bank. — The Toronto Branch of this Bank was opened in 1855, in the Exchange Buildings. Authorized Capital |1,000,000. Manager Joiin Glass. Savings' Banks. — A little more than fifty years ago, it occurred to several benevolent-minded individuals in England, that an incal- culable benefit would be conferred upon the humbler classes if an institution upon the principle of a Banking establishment was formed where they could deposit the small sums which they might from time to time save from their weekly earnings, with the certainty of being able, upon any emergency, to draw them out with an accumulated interest. The Savings' Bank was accordingly established in England in 1805, and the principle foxmd so great favor with the public, that Savings' Banks were shortly established throughout Scotland and Ireland, and in time they found a place in the social economics of America. These Banks were generally conducted at first by associa- tions of benevolent persons, who not only gave their time and expe- rience gratuitously, but gave the security of their own standing and respectability for the safety of the acciimulating funds. They also held out every inducement to the working classes to deposit the sur- plus of their weekly earnings, especially the sixpences and sliillings that they were in the habit of depositing with the tavern-keeper. ^ i I 91 TOBOKTO. After Bome millions of money had been thus deposited, Govern- ment was induced to step in and frame a variety of statutes for the better regulation of Savings* Bank*, and to give its own secu- rity for the safe keeping of the deposits. In this way they obtained a national character and security. All Savings' Banks in Britain require to be framed according to the rules appointed by the Legisla- tiu-e, Mid these rules are such as to sewxure the proper management of these important institutions. We have two Savings' Banks in the City, one of which — ^the Home District Savings* Bank — has been in existence for nearly 30 years. As I had never seen, — so far as my memory served me, — any Report of the proceeding oi this institution, or any publkhed statement of its affairs, I attributed the matter to an oversight wi my part, or a strange remissness on the part of the Press which takes cognizance of every tlung,, and therefore called at the office to obtain information, such as is generally published in connexion with Saving^* Banks in Britain, — such as amount of deposits for the year, amount of invest- ments, &c. &c Hie manager very frankly told me, however, that all their affiedrs were private. R^wrts were prepared, but only for- the Directors, and therefore were never published, nor had they any statement whatever to give to the public, either in r^ard to the amoimt of dqwsits or inveslanentsv I learned subsequently that the Bank was not established upon ather of the principles upon which such Banks liad been established in Britain. It is simply a private speculation established undar an ordinance of Sir John Col- borne, managed economically, the deposits prudently invested, and the proceeds thereof reverting to the proprietary. The Bank wa» opened in 183(X It is located in George Sked;, between King and Duke Streets. Managpr — C. Scadding. The Toronto Savings' Bank. — ^This Institution was establfehed under Provii>cial Statute on the 3rd of Jime, 1854, and is located on the corner of Oolbome Steee* and Change Alley. Manager — D. K. Feehan. A statem^it of its ai&ira from the commencement to tlie 30th Jiuie, 1858, is here submitted through the kindness of the Manager, from which, it will be seen that the Institution has been very successful :; — KEATISnCAL STATEMENT; June 80, 1855. — Total Receipts and Internet added, first year £i%9H 11 3 Total Deposits and Interest withdrawn to date, first year £474^19 Z Salance due depositors 9064 12 6 £13,814 11 8 £13,814 11 S STATISTICS. 95 June 30, 1856. — Balance due depositors last year, beiog total liability 30th Jane, 1866 5064 n S Deposits received to date 25,240 4 10 Interest added during year 677 13 2 Principal and Interest withdrawn by de- positors to date 17,200 11 8 Balance, Principal and Interest due de- positors 17,681 18 9 £34,882 10 5 £34.882 10 S June 30, 1856.— Balance due Depositors., 17,68118 9 " 18S7.— Deposits reo'd during year 37,150 8 6 Interest added during year 1,145 16 9 Pripcip!»l and Interest withdrawn 29,019 9 11 Balaoce du« depositors 26,968 14 £Ji5,978 3 11 £55,978 3 11 June 30, 1857.— Balance due depositors .. 26,958 14 " 1858— Deposits rec'd during year 26,369 17 8 Principal and Interest withdrawn 33,966 15 4 Balance due depositors, being total liability 19,361 16 4 £53,328 11 8 £63, H28 11 8 June 30, 1858. — Balance, Principal and In- terest due depositors this day £19,361 16 4 By the following assets, 30th June, 1868, City and County Municipal Deben- tures 8,600 Accrued Interest tliereon 258 14 Adrances made on Bank Stock and Deben- tures to the extent of 6,196 4 1 3409 6 6 Other securities at short dates 6,848 9 6 Office Furniture 10110 6 Cash in Bank of Upper Canada 3504 9 9 Amount due depositors 19,361 16 4 Balance, as a surplus to meet contingencies 2,360 13 10 £21,722 10 2 £21,722 10 2 June 30, 1858. — Balance over liabilities not drawn £2,360 13 10 Insurance Offices. — In a thriving city, where wood enters so largely into the construction, not only of sheds and outbuildings, but also of dwelling houses, as it does in Toronto, and where the 1 8 96 T0B05T0. water supply as a protection against fire is so exceedingly deficient^ Insurance officoi are necoasarily very much in requisition. We have quite a number of Insurance offices and agencies therefore, all of them founding their title to patronage and consideration on the promptitude with wliich they have met, or are prepared to meet, the claims of the insured. This in itself is a point not to be overlooked, in making selection of an office, for there is no saying how soon it may be one's turn to test the sincerity of their professions of promp- titude. We seem to be unwilling, somehow, to wait until fires spring up naturally, aa the necessary result of carelessness, or want of due precaution, for several of the fires which have occurred during the year have been attributed to incendiarism, and to all appearance not without strong presumptive evidexice. The recent fire on Adelaide Street, in wliich Mr. Callaway lost so much valuable pro- pei-ty, could have resvdted from no other cause. Such a feeling of insecurity, whether well or ill founded, is prejudicial to those who do insure their property, because the rates of insurance are so much higher than they would be vmder ordinary risk. The offices are, however, compelled to charge high rates simply as a means of self defence. It is thus not the insurance office which is robbed^ when a person fraudulently obtains the proceeds of a premeditated arson, it is society that is robbed, for whatever injures one portion of the body politic in their social capacity is shared in by all. The offices and agencies in Toronto are as follows ; — ^TNA, Fire and Marine. — E. F. Whittemore f the Province. The ainiual Library Orant is now increaHcd to £0,500, besiduM a separate annual grant of £2,500 for maps and school apparatUH. One other feature of tlie system roipiires to ho mentioned, and in this feature power is shown to be blended with mercy ; for, while tho NomiiU School has facilities for training Teachers on an extensive scale for tho supply of the wants of the Province, the pioneers of education — those men who have worn out a hardy constitution, contending against tho diflic\dties and hardships of spreading educa- tion in Hpai-sely-peopled districts, are not cast ruthlessly aside to give place to those, not more deserving, though more highly favored, who are not only educated partly at the public expense, but receive much higher salaries when theii' education is completed. For tho superannuation of Teachers, £1000 is annually appropriated by Govonxment, and is equally divided amongst all Teachera disqualified by age or otherwise from purstiing their profession. To this fund each Teacher in tho Province is required to contribute annually £1, and, as there are 4,083 teachers, 2,787 males, and 1,200 females reported in Upper Canada, and the demand greater than the supply, this fimd will shortly bo greatly increased. The superannuated allowance to each teacher is £1 lOs. for each year of service as a school teacher in Upper Canada. If for example a teacher has spent 20 years in his profession in Canada, he will receive from the fund £30 a-yeiu" for the rest of his life. If he has only been 10 years in tlie Province, he will only receive half that sum, and so on accortUng to the number of years engaged as a teacher in tho Province. This beneficent feature of the system is worthy of admiration, for it is not unfrequently tho case that whore no such bomity is provided, you will see one who has played a not unimportant pai-t on the •world's stage, display, when the almond tree begins to flovurish, the picture of " a poor scholar," or of gentility in ruins. Sep ABATE Schools. — Of late years the Separate School prorisions in the Common School Acts have given rise to a great amoimt of meaningless stvunp oratory. Not a few have bawled lustily for the abolition of aU Separate School provisions, without ever troubling themselves to consider whether the object they ostensibly aimed at thereby is attainable, and, if attainable, whether the pxinciple of coercion is one which ought to form the basis of the system,— or whether any national system of education is worth the price of the EDUCATIOK. 131 m paper upon whiith itH proviMioUH ui'u jirintuil — if iiii uiniuo couruud in rugiird to thu uducution of thuir children. Out v,.vn City Froo ScIiooIh tillord aniplo contirnmtion of tlu) htuto- iiuuit. For whilo ouch lluto-payor iniya his ([Uota for tho HUpport of thoHo Schools, all do not tako udvantago of thoir facilitiim. Yon tiuil tiite u niuuhur of private Schools and Acnduuiius niuintainud at the (• vponso of tho partios who i»ay to snpport tho Froo Schools. Tho nioro ubolition of tho Soi)arato School clansos would not bring lldinan Catholics within tho palo of tho National Schools, nor would it produce that profound peace and satisfaction which some persons imagine. On the contrary, a determined hostility would be exerted towards a system of injustice which would seek to deprive them of their duo proportion of the funds which they contribute tt) the general excho(|uer. This would luuloubtedly be tho residt, and uU the false philosophy which luus been wasted upon the public within those few years, will not alter the ({uostion oiio iota. Men will not l>e coerced in educational muttei's, and it is unwise to uttempt it. While, therefore. Separate Schools may bo considered as only injiu'ious to those who take advantage of them, the privilege of establishing them in a community such as ours, and in a free country, is an absolute necessity. We have seen enough of the mawkish cake -and-plum-pudding text-books — used not a thousand miles from tliis — to satisfy us that the introduction of a national system, wliich rec^uired such auxiliaries, would only bo paving the way for a wholesale fritteiing away of tho stamina of the youthful mind. In the session of 1841 — tho first after the luiion of Upper and Lower Canada — a School Act was passed, permitting the establish- ment of separate Protestant and Koman Catholic Schools under certain circumstances. This Act was amended in 1843 by a Bill introduced into the House by the Hon. F. Hincka, then Inspector General, permitting the establishment of a Separate School, Pro- testant or Catholic, upon the application of ten or more resident freeholders or householders of any School district ; or within tho limits assigned to any town or city school. In the School Act of 1846, amending and superseding the Act of 1843, and establishijig a Council of Public Instruction, and providing for the Nonnal School in the City, the provisions of the Act of 1843 in reference to Separate Schools were re-enacted. In the School Act of 1847, 132 TOEONTO. introcUicod by Hon. J. H. Cameron, creating one Board of School Trnstees and providing for the establishment of schools in the cities and toA>Tis of Upper Canada, the power of determining the "num- ber, sites and descriptions of schools — which shall be established and maintained in such city or town, and whether such school or schools shall be denominational or mjxed," was vested in the Board of Tiiistees created by the Act. This Act failed to give satisfaction The Common School Act of 1850 foUowed, introduced by Hon. F. Hincks, embracing all the provisions of the Acts of 1846-7, and such additions and modifications as experience rendered necessary. Tlie 19th section of this Act provided for the establishment of Sepa- rate Scliools ; the election of Separate School Trustees ; determined the share of the School fund to which they were entitled, and the returns which the Trustees were required to make. Some difficulty arose under this Act in consequence of an ajiplication having been made for the establishment of a second Roman Catholic Separate School in Toronto — and objected to as contrary to the provisions of the Act. The Court of Queen's Bench having sustained the objec- tion, a short Act was introduced in the following session by the Hon. John Ross. This Act received the Royal assent in Aug., 1851. In 1853, however, the Supplementary School Act, introduced by Hon. W. B. Richards, was passed, modifying the Act of 1850 in regard to Separate Schools. The Chief Sui^arintendent was very desirous to ascertain the mind of the peoph; of Upper Canada in regard to the 4th or Separate School section of this Act, and for this purpose made an official tour through the Province, holding a public school-meeting in each County and explaining the draft of the Supplementary BiU. He then proceeded to Quebec to submit the draft to the Government, and the Bill was introduced and passed without a division. This was expected to settle the question, but unfortunately, in 1855, the Hon. Col. Tach^ began to dabble in Upper Canada School matters, but it had been well for the interests of Roman Catholics themselves that he had refrained from such a stei) — as the provisions of this Act are " not so convenient for the supporters of Separate Schools as the foui'th section of the Supple- mentary School Act." Every school established under this Act is "entitled to a share in the fund anmially granted by the Legislature for the support of common schools, according to the average number of pupils attend- ing such school during the twelve next preceding months, or during the number of months which may have elapsed from the establish- ment of a new separate school as compared with the whole number I EDUCATIOK. 133 ■J of pupils attending school in the same city, town, village, or town- ship." The average number of pupils nuist be 15 ^i. more before any share is given ; and no separate school is entitled to ' ' any part or portion of school moneys arising or accruing from local assess- ment for common school pui-poses, within any city, town, village, or township. " The trustees of each are reciuired, on or before the last days of June and December, in each year, to " transmit to the Chief Super- intendent of Schools for Upper Canada, a correct statement of the names of the children attending such school, together with the aver- age attendance during the six next preceding mouths, or during the number of months which may have elapsed since the establishment thereof, and the number of months it shall have been so kept oi^en, and the Chief Superintendent thereupon determines the proportion Avhich the trustees of such separate schools will be entitled to receive out of such legislative grant, and shall pay over the amount thereof to such trustees, and every such statement shall be verified under oath before any Justice of the Peace for the county or union of counties Avitliin which such separate school is situate by at least one of tlie trustees making the same. " " The Local Superintendent of each INIimicipality has authority to visit, in his official capacity, such separate schools within his juris- diction, as are entitled to receive a share of the Public School Grant in the same manner as the conmion schools. " Such is the present Legislative position of the separate schools. The utmost facility is given for their establishment ; Ijut the regula- tioiis of the Educational Department must be strictly adhered to before any share of the Legislative grant is ai^portioned to them. The introduction of this hist Act of 1855, caused a considerable manifestation of hostile feeling to Separate Schools in Upper Canada as it was considered that that Act in its inch'" ate state aimed a blow at our school system. The ministry, however, bent gracefully as the willow, before the blast of indignation with which the Act was met by the western representatives, and the Act in its modified state left matters pretty much where it foimd them. Fortunately that rancorous feeling has gi'eatly subsided, except where ])'.irtie3 assiune a virtuous indignation for mere stage cftect. It would be well that the question were ren)oved as far as possible from the arena of party poUtics, for all are alike interested in the welfare of the Province in a social and educational point of view. Out of the 3,742 common schools in Upper Canada, there are 108 separate schools, established in G4 out of the 400 municipalities of the Western Province, and 134 TORONTO. these exist mostly in city, town, and village municipalities, where the Chief Superintendent says, *' they cei-tainly do no harm to any- body, except to those who establish them." The first separate school was opened in Toronto in 1843. There are now six Roman Catholic separate schools in the city, mtli a registered attendance of 1,286 pupils, — an average of 214 to each school. There are twelve teachers in connexion with these, eight brothers of Religious Orders, and eight sisters of Religious Orders. The schools are all opened with prayer. The amount of income de- rived by these schools for the past year, from Legislative grant, local tax on supporters, and amount subscribed by supporters, was £1039 7s. lOd. , of which sum £550 was paid to teachers, and £489 7s. lOd. devoted to other purposes connected with the schools. Seminaries for Youifo Ladies. — Although ample provision is made, as has been stated, for general mercantile and classical educa- tion of a high order for boys, yet we have no superior education provided for girls. They may spend a few years in the Model School or in the Common School, but then they are left to sliift for themselves. Tliis is the only defect in our educational system, but it is a very grave defect ; for whatever tends to enlighten, elevate, and ennoble woman, is in the most direct, important, and influential manner calculated to give to society a healthy moral sympathetic tone. Men may be polished by education, and may be only so much better fitted to seclude themselves from society for the more arduous prosecution of their respective studies. But woman cannot be edu- cated and refined, without diffusing around her the genial influences of such refinement. Whatever has the tendency, then, to make home happy, either by operating upon society directly as a whole, or more indirectly by exercising a hallowed influence vipon some of its component parts, — wliich influence is again to be reflected on each little family group and blended with all the sweet associations of home, — and, hke the concentric circles on the bosom of some placid lake, widen and expand until it has reached the limits of the social state, — is worthy of the gravest consideration of the wase and good. There may be difficulties attending the establishment of Institutions on the same liberal scale for superior female education that males now enjoy in the U. C. College and University College, but we have hitherto failed to appreciate these difficvdties ; and we know not upon what principle it is that the boys of a family should be educated by the community at large, while the girls are left to be educated or not, as their parents have the means or the inclination to do so. The direct and immediate effect of such short-sighted policy, in a THE PBESS. 135 community like oui-s, where outward show assimies the place of native worth, is to degi'ade the female mind by not only witliliokling the suitable means of culture, bvit by training it to look to other sources for its influence upon society. In the meantime, however, we have several very excellent Seminaries in town for the education of young ladies. These schools are well attended generally, and a good education is afforded ; but, until some more liberal provision is made for female education, our educational system will be radi- cally incomplete. SECTION VI.— THE PRESS. The Press is the great educator of the adult population of the Province, and is only second in importance to our Educational establishments for the training of the rising hoj)es of the country, Canada boasts of a free press, in the largest acceptation of tlie term. The press is free to publish whatever the Editor may list ; free from fiscal exactions and stamp duties of every kind, and freely and gratuitously circulated by the indulgence of the Post Office Depart- ment through aU quarters of the Province. Every Uttle town or village, therefore, that can boast of a church and a tavern, must have its newspaper, in which to expatiate on the supei'iority and salubrity of its respective locality ; to advertise its eligibility as a place of business and the vast extent and fertility of the surrounding district which pours in its untold resources into this favored mart. Not unfrequently these local papers are started or mainly supported, for a time at least, by some jjolitical aspirant, who, by the influence which he may bring to bear for or against the administration for the time being, expects to clear a path for his own advancement. It would ill become me to speak of the way in which many of these papers are conducted, but it is evident to the most casual observer that their power for good is considerably neutralized by the spirit and tone which they display. This is, however, but as the rust on the mirror which dims not those parts which remain untarnished. The press as a whole is conducted in a manner creditable to the Provmce. There are at present four large and reypectable daily papers in the city — the Globe, the Colonist, the Leader, and the Atlas — and the facilities which the publishers now enjoy of sendmg their papers free of postage to all their patrons, have largely increased the daily circu- lation. The Globe is Ultra-Reform in politics ; the Colonist Moderate Conservative ; the Leader Moderate Reform ; the Atlas Tory ; and ^1 - 1 136 TOBOKTO. although throughout the country they may bo cliiefly sujiported by those paiiies respectively whoso particular shade of politics they may be supposed to represent, they are in the city taken pretty much by business men indiscriminately, for their advertisements and arrivals of steamers from England with the news of whatever may agitate Lon- don — the centre of civilization and the mfvrt of the world's commerce. Besides these daily papers we have the Christian Guardian, denomi- national, weekly ; tlio Mirror, denominational, weekly ; the Catholic Freeman, denominational, weekly ; Mackenzie's Weekly Message ; and the Old Countryman, semi-weekly ; the Journal of the Canadian Institute, monthly ; the Gospel Tribune, a monthly religious maga- zine ; the Joiirnal of Education, montlily, published under the auspices of the Educational Department ; the Canadian Agricul- turist, monthly ; the United Presbyterian Magazine, monthly, denominational ; and the Record, Free Church, montldy ; the Eccle- siastical Gazette, Church of England, montlily ; besides several weekly small sheets of a mor-e ephemeral cast. The oldest paper in the City is the Christian Guardian, weekly, commenced in 1829 by the Rev. Dr. Ryerson, and published by the Wesleyan Methodist Conference in connection with their Book Room on King Stret. The Rev. James Spencer has very ably edited the Guardian for the last seven years. Mr. Spencer has recently patented an invention for addressing papers. It is an ingenious machine and suits the purpose admirably. The Mirror, a Roman Catholic weekly, was commenced in 1836 and published by Mr. Charles Donlevy until his decease a few weeks ago. The British Colonist was commenced by Mr. Hugh Scobie in 1838, and conducted with great spirit for a mmiber of years as a semi- weekly. In 1851 Mr. Scobie published the Colonist r . a reduced size as a daily paper, still retaining the semi-weekly and weekly editions. On the death of Mr. Scobie, in 1853, the Colonist passed into the hands of Samuel Thompson -''j Co. , till then the proprietors of the Daily Patriot, who published it up to the 15th of February, 1858, when it was transferred to George Sheppard & Co. , and edited by Mr. Sheppard and Mr. Daniel Morrison as the organ of the Macdonald-Cartier administration. A few weeks ago, on the forma- tion of the Brown-Dorion Government, it was transferred by Mr. Sheppard to Mr. Morrison, its present proprietor, publisher, and talented editor. The Globe was commenced by Mr. George Bi-own in 1844 as a weekly. In 1840 it was published semi-weekly, and in 1849 tri- TSB PBISS. 187 weekly. As the organ of the Baldwin-Lafontaine and Hincks- Baklwin Governments, the Olohe attained a large circulation and a firm hold npon the Reform element of the province. In the end of 1853 tlie Globe a\ti8 published as a daily, and now circulates very extensively throughout the province. The Lcuhr was commenced in 1852 and published as a daily by Mr. James Beaty, under the editorial supervision of Mr. Charles Lindsay, formerly political editor of the Examiner. A semi-weekly, weekly, and evening edition of the Leader are also published. The Catholic Citizen commenced in 1853 by the Messrs. Hayes as a weekly organ of the Catholic interest in the city. It ceased to exist, however, a short time ago, and another of a somewhat different stripe has sprung from its ashes. The Okl Countryman was commenced as a weekly in 1853 by Mr. William Hope, and subsequently published as a semi- weekly under the name of the Toronto Times. Mr. William Lyon Mackenzie, M.P.P., the oldest, most exten- sively informed, and most indefatigable newspaper editor in the pro- vince, commenced the publication of his Message in 1854, presenting his readers weekly with a Literary Ambigu of the most inimitable composition. This literary veteran published the first number of the Colonial Advocate on the 1st of May, 1824, during the Adminis- tration of Sir Peregrine Maitland, a paper which, sho-tly after its commencement "disturbed the Governor's prospects of dignified repose with pungent diatribes on packed juries and government abuses, though as yet warily and cautiously expressed,"* and got its editor into all sorts of imaginable difficulties. With the excep- tion of a short cessation in 1826, " when during a temporary absence from home, his printing office was broken into by parties of respec- table standing who had taken oflfence at his writings, and completely wrecked,"* the Advocate was conducted with great spirit — ^though upon the whole considered rather caustic — till 1834. On the 4th of July, 183G, Mr. Mackenzie started the Constitution, which, on the 4th of December, 1837, was swept away with the debris of the rebellion. The Echo, denominational, was commenced in 1855, and is pub- lished weekly under a Committee of Management. The Atlas, published by Messrs. Samuel Thompson & Co., late proprietors of the Colonist, was commenced on the 9th of July under the editorial management of Mr. Hamilton Hunter. * McMuIIen'a Canada. Ij '/ 188 TOBONTO. The Exam/hver, published in 1837 by Francis Hincks (now Gover- nor of Bdrbadoes) and subsequently by Mr, James Lesslie, exercised a considerable influence on the politics of the province ; but it, as well as the Patriot and the North American, all extreme party papers, liave ceased to exist. I E i I ! i 1 J i \ i i , 1 ( SECTION VII.— CHARITIES. In the establishment of Benevolent and Charitable Institutions, Toronto has kept pace with her progress in commerce and education and in material wealth. The General Hospital, — This institution was incor^iorated in 1847, and is tmder the superintendence of five Tmstees, — three of whom are appointed by Government, -^ne by the City Corporation, and one by the Board of Trade. It is attended by a stafi" of surgeons and physicians appointed by the Trustees. Besides the relief given to upwards of 100 in-door patients on the average, there is a great number of out-door patients, who attend at stated times for medical aid. Tliis institution forms a sort of medical school, where the medical students attending college resort daily, at a stated hoiu*, to " walk the wards " with' the attending physician for the week. The Hospital is largely endowed with lands within the limits of the city, upwards of 400 acres having been voted for that purpose in 1817, by an order in Coimcil. It has, in addition, an aimual grant of £2,000 &om the Legislatiu:e. Lunatic Asylum. — This is a provincial institution, supported by an aimual grant from the Legislatvu-e, and a tax of one penny in the poirnd on the rateable property of each Municipality. It was opened in 1841, in the Old Jail on Toronto Street, imder the medical super- intendence of Dr. William Rees, who had been mainly instrvimental in its establishment. This building waa soon fovmd too small for the number of applicants, and the Asylum was opened in larger premises on the corner of Front and Bathurst Streets. The Ordnance Department granted fifty acres of the Garrison Common for the site of more commodious buildings, and in 1845 the present Asylum was commenced. The Medical Superintendent and Bursar are appointed by the Government. The present incumbents are John Workman, M.D., Superintendent; John McKirdy, Bursar. Tliere are four Visiting Commissioners, also appointed by Government, who frame by-laws for the regulation of the institution, examine it regularly, CHASITIE». 139 iitutious, ducation )rated in -three of poration, svirgeona ief given ) a great L* medical here the hour, to k. The the city, 1817, by .f £2,000 orted by iiy in the ,s opened al siiper- umental ,11 for the pi'emisea )rdnance the site iuni wa3 ppointed orkman, are four o frame jgularly, L and report to Hin Excellency the Governor General. The present Visiting Commissionei's are William Cawthra and James Boaty, of Toronto, Robert Armour, of Bowmanville, and Hon. Samuel Mills, of Hamilton. Although at the time of the erection of the building it was considered that accommodation for 260 patients would be suffi- cient, yet from 350 to 400 are crowded into it ; consequently, pa- tients are only admitted when a vacancy occurs, and according to priority of appUcation. In 1856 a branch institution was opened in the University grounds, and in 1857 it contained sixty females and six males. The House of Industry. — ^This is a local institution, established in 1837 for the relief of the mdigent poor, and supported by volun- tary contributions, aided by an annual parliamentary grant of £500. It is managed by a Superintendent, under the direction of a com- mittee of gentlemen, annually chosen at a public meeting of the inhabitants called for that purpose. There is a school kept in the building, conducted by a respectable elderly female, one of the in- mates, where the young children in the institution are educated. The Lyixo-in Hospital. — Tliis institution, estabhshed in 1848, is under the management of a number of ladies, who visit it regu- larly. It is open at all hoxxrs, and being supported by voluntary contributions, aided by an annual grant of £75 from Government, medical attendance is aflForded free of charge. The Catholic Orphan Asylum was established in 1849, for the puri^ose of affording shelter, maintenance and protection to destitute orphans, Kalf-orphans, and children whose parents, from sickness or otherwise, are unable to support them. It is supported by voluntary contributions, and principally by the collections at St. Michael's Cathedral. The Protestant Orphans' Home. — In 1851, when Jenny Lind visited Toronto m her musical tour through America, she gave a concert in St. LaAvrence Hall, the proceeds of which — over £400 — were to be devoted to the fomiding of some charity commemorative of the event. J. G. Bowes, Esq., then Mayor of the city, having entertained the Swedish Nightingale at his OAvn mansion during her stay in the city, was entrvisted with the application of the money. After consultation with some friends, it was resolved to found an Oqihans' Home and Femiale Aid Society, and the preliminary steps having been taken, a temporary Home was opened in a building on Bay Street, in 1852, for the reception of that class of persons for i'l .^1 r. I I i I i 140 TOBOVTO. •»rhich the charity had been established. In 1854 a permanent Home ■was erected in Sullivan Street, on a site presented by Hon. Robert Baldwin and Hon. William Cayley jointly, through the intercession of Dr. Rees, to whose unwearied exertions in the cause of humanity the City is indebted for many of its Institutions, and 60 children are at present enjoying a home and education within its walls. The in- stitution is managed by a committee of ladies, chosen annually, at a meeting of the members of the society, that is, of those who have contributed £1 and upwards to the charity. The office-bearers for the present year are — First Directress Mrs. Murray. Second Directress Mrs. M. R. Yankoughnet. Treasurer Mrs. Robarts. Secretary Mrs. Small. \ Chaplain Rev. Dr. Lett. Medical Officer Dr. Ogden. Matron Mrs. Mary Holmes. The institution receives an annual grant of £200 from the Govern- ment, and the balance necessary to the working of the cHarity is made up by private subscription. At its commencement the Home was catholic in its management, being supported and conducted by Protestants of various denominations, indiscriminately ; but by the somewhat unscrupidous energy of the chaplain, the institution be- came an adjunct of the Church of England, a clause being inserted in the 7th section of the By-laws, providing that "a school shall al- ways form part of the establishment, and religious instruction of the Chm'ch of England shall be included in the daily education of the school." The chaplain and some of his supporters deteimined to have the new Home opened by the Bishop of the Diocese, in order to determine its episcopal character ; but in this he was disappointed. His motion was carried at a small meeting, and the Secretary, a yoimg lady belonging to the Kirk of Scotland, in commmiicating the Resohition to His Lordship, stated also the fact that the feeling of the meeting was not at all unanimous as to the propriety of His Lordsliip opening the institution — thus making it strictly episcopal in its character. The result was that the Bishop refused to comply with the resolution. At a subsequent meeting an attempt was made to pass a vote of censm^ on the Secretary, but it was defeated. The Secretary, however, resigned her office. A correspondence was opened up with Mr. Bowes as to his ideas of the character of the institution, but the replies of Mr. Bowes were very vague and inde- finite. A committee was then deputed to wait upon the Bishop ■'<,'•■" MUNICIPAL ABBAirOEMBNTS. 141 to ask him to reconsider his decision ; but from that day to this the institution has not been opened in any public way, and it is left pretty much to the guidance of its chaplain, — who along with Mr. Gmnett and Mr. T. P. Robarts, form the Committee of Counsel for the present year. Fortunately the mellowing influence of time has soothed the animosity which injured feelmgs had excited, and the institution continues to minister satisfactorily to that destitute class for whose amelioration it was established. The financial state of its affairs, as presented by last report, is as follows : INCOME. Special Donations £ 871 16 Legacy, £100, and 2 years' interest thereon, £12 112 Ordinary Subscriptions and Donations 2198 17 9 Extraordinary do 408 5 9 Parliamentary Grants 1125 Gain on Investments 70 17 6 Interest 134 9 Loan 21 Total amount of Income for 7 years £4441 17 ti EXPENDITURE. House Expenses dE!1764 1 1 Cost of Furniture 140 6 9 Incidental Expenses 192 19 9 Extraordinary Expenses .... 67 Cost of Erecting " The Orphaas' Home,". . . £1888 5 7 Additions and improvements since 204 6 7 2092 11 2 Total amount of Expenditure for 7 years £4256 18 9 SURPLUSFTJNDS. Investment in Consumers' Gas Stock Company of Toronto. £150 15 Cash in hands of Treasurer on Ist June, 1858 84 3 9 £184 18 9 SECTION VIII. —MUNICIPAL ARRANGEMENTS. Toronto was incorporated in 1834. The City was then divided into five Wards, each returning two Aldermen and two CouncUmen to the Council Board. Since then other two Wards have been formed, and the City Council has thereby been increased to 28 — 14 Aldermen and 14 Councilmen. The Aldermen, in addition to their functions at the Council Board, act as City Magistrates in police and A r. 142 l!OtlO»TO. ' ( ! i ! i other matters. Thci elections to civic honoitra take place annually, on the first Monday and Tuesday of January, and during these two days considerable excitement prevails in some of the Wards. From the list of Aldermen elected, the Mayor is chosen by the whole Council, the City Clerk, by virtue of his official character, presiding over the meeting, the friends of the Mayor apparent contenting themselves on such occasions with simply nominating their favorite candidate, without condescending to panegyric, the result being pretty definitely determined previously. The system of re-election for a first and second time to the Mayoralty has prevailed very generally, and where there is no manifest disqualification it is not only gratifying, as expressive of satisfaction with the previous ad- ministration, but prudent in so far as the management of civic afiaira is concerned. There are many improvements projected in one year which require a couple of years or so to complete, and the Mayor being a member, ex officio, of all Committees, is by his experience enabled to render great service to the new Council, for even although many old members may be returned there is very generally an entire change of Committees. In cases of new election, however, the honour of Mayoralty is seldom if ever conferred upon one elected for the first time to the Council, a little civic service being considered indispensable. Since the incorporation of the City we have had the following Mayors : — 1834 — Wm. Lyon Mackenzie. 1835— R. B. Sullivan. 1830— Dr. Morrison. 1837 — George Gumett. 1838 \ 1839 [ John PowelL 1840 ) 1841 — George Munro. 1842 ^ 1843 > Henry Sherwood. 1844 ) 1845 ^ 1846 > WilUam H. Boulton. 1848 ^ 1849 [ George Gmiiett. 1860 ) 1851 ^ 1852 [ John G. Bowes. 1853) 1854 — Joshua G. Beard, 1855— George W. Allan., 1856 — Jolm B. Robinson. 1857 — John Hutchison. 1858— Wm. H. Boulton. 1847) The Council meets every Monday evening at half-past seven o'clock throughout the year. The doors are open to the pubUc, and every attention is paid to strangers to provide them with a comfort- able seat within the bar where the discussions that take place may be fully heard. MUNICIPAL ABBAVOEMElTTa. 148 "While the povfoction of tho Municipal system of Govommont is one of the most sti'iking and important features of our constitution, it is very evident that its paramount claims have not liitherto been siifficiently recognized, for nothing strikes the stranger more than tho total inai)titudo of many of the members of the Council for the transaction of the business brought before them. Aimnally a num- ber of men are sent to the Council Board by the voice of the people, who have not even studied tho rudiments of the municipal system, and wlio meet week after week without ever condescending to make themseh'es familiar with the rules and regulations which govern their own meetings. Fortunately, Mr. Charles Daly, the Clerk who was installed at the incorporation of the City in 1834, still retains the important position which for so many years he has so ably filled, and to him the Coimcil looks for guidance in all their movements. The monetary affairs of the Corporation are conducted by the City Cham- berlain and his assistants. The account for tlie saLiries of Munici- pal officers for 1857, was £15,432 12s. 4d. Liabilities of the City. — The estimated liabilities for tho pre- sent year, as presented by the Finance Committee in their Report No. 15, amount to |614,550.68* to be provided for as follows : — Amount due oa the 81st Dec, 185 7, on accouDt of the revenue of that year JlGSjtSS . 22 Amount of Rental, Licenses, Market Fees, &c., for 1858. .. . 62,712.00 Amount of over expenditure for 1857, proposed to be pro- vided for by an issue of Debentures 94,663 . 80 6324.134.02 Leaving a balance of $290,416.66 to be provided for by assessment in the following manner : For School purposes S|d. in tho £ or H cents in the J, on £516,000 or $2,080,000 t!3,041.67 For Sinking Fund and interest on Debentures Is. Id. in the £ or 6J cents in the| 111,583.83 General purposes, including dog tax, Is. 6|d. in the £ or 7f cents in the $ 160,791.67 $302,416.67 Less— Probable losses. 12,000.00 S290,416.67 The amount of " over expenditure " for 1867, |94,663.80, was caused by a somewhat undue stretch of civic official responsibility. * The City Accounts are now, from June 1858, kept in dollars and cents. 144 T0B05T0. The construction of tho Esplanade, even after all the diHctiHsion which it evoked, Heeius to have been undertaken — as too many of the City Council jobs ure — without sufficient forethought, only a very partial provision having been made fo^ the outlet of the City Heweruge, and no provision at all for the gradiial subsidence of the water necessarily enclosed in the formation of the breastwork. Only foiu* sewers were mentioned in the specifications — one in Brock street, one in Suucoo street, one in Nelson street, and one in any other street between Brock and Nelson streets. Four sewers only were therefore pro- vided with outlets, and the consequence was that ere the other Bewers which formerly found a ready outlet in the Bay could bo otherwise provided for — which was ultimately done at considerable expense to the city — they were dammed up, and the sewerage mmgled with the enclosed water^ now left stagnant, produced a very noisome effluvia. The Medical Faculty — ^the legitimate guardians of the City*9 salubrity — after a lengthened consultation, prognosticated sudden pestilence if the nuisance were not at once abated. The Council met, and in their emergency empowered the Mayor, without delay^ to make arrangements "for filling up the large space in front of the City, situated between the south side of Palace and Front Streets and the north line of the Esplanade." A contract was accordingly entered into, which many of the citizens and several of the City papers declared to be a job, inasmuch as it was given to parties who had not the means of completing it. A By-law was passed, autho- rizing the issue of £75,000 of Debentures, to pay, amongst other things, for the Mayor's contract ; and some of the Debentm-es were disposed of in the English market, when the By-law was quashed by oiu* Law Courts as being informal, as it had not been submitted to the vote of the citizens, and tho issue of the Debentures was declared illegal, and they were consequently recalled. A By-law for the issue of £50,000 of Debentures was accordingly passed by the Councils and submitted to the popular vote. It was, however, vetoed by a large majority, the citizens plainly declaring that they had little confidence in the men who would have the exjjenditiire of the money. The Council quietly pocketed the afiront, passed a By- law for £25,000, which was also vetoed, and then without the slight- est compunction drew |32,000 from the Jail Fund to complete the sewerage and $66,000 from the Esplanade Fund to pay for filling up the open space referred to, leaving their successors to make up the deficiency. In doing so, the present Finance Committee say — " In the cases referred to it would appear to have been a diflicult matter lion which F tho City >ry partial tnvgu, and ucuHHorily wors wore in Siiucoo between iiore pro- bhe other ' could be isiderable sewerage od a very he City's d sudden e Council lut delay^ )nt of the t Streets cordingly the City rties who autho- gst otlier u'cs were lashed by nitted to declared for the by the however, hat they diture of ed a By- le slight- plete the filling up :e up the ly — " In It matter % ■ vKi MUNICIPAL ABBANOEMENTB. 145 to have adopted any different course in tho voiy aiionwIouH poitithn in wliich tho Corporation wiut plivcud." ThiH over expenditure is therefore provided for by tho issue of DolHjntures as pn)posetl by tho Finance Couiinittee. Tlio Council having appropriated the City's share of tlie proceeils of tho wvle of tlie Clergy Reserves to tho construction d the business of licensing increased, that the City Council in 1854 considered themselves justi- fied in appointing a General Inspector of Licenses to superintend this department, to grant all hcenses, receive the money therefor, and prosecute all parties belonging to Ucensed avocations who have not complied with the rules of Iiis office. As a matter of course, everything is licensed. We have Shop licenses. Auctioneer licenses, Eating-house licenses. Ten-pin Alley licenses, Pedlar's licenses, Menagerie licenses. Billiard licenses, &c, , &c. , and a certain revenue is derived to the city thereby. The amount received for Licenses in 1864 was £3,298 15 Do do 1855 was 4,079 9 6 Do do 1856 was 4,439 11 8 Do do 1867 was 6,399 15 To this requires to be added £571 23. 6d. for 1857 for fines and fees accruing from violations of the I-icense Law, cliiefly for selling spirits without license. The number of licenses gi-anted for 1857, with their pecuniary results, was as follows ; — h I I I ! I < i I f 148 TOBONTO. 116 Shop Licenses,* amounting to jC1,155 260 Hotel, Inn, and Tavern Licenses, at £12 8. 9d 3,168 15 16 Auctioneer Licenses, at £10 160 153 Cab Licenses 293 4 Eating-houses 16 5 Ten-pin Alleys 15 13 Pedlars' Licenses 65 6 Menagerie do 101 2 6 6 Livery do 60 1 Temperance House 3 15 96 Butchers' Licenses. 24 299 Carters' do 809 S Billiard Table Licenses 30 Total £6,399 16 The Fire Brigade. — In consequence of a somewhat general dis- affection having been manifested by the several volunteer companies of firemen which formed the Fire Brigade of the City, an Act was passed by the City Council on the 24th September 1855, to repeal the law under which they were organized and to make provision for the organization and. management of the Fire Brigade hereafter. By virtue of this Act the new Brigade was placed under the control and direction of the Committee on Fire, Water, and Gas, for the time being. The Brigade consists of one Chief Engineer, two Assistant Engineers, chosen annuaily by the City Council, and form- ing the Board of Engineers, of which the Chief Engineer is Chair- man. Two Engine Companies of 35 men each ; two of thirty men each ; two of 25 men each ; one Hook and Ladder Company of 25 men ; and one Hose Company of 40 men. The Board of Engineers are held responsible for the discipline and good order of the whole Brigade, and for the care of all the apparatus belonging to the department. Each company has one Captain, one Lieutenant, and one Secretary, nominated annually by the Board. The remuneration for the services of the Brigade is fixed in the Act of organization. Chief Engineer, per annum £200 First Assistant Engineer, per annum 60 Second do do 40 Captains of Companies do 20 lieutenants do> do . . . : 15 Secretaries do do 12 Branchmen do do 12 Men do do 10 * Licenses granted to Grocers to sell spirits by the quart. 15 > . 2 6 » 15 £200 60 40 20 15 12 12 10 MITNICIFAL ABBAKGEMEirrS. 149 In order that they may be distinguished at fires from the other citizens, they are required to wear a imiform dress and cap. Tlie apparatus belonging to the department are : — 8 Engines, direct action, 6^ inch cylinders, 16 inch stroke. 1 Engine, " 1 " "16 " 1 " direct eide action, '7^ inch cylinders, 7 inch stroke. 1 " old style " 1 " " 10 " 6 Engines, together with suction hose, bells, lamps, leather buckets, span- ners, &c., &Q. 1 Hook and Ladder Carriage, with ladders, poll hooks, oand hooks, chain hooks, axes, &c., &c. 1 old Hook and Ladder Carriage. 1 four-wheeled Hoso Carriage. 9 two-wheeled Hose Reels. 1000 feet of good Hose. 1200 " ordinary Hose. 1650 " indiflferent Hose. 12 Hydrant Keys. Stations of the Brigade. No. 1. — Phoenix Company 35 men — is stationed on Court Street Ko. 2 — Rescue Company 30 " " " «« Fi. 8.— British North America Co. .80 " " •* Bay Street. U ). 4.— Victoria Company 26 " New Fire Hall, Queen St. No. 5. — Deluge Company 25 " " Berkeley Street. No. 0.— Provincial Company 35 " " " Bay Street Hose Company 40 " " ♦' " Hock and Ladder Company 25 " •• Court Street. During the year 1857 there were 33 fires, which destroyed 8 frame dwellings, 5 gi'ocery stores, 2 taverns, 7 carpenter's shops, 4 stables, 1 shed, and 1 barn ; in all 28 frame buildings. There were no brick buildings destroyed d\uing the year ; six were, however, slightly damaged. Loss BY Fires. The estimated loss by fire during the year 1857 £12,686 The amount of insurance on property destroyed or injured 46,775 Loss to parties over the amount of their insurance 8,267 Insurance on property destroyed or injured, over the amount of loss 41,386 The origin of the fires which occurred during the year, is thua so far accounted for : *^1' ! I 'll t 1 1 M ■4m. !! 150 TOBOSTO. Accidental from carelessness with stoves and stove pipes 8 " *' Lighted candles 2 <* " Gas light left near wood work 1 " " Warm ashes left in wood 1 «• " Lighted pipe or cigar 1 " " Chimney on fire , set fire to roof 3 " " Children playing with lucifer matches 1 17 Incendiary 4 V .tuse unknown 12 33 The expenses of the Fire Department for 1857 were £3,546 12s. 9d,, which includes £140 to carters for water at fires. Water Supply. — Toronto is miserably ill supplied with water, both as to qiiality and quantity, although in the great Lake wliich forms our southern bulwark we have an abundant and imfailing source of supply of pure and wholesome water. As regards the quality of the water supplied, — ^it is enough to say that it is drawn from the Bay — wliich in turn receives the entire sewerage of a city of 50,000 inhabitants, — and has been hitherto served out without the slighest filtration. As to quantity, while we have nearly 1(X) miles of streets opened, there are not more in all than from 15 to 20 miles of pipes laid, and a great portion of that even is comparatively useless for the purpose intended. The Reservoir, too, which affords the cliief service, is upon so low a level that the water will not rise in the city to the upper floors of the high houses, and is therefore unavailable unless carried up by hand. The cistern of the New Masonic Hall on Toronto Street, for example, having been placed immediately under the roof, requires to be supplied with a force pump that all the offices may have a service. The citizens, however, are not entirely limited to this scanty supply. There is an abimd- ance of the finest drinking water, held up by the blue clay, and obtained throughout the city at various depths from 12 to 30 feet. The private wells are therefore numerous, and those families that live beyond the very restricted range of the water pii)es, depend for their waaliing water on the copious showers which from time to time yield a bountiful supply. Chain pumps and large wooden cisterns are consequently in great requisition. On the 18th of September, 1841, an Act was passed by the Pro- vincial Legislature incorporating Joseph Masson, Albert Fumiss and John Strang, under the style and title of "The Toronto Gas Light 'ii- wml^ MUNIOIFAIi ABBAIT DEMENTS. 151 8 2 1 1 1 3 1 17 4 12 and Water Company." " The better to onablo such institution to conduct and extend the business of manufacturing gas, and lighting the City of Toronto with gas, and of supplying the same with water," the Company was authorized to raise such a sum '' as sludl nut ex- ceed £40,000, for the purpose of completing and maintauiing said Gas and Water Works, and for no other purpose whatever. " The Gaa Works had been commenced before tins Act was iiassed, but the water supply does not seem to have been forthcoming for some time after, for we find articles of p^reement tlrawn up on the 15th November, 1842, between the City of Toronto on the one part, and Albert Furniss and Joseph Masson on the other, in reference to the construction of the Water Works. It is therein stated : — That whereas it is the intention of the said Albert Furniss and Joseph Masson to ei-ect and build Water Works in the said City of Toronto, for the purpose of supplying the uihabitants with pm-e and whole- some water, and for the public use of the said city ; — the City of Toronto have agreed with the said Albert Furniss and Joseph Masson for a supply of water for twenty fire plugs, to be pliiced at such pomts and places witliin the said City of Toronto as have been selected and pointed out by the Standing Committee on Gas and Water Works, and for which the City of Toronto shall and will pay to the said Albert Fmiiiss and Joseph Masson the sum of £250 per annum for 21 years, the payment to commence when five miles of mains sliall liave been laid, or as much thereof as shall be necessary to supply the said fire plugs. "And in case the said twenty fire plugs be not found suflieient for the supply of water at fires within the distance so laid down on the map, — ^the said Albert Fm-niss and Joseph Masson shall and will supply as many additiomd fire plugs within that distance as equal the number supplied in New York or Philadelphia Water Works in the same distance or length of pipes." After some arrangements about the trenching and filling up of the streets, and laying the pipes, &c., there comes the following clause :— "They, the said Albert Furniss and Joseph Masson, shall and will during the 21 years give a full and sufficient supply of water for the purpose of extinguisliing fires at any time, and at .all points where mains or pipes may be laid from the said Water Works over and above the number of fire pings hereinbefore mentioned as the said Committee shall require, the said City of Toronto being at the ex- pense of the said fire plugs and erecting the same ; but that the said fire plugs first mentioned shall be dvu-ing 21 years kept in good working order by Furniss and Masson." Under this agreement the Water Works were commenced, and >l : n 1 1 \ 152 TOBOWTO. the twenty fire phigs were erected, for which the Company received £250 a year. In process of time, however, the mains were extended beyond the limits marked on the map, and the City Council very properly took advantage of the privilege in the agreement to erect a nimiber of fire plugs or hydrants upon the mains so laid down ; but with an obliquity seldom indeed exhibited by public bodies, although they have erected fifty hydrants over and above the twenty originally stipulated for, they continue to pay only the original annual sum of £250 for the water supplied therefrom. It is neither creditable to the judgment nor the honesty of the City Council to take advantage of any inexplicit or loose wording in an agreement drawn up, I have no doubt, in good faith, for the mutual in barest of all parties con- cerned, — for whatever tortuous cotistruction may be put upon it, there is abundant evidence on the face of it that the Company were for 21 years to maintain in efficient working order only twenty fire plugs, and supply the same with water for the sum of £250 per annum, and whatever number over and above that might be considered necessary by the Committee on Gas and Water outside the five mile limit, were to be erected and maintained at the proper expense of the City Comicil. While the Company bound themselves to supply an indefinite number of fire plugs with water, they only covenant to supply twenty for £250 a year. I have been thus particvdar with the Agreement of 1841, because from this niggardly policy of the Council, more than f'-om any other cause, has resulted the fact that the Water Company has only from 800 to 900 water takers in a city with 7,500 houses, and even that small niunber very inadequately supplied. The city extended rapidly, but Mi\ Fumiss, who shortly after the establishment of the Works, became sole proprietor, had no countenance nor encourgement from the City Council to extend his works to meet the necessary wants of the city. He extended therefore very slowly, and contented himself with endeavoring to draw the interest of his invested capital out of the pipes already laid. The City Coimcil, instead of meeting him with that free and generous spirit which is generally exhibited by public bodies, took every opportunity of harassing him, and when there was a deficiency of water, as it was impossible there could otherwise be, an action for damages was raised. In this way they expended the money of the city, which would have gone far to help the proprietor of the Water Works to extend his means of supply. For several years cases of this kind were pending in oiu* Law Courts between the City Cotmcil and Mr. Fumiss, the citizens being the only losers. >«w. I MtJKIOIFAL ABBAVOEMENTS. 153 In 1851 Mr. Fumiss, worried and diBheartened with tlio treatment he liad received at the hands of the City Council, and having all his interests and associations in Montreal, sold the works for £22,020 128. 6d,, to a joint stock company, at the head of which was Mr. Charles Borczy. One condition of the sale was that £0,500 sliould bo expended in extending the works. This company, however, after expending over £800 in addition to the £9,500 for works then under contract, being disappointed in their appeal to the City Council for a new and more equitable arrangement in regard to the supply of the fire hydrants, — although such arrangement was drafted and reported by the then committee of Fire, Water, and Gas, — was glad to got quit of the works again, and in 1853 Mr. Fumiss came to the rescue. He repiu-chased the works for £32,308 5s., returning the debentures which had been given him. Having got the works into his own hands again, he proceeded to make further improvements. He pur- chased a new pumping engine, constmcted a new 12-inch rising main to the St. George's Square reservoir, built a large Bath and Washing establishment, and had projected several extensions to the supply pipes, expending in all something like £15,000. On the 10th of June, 1858, however, he disposed of his whole interest in the works to the Metropolitan Gas and Water Company. In 1863 an Act was passed incorporating Frederic Cliaae Capreol and several other gentlemen, under the title of the Metropolitan Gas and Water Company, to supply the city with pure water and cheap gas. The provijions of the Act were not, however, taken advantage of. In 1855 Mr. Capreol, having in the meantime pur- chased out the other corporators, got the Act of 1853 amended, by increasing the capital stock of the company to £250,000, and making such other alterations as he considered necessary to its eft'ective working ; and on the 3l8t May, 1856, the Metropohtan Company was organized, the Hon. Hamilton H. Killaly, James Beaty, and Frederic Chase Capreol, were elected Provisional Directors, and Mr. Capreol was elected President. In the winter of 1856-7, Mr. Capreol, having gone to England, made a contract with the firm of Dales, Brothers, for the construction of the works of the Metro- politan Company, the nature of which was, that the contractors shoidd lay down pipes in every street in the city, equipped with all necessary fire-plugs or hydrants of the most approved description, and construct two reservoirs with a storage capacity of 10,000,000 of gallons each, allowing an average daily supply of forty gallons per head ; the whole to be completed, in the most perfect order, for the sum of £450,000. The site' selected by the Engineer of the Company h: 164 TORONTO. I for the reservoir is five and a half miles east of the city, on the high ground adjoining the town line of Scarborough, lying between the Kingston Koad and the Grand Trunk Railway. It is 246 feet above the level of the lake, whence the water shall be drawn by powerful engines, through a main of thirty inches diameter, and will give gravi- tating power sufficient to supply the highest houses in Yorkville, the site of which, at the northern city limits, is 135 feet above the level of the lake. The advantage of reservoirs at such an elevation is incalculable in cases of fire, because the necessary delay in all cases from tlie moment of the fire alarm to the time a fire engine com- mences to play is so great that the fires are not then easily checked. This delay is estimated at twenty-eight minutes by Mr. Braidwood, of the London Fire Department, where all their apparatus is kept in excellent order ; while the time elapsing between the fire alarm and the application of a hose to a high-pressure water supply, such as that which Montreal now enjoys, is the work of two minutes, and the property is consequently saved. In order to enable them to carry on their operations, the Company applied to the Legislatiure for an amendment to their charter, authorizing the City Cotmcil to levy a small frontage tax in their behalf, on the line of all the streets in which pipes should be laid ; in eonsequence of many of the streets being only partially built upon, and therefore not furnishing water consmners sufficient to pay the interest of the money necessarily smik in laying down pipes in these streets. This was considered by the Company the most equitable mode of raising a portion of the necessary revenue, while it is very evident that, without such an inducement, any Company might hesitate before investing so much capital without the slightest pros- pect of a suitable ret\u*n therefor. Some members of the City Council, however, for reasons best known to themselves, opposed the Company's Bill, and succeeded, by a blatant show of virtuous care for the interests of the City, in getting a Bill introduced into the Legislature, asking power to construct Works for the City imder their own control. On the 10th of April, 1857, the Secretary of the Company published an address to the Bate-payers of the City, explaining the pecuniary phase of the question in so far as it wovdd affect the Rate-payers, if the Council were so unwise as to proceed with the construction of new Works, adding so materially as it would to the debt of the City. He then stated briefly the nature and extent of the contract for the construction of the Company's Works, and the supply which might be calculated upon — "thus placing the residents on the thinly-settled streets on the same footing ■■■ MrVICIPAX ABBANQEHBlirTB. 155 ?a regards water supply, with the residents on King street or any other densely peopled part of the City, as the supply is calculated for a population of one hundred thousand. For this, the Council is asked by the Company to levy a small frontage rate, — say for the sake of illustration 6d. a foot, — upon all the property fronting the streets through which the waiier^pipes are laid. By this equitable mode of assessment, the mechanic with his house of 18 feet front would pay an annual water rate of 9s. , and for this his house would be protected against !fire, and the street on which he resides would be watered as often as the residents thereon thought proper to do so, without fur iier additional expense for water. The house with its 50 feet frontage would pay a frontage rate of £1 5s., — and if a water supply was desired for baths and other domestic conveniences, — An additional rate of, say £2 10s. wovdd ,be levied, making in all £3 15s. for the same .amount of oonvenience which would cost £20 if the Council prooeed in the way which has been chalked out ; — while the City will remain unburdened with debt, our debentures would remain at par, and the Municip^ty would be able to move more easily into any City improvement, than they would be if they entered upon the ruinous course of at present constructing new Water Works under the control of the Corporation." The City's Bill was, however, passed by the Legislature, and, as was conjectiured at the time by those who were behind the scenes, it was allowed to remain a dead letter. The Board of Trade also stepped out of its legitimate path to petition the Legislatiu-e against the Company's Bill, and in their Annual Report alluded somewhat complacently to the fact, "feeling assiured that such a bill would immensely increase oiu: taxes without any oommensurate benefit to the City." To this self -laudatory paragraph the Secretary of the Company replied in the following issue of the Daily Colonist which contained the Report. After stating why he had lifted the pen, he says — " Of course it would be very difficult for me to say what would be, in the estimation of the Council of the Board of Trade, a comnien- surate benefit for any amount expended. But if the benefit of an abimdant supply of pure water for domestic puiposes, and for a protection against fire, be not commensurate with the frontage rate, the Metropolitan Water Company asked the Legislature to give the City Council the power of imposing in their behalf, — ^then it is im- possible to conceive any benefit that wotild be commensurate. " Dining the time the bill was under discussion I showed, and I believe satisfactorily, in a letter addressed to the Rate-payers, that Pi . « I 1 •1 i 'J 166 TOBOITTO. i| a frontage rate such as that specified in the Metropolitan Water Company's Bill, was the most eqiiitable mode of helping to meet the demands which any Company would require to make, in oixler to supply the city sufficiently with water. For it is not as a domestic convenience alone to those who are in comfortable circumstances that an abundant supply of water is needed in the city. There are sauitaiy considerations of far greater and more serious importance than any merely superficial view of the question could suggest, and in these considerations all are deeply interested. The tainted atmo- sphere remains not hovering, where it becomes impregnated with the jwisonous exhalations. It is wafted to those happier spots where internal comfort reigns, and where all external is comeliness and propriety. It is breathed not alone by the poorer classes, or by those who have little or no connexion with Boards of Trade, other than the boards of trade on which they sit or at which they gtand to perform their daily labor. But there is that other con- sideration which especially belongs to the Coimcil of the Board of Trade ; the effect which a full supply of water in a City has upon the rates of Insurance at which property is protected. This is a question upon which I need not cumber your space by giving any quotations, as every city which rises from a water supply such as we now have in Toronto, to one such as the Metropolitan Water Company intend to afford, adds only to the accxuuulated evidence on this point. I wiU, therefore, give a home illustration of the way in which that class more inunediately connected with the Board of Trade would be affected by the operations of the Metropolitan Water Company's Bill Take, for example, the line of King Street from Betley and Kay's comer to Laidlaw and Co.'s comer, on Church street, — a distance of 880 feet, which may be taken as insured at an average of £500 per foot, making a total risk of £440,000, which, at |th per cent, premium, gives an annual outlay for Insurance alone of £3,850. The inevitable consequence of a full supply of water, with sufficient water- jets and fire-plugs, would be a saving of £1,980 in this amount of £3,850, by a reduced premium. Then there has to be set against this as a drawback, the amount of frontage-rate that wodld be entailed by the Metropolitan Water Company's Bill, which, for the same line, would be £22, leaving a clear saving of £1,958 — a saving in which all the citizens who require to go a shopping have a direct pecuniary interest. But this saving is simply in the item of Insu- rance, The property in which the Colonist Office is situated — ^which is within the line I have sketched — and which was so recently destroyed by fire, wiU enable you to form a pretty coirect idea as to -i MUKIOIPAL ABBA.VOEMBKTB. 157 whether any further sum should not \ie set down us a direct siiviiig, if a sufficient supply of water was provided. As to the reductii)n of the rates of Insurance, that is a point beyond doubt. It has been so in all other cities. The rates in Liverpool fell as Hoon as their new Water supply was introduced, from 40b. pt r cent, to Sa. per cent. ; and there is nothing extravagant in calculating on a reduc- tion here of from ITs. 6d. to 8s. 6d. per cent. Then over and above this direct and immediate saving from insurance and from property protected from destruction, there will be a saving of several thousands annually to the city, by dispensing with an expensive Fire department. And yet the Council of the Board of Trade could not see that any benefit commensurate with the frontage rate would be obtained." Siich was the position of the Metropolitan Company at the close of 1857. The Comicil, representing on a large scale the Dog in the Manger, would neither proceed with their own Bill nor assist those to proceed who were desirous to do so. In the early part of 1858, a correspondence was opened between the Company and the Com- mittee on Fire, Water and Gas, with a view to the preparation of some measure upon which both parties would find it to their interest to agree, in order that Water Works adequate to the wants of the City might be commenced without further delay. But, after a delay of several months, the correspondence was abrai)tly termi- nated. On the 10th of June the Metropolitan Company entered upon possession of the Toronto Water Works, having purchased out Mr. Fumiss's interest at a valuation determined by Walter Shanly and Thomas C. Keefer, Civil Engineers, and since that time several improvements have been effected. But until new works are c(m- structed the City will not be adequately supplied, nor wUl tliat supply be so pure as the health of the citizens demands. The mere transfer of the works from one proprietary to another will neither alter the elevation of the reservoirs nor cleanse the Bay from the impurities daily drained into it by the sewers of the city, nor enlarge the mains so as to afford an abundant supply. In all those points the present works are exceedingly defective, and no amount of patching will very materially alter the state of matters. The very great importance of tliis subject is a sufficient apology for entering into it so minutely in a work of this kind, for an abunchint supply of pure wholesome water is not only a great protection to a city, but it is the greatest physical comfort which the citizens con enjoy. And yet, this water supply seems always somehow to be taken i 108 TOUOHfOi for granted. If a fire occurs beyond the limited range of the water pipes, and property is destroyed, the citizens give vent to a good deal of virtiiotiB indignation, foi^etting all the while that thoy have a res- ponsible duty to perform in suvh a matter as well as any Company which might imdertake to fiumish a water supply. There must be mutual co-operation to ensure mutual advantage, and it is perhaps too' groat a stretch of credulity for the residentd of a sparsely settled city like Toronto, with upwards of 100 miles of streets opened and not more than thirty miles of houses, all told, to sit idly by, and imagine that any Company can afford to lay down seventy miles of pipes, — which for all immediate purposes of house service, and consequently of revenue, must be unproductive, without some guarantee such as that asked by the Metropolitan Water Company, that at least a portion of the interest on the invested capital shall be secured. We are not indeed without an hono\n:able precedent for such a course in the case of Sir Hugh Myddleton, who, in the early part of the 17th century, introduced the New River wa/ter to London, ruining himself pecu- niarily thereby. But such precedents are not given for our imita- tion, and we have no reason to expect they will be followed. The City Council has not, however, been indifferent to the philosophy of a good water supply. In 1854 they offered two pre- miums — one of £100 and the other of £50 — for the two best plans for supplying the City with water from Lake Ontario. Three plans were sent in, to one of which was awarded £100, to another £50, and to the third £25. But after all, the Council were just about where they were before, for the Adjudicators — ^gentlemen in every way qualified for the task — ^having stated which plan was entitled to the first rank, said, '' whilst we consider the system proposed in it as superior to the other suggested, we should be inclined to demur to the source of supply to the position and altitude of the reservoir, which, if possible, should be more central and at a higher level, and to th« detcdU of distribution, which would seem to be capable of improvement. " This was certainly not very high commendation, for having disapproved of the source of supply, the site of the reservoir, and the details of distribution, there was nothing left. In the end of 1856 the Coimcil voted £1000 to Thomas C. Keefer, " ^o make the necessary surveys and plans for Watra* Works for the City of Toronto, imder the direction of the Standing Committee on Fire, Water, and Gas," without reference to the source of supply or the system by which it was to be obtained. Mr. Keefer, as in duty bound, made the surveys and plans, and presented a veiy ably drawn up Report to the CouncU in June, 1857, establishing very satisfac- M. *'^mmimmmmem HU5I0IFAL ABBIVOIMSKTS. 150 torily to the Cotincil, 1 should imagine, that Lake Ontario was largo enough to supply the inhabitants of Toronto with water at tliu high average rate of 40 gallons per head daily ; and further, that there was sufficient space on the Scarboro' Heights for the construction of reservoirs. While, therefore, they are so much the wiser for thin £1,350 worth of information, they are not one step nearer uu abun- dant supply of water to the city. Gas Supply. — The City is also supplied with gas by a private com- pany. In 1839, the propriety of lighting certain portions of the City with gas was discussed, and a joint committee of citizens and mem- bers of the City Council was appointed to make preliminary arrange- ments. On the 7th of October, the Committee reported to the Cor- poration that they Iiad received plans, specifications, and estimates of constructing the proposed Gas Works from Mr. Blachford and from Mr. Cull, Civil Engineers, and that they had also obtained valuable information from other persons ; and they recommended the Corporation to apply to the conductors of the (ios Works then recently established in Montreal for information respecting ihe plans and expenses of these works, as affording safer data in estimating the expenses of the proposed works than any other information likely to be obtained. In conformity with a subsequent resolution of the Council, the Committee despatched Mr. Cull to Montreal to acquire the informa- tion desired. In the diary of his journey to Montreal Mr. Cull states that he reached Montreal ''on Thursday morning the 17th October, delivered his letters of introduction to Mr. Fumiss, who is a respectable Hardware Merchant and a Director, as well as a pro- prietor of stock in the Gas Works in that City. " Mr. Fumiss accordingly accompanied Mr. Cull to the works and exhibited the whole apparatus, a full and particular account of which is given in Mr. Cull's diary. Mr. Fumiss stated to him that the Montreal Gas Company had expended nearly £15,000 on their works. They had, however, only paid six per cent. , but that he anticipated a larger return. He had purchased nearly half the stock, and if he coiild be satisfied that at Toronto good gas-light coal could be obtained at the price stated (Is. 3d. per bushel) and that 400 lights would be taken in the distance described — from Caroline to York streets — at £4 per light for an argand burner, he would readUy purchase stock to a considerable amotmt in the Toronto Gas Works.* Various esti- mates are submitted in the Committee's Report. One by Mr. • Cull's Diary. Sogers and Thompson, 1839. m i !i 160 TOBOITTO. Blachford, to supply " gas lights through King street from Caroline to York streets for from four to five hundred argand burners, and of purchasing the apparatus and erecting the necessary buildings," £4,090 ; one by Mr. Cull, at £5,570 ; one by Mr. Fumiss, given without any details, £7,500 ; and one by Mr. McLaren, a " Gas Light Engineer" from Scotland, then resident in New York, at £6,021. The Committee having fully considered the mode of providing ways and means for the construction of the works, submit "that they are of opinion that the public interests of the City would be best promoted by the Corporation taking the whole into their own hands. They, however, are informed by the Chairman of the Finance Com- mittee that the Corporation have no means of providing for the large outlay required for the construction of the proposed Gas Works, except by incurring a further City debt to the amount of said outlay, either by the sale of Debentures, or a further is me of Corporation Notes, a measure which he does not think the City Council would be willing to adopt, imless at least they were satisfied that they would be supported in that measiure by the inhabitants, and particularly by the commercial paxt of the inhabitants of the City which they repre- sented. "* It is refresliing in these days of reckless civic expenditure to see the caution with which the City Fathers of the ancient time entered upon any undertaking where the pecuniary interests of the City were involved. A public meeting of the inhabitants of the City was called at the instance of the Committee, and Mr. Fumiss having been invited to be present and having fuUy stated his views on the sub- ject, the result was, that the works were undertaken by a private company, and erected on a piece of groiuid at the east end of the City, granted them by the Corporation as an inducement to com- mence the works. The City was partially lighted in the winter of 1840, but it was only in November, 1841, that the Company was incorporated, as we have seen, as the Toronto Gas Light and Water Company, the same parties, all strangers to the City, and having their family interests and attachments elsewhere, assmuing the responsibility of supplying the City with gas and water. In 1845 the Company made an agreement with the Corpoitition for 21 years, to light the streets of the City at £6 13s. 4d. a light, the Company bearing all the expense of the erection and of cleaning and lighting the lamps. Under this arrangement the City is at present lighted, and starting as the Company did with 12 street lamps they now * Committee's Report, 1839. i « ! I BELIOIOVS, NATIONAL, AND PEATEBNAL SOCIETIES. 161 supply 828 lamps, the cost of which for 1857, with the gas for the City Hall and other Corporation Buildings, was £5,136 12s. 6d. In 1847, Mr. Fumiss, who, in consequence of the death of Mr. Masson, had become sole proprietor of the works, sold them to a Joint Stock Company, incorporated imder the title of the Consxuners' Gas Company, for £22,000. This Company has, upon the old site, recently erected new and very extensive works upon an improved principle. The locality and extent of the works are given in their appropriate place. SECTION IX.— RELIGIOUS, NATIONAL, and FRATERNAL SOCIETIES. Where the spirit and letter of the Sacred page are revered there you will find order, cleanliness, industry, and sobriety — the grand essential elements of a healthful social state. It is evidence then even of worldly wisdom, did no higher principles influence the mind, to organize and maintain in a community, Bible and Missionary Societies, and every appUance by which the masses may be brought into contact with the truths of Revelation ; for while nature is prone to err tliere is need for some one to light the Lamp of Life, -That like the electric spark, Its vivid rays may flash from heart to heart And form a sympathetic chain to span The earth s circumference. There is a deeply mysterious poetic sentiment associated with such a fraternity as that of Free Masonry, which, with its mystic symbols, links the present with all time past, which looks to "Ancient times, when Israel's king that famous fabric reared. In which his glory and his wealth so manifest appeared. He in his wisdom first gave heed to Heaven's great law to man, And Obdeb, beauteous and sublime, through all the process ran. No sound of axe or metal tool through all the time was heard, No craftsman broke the harmony with one discordant word ; For so the work was portioned out, by Solomon the wise, From corner-stone to capital no discord could arise." But there is scope for diversity of opinion as to the advantage which our commvmity, socially considered, derives from the exis- tence and perpetuation of many of the Societies whose names are familiar as household words amongst us. Our National Soci quence to have a centralization of benevolent efibrts that immediate relief might, on an emergency, be obtained. To this sacred feeling we owe the existence of our St. Andrew's, St, George's, and St. Patrick's Societies ; for while the spirit of isolation to which allusion has elsewhere been made, existed then as now, to a certain extent, it could be effectively reached by a tale of distress from home — that home around which their heart's fondest aspirations still clung with warmest attachment, — ^and the history of the past only tells us how nobly these appeals were responded to. I need not refer to the latest manifestation of this sympathetic regard in the case of the unfortunate sufferers by the ill-fated steamer "Montreal" — passengers, chiefly emigrants by the ship "John Mackenzie" from Glasgow, when the St. Andrew's Societies of Mon- treal and Quebec generously "offered a warm sympathy for the surviving dismembered families by contributing largely towards making good their losses of property, and by enabling such as desired it to rettu^ to their relations or to proceed to their original destina- tion." Still, with this recent instance of substantial aid seciured and applied by this concentrated agency, the name and the worth and the character of these Societies belong to the past, and in these days the honour of that name and that character which they so nobly maintained, is apt to be sullied. Their existence now serves very little good purpose, and they might therefore be dispensed with, if it were for no other reason than that the memory of their deeds might be embalmed in sweetest fragrance. We are all, or ought to be, Canadians, and whether of English, Irish, or Scotch descent, it sig- nifies very little to society unless we make ourselves good citizens. If such is the feeling with regard to our National Societies, which certainly had an ostensibly benevolent object in view in their forma- tion, that feeling only becomes intensified with reference to those Societies whose origin is of a questionable character, and whose ten- dency is to break up the commiuiity into little coteries banded together, if not with a purely antagonistic feeling, at least for a selfish purpose. Some of these Societies seem the spurious lineage BELI0I0U8, NATIONAL, AND TSATIBNAL SOCIETIES. 169 oi those early times, when every little craft hod its guild and its circiimvallation, which in more degenerate days could only be breached by intemperance and debauch. Others of them have even a more questionable parentage. Their direct effect upon society is injiuious in a variety of ways. They proclaim loyalty largely with the lip, but it too frequently ends with a blatant profession, remind- ing one forcibly of the current remark of a character who used to parade the streets of Glasgow mia-i 20 years ago '' honest lads mind your pouches, its iU to ken a ke^e^ frae an honest man's son nou" a-days." While, therefore, as a citizen I regret the existence of such Societies amongst us, diverted as their influence is oftentimes to the most pemicioiis purposes, and would hail it as a happy rid- dance if they were entirely abolished, as they only sow discord and strife, and too frequently lead to the cultivation of vicious habits, I must, as a faithful chronicler of the time, record their existence, good and bad commingled, as far as I have the means of doing so. First in order and importance is,— The Upper Canada Bible Society. — ^This Society was organized in 1829 for the circulation of the Bible, without note or comment, and for that purpose maintains in the City a general depot of Bibles and Testaments, from which all the Auxiliary Bible Societies in the Province are s'lpplied, at the lowest prices at which the books can be afforded. The Society is conducted by a Board of Directors, con- sisting of a President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, and Secretaries, with twenty lay members, chosen annually at the general annual public meeting in May. All Ministers of the Gospel are entitled to meet and vote with the Directors. Every person paying five shil- lings a year is a member of the Society, and persons paying five pounds and upwards either to the Society or any of its Branches, is, at the discretion of the Directors, declared a Life Member, and is entitled to receive annually from the Society Bibles and Testaments to the value of five shillings, for distribution. There are 204 auxiliaries and Branches in the Province, visited annually by the Travelling Agents, Reverend Lachlan Taylor, and S. B. Johnson. In 1830 the income of the Society for the first year was £180 lis. ; its dis- tribution 152 Bibles and 390 Testaments. The income for the year ending May, 1858, was £4,760 48. 3|d., being less by £687 6s. 3d. than the income of the previous year. The distribution for the past year was 9,817 Bibles, 14,727 Testaments — making, with Indian Translations, a total distribution of 24,741 books. The total n iy I * A piok«pockQt. t -■"•WViW* »l*^f 164 TOBONTO. i, II amcant collected by the Society since the commencement of its ope- rations in 1829 is £42,725 ITs. Sd., an average of £1,473 Cs. Id. a year. The total distribution has been 119,637 Bibles, 203,894 Tes- taments, 3,528 parts and Indian Translations, making in all 327,059 Bibles a»»d Testaments circulated through the Province by the agency of this Society. During the past year Jesse Ketchum, so favorably known for his beneficence, conveyed to the Society a free deed of the ground on which the Depository ia built, the only condition being that the pre- sent ground rent, £31 10s. , be expended annually, under the care of a suitable person, in the piu-chase of bibles and religious books, to be distributed among the pupils attending the public day schools in Toronto and Yorkville. Mr. Ketchum has also conveyed to the Bible and Tract Societies other property in a similar manner, the rental of which is to be expended in purchasing bibles and religious books, to be distributed amongst the scholars attending the Sabbath schools in the City and in Yorkville, The officers of the Society for the present year are — President — Hon. Robert Baldwin, C.B. First Vice-President — Right Rev. Dr. Cronyn, Bishop of Huron. Treasurer — "William McMaster. Corresponding Secretaries — J. S. Howard, Rev. W. Reid. Recording Secretary — Rev. A. Wickson, M.A. Travelling Agents — Rev. Lachlan Taylor, S. B. Johnson. Depositary — James Carless. Directors — John Tyner, Wm, Osborne, A, Christie, G. Buckland, J. F. Marling; James A. Smith, J. Foster, John Thom, George Morphy, £. Childs, H. Mortimer, Tlios. Lailey, J. G. Hodgins, G. M. Innia, James Litster, Alex. Rattray, John McDonald, Patrick Freoland, G. L. Beardmore, John Greenlees. Upper Canada Religious Tract and Book Society. — This Society is in the twenty-seventh year of its existence, having been formed in 1832, for the pvirpose of circvilating through the province the publications of the London Religious Tract Society, and works of a similar cliaracter. This Society acts jointly with the Bible Society, one Depositary conducting the business of both, supplying the various auxiliaries throughout the province with whatever books they require. All subscribers to its funds are entitled to receive tracts for distribution to the value of half their subscription. Per- sons pajdng five shillings annually are entitled to raembersliip, and subscription of £5 and upwards entitles the donor to the position of IkB BELI0I0U8, NATIONAL, AND 7BATEBNAL SOCIETIES. 165 a life member. There are ninety-three branch societies in active operation in Upper Canada, the present travelling agent, W. W. Nelles, M.A., having organized twenty- four new branches during the past fiscal year of the Society. The issues from the depot for the year ending 1st May, 1858, were— Books sold 61,889 Tracts 153,838 Gratuitous distribution of Tracts and Periodicals 144,194 165 Village and Sabbath-school Libraries, containing 14,071 Bibles and Testaments with the metrical version of the Psalms and Paraphrases 6,760 Children's Paper 24,866 Child's Paper and Messenger, to December, 1857 81,214 Total 419,261 Increase during the year 106,684 Total circulation by the Society since its commencement 2,728,806 OBATDITOUS CIBOULATION. PAGES* To Sunday Schools 84,077 For Township Distribution 681,617 To the Knox's College Missionary Society 28,400 " United Presbyterian do 16,320 " Victoria College Distribution Society, on the railway cars, Cobourg 23,000 " Toronto City Missions 11,632 " Wesleyan Missionary, City Circuit, West 22,000 " Baptist Mission and Distribntion Society 39,392 " Congregational Institute 16,880 During the year the London Society made a grant of tracts to the value of £50 sterling, and sixty-two libraries at reduced prices. The City is regularly parcelled out by the visitors of the different agencies named as receiving a gratuitous supply of tracts — Knox's College Missionary Society, United Presbyterian Hall Missionary Society, City Mission, Bond Street Tract Distribution Society, &c. — and the respective localities visited every Saturday, and in some instances every alternate Saturday. The office-bearers for the present year are : — President — Rev. James Richardson. First Vice-President — Right Rev. Dr. Cronyn. Treasurer — J. S. Howard. Secretaries — Rev. W. Reid, M. A. ; William Edwards. Travelling Agent — W. W. Nelles, M.A. Depositary — James Carless. , n y i' f < yn # 166 TOBONTOt ! Directors — ^AIl Ministers of the Gospel who are Members of tha Society ; Messrs. W. Osborne, C. Walker, J. Laidlaw, A. Christie, J. E. Pell, John Tyner, Captain Sharpe, E. Miller, Messrs. J, F. Marling, J. F. Lyon, M. S. Baldwin, John Thorn. Thb Toronto City Mission. — This Society was organized in 1847, and has during the greater part of that time employed two missionaries, whose labors among the poor have been attended with the happiest results. It will have been observed, in the report of the operations of the Tract Society, that a niunber of tracts and copies of the Scriptures are supplied annually to the City Mission, gratuitously. These are given by the agents of the Mission whenever required, and by their instrumentality many have been led to think of the realities of an unseen and eternal state. Four or five years ago, by the exertions of Mr. Paul Stewart, one of the Society's agents, money was collected sufficient to erect a small place of meet- ing on Elizabeth Street, on a site presented by J. Lukin Robin- son. But during the past year some difference arose between the Society and Mr. Stewart as to the proprietary of the little chapel ; the Society claiming it as theirs, having been built through the exer- tions of their agent. Mr. Stewart took a different view of the matter, contending that the site was given to himself and not to the Society, and that the people subscribed their money for the especial purpose of providing him with a place of meeting for worship, and for his Sabbath-school. Mr. Robinson confirmed Mr. Stewart's statements in reference to the site ; but, as a matter of course, a war of words ensued, which ended in the Society dispensing with Mr. Stewart's services. The office-bearers for the present year are — W. D. Taylor, Treasurer ; J. C. Geikie and George A. Pyper, Secretaries. Thb City Mission. — ^The difference which arose between Mr. Stewart and the Toronto Missionary Society, led to the formation of a second City Mission, of which Mr. Stewart became the agent. The repv>rt which has just been published by this new agency gives a very favorable accoimt of the Society's operations for the past year. There is service in the missionary church on Elizabeth Street every Sunday, at three o'clock p.m., and a Sabbath-school at half -past nine o'clock, with an average attendance of 100 scholars. The office- bearers are — ^Robert Cathcart, Treasurer ; Charles Belford, Secre- tary. Lake its congener just referred to, this Society is supported by volimtary subscriptions. The income of the past year was $415.67, leaving a small balance in the Treasurer's hands, after pay- ing Mr. Stewart's salary. BELIOIOITS, NATIONAL, AND FBATEBNAL SOCIETIES. 167 Mr. ,tion :ent. (res a ear. very past ce- re- ted I was my- Anti-Slaveey Society. — On the 26th of February, 1851, a public meeting of the citizens of Toronto was held in the City Hall, presided over by the then Mayor, for the purpose of organizing this Society, the object of which, as stated in the second resolution, "shall be to aid in the extinction of slavery all over the world, by means exclusively lawful and peaceable, moral and religious, such as the diffusing of usefvd information, by tracts, newspapers, lectures and correspondence, and by manifesting sympathy with the house- less and homeless victims of slavery flying to our soil. " In the early history of the Society we had several very interesting public meet- ings, at which Mr. George Thompson, of anti-slavery notoriety, Mr. Frederick Douglas, and the Rev. Mr. May, of Syracuse, delivered addresses on the question of American slavery. No one who heard Mr. Thompson can forget with what pathos and fascinating eloquence he replied to the question he himself proposed, '* What have you to do with the question ?" "The slave is your brother, and you cannot dissolve that union. While he remains God's child he will remain yoxu: brother. He is helpless, and you are free and powerful ; and if you neglect him, you are not doing as you would have otliers do to you, were you in bonds. Know you not that it is God's method to save man by man, and that man is only great and honorable and blest himself as he is the friend and defender of those who need his aid ? You are dwellers on the same continent with three millions of slaves. Their sighs come to you with every breeze from the south. Oh ! haste to help them, that this glorious continent may be freed from its pollution and its curse." The association employed Rev. Mr. Ward as their agent, and subsequently Rev. Mr. Smith. Tliey maintain correspondence with the varioxis anti-slavery organizations in the States, and also in other coimtries, and aid the sister society in the prosecution of their mission. The Rev. Dr. Willis, of Knox College, has been President of the Society from its organization, and Mr. T. Henning has for a like period performed the duties of Secre- tary. Ladies' Coloubed Fugitive Association. — Shortly after the formation of the Anti-Slavery Society, it was discovered that the requisite agency was incomplete. An urgent call for clothing and shelter was made by the unhappy beings who were flocking to our Canadian soil, from the galling bondage of a people, the proudest motto on whose escutcheon is, " that all men are created equal, and are endowed by their Creator with the inalienable right of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Many of these poor creatures reached o\u* city in the greatest distress, and their immediate wants ii ky I :1 i (i i I i I 168 TOBOirro. had to bo providod for, whilo employment waa obtained as far as possible for those who were able to labor. This society was organized in April, 1851, with the view of raising funds for tlie puq)ose of aiding the coloiired fngitives. Snbcriptions were raised from benevolent persons in the city, and large donations have been, from time to time, received from various Ladies' Associa- tions ui Britain, tlius enabling the Committee to distribtite tipwards of £250 annu.ally in a quiet, unostentatious way. In their Report for 1857, tlio Committee say : "In the course of their visits, the Com- mitte have been put in possession of a great variety of important facts bearing upon the question of slavery, and demonstrating the horrors which surround the system on every side. " Upwards of 500 cases were relieved during 1856-7. The Office Bearers are Mrs. Arnold, President ; Mrs. Willis, Treasurer ; Mrs. Henning, Corres- ponding Secretary ; Mrs. Brett, Recording Secretary. TuE Elgin Association. — Tlus is a somewhat older institution than the preceding, although aiming to accomplish the same object by a more consolidated machinery. This association was formed on the 7th of June, 1850, and incorporated under an Act of the Pro- vincial Legislature, passed on the 10th of August of the same year, for the settlement and moral improvement of the coloured popula- tion of Canada, for the purpose of purchasing Crown or Clergy Re- serve lands in the Township of Raleigh, in the County of Kent, and settling the same with coloured families resident in Canada, of ap- proved moral character. A tract of land of 9000 acres in the Town- ship of Raleigh was purchased and divided into lots of fifty acres each. The entire settlement is about six miles in length and three miles in width, and is so divided that a road of 60 feet wide runs past each lot. In conformity with the regidations of the association, each settler is required to put up a house 18 feet by 24 feet, 12 feet high, with a piazza running the whole length of the front, enclosing the front of the house and garden with a picket fence. The house must be set 33 feet from the road, and he must clear from the centre of the road four rods at least, the whole front of his lot, and cut a ditch across the front of the lot four feet wide at top, 18 inches at bottom, and at least 2 feet deep — ^the Secretary being in- structed not to give any deeds until he receives a certificate from the Local Committee that the aforesaid improvements have been made and the rules complied with. In this way the greatest imif ormity is preserved in the appearance of the settlement. The number of acres cleared and under fence is 1,400, other 300 acres are chopped down and will be ready for crops BSLIOIOUB, NATIONAL, AND TBATXBNAL BOCIETIES. 109 as in Spring. A stoam Saw and Grist Mill, and a Pot and Pearl Ash Factory have been ostablishod in the sottlomont and have boon of the greatest advantage to the settlors. There are from 800 to 900 per- sons in the settlement, and it is worthy of remark that nothing that intoxicates is either made or sold in the district. Besides the classical school at Buxton, attended by about ninety pupils, there are two other district schools attended by the same numlwr. A Sab- bath School is in successful operation, conducted by tho classical teacher and eight assistants, and attended by ninety pupils. Some who have been trained in the school at Buxton, are now usefully employed as teachers ; a number more will soon bo ready for the same employment ; some are studying Classics with the view of ob- tauiing a liigher education, in order to prepare themselves for future usefulness. The last report shows the financial state of the Settlement from the commencement to the close of the fiscal year, 31st July, 1858, to be as follows : Da. u u :• 1 To Oash in Treasurer's band £ 41 1 2 teres ;hree rims [tion, feet •sing LOUse the lot, 18 in- the lade lance se is brops TO SUNDBT PDBOHASES or LAND. For amounts purchased in 1864, 1866 £418*7 10 Less amounts received to 1858. . £1484 8 4 Do do in 1868.. 101 17 8 1636 6 1 2661 4 6 To Expenses Account to 1861 £493 16 9 Do do 1868 74 3 1 667 18 10 £3260 4 6 Cb. By Stockholders for amount of Instalments paid, as per Sche- duleA,tol854 £661 By Grown Land Department for land purchased £2946 Less amounts paid, as per Vouch* er8,tothe 3lBt July, 1867 .... £1870 7 10 Do do do 1868 .... 26 5 1396 12 10 1649 7 2 By Profit and Loss, Real Estate Account 1169 17 3 it i £3260 4 6 !!' \{, a 170 TOBOITTO* The office bearers for the present year aro— President Peter Brown. Ist Vice President Rev. Dr. Willis. 2nd Vice President Rev. Dr. Bums. Treasurer J. Scott Howard. Secretary Nathan Gatchell, and twenty-four Directors. The Rev. William King has superintended the affairs of the Settle- ment from the commencement and is entitled to the highest credit for the successful way in which he has fulfilled his mission. Church Society. — ^This society was established in 1841 and incor- porated in 1844, for missionary and other purposes in connexion with the Chiu:ch of England, in the Diocese of Toronto. The society has four separate Funds under its charge : the Mission Fund, Widows' and Orphans' Fund, General purpose Fund, and Students' Fund. Collections are regularly made in the various chwches of the body to these Funds and the money remitted to the office in Toronto, to be apportioned out and applied to the objects for which it is raised. The proceeds of the quarterly collections in the several churches and stations, diuing the past year, were as follows : — For the MissioB Fund, in July, taken up at 163 sta- tions, amounted to £ 326 7 1 WidowB* and Orphans' Fund, at 190 stations 382 16 6 General Purpose Fund, at 146 stations 222 16 Students' Fnnd, at 95 stations 130 2 £1061 1*7 9 This sum shows a decrease of £142 18s. 6d. from the previous year, but the Diocese of Huron was organized during that period, and some of the collections were taken up in that Diocese. In addi- tion to the four general objects specified, a collection was taken up in the several churches on account of the Indian ReUef Fund, which amounted to over £300. The income from investments and clergy subscriptions in behalf of the Widows' and Orphans' Fund, amounted to £524 10s. 4d. , and £376 5s. has been added to the Investment Fvmd, so that the stun of £8129 Is. 5d. is now invested to this ac- count. Seven widows and the orphans of two clergymen have recei- ved assistance, during the past year, to the amount of £430. From the General Purpose Fund, grants were made to ten churches and two parsonages of £12 10s. each, and grants of tracts and books were made to the amount of £77 18s. 6d. The total receipts in this BELIOIOUS, 94JnOIIAJ., aJTD PBw4.TE:BKA.L SOCIETIES. 171 3rgy ited lent ac- ^cei- ches |>oks this jujcoiint from all iMmi-oBS, during -the y«ar was £1301) 69. Elovcn young HtudontH httV(i bweii parti»lly aammud .ut of tho Studenta' Fund, which waa only £115 lis. Ud., c„mtpmad with £193 128. 8d, remitted diirmg tho previous year. Jt|2lX» Iroan this Fund has been paid over us usual to tho Bursar of Trinity College. There have been £1256 4s. 5d. paitl from tho Mission Fiuid during the year for mis- sionaiy work. T*lxo ottice bearers of tho society are the Hon. and Right Revd. Bishop Strachan, President ; Revd. T. S. Kennedy, Secretary. Office and Depository, Wellington Building, King street. St. Andrew's Socibty. — Thia society was organized on the 5*h day of May, 1836, under the name and style of "St. AndreVs Society of Toronto, and Home District of Upper Canada. " Office- bearers for the year 1836 :— President — Hon. Wm. Allan. First and Second Vice-Presidents — Alexander Wood and WilliaM Proudfoot. Managers — Peter Paterson, James Newbigging and Isaac Buchanan. Chaplains — Rev. Mr. Leach and Rev. Mr. Macaulay. Physician — Dr. Telfer. Standing Committee — John Ewart, Lewis Carfrae, Arch. Mac- donell and G. C. Strachan. Committee of Accounts — James F. Smith, Charles L. Murray and Donald Ross. Treasurer — Alexander Murray. Secretary — Samuel SpreulL The Society is kept up more as a relic of the past than a present eflfective agency. Many of the members never attend any of its meetings from one year to another, and simply pay their annual subscriptions as so much towards helping some poor person along. Office-bearers for 1857 :— President — John Ewart. First Vice-President — Alexander McDonald. Second Vice-President — ^William Henderson. Managers — Wm. Macfie, G. B. Wylie and James Leask. Physician — Dr. Ross. Chaplains — Rev. Drs. Jennings and Barclay. Standing Committee — R. S. Miller, John Cameron, William Thompson and Thomas Hamilton. Committee of Accoimta — James Baine, James Fiskin and Hugh Macdonell, i I ' 172 TOBOVTO. i; f i :i I Treasurer — Jnmes Shaw. Socretaiy — Alexander Mocpherson. Standard Bearers — John Poison, John Mc Bride, William Gn>son and James Sinclair. Marshal — Hngh Miller. Piper — Ronald Dingwall. St. Georoe'8 Society. — This Society was organized in 1830 for the purpose of uniting " Englishmen and the descendants of English- men in a social compact for the promotion of mutual and friendly intercourse, and for aifording to such persons of English birth or descent as may stand in need of them, advice and counsel, and such pecuniary assistance as the funds of the Society may enable it to give. " Welshmen were also to be included until St. David should find a habitation and a name amongst us. Among the early office- bearers we find the names of William Wakefield, Henry Kowsell, W. B. Jarvis, O. P. Ridout, Rev. Henry Scadding, J. G. Beard, G. Wells, and several others, well known to the citizens of the pre- sent day for the interest they take in everything conducive to the welfare of the City. The expenditure for relief during the past year was £212 3s. 3^. , and for current expenses £16 13b. 5^ The Society numbers over 450 members. The o£Bice bearers for the present year are :-~ President — J. B. Robinson, M.P.P. 1st Vice-President — Thomas Brown. 2nd do — Robert Dodgson. Treasurer — F. W. Coate. Secretary — Julian Sale. Chaplains — Rev. Dr. Beaven, Rev. Dr. Scadding. Physicians — Dr. Hodder, Dr. Badgley, Dr. Hallowell. Committee— -John Shaw, George Thomas, Henry Godson, Wm. Robinson, Isaac Faulkner, B. Sanders, Frank J. Joseph. Stewards — John Dodgson, J. H. Patterson, Thomas Lamb, Jos, Grand, J. Sidaway, A. Braham. Standard Bearers — N. G. Brown, Thomas Hoskins, John Hirst. Marshal — George Roberts. St. Patrick's Society. — This society was reorganized on the 6th of March, 1844, under the presidency of Dr. King. It had been in existence for several years before, but dwindled down to a mere name — ^a point to which it is again happily fast trending. The office bearers for the present year are : — > 'I Jos. BELiaiOUB, NATIONAL, AND VBATIBKAL SOCIETIES. 173 Prosident A. K. Boomor. iHt Vice-Presidont James Halliimii. 2nd Vice-President S. T. Greon. 2rd Vice-President O. R. Gowun. Treosiirer James Asliiiuld. Secretary W. P. McKee. Committee : — Rice Lewis, James Cotton, C. Mitchell, J. G. Bo- wes, and J. Perkins. Masonic Lodges. — There avo fux Masonic Lodges in Toronto, three Chapters and one Encouipmont of Knights' Templar. The oldest organization is that of St. Andrew. St. Andrew's Lodge of Free and accepted Masons was organized in Toronto in 1822, under a warrant from the Most Worshipful the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of England, the Earl of Zetland. There are at present 121 members in the Lodge, each of whom contributes 2s. Gd. a month to the general fund, devoted to rent, insurance, benevolence, and the library. The Library was established two years ^igo and luis since been partially destroyed. It now contains from 500 to COO volume»— All precious to the craft. The present office bearers are : — W. B.— W. G. Storm Worsliipful Master. W. B.— F. W. Cumberland Past Master. B. — W. R. Harris Senior Warden. B. — J. H. Richey Junior Warden. B. — H. Rowsell Treasurer. B. — ^W. F. McMaster -Secx-etary . B. — George H. Wyatt Senior Deacon. B. — James Jackson Junior Deacon. B. — John Paterson Inner Guard. B. — Charles Thompson Master of ceremonies. R.A.Hoskiu8 ) stewards. J. E. Ellis ) B. — H. E. Fripp Organist B. — James Forman Tyler. B's.— W. Hay, C. Thompson, and W. H. Smith Auditors. The Lodge is kow under the Grand Lodge of Canada. There are other five Lodges in town, all established within these lew years past: King Solomon's Lodge, Ionic Lodge, Rehoboam Lodge, St. John's Lodge, and Wilson's Lodge. There is one curious eircumstance connected with Free Masonry in its outer-workings, in «o f ar AS Toronto is concerned. One of the traditions of the Order — i VI 174 VOBONTO. for it may be no more than a tradition — is that Masons shall keep themselvos entirely separate from party politics other than simply the duties required of them as citizens imder a Municipal Govern- ment. To obviate this difficulty, however, we find many of their leading men — the active spirits in "■ • Orange Institutions — ^the prime theatre of whose operations seems to be the political arena. Besides the Lodges enumerated above, there are three Chapters. The St. John's R. A. Chapter which has been in existence over 30 years, and has in connexion with it a Coimcil of the Red Cross Knights, and a Lodge of Royal Ark Mariners. This Chapter is vnder the Grand Chapter of Scotland. St. Andrew's Chapter is a much more recent organization, and is under the Grand Chapter of England. King Solomon's Chapter, a recent organization, is tmder the Grand Chapter of Canada. ' ' Then there is Geoffrey de St. Aldemar's Encampment of Knight. Twnplar, which winds up the fraternity. Some years ago, there was a schism in the body of Free and accepted Masons in Canada, chiefly amongst those who held Charters from the Grand Lodge of Ireland, in consequence of an alleged neglect on the part of the Grand Lodge of England, to which all Canadian Masons had hitherto owned alleg- iance. Communications sent from Canada were unanswered for months at times, and there appeared a general lack of interest in re- gard to the Canadian Lodges. Happily, however, for the fraternity, the rupture has been healed by the withdrawal of all the Lodges from their connexion with England, and the establislmient of one Independent Grand Lodge for Upper Canada — the Worshipful Grand Master of which is W, P. Wilson, of Simcoe, County of Nor- folk. Loyal Orange Institution. — There are fifty-two Orange Lodges in the County of York, twenty-seven of which hold their meetings within the limits of the Toronto District. The average attendance of members is sixty to each Lodge, making 1,620 in the Toronto District, and 3, 180 in the County of York. "Hie office-bearers are : — G. M. of Great Britain and Ireland — The Right Hon. the Earl of Enniskillen, K. St. P., Florence Court, Ireland. Deputy G. M. of Great Britain and Ireland — The Right Hon. Lord Viscount Dungannon, Brinkynault Castle, England. O. M. of British Americar-^George Lyttleton Allen, Toronto* Upper Canada. Deputy G. Masters of British America — George C. Ward, Port Hope, Upper Canada ; Thomas R. Ferguson, M.P., Cookstowu, BELTOIOUS, NATIONAL, ASD TBATEBNAL bOCIETIES. 175 Upper Cuiada ; R. A, Young, Aylmer, Lower Canada ; F ion. John Earle, Fredericton, New Brunswick ; Edward W. Potte ', Digby, Nova Scotia ; William Meikle, Charlottetown, Prince Edward's Island. Grand Secretary, British America — Nassau C. Gowan, Toronto. Grand Treasurer, British America — Alderman Strachan, Toronto. Giand Chaplain, British America — Rev. Stephen Lett, LL.D., Toronto. County Master of York — Major Button, Markham, U. C. District Master of Toronto— Francis H. Medcalf, Toronto. DKTEICT OF TORONTO. ' t.' No. 4 136 187 140 164 SOT 212 f>16 269 276 801 ^8 875 887 896 404 601 606 607 661 688 621 667 675 752 781 82] Mastees' Namks. James Burns John Rogers Ogle R. Gowan .... William Adamson . Henry Purvis Jnmes Reynolds . . . William Niehol . . . Alexander MoiFatt . George Edwards . . F. H. Medealf William Hopkins. . John T. Nudel .... William Stracbao . Wm. Hen. Boulton. John Wilson John Tbompeon . . . Thomas Kennedy. . William Douglas . . Andrew Fleming . . John Holland Arbuckle Jardine. . Wm. Hen. Hewton. Arthur L. Reeves. . S. B. Campbell. ... John Irwin Thomne Plunkett . . John Malcolm TIME OF ]fE£TINO. Ist Monday. iBt Friday. . Ist Tuesday. 2nd Tuesday 2Qd Friday . Ist Friday. . 2nd Wednes. Ist Friday. . 3rd Friday . 2nd Monday. 1st Thursday 2nd Friday . 2ad Thurs. . 2nd Wednes. 1st Thursday 2nd Tuesday 2nd Monday. 2nd Wednes. 1st Tuesday. 3rd Monday. 2od Wedn« > 71 >> 7 ^ Hiotographic Sdences Corporation ^ S^ ci^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 186 TOEONTO. chanics' Institute in Glasgow, but for fifteen long years the din of battle hushed every nobler aspiration, and, when at length external peace had dawned, a rustling was heard among the dry bones. War's alarms had subsided, but the political emancipation for wliich Palmer and Skirving and their compatriots sighed and suffered, again agita- ted the public mind, with all the freshness of its former vitality, only once more, however, to be crushed by a relentless civilized treachery. Bonnymuir was the ciUminating point, and the innocent blood shed at Stirling was the seed of a political regeneration soon to spring into existence. It was not then till tliis agitation, in which the mecha- nics of Scotland took so deep an interest, had been dirisipated, that the principle of literary and scientific improvement by means of Mechanics' Institutes began to be developed. In 1821, an Institute similar to that in Glasgow was established in Edinburgh, and tliree years thereafter- -in 1824 — the London Meclianics' Institute was es- tablished by the same zealous friend of humanity who, twenty-four years before, had originated the movement in Glasgow. Several similar associations soon followed in London. On the 24th of April, 1828, we find Lord Benman opening one in Aldersgate with a speech in which he showed the advantages of combining a literary taste with commercial pursuits. The learned gentleman said : " The very least advantage that can arise is the acquisition by great niunbers of a taste for English literature. Let us pause for a moment to consider the extent and value of this alone. Ask yourselves if any prospect of emolument would tempt you to forego it ; and, in observing others, contrast the man of active habits who can devote his hours of leisure to his intellectual gratification, with him who is destitute of such a resource. Most of us have observed, in various departments of Ufa, strong natural talents, acting with marvellous precision in some nai*- row round of daily employment, but from the want of general culti- vation, incompetent to any other eflFort. How lamentable a waste of time would have been reclaimed in such cases had all the faculties been taught activity. How many starts of unseemly irritation — ^how many tedious hours of languor would have been avoided. How many low-thoughted cases of sordid gain — ^how much degrading sensual in- dulgence would have been changed for the present enjojonents, at once independent and social in their nature, delighting the mind in its intervals of idleness, and bracing it for the more cheerful and effective discharge of duty." If our Toronto Mechanics' Institute has not equalled in success either of its prototypes, the difference in condition will afibrd an am- ple excuse. It must be borne in mind that when once the almost ;. i;l lost LITEBAET AND SCISNTIFIO INSTITUTIONS. 187 impervious crust of caste had been rent, Edinburgh and London had each of them a host of wealthy and influential men to tako the lead in such a movement and give it a healthy, vigorous tone. Never- theless, our association has prt^ressed wonderfully, and when once its new buildings are taken possession of, various classes will be foi-med in consonance with the original ideas of the founders of these institutions. The number of members is at present over 8(X). The Library contains nearly 4000 volumes, and there is also the nucleus of a Mechanical Museum. The office bearers for the present year are : — President John Harrington. First Vice-President Rice Lewis. Second Vice-President Hiram Piper. Treasurer John Paterson. Recording Secretary Robert Edwai-da. Corresponding Secretary J. H. Mason. Librarian (Honorary) James Brett, Jr. Committee. William Edwards, Joseph Rowell, J. E. Pell, John McBean, Benjamin Walton, William Hay, Samuel Rogers, Alexander Hamilton, D. G. Carnegie, W. H. Rice, Patrick Freeland, W. H. Sheppard. The receipts from all sources, for the past year, amounted to £858 5s. 2^ ; the expenditiure to £851 123. 2d ; leaving a balance in hand of £6 13s. O^d. There are upwards of 140 Mechanics' Institutes in the Province. An annual grant of £50 is made by Parliament to each of them, the total annual grant being £7,300. The Canadian Institute. — This institution, as its name imports, is provincial in its character and somewhat higher in its aims and pretensions that the local Institute just referred to. In the summer of 1849, the Canadian Institute took its rise as a society to be com- posed of Civil Engineers, Land Surveyors, Architects and men of distinguished attainments in science or the arts. The first meeting was held on the 20th of June and the second on the 20th of July. The plan of operations was to be the formation of a library, the col- lection of maps and drawings, and the formation of a Museiun for models, geological specimens and antiquities. Meetings for dis- i ki 188 TOBOWTO. cussion were to be regularly held, and papers on scientific subjects read. As early as 1831, a Literary and Philosophical Society was formed by three gentlemen whose names have had more than a local interest — Dr. Rees, the founder of the Liinatic Asylmn ; Dr. Dunlop, whose valuable Report on Education was of so much sei^ce in lead- ing to the organization of the present school system, and Charles Fothergill, whose Royal Almanac for Upper Canada from the varied information which it contains, preserves its interest to the present time, Their aim was noble and extensive. Tliey were to investigate ' ' the Natural and Civil liistory of the Colony, and of the whole in- terior as far as the Pacific and Polar seas, throughout the animal, mineral and vegetable kingdoms and to promote the cultivation of Natural History, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, the Fine Arts and other Scientific and Literary piusuits. Unfortimately for the present age, they did not carry out their noble purpose. The Canadian Institute might have shared a similar fate and been numbered now with the tilings that were, but its founders saw that the original conception was too exclusive, and the basis was extended to include all men of a literary or scientific turn of mind. An Act of Incorporation was granted on the 4th of November, 1851, and Sir William Logan was elected its first President. The first section of the regidations says : "The Canadian Institute has been estab- lished by Royal Charter for the purpose of promoting the Physical Sciences, for encouraging and advancing the Industrial Arts and Manufactures, for effectmg the formation of a Provincial Museum, and for the purpose of facilitating the acquirement and the dissemi- nation of knowledge connected with the Surveying, Engineering, and Architectural professions." Sir William Logan was succeeded as President by Colonel Lefroy, then Superintendent of the Mag- netical Observatory, and from the very great interest he took in the meetings and in the welfare of the Institution generally, its members increased rapidly. In August, 1852, a quarto monthly Journal of the proceedings and papers read, and other literary and scientific information, was commenced under the editorial supervi- sion of Professor Hind. On the opening of the Session of 1855-6 the size of the joumsJ. was changed to crown octavo, and an Editing Committee appointed to superintend the various departments. Tlie onerous duty of general Editor has been since that time very ably performed by Professor Wilson of University College. As an acknowledgment of the gratuitous services of the Editor, the Institute, at its meeting on the 19th December, 1807, on motion of LITEBABT AST) SCIENTIC INSTITUTIONS. 189 F. W. Cumberland, unanimously voted the 8\mi of £120 to be placed at the disposal of the Council for presentation in such manner as, whilst expressive of the gratitude of the Institute, may be most acceptable to Dr. Wilson ; and which was accordingly expended on a service of silver plate. Col. Lefroy was succeeded as President by Sir John Beverly Robinson, Bart., who was re-elected the following year, and was succeeded by G. W. Allan. Mr. Chief Justice Draper succeeded Mr. Allan, and was re-elected at last annual meeting. The office bearers are : — President — ITie Hon. Chief Justice Draper, C. B. 1st Vice-President — Col. Baron de Rottenburg, C. B. 2nd do — John Langton, M.A. 3rd do — Hon. W. B. Robinson. Treasurer — D. Crawford. Recording Secretary — Thomas Henning. Corresponding Secretary — E. A. Meredith. LL. D. Librarian — Professor Croft, D.C.L. Curator — Professor Hind, M.A. Coimcil — Professors Wilson, Chapman, Hincks, and Cherriman, Sanford Fleming, C.E., and J. G. Hodgins, M. A. The Editing Committee are : — General Editor — Dan. Wilson, LL. D. Geology and Mineralogy — E. J. Chapman, Prof, of Geology and Mineralogy, Univ. Coll., Toronto. Physiology and Natural History — Rev. Wm. Hincks, F.L.S,, Prof, of Natural History, Univ. CoU. , Toronto. Ethnology and Archasology — Daniel Wilson, LL.D., Prof, of His- tory and EngUsh Literature, Univ. Coll., Toronto. Agricultural Science — H. Y. Hind, M.A., Prof, of Chemistry, Trin. Coll., Toronto. Chemistry — Henry Croft, D.C.L., Prof, of Chemistry and Ex- perimental Philosophy, Univ. Coll. , Toronto. Mathematics and Natvuul Philosophy — J. B. Cherriman, M.A., Prof, of Natural Philosophy, Univ. Coll., Toronto. Engineering and Architecture— Sanford Fleming, C. E. An amalgamation took place between the Institute and the Toronto Athenaeum in 1855, by which the library of the Institute was con- siderably increased and the nucleus of a Museum formed. The membership is now upwards of 500. It was anticipated that by this time the Institute's new buildings 190 TOEONTO. would have been completed ; but the times have been unpropitious. In 1855, a very fine building site on the south-west comer of Pem- broke Street, was presented to the Institute by G. W. Allan, then President, and on the 14th of November of the same year, the comer stone of the projected building was laid by His Excellency the Governor General. The site is 164 feet on Pembi-oke Street with a depth on Wilton Crescent of 140 feet. In reference to the proposed plans for building, the Report of the Building Committee presented at last annual meeting, says : " Although highly approving of the general design and convenient arrangements of the contem- plated buildings, they believe that the plans provide greater accom- modation than will probably be required for several years, and that the cost of the erection would very much exceed the means at the disposal of the Institute. They endeavored therefore to ascertain how far, without abandoning the hope of idtimately completing the whole, some portions of the design might for the present be alto- gether ijostponed, or only partially finished. They fornid, however, that even upon this supposition they could not hope to obtain a building which the Institute could occupy under an outlay of £6,000, and that even then it would be in an imfinished state, and in many respects inconvenient in its arrangements, whilst the necessary alter- ations would very much increase the cost of completing the original design if this should afterwards be found practicable." The Com- mittee abandoned the original plans, and Messrs. Cumberland and Storm prepared new ones ; but " in the present financial difficulties it has been judged more prudent to postpone any action in the matter for another season. " Toronto Literary and Debating Society. — ^We have several societies of a literary cast in the city, which although not assimiing the dimensions and importance of Institutes, are useful in their own sphere, and find their most fitting locality under this head. The Toronto Literary and Debating Society was organized on the 7th of July, 1853, for the cultivation of literature and the art of public speaking. The society meets in the Mechanics' Institute Hall on Thursday evenings at 8 o'clock ; weekly in winter, and semi-monthly in summer. An essay is read, and a question debated every night of meeting. The office-bearers are : E. T. Fletcher, President ; W, B. Sullivan, Thomas Hodgins, LL. B. , and A. Marling, Vice-Presidents ; James Bright, Secretary ; J. H. Jackson, Assistant Secretary ; F. J. Joseph, Treasurer ; Edgar Judge, A. Howell, D. A. Sampson, LL. B. , J. C. Stewart, and Richard Lewis, Council. ' ' LITEHABT and scientific INSTITniONS. 191 • Young Canada Debating Club. — This Society was also organ- ized in 1853. Its objects as set forth in its reports are : Improve- ment of the mind, study of literature, practice in composition and in public speaking by debating questions and giving recitations, «tc. The Society meets on Tuesday evenings at half-past seven o'clock, in the basement of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, coiTier of James and Louisa Streets ; but is not denominationally connected with the Louisa Street Chiu-ch. Its evenings are devoted to reiuling an essay and debating some historical or political (juestion. The office-bearers are ; S. A. Johnson, President ; John McCaiil, Vice- President ; William Paterson, Treasurer ; Samuel Gibson, Secretary. Ontario Literary Society. — This Society was fonoaed in De- cember, 1856, for a similar object with the preceduig. It meets on Tuesday evenings, weekly, in the basement of the Temperance Hall, at 8 o'clock. In his last Annual Report the Secretary regrets — " Tliat the writing and reading of original essays seems to have fallen into disuse in the Society, which is much to be regretted, however it is to be hoped that during the next term some arrange- ment vnH be made to revive this excellent means of mutual improve- ment." The number of members on the roll is fifty-five. The attendance is good. The office bearers are ; D. S. Eastwood, Presi- dent ; W. L. McGillivray, 1st Vice-President ; E. Mm-doch, 2nd Vice-President ; Daniel Spry, Treasurer ; M. Willoughby, Jun. , Secretary. Gould Street Young Men's Mutual Improvement Society. — This Society was formed in the Autumn of 1857. Its inaugural meeting was held in the Gould Street United Presbyterian Church, a nimiber of ministers taking part in the proceedings. The pastor of the Church, the Rev. Dr. Taylor, presided, and the Rev. Dr. Bums, Rev. Dr. Ryerson, Rev. Dr. Green, Rev. Mr. Fyfe, Rev. Mr. Marling, Rev. Mr, Greig, and J. C. Geikie, delivered addresses to a large audience of young men. The meetings were kept up with interest till March, its term closing then. The object of the Society is the mutual improvement of the members by de- bating questions, reading essays, conversations on useful topics, and by a Magazine to be contributed to by the members. All its meet- ings are opened and closed with prayer, — and no denominational or political subjects are diecussed. The Magazine is a new and inter- esting feature in these societies. An editor having been appointed, members write articles, sketches, narratives, or poetiy, as the case may be, on uniform sized paper, and hand them to the editor, who 102 TOBOMTO. arranges thom and makes editorial remarks thereon, and liaving col- lected the papers for the month, he reads them to the society. As the names of the writera are not known, except to the editor, the utmost liberty is given for critical remarks. This Society devotes every fourth night to the Magazine, and if any time is left after the papers have been read, it is filled np by recitations. The term closed with a soiree in the basement of the Church, on the last monthly meeting in March, at which the rei)re8entative8 of several of the other literary societies were present, and spent an agreeable evening. The term opens on the first Monday of October. Tlxe Society meets in the Divinity Hall of the United Presbyterian Church, Gould Street, on Monday evenings. The office-bearers are : President David Fotheringham. First Vice-President James Barrie. Second Vice-President David Morice. Secretary and Treasurer T. Wardlaw Taylor, M. A. Committee of Management. — W. Brown, Thomas Armstrong, John Ferguson, and the President and Secretary ex officio. The British Canadian Debating Society. — The object of this society is the discussion of literary, social and political topics. It was organized during the past winter. The office bearers are : — Presi- dent, Benjjunin Langley ; Vice-President, E. P. Roden ; Secretary and Treasurer, Hemy Langley. The society meets on Tuesday even- ings at 8 o'clock, in the basement of Presbyterian Church, Louisa street. > University College Literary and Scientific Society. — This society was established by the students attending University College, on the 22nd February, 1854, as a College Debating Society. Meetings are held on Friday evenings during term, and an Essay is read and a question debated, as in the societies already referred to. Every fomiih meeting is public, and the Professors and others are invited to attend. There is also a Reading Room supplied with Canadian and American Papers, and the Reviews. The number of members is about a himdred. The office bearers for the present year are : — President Thomas Hodgins, L.L.B. Vice Presidents | Thomas Moss, B. A ( Alexander Cattanach, M. A. Secretary W. J. Rattray, B.A. Treasurer B. F. Fitch. Curator David Ormiston. IITERAEY AND SCIENTiriC INSTITUTIONS. 103 Committee of management — M. Crombie, M.A., Nicol Kingsmill, M.A., C. D. Paul, B.A., J. H. Holcomb. Metropolitan Chokal Society. — This Society was recently established for the puii)08e of insuring to the citizens, dui-ing the winter months, a regular series of musical perfonnances, at a mode- rate expense and on such an extensive scale as will contribute mate- rially to their pleasure and aid in the promotion of a taste for the highest order of musical ail;. Music is the sweetener of life, and the more thoroughly ^it is dilfussed through a community the more real happiness and geiuiine social comfort will that community enjoy. The time has indeed been when music was so associated with invete- rate and pernicious customs, as to make one (jxiail at the thought of its more general dittusion, when the leaders and the most success- ful performers were in their private capacity enslaved by vicious habits. Happily for social comfoxi; these customs no longer hold regal sway, and we rejoice that the leading sjiirits in this society aflFord sufficient guarantee that no countenance will be given to what has the slightest tendency to warp the mind or weaken the purifying force which music naturally possesses. " The words of a song may outlive tlie most eloquent sermons in the memory of the young. How important, therefore, that memories, which commence with the life, be favored with songs worthy of lasting till life's close" — wedded to music, the natural and spontaneous outburst of the soul — That sweet, ethereal efQuence Which breathed upon the tremulous air In silvery undulations, And all that virtue, love, or Heaven Bestows, is sweetened,— even misery ! By its mellifluous cadence Is transformed to bliss. The office bearers of this Society are : — Conductor — Martin Lazare. President — J. D. Humphreys. Vice-President — Rev. G. Onions. Treasurer — P. Armstrong. Secretary — G. F. Graham. Committee — John Murphy, H. R. Fripp, W. Briscoe, George Harcoiui;, A. Noverre, C. R. Brooke, and John Forsyth. '•1 194 TORONTO. SECTION XII.— MISCELLANEOUS. Provincial Aoricultural As.sociation. — In 1^)30 wo find tho Lcgisliituro recognizing tho fact that Upper Canada is ossontially an Agricxiltnral country, by passing an Act, 4tli Geo. cap. 10, "to encourage tlio establishment of Agi-icultural Societies in the several Districts of tlio Province. " Tliis Act provided that when any Society was estabhsliod " for tlie purpose of importing vabiable live-stock, grain, grass seeds, or useful implements," and had £50 suliscribed and paid into tho hands of tho Treasiu-or of said Society, it should then bo lawful for tho Governor to issue his warrant to the Receiver General for the siun of £100 annually to such Society, so long as it shoxdd continue to raise such sum of £50. Local Agricultural Societies organized by entei-prising individuals in different parts of the Province had existed for several years prior to this, so that it was not the mere spontaneous volition of the Legislature which gave birth to these important organizations. In 1835 this Act was amended by 4th William cap. 11, In 1837, the previous Act having expired, another Act, 7th William cap. 23, was passed to establish Agricultural Societies, and providing that when £25 had been paid to the Treasurer the sum of £200 should be granted by Government. In 1841, the first year after the union of the provinces, an Act, 4th and 5th Vic. , cap. 23, was passed, con- tinuing the Act of 7th William cap. 23 in full force till 1844. In 1845 another Act, 8th Vic, cap. 54, was passed, similar to the one just expired, but providing that £250 annually should be paid by Government, instead of £200 as in the previous Act, and providing also that the Secretary of each Society should, within fifteen days of the opening of each session of the Provincial Parliament, transmit to the three branches of the Legislature a report of its proceedings, showing the amount of subscriptions during the year and the amoiuit received from the public chest, the expenses of the Society and the persons to whom it may have granted premiums, and the objects for wliich such premiums were obtained. In 1847 the Provincial Agricultural Association which had been formed in 1846 was incorporated by the Act 10 and 11 Vic. cap. 61, passed on the 8th of July. This Act does not interfere with the organization authorized by previous Acts further than providing that the AgriciUtural Association should be governed by a body of Direc- tors to be chosen, two from each District, by the District Agrictdtu- ral Societies, and also that the Association might receive from the District Agricultural Societies such sums of money as they might MISOELLAKEOUS. 105 I choose to nppropriftto for the pnq)oso of fiirtlioring the objects of the Association. Tims was the Prt)vincial Association U>Kally inc(>q>o- ratod, but yeara of friendly discussion had intervened, long letters had been Avritten on the subject, and colunms of reasons and argu- ments for the establishment of such an Association had been pub- lished in the Tirithh American VvHimtor, then ably edited by tho late Mr. G. W. Edmnnd8f»n, ere the ausi)iciou8 event had transpired. Various preliminary public meetings were held, and siiggestiona ofTeredand resoluti«m8 passed, which led to a convention of delegates from ejuih of tho genei-.vl and local Agricidtund Societies held at tho Court House in the City of Toronto on the 15th, IGth, and 17th of July, 184G. At tlxis convention the synop.sis of a constitution for tho proposed Association was submitted, subject to the consideration of another similar meeting to be held at the City of Hamilton on the 17th of August following. At this meeting in Hamilton, held pursuant to atljouniment, the Provincial Agricultural Association and Board of Agriculttiro for Canada West was formed, and its constitution adopted. The Asso- ciation is governed by a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer and Secretary, chosen annually by delegates sent by the several District Agricultural Societies. Col. E. W. Thomson was its first President, John Wetenhall and Mr. Sheriff Ruttan Vice-Presidents, and W. G. Edmundson Secretary and Treastirer. Provincial Exhibitions. — On tho 2l8t and 22nd of October of the same year the Association held its first exliibition in Toronto, which the (7«rtitJamo of thoir features have been attended with tho best possible re.sults, an a stimubiH hiis boon given thereby to many of our handicraftsmen, which but f(jr such exhibitions they might not have received in a long series of years. Tlioro is in so largo a collection of mechanics from all points of tho comjHiss, a comi)aring of ideas upon various improvements, and a determination roused in tho mind of some ono to make something that will excel anything yet produced. Some happy thoughts strike ono as ho gazes for tho first time upon a new implement, and tho idea that some little change for the better might be made upon it is at onco conceived. Ho sets to work and by and by something more perfect in symmetry, more complete in arrange- ment, or more effective in operation fills his mind's eye. In this way do the germs of improvement spread, jiist as the seeds which nature furnishes with -wings that they may find a soil and a shelter wherever the winds of heaven may locate them. The isolated developments of genius attracted by the spirit of emulation, and concentrated on the public show groxmds again ra- pidly diverge from this their common centre through new and various channels to points of location hitherto unbli saed by such efforts. Without some such friction of mind with mind — the great value of new inventions and improvements in agricvdtiu^l implements woidd be comparatively lost. We had a forcible illustration of this some few years ago in Bell's reaping machine. This implement invented by a Scotch clergyman in 1828, and successfully worked in some fields in Forfar, was so little known throughout Scotland and England, that when McCormick's reaper was exhibited at the world's fair in 1851, it was hailed as a new and great invention, and nearly every paper in Britain contained some flaming account of the great inven- tion of that great people that live on the other side of the water, not knowing all the while that it was a fac simile almost of that of their * 1 1 198 TOBOITTO. native genius. From such considerations oiu* annual provincial ex- hibitions have for years formed quite a featiure in our provincial arrangements — although the migratory system, no doubt inaugurated with the best of motives has not been attended with the happiest results. It no doubt extends the area of interest in these exhibitions to have one at the Western extremity of the province one year and at its Eastern extremity the next with a few annual perambulations in the interior to vary the scene. It demone+rates too that there is no excltisiveness connected with them. But here the advantages end, the corresponding disadvantages far more than counterbalance all the theoretical benefits contemplated by such a system. A con- siderable annual expense has been entailed in the erection of tempo- rary buildings for exhibition purposes, just to be torn down again when the exhibition terminated. But this annual expense was not the worst of the affair. These buildings from their very temporary character have been all along exceedingly inconvenient. At the last exhibition in Toronto the halls were altogether too small and were not of the best construction to accommodate a crowd. Various plans have been adopted in the intervening years but still the same difficulty has been felt. The crowds of people which pressed into them on the great public days of the show were always disappointed, as they got little more than a bi< d's eye glimpse of the various articles exhibited as they were borne a'ong half stifled through the narrow passages. The exhibitors too were often grievously disappointed, some of them, at having their productions disposed beyond the line of vision, others with having their more delicate handiwork so des- troyed by the rain poming in tlirough the leaking structure, that they have left with the determination never again to put themselves to as much trouble as they had done. The Board of Agricultmre has not been insensible to the existence of these evils, but the idea of equal justice to all has overcome every other feeling. At the close of the exhibition in Toronto in 1862, the following propositions were submitted by Angus Cameron, of Kingston, to the Board, with a view to remedy somewhat the evils complained of, and were referred for further consideration. After a lapse of six years, the principle embodied therein has been acted upon in such a spirit as to confer the highest credit on the Province, while it will very materially enhance the interest of the Exhibition. " That it would be of great importance to the interests of agriculture throughout the province that each county should be enabled to erect buildings for the purpose of receiving and protecting all such pro- ductions as may be exhibited at county shows, rather than continu- MISCELLANEOUS. 199 ing the practise of erecting temporary biiildings, at great expense, and removing them after a few days' use. That it be recommended that the President of the Association and Board of Agiiculturo memorialize the Governor General in Council to appropriate a simi of money, not less than £250 to each comity, for the purpose of pro- curing land whereon to hold their annual exhibitions and erect buildings. This boon from the Government to be conferred only on such coimties as shall procure by subscriptions an equal amoimt for the purpose of erecting such buildings as may be required. The provincial Government kept this proposition in v^e.w in so far as York is concerned, for in granting to the Corporation of the City of Toronto the fee simple of that portion of the Garrison Reserve lying immediately south of the Lunatic Asylum for a rublic Pai'k, they made this condition, that not less than twenty acres of the Reserve shoidd be appropriated for the holding of the Provincial Agricultural Association's exhibitions, whenever it may be required for that purpose. The Ceystal Palace. — In the early part of the year the Associa- tion turned its attention to the subject of buddings for the forth- coming exhibition, and plans for a ouilding principally" of iron and glass were advertised for, the premimns for the two best to be £30 and £25 respectively. On the 24th of April thirteen plans were sent in for competition. Two of these were selected by the committee, and, strange to say, they were botii from one firm. Messrs. Fleming and Schreiber, Civil Engineers in the city, were foimd to be the successful competitors for both prizes. As the committee approved of the details of certain portions of each design, the Engineers were requested to prepare a plan embracing the advantages of both, and on the 22nd of May tenders were received for the erection of the building. The tender of Messrs. Smith, Burke & Co., Sash and Window-Blind Manufacturers, Niagara Street, proposing to con- struct the building for the sum of £4,870 10s., was accepted, and the time being limited, the work was immediately commenced. To meet the expense incident on the erection of permanent buildings, the City Council voted the very liberal sum of £5,000, and the Coxmcil of the United Counties of York and Peel voted £1,000 to the same object ; which, with the appropriations from County and Township AgriciUtxu:al Societies, has enabled the com- mittee to make all their arrangements in such a way as to ensm-e the utmost satisfaction from all parties. The gromid has been drained, levelled, and fenced in, and pens constructed all round for the reception of cattle, sheep, poultry, &c, &c., at the Exhibition. ',rl 200 TOEOKTO. Being in cloae proximity to the three lines of railway, a switch has been constructed so that goods coming from either section of the province by railway may be unloaded at the southern entrance of the Exhibition without any further trouble or expense. The corner stone of the building was laid by the Board of Agri- cult\ire on the 15th of July, in presence of a large concourse of citizens. The Mayor of the City, Colonel Thomson, President of the Agricultural Association ; Mr. Ex-Sheriff Jarvis, Col. Denison, and the Hon. P. M. Vankoughnet, Minister of Agriculture, taking part in the ceremony. The Rev. Dr. McCaul, President of Uni- versity College, acted as chaplain. The Inscription placed in the cavity was as follows : "On the 15th day of July, A.D. 1858, in the 22nd year of the reign of Victoria, by the Grace of God, Queen, Defender of the Faith, His Excellency Sir Edmund Walker Head, Bart. , C. B. , one of Her Majesty's most honorable Privy Coimcil, being Governor General of the Province, this the foundation stone of a Crystal Palace, wherein under the direction of the Provincial Agricidtiu^l Association, the resom*ces of Upper Canada shall be fostered by the annual exhibitions of the evidences of its progress in agriculture and the industrial arts, was laid by the Honorable Philip M. Vankoughnet, President of the Executive Council and Minister of Agriculture, assisted by Edward W. Thomson, Esq., President of the Board of Agriculture of Upper Canada, William B. Jarvis, Esq., President of the Board of Arts and Manufactures, and William H. Boulton, Esq. , Mayor of the City of Toronto. "The officers of the Provincial Agricultural Association being D. B. Stevenson, Esq. , President ; William Ferguson, Esq. , and John Wade, Esq. , Vice-Presidents ; Richard Lippincott Denison, Esq. , Treasurer ; Professor George Buckland and William Edwards, Joint Secretaries ; Professor Heiuy H. Croft, Chemist, and Mr. James Fleming, Seedsman. *^ Members of the Board of Agriculture. — Edward W. Thomson, Esq., President; Henry R\ittan, Esq., Vice-President; Hon. Adam Fergusson, J. B. Marks, David Cluistie, M.i'.P., Richard L. Deni- son, Asa A. Bamham, and George Alexander. " Toronto Local Committee. — William H. Boulton, Mayor of the City ; F. W. Jarvis, Sheriff of the County ; Willinm B. Jarvis, Esq. ; Rev. Dr. McCaid, Dr. Daniel Wilson, Alderman Read, Alderman Brunei, Alderman Boomer, Alderman Ritchie, Alderman Carr, J. E. Pell, Samuel Walton, J. D. Humphreys, Joseph Hart- man, M.P.P., Warden ; George Taylor Denison, Alexander Shaw, MISCELLAirSOUS. 201 Professor Buckland, and all the members of the Board of Agri- cultxire. *' Architects. — Messrs. Fleming and Schreiber. ^^ Builders. — Messrs. Smith, Burke and Meldrum," A tin case containing the following articles was put in the stone : Transactions of the Board of Agriculture for 1856-7 ; Canadian Agriculturist^ May, 1858 ; Act of Incorporation of the Bureau of Agriculture ; By-laws of the Board of Arts and Manufactures, 1857 ; Annual Report of the Toronto Mechanics' Institute ; Catalogue of the Library of the Mechanics' Institute ; Horticultural Society's Report, 1858 ; copies of the Daily Colonist^ Globe, Leader, and^fZas, July 15, 1858 ; and of the Canada Gazette ; Farmers' Association Report, 1858 ; Canadian Journal ; Coins, — one florin, an English shilling, a half-sovereign, and tour copper coins ; Maclear's Almanac, with map of Canada, 1858 ; a copy of the Montreal Witness ; a small bottle of wheat ; Twelfth Annual Address to the Agiicultiu^ Association, by G. Alexander, Esq. ; Annual Report and Minutes of the Agricultural Association, 1858 ; copies of the Markham Economist, the Paris Star, and Barrie Spirit of the Age. A very handsome silver Trowel, with a suitable inscription, was presented to the Minister of Agriculture with which to perform the ceremony. A portion of the building being pretty far advanced be- fore the comer stone was laid, the spectators had a very good view of the proceedings, — ^and the Band of the Royal Canadian Rifles stationed in the western gallery, kept them in good humor with their lively music. The Palace is cruciform in style, the main body of it forming a parallelogram 256 feet in length, and 96 feet in width, — with two central projections in the north and south parallels, 16 feet by 64 feet, and 16 feet by 44 feet, giving an extreme width of 144 feet, which includes a covered entrance or porch in the southern front, 16 feet by 32 feci. There are foTir entrance doors, one in the centre of each parallel. The total area under the roof is upwards of 33,280 superficial ttet, which includes a space of 1,280 supei-ficial feet, covered by four spacious stairs leading to the gallery. The super- ficial extent of the gallery is estimated at 11,000 feet ; the extreme heigi^*^ from the groimd floor to the central roof is 55 feet. The walls are chiefly cast iron and glass, after the design, in a consider- ably modified sense, of the Crystal Palace of 1851. The glare of the circular tin roof relieves the eye a little as you approach ; but the building looks very low, and as if crushed down by the superin- cnmbent mass of roof. It would have been greatly improved in o I '. I ^1 202 TOBOHTO. effect had the glass walls been carried up beyond the line of the gal- lery floor some three or four feet, or had the roof been broken by perpendicular lights to relieve it from that heavy dome appearance. This would of course have involved an extra expenditure which the exchequer of the Association, perhaps, did not warrant. As already stated, the walls are chiefly cast iron and glass. They are 16 feet 10 inches high. The girders, which form their upper line are supported by 44 iron columns, dividing the entire building into 48 compartments of 16 feet. Each of these compartments is filled up with wooden frame-work to a height of five feet, and with three circular headed sashes 8 feet 6 inches in height by 5 feet wide, each containing 15 lights 31 inches by 10^. The interior of the building is divided by columns reaching from the floor to the roof, and form- ing a nave, with northern and southern transepts, and two extended aisles. These aisles are again divided longitudinally by two rows of columns, forming a central parallelogram 80 feet by 32 feet, and two side ones 80 feet by 16 feet. The nave is 64 feet square within the coliuuns, and is lighted by a window in the roof 23 feet square, with tapering lights 34 inches long each. The transepts are 64 feet by 16 feet each. In the eastern comer of the northern transept there is a saloon 16 feet square fitted up for the acoommodation of the ladies in attendance at the exhibition ; in the western corner there is an office of similar dimensions for the Secretary ; and in the centre of this same transept an orchesti'a 32 feet by 20 is erected, having a semi-circular front of plain truss railing, supported by a row of wooden columns. It contains four rows of seats, also semi- circular, for the accommodation of the performers, and immediately behind these there is a platform seven feet square for the reception of an organ. In the centre of the nave and immediately in front of the orchestra a fountain is erected to play during the Exhibition. The entrance transept doors are 20 feet wide by 14 feet high ; the entrance aisle doors are 10 feet wide by 14 feet high, all finished uniform with the walls. The main building is well ventilated, hav- ing forty-four ventilators 3 feet 3 by 4 feet 9 inches at regular inter- vals round the walls immediately under the gallery floors. Four substantial stairs, 7 feet 6 inches wide, each having two landings, lead to the galleries, which extend round the whole building, with a width of floor of 16 feet, guarded at its inner extremity by a plain truss railing 3 feet high. The tread of the stairs is 12 inches with an easy lift of 7 inches, while the height is greatly relieved by the spacious landings. The roof of the aisles rises 16 feet from the MIBGELLAITKOITS. 203 gallery floor, forming an arch of 24^ feet span from the eaves. The aisles are each lighted by one window 64 feet by 16 feet wide, with side lights 3 feet high, the frames of which represent girdei-s. The span of the central roof over the nave is 68 feet, supported Ijy four pairs of principals, each rising 16 feet from the termination of the arch of the aisle roof, and 54 feet from the main floor. In the centre of this roof is the large square window already alluded to which lights the nave. Four tie rods stretch across at right angles from the spring of this centre roof. These ties are of 1| inch iron, stretch- ing 68 feet, tied at two different points, and supported by perpendi- cular rods 16 feet long. Eleven principals of a similar character to those in the centre roof Bupport the roof of the aisles, each having a span of 32 feet, with a rise of 47^ feet. This part of the design is very heavy, and would have been greatly relieved had there been half the number of princi- pals, framed a little heavier and spnmg from the top of each column. The roof is all of wood, covered with tin, on the American ridge principle, aifording the most perfect security against leakage, at least from any ordinary storm. The spandrils .of the roof seem unneces- sarily heavy looking, they are, of course, all the more substantial. Twenty-four ventilators, similar in size to those in the main building, ventilate the galleries. In regard to the statistical department of the Buildng, it may be stated that 300 ten feet squares, or 30,000 feet of tin, upwards of 300,000 feet of lumber, 9,000 feet of glass, 36 cwt. of nails, 98 tons of cast iron, have been used in its construction. The girders were tested to a pressiu-e of eight toi:is, which is far more than they will be required to sustain. The glass was imported by the builders from Messrs. Chance, Brothers, Bir- mingham. It is finely obscxired thick plate, similar to what was vised in the Dublin Exhibition building. The cast iron work, — columns and girders, — ^was prepared at the St. Lawrence Foundry, by William Hamilton & Son, Founders and Machinists. The work altogether reflects the utmost credit upon the enterpris- ing firm of Smith, Burke «fe Co, , not only for its substantial appear- ance but for the expedition displayed in its construction. On the 22nd of May the tenders were received by the Committee, and on the 5th of September, a little over three months, the building was taken off their hands. It is in fact one of the few public works constructed in Toronto to the spirit and letter of the contract without the slightest scope for even the suspicion of a job. Had the Committee been able to expend another thousand pounds or so in elevating the glass walls, or in breaking the solid massive roof, it would have heightened the ^1 i 204 TOBONTO. effect of the building considerably. As it is, they have made a great step in advance of anything hitherto connected with the display of OUT arts and manufactm'es, and when the City of Toronto gets some- what relieved from, its burthensome debt, something more magnifi- oeut, I have no doubt, will be achieved. Board of AorioUltubb. — On the 10th of August, 1850, an Act was passed establishing a Board of Agriculture in Upper Canada, and providing for the better organization of Agricultural Societies m Upper Canada. The Board to consist of ten members ; the Inspec- tor Genei-al and Professor of Agriculture to be members ex officio. Members to be chosen by Directors of County Agricultural Societies in Upper Canada, who shall elect seven persons residing near or at convenient distances from Toronto, which list of names shall be sent to tlie Provincial Secretary, who shall select the gentlemen therefrom who have the greatest number of County votes. In an Extra of the Canada Chizette of the 14th June, 1851, the names of the first Board are given as follows : — E. W. ThomsOTi, Township of York, Hon. Adam Fei^uson, of Woodhill, Henry Ruttan, of Cobourg, R. L. Denison, of Toronto^ David Christie, of Brantford, J. B. Marks, of Kingston, John Harland, of Guelph. On the fir&t meeting of the Board, Professor Buckland was chosen Secretary. The management of the Provincial Agricultural Asso- ciation is now vested in this Board. BuREAiT OF Agriculture. — On the 10th of November, 1852, an Act, — 16 Vic. , cap. 11, — ^was passed to provide for the establishment of a Bureau of Agriculture, in coimexion with one of the public depart- ments, and to amend and consolidate the laws relating to Agricul- ture. The Minister of Agriculture, by this Act, is a member ex nffloio of all Boards of Agriculture in the Province ; receives all applications for patents for inventions in the Province and keeps records of the same ; is Chairman of the Board of Registration and Statistics, and has charge of the census and other statistical retiUTis. It is his duty to collect useful facts and statistics relating to the Agrictdtural interests of the Province and to disseminate the same, and to prepare and submit to parliament each sesuon a detailed report of his proceedings. MISCBLLAVBOVB. 205 an It of irt- iul- 605 aU keps Ind Board op Arts and Manufaoturbs. — On the 10th of June, 1857, the Royal Assent was given to the Act 29 Vic, c;ip. 32, for the promotion of mechanical science. The Act contemplates pro- moting the development of mechanical talent among tho paople of this Province by disseminating instruction in Mechanics and the kindred sciences and by affording increased facilities for the study of models and apparatu's. The Act further contemplates providing for the establishment of Central Boards of Administration in Upper and Lower Canada respectively, connected and co-operating with the Mechanics' Institutes of the several Cities, Towns, and Villages, and to extend encouragement to arts and manufactures, and stimu- late the ingenuity of mechanics and artizans by means of prizes and distinctions distributed and awarded on the same principle as has been already so successfully applied to the encouragement of Agri- culture in this Province. The Central Board hero created shall consist of the Minister of Agriculture for the time being, ex officio, the Professors and Lecturers in the variotis branches of Physical Science in all the chartered Universities and Colleges in Upper and Lower Canada respectively, the Chief Superintendent of Education, ex officio, the Presidents and one Delegate from each Board of Trade, and the Presidents and Delegates from each of the incorporated Mechanics' Institutes. The 27th section of the Act says : — *'It shall be the duty of the said Boards of Arts and Manufjw- tures to take measures, with the approbation of the Minister of Agriculture, to collect and establish at Toronto and Montreal re- spectively, for the instruction of practical mechanics and artizans, museums of minerals and other material substances and chemical compositions, susceptible of being used in Mechanical Arts and Ma- nufactures, with model rooms appropriately stocked and supplied yrith models of works of art, and of implements and machines other than implements of husbandry and machines adapted to facilitate agri- cultural operations, and free libraries of reference, containing books, plans and drawings, selected with a view to the imparting of useful information in connection with Mechanical Arts and Manufactures, to take measures to obtain from other countries new or improved implements and machines, not being implements of husbandry or machines specially adapted to facilitate agricultural operations, to test the quality, value and usefulness of such implements and ma~ chines, and generally to adopt every means in their power to pro- mote improvement in the Mechanical Arts and in Manufactures in this Province ; and the Minister of Agriculture may cause duplicates or copies of models, plans, specimens, drawings and specifications r }? i I,; * I I 1/ I- 206 TOBOirta. deposited in the Patent Office, and upon which Patents of Invention have issned, to be mode, from time to time, and placed in the Model Rooms, Museums or libraries of the said Boards of Arts and Manu- factures respectively ; and it shall be lawful for the said Boards re- spectively, with the consent and approbation of the Minister of Agri- culture, to establish in connection with their respective Museums, Model Rooms or Libraries, Schools of Design for Women, on the most approved plan, and furnished and supplied m the most com- plete and api>ropriate manner that the funds at their disposal may admit of, regard being had to the claims thereon of the other objects for which they are hereby established ; and also to found Schools or Colleges for Mechanics, and to employ competent persons to deliver lectures on subjects connected with the Mechanical Arts and Sciences or with Manufactures ; and the said Boards shall keep Records of their respective transactions, and shall from time to time publish, in such manner and form as to secure the widest circulation among the Mechanics' Institutes and among Mechanics, Artizans and Manufac- turers generally, all such Reports, Essays, Lectures and other Lite- rary compositions conveying useful information as the said Boards respectively may be able to procure, and judge to be suitable for publication." In conformity with the provisions of the Act a meeting was held in the Mechanics' Institute, Toronto, and a Board of Arts and Manufactures for Upper Canada was organized. The provisions for Lower Canada are identical with those for Upper Canada. The President of the Board is Mr. Ex-SheriflF Jarvis ; Vice-President, Dr. Beatty of Cobourg ; Secretary and Treasm^er, William Edwards. Their rooms are on King Streot West, immediately over Mr. Pell's Picture Gallery. The nucleus of a Library is already formed, con- taining 137 large folio volumes of Engravings of English Patents, 115 volumes of Specifications, and 24 volumes of Indices, aU hand- somely bound in morocco. They have also conmienced the forma- tion of a Library of reference, and have got all as far as published of the new edition of Encyclopedia Britannica, with several other works of reference. The Library is open during office hours for the convenieivce of the public. From tae very specific wording of the Act under which the Board was organized, its Coimcil very naturally thought it was their special duty to take the oversight of the fine art department of the provin- cial exhibitions ; — ^but the older association having succeeded so well in regard to the construction of their crystal palace, have not recog- nized the board in their arrangements. The board of arts has IIISOXLLAKXOUS. 207 theroforo no part to play in the forthcoming exhibition. The musotuu contains a great niiinbor of models of Canadian inventions from the patent office, — also open to the inspection of the public. The follow- ing is a classified list. No. of modeli In each olMf, 1. Agricultural implements 82 2. Cooking apparatus 9 3. Chemical and Medicinal preparations 6 4. Construction of buildings and other structures, and materials used 20 6. Domestic utensils 23 6. Doifry utensils 19 7. Hydraulics 15 8. Heating and ventilating apparatus... 8 9. Marine models 9 10. Musical instruments 4 11. Miscellaneous 44 12. Pumps and fire engines 6 13. Railway and Locomotive improvements 30 14. Sleighs, carriages and carriage gears 16 15. Steam Engines and machinery for manufacturing purposes 78 Canada Company. — This company was incorporated in 1826, and opened their office in No. 13 St. Helen's Place, London. Their Commissioners here were Hon. William Allan and Thomas Mercer Jones, who was succeeded a few years ago by the Hon. W. B. Robin- son. Their office is on the comer of King and Frederick streets. The original agreement between the Company and the Home Gov- ernment was for the purchase of a portion of the Crown and Clergy Reserves in this province. The Crown Lands consisting of 1,384,413 acres, and the Reserves amounting to 829,430, acres forming a total 2,213,843. Tliese lands were valued at 3s. 6d. an acre by the com- missioners appointed by the Government for that special purpose. In consequence of some difficulty experienced with regard to the sale of the Clergy Reserves the price of which amounted to £145, 150 5s. , these lands were withdrawn by the Home Government, and in lieu thereof a block of land, in the London and Western Districts or Huron Tract, of about 1,000,000 acres was made over to the Com- pany for the same aggregate amount fixed for the Reserves. This block formed part of an extensive tract which had been purchased by the Government from the Six Nation Indians, and at the time of its transfer to the Canada Company it was unstirveyed and unex- ■■; 208 TOSOFTO. plored, and was at a conBiderable distance from any road or settle- ment. By a clatiso in the agreement, the survey was to be made at the expense of Government. The Company, in consecpience of these disadvantages were allowed one third of the purchase money, £43,380 to be expended on improvements such as canals, bridges, high roads, churches, wharfs, school houses and other works for the benefit of the settlers in the tract. This was in fact making the tract some- where about 28. an acre. All plans of improvement were, however, to be submitted to the Governor in Council before being proceeded with, and all the works performed by the Company have been in accordance with plans and estimates approved by the Governor in Council. The Company were to be allowed 16 years from the Ist July, 1826 to complete their negotiations with the Government, paying the lands by regular annual instalments. SECTION XIII.— RAILROADS. The Northern Railroad. — A Railroad from Toronto to Lake Huron was talked of for years before Mr. Capreol had ever set foot in Upper Canada. But to the persevering energy of that gentleman, Toronto is indebted for the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron Railroad, — not only for its inception, but for furnishing from his own private resources, the means to pay all the preliminary expenses connected with the undertaking. Mr. Fothergill lamenting in 1839 the great loss which the London and Western Districts of Canada had sustained in the cession of Michigan, says : — *' There is a measure that would go far to recompense the evil that has been inflicted — we mean the Lake Huron Railroad from Toronto. There will be no end to the advantages arising from this national work if it is undertaken on the scale and in the spirit in which such public works should be under- taken. Enterprising merchants at Oswego have long regarded this great measure as one of superlative importance." Mr. Capreol caught %hB idea and gave it embodiment in the Northern Railroad. Frederic Chase Capreol, second son of Thomas Capreol, of Bishop. Sto£ford, Hertfordshire, came to Canada in 1828 to assist in winding up the affairs of the old North West Fur Company, and after a resi- dence of three years in Montreal, retmned to England. In 1833, he returned to Canada, and shortly after landing in New York, warned a Miss Skyring, an English lady, who had come out with him in the same ship from England, and came on to Toronto, where BAILB0AD8. 200 Mr. Caprool intondod to Hottle down. Ho piirchoscd a largo ((uan« tity of lands at the Credit, the rusult of which wiw a long and vuxa* tiouB hxv suit, in which ho idtimatoly canio uti' succuHiifnl. llu thun commenced bnsinoBs as a Cumuiission Merchant, and cuntinuud as such until tho idea of carrying out thu Northern Railroad caused him to turn his attention in that way. His firHt project was to raise tho necessary funds by moans of a lottery — the proceeds of tho tickets to be devoted to purchasing 100,000 acres of land on the line of the projected road — tho idea being that tho profit of tlie hmd alone, when opened up, would pay for tho whole constniction of the line without a sixpence further of expense from those who would embark in it. SufHcient inducements in tho shape of prizes were held out to the purchasers of tickets, but the whole affair was looked upon with dis- trust by some and condemned as an immoral procedure by others. The consequence was that tho lottery did not succeed. Although thus defeated in his first attempts, Mr. Capreol was not of a temperament to give \ip a plan ho had determined to prosecute. He simply changed his course, and set vigorously to work to form a company, and to manufacture pubUc opinion, an essential auxiliary to any new movement. I have heard amusing accounts of some of the meetings which took place at the initiation of the movement. A Bill was at length drafted and passed by the Legislature, but the Governor General reserved it for Her Majesty's assent. A new difiiculty was thus thrown in the way, but it only called into active exorcise a greater amoimt of detennination. He resolved to set out immediately for England, and himself lay the Bill at the foot of the throne. With a view, therefore, to strengthen his hands, tho gentlemen named in the Bill as Provisional Directors wrote him the following letter : — Toronto, 8th Jmio, 1849. F. C. Capreol, — Sir, — As you are about to proceed to England, with a peti- tion to tlie Queen, praying that Her Majesty will bo graciously pleased to give her assent to the Bill passed during the last session of Parliament, incorporating certain persons imder the style and title of "The Toronto, Simcoe and Hiuron Union Railroad Company," which was resented at the close of the session for the signification of Her Majesty's pleas\u:e thereon, we felt that it might be satisfactory to your friends in England to be made aware of our intentions, upon the Bill receiving the Royal assent, to appoint you Manager, under its provisions, should we, being named in tho Bill for that purpose, fusume the duties of Directors. We think it due to you to say, that 210 TOBOVTO. JoUN HlliBKUT, Jr., Gboroe Bahuuw. an you woro tho projector of tho schomo, which wo have ovory confi- donco in, you uru tliu person host ontitlud to tliut murk of our approbation, Hhoiild your appointment bo roganled an couHistent with the interesta uf the Company, of wliich at present wu see no reason to doubt. We are, Sir, yoxir most obedient sorvants, RoBBKT E. Burns, Cuarlbs Bkhczy, Jos. C. MoRRI.so^f, M.P.P., Jos. D. Uidout, Benjamin Holmes, M.P.P., Albert Furniss, H. J. BOULTON, M.P.P., With this document in his pocket Mr. Capreol started for England, and hud sufticiunt iutiuenco there, tlirough family connections and otherwise, to get Her Majesty's assent to the Bill. Ho returned immediately, and mndo arrangements with Messrs. C. Story ural)lu ohHtacles hu had ovurcomo. Knowing Mr Caprool {x ■'aonally as I do, and having houn cognizant of all tho eventH iih t:h«>y tnuispirod, I profur giving tho opinions ui !)i-tprus9, Mid oi \ni\Aui mun, rocordud at thu timo, to any remarks ot my own, and th" moro osixjcially as sonio of tho gentlemun who took an activo ]>art in tilu drama havu "shutHud off this mortal coil." Tliu following editorial reiiiurk», memorial and correspondence appeared in tho Toronto Daily Patriot of .'h*d Feb- ruary, 1852, then published by Hamuei Tlioinpson Ai Co., a careful porusiil of which will enable the reader to get a pretty fair idea of the imhandsome course pursued, a course sutticient to deter any man from stepping out of liis way to promote any public meaauiu wliatever. THE NORTHERN RAILROAD. — MR. CAPREOL. " This Journal has at all times been tho zealous advocate of Rail- ways, tis a means of rapidly and profitably developing the great resources of this magnificent Province — resoiu-cea which, under pre- sent circumstances, may bo considered as comparatively of little value, but which if opened up by improved opportunities, as regard convey- ance and a market, would render Canada one of the richest and most productive countries on the face of the American Continent. For this reason therefore, we should be most reluctant to originate any remarks that might, even >y misconstruction, be considered as tend- ing to impede in any way the progress of our Northern Railroad. And in giving a place in our columns to what we consider a tempo- rate exposition — free from all personal grounds of offence to any body — of Mr. Capreol's appeal (as wo may, we think, term it) from the provisional Board of Directors to the people of Canada, wo aro not, we conceive, doing any one thing that can bo supposed to detri- ment tho Road, though the facts of the case, as set forth in tho document itself, may possibly reflect somewhat hardly upon the Directors of the Company. "It seems hardly credible that any Board of Direction, far less a merely provisional one, should not merely have treated Mr. Capreol in so harsh, we might say cruel, a manner, as to dismiss him, the projector of the enterprise, at a moment's notice and on no definite grounds of official misconduct, from the honourable situation of Manager — but, when respectfully memorialized by a niunerous and «i 212 TOBONTO. ji influential body of their fellow citizens, should have treated that application with silent contempt, and not even so much as acknow- ledged its receipt ! The memorial, though doubtless penned by a friendly hand, and therefore somewhat more commendatory in its tone than some might concur in, is nevertheless, we believe, a correct recital of facts and in its every word respectful to the Directors. Not only are its averments substantially true, and its language courteous, but the recommendation it embodies is so very reasonable, indeed so unexceptionable, and the parties to whom all matters in dispute were proposed to be referred, are gentlemen, to whose judg- ment every one would so cheerfvdly submit, that it seems adding insult to injury to treat the prayer of the memorial so discourteously as it has been. " But this is not the only instance of the kind, for the Board of Trade — whose intervention Mr. Capreol also sought, and who had previously addressed the Board recommending arbitration — were treated, if not with actual discourtesy, at all events so slightingly, that their recommendation was apparently altogether disregarded. " It is, we admit, very likely that in the warmth of his natural dis- position, Mr. Capreol may have exhibited a hastiness of temper, not altogether compatible with his position. But in the name of every thing fair and just, are the people of Canada — who have to thank, " the industry and perseverance of one individual,^' (see Patriot, March 10) for the great boon of a Northern Railroad, and in the emphatic words of our worthy Mayor at the St. Patrick's celebration — ^are they we say, willing, on merely frivolous grounds, ** to allow others tojilch from that individual (F. C. Capreol,) the credit and honor to which he is so justly entitled?" "With these few prefatory remarks we leave the subjoined memorial to speak for itself, and we very much mistake the justice-loving character of our community, if, after perusing the document, they do not arrive at the conclusion that Mr. Capreol has been most harshly and ungratefully dealt with. " MEMORIAL. To the Board of JJirectort of the Ontario, Simcoe, and Huron Railroad Union Company : " Gentlemen, — We, the undersigned, shareholders, citizens, and others, interested in the successful completion and early operation of the Northern Railroad, having observed, with much regret, the recent proceedings of your Board towards Mr. Capreol ; and feeling assured that the effect of these proceedings, if not again considered and rectified, will be not simply injurious if not unjust to Mr. Capreol personally, but calculated to greatly BAILBOABS. 213 discourage individual enterprise and energy from attempting in future to accomplish any great publio undertaking ; and, entertaining a reasonable hope that a temperate, though decided, expression of public opinion with regard to the course that ought, in all fairness to Mr. Capreol's services and claims, to be taken by the Board, so as to afford to that gentleman what is the birthright of every British subject, namely, the adjudication of his case by an independent and a disinterested authority — take leave respectfully to submit to the favorable attention of tlio Board the following considera' tions bearing upon Mr. Capreol's past services and present position as regards the Northern Railroad, namely: — Ist. It must at once be admitted as a fact th-it all the combined influ- ences and efforts of the leading men of Toronto, as a Chartered Company, aided a** Ihev were by the still more powerful influence of the Canada Company, failed, after .-everal jears of active exertion and the expenditure of large sums of money in preliminary expenses, to mature anything like a satisfactory mode whereby a Railroad communication from Toronto to Lake Huron could bo constructed ; and, in 1849, the attempt on the part of an influential direction to bring their charter into practical operation was abandoned as altogether hopeles's. 2nd, On the other hand, it must be readily admitted, as another fact, that the present satisfactory condition of a Railway communication from Toronto to Lake Huron (which it would be needless to dilate upon as tho progress made in the work speaks for itself) is almost entirely attributable to the individual foresight, the untiring energy, and persevering efforts of Mr. Capreol, assisted and encouraged by the countenance and support of a few valued friends. But for these efforts on the part of Mr. Capreol, not a sod would have been turned in furtherance of an object so vitally important to the interests of this City— and Mr. Capreol's enterprize and manage- ment justly entitle him to be looked upon and acknowledged as the Father of this great undertaking ! 3rd. In tho course of Mr. Capreol's almost Herculean labours durioo' the past four years, and at hin own heavy expense and great risk, he has accom- plished results which the most hopeful looked upon as nearly impossible; and has conquered ob-ttacles which, to men less sanguine and energetic than he has proved himself, would have been found insurmountable, namely — " Under circumstances, peculiarly discouraging, Mr. Capreol, at a conside- rable expense of time and money, and by means of well directed personal exertions .it tho Seat of Government, succeeded in carrying through both Houses of the Provincial Legislature the present Act of Incorporation — a measure of success which, how much so ever it might have been hoped for, it may safely be affirmed, was as little expected by ninety-nine out of a hundred of those who signed the petition to Parliament praying for the enactment. When the Bill was reserved by the Governor General for the i- ; ^-s 1 ^ 1: r r . I 214 TOBONTO. signification of Her Majesty's pleasure, Mr. Capreol (when the Board de- clined to incur the responsibility) at his own expense and risk forthwith proceeded to England, carrying with him credentials and recommendations from His Excellency ; and by means of his effective exertions, nssisted by a propitious combination of family connection and personal influence, he succeeded in securing what it is quite safe to say no other man in Canada could have accomplished ; for, in the short space of seven weeks Mr. Capreol returned to Toronto with the Royal Assent in his pocket; thus trium- phantly realizing for the Railroad everything that legislation could per- form in its behalf. " Passing uver several intervening, but less prominent features of Mr. Capreol's services rendered the Northern Railroad, it cannot be denied that the £69,000 stock, subscribed by the County of Simcoe, was effected almost entirely through Mr. Capreol's zealous exertions. The liberal donation of JE.25,000, together with other valuable privileges voted by the Corporation of Toronto in aid of the Railroad, were, to a great extent, the result of Mr. Capreol's perseverance in keeping the subject constantly before the public until, at last, an impression was made on the public opinion favorable to the undertaking. The fifteen thousand pounds stock, small as it is in amount, subscribed for by private individuals, was, nevertheless, obtained chiefly by means of Mr. Capreol's active personal canvass among our mer- chants and citizens ; and the additional £36,000 loaned by (he Corporation in order to make up tlie amount sufficient to claim the Government gua- rantee, was originated, pushed forward, and eventually secured through Mr. Capreol's strenuous and well-timed exertions. " Mr. Capreol vras further the active instrument whereby the Government guarantee of principal as well as interest, was at length secured to the Rail- road, and thus he mainly assisted in finally establishing what may truly be affirmed as the very key stone of the enterprise^ and without which it must have fallen to the ground. " These essential points having thus been securely determined, Mr. Capreol, (ever anxious to see the work in practical forwardness) at his own coat and risk, made various journeys to the United States, where, by his business habits and judicious management, he succeeded in effecting an arrangement with the present eminent and reliable contractors, by whom the work is now being actively carried onward. This arrangement is so favourable as regards the terms upon which the Railroad is to be completed in thorough working order, and the benefits to be thereby anticipated to all interests in the city are so great, that to have even prepared the way for such an ar- rangement (had Mr. Capreol rendered the work no other service) ought, alone, to entitle him to the gratitude of the community, and to any honours or rewards in the power of the Company to confer. At the trifling cost to the people of Toronto of only £15,000 stock subscribed by individuals, pay- able in five years, and £60,000 in Corporation Debentures, having twenty BAILBOASS. 215 years to ran, this city will have secured the completion of nearly one hua* dred miles of Railroad, connecting at Toronto, the great lakes — Ontario and Huron — passing through a rich and fertile country, the products of which must find their way to this city — ond opening up the prospect of an immensely valuable traffic between the Atlantic sea-board, the mining re- gions of Lake Superior, and the " Far West " of the United States. " It may be confidently affirmed that so great an amount of benefit waa never, and possibly never will be again, conferred upon a community at so small an expense to them individually. Yet all these advantages (hardly in the present generation to be fully appreciated) Mr. Capreol has been mainly instrumental in realizing I While, in addition to tiiese great services ren- dered to the Northern Railroad in particular, Mr. Capreol's energetic ex- ample has, beyond doubt, given a powerful stimulus to Railway enterprize in other sections of the Province ; and he has thus rendered himself a bene- factor to the public at large. *' The undersigned have now, as they conceive, fairly and dispassionately stated the effective and valuable services Mr. Capreol lias performed on behalf of the Northern Railroad, and upon those services Mr. Capreol may, with becoming pride, rest his claims for consideration. Hut for his almost tingle handed exertions, untiring efforts, heavy outlay, enormous risk, and business energies, there would not at this motnent have been in exislince such a thing as a Northern Railroad under contract and in the course of active progress towards completion ; and, bearing in miud the sacrifices Mr. Capreol has made, the risks he has incurred and the anxieties he has en- dured, the undersigned cannot conceal from themselves, that being denied the honour (specially recommended by the General Committee) of taking a prominent part in the proceedings of the Jubilee (which he originated and planned) when, by the turning of the first sod under distinguished and flattering auspices, his anxieties and labours had reached a happy termi- nation, Mr. Capreol has sustained treatment he did not merit And, in being further summarily and without any apparent intelligible cause, dismissed from the office of Manager and Treasurer, Mr. Capreol, they conceive, has sustained additional treatment he did not merit — and which public opi- nion requires should be promptly redressed. It may possibly be argued that, in granting to Mr. Capreol, under date of December, 18f 0, the Com- pany's Bonds at seven years, to the amount of £11,000, an aJ<^quate com- pensation has been made for his services. The undersigned must, however, demur to such an argument ; for, on the contrary, they do not hesitate to affirm, that this amount of bonds, payable at a remote period, and in the state of the Canadian market hardly convertible into money unless at a great discount, cannot reasonably be considered any thing more than a fair and very moderate equivalent for the outlay, risk, and time which Mr. Capreol devoted in accomplishing the results he had so triumphantly secured. While, in return for hia other efficient services in forwarding the 21d TOBOVIO. undertaking, the undersigned considered the permanent sitaation of paid Manager and Treasurer, would be no more than a reasonable compensa- tion, and no more than what Mr. Capreol had a just right to expect in an undertaking of which he was the fostering parent The undersigned have no desire to enter upon the consideration of the particular causes of hosti- lity which have arisen between Mr. Capreol and any individual member of the direction, and upon which hostHity, it is presumed, tlie unfortunate differences between Mr. Capreol and the Board of Directors are grounded. Nor are they prepared to deny that Mr. Capreol is of a sanguine, and therefore, hasty temperament. But they are nevertheless of opinion, that neither individual hostility on the one side, nor infirmity on the other, should or ought to be taken, as a justifiable reason why the Board, in its collective capacity, should eject Mr. Capreol from the high position in the Company to which his acknowledged labors, and meritorious services, had justly elevated him. The Northern Railroad being, to a great extent, as much, if not more, a public, than a private undertaking — the Government of the Province being largely concerned in its completion — the rate payers of this City being interested in its success to the amount of £60,000, and the present Board holding office but provisionally — it has been thought, that the iuter- Tention of public opinion to reconcile existing differences between Mr. Capreol and the Board, and thus prevent the growth of any obstacles that might impede the progress of the Railroad, is no more than wkvt might reasonably be admitted by the Directors. The undersigned therefore, do most earnestly recommend, that all points in dispute and all matters at issue, between either the Board in general or any individual member thereof, and Mr. Capreol, sliould at once be referred to the arbitration of three influential but disinterested intelligent men, in whose impartial judgment the Board of Directors and the public at large onght to, and would, repose implicit confidence; and they suggest that, Sir Allan MacNab, the President of the Toronto Board of Trade, and the Sheriff of the District, would be in every respect fit and proper persons to be such arbitrators I Should Mr. Capreol be shown to be so far in the wrong as to have justified the Board in removing him from the responsible office of Manager and Treasurer of the Company, the undersigned have no desire to sustain him in that or any other wrong ; but if it shall eventuate that nothing materially culpable can be sustained against Mr. Capreol, in the discharge of his official duty, then, his prompt reinstatement in office will naturally be expected to follow. John Cameron, R. Brewer, John Fisken, Hutchinson & Co., Alex. Ogilvie A Co., Thos. D. Harris, Shaw,Turnbull Alhurt, Louisa, Ac, Sir Richard Bonnycastle, then commanding the Royal Engineers in this district. The particulars of this transfer are care- fully treasured up in the archives of the Corporation. The Mayor, dressed in his red cloak, — which was then the badge of civic honoiu", — accompanied by the Common Council, and a number of citizens, proceeded from the City Hall in state to the first bridge. Here their progress was obstructed by a temporary barricade, and the sentry demanded, who dared to pass that way ? The answer was im- mediately reported, and Major Bonnycastle advanced, and seeing the Mayor and his followers — said WOBSHIPFUL SIR, — "I am commanded by His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor to present to the Mayor and Corporation of the City of Toronto, these 230 TOBOlfTO* two new Bridges over the forks of the Don River, which have been erected for the benefit of the inhabitants, that they may in all time to come, be enabled to enjoy the salubrious air of the peninsula ; — requiring only in return that the Bridges be free of toll for ever to the troops, stores and ordnance of His Majesty." The Mayor made a more elaborate reply, in one part of which he says — " In behalf of the Common Coimcil and of the citizens, I beg you to convey to His Excellency, the grateful feelings with which this new instance of the bounty of our most Gracious Sovereign is received ; and take this occasion, on behalf of the city, to renew our assurance of loyalty and attachment to His Majesty's person and Government, and pray through His Excellency a continuance of royal favour towards this city." The opening ceremony having been gone through with a sort of Mimic Temple Bar formality, the Mayor and Corporation proceeded to the Hotel, then erected on the Island, and having enjoyed a com- fortable luncheon they retiu^ied by the ferry boat which at that time plied between the Island and the shore. From some unexplained cause, the Bridges thus ceremoniously opened, have been allowed to go to decay, and at present no access can be had to the peninsula except by water conveyance. In the arrangement for the Esplanade, one Bridge to cross the Big Don is provided for, and as this one will lead only to the triangular portion of the marsh formed by the two mouths of the River, little doubt can be entertained that another Bridge, to cross the Little Don, will shortly be constructed. By this means the pleasing drive of which the citizens have been so long deprived, wUl be restored. Eastward from the Don an aguish marsh extends a considerable distance along the margin of the Lake. It is the scene of many a hard day's good shooting, ducks of every variety, suipe, plover and cock, — being plentifvd. There is a very substantial, though rude looking, BRIDGE ACROSS THE DON, On the line of Palace Street erected to supply the place of an old one, which was carried away by a "freshet" in the spring of 1850, — a calamity which brought destruction to many a bridge and mill dam throughout the township, and broke up the roads in many places to such a dgree as to render them dangerous for travellers. About two mUes onward on the Kingston Road, is Mr. Lesslie'a garden and Nursery, a spot well worthy a special visit. On the way thither, we pass on the right, PITBLIO BUILSnrOS AND THEIB LOGATIOKS. 231 TORONTO RACE COURSE A circiilar course of about a mile, with stand, betting booth, weighing room, starting and winning posts, and all the attendant parapher- nalia of an Anglo-Canadian Hippodi'ome. This kind of sport has gone out of vogue, lately ; but some years ago, good horses were brought on the ground, and the races were well conducted. Mr. LessUe's gardens are very extensive, he is a successful horticulturist, and annually sends to all parts of the province, large numbers of choice fruit trees, and ornamental trees and shrubs of every variety, native and exotic. His terms are moderate, and he seldom dis- appoints his patrons, either as to variety or the health and vigour of his saplings. He is an expert and industrious engrafter, and pur- sdes his avocation with a tolerable share of scientific aptitude. An inspection of his hot house and herbariiun will amply repay the trouble of a walk thither, and one of his fragrant bouquets will refresh the visitor on his homeward route. Having once more passed the Rubicon of the Don we turn up River Street on the right to Winchester Street, the old plank road, which nmning eastwards descends by an easy slope to the river, here crossed by a narrow wooden bridge. Instead, however, of crossing by the Bridge, let us turn to the left in front of the Don Vale House, through Mr. Ward's property, where, striking on a footpath or trail we reach by a very romantic course, the spot selected by Governor Simcoe, the first Governor of Canada, as the site of his residence. At this distant day we can form but a very imperfect idea of the wild romantic grandeur of this locality, ere yet the axe of the wood- man had cleared it of its majestic pines, for in those days — " A man was famous and was had In estimation. According as he lifted up His axo thick trees upon."* But even yet there is much that is attractive and picturesque about the groimds of Castle Frank. The mazy windings of the Don, as it silently meanders through the luxuriant flats which form its summer and autiunn banks, bordered here and there on each side by high, romantic hills, crowned with trees of all forms and sizes, from the slender but firmly knit ironwood to the majestic primeval pine, and displaying all the varied tints natiu-al to their foliage ; — the various elevations and forms of the hills, and the diversity of light and shade thus produced, afford a series of views which delight the artist and the admirer of the beautiful in natiire. But we must not • Old Psalter. 232 T0B05T0. linger here, pleasant though it be to gaze upon the kaleidoscopic variety of the scenery. Returning to the summit of the slope on the old plank road, the tall white fence of THK TORONTO NECROPOLIS Meets the view on the right. This cemetery, laid out a few years ago by three of our city merchants, comprises a plot of rolling ground fifteen acres in extent, stretching from Sumac Street on the west to the banks of the Don, and from the plank road to the old Castle Frank road on the north. In the centre of the grounds is a very neatly constructed mausoleum or vault, for the reception of the dead, and where, dviring winter, when the ground is imper- vious to the mattock, they are kept for a considerable time. There is also a residence for the Superintendent within the enclosiire. This is a pleasant spot for a Necropolis. On the one hand it over- looks the picturesque scenery of the Don, and is on the other suffi- ciently distant from the crowded cit;. „o be secluded from its busy hum. Hither may the mourner Ic nely wend, to drop a silent tear over the dust of the dear departed, or strew fresh flowers around the narrow house. Here, too, the visitor may profitably spend a silent hour. The cemetery has recently passed into the hands of the Tmstees of the Toronto General Burying Ground, commonly called Potter's Fteld, a place now comprised within the Municipality of Yorkville, and interdicted as a burying groimd. North of this, and bounded by Parliament Street on the west, is ST. James's cemetery. Comprising sixty-five acres of roUing ground, and tastefiilly laid out, under the superintendence of Mr. J. G. Howard, architect. It contains some very good specimens of sculpture. There is a receiv- ing vault or mausoleum in the centre of the grounds. There is also a residence for the Superintendent and a room for the officiating clergyman. The cemetery is in connexion with St. James's Cathe- dral, and imder the superintendence of its clergymen and chiurch- wardens. Nearly opposite to the Necropolis, and bounded on the south and west by Don and Sumac Streets, THE NEW GENERAL HOSPITAL, A stately building of the old English domestic style of the 15th cen- tury, raises its majestic towers. The site is high, airy, dry and healthy, being about eighty feet above the level of the bay. The building, — located in an enclosure of four acres, occupies a quad- rangular space of 170 feet by 120 feet, in the form of a hollow PUBLIC BTTILDINOB AKJ) XHEIB LOCATIONS. 233 square, with a projecting portion in the centre, to the north, resem- bling in the ground plan a mammoth figure E. The basement is occupied by kitchens, sculleries, servants' apartments, and stores. The first floor is approached by a flight of stone steps, ten feet long, leading to a spacious entrance hall, twenty-two feet by twenty-three feet, on one side of which is the Board-room, thirty-three feet by twenty-one feet, and on the other a suite of waiting, examining and consulting rooms. Immediately beyond, a magnificent corridor, twelve feet wide, extends the entire length of the building. In the centre of the building are two large wards, thirty-three feet by twenty-two feet, for extreme surgical cases, with bath-rooms, closets, and other conveniences exclusively attached. The apart- ments of the House Surgeon, and several private wards, occupy the east end of the first floor, while the dispensary and offices, and apartments of the stewards and nurses, occupy the west end. Ample stairs, twenty-two feet wide, lead to the second and third floors, wliich are divided into wards, the larger of which are thirty- three feet by twenty-one feet, — arranged to contain twelve patients ; the smaller are arranged to contain eight patients each. These wards are so constructed that several in each story can be shut off" from direct communication with the main building. These floors contain also commodious sitting-rooms for convalescents and for nurses, as well as baths, water-closets, ily as the nature of the material would permit, yet giving it a one sided lieterogeneoas look, if the term is admissible. It has doubtless proved, if not an orna- mental addition, at least a very useful one, and much retpiired from the increase of business m that institution and the consequent neces- sity for a larger staff of officials. Nearly opposite, on George street is THE savings' bank. An excellent and prosperous institution under the able management of C. Scadding. It lends money only on security of real estate-situated in the County of York, with the proviso of a first lien. Proceeding eastwards we pass on the right what was known as George street Free Church, an old wooden building occupied at one time by the Unitarian Congregation and sold by them to what is known as the Irish Free Congregation, which worshipped here until their new Church was erected. Passing on the left several neat brick houses owned by Mr. Snarr, builder, we reach WILTON CEESCENT On the right, formed a few years ago by the proprietor of Moss Park, extending with a bold curve East to Sherboume street. In the centre of this noble Crescent a new street, called Pembroke street, has been opened, leading north to Gorrard street, and several houses of stately dimensions have sprung up to enliven the scene. On the South-west comer of Pembroke street, the Canadian Institute has a very fine building lot 160 feet in front by 138 feet deep, which we trust will shortly be occupied by a structure in keeping with the oraamental character of the Locality, and adapted for the various 238 TORONTO. 1 i purposes of the Instittition. This lot was very handsomely presented to the luHtituto, hy Mr. Allan, who takes a deep interest in its pro- gress. The more money value of the gift will be appreciated by those wIjo know the price oC land in that locality. The Institute has for the present foiuid a local habitation in hired apartments in York chambers opposite to the Post Office. North of Gen-ard street a ten acre lot is opened out for private residences. The intention of the proprietor is to make a carnage drive through the centre of this plot, lejuling from the line of Pembroke street to Carlton street, and having a largo circus in the centre, the interior of which is to be planted with shnibbery, enclosed with a tasteful railing, and relieved and ornamented with statuary, vases, and other decorations in sculp- ture. Tlie entire park is divided into eight lots, four on each side ; thus leaving a commodious space for horticultural embellishment ; and when the drive with its interior decorations is completed, it will form by far the plcasantest part of the city. Proceeding along Gerrard street to the West, we reach Jarvis street, which has filled up very rapidly, and now presents a double row of magnificent villas, some of them of largo proportions and expensively furnished. Althotigh Jai-vis street stretches in a line from Bloor street to the Bay, it changes its name to Nelson street, where it intersects Queen street, and changes also its imposing appearance. There are cer- tivinly some good houses in Nelson street, but they are of a diflerent character from those to the North. Tliere is nothing very noticeable in this street if we except the fact, that two well known characters reside in it. In a large plain old fashioned block resides Mr. James Beaty, proprietor of the Leader Newspaper. A little further down is the residence and business place of Mr. John Nasmith, whose fancy biscuits, sent to the French exposition, so pleased the Emperor of the French that Mr. Nasmith has been declared the prince of biscuit bakers. At the north-east corner of Nelson street let us pause to survey ST. LAWEENCE HALL A substantial and elegant building in the Italian style of architectiu-e, and decidedly one of the ornaments of the City ; although, abutting abruptly as it does upon the street, its architectural beauties aiv hid from the passer by. This pile of buildings, so much admired for the harmony of its proportions, was erected on the site of the old City HaU from the designs and under the superintendence of WUliam Thomas Architect, whose high professional talent and correct taste have tended greatly to the embellisliment and improvement of this fine City. The principal front of the structure ia on King street, and ia PUBLIC BUILDINOd AMD THEIB LOCATIONS. 280 coni{>o8elayed eveiy olv ject wliich can attract the eye or please the most fastidious taste, and between the hours of three and six in the afternoon, tliis street will be found to be the resort and the fashionable promenade of the beau monde of Toronto. Nearly opposite to the foot of Toronto Street is what is known as the old Post Office Lane, an opening between Eastwood, Woodall & Go's School Book Store and the Leader Buildings, which afforded to the King Street mercliants a convenient route to the Post Office, when that public Institution wa.H located on Wellington Street. It is now the thoroughfare to the Toronto Exchange, erected on the site of the old Post Office. Turn- ing to the left on King Street as far as Church Street, let us turn down Church Street in order to proceed by Wellington Street to tlie spot from Avhich we stiirted at the commencement of our excursion. At the foot of the Old Post Office Ltuie stands THE TORONTO EXCHANGE, A handaomo new building erected for the accommodation of an Asso- ciation of Merchants, Millers and Business men. This Association was incorporated by Act of Parliivment in 1854, in order to afford facilities for the transaction of the mercantile business of the city of Toronto and of the surrounding country, capital £12,500, dividerl into 1000 shares of £12 lOs each. Not unlike the London merchants prior to the days of Gresham, our merchants were accustomed t :> meet in any public resort that offered itself for the transaction of their business ; imtil the want of some central place of meeting he- B 250 TOROIfTO. I came 80 generally felt by the increased rosonrces of the city, that a nunilter of bnsiness men met in March 1854, in the office of one of the prcnluco brokers, and appointed a connuittoo to take steps to organize an Exchange Asstjciation. This in time was effected, and to the success of the movement, or perhaps the energy of its earliest promoters, wo have this very fine building, the foundation stone of which was laid witli civic honours — His Worship the then Mayor, G. W. Allan, officiating on the occasion — on the 20th of March, 1855. The fa9ade is three storeys, with a basement extending on Welling- ton street 64 feet and on Berczy street 140 feet. The main entrance is from Wellington street by a flight of steps, in a recessed Grecian Doric portico to a Hall or landing couniuuucating on each side with rooms designed for Telegraph ofKces, bt-ing accessible at all hours without interfering with the main Ituildiiig. From this Hall you enter a sjiacious con-idor 130 feet long und 12 feet wide and 15 feet high, communicating with a line of offices on each side. At a dis- tance of 12 feet from the entrance are two grand staircases, one on each side, which lead directly to the upper corridor and reading- room — a spacious apartment 50 feet long by 20 feet wide, well lighted by seven large windows on Wellington and Berczy streets. At a distance of 10 feet from the main entrance on Wellington street, is an attached poi-tico of two stories — the lower of which is of the Doric order, and the ujiper of the Ionic. The centre of this portico has a principal entrance, 12 feet wide, into the coiTidor, and on either side inferior entrance to the basements and refreshment rooms. From this principal entrance there are two flights of steps of 24 feet wide, leading directly to the upper corridor before men- tioned, merchants' exchange room, millers' association rooms, bro- kers' offices, committee room, and eight private offices. The " Ex- change" is 50 feet by 30, of an oval form, by a height of about 40 ft. , and lighted by a circular ornamental glass dome. From this floor there are three staircases leading to the corridor on the second floor ; the arrangement of piivate offices on this floor being similar to that of the first floor. At the north end of the corridor is the entrance to a handsome gaUer^' smTounding the inner wall of the "Exchange," and communicating therefrom with private offices, committee rooms, and a suite of rooms set apjii-t for the meetings of the Board of Trade. The basement is api^roached by four entrances, — two on Wellington street, and two on Berczy street. The public portions of the build- ing are heated by furnaces ; and each corridor lias two hydrants and hose, wluch in case of fire, can be attached, and brought to bear i PUBLIC BUILDINOS AND THEIR LOOATIONS. 251 tipon any part of the building. Each office has a tire proof vaxUt. The building covers an area of nearly 8000 superficial foot, is com- posed with a rusticated basement, 20 feet liigh, on eiich side of the portico, supporting the cornice, which is Kuriuountod by Ionic pilas- ters and entablature, finished on the top by a bulustnule, the i)iers at each end with ornamented vases, and the centre with the Koyal Anns. The Commercial News Room on the second fioor is well sup- plied with papers and porimiicals. The cost of the structure was somewhere about £11,500, the site £2,700. By the act of incorporation the capital of the Exchange is fixed at £12,500 divided into shares of £12 lOs. each. James Brown is Secrotaiy and Treasurer of the Coinpiiny, and E Wiman is Superintendent of the building and its internal arrangements. We have now nearly reached the point from which we started — having made the circuit of the Eastern portion of the City. We shall now proceed up Yonge Street, noting a few of the more promi- nent public buildings in passing. On the right hand as we i)roceed north, at the comer of Colborne street is the wholesale warehoaso of ROS.S MITCHELL AND CO., The following short description of which I -wrote very soon after its completion. It was designed and constructed under the superin- tendence of William Thomas — and it is pleasing to observe that he has combined very considerable beauty of decoration with a proper consideration of the use for which the building is to be put, and the utmost convenience in the arrangement. He has proved that it is possible to have much that is graceful and elegant, and at the same time not out of character, in a commercial building. The front on Yonge Street is very imposing, thirty-six feet in width and four storeys high, the lower story being of substantial piers of Hamilton stone and the upper of the Ohio stone, which is easily worked, of good colour, and very durable. The style is Italian, with arched windows, the keystones being enriched with ornaments symboUcal of Commerce, other parts of the front being ornamented with wreaths of the leaf of the oak, the tlxistle, and the maple. Tlie whole effect is very striking, considerably heightened as it is, l)y large squares of beautiful EngUsh plate plass, of wh'"ch the windows are composed. The side view of the building, on Oolborne street, is also very fine. It is ninety-six feet in depth, of white brick, with cut stone dressings. The interior is admii-ably adapted, in its arrange- ment, for the purpose designed, — ^tho conveniences for tliu receipt 252 XOBONTO. H and delivery, nnd for the conveyanco of goods to diftbroiit parts of the huil'lin^j;, are uxcoUent, and the laying in du]Nirtintiut is oh coiu- ploto as long oxporionce and sound judgcniont could nmko it. At the main entrance is the coiuiting-room, with private otticos and Hafo ; fin-tlier in, the receiving-room for gooila, and at the rear the pacldng-rf»om and place of exit. On the next storey, are varioiiH departments for Hno goods, with adniimbly arranged Hhelving and cloth covered counters. Above is another Hat laid out in a similar n)anner, and the other is open for storage. The sunken Hoor is iised partly as a bondetl warehouse, and there are vaults imder tho yard, and also imder the street, for storage. Hero also H\nuni has been left for the furnace of tho hot air apparatus, with wliich tho build- ing is heated, tho flues being very neatly introduced tlu^ough tho ditl'erent apartments with the utmost precautions agtvinst fire. Tlio gas fittings are handsome and in a uniform style ; and tho building is suppUed with water. Tlie establislmient is altogether the most handsome and complete structure of the kind which wo have in tho City, and reflects tho greatest credit ui)on tho owners, arcliitoct, and builders. It is in fact a model warehouse. The wholesale stores of Williiun McMaster, Bryco McMurrich & Co., I. C. Gilmoiir, William Rose it; Co., Shaw, TumbxiU tfe Co., in the immediate neighbourhood — are all substantial and commo- dious buildings, well adapted for the purpose to which they are applied, although not so highly ornamented as that just alluded to. Passing King street wo reach Adelaide street on tho North sido of which stands ZION CHAPEL, At its intersection with Bay street. This chapel is under tho pas- toral charge of the Rovd. Mr. EUcrby, who succeeded the Rt'vd, John Roaf, who for many yeai's had the pastoral charge of this, tlio First Congregational Church. Mr. Roaf, avIio had previously Ijcen settled in Wolverhampton, England, arrived in Toronto in the end of 1837 — to preside over tho Congregational body wliich had been orga- nized three years before under the Revd. ]\Ir. Merrifield. Tho chapel erected for him in 1840 on the comer of Adelaide and Bay streets was destroyed by fire on the 25th of February, 1855. The present structure was erected on the site of the old builtling from designs by William Thomas. It is in the Lombard style of arclii- tecture. Tlio building is of brick throughout, with Ohio stono dressings. The tower and spire are on the north-west angle, form- ing a conspicuous object when entering the city from King street PUBLIC DUILUINOB AKD TIIEIE LOCATIONS. 253 west. It is divided into fivo Imyn, with a two-light Bomicimilor Iil'ikUmI window in eiuli, hiiviiig S(|iiuri) l»uttru880H betwcon, with atono woathorinj^s annz3d and gilt, all somewhat massive in character and supported by small carved cvnsoles. The cusliiona and drapery are of crimson silk velvet, trimmed with silk fringe, and the top of the desk is finished to correspond with the cushion. The stairs to the platform are at the extreme ends, having large or- namental consoles, forming rails between the stairs. Immediately in front of the minister's desk is the communion table, which is en- closed by a neat balustrade, the top being covered similarly to the cushion of the reading desk. The other apartments are the lecture room and class rooms in the basement. The cost of the church, in- cluding the inclosures and laying out of the groimds, with other incidental expenses, was over £3,200 cuiTency. Midway between Alice and Louisa Streets THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY TRINITY Is located. This Chm-ch wa.s built ahoxit twelve years ago, from an anonymous donation of £5,000 by a lady in England. Of this sum over £3,000 was paid for the Church, the balance was fimded for an endowment. The Church is an oblong building in the debased Gothic style, with a shallow projection for a chancel, and two shallow transepts. There are two spiral stairs at the west end, terminating in battlemented tmrets, repetitions of which are iLsed at various other points, by way of ornament, and in some cases as chimneys. The Church is large and roomy. There is a gallery in one of the transepts in which is the organ, and another galleiy in the west end. Tlie ceiling forms an obtuse angle, plastered and rilibed with narrow wood mouldings, the principals shewing tlu^ough at intervjils, and curved, resting on moulded wood corbels. The Church is seated with low open benches of good construction. There is a large stone font in the Chm-ch designed by Dr. Boaven, and a stained glass window, designed by Mr. Hay, architect, and executed by BaUantyne of Edinburgh, representing life-sized figures of the four Evangelists, under oniamental canopies, with their re- :: S !: I I 258 TOBONTO. spective emblems in qnatre-foils below. In the tracery there is an ornamental cross, the alpha and omega, and other emblems. This window was the anonymous gift of a member of the congregation. It is valued at £160 sterUng. There are two other stained windows, Oi four lights, by Bullock of Toronto ; also by an anonymous donor. In connection with this Church are Parochial Schools. These consist of a group of buildings attached to the Church, abutting on its south-eaat corner, and comprise a school for boys on the ground floor, and one for girls on the upper floor, approached by separate entrances. There is a small winter ch.apel on the upper floor for the daily services of the Church, separated from the girls' school by an open screen of wood work, behind which is a curtain. The whole is 80 arranged that the school is rendered available for the worshippers during service. The walls are lined on the inside with fine white pressed brick. The roof of the upper school and chapel is of open wood work, stained and varnished. From the ceiling depends a neat corona lucis, with four lights. Round the band, which is more than four feet diameter, is inscribed in Old English characters illu- minated, the Scripture, "Let your light so shine before men that they seeing your good works may glorify your Father which is in Heaven." The east windows of the chapel is a triplet filled with very good stained glass, by Bullock of Toronto, representing in medallion forms, the Nativity, the Baptism of our Lord, the Cruci- fixion, Resurrection and Ascension. The windows have their jambs and archij.i of hewn stone, in that style called flush tracery. The walls are of white brick, with stone dressings. The roofs are of equilateral pitch. Surmounting the apex of one of them, is a neat little bell-cot, suppoi^ted on two posts, capped with a gilded ball and vane. They were erected at a cost of £1,000, subscribed by mem- bers of flie congregation, Mr. Hay furnishing the plans, and super- intended the erection of the buildings gratuitously. Both schools are well attended. They are under the care of the assistant clergyman. Mr. Vial the choir master of the Church is the head master. Proceeding north we reach Gould Street, on which stands THE GOULD STREET UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, At its intersection with Victoria Street. Tliis Church was erected for the Rev. Dr. Taylor, Professor of Divinity to the United Pres- byterian Chm'ch in Canada. The congregation was formed in the Old Mechanics' Institute in 1854, and continued to worship there until the opening of their new place of worship on the 11th of Jan- i PrSLIO BUILSINOS AND THEIB LOCATIONS. 259 uary, 1857. This Chiirch is built of white brick with freestone dressings, in the late first pointed style of English architecture of the 13th century. It consists of a single nave with a broad pointed roof of good pitch. There is a tower and spire at the north-west angle 160 feet high. The spire is very tastefully covered with slate of a light green colour. The details are simple but correct. The side walls are pierced with mullioned and traceriotl windows of two lights each, with quatrefoil heads. Over the main entrance in the north end is a simple but beautifvd window of tlu-ee Ughta, separated by broad piers, the centre light depressed. The wliole is siu-mounted by a large cinquefoil light, and embraced within a hood moulding, forming a trefoil head. This window, with the exception of the hood and sills, is entirely of brick work, executed in a very neat style of workmanship. The whole of the windows and doors have stone label or hood mouldings, with carved dripstone tenninations. The buttresses are massively treated with fine steep weatherings. Internally the church presents a clear space, there beuig no galleries save a narrow one over the vestibule at the end. The seats are arranged in three columns, with two passages, for the sake of econo- mising space. The original design of the arclutect was to divide the space into a nave and aisles, with a tripartite roof and a central pas- sage. The cost of this edifice was £3,754. Tlie houi-s of service are different from those of the other churches in town. The congre- gation assembles for worship at 11 a. m. , and for afternoon woi-ship at half-past 2 o'clock. The Sunday School meets at a quai-ter past 4 o'clock. The Church was erected from designs by William Hay, and is the chastest architectural edifice in the City. Immediately opposite to this Church is the Normal School Square, on which stand THE NORMAL AND MODEL SCHOOLS. This extensive and important establishment is located in the centre of an open square of about seven acres and a half of ground between Church and Victoria Streets, bounded on the North by Gen-ard St. , and on the South by GoiUd Street. It is a beautiful situation, heighterred considerably in effect by the very tiisteful manner in which the grounds are laid out. The scjuare was purchased in Au- gust, 1850, from the Hon. Peter McGill, of Montreal, by the Coun- cil of Public Instruction for the sum of £4,500. The first grant given by the Legislatiure for the purposes of the Normal School was £15,000, to which was added in 1852 a further sum of £10,000. The building cost somewhere about £9,000, and the fitting up was t 260 TOEONTO. upwards of £1500 in addition. The comer stone of the building was laid on the 2nd July, 1851, by His Excellency the Earl of Elgin, in presence of a large concourse of spectators ; and tlie Institution was opened on the 24th November, 1852. The armorial bearings of the Earl of Elgin were tastefully engraved on the silver trowel used by His Excellency on the occasion, and its ivory handle was ornamented with a coronet wrought in silver. The blade of the trowel bore the following inscription : THE CHIEF CORNER STONE OF THE NORMAL AND MODEL SCHOOLS FOR UPPER CANADA, WAS lAID ON Wednesday, the Second day of July, 1851, In the Fiftkenth Yeab of tub Reion OF HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY QUEEN VICTORIA, BT THE RIGHT HONORABLE THE EARL OP ELGIN AND KINCARDINE. K.T., GOVEBNOR GeXEBAL OF BRITISH NoRTH AMERICA. On the reverse was : — FBESEKTED TO THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OP ELGIN AND KINCARDINE, K.T. BT THE COUNCIL OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION FOB UPPER CANADA, Tobonto, 2ni> July, 136L The inscription on the brass plate which covered the cavity of the stone, was as follows : — THIS THE CHIEF CORNER STONE OF THE NORMAL AND MODEL SCHOOLS FOR UPPER CANADA. WAS lAID ON Wednesdayy the Second day of July, 1851, In ihf Fifteenth Yeab of the Reign OF HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY, QUEEN VICTORIA, BT THE RIGHT HONORABLE THE EARL OF ELGIN AND KINCARDINE, K. T., GOVEBNOB GENEBAL OF BRITISH NOBTH AUEBICA, &C., &C , IN THE FBEdBXCB OF The Pbebident and Members of the Executive CorNcit, Tub .Sfeakeb and Members of the Lkoiblative Council, Tub Speaker and Msubebs of the Leoislativb Assembly, The Chairman and Members of the Council of Public Instruction, Thb Matob, Municipal Council and Citizens of the citt of Tobonto. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND TUEIB LOCATIONS. 261 THIS INSTITUTION Erected by the Enlightened Libera.lity of Fabliament, 18 DESIONED FOU TlfE IK8TUUCTI0N & TbAININO OF SCUOOL TEACUERS UPOS CHRISTIAN PBTNCIFlSa. l^hc Council of Puhlic Instruction, for Upper Canada : The Reverend Eoeuton Rveiison, D.I)., Chief SaperUitcnrhnt of Schools, The Honorable Samuel IJealy Harbison, Chninnan. The Rt. Rev. A. F. M. de Ciiarbonnel, D D., Ri>mnn Catholic Bishop of Toronto. The Reverend Henry James Gbasett, A.M. Joseph Ccrran Morrison, Esq., M.P.P. Hugh Scobie, Esq. James Scott Howard, Esq. The Reverend John Jennings. The Reverend Adam Lillie. John George Uodgins, Esq., Recordiny Clei'l;, Frederick W Cc.mbebland, and Thomas Ridout, Esquires, Archilecta. Messrs. JIetcalfe, Wilson & Forbes, Contractors. A bottle containing the following documents, «fcc. , was handed by Hugh Scobie to His Excellency, who placed it in the cavity of the stone prepared for its reception : Report on a system of Public Elementary Instruction for Upper Canada, 1846; Journal of E'lucation for August, I8t9, containing the Annual Re- port of the Normal, Model and Common Schools in Upper Canada, for 1847, containing an account of the openiu'^ of the Normal School in No- vember, 1847 ; Common School Act of 7th Victoria, chapter 2y ; Common School Act, 9th Victoria, chipter 20; Common School Act, lOtli and llth Victoria, chapter 19; Common Scliool Act, 13th and 14th Victoria, chap- ter 48, with Forms, Regulations, Instructions, and Circulars ; Parchment copy of the Inscription on the Plate deposited in the cavity of the Corner Stone: Journal of Education for May, 1848, containing an account of the first Examination of the Normal School ; Programme of the last Examina- tion of the Normal and Model Schools, ending Slst May, 1851 ; Journal of Education for May, 1851, containing an account of the last examination ; Scobie's Almanac for 1851 ; Programme of the ceremony observoil at lay- ing the Chief Corner Stone of the Normal Scliool, and Engraving of Building; Sundry silver and copper coins; Different denojjiinations of Canadian postage stamps. The principal building has 184 feet 4 inches of a frontage, with a depth on tlie iliuika of 85 feet, and is two storeys in height. The central portion of the front consists of a plain pediment supported by i)ilaster8 and frieze, of the Roman Doric Order. The frieze is richly decorated with metopes, modillions and dentUs. The main building is sunuounted by an open campanile rising 90 feet from the ground. — square in plan, withpiei-s of clustered piia-sters and arches with a cornice and ogee dome roof eni-iched with carving on the '■I 262 TOEONTO. angles, and terminated with a ball and vane. The main entrance is in the central front, leading to a large hall intersected at the upper end by a spacious corridor, the entire length of the building. On the ground floor are the rooms of the Chief Superintendent, the De- puty Superintendent and staiF of clerks, the Public Library and Book Depository and Council Room. A door from the upper end of the hall leads to the platform of the theatre, with side entrances for the students. The area of the theatre is seated to accommodate 470 students, and the gallery 150, in aU 620. It is semi-circular in rear, and admirably adapted for a lecture room. Around the outer wall of the theatre and beneath its gallery are corridors by which students enter the Model School, which is 175 feet 6 inches long, by 51) feet deep, divided equally into Boys' and Girls' departments. Si)acious staii-s lead from the corridor to the upper floor, the rooms of whicli were formerly devoted to the Normal School class rooms and Masters' rooms. This department is now carried on in the new Model Grammar School recently erected in rear of the main building — and the upper floor is devoted to rooms for statuary, a picture gallery and museum. Tlie walls of the gallery of the central hall are also devoted to busts and medallions tastefidly arranged around the walls. In the picture gallery there are some good paintings — almost all of them copies, however, as the great aim of the Chief Superintendent was to get as large a collection of the works of the ancient masters as possible, without incurring the enormous expense of original paintings. The statuary has been provided on the same principle, and when it is all arranged as it will be in a very few days, this museum wdll form one of the most attractive features in our city. The ornithological department contains specimens of all or nearly all our Canadian birds, aiTanged with considerable taste by Mr. May, the curator of the establishment, to whom I am indebted for his kind assistance in the arrangement and preparation of the ornithological section of this work. The Typical Case is a feature in this department worthy of notice. Mr. May has fitted up a typical case of ornithology, containing representatives of each type or order, thvis, for example : Order I. — Birds of Prey — is represented by the Great Footed Hawk, diurnal : and by the Snowy Owl, nocturnal. Order II. — Perching Birds — is represented. Family 1, by the Night Hawk ; 2, by Humming Birds ; 3, by Warblers and Bohemian Chatterer ; 4, Meadow Lark, Redwing, and Starling. Order III. — Climbers — is represented by Woodpeckers. PIJDLIO BVILDINQS AND THEIB LOCATIONS. 203 Order IV. — Scrapers — by the Ruffed Grouse. Order V. — Waders — by the Rail, Plover, Bittern, and Red-breasted Sand Piper. Order VI — Swimmers — by the Velvet Duck and Crested Grebe. These specimens are all Canadian, and are aiTanged according to their natural habits. Typical cases are of inipoi'tance in teacliing the student to trace the connecting links between the various spe- cies — and therefore ought to form a featui-e in all om* Educational Establishments where Natural History is taught. Returning again to Yonge Street, and proceeding northwards, we pass the Nursery and Gardens of Mr. James Fleming, so well known in coiniuxion with all our Horticultii -al and Provincial Ex- hibitions. A little higher up we reach the College Avenue, which leads to the University Buildings and Park. A little north of the Avenue stands KNOX COLLEGE, The Divinity Hall of the Presbyterian or Free Church Iwdy in Canada. At its institution accommodation was found in the buildings on Front Street now known a*. Sword's Hotel ; but in 1855 the Col- lege Council purchased Elmsley Villa on the comer of Grosvenor Street, which was occupied as a residence by His Excellency Lord Elgin from 1849 to 1861, when the Seat of Government rotated to Quebec. Tlie sum paid for the old building, inclusive of an acre of ground surrounding it, was £5,500. A large wing, 60 feet by 52 feet, three storeys in height, has since been added, which gives accommodation for a dining hall 38 feet by 52 feet, with closets and other conveniences, and also for 28 large bed-rooms for boarders. Immediately north of Grosvenor Street, and passing Breadalbane and Wellesley Streets, we reach Clover Hill Road, leading to ST. basil's chuhch And College of St. Michael. The site of tliis building is 125 feet above the level of the Lake, and is one of the most delightful sites in the neighbourhood. The building was erected from designs by Wm. Hay, and under his superintendence. The whole group of St. Michael's College, when completed, is calculated to accommodate 200 pupils. The principal wing, now built, is 90 feet in length, and 40 in breadth, and the height is 48 feet ; at the west end of which is a Clnu-ch, 100 feet in length, by 50 in breadth — affording a Chapel for the convenience of the pupils, and fJso a facility for the Catholics of the environs to assist at Divine Service on Sundays and Festivals. 1 ! i ?! 261 The Imildinga TOEONTO. ,(lr.'vuglo, after the are airanged in the fonn of a manner of tlio ancient English coUogea. The Chnrcli occupies one Biilo of tlio wjuaro, antl consists of nave and aisles, with extended cliancel and side cha})els. The stylo of the sacred edlHco is severe lirst pointed, or that which prevailed in England about the nii(hUo of the thirteenth century. The roof is of open timber construction of bold design, forming an imposing feature in the internal aspect of the Church. The tower is situated at a corner of the nave ; and crowned by a light, graceful s^nro, opens, at its bjiso, a communica~ tion between the Church and the low cloister. This cloister forms part of a continuoiis ambulatory x'oinid the entire eon presentod to tho City for a Park, hnt nothing has yot boon done towards its formation. A little further south wo pass on tho loft the old University Buildings, novr occ\ipiod ii8 a Fomalo Lunatic Asyiiuu ; and, looking thonco woat and north, tho NBW TTNIVBB8ITY BUILDINGS Raise their iinpo.sing form. They will not bo completed for some time, and will there f ore be more ccjrroctly described at a futiu-e day. Tlie Museum connected with tho University is well supplied with specimens of the Natural History of Canada, from tho black bear to the minute beetle. Professor Hincks has devoted considerable tuue to its arrangement and classification, presenting tho Fauna of each country in a separate department, but, until the new buildings are completed, the beautiful forms cannot be seen to advantage, as they are at present closely packed, tho one against tho other, for want of space. Tho frontage of tho New Buildings is 300 feet, with a massive Norman tower two stories in height, tho gi'ound one being devoted to lecture rooms — the upper to the Library and Museum. The east side of the building is 2G0 feet, and is entered by a smaller or subsidiary tower. This portion of the building is to bo devoted to the University, having Senate Cliamber, Chancellor's, Vice- Chancellor's and Registrar's rooms, lecture rooms, and the Hall of Convocation, 90 by 38, of the full height. The west end of the Quadrangle, about 200 feet in length, will comprise the studentii' residences, three storeys in height, with a dining hall 5G by 34 on the centre, and liaving to the rear the uecessai-y domestic offices and steward's residence. The northern limits of the east and west wings respectively will be completed by the official residences of the President and Dean of the College, and at the south-west angle of the whole is the Chemical Laboratory, looking in the distance some- thing like a faithfxd copy of an old Glass and Bottle Works. The general accommodation will be comprised in the lecture theatre and nine class rooms with Professors' rooms attached, libraiy and read- ing rooms, museum, with X)reparation and curator's rooms, Senate Chamber, Chancellor's rooms, and other University officea The 2GG TORONTO. !: Convocation Hull, Prosidont'H and Dean's rcsidonco, qnartovfl for 00 studonts, with Collugo dininj^ hall and all nocoHsaiy ai»i»uitonanceH, all of which may at sonio fnturo tinio bo moro niiniitoly duscrihud. — In tlio euHtoru uxtruujity of tho Univoiuity Purk tho KOVAL MAONETIt'AL OBSKRVATORY Ih located. Tliirt In.stitution was fotnidod l»y tho Inipuiial fJovorn- ment in lHt(5, and tho officers commenced their ojterationH in a wooden huililing. It was superintended by Col. Lefroy, R. A., a gentleman to whom we had occasion to allvide in connexion with tho Canadian Institute. On lus departure for England he wixs siic- ceeded by l*rofes.sor Cherriman of Univoraity College, who held tho appointment in addition to dischurging his other duties, until tho appointment of the present incumbent, Professor Kingston. New buildings of stone of a moro substantial character were commenced in 1854 under the sui)erintendence of Mcasiu Cumberland ife Stonn, the architects of the New University Buildings. The Olisei'vatoiy was coniideted in 1855. Tho main building is a rectangular struc- ture about 54 feet from north to south in tho direction of tho mag- netic meridian, 44 feet from cast to west, and 10 feet in height exclusive of the roof. At tho north-west corner, and included in tho above horizontal dimensions is a square tower 10 feet by 10, the top of which is 45 feet above the ground. From tho southern face of tho main building and at right angles to it, extends a passage 4J feet wide which comunuiicates at its southern extremity with a I'ooni 20 feet ])y 13, appropriated to tho ob8ci"vations for tletermining tho horizontal magnetic intensity. On the east and west sides of this passage, and communicating with it by a second transvci-so passage, are two small rooms— tho transit room and the absolute declination room. Tlie three rooms just mentioned with their con- necting passages form a cross 72 feet from north to south, 73 feet from east to west, and 8^ feet in height. Tlie extreme height of the whole is thus 120 feet and its gi*eatest width 73 feet. Wo now proceed through what is termed the South College Avenxie, which opens out on King Street, and, turning west to near the head of York Street, pass on the left OSaOODE HALL, The seat of the Law Coiuis. This building is at present undergoing extensive alterations. — Proceeding South by York Street, we reach THE ROSSIN HOUSE, Our largest and most handsome Hotel. This building, erected by the enterprising brothers, Messrs. Rossin, supplies a want long felt rUBLIC BVILD1N08 AKO TUEIB LOCATIONS. 207 (50 by strfingciu from tlio noighboring Stntos, whoro Ilotnl iicoouiinoda- tion foi'ins oiiu of thu iiuirkud fuuturcH of their sochil iirvuiigeinontH. RoHsin ilouHu irt u pliiiii iiuuiHivu looking Htnictiiri! in tliu Ituliuii stylo Imilt uiulur tho suporiiitoiHlfiico of Win. Kuun'iiiiiii, Architoct. Tlio entiro froittugu on York Stroot in 152 fuot, thu frontagu on King Struct is 2()H font, forming a right unglo ivn** LOVfiLL « QIBaON, FBIMXEES, TOBONTO. h all work- 1- regulaily same side 1 b of Cum- ' ■ f years in ) that of 1* jy from 8 I rong and )f Stoves ries, To- oots and at some tion than p, that I Associa- existence . effect of Of late, emotion, has been lent, and nd Trea- i.t r- I \' \ ■ — r V * -** >i( '''' ' v ,; i-*«^^-^,,,_ ,^, ,,-_-j. -■■'^ ; -.^t-'T l-"'.V ■ f • * f 1 ! f 1 ■*;. ^'' 1 5 ''^ 1 ' ' 1 \ i ! ; i 1 • ; ' ■ V 1 f . 1 ,* ^ f J.' j '^.. 1