..1^
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
1.1
1^128 |2^
li&
1
— Ill— M
•,^ -..■■-
<
6"
►
V
Hiotographic
ScMices
Corporation
» WKT MAM STRIIT
WIUTIII,N.V. t49M
'^
CIHM/ICMH
Microfiche
Series.
CIHM/ICMH
Collection de
microfiches.
Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut canndien de microreproductions historiques
i
Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques
The Institute has attempted to obtain the best
original copy available for filming. Features of this
copy which may be bibliographically unique,
which may alter any of the images in the
reproduction, or which may significantly change
the usual method of filming, are checked below.
D
D
D
D
D
D
Coloured covers/
Couverture de couleur
I I Covers damaged/
Couverture endommagie
Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaur^e et/ou peiliculie
I I Cover title missing/
Le titre de couverture manque
□ Coloured maps/
Cartes giographiques en couleur
Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)
I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur
Bound with other material/
Reli6 avec d'autres documents
Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion
along interior margin/
La re liure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion le long de la marge int^rieure
Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omit\ed from filming/
II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais, lorsque cela 4tait possible, ces pages n'ont
pas At A filmies.
L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire
qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les details
de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atra uniques du
point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la methods normale de filmage
sont indiquto ci-dessous.
I I Coloured pages/
D
Pages de couleur
Pages damaged/
Pages endommag6es
Pages restored and/oi
Pages restaurtos et/ou pellicul6es
Pages discoloured, stained or foxei
Pages ddcolordes, tachetdes ou piquAes
Pages detached/
Pages ditachdes
Showthrough/
Transparence
Quality of prir
Qualitd in6gale de I'lmprcssion
Includes supplementary materii
Comprend du materiel suppKmentaire
Only edition available/
Seule Edition disponible
I I Pages damaged/
I I Pages restored and/or laminated/
r~7| Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/
I I Pages detached/
ryl Showthrough/
I I Quality of print varies/
I I Includes supplementary material/
I — I Only edition available/
Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc.. have been ref limed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure,
etc., ont it6 fiimies A nouveau de fapon A
obtenir la meilhure image possible.
T
T
P
fl
C
b
tl
s
o
fl
S'
o
T
s
T
V
^
d
e
b
rl
ri
n
Additional comments:/
Commentaires supplAmentaires;
Irregular pagination: [i] - 16, [i] - xx, 18 • 800, 1 - V, [i] - iii. 801-843 p.
This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/
Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiquA ci-dessous.
10X
14X
18X
22X
26X
30X
y
1ZX
16X
20X
24X
28X
32X
The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks
to the generosity of:
PIsni RnMfch Library
Agriculture Canada
L'exemplaire film6 f ut reproduit grflce A la
gtntrositA de:
Bibliothk|ue de recherchet sur les vigttaux
Agriculture Canada
The images appearing here are the best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.
Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et
de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire film6. et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
fllmage.
Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.
Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en
papier est 'mprlm^e sont film6s en comment ant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la
dernlAre page qui comporte una empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration. soit par le second
plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exenrplaires
originaux sont filmte en commenpant par la
premiere page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'illustration et on terminant par
la dernidre page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.
The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol —^» (meaning "CON-
TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.
Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la
dernidre Image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbols — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le
symbols V signifie "FIN".
Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as msny frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:
Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent 6tre
filmte d des taux de reduction diffdrents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour 6tre
reproduit en un seul cllch6, il est fiinnii A partir
de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d drolte,
et de haut en bas, en prenani le nombre
d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la m^thode.
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY
BEING OUTLINES OF THE
STRUCTURE, PHYSIOLOGY, AND CLASSIFICATION
OF
PLANTS
WITH
i FLORA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
BT
ALPHONSO WOOD, Ph.D
6'^
■'••^•rvcsiar-JWWlM''
;;^jww
NEW YORK :• CINCINNATI .;. CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
I
n
woorrs bota>^ical series
Wood's Object Lessons in Botany
Wood's Lessons in Botany
Wood's New American Botanist and
Florist
(Lessons and Hora)
Wood's Descriptive Botany
(Flora only)
Wood's Class Book of Botany
Wood's How to Study Plants
Wood's Illustrated Plant Record
Wood's Plant Record, with Check
Tablets
Copynght^869^i88t,byA.SMUKNKsJ^
' CLASS BOt)K
PREFACE.
Thb Class-Book of Botany was first offered to the student in 1845.
It was originally prepared with immediate reference to the wants of
the author's own pupils, with scarcely a hope of approval from the
coinnmnity beyond. The evt*iit, however, proved that the wants of his
own pupils were precisely the same as those of myriads of others ; and
the use of the book, notwithstanding its numerous impeifections, soon
became general.
The lapse of fifteen years has done much to develop not only the
knowledge of our native Flora, but of the science of Botany in general ;
and materials for the revision of our whole work have indefinitely
accumulated. In this revision, which seems to be demanded not less
by the growing appreciation of scientific studies as a means of intel-
lectual and moral discipline, than by the progress of the science itself,
we have still confined ourselves to the limits of a single volume^ and
sternly resolved against any essential enlargement, except such as the
increased territory of our Flora requires. This we have done with
direct reference to the convenience and the means of the thousands of
youths who will still enter upon this delightful pursuit, and make their
text-book their vade mecum. The labor expended in this condensation
will be appreciated by few, and those few, while they justify the mo-
tives, will regret the necessity.
The limit of our Flora in this new series has been much extended.
It now embraces the territory lying East of the Mississippi River with
the exception of the Southern Peninsula of Florida, and South of the
(Jrcat Lakes and the River St. Lawrence. The States bordering upon
the western shores of the Mississippi, although not strictly included,
are essentiallij so, as well as those provinces of Canada upon the north-
ern shore of the St. Lawrence. This Class-Book is, therefore, now
professedly adapted to the student's use from Quebec to New Orleans
and from St. Paul to St. Augustine.
The southern peninsula of Florida is neglected in consequence of
the author's inability to visit that region hitherto. During his extended
tour southward in 1857, the Seminole war rendered the route to th«
VI
PREFACE.
/ :
Everglades unsafe, or at least undesirable. The species omitted are
generally unknown northward of Key West, Students at Mi anopy,
Ocala, to St. Augustine, will scarcely miss them ; but should they do
so, they will confer a grateful favor by contributing specimens of such
to the author.
That every sj>')cics of native plant in this extensive region is accu-
rately defined, or even noticed, we cannot presume ; yet this has been
(Mir aim ; and as in the former series, so here, we have distrusted every
source of information except that of our own personal inspection.
Therefore, into nearly every section of this territory, from the St.
Lawrence and the Lakes to the Gulf, and from the Sea-Coast to the
Great River, the author has made repeated excursions in delighted con-
verse with the vegetable world.
Together with the plants of spontaneous growth which constitute
our proper Flora, we have inchiUed in our sketches also our exotic
Flora ; that is, all those plants which seem to us to have attained a
geneial cultivation in this country, either as useful, curious, or orna-
mental. By this accession, learners in the city, as well as in the coun-
try, may be supplied with subjects for illustration and for practice in
botanical analysis; and all with the means of acquainting themselves
with the beautiful tenants of their own fields, gardens, and conserva-
tories.
From the multiplication of species and genera we have studiously
refrained, believing that our books already contain more than Nature
will warrant. In the case of any doubtful specimen, which might have
served as the basis of a new species, or possibly genus, (had this been
our aim), we have always inclined rather to the extension of the limits
of some kindred groiip for its reception, having less apprehension of
error in this direction than in the opposite, with all due regard for the
permanence of true species. The same principle has compelled us to
disallow the claims of many reputed species of the best authors.
In the sequence of the Natural Orders, we have, in common with all
recent American authoi*s, mainly adopted the arrangement of De Can-
dollc, — an arrangement seen, in part, in the * Flora of the State of New
York,' by Dr. Torrey. It commences with those Orders supposed to
be of the higher rank in organization, and proceeds gradually to the
lower, regarding the completeness of the flower and the distinctness of
its parts as the general criterion of rank.
Tables of analysis by the dichotomal method were first in the Class-
Book applied to the genera of plants, and introduced into :,^eneral use.
They are now regarded as indispensable, and have been adopted into
tlieir Floras by nearly every subsequent author. In the present new
P K K F A CB.
ith all
1
', Can-
■New
seel to
,o the
ess ol
■;■':
Class.
il use.
^-'
1 into
It new
1
i
1
series, we have jorreatly modified, extended, and improved this system,
adapting it to the analysis of Species as well as of Orders and Genera.
By means of this addition, our Flora is now adapted to class exercises
in analysis througho'xi, from the Grand division to the Species — an im-
improvement which will be duly appreciated by the practical teacher.
An analytical Key to the Orders, mainly artificial, more simple than
any hitherto constructed by us, founded, as in the previous edition,
almost solely upon characters taken from the flowers and leaves (not
fruit), will readily conduct the student to that Order where any given
flowering specimen may beleng. Next, under the Order, a table of th«
utmost simplicity, analyzes the Genera, mostly in such a way as to do
but little violence to their natural aflUnities. Lastly, under the Genus
(when large enough to require it) another table conducts to the species
in groups of twos or threes, which groups are instantly resolved oy a
brief diagnosis in italics catching the eye in some part of the des<'rip-
tion which follows.
The limited space allowed us in the Flora compels us to use very
sparingly illustrative engravings in tiiis part of our work, which occa-
sions us less regret considering the copiousness of illustration in the
scientific treatise in the former part. Those engravings are designed
partly with reference to the Flora, where frequent references will be
found. The few which we have adopted in the Flora, are prepared
with reference to the deficiencies of the former part. In other words
those which have no illustrative figure in the former treatise are gen-
erally furnished with one or more in the Flora. Throughout the work,
these are mostly from original sketches and drawings on wood by the
author's own hand. Others are copied from Lindley, Ilenfrey, Payer, (fee.
In addition to those colaborers in Botany, whose invaluable aid is
aciknowledged in former editions, namely Dr. Edward E. Phelps, Dr.
James W. Bobbins, Dr. Joseph Barratt, Dr. Albert G. Skinner, Mr. I.
A. Lapham, Dr. Truman Ricard, Dr. II. P. Sartwell, Dr. John Plum-
mer. Dr. S. B. Mead, Mr. S. S. Olney, <fec., we have now to mention
with grateful acknowledgments other names of equal merit.
Dr. Josiah Hale of Alexandria, La., has sent us a suit of specimens,
well nigh representing the entire Flora of that State.
Dr. A. W. Chapman of Apalachicola, Fla., presented us with many
of the more rare plants of Florida, on the occasion of our recent visit
to his own familiar walks.
Dr. H. A. Mettauer of Macon, Ga., has made contributions of great
value from that district, &vd from the vicinity of Tallahassee and St
Marks, Fla., with many critical notices and observations on the Flora of
tliose States.
Tl
FR BF A C B.
5
:
Prof. William T. Feay, M.D., and Prof. Thomas G. Pond, both of
Savannah, Ga., have sent almost the entire Flora of that State, with
copious original notes and observations, such as result only from the
most extensive and accurate investigation.
Miss Sarah Keen of Bainbridge, Ga. (now of Mariana, Fla.), has also
sent an herbarium of beautiful specimens prepared by her own and her
sister's hands. To her, as well as to the gentlemen last mentioned, the
author is also indebted for every kind hospitality and encouragement
during a protracted herborizing tour along our southern coasts.
Mr. William Wright of Bainbridge, and Prof. N. H. Stuart of Quincy,
Florida (since dece ised), also contributed to the consummation of our
work by many facilities aflbrded us in our laborious researches in their
respective precincts, and by the shelter of their hospitable mansions.
To Rev. Dr. Curtis of Hillsborough, N. C, and to Rev. Dr. Bach-
man of Charleston, S. C, we are indebted for the free use of their very
complete herbaria, during our sojourn in their respective cities ; and
Mr. S. B. Buckley, recently of Yellow Springs, Ohio, has afforded us
similar facilities through his rich collection.
Dr. Cousens generously supplied us with the plants of the State of
Iowa. His name often appears in our pages.
Dr. George Engelmann, of St. Louis, has also favored us with the
free use of his admirable monograph of the genus Cuscuta, and with
many important notes in MS. on other difficult genera in our Flora,
especially on the Euphorbiaceae. Our entire collection of specimens
belonging to this Order was, by his kind penuission, submitted to his
inspection and determination.
The Uev. Chester r.>ewey, D D., of Rochester, N. Y., the venerable
pioneer in American Caricography, has placed us and our readers un-
der renewed obligations by additional contributions to the genus Ca-
rex, rendering it complete for the extended territory of our present
Flora.
Communications containing specimens, critical notices or ''orrectiona,
or soliciting information, will always, as heretofore, be acceptable.
West Fakms, N. Y.
,b of
with
k the
B also
id her
d, the
emeiit
luincy,
of our
1 their
jna.
Bach-
lir very
;s; and
•ded U9
State of
»^ith the
.nd with
ir Flora,
ecimena
d to his
fenerable
Lera un-
jnus Ca-
prepent
rections,
CONTENTS.
PAOB
PRBTACE 3
Introductigx 9
Chapter I. — Thb Leading Principles of Science; — Mental and Moral
Discipline its Aim and End 9
Chapter II. — The Departments of Botany 12
Chapter III. — Apparatus. — Methods of Study 16
Part First. — Structural Botany, or Oroanogkapuy 17
Chapter I. — Primary Divisions of the Vegetable Kingdom it
Chapter II.— The Term of Plant Life 19
Chapter III.— Thb Ph^nogamia ; — How Developed 22
Chapter IV.— The Root, or Descending Axis 24
Chapter V. — The Stem, or Ascending Axis 30
Chapter VL — ^The Leaf-Bud. — Vernation 41
Chapter VII. — The Leaf 46
§ Phyllotaxy, or Leaf- Arrangement 48
§ Morphology op the Leaf 5t
§ Or the Stipules 61
§ Of the Veins 52
§ Form op the Leaf, or Fig i re 54
§ Margin 59
§ Apex 59
§ Compound Leaves. ... 60
Chapter VI IL — Transformations of the Leaf 63
Chapter IX. — Inflorescence 67
§ Flowering t.'i
Chapter X. — Morphology of the Flower 77
§ ^Estivation 79
§ Thb Florvl Organs 81
§ The Plan of the Flower 83
Chapter XL — The Floral Envelopes. — Perianth 91
Chapter XTL— The Essential Organs 99
f The Stamens, or Ani)r(ecium. ... 99
§ Thb PisTiiis, or Gyncboium 104
6 Thb Ovules 108
i
'
; ;
)
'
▼Ul
OM TKMT8 .
FAttl
Chapter XIII.— The Fbuit; — Pericarp no
Chapter XIV. — The Fruit; — ISebd 117
§ Germimation 121
Chapter XV. — The Crtptooamia. — Organs 124
Part Second. — Physiolooical Botany 130
Chapter I. — Thk Vegetable Cell 130
Chapter II. — I'iie Tissues 134
Chapter III. — The Epidermal System 137
Chapter IV. — The Ligneous System 139
§ Structure op Leaves 146
Chapter V. — Op Vegetation, or the Physiology op Plant Life 146
§ Fertilization 148
§ Ripening of Fruits 151
Chapter VI. — Of Absorption 152
§ Circulation 153
§ Transpiration 166
§ Respiration 156
Chafper VII. — Review of the Piuncu'lks op XuritirioN 158
Part Third. — Systematic Botany 164
Chapter I. — Of the Classification of Plants 164
Chapter II. — Op the Artificial System 166
Chapter III. — Op the Natural System 169
Chapter IV. — Nomenclature. — Ana^^ysis 174
§ Index and Glossary 180
§ Key Analytical to the Natural Orders 191
Part Fourth. — Descriptive Botany ; — The Flora 1 99
Orders of the Polypetal^ 200
Orders of the Gamopetal.s; 393
Orders op the Apetal^ 601
Orders of the Conoide^, 659
Orders of the Spadiciflok.e 6G6
Orders of the Floride^k 676
Orders op the Graminoide^ 731
Orders of the Cryptoqamia 810
TkQm
110
in
121
124
. 130
. 130
. 134
. 137
. 139
. 146
. U6
. . 148
. . 151
.. 152
. . 153
.. 166
.. 156
.. 158
... 164
... 164
... 166
... 169
114
180
191
, 199
. 200
. 393
. 601
. 659
. 666
,. 676
.. 131
.. 81«
i
1
-fs>^'' LI3RARV, %
JUL 2 a 1902
I N T R D F C TT^4f
: -.-x^^
»• ♦ ••
CHAPTER I.
LEADING PRINCIPLES OF SCIKNCE : MENTAL AND MOKAL DISCIPLINE
ITS AIM AND END.
1. Plants as related to Man. The vegetable kingdom maintains tonrardE
man several important relations. Besides its obvious utility as the source of hie
ftK)d, shelter, clothing and medicine, it I'uraisbes an exhaustless Held tor interesting
and disciplinary study.
2. Proof that Nature is related to Mind. This remark is commonplace.
But the fact stated is neither a necessity nor accident. Since the phenomena of
Nature are ordained subject to the cognizance of the human understanding while
yet their depths are unfathomable by it, it is evident that God made them for each
Other. It is certainly conceivable that He miglit have ordained otlierv/ise.
3. Illustration. Tiie phenomena of vegetation, or of natuie in goneral, might
have been all simple and uniform, thus awakening no curiosity, presenting no
motive for study. Or on the other hand, they might have involved plaTis so intri-
cate as to defy all efforts of the mind in their investigation. In Uiis case, as in tlie
former, the mind and nature would have remained lor ever estranged.
4. The study of Nature successful. But an intermediate course hath
seemed good to an All- wise and Beneficent Creator. The works cf His Hand are
commensurate with the powers of the understanding. We study tiiein not in vain.
Step by step His plans are unfolded ; and research, althougii never reaching tlie
goal, yet never wearies, nor fails of its appropriate reward.
5. — Pj.easur'lBle. Hence the study of nature, through this Ijcautifnlly adjusted
relaliou, becomes a source of the purest pleasure, being ever accompanied by fresh
discoveries of truth in the plans and operations of a sublime Intelligence.
6. — Disciplinary. But a liiglier purpose than present pleasure is accomplished
by tliis means, namely, discipline. Enterinur life as a mere germ, the soul expands
into intelligence and virtue through the teachings of surrounding objects anfl influ-
ences. In this good work the beauty, purity and wisdom displayed in the vegeta-
ble world bear a full sharo. These invite to investigation ; and their tendency is to
impress upon their votaries the characteristics of their own sincerity and loveliness.
7. Creative Wispom never works in vain, nor merely in sport. Even the
flying cloud which now passes over the sun has its mission ; the forms which it
assumes, and the colors, were each necessary and divinely appointed for that special
purpose. The hills and valleys, which seem scattered in accidental confusion, have
received each their contour and position by design, according to the ends foreseen.
Consequently, each stone or mineral composing these hills was also the work of
special deeigo, as to its magnitude, form and place.
Ml
f f
10
INTRODUCTION.
8. No ACCIDENT OR CAPRICE IN NATURE. Much more in the living kingdoms
of nature may we look for an adequate purpose and end accomplished by every
movement and in every creature of the Divine hand. Each species is created and
sustained to answer seme worthy end hi tlie vast plan ; and hence no individual,
animal or plant is to be regarded in science as insigniticant, inasmuch ns the indi-
vidual constitutes the species. Nor is accident or caprice to be found in the form of
the leaf or the color of t!ie flower. There is for each a special reason or adaptation
worthy of unerring wisdom.
9. Object of natural Science. In the study of nature we are th.erefore
concerned in reasons and ends as well as in forms and appearances.' That iovesti-
gatioti which ceases contented with the latter only is puerile. It may amuse, but
can scarcely instruct, and cm never conduct to that purest source of the student's
enjoyment, namely, the recognition of Intelligence by intelligence.
10. DiiSiuN, A SETTLED PRINCIPLE IN SCIENCE. The end or purpose, it is
true, is not always as easily discerned as the form and fashion are. In a thousand in-
stances the end is yet inscrutable. Nevertheless it is now a settled principle of
science that there is an end — a purpose — a reason, for every form which we contem-
plate ; and the adaptation to that end is as beautiful as the form itself. That tlie
tendril of the vine and tlio runner of the strawberry were happily adapted to a
special purpose is readily a<lmitted ; for that purpose is immediate and obvious to
all. Let us not tiien say that the spine, the stipule, or the varying tints of the rose,
were made merely in caprice, tlieir uses being less obvious in the present state of
our knowledge.
11. Design, as distinguished from "Typical Forms." In addition to this
Btquence of cause and effect in nature, disclosing the Infinite Designer in all
tilings, as early taught by Paloy in his " Natural Theology," another class of prin-
ciples more recently developed are shown by the author of *' Typical Forms"
(McCosh), to indicate with a still ciearer light the thoughts of the Omniscient Mind
in the operations of nature. A single observation often suffices for the discovery of
design, as in the down of the thistle, by means of vviiidi the seed is wafted on the
winds to flourish in distant lands. But a typical form or plan requires a long series
of observations for it5 cllscernment
12. Typical Forms illustratfd. Tlie scientific world M'ere slow to learn
that the numerous organs of plants so diversified :ii form and use are all modeled
from a single type, one radical form, and that form, the kaf!
13. Results. Tiiis interesting doctrine, now universally admitted, sheds a new
light upon nature, making it all luminous with the Divine Presence. It brings the
operations of the Great Architect almost within the grasp of human intelligence,
revealing tlu conceptions which occupied His mind before they were embodied in
actual existence hy His word.
14. Uraduated Forms. Again, by continued observation, the principle of
graduated forma, allied to the last, appeared as another grand characteristic of na-
ture. This principle implies that while natural objects vary to wide and seemingly
irreconcilable extremes, tlieir diflerences are never abrupt, but they pass by insen-
aible gradations and shades from species to species in a continuous series.
15. Illustration. Thus in magnitude, although the tiny moss is far removed
from tlie gigantic oak, yet a series connects them representing every imaginable in-
termediate grade in size. So in nuuiber, from the one-stamened saltwort to the
hundred-stamened rose, there is a connecting series, representing every intervening
■umber. Moreover, in form and figure, we pass from the ibread-leafed pine to the
broad-leafbd poplar Uirough a series of every intermediate degree of leaf-expauaion
LEADING PRINCIPLES OF SCIKNCB.
11
ftnd fi'Oin the regular-flowered crowfoot to the distorted monks-hood bj a series
graduated in like manner.
16. Natura non saltus facit, said Linnaus, in erident allusion to this beau-
tiful principle, which will constitute one of the most interesting themes of botanical
study.
17. Accomodated Forms or organs is a phrase applied to another principle
in the Divine plan, the reverse of the first. This principle appears in the adaptation
of dificrent organs in diflerent species to one common tise ; of which there ^re many
familiar
18. Examples. Thus, the slender vine requires support. Now it throws out a
tendril for this very purpose, grasping wliatever object it may reacli, as in the grape.
Again, the prolonged leaf-stalk answers the same end, as in Clematis. Again, the
supple stem itself, by its own coils supports itself, as in the hop ; and, lastly, ad-
ventitious rootlets in the ivy.
19. A.N'OTHER illustration. Reproduction is the general office of the seed;
but this end is also accomplished, in different species, by nearly every other organ,
by buds, bulblets, bulbs, tubers, cuttings, scions, and even leaves.
20. Another. Tliis principle is also traced in the nutritious deposits of plants,
which are generally made in the fruit ; but often the root serves as the reservoir in-
stead, or even the stem. And in case of the fruit, the rich deposit is now found in
tiie pericarp of the peach, the calyx of the apple, the receptacle of the strawberry,
the cotyledons of the almond, the bracts, flower-stalks, &c., of the pine-apple. Thus
Hod's boundless resources of skill can accomplish either one purpose in a thousand
different ways, or a thousand different purposes by a single organ.
21. Arkestei) Forms. Tliis principle, demanding a wider range of generaliza-
tion than eitliLT of the foregoing, we staie rather as a hypothesis, that the student
may hereafter test its probability by his own ob.servations. The flowering plants
which clotlie the earth in such numbers, constituting the apparent vegetable world,
are in truth but a minor part of it in re^^pect to numbers. Numerous tribes, of lower
rank, embracing thousands of species, reach far down the scale, beyond the utmost
limits of tlie microscope. Now a principle of analogy seems to pervade these ranks,
called the principle of arrested forms, binding all together in one consistent whole,
proving tliat for the vast realm of vegetation there was but one plan and one origin.
22. Thk Hypothesis stated. The successive tribes of vegetation, beginning
with the lowest, have each their type or analogue in the successive stages of em-
bryouic growth in tlie highest tribe.
23. M»)RE EXPLICITLY : the flowering plant, in the course of its growth fVom
the pollen grain to the completed embryo, passes necessarily througli a series of
transient forms. Now, suppose the development of the plant arrested at each of
these stages so that these transient forms become permanent, we should have a
scries of organisms analogous to the various tribes of Flowerless Plants ; the Pro-
tococcus, e. (/., an arrested pollen grain; the Oscillaria, an arrested pollen tube; and
fio on up to the Marsillea, whose organization answers to that of the full-formed
embryo of the flowering plant. Thus we might truly say of the lower plants that
tliey are the arre^'sted forms of the higher.
24. iNuivinUALiTY OP TIIE PLANT. The plant is both material and immaterial.
Its form and substance is the material, its life the immaterial. The material eom-
nicncea existence as a single cell, and is ever changing. The immaterial gives to
that cell its individuality, and fixes inevitably its law of development, so tluit it
must grow up to become such a pliuit as it is, aad by ao {tossibility any other.
26. Illustration. Tho embryonic oell of arose may not difler inat&riaUy, in the
; :i
!
• V
■ m
*
12
INTRODUCTION.
leasts from that of the grape: but the individuality of each is widely different This
principle in the one will make it a rose ; in the other, a grape. Individuality can
not be predicated of a stone.
26. Life and death abb equally predicated of the plant. The latter fol-
lows close upon the former, with unequal, inevitable step, and soon dispute? posses-
sion in the same living fabric. The plant both lives and dies at once. Life pa^es
on from cell to cell, and in the parts which it has abandoned dissolution and decay
are soon manifest Thus the whole existenge of the individual is a contest. Life
advances, death pursues, and ultimately triumphs. But not so in tlie species. Se-
curely transferred to the seed, the living immaterial plant mocks the destroyer, and
begins its career anew, multiplied a hundred fold.
27. TiiB SBRD OF THE PLANT IS ITS REDEMPTION. Through this appointment,
the conqr>;si of death is apparent, while the triumph of life is real. In tiie " grain
of mustard" there is literally a faith — an energy which will raise it from the dust, " a
tree." Yet, as in the wheat and all other seed, "it shall not be quickened except it
die." Hence,
28. Plants may teach us lessons in sacred things. While wo study the
fa Jts and the forms of the vegettible world, we should also aim to learn the purposes
accomplished, and the great principles adopted in its creation. "We should also learn
to recognize here the tokens (too long overlooked) wliich declare that nature sym-
pathizes with humanity in the circumstances of the Fall, the Redemption, and the
Life. Such study alone is adapted to acquaint us with the thoughts of the intelli-
gent Creator, and lo discipline aright the mind which was created in His image.
29. Botany combines pleasure with improvement. It conducts the student
into the fields and forests amidst the verdure of spring and the bloom of summer ;
to tiie charming retreats of Nature in hor wild luxuriance, or where she patiently
smiles under the improving hand of cultivation. It furnishes him with vigorous
exorcise, both of body and mind, which is no less salutary than agreeable, and its
■ubjects of investigation are all such as are adapted to please the eye, refine tli©
teste, and improve tlie heart.
'S-
«* ♦ >»
CHAPTER II.
THE DEPARTMENTS OF THE STUDY.
;i
30. Three great departments in nature are universally re-
cosTiiJzed, commonly called the mineral, vegetable, and animal king-
doms. The first ('(»nstitutes tlie Inorganic, the other two the Organic
World.
31. A MINERAL is an inorganic mass of matter, that is, without dis-
tinction of ] arts or organs. A stone^ for example, may be broken into
any numbi • of fragments, each of which will retain all the essential
characterisucs of the original body, so that each fragment will still bo a
stone.
32. A plant is an organized body, endowed with vitality but not
with sensation, composed of distinct parts, ^ach of which is essential to
THK DEPARTMENTS OF THE STUDY.
13
the completeness of its being. A tulip is composed of organs which
may be separated and subdivided indefinitely, but no one of the frag-
ments alone will be a complete plant.
33. Animals, like plants, are organized bodies endowed with vitality,
and composed of distinct parts, no one of which is complete in itself, but
they arc elevated above either plants or minerals by their power of per-
ception.
34. These distinctions, long since suggested by Linnaeus, the founder of botani-
cal science, are perfectly obvious and definite in the higher grades of the animal and
vegetable kingdoms. But in descending the scale, we recognize a gradual approach,
in both, to it'organic riattei*, and consequently to each other, so that in the lowest
fonns of life all traces of orgauization are lost to our perception, and the three
kingdoms of nature, like
converging radii, apparent-
ly meet and blend in a com-
mon centre.
35. The position of thr
PLANT-Wt)RLD IN RANK and
oflBce is intermediate. While
inferior to the animal in re-
epect to perception and in-
stinct, it is superior to the
mineral in its vitality. In
office it constitutes the food
and nourishment of the ani-
mal, the vesture and orna-
ment of the mineral world,
whence alone itself is fed.
In other words, plants feed
on minerals, animals feed
on plants.
FiGtrRB 1. A diagram ilhistratlng these views of the thre*
36. Physics is the kingdoms of nature— how related to each other.
general name of the science which treats of the mineral or inorganic
world.
37. Zoology relates to the animal kingdom.
38. Botany is the science of the vegetable kingdom. It includes
the knowledge of the forms, organs, structure, growth, and uses of
plants, together with their history and classification. Its several de-
partments correspond to the various subjects to which they relate. Thus
39. Structural botany, or Organography, treats of the special or-
gans of plants as compared with each other, answering to Comparative
Anatomy in the science of Zoology. Morphology is a term often used
in a similar sense ; but it especially relates to the mutual or typical
transformations which the organs undergo in the course of development
40. Elementary botany treats of the elementary tissues — the o^
ganic elements out of which the vegetable fabric is constructed.
I
f
14
INTEOUUCTION.
41. Physiological botany is that department which relates to the
vital action of the several organs and tissues, including both the vital
and chemical phenomena in the germination, growth, and reproduction
of plants. It has, therefore, a direct and practical bearing upon the
labors of husbandry in the propagation and culture of plants, both in
the garden and in the field.
42. Systematic botany arises from the consideration of plants in
relation to each other. It aims to arrange and classify plants into groups
and families, according to their mutual affinities and relative rank, so as
to constitute of them all one unbroken series or system.
43. Descriptive botany, or phytology, is the art of expressing
the distinctive characters of species and groups of plants with accuracy
and precision, in order to their complete recognition. A flora is a
descriptive work of this kind, embracing the plants of some particular
country or district.
44. Botanical Nomenclature, which is the art of properly apply-
ing names to the species and groups, is intimately associated with the
above department. Terminology relates to the explanation and appli-
cation of botanical terms whereby the organs of plants, with their nu-
merous modifications, are accurately designated. This is, therefore,
inseparable from Structural Botany.
45. Ultimate aim op botany. Finally, in its extended sense, Botany com-
prehends also the knowledge of the relations of plants to the other departments of
nature, particularly to mankind. The ultimate aim of its researches is the develop-
ment of the boundless resources of the vegetable kingdom for our sustenance and
protection as well as education ; for the healing of our diseases and the alleviation
of our wants and woes. This branch of botanical science is called
46. Applied botany. It includes also several departments, ^ Medical Botany,
or Pharmacy, Agricultural Botany, or Chemistry, Pomobyy, &c.
47. Plan of the work. In the following pages, designed as a
complete although compendious treatise for the special convenience of
the learner, we shall commence with Structural Botany, whose subjects
(the constituent organs of plants) are conspicuous and most readily com-
prehended.
48. Secondly, the cell and the elementary tissues will claim our at-
tention. Thirdly, we shall inquire into the vital activities of ail these
organs, and endeavor to explain the phenomena of vegetable life.
Fourthly, the principles of vegetable nutrition which constitute the
foundation of agricultural science.
49. In the PiPTH place we shall treat of Systematic Botany, the
principles of arrangement adopted in the Natural System, and the
methods of Botanical Analysis.
60. Lastly, the Natural Orders will be defined, and illustrated by
our flora, both native and cultivated.
nrraoDucnoic.
15
61. NOTWlTHSTAifDiNO the extreme brevity of thig work, the author believes
that DO principle of the science eesential to a liberal course in Botany is omitted.
The brevity is attained by a studied conciseness of expression, and by the omissioa
of all needless illustrations, theoretical views and wordy discussions. In the flora
those multitudinous repetitions which are liable to encumber the descriptions of
allied groups are avoided, without the sacrifice of minuteness by means of copious
tables of analysis.
CHAPTER III.
APPARATU S — M ETHODS OF STUDY,
62. The proper season for the commencement or the study of Botany ia
schools is in late winter, at the opening of the first session or term after New^Years.
The class will thus be prepared before hand by a degree of acquaintance with first
principles, for the analysis of the earliest spring flowers — the sweet Epigsea, Anemone,
Erigenia or spring beauty, of the North, tlie yellow jessamine, Chaptalia, or Cryso-
gonura of the South, the blood-root and violet every where.
53. Specimens of leaves, stems, roots, fruit, flowers, Ac, in unlimited supply are re-
quisite during the whole course. In the absence of the living, let the dried specimens
of the herbarium be consulted. Crayon sketches upon the black-board, if truthful,
are always good for displaying minute or obscure forms. In the city, clas?-^ in
Botany may employ, at small expense, a collector to supply them daily with fresli
specimens from the country. Moreover, the gardens and conservatories will furnish
to such an abundant supply of cultivated species for study and analysis, with almost
equal advantage ; since the present work embraces, together with the native flora,
all exotics which are in any degree common in cultivation.
54. An herbariusi (h. s., horttis siccus, dry garden), is a collection of botanic
specimens, artificially dried, protected in papers and systematically arranged. Her-
baria are useful in many wayt> ; (a.) for preserving the knowledge of rare, or inacces-
sible, or lost species ; (6.) for exchanges, enabling one to possess the flora of other
countries ; (c.) for refreshing one's memory of early scenes and studies ; (d.) for aid-
ing in more exact researches at leisure ; (e.) for the comparison of species with
species, genus with genus, &c.
65. For collecting botanic specimens, a strong knife for digging and catting ia
needed, and a close tin box eighteen inches in Icnglli, of a portable form. EuL-Iost'd
iu such a box, with a little moisture, specimens will remr.in frosli for a week.
56. Specimens for the herbarium should represent the leaves, flowers aiiri
fruit, and, if herbaceous, the root also. Much care is requinito in so drying thorn a.s
to preserve the natural appearance, form and color. The true stxjret of this art con-
jiats in extracting the moisture from them by pressure in an abuudanoo of dry,
bibulous paper, before decomposition can take place.
67. The drying press, to be most efficient and convenient, should consist of a
dozen quires of ordinary blotting paper, at least 11 x 14 inches, two sheets of wire
gauKe, (same size) as covers, stiffened by folded edges, and three or four leather
•traps a yard in length, with buckles. When in use suspend it in the wind and suu-
nhine. In such a press, the specimens dry well in feir weather without onoe
olianging. If boards be used for corers instead of wire-g-iuze, ^he papers mast be
dumged and dried, daily.
/ i
I
H
' ti
10
INTRODUCTION.
58. Succulent plants raay be imraersod in boiling water before pressing, to
hasten their desiccation.
59. The lens, eitiier single, double, or triple, is almast indispensable in the or-
dinary pursuits of Morphology or Phytography. In viewing minute flowers or parts
of flowers the use of the iens can not be too highly appreciated. For dissection
with the Ic'iJS, a needle inserted iu a handle, a penknife and tweeters ar« required.
Tiie dried flowers of the herbarium need to be thrown into boiling water before
dissection.
60. The compound microscope is undoubtedly a higher aid in scientific inves-
tif^ation tiiau any otlier instrument of human invention. It is like the bcstowment
of a new sense, or the opening of a new world. Through this, almost solely, all
our knowledge of tlio cells, the tissues, growth, fertilization, &c., is derived. The
skillful use of tliis noble instrument is itself an art which it is no part of our plan
to explain. For such information tlie student is referred to the works of Carpenter
and Quekett. . .
61. On the preparation op" botanical subjects for examination we remark
briefly. Tlie held of view is necessarily small, and only minute portions of objects
can be seen at o ice. The parts of it are to be brought under inspection success-
ively by the movements of the stage.
62. The tissues of leaves, Ac, are best seen by transmitted light. They are
to be divided by the razor or scalpel into extremely thin parings or cuttings. Such
cuttings may be made by holding the leaf between the two halves of a split cork.
They are then made wet and viewed upon glass. Tbe stomata are best seen in the
epidermis stripped off; but in the sorrel leaf (Oxalia Violacea) they appear beauti-
fully distinct (§678, Fig. 585,) upon the ootiro leaf.
63. Woody tissues, &c., may be viewed either as opaque or transparent. Sec-
tions and cuttings should be made in all directions, and attached to tbe glass by
water, white of egg, Canada balsam. To obtain the elementary cells separately
for inspection, the fragment of wood may be macerated in a few drops of nitric acid
added to a grain of chlorate of potassa. Softer structures may be macerated sim-
ply in boiling water.
64. Certain reagents are applied to the softer and naore recent tissues to ef-
fect such changes in the cell contents, of either color or form, as shall render them
visible. Thus sulphuric acid coagulates the primordial utricle (§ 645) ; a solutioa
<^ iodine turoa it blue \ sugar and nitrie acid chaage it to red.
QUESTIONS.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I.
will i! lu® f "''J^'^* *':®**«** <*f in this chapter ?
What IS the " end and aim " of all science ?
34,
35.
36
3<
CHAPTER II.
30. Name the three kingdoms of Nature.
61. What IS a mineral ? A stone?
32. What is a plant ? A tulip ?
33. What is an animal ?
vllu^r. t^'t'^ee kingdoms perfectly distinct ?
lixpliun the diagram.
n'Z i! -1'^ Vegetable kingdom related to the Animal f
How IS It related to the Mineral kingdom 9 '^°"°'"'
Define the science of Physics.
Define the science of Zoology
38. R..peat the full definition of the science of Botany.
39. O what does Structural Botany treat ? ^
40 Of what does Elementary Botany treat?
Ao ^J"^'^^ ?^^^ Physiological Botany treat?
Ao v^L * '^ *^^ ^"^ <^f Systematic Botany ?
43. What of the art Phytology ? What is a Flora ?
». Some of the uses of Botany.
CHAPTER III.
62 wSvVif**!^'?^-'^^**^'' this chapter?
56. wE JiTtof in '"• ''''^"''■''* ^""^ collecting specimens ?
Whnf i?X. . ^P'^cimens are wanted for the herbarium »
W. Desc ibe'thVSir:^' °^ '^' "^^^ 5*" P'-^F*'-'"^ the specimens ?
^ me remainder of thi. chapter m.y b. read aloud or recited by th. p«p„. ^ the teacher •
<4UUKXloMS ON
PAKT FIRST.
CHAPTER I.
State the title of this cliapter.
65. Name the two Natural Giand Divisions of the Vegetable kingdom.
66. What of the Organs, or Organic System of the Phaenogamia?
How do the Crjptogamia diflFer from this?
67. How does the Fern differ from the Rose ?
How does the Lichen differ from a Violet ?
68. Name the two subdivisions of the Phaenogamia.
69. What plants are comprehended among the Exogens ?
ExpUiin the meaning of the word.
7C. Wiiat plants are comprehended among the Endogens t
Explain the import of the word.
71. Why are the Exogens called also Dicotyledons?
Why are the Endogens called also Monocotyledons?
72. How may these two subdivisions be known by their leaves?
How may they be distinguished by their flowers ?
73. What is said about the two-fcM name of a plant ?
Which name is provincial, and which universal ?
75. Show Ly example how the Latin name is double.
76. Recite verbatim the definition of a species.
77. Notice an example of a species.
78. How may we define a variety ? Give an example.
80. R(!cite verbatim the definition of a genus.
81. Please illustrate by two good examples : — Clover ; Pine.
CHAPTER II.
Repeat the title of this chapter.
83. Wherein does animal life differ from plant life ?
84. Name the several stages of plant life.
85. Notice the five picture sketches of its biography.
86. How much does the " term of plant life " vary ?
Strange exception of the castor-oil bean.
87. What of flowering and fruiting ? When do they prove fatal ?
How does the florist's " tree mignonette " bear on this question ?
89. State the definition of " Annual herb," " Biennial herb."
91. Also define "Monocarpic herb ," " Perennial plant."
93. What is the herbaceous perennial ? The woody perennial ?
What three distinctions among woody perennials?
94. What the stature of a, bush? Of an undershrubf
96. What is the form and stature of a tree ? Of a shrub ?
97. What is remarked of the age of trees ?
98. How may the age of a tree be estimated ?
99. Can you Instance some trees remarkable for age?
101. Please instance some trees remarkable for grandeur.
102. Now give the distinction of trees relative to their verdure.
I
■J|
5'r
WOOD 8 CLA»S-UOOK OF BOTANY
Ul
i
CHAPTER III.
103. What is the earliest stage of the plant?
104. In growing, whither does the radicle direct itself?
What is the tendency of the plumule ?
105. Explain the structure of the bud. How does it grow '
Why is the original bud called also terminal ?
106. What sort of axis does the terminal bud alone develop ?
107. What other buds are also found ? Whence arise the branches?
1 10. Whence does the flower originate ?
111. What then is the r jure of the flower?
112. From what organ does the fruit originate?
113. Explain these views by the figure of the paeony and its parts.
CHAPTER IV.
114.
116.
117.
118.
119,
120.
121.
122.
124.
125.
127.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
143.
144.
>46.
Of what does this chapter treat ?
Define the root. How distinguish root from stem?
Please state the two-fold office of the root.
What is the leading propensity of the root ?
What are the only proper appendages of the root?
What end or purpose is answered by the multiplication of these ex-
tremities ?
What is the part designated by the term collum f
What are the spongioles, or spongehtt f
What are the fibrillae ? Their office and use ?
Why should a tree or shrub be transplanted in Spring ?
Name the two definite modes of root-development.
Define accurately the axial mode. The inaxicd.
Grive instances of them both.
Name the four varieties of the axial, or tap-root.
Define the ramous tap-root. The tuberous.
Define vhe fusiform tap-root The conical. Napiform.
How are all these thickened roots reservoirs ?
Name the six forms of inaxud roots.
Describe, with examples, the fibrous root.
.Describe the fibro-tuberous root. Moniliform. Tubercular.
What is the thickening matter in all these cases?
What roots are said to be adventitious?
What roots are said to be cirrhous?
What carious style of root has the screw-pine ?
Describe the adventitious roots of the banyan.
Describe the curious habit of the manj^jrove tree.
How may the growth of adventitious roots be favored t
Mention a method of raising dwarf trees.
Axial and inaxial — which requires deep tillasre ?
If two crops are sown togf>ther — what shonH they be ?
What is the nature of those plants called Eniphvtes ?
What are Para.sites? Give examples of these classes.
Read the paragraph on subterranean stems.
TT
iilil
<4UKST1U^S ON
CHAPTER V.
What is the title of this chapter ? Define this phrase.
147. What is the geueral idea of the term "axis?"
148. Does the ascendiDg axis always continue to grow erect ?
What is the idea of the procumbent stem ? Of the decumbent ?
What the idea of the ascending stem? Of the subterranean?
149. How may this last be distinguished from roots?
150. £.rplain the development of the simple stem.
Wlier*^ may the original plumuls bud be always found ?
151. Explain the development of a branching stem.
If the axillary buds grow, what do they then become ?
153. Is there an}' apparent plan in the arrangement of the branches f
Please define the alternate arrangement. The opposite.
Define the verticillate. Give examples of each mode.
154. What varieties in the " angle of divergence " in branches ?
What is Doticeablu in the beech ? The oak ? elm ?
155. What are some of the distinctions made by nurserymen ?
156. What is a Sucker ? A Stolon, or Layer? A Cion?
158. How are the grape-vine and hop propagated ?
159. Define an Ofi^et. Define the Runner.
161. What is a Node ? An Internode ?
162. Why does the stem diminish upwards?
163. Can you describe the process of the growth of the stem?
164. State briefly, one great exception to this rule.
166. Give the precise definition to the "leaf-stem."
167. Give the precise definition of the "scale-stem."
166. Name tLe five principal forms of the leaf-stems.
167. Name tlie six principal forms of the scale-stems.
168. Distinguish between the herbaceous and woody leaf-stema.
1G9. What is tlie caulis? Define caulescent. Acaulescent.
170. What is the culm ? What stems are called trunks ?
172. What forms of trunk have you noticed?
173. Distinguish the " excurrent " from the " solvent " axis.
Instance some examples of each.
176. What term is applicable to the stem of the palm tree ?
177. Describe the singular .stock of the Cactus tribe.
178. Describe tht^ vine and its two varieties.
Which Is furnished with tendrib, the climbers or twiners?
179. AVhat is the law in regard to the course of the twiners?
181. How is the creeper defined? Its two classes please mention.
How is tlie witch grass best cultivated ?
183. What can be said of the lUility of such repent stems ?
What prevents our sandy or clayey hills from washing ?
183. What is the proper description of the root-stock ?
184. Show, by figure 52, the manner of its growth.
185. Describe the premorse root-stock.
186. The stem of clover, asparagus, etc., in winter, is what?
187. What is a tuber? Show by fig. 54, etc., how it grows.
189. What is a corm? Show how it grows.
191. Describe the bulb. Show, by fig. 60, how it multiplies.
193. Varieties in bulbs — describe some.
Finally, notice the gradation la tuber, corm, and bulb.
WOODS CLASS-BOOK OK BoTANT.
CHAPTER VI.
What is the topic of this chapter ?
\9'). What two kinds of buds are mentioned ?
196. Repeat the definition of the leat-bud.
197. What is the nature of the scales ? Show this by figs. 67, 61
198. Where are bud-scales needed and found V
1J>9. How are the buds protected in rain or cold ?
200. Which is the parent bud * What the axillary bud ?
202. Distinguish the two Ivinds uf axillary buds.
203. When may the axillary become terminal ?
204. What if a part of them be suppres-sed ? What if all ?
20.5. When is the axis said to be brachiate? How in the pink? (Fig. 70.\
207. What are a<lvent,itious bnds ? How are they caused ?
209. Vernation is what? Bt>st method of displaying it?
213. Considering eacli leaf alone, when is it said to be reclined?
When conduplicate f Plaited ? Circinate ?
When is it convolute ? Involute? Revolute ?
Which variety is seen in oak (fig. 71,)? In the tulip-tree? Fe»»?
Birch? Cherry? Dock? Balm-of-Gilead ? Sycamore?
214. Considering the leaves in respect to each other, when are they obvoluie?
When triquetrous ? Eqiiitant ?
215. Stat^ the principle of " budding." What are bulblets ?
CHAPTER VII.
217.
218.
219.
2-JO.
221.
222.
223.
224.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
What is the subject of this chapter ?
How does the leaf figure in landscape scenery ?
What is the general characteristic of the leaf?
What variations in the color of the leaf?
What is the etymology of the word Phyllotaxy?
Explain " leaves radical." Leaves cauline. Leaves ramial.
What is the alternate arrangement of leaves ? Scattered ? Ros»-
late ? Fasciculate ? Oi)posito ? Verticillate ?
If you reduce all these to two types, what are the two ?
W^hat experiment reveals the true nature of the alternate type ?
Can you show that the opposite leaved type may be spiral ?
Decussate leaves — what are they ?
State an established law in pl-mt-development
Will you carefully define the elm cycle ?
Calling this the J cycle, what does the numerator denote ? Wliatth©
denominator?
How is the alder cycle ?
C.illing this the ^ cycle, what does the 1 denote ? The 3 ?
Desciibe the cherry cycle.
Why call this the f cycle ?
Describe the Osage orange cycle.
Why denominate this tlie g cycle ?
Show how these cycles are related to each other.
If the third is ^ and the fourth g, what will the fifth be ?
In what plants is this (the ,A|) cycle realized ?
What cycle is next in order ? What its numerical sign ?
You may read the remarks on the higher cycles.
»
Tl . . ' tJLK.STIO.NS ON
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
MOKPilOLOGY OF TUB LEAF.
What is the blade? What is the petiole /
Explain the meaning of the word sesn^e. PetiolaU.
What are stipules? How many to each leaf, if any?
Explain the meaning of the word erstipuJate. Stipulak,
Name the three distinct parts of a complete leaf.
To what transformations are they liable ?
OF THE PETIOLE.
What is the more common form of the petiole ?
What is peculiar "n the petiole of the aspen ?
244. What is there peculiar in the petioles of the Asters, etc.f
What peculiarity in the leaves of the mullein ?
245. How is the amplexicaul petiole, or leaf, described ?
What constitutes a sheath ? (See figs. 102, 104.)
246. In what sort of leaves do we find compound petioles?
OF THE STIPULES.
247. What is the location of the stipules? Appearance ?
What is remarked of their presence or absence ?
248. What of the stipules of rose (fij?. 100) ? Of pansy (fig. 102)?
249. What plants exhibit ochrece ? Wliat their nature ?
250. When the leaves are opposite, what are their stipules called ?
251. The ligule of grasses, what is it? What are stipels?
Explain fig. 102. 103. 104. 105.
OF THE VEINS.
253. How do you distinguish a simple leaf? A compound f
254. Of what is the frame- work of the leaf composed ?
255. Why are they called veins rather than ribs ?
What is denoted by the term venation f
Name the four organs of venation.
256. Please describe the mid-vein. What leaf has such?
If there be several such, as in maple, what are they called?
257. What branches shall we call the veinlets? The veinulets?
258. The venation of the Exogcns — name and describe it
The venation of the Endogens — name and describe.
The venation of the Cryptogamia — name and describe.
Name the three forms of the reticulate venation.
Now please describe them — the feather-veined.
260. The palmi-veined. The tripli-veined.
262. What varieties in the parallel venation ?
What venation in fig. 106? 10< ? 108? 109? 110?
FORM, OR FIGURE.
263. Can you show the connection between the figure of the leaf and its renattonf
264. On what principle shall we arrange or classity leaf-forms ?
265. The first cliss, or feather- veined leaf-forms, define it.
Name and describe the three forms belonging to it.
a. Define the second class of feather-veined leaf-forms.
Name and describe the fow forma belonging to thi« claas.
if!
WOODS CLAaiS-BOOK OF BOTANY.
vn
266. Iq the thnrd class, where are the longest veinleLs ?
Name and describe the four forms of this class.
267. In the fourth class, how are the lowest veinlets?
Note the form of the cordate leaf. The auriculate. The sagittate.
The hastate.
Observe fig. 110— what is its form? Also of 111? 112? 113?
114? 115? 116? 117?
Observe fig. 130— what is its form ? What of 131? 136? 137?
268. On wiiat do the pinnatifid forms depend ?
The term j»mn«<erf contrasts with what other term?
269. Describe the pinnatifid leaf. The runcinate. Lyrate.
270. What is pinately parted? Sinuate?
271. What figures on page 56 have ^'a/wjafe venation ?
Which two are renifbrm ? Which is peltate? Which trilobate?
272. Observe the figuies on page 58, — which is palmately clefl ?
Wliich palmaiely parted? Which merely lobed ?
273. What form is pedate f Find an example.
274. Wiiat is remarked of the parallel-veined leaves?
275. What is the linear leaf? Give examples.
Define the ensiform leaf. What good example is here ?
276. By what term is the palm leaf denoted ?
277. What two forms of leaf are peculiar to the fir tribe ?
MARGIN.
278. Speaking of merely the margin, when is it entire f
279. When is the margin den to<e .* When serrate.* Crenate?
What if the teeth are very fine ? What is doubly dentate 7
280 Define an undulate margin.
281. What terms apply to irregularly divided margins?
282. What does the term crisped denote ?
APEX.
283. Name and define an acuminate apex. An acute. An obtuse^
Other terms.
284. The truncate leaf. The emarginate, etc.
OF THE COMPOUND LEAF.
285. Were a simple leaf to become compound, how might it become ao?
Please illustrate this by cutting a simple leaf.
286. What are the fcq^^s .' The petioluies? Therachisf
287. Can you describe a pinnate leaf?
What modification of pinnate is fig. 161? 160? 159?
288. As to the number of leaflets in the pinnate leaf — how many ?
How many in the trifoliate f Binate ?
What reason to say that the lemon leaf (167) is compound?
289. How may a pinnate leaf become bipinnatef Tripinnate?
What is a decompound leaf?
290. What are transition leaves? Describe fig. 165.
291. Define a bitemate leaf. A triternaie.
292 Please distinguish the palmately and pinnateh/ temate.
|il:;
Vlll
QUESTIONS ON
Fig. 162 represents what kind of leaf? 163 ? 164 ?
Describe fig. 168. 166. 169.
293. How are amplexicaul Itaves inserted ? Describe 1 70.
294. Define perfoliate leaves. Connate. Point out the figures.
TEXTURE AND SURFACE.
295. Name five varieties in the texture of leaves.
296. As to the snrhce, yfhaXj is glabrous ? Scabrous?
297. Define carefully a pubescent surface. A villous.
frinous. Tomentous. Floccose.
298. Define, also, hirsute. Pilous. Hispid.
299. Also setous. Spinous. Stinging.
300. What covers the pruinous surface, as of grapes ?
801. Explain, flnnlly. such terms as ovate-lanceolate.
3(W. Can you show the use of the preposition sub?
CHAPTER VIII.
What is the title of this chapter ?
303. What is one of the first aims of the botanist?
304. How does it appear that scales are transformed leaves ?
305. What is the nature of the broWn scales of buds ?
306. What is the nature of the cotyledons ? Proof?
What is the cause of their deformity ?
307. Can you tell what plujllodia are ? Examples ?
308. Explain liow ascidia may be transformed leaves.
809. Mention three curious examples.
311. What are air-bladders? What their uses?
312. How is the leaf of "Venus' fly-trap" constructed?
313. What is the use of the tendril ?
Is it a new organ ?
How does the tendril of the pea originate ?
What its origin in Gloriosa superba ? In Lathyrus ?
314. In Clematis, what organs serve as tendrils?
In green-briar, what organs become tendrils ?
315. Whence come the tendrils of the grape-vine?
316. How are some plants armed ?
From what organs do the spines of Berheris originate?
Whence the spines of goat's- tliorn? Of locust?
317. How do thorns differ from spines ?
What the origin of the thorns in Osage orange ?
Whence the thorns of honey-locust y
318. Wliat are prickles ? Examples y
319. What are bracts? What is their nature?
Sericeous. Lamni
CIIAPTHR IX.
321. What is the title of this chapter ? Define the term.
333. Whence do the flower-buds originate ?
823. What proof of this theory is given V
324. As to arrangement — what two varieties of flower-budit
325. What may a single bud develop ?
326. What is said of the axis of the flower-bud ?
327. What is a peduncle ? May it bear leaves ?
WOODS CLASS-BOOK OF liOTANY.
IX
328.
329.
330.
331.
332.
333.
334.
?.35.
336.
337.
338.
339.
340.
342.
343.
344.
345.
346.
347.
348.
349.
350.
351.
352.
353.
355.
356.
357.
359.
3(50.
301.
363.
What are pedicels ? When is a flower aeawfe / )
How does a scape diflFer from a peduncle ?
What is the raohis of an inflorescence ?
What is the torus?
Mention some odd varieties of tiie peduncle.
Describe fig. 115. 116. 117. 118.
What are bracteoles ?
How are the bracts in Aster ? How in the Crucifers ?
What is said of the color of bracts ?
What is a spathe ? Examples in figures 189, 190, 191
How may an involucre be formed ?
Describe a compound flower of the Compositae.
What is the chaff on the torus ? Describe fig. 193.
In the grasses, what are the glumes? The pules? (Fig. 195.)
In the oak, etc., what is the nature of the cup ? (Fig, 194.)
Why is axillary inflorescence culled indefinite f
Why is it called centripetal ?
Where is the centre of a lengthened inflorescence ?
Why is terminal inflorescence definite t Centrifugal ?
Are both terminal and axillary inflorescence ever combined ?
Name the nine varieties of axillary inflorescence.
How is the inflorescence of the mullein, and how named ?
In Timothy grass, what are the spikes and spikelets t
What is a spadix ? Give examples.
Wliat inflorescence in figs. 200 ? 201? 202?
What is a catkin ? Examples ?
How does the raceme difffer from the spike ?
How does the corymb differ from the raceme ?
How does the umbel ditfer from the corymb ?
What the compound umbel ? The rays ? The umbellets ?
What is a panicle ? Give common examples.
What is a thyrse ? What is a head ?
In a head, or compound flower of Compositae, what answers to calyx?
What to corolla? What are the florets of the ray? What the
florets of the disk ?
Describe each of the following figures, viz. : 203, 204, 205, 20(5, 207, 808,
209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 21.5.
Name three varieties of terminal inflorescence.
What is a cyme ? What is a scorpoid cyme ?
Show the evolution of a cyme in duckweed (fig. 219).
Show the evolution of a scorpoid cyme by figs. 220, 221.
VViiat is a fascicle? A glomerule ?
Wliat does fig. 216 represent ? Fig. 217 ? Fig. 218 ? Fig. 221 ?
How may a spike become a raceme (fig. 222) ?
How a raceme a corymb (223) ? An uml)ei (224) ? A head (227) ? What
is fig. 225? 226? 228?
Into what is the entire inflorescence transformed in grapes ?
PLOWRRING.
304. What is the meaning of the word ?
365. What is said of the date of flowering for each species ?
366. How would you make a ftioral calendar f
How is this related to the climate ?
I
I i
! I
'll!!
QUKSTIONS ON
367. Example as to the red maple in different climes.
Example as to different plants in New England.
368. How would you construct a fli/ral clock?
What plant opens its flowers at 2 o'clock, a. m. ?
What plant at 13, M. ? At 4, p. m., etc. V
369. As to the colors of flowers — are they subject to art at all ?
Why not depend on the color of the flower in descriptions ?
370. Describe the Xanthic series of colors. The Cyanic series.
CHAPTER X.
"What is the title of this chapter ? Meaning of morpholofjy f
Flowers have wliat relation to man ?
How do flowers improve in the light of science?
How is the flower related to a leafy branch ?
Is the flower a new organ ? Whence is it ?
What evidence of the transformation of leaves in^.o flowers is seen ta the
Calycanthusy In the water lily? (Fig. 240, etc.)
What is remarked of the early bud of irregular flowers ?
Wiirti evidence of this doctrine in teratolofjy ? Illustrate this by the doubla
rose. Flowering almond, etc.. Illustrate by flgs. 241, 242, 243.
What fact renders {estivation important ? Define the term.
Name the four general modes of aestivation ?
Desciibe the valvate. Describe its two varieties.
Describe the contorted. Describe the imbricate.
What two varieties of the imbricate are mentioned?
Define carefully the quincuntial. The triquetrous. The convolatet
The vexillary. Tlie plicate. The supervolute.
What is the torus ?
What are the floral envelopes ?
Which of them is the calyx? Which the corolla?
Do both calyx and corolla always exist ?
If but one be present, which is it?
Define carefully the calyx. What are the sepals ?
Carefully <lefine the corolla. What do we call its leaves?
What is the use of the word pei'ianth f
The essential organs — what two kinds ?
Define the stamens. What of their number ?
Collectively, what are they called ?
Define the pistils. By what other names called.
Now recapitulate these four sets of organs in order.
What is said of appendages ?
The pupil may read or rehearse Sec. 408.
In respect to symmetry — what of the number in each setf
In relative position — how are the petals with sepals, etc. ?
Define, then, the typical flower.
Why is it perfect ? Complete? Regular? Symmetrical?
Is this type often realized?
Whence the endless variety in the floral world?
Wliut flower in our flora approaches nearest the type?
Mention a perfect example.
How do the flowers of sedum deviate from it ?
Can you mention some of the modes of deviation?
What do you ur derstand by the radical number?
What is the most common radical of the Exogens?
What most common in the Endogens ?
What is the radical number of the flower in your hand?
What do irwompkte flowers lack ?
What is an apetalous flower? What example?
What is an achlamydeous flower ? Examples. (Figs. 364, 905.)
372.
87;;.
374.
375.
378.
373.
380.
383.
386.
387.
389.
391.
397.
399.
400.
401.
402.
403.
404.
405.
406.
407.
408.
410.
411.
412.
413.
414.
415.
416.
417.
418.
419.
420.
wood's class-book op botany.
XI
421. What do imperfect flowers lack ? Describe a sterile flower.
Describe a fertile flower. Give the emblem of each. ( 3 , 8 .)
Use of the word diclinous? Explain figures 266, 267, 268, 269, 270.
433. VVhut is a ^jfMfra? flower ? (Fig. 271.)
423. What constitutes an M«sym»jcMraZ flower? Examples.
424. De-icribe the flower of mustard.
425. Describe the flowers of the Mint family, as Monarda, etc.
426. In wiiat respect are the flowers of poppy unsymmctrical ? Of lark-spur?
Of Monk's hood V Describe figs. 280, 281, 282, 383, 284, 285.
427. What is meant by " organs opposite V"
428. ^ How is this anomaly explained V Explain figs. 272, 273, 374, 275.
43<.t. By what law do " organs increase in numberV"
430. Iliustrate this in the lilies. The roseworts. Blood-root.
432. Ulustratv-^ the law of chorisis by figs. 276, 277, 378.
433. Mention sonne appendicular organs.
434. What are spurs in various examples?
435. What are scales in the various examples cited ?
What is the corona in Narcissus V In catchfly ?
43C). Describe the " glandular bodies " in graSvS-Parnassus.
437. What is said of the frequency of " union of organs ?"
How may this union be detected ?
438. Explain the difference between cohesion and adhesion.
440. Explain the proper use of the words free and distinct.
441. What is said of regularity in the early buds of flowers ?
Mention certain modes of irregularity in flowers.
443. Describe a lengthened receptacle. How is this in figs. 288, 287, 286?
444. Describe the excavated receptacle, as in rose, (fig. 289.)
446. Wliat is the disk ?
447. What IS said of "combined deviations?"
418. Give an example, in any flower at hand.
Describe it in figs. 291, 292, 293.
CHAPTER XI.
449. Can you define, once more, the true idea of the typical flower?
450. What is the only true distinction between calyx and corolla ?
451. How are sepals and petals as to number?
451. How do sepals resemble leaves ? How do petals?
453. What corresponds to blaile ? What to petiole ?
454. In the sepals, what ajtpears to be the analogy? (See fig. 11, a. h. c.)
455. In outline, what are the forms of petals? Are they always entire?
State the peculiarity in the petal form of the Uinbilifers (297). In
the petal of duckweed (299). Of campion (290). Of Monk's-
hood. Mitrewort (298).
456. What of the nectary ?
457. Are the floral organs more likely to be distinct, or united?
458. What do we call a calyx with united sepals?
What do we call a coiolla with united petals?
What terms are opposed to these two ?
459. What do we understand by the limb? The tube?
460. What varieties in the degree of cohesion (figs. 300, 301, 302, 303)?
461. What sort of cohesion in calyx of Eschscholtzia, or grape?
463. Why are the outer organs oi' butter-cup hypogynous?
464. In the flower of cherry, why are the stamens perigynous ?
Explain the term epigy nous ? What two phrases are of the same import?
166. Please mention two other phrases of the same meaning.
Describe figs. 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, especially as to the ovary,
Also describe fi^fs. 309, 310, 311, aa to ovary, etc.
ill
1^
QUKSTION8 ON
467.
4G8.
469.
In the rose, (289) are the ovaries in a hollow receptacle, or in a tubular
calyx? How is this in cherry and pear (308, 307) ?
What two phrases are synonymous with ''oalyx hypogynous?"
How is the calyx in saxifiage (fig. 310) and in mock-orange ?
Of regular polypetalous flowers, what four forms are named ?
Of irregular polypetalous, what two forms ?
Of regular mouopetalous flowers, what seven forms?
Of irregular mouopetalous, what two forms V
470-484. Describe each and ail these forms in order.
To which of these classes belongs the tulip? The rose? The mu!^♦
tard? Pea? Elder? Kalmia? Haiebell ? Whortleberry? Morn-
ing-g!oiy ? Petunia ? Honey-suckle ? The florets of dandelion ?
The sage? Cypripedium?
What is pappus? Its etymology? Give examples.
Describe figs. 338, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333
In the flower of bog-rush, what represents the calyx (fig. 334) ?
In Carex, what represents the perianth (fig. 335) ?
In the grasses, what organs replace the perianth ?
In fig. 195, show the spikeiet? The glumes? The pales?
Define the term caducous. Deciduous. Marescent. Persistent,
485.
487.
488.
489.
490.
CHAPTER XII
ill
i;
II.
491. In what position are the essential organs found ?
How may they be known from the envelopes ?
492. Mention and describe each of the three parts of the stamen.
Which of these parts is not essential ?
What is the collective name of the stamens ? (Fig. 336.)
In fig. 336, which is the androeciura ? Which the gynoeciuni ?
In fig. 338, which is filament ? Anther? Pollen? Conneotile?
493. Describe the filament.
494. Please describe the anther. Connectile. Dehiscence.
495. When is the anther versatile ? Adnate ? lunate ?
496. When is the dehiscence valvular? Porous? Opercular?
497. Wlien is the anther iutrorse ? Extrorsc ?
Describe flgs. 339, UO, 341, 342, 343, 344.
498. At what points may the autlicr be appendagcd ? Describe ligs. 349, 350.
499. When is the anther dimidiate ? Describe tigs. 354, 351.
Point out the stamens and pistils in flgs. 355, 356, ;i57, 358, 359
Describe flgs. 360, 361.
502. What are staininodia? Where do we flnd them?
Describe flti :572, and show the staminodia.
503. As to number — what is definite? Indefinite? Monandrous? Dian-
drous ? Triaudrous ? Pentandrous, etc, ?
504 As to position — what is hypogynous ? Perigynous», etc.
505. As to comparative length, what is didynamous? Tetradynamous?
606. As to the union of stamens, what is monadelphous ? Diadeiplious?
Polyadelphous? Syngene.sious ?
607. As to absence, how is a plant rendered monoecious? Dioecious?
How are the flowers in a polygamous species? (§ 421.)
508. What is the pollen ? \\» microscopic appear'ince ?
Describe figs. 362, 363, 364, 365, 366.
509. Describe particularly a grain of pollen.
510. How does pollinia dififer from pollen?
511. Position of the gynoecium ?
How is the gynoecium regularly constituted ?
WOOD S CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY.
xifi
612. Are its pistils always distinct as in columbine ?
Is the gyncecium always free and superior as in columbine/
513. What is said of the number of the pistils ?
What is the meaning of the terms monogynous? Trigynous?
514. How may a simple pistil be known?
515. Name the three parts of the pistil? Which is non-essential?
516. How is this carpcllary leaf folded in becoming a pistil?
What forms the two sutures ?
.•il?. Explain figs. 378 bis, 379 bis and illustrate this view.
Also eoniparc these with tigs. 380, 381.
519. What is therefore the lull expression of the doctrine ?
520. What are the placentae ? When is it double ?
.521. Illustrate a simple carpel by a pea-pod.
i)Tz. Wiiut is the stigma ?
523. or what does a compound pistil consist?
Describe the various degrees of cohesion, as in different plants.
Describe figs. 387, 388. 389. 390, 391, 392.
Also here describe figs. 384, 385, 386 and 371 to 379.
524. Mention carefully the five methods of determining the number of
carpels.
525. In the first mode of cohesion, how are the carpels conditioned ?
1. In this case, how many cells will there be ?
2. How will the dissepiments be conditioned ?
3. Why is the partition in the flax cell called spurious f
4. Wliere will the placenta) be located?
526. In th<; second mode of cohesion, how are the carpels?
1. In this case, how many cells will there be?
2. How will the pHcentto be located ?
527. Can you mention any intermediate conditions ?
528. Can you describe the free axile placentae ?
How many methods of explaining this singularity ?
In which figures is such a placenta seen ? (394, 398.)
Dci^cribe tigs. 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405.
.')2t^. Here notice forms of style and stigma in tig. 385, and in 371 to 379.
532. What is the nature of the ovule ?
What evidence of this th«iory can you mention ?
53:}. As to number, what is definite ? Indefinite ?
534. A.s to position, what is erect? Ascending, etc.?
Illustrate by figs. 414, 41.5, 416, 417.
5.35. As to its parts, what is the funiculus ? Chalaza ? Tegmen ? Testa f
Micropyle ?
536. As to turns, what does orthotropous mean? Anatropcus?
Describe tig 40«. Describe tigs. 413, 407, 408, 409.
In fig. 409, jtoiiit out the funiculus, ehalaza, tegmen, testa, micropyle, and
nucleus.
Di'serlbe tigs. 410, 411, the same six parts, and the raphe and hilunt.
539. TViirtt of the embryo sac?
CHAPTER XITI.
541. What shoit definition of fruit is g'v 'n ?
542. What becomes of the corolla and staniens ufttT flowering f
What of the calyx ? What of the style y
543. What is remarked of consolidated fruit ?
544. Why 's an early examination of the ovary safer thati a lutef
T
I
' 'HI
1'
145. Illustrate this by the acorn. By the fruit of birch.
546. What other change occurs ? Illustrate by thorn-apple.
What is shown in tigs. 418, 419, 420?
547. Name the two parts of the fruit, and describe.
Name the various textures of the pericarp.
548. Ci-n you name instances of open pericarps ? Describe figs. 491, 493,
How art- the seeds of fleshy fruits liberated ?
How are those of the dry fruits usually liberated ?
550. Can you name the modes of dehiscence ?
1. What is sutural dehiscence? In what fruits seen ?
2. What kind of dehiscence is seen in diagram 429? 430? 431 ?
551. What kind ot dehiscence in poppy ? In henbane, etc. ? (Fig. 444.)
553. What singular organ is seen in caraway ? (Fig. 433.)
556. Explain the synopsis of the fruits, how fruits may bo defined by it.
556. WhaJ; is an achenium ? A cremocarp ? A cypsela ?
558. How diatinguishe:! from seeds? Show figures of each kind.
559. What is a utricle ? Show us one, or the figure.
560. A caryopsis ? The figure. A samara ? The figure.
561-581. (The same questions on each kind, showing the figure, or if po»
sible. 1.1 'vJ very fruit.)
CEAPTER XIV.
682. Define the seed. What does it consist of?
583. What is the name of the outer covering ? Of the inner ?
584. What are the various textures of the testa ? Of its surface ?
58.5. How distinguisli the coma from the pappus ?
Which of these, properly, is cotton ? Explain fig. 465.
586. What ocaisional covering is named? Examples.
Show it in nutmeg (fig. 401). In staff-tree (fig. 460).
What is the aril called in the seed of Polygala? (Fig. 641.)
588. What is the eye of the seed properly calhni ?
589. When is the seed said to bo albuminous? When exalbuuiinous?
590. Describe the albumen. Its quantity compared with the embryo.
What its varieties of texture ? Show examples.
591. What three parts of the embryo are mentioned ?
592. Define the radicle. The plumule. The cotyledons.
594. How do these alternate with the albumen ?
596. How aru the monocotyledons character ^ed ? The dicotyledons?
How are those great classes distinguished by their leaves ?
598. Have any plants more than two cotyledons ?
What of fig. 460 ? Of fig. 467 ? 408 ? 469 ?
509. What varieties in position are mentioned ?
601. When does tlie seed sleep?
What is then its condition, or state?
602. Give examples of the great longevity of the seed.
603. How may seeds longest retain their vitality ?
604. How arc tliistle seeds dispersed?
605. How are ticlv-secds, etc., dihperscd ? Tlie toucli-me-not ?
(MXJ. How tlie seeds of the sciuirting-cucumbery
607. Wlmt the agency of rivers? S<iuirrels ? Birds
608. What is germination ? Where may we observe the procesgf
610. JIow and why is the seed to be planted?
611. What changes take nlace in the material of the seed?
WOOD 8 CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY.
'^m
Show the coiled embryo in fig. 475.
Show the bursting embryo in fig. 476.
Show the liberated embryo in tigs. 477, 478, 479, 480.
612. What becomes of the radicle? Of the cotyledoiM?
How does the plumule develop ? Show by the figures.
613. In what plants do the cotyledons remain below ?
614. Show by figs. 481, 482, how the monocotyledon germinates.
615. What the three conditions requisite for germination?
616. Why is moisture requisite ?
61 7. Why air ? Whence comes the sugar ?
618. What degrees of warmth ? Give some strange exceptions.
620. What good explanation of the downward tendency of the root can you girs f
CHAPTER XV.
621. In the lowest Cryptogams, are the parts distinct ?
In the higher, how is it?
622. How are they distinguished from the Phaenogams 7
623. What is said of the root, stem, and leaves in Fungi, etc. ?
(NoTK. — This chapter may be as well reviewed by the topics as by questions.)
PART SECOND.
CHAPTER I.
638.
639.
641.
042.
t)43.
644.
645.
646.
647.
648.
G49.
650.
(!51.
652.
053.
054.
655.
056.
657.
058.
660.
661.
Of what is all vegetable structure composed ?
How is the cell defined? What is the primary form of the cellf
Mention three general types.
Whence do the casual forms result? Name some of them.
What is the nize of vegettible cells ?
Of what length are sonic wood-cells and bark-cells ?
Describe the two layers of the cell-wall.
How may we bring the primordial utricle to view as in fig. 508 ?
How does it appear that the cell-wall is porous?
What appearance does a third layer make ?
What fills up the wood-cells ? Show them by fig. 560.
What the appearance of pitted cells ?
HhKstrate these cells in figs. 569 and 570.
What is the wonderful structure of spiral cells ? Show them in figs,
571, 572, 573, 577, and in petioles.
Show an annular cell in fig. 574, and where else ?
Show a scalariform cell ia fig. 575, and where else ?
What is the material of the outer cell-wall ?
What are its chemical elements? What are the chemical element* of
the inner cell- wall ?
What do the cells contain ? What is cytoblast? Protoplasm?
What is the condition of the coloring matter ?
What is the structure and color of chlorophylle ?
What is the composition of the starch granules ?
What are raphldes ? Show figs. .583, 583.
Show how the cells are nmltiplied.
Describe fig. 56?.
(Figs. 579. 580.)
rm
I)
I,
ii u
Xri QUESTIONS OS
CHAPTER II.
662. What is the simplest possible form of vegetation ?
663. What constitutes a tissue ? Name the four tissues.
664. What the foim of the cells of Parenchyma ? Classify them.
6u6. What the form of the cells of Pleurenchyma ? Two varieties.
667. In what trees do we find the pitted cells? Wha^ is fig. 579?
Explain tills beautiful appearance by fig. 579 O'".
668. What is trachenchynia ? How are these tubes maut '
Show the structure of dotted-ducts in figs. 566, 576.
671. Office of cienohyma ? What their nature?
673. What is said of the intercellular passages ?
674. Give, finally, the import of the cell.
67£k. IIow is elevation of rank in plants indicated ?
CHAPTER III.
,ii -
What does the " epidermal system " include ?
676. What is the office of the epidermis ? What its cells?
678. What are tlie stomata ? When are tney open, and when closed ?
679. How many are found in the space of one square inch ?
Point out the stomata in the figs. 582-586.
681. What is said of the structure of hairs ?
682. Wliat is the office of glands? What varieties are there?
683. Describe the mechanism of the sting, in fig. 591.
684. How do prick^e?^ differ from spines? Describe the figures.
CHAPTER IV.
685. What does the " ligneous system" mclude ?
686. Of what kind of tissue does the young rootlet consist ?
687. WMat is the early tissue of all new growths y
688. What changes occur In the rootlet?
689. How is the increasing demand for moisture met ?
690. Name the four grand divisions of plants.
691. Describe a cross-section of the stem of an Exogen.
692. Describe the pith ; its composition, contents, etc.
693. Where do we find the medullary sheath ? What are its vessels ? Its
connections ? Its office ?
694. Of what does the wood consist? How much grew the first year?
How much each successive year ?
695. Wlience is the distinction between the annual wood-circles ?
697. The alburnum and duramen — how distinguished ?
698. Which is the living wood? How does it become duramen?
Which is valuable as timber ?
699. What has perished in a hollow tree ?
700. Name the tiiree layers of the bark.
701. The liber — of what tissues? Whence is its toughness?
702. What is the green bark? What its structure?
703. The brown bark — what are its varying colors? What is its tissue?
How is it in the cork oak ?
705. Define the medullary rays. What is their structure ?
707. Why are they called the silver grain ? Show it in figs. 597, 598.
708. What good purpose do they serve ?
V\\'
WO»>D'8 CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY.
XVII
709. Where is the cambium layer found ? What is it ?
710. Why is it called the generative layer ?
711. Why \a the growth of Exogens unlimited?
712. Why is the bark most sought in medicine, etc, ?
713. What of a cross-section of an endogenous stem ?
714. Explain particularly its structure.
715. As to these bundles — of what does each consist?
717. Has the Endogen a true bark ? Why does it split with difficulty 7
718. Why are these plants called inside-growers, or Endogens '(
719. Why is the caudex of the palmetto, etc., often smaller at base?
720. In what plants is the acrogenous structure found ? Why are they sc
called, i. e., point growers ?
721. How does a cross-section of one of them appear ? (Fig. 600.)
Here describe the figures 595 and 596.
722. What is the rank ofthe mass-growers ? What is the' r only tissue? What
semblance of stems have they V
724. What can you say of the flbrilhe of the root ? (See the fig.)
725. What may be said of the pileorhiza ? Show it in the figures.
726. How does the root grow, and penetrate the soil ?
729. What is the substance of the veins ?
730. How many layers of the parenchyma are there ? When are the two
alike, and when unlike ?
732. What is the normal place of the stomata ? How in floating leaves ?
733. What is the condition of the chlorophylle ?
734. The vessels of cienchyma — where, and of what use ?
Explain fig. 604, and show the parts, as the epidermis, the two layers,
chlorophylle, spiral vessels, stomata, etc.
CHAPTER V.
736. What inquiries are we now to start ?
738. What problem remains unsolved? What phenomena do we refer to
the vitality of the plant?
739. What is the lowest form of life? Whence does it spring?
740. How prove that the vegetable kingdom is subordinate ?
742. In what steps does the process of vegetation consist ?
What are the vital phenomena included in vegetation ?
744. What two kinds of organic matter make up the cell ?
Write out the symbols of these two. Which resembles animal matter ?
745. What does the cell imbibe ? From what fluid ?
746. What chemical decomposition ensue<* ? What becomes of the water
formed ? What of the cellulose ?
747. How is chlorophylle formed ? What becomes of the excess of tlie
cellulose ? What globule within a globule ?
74). What becomes of the excess of protoplasm ?
750. What per cent, of gluten and starch in wheat ? Why is extra flour
deficient in gluten ?
751. Can a plant consist of a single cell ? Give an example.
752. Describe the two modes of cell growth.
753. How is growth distinguished from reproduction ?
754. What is the embryonic vesicle ? Its origin? Its destination?
755. How does it receive its impulse in this direction ?
756. Trace the growth of the pollen grain after it falls on the stigma.
757. Trace the course of the pollen tube, and in fig. 607.
758. Show the process of growth in the fertilized cell, and in fig. 608.
769. How does Schlfciden's view differ from the above ? Explain fig. 609.
T
.'K
XVllI
QUESTIONS ON
What Btore m
760. In the Coniferae, where does tiic pollen fall ?
761. What is the state of the embryo in the miiture seed ?
laid up for it?
762. What chemical changes ensue ? What if. diastase ? Dextrine ?
Whence is the yeast? The heat? The sugar?
766. In the process of ripening fruits, what material is formed?
767. Whence is the honey in the flower ? What the use of the sugar ?
768. Of what use is the honey to the plant ?
CHAPTER VI.
770. What the subject ? What is the most important office of the root 7
771. Illustration, by a plant of spearmint, hydrangea, etc.
772. What organs absorb the water in these cases?
773. Illustrate this by a radish plant.
774. In transplanting trees, what special care must be used ?
775. What of the force of this absorption ? How may it be shown ?
777. Name the two causes of the ascent of the sap.
778. Illustrate capillary attraction by glass tubes. By a napkin.
780. Illustrate cudosraose by dried prunes.
781. Illustrate by a bladder and long glabs tube.
784. Of what use to the vegetable is absorption ? Have the roots the
power of choice ? Give examples.
785. What otlier organs absorb? What illustrations are given?
787. In what direction is the flowing of the sap?
788. How does it advance in the tissue of a Cryptogam ?
789. In higher plants, what is noticed in the different tissues?
790. What vessels and passages convey air only ?
791. Wliat seems to be the moving force which raises the sap ?
792. Through what tissue does the sap chiefly ascend ?
793. Through which layers, and why ?
794. What is the composition of the crude sap?
795. HoAV do you account for the issue of sap from the sugar maple In early
Spring ? What causes the flow to cease ?
796. How does the crude sap become the true sap ?
797. Trace the distribution of this fluid as it returns from the leaves.
798. Specify the places where this sap makes deposits.
799. In what direction is the growth, from above or from below ?
800. Illustrate this by the girdling process. Why does the tree die?
801. Illustrate by a ligature. Illustrate by a wound in the trunk.
803. What the etfect of cutting a branch just below a node?
801 What of girdling a potato plant ? Fruit tree? Why?
800. Where does the flow called rotation occur ? Describe it.
808. What is the process called transpiration ? It occurs where and when I
809. What other process depends upon it ? Does it convey away pure
water only ?
810. How much water did a sunflower transpire per tlay ? A cabbage ?
811. Describe an arrangement for showing the quantity of transpiration.
812. What do we understand by respiration in plants ?
813. What experiment with an air-pump shows its importance?
814. Why does the tree suffer when its roots have been buried too deep?
815. Define respiration in plants. Where does it occur?
816. What does the vast extent of the respiratory apparatus show?
817. State in order the six facts given in relation to respiration,
818 State carefully the two opposite phases of respiration.
-4
WOOD 8 CLASS-BOOK OF BOTANY.
xTx
819. When does the former phase become visible ? When the latter f
820. Explain the phenomena of blanched plants.
821. Describe the interesting experiment of Saussure.
822. Why is no oxygen obtained when boiled or distilled water ia used ?
8_'4. What are the results of transpiration and respiration on the sap ?
825. Wliat proportion of carbonic acid in the air? Whence is it derived?
How much is added to the atmosphere annually ?
826. Wliy does the carbonic acid not accumulate in the air ?
827. How might the air become poisonous for animals?
828. Now show how the animal and vegetable kingdoms mutually aid
each other.
CHAPTER VII.
S29. Name the four organogens, i. e., organic elements.
830. In what proportion does euch exist y In what proportion all ?
What the i)er cent, of carbon ? What gives solidity and strength?
831. What do the oxygen and hydrogen form in plants y
Give some examples of its quantity from the table.
832. Name some earthy elements found in plants.
833. Give from the table some examples of the proportion of ashes and other
elements in vegetables.
834. What is the object of inquiry in Agricultural Chemistry ?
834. What is the food of plants? Whence comes their nourishment?
Whence their carbon ? Their oxygen? Hydrogen? Nitrogen?
835. What the whole quantity of carbon in the air ?
837. Of what does soil consist ? Its organic materials.
838. Of what is water composed ? Whence the ammonia in rain?
839. What is the composition of ammonia V
840. What source of nitric acid in the air?
841. What are air-plants ? Give some examples.
842. Name three requisite conditions of healthy vegetation. ~
843. What of the supply of the first ? Of the second ?
844. What is the object of tillage ? What of sub-soiling ?
845. What the object of manuring ? What the use of amendmenUf
846. What is the good of bone-manure ? What of guano V
848. What is fallow ground? What its benefit ?
849. What gives efficiency to all these materials ?
850. Can you here state the outlines of digestion ?
851. What are the constituents of the proper juice?
853. From this vital fluid what is first formed? Next? Thirdly?
853. Where are gum, starch, and sugar deposited ?
854. How does sugar differ in composition from starch ?
855. How may starch become cellulose ? How become sugar ?
8;")(). Can you distinguish the vegetable products into two classes I
857. On what principle is the table constructed ? Illustrate.
PART THIRD.
CHAPTER I.
858. What is the object and aim of Systematic Botany ?
860. What is the higher purpose accomplished by it?
«) ■;
Kx wood's cjlass-uook of botany.
861. How does it appear that the subject is vaatt
862. Mention a wrong way to study.
8G3. What causes the Umits of species ? How may the student beoom*
acquainted with all the individuals of a species ?
864. Give an example of this mode of study.
865. Define a genus. Give an example of a genus.
868. How are the Genera associated into Orders ?
869. For example, how is the Order Ckuciper^ made up ? The CocifarsB f
870. Into wliat groups are the Orders themselves associated f
CHAPTER II.
873. Subject of this chapter ? Illustrate an artificial classification.
874. Who was Carl von Linnd ? What system did he invent ?
875. What are its defects as a system ?
876. Are these defects objections to it as a key? Is it now in use?
877. How many classes in the Linnaean system ?
(Further examination at the teacher's option.)
CHAPTER III.
886. The subject? What is the aim of this system?
887. Uow does it difier from the Artificial System ?
888 What the principle of the species and genera?
889. What rule is given as to the relative value of characters?
891. As to history, who may be regarded as the founder ? What did he f Whal
did Linnaeus ? JussieuV Robert Brown ? DeCandoUef
892. What uncertainty in the system yet remains ?
893. Whence is the difficulty iu settling these divisions ?
894. Is there more than one true Natural System?
895. What is the first and highest division of the Natural System ?
Define the Phaenogaraia. The Cryptoganiia.
896. Wliat of the indeuniteness of natural groups ?
897. Into what two provinces are the Phaenogamia next resolved ?
State the diagnosis of the Exogens. Of the Endogens.
898. What divisions next follow ? Define the Angiospermae.
Define the Gymnospermae. Name the two classes formed by the Endogens
Describe each.
899. Into what two pro > mces is the sub-kingdom Cryptogamia divided ?
Define the Acrogens. Define the Thallogens.
900. What two classes correspond with these two provinces ? Define the
Angiosporae. Define the Gymnosporse.
901. Wliat name is given to the fourth set of groups ? Are the cohorts quit*
natural groups ? Why not '<
903. Whose plan is generally adopted in this country ?
Into what three cohorts are the Angiospermae divided ?
Define the Dialypetahe. The Gamopetalae. Tlie Apetalae.
904. How is the class Petaliferie divided ? Define the Spcidiciflorae. De-
fine the Florideae.
905. The class Grlumiferae is equivalent to what cohort?
906. Name the three cohorts of the class Angiosporae.
907. Name the three cohorts of the class Gymnosporae.
908. Write on the black-board the synopsis of the Natural System.
«
'^UL 2U 1902
PART F I R ^^^Oatt^iO^^
STRUCTURAL BOTANY; OR, ORGANOGRAPHY.
-»> ♦■•»-
CHAPTER I.
PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.
65. Two NATU.iAL Grand Divisions of thc Vegetablb Kingdom
have long been recognised by botanists, viz., tl>e Plisenoganiia or
Flowering Plants; the Cryptogamia, or Flowerless Plants. Besides the
obvious distinction made by the presence and absence of the flower,
2, Soea (flowers double)— an Exogen. 3, Lily — an Endugen. 4. Fern — an acrogenous
Cryptogam. 5, Licbeu— a Uiallogenous Grypto^aui.
-y
!T
,i
;
i
J
! ..;'
f:,!
!i'i;l
18
PBIMART DIVISIONS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.
66. These Grand Divisions are further distinguished by their
organic structure and general aspects. In the Phaenogaiuia we find a
system of f^ompound organs, such as root, stem, leaf, bud, flower, suc-
cessively developed on a determinate plan ; while in the Cryptogauiia,
a gradual departure from this plan commences, and they become, at
length, in their lowest forms, simple expansions of a uniform tissue,
Vf ithout symmetry or proportion. This distinction is randered perfectly
clear by a reference to
67. Examples. Compare a rose with a fern. In the former a regular axis
bears buds which are unfolded, some into leaves, others into flowers succeeded by
fVtiit. In the fern no buds nor flowers appear, and the fruit dots sprinkle over the
back of the leaf. Again, contrast the violet with a lichen, where neither stem, root,
nor leaf appears, much less flowers, but disc-like expansions with fruit-dust (spores)
produced indifferently in any part of them.
68. Subdivisions of the Ph^enogamia. This grand division is
itself very naturally resolved into two subdivisions, named by De Candolle
Exogens and Endogens.
69. Exogenous plants or Exogens (outside-growers), including all
the trees (except palms) and most herbaceous plants of temperate regions,
are so named, because the additions to the diameter of the stem are
made externally to the wood already formed.
70. Endogenous plants or Endgg^ens (inside-growers), including the
grasses and most bulbous plants of temperate climates, and the palms,
canes, etc., south, are so named from the accretions of .he stem taking
place within the parts already formed.
71. These subdivisions .\rb more accurately distinguished by the
structure of the seed. The seeds of the Exogens consists of two equal
seed-lobes, called cotyledons, as seen in the pea. The seed of the Endo-
gens consists of but one seed-lobe or cotyledon, as in the Indian Corn.
On this account Exogens were first called Dicotyledonous (two-cotylc-
doned) plants, and Endogens, Monocotyledonous (one-cotyledoned)
plants ; — names quite appropriate, but too hard and long for general use.
72. They are also very readily distinguished by their leaves,
which are net-veined in the Exogens, and parallel-veined in the Endogens.
Moreover, their flowers are remarkably different, being almost always
three-parted in the latter and about five-parted in the former. But all
these distinctions, with some others, 'vill be more definitely stated hereafter.
73. The Xamb of a plant or other natural object is twofold, — the trivial or
popular name, by which it is generally known in the country ; and the Latin name,
by which it is accurately designated in science throughout the world. For example,
strawberry is the popular name, and Pragaria vesca the Latin or scientiflo name of
tlie same plant.
74. In elementary treatises, like the present, for the sake of being readily under-
8t(H)(l, plants are usually called by their popular names. Yet wo eiimestly recoin-
ni(>n(l to the learner to accustom himself early to the usoof the more iK!Curato uumos
•mploycd in science.
TERM OF PLANT LIFK.
19
76. The Latin name is always double; — generic and specific. Thus
Frwjaria is generic, or the name of the genus of the plant, veaca is
specific, or the name of the species.
76. A Species embraces ail such individuals as may have originated
from a common stock. Such individuals bear an essential resemblance
to each other as well as to their common parent, in all their parts.
77. For example, the white clover (Trifolium repens) is a species
embracing thousands of cotemporary individuals scattered over our hills
and plains, all of common descent, and producing other individuals of
their own kind from their seed.
78. Varieties. To this law of resemblance in plants of one common
origin there are some apparent exceptions. Individua's descended from
the same parent often bear flowers differing in color, or fruit differing in
flavor, or leaves diff'ering in form, etc. Such plants are called varieties.
They are never permanent, but exhibit a constant tendency to revert to
their original type.
79. Examples. Varietiea occur chiefly in species maintained by cultivation,
as the apple, potato, rose, Dahlia. They also occur more or less in native plants (as
Hepatica triloba), often rendering the limits of the species extremely doubtful. They
are due to the different circumstances of climate, sr;\ and culture to which they
are subjected, and continue distinct only until left again to multiply spontaneously
from seed in their own proper soil, or some other change of circumstances.
80. A Genus is an assemblage of species closely related to each oilier
in the structure of their flowers and fruit, and having more points of
resemblance than of difference throughout.
81. Illustration. The genus chver (Trifolium) includes many species, as the
white clover (T. repens), the red clover (T, pratense), the buffalo clover (T. reflexum),
etc., agreeing in floral structure and general aspect so obviously that the most h.nsty
observer would notice their relationship. So in the genus Pinus. no one would hes-
itate to include the white pine, the pitch pine, the lon^-leafed pine (P. strobus,
rigida, and palustris), any more than we would fail to observe their differences.
82. Thus individuals are grouped into species, and species are asso-
ciated into genera. These groups constitute the bases of all the systems
of classification in use, whether by artificial or natural methods.
»•-♦-•*
CHAPTER II.
TERM OF PLANT LIFE.
8.3. Plant Life defined. The vital principle in the plant or its life
is k .'vn only by its effects. In the animal these eft'ects are, in kind,
twofol 1, indicating two kinds of life, the organic and the nervous life.
In the plant the latter kind is wanting, and the sum of its vital phe-
nomena is popularrly expressed iii the one word, vegetation.
f :
li
80 1*BHM OF PLANT LIFE.
84. Stages of plant life. The successive phenomena of vegetation
are germination, growth, flowering, fruit-bearing, sleeping, dying ; and
we may add plong with these, absorption, digestion, secretion. The
development of every plant, herb or tree, commences with the minute
embryo, advances through a continual series of transformations, with a
gradual increase of stature, to its appointed limit.
85. The life of the plant is a biography. Its form is never permanent,
but changiog like a series of dissolving views. The picture which it presents to the
tyo to-day diflers, perhaps imperceptibly, from that of yesterday. But let the views
be sticceasively sketched when it sprouts from the seed in spring, when clothed in
its leafy robes, when crowned with flowers, when laden with ripe fruit, and when
dead or dormant in winter — and the pictures difter as widely as those of species the
most opposite.
86. The term or period op plant life varies between wide extremes,
from the ephemeral mushroom to the church-yard yew, whose years are
reckoned by thousands. The term of life for each species is, of course,
mainly dependent on its own laws of growth, yet is often modified by
the climate and seasons. Thus the castor oil bean (Riein^i^ is an
annual herb in the Northern States, a shrub in the Southern, and a
tree forty feet in height in its native India.
87. Flowering and fruit-bearing is an exhausting process.
If it occur within the first or second year of the life of the plant it
generally proves the fatal event. In all other cases it is either pre-
ceded or followed by a state of needful repose. Now if flowering be
prevented by nipping the buds, the tender annual may become peren-
nial, as in the florist's tree-mignonette.
88. We distinguish plants, as to their term of life, into the an-
nual ((X), the biennial ((D), and the perennial {%).
89. An annual herb is a plant whose entire life is limited to a single
season. It germinates from the seed in spring, attains its growth, bio; -
soms, bears fruit, and dies in autumn, as the flax, corn, morning-glorj .
90. A BIENNIAL HSRB is a plant which germinates and vegetates, bbar-
ing leaves only the first season, blossoms, bears fruit, and dies the second,
as the beet and turnip. Wheat, rye, &c., are annual plants, bnt when
sown in autumn they have the habit of biennials, in consequence of the
prevention of flowering by the sudden cold.
91. MoNOCARPic HERBS. Tho century plant (Agave), the talipot palm, Ac, are
so called. They vegetate, bearing leavi'S only, for many years, accumulating ma-
terials and strength for one mighty effort in fructilicotion, which being accomplished,
they die. But although tho vital principle is extinguished in the parent, it survives
multiplied a thousand fold in the seed.
92. Perennial plants are such as have an indefinite duration of
life, usually of many years. They may be cither herbaceous or woody.
93. Hekbacbous perennials, or perennial herbs, are plants whose
%
:-'4
TBRM OF PLANT LIFE.
21
parts are annual above ground and perennial below. In other words,
their roots or subterranean stems live from year to year, sending up an-
nually in spring flowering shoots, which parish after they have ripened
their fruit in autumn ; as the lily, dandelion, hop.
94. Woony perennials usually vegetate several years, and attain
well nigh their ordinary stature before flowering ; thenceforward they
fructify annually, resting or sleeping in winter. They are known as
trees, shrubs, bu&hes and undershrubs — distinctions founded on size alone.
95. A SHRUB is a diminutive tree, limited to eighteen or twenty feet
in stature, and generally dividing into branches at or near the surface of
the ground (alder, quince). If the woody plant be limited to a still
lower growth, say about the human stature, it is called a hush, (snow-ball,
Andromeda.) If still smaller, it is ati undershrub (whortleberry).
96. A TREE is understood to attain to a height many times greater
than the human stature, with a peimanent woody stem, whose lower
part, the trunk, is unbranched.
97. Longevity of trees. Some trees live only a few years, rapidly
attaining their growth and rapidly decaying, as the peach ; others have
a longevity exceeding the age of man, and some species outlive many
generations.
98. The age of a tree mat be estimated by the number of wood-
circles or rings seen in a cross section of the trunk (§ 667), each ring
being (very generally) an annual growth.
99. Examples. The known a^e of an elm, as stated by De Caudolle, was "36
years; of a larch, 676; a chestnut, 600; an orange, 630; oaks, from 810 to 1600;
yews, 1214 to 2820.
100. Adansox estimated the age of the baobabs of Africa at 5000 years. Liv-
ingston reduces it to 1800. The yew trees of Britain, as described by Baltour, are
of wonderful longevity. One in Bradburn church-yard, Kent, is 3000 years old,
and the great yew at Hodsor, Bucks, twenty-seven feet in diameter, has vegetated
3200 years.
IDl. Magnitude. At the first establishment of Dartmouth College, a pine tree
was felled upon the college plain which inejisured 210 feet in height. In the Ohio
Valley the red maple attains a girth of 20 feet, the tulip-tree of 30, and tiio syca-
more of more than 60. But the monarch tree of the world is the Sequoya gigantea
— the California pine. One which had fallen measured 31 feet in diameter, and 363
feet in length. Among those yet standing are some of still greater dimensions, aa
beautiful in form as they are sublime in height, the growth (as estimated by the
wood-circles) of more than 3000 years.
102. Trees are again distinguished as decidous and evergreen — the
former losing their foliage in autumn and remaining naked until the
following spring; the latter retaining their leaves and verdure through-
out all seasons. The fir tribe (Conifcrae) includes nearly all the ever-
greens of the North ; those of the South are far more numerous in kind,
e. g., the magnolias, the live-oaks, holly, cherry, palmetto, Ac.
22
THE PHifiNOGAMIA — HOW DEVELOPED.
CHAPTER III.
THE PH^NOGAMIA — HOW DEVELOPED.
103. The embryo. The plant in its earliest stage of life is an em-
hryo, contained in a seed. It then consists essentially of
two parts, the radicle and the plumule. We may discern
both in many seeds, as the pea, bean, acorn.
104. Growth of the embryo. After the seed begins
to grow or germinate, the embryo extends itself in two
directions, to form the axis of the plant. The radicle or
root-end grows downward, penetrating the dark danip earth
as if to avoid the light, and forms the root or descending
axis. The plumule, taking the opposite direction, ascends,
seeking the light, and expanding itself as much
as possible to the influence of the atmosphere.
This constitutes the stem or ascending axis,
bearing the leaves.
106. Growth of the terminal bud.
first the ascending axis is merely a hud,
that is, a growing point, clothed and
protected by little scales, the rudiment-
ary loaves. As the growing point ad-
vance}, and its lower scales gradually
expand into leaves, new scales suc-
cessively appear above. Thus the
axis is always terminated by a bud.
106. Axillary buds. By the
growth of the terminal bud the
axis is simply lengthened in one
direction, an undivided stem.
But besides this, buds also
exist, ready formed, in the
axils of the leaves, one in
each.
107. How branches
are formed. These axil-
lary buds, a part or all of them, may grow and develop like the ter-
minal bud, or they may always sleep, as in the simple-stemmed mullein
or palm. But in growing they become branches, and these bran'iheu
Acorn (se«d of Qutrcxu paiu$
^'<M)u;orminntiiiK; 6, soetion sliow.
Injr tlio radiclii (r) which Is to be-
coino th« root, mid tlio two cotylodons (c) wliioh are to
nourish It; 7, the riiiilule r, dosconding; 8 and 9, tht
radicle, /', dusconding, and tho pliiinulo (p) ascending.
THIS PUiBNOOAMIA — HOW DEVELOPED.
23
may, in turn, generate buds and hranchlets in the axils of their own
leaves in like manner.
108. Bt the continual repetition of this simple process the vegetable
fkbric arises, ever advancing in the direction of all its growing points, clothing itself
with leaves as it advances, and enlarging the diameter of its axis, until it reaches
the limit of existence assigned by its Creator.
109. The organs of nutrition. Reared by this process alone the plant con-
•ists of such organs only as were designed for its own individual nourishment — roote
to absorb its food, stem and branches to transmit it, and leaves to digest it. These
are called organs of nutrition. But the divine command which caused the tribes
of vegetation in their diversified beauty to spring from the earth, required that
each plant should have its "seed within itself" for the perpetuation of its kind.
110. How THE FLOWER ORIGINATES. In the third stage of vegeta-
tion, therefore, a change occurs in the development of some of the buds.
The growing point ceases to advance as hitherto, expands its leaves iji
crowded whorls, each successive whorl undergoing a gradual transfor-
mation departing from the original type, — the leaf. Thus, instead of a
leafy branch, the ordinary progeny of the bud, di. flower is the result.
111. Nature of the flower. A flower may be considered as a
transformed branch, having the leaves crowded together by the non-
development of the axis, moulded into more delicate structures, and
tinged with more brilliant hues, not only to adorn the face of nature,
but to fulfill the important office of reproduction,
lOk Paony, with sotnci of its petals removed to show the stamens and pistils. 11 to 32, th«
orn84i8, ftrnduated from tho loaf tn tlin pistil.
24
THK ROOT, OR DESCENDING AXIS.
■ ; ■>!
li
■:!
112. The fruit. After the flower has fulfilled its oflSce, the de-
ciduous parts fail away, and the remaining energies of the plant are
directed to the development of the pistils into the perfect fruit. Let us
illustrate this doctrine by tracing out
113. A VIEW OP THE organs OP THE p^j^i, for example, (r) The roet with
its numerous ^ers and flbriUat (some fibers tuberous) coutinues the axis downward,
and {s) the stem upward. The kaves (a) approaching the summit, gradually lose
their characteristic divisions, and at length become simple bracts, (6) still undoubted
leaves. Next by an easy gradation they appear as sepals (c, d, e,) in the calyx, the
outer envelope of the flower, with stalk expanded and blade contracted. Then by
a somewhat abrupt transition tliey pass into the delicate and highly colored petals
of the corolla {/, g,), still retaining the essential marks of the leaf. To the corolla
next succeed those slender organs called stamens (to, n), known to be altered
leaves from the fact of their being often converted into petals {i, h). Lastly the
pistils (o,) destined to bear tha seeds, two or more central organs green in color, are
each the result of the infolding of a lea^ the mid-vein and united edges being yet
discernible.
■ » ♦ ■ ■
CHAPTEK IV.
THE ROOT OR DESCENDING AXIS.
I '1^
lU: •
I '■■;
114. Definition. The root is the basis of the plant and the princi-
pal organ of nutrition. It originates with the radicle of the seed ; the
tendency of its growth is downward, and it is generally immersed in
the soil.
U5. Diagnosis. Rot. are distinguished from stems by their downward di-
rection, by the presence of absorbing fibers, (fibrillae), and by the absence of
color, pith, buds, leaves, and all other stem-appendages.
116. Office. The two important offices
in vegetable life which the root is designed
to fulfill, are obvious to every one, viz., to
support the plant in its position, and to
imbibe from the soil the food and moist-
ure requisite for its growth. How well
God has adapted its structure and in-
stincts to this twofold purpose observa-
tion is continually showing.
117. The leading propensity of the
ROOT is, to divide itself into branches, and
its only normal appendages are branches,
branchlets, fibers and fibrillae, which are
multiplied to an indefinite extent corres-
32, a. Extremity of R rootlet of mapio ponding with the multiplication of the
with lt« flbrm« and spongtole (inuKnl- ^^ ^- ^ ^^^^^ rpj^j^ ^^ ^^^^
fW<1 M diameters.) ' *^ '
THE ROOT, OR DESCBNDINO AXIS.
26
insures a firm hold upon the earth, and brings a large absorbing sur-
face in contact with the moist soil.
28. White clover— an <aial root (with minute tubers). 24, Buttercups— fibrous root*,
inaxial. 25, Erigenia- root tuberous.
di-
of
118. The summit of the root, or that place where the root meets
the stem, is called the collum ; the remote, opposite extremities, the
ends of the fibers, being chiefly active in absorption, are the spongiolea.
Neither of these terms denotes distinct organs, but places only, and are
often convenient.
119. FiBRiLLvE, a Latin term, refers to those minute hairs, (seen only
with a lens), which clothe the younger fibers. They arise from the
tender epidermis or skin, and perish when that thickens into bark.
These cooperate with the fibers in the absorption of fluids. These two
organs arc the only eflScient absorbers of liquid nourishment,
120. Transpl ANTING TREES. Tho fibriUflB are developed and perish annually
with the leaves, whose servants they are. Few of them remain after the fall of the
leaf. This fact plainly indicates that the proper time for transplanting trees or shrubs
is the late autumn, winter, or early spring, when there are but few tender fibrillee to
be injured.
121. Two MODES OF ROOT-DEVELOPMENT arc definitely distinguished,
— the axial and the inaxial.
122. The axial mode is that where the primary, simple radicle, in
growing extends itself downwards in a main body more or less branched,
continuous with the stem, and forms the permanent root of the plant.
llff
i '
,*
,ii :.: 1.1
!.:!l
"I
il
26
THE RUOT, UR DKSC'BNDINti AXIB.
Such is the case with the mustard, beet, maple, and most of the Dico-
tyledonous plants. In
123. The inaxial mode, the primary radicle, proves abortive, never
developing into an axial root ; but, growing laterally only, it sends out
little shoots from its sides, which grow into long, slender roots nearly
equal in value, none of them continuous with the stem. Of this nature
are the roots of all the grasses, the lilies and the Monocotyledons gen-
erally, and of the Cryptogamia. Plants raised from layers, cuttings,
tubers, and slips, are necessarily destitute of the axial root.
FiGB. 26, Maple— an axial, ramose root. 27, Parsnip— a fusiform root. 28, Turnip— •
napiform root. 29, Corallorhiza — a coralline root.
124. The various forms of the root are naturally and conve-
niently referred to these two modes of development. The principal
axial forms are the ramose, fusiform, napiform, conical. To all these
forms the general name, tap-rooty is applied.
125. The ramose is the woody tap-root of most trees and shrubs,
where the main root blanches extensively, and is finally dissolved and
lost in multiplied ramifications.
126. Tuberous tap-roots. In herbaceous plants the tap-root often
becomes thick and fleshy, with comparatively few branches. This ten-
dency is peculiarly marked in biennials (§ 90), where the root serves aa
a reservoir of the superabundant food which the plant accumulates
dui-ing its first year's growth, and keeps in store against the exhausting
process of fruit-bearing in its second year. Such is
127. The fusiform (spindle-shaped) root, thick, succulent, tapering
downwards, ar.d also for a short space upwards. The beet, radish, gin-
seng are examples.
THE ROOT, OR DESCENDING AXI8.
at
128. The conical boot tapers its whole length, from the coUum
downwards (cwrot).
129. The napiform boot, (turnip,) swells out in its upper part so
that its diameter equals or exceeds its length, as in Erigenia bulbosa
(25), Turnips (28).
34 80 SI 82
Figs. 80, Pieony— flbro-tuberous roots. 81, Ginseng— fusiform root. 82, Pelargonium trlste-.
moniliform root. 88, Spirea fllipendula— nodulose root 84, A creeping stem, with adventi-
tious roots.
130. The fobms of inaxial roots are fibrous, fibro-tuberous, tu-
bercular, coraline, nodulous, moniliform.
131. The fibrous root consists of numerous thread-like divisions
sent off directly from the base of the stem, with no main or tap-root.
Such are the roots of most gi-asses, which multiply their fibres exces-
sively in light sandy soils.
132. FiBRO-TUBERous ROOTS (or fasciculatc). Inaxial roots are so
called when some of the fibres are thick and fleshy, as in the asphodel,
crow-foot, pseony. Orchis, Dahlia. When the fibre is enlarged in cer-
tain parts only, it is nodulous, and when the enlargements occur at
regular intervals, it is moniuform (necklace-like). When it bears little
tubers here and there, as in squirrel-corn (Dicentra Canadensis), it is
TUBERCULAR.
133. Deposits of starch, or farinaceous matter, in all these cases,
constitute the thickening substance of the root, stored up for the future
use of the plant.
134. Adventitious roots are such as originate in some part of the
ascending axis, — stem or brandies, whether above or below the ground.
They are so called because their origin is indeterminate, both in place
and time. Examples are seen in the ground-ivy, twin-flower, and other
creeping plants. Several special forms should be noticed ; as,
•• J
\A
38
THE ROOT, OR DESCENDING AXIS.
135. The oirrhoub roots
of certain climbing vines (Euro-
pean ivy, poison ivy, trumpet-
creeper) put forth in great
numbers from the stem, serv-
ing for its mechanical support
and no other known use.
Again,
136. The fulcra of certain
entlogerous plants originate
high up the stem, and descend-
ing obliquely, enter the soil. Of this kind
are the roots of the screw-pine (Panda-
nus) of the conservatories, which are often
several feet in length before reaching the
ground. The figure represents a screw-
pine which was wholly propped up by
roots of this kind as if on stilts. Sim-
ilar roots occur, in a smaller way, at the
lower joints of the Indian corn.
137. The Banyan Tree (Ficus Indica) develops
adventitious roots on a grand scale. When the
brandies have stretched out ao far as to need ad-
ditional support, they send forth adventitious roots, descending to the earth. Hav-
ing penetrated the soil, these roots become supporting columns. The branches
Jo.■^>^^.>^»..>v^^.
85. Screw-pine (Pandanus).
3G. Banyan (Ficuu ludivu).
i M
THE ROOT, OK DESCRIPTIVE AXIS.
29
Km
couttuulng to advance, send down other roots, which in turn become columns similar
to trunks, until a single tree becomes a grove capable of sheltering an army of men.
138. The Manorove (Rbizopora), of the West Indies, sends down axial roots
from its brsuiches. The seed germinates before detached, sending down its long
radical until it reaches the mud in which these trees grow. Thus the you.^g plants
gain a firm standing before quitting their hold of the parent tree.
139. To FAVOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVENTITIOUS K00T8 On any particular
part, Aieep that part in contact with moist soil. We often observe such roots to ariso
naturally, in prostrate branches or stems, at those points which touch the ground.
In slips, cuttings, &c., the same thing occurs artificially. Hence to increase tlio
roots of the potato vino, or corn, heap the earth against the stems. The madder
plant, which is cultivated solely for the ricli coloring matter in its roots, is success-
fully treated in no other way. Its adventitious roots are excessively multiplied liy
deep spading and high " hilling."
140. To PRODUCE DWARF TREES it Is only necessary, by any contrivance, to re-
tain a quantity of moist earth against the base of the selected branch until it
strikes root. Afterwards it may be severed from the tree and transferred to ll.e
soil. (Fig. 40, d).
141. Axial and inaxial roots in agriculture. This distinction
must never be lost sight of. The former strike deep, anchor firmly, and
draw their nourishment from the lower strata of the soil. The latter
abide near the surface, and feed upon the upper soil. Hence let us Icaru
a. Which class of crops requires deep and which shallow tillage ;
b. Which should succeed each other in the rotation of crops ;
c. Which may bo sown together in the mixture of crops.
142. To TRANSFORM A TAP-ROOT TO A FIBROUS. At a certain distance below the
oolluni sever the tap-root without otherwise disturbing the plant. The consequence
will be an increased growth of the lateral or fibrous roots nearer the surface of the
ground.
,\ 87. Old oak trunk with horizontal branch bearing epiphytes and
parasites, a, A fern (Polypodlum Incanum). b, Epidendruui con-
op«eiimV cc, Long moss (Tillandsia). d, Mistletoe (Vlscum).
#, Lichen.
143. Epiphytes (eTTf, upon, 0t;TOv, a plant), a
class of plants, called also air-plants, have roots
which are morcly mechanical, serving to fix such
!
I I
30
TUB ROOT, OR DESCRIPTIVE AXIS.
H
plants firmly upon other plants or trees, while they derive their nour-
ifihmont wholly from the air. The long-moss (Tillandsia) and Conop-
seuiu are examples.
1 44. Parasites — three classes. Very different in nature are the
loots of those plants called parasites, which feed upon the juices of
other plants or trees. Such roots penetrate the bark of the nurse-plant
to the cambium layer beneath, and appropriate the stolen juices to their
own growth, as the dodder and mistletoe. Other parasites, although
standing in the soil, are fixed upon foreign roots, and thence derive
t-'ither their entire sustenance, as the beech-drops and other leafless, col-
rless plants; or Apart of their sustenance, as the cow-wheat (Melam-
pyrum), Gerardia.
145. ScBTERRANEAy STEMS. As tbefo are serial roots, so there are subterranean
stems. These are frequently mistaken tor roots, but may be known by their habit-
ually and regularly producing buds. Of this nature are the tubers of the Irish po-
tato, the root-stock of tlie sweet flag, the bulb of the tuHp. But even the true
root may sometimes develop buds — accidentally as it were, in consequence of some
injury to the upper axis, or some other unnatural condition.
()
■ » ♦
CHAPTER V.
THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS.
MM
;! ■'■
! ii
146. Definition. That part of the plant which originates with the
plumule, tends upward in its growth and expands itself to the influence
of the air and the light, is called the stem or ascending axis.
147, The general idea op the axis is the central substantial portion of the
plant, bearing the appendages, viz., the root below and the leaf-organs above.
Although not marked by gay coloring or fantastic forms, yet we regard the stem
with a lively interest for its substantial value, its gracefulness and lofty propor-
tions, its infinite gradation of form and texture from the tender speedwell crushed
beneath the foot to the strong forest oak.
Hi
8S. Procnmbent stem — Ghiugenes bispidtila.
148. Direction of its growth. Although the first direction of
the stem's growth is vertical in all plants, there are many in which this
direction does not continue, but changes into the oblique or horizontal,
eitlier just above the surface of the ground, or just beneath it. If the
THE STUM, OR ASCBNUINO AXIS.
31
stem continues to arise in the original direction, as it most commonly
does, it is said to be erect. If it grow along the ground without rooting
it is said to be procumbent, prostrate, trailing. If it recline upon tha
ground after having at the base arisen somewhat above it, it is decuvu
bent. If it arise obliquely from a prostrate base, it is said to be ascend^
ing, and if it continue buried beneath the soil, it is subterranean.
in of
this
)ntal,
If the
89. Decumbent hIciii — Anngallis arvcnsis.
149. Subterranean stems may be readily distinguished from the
roots by the natural and habitual presence of buds in the former, regu-
larly arranged, while no buds (unless rarely adventitious) exist in the
latter.
150. Stems are either simple or branched. The simple stem is
produced by the unfolding of the primary bud (the plumule) in the di-
rection of its point alone. As this bud is developed below into the
lengthening stem, it is continually reproduced at its summit, and so is
always borne at the termination of the stem. Hence the axis is always
terminated by a bud.
151. The Branched Stem, which is by far the most common, is pro-
duced by the development of both terminal and axillary buds. The
axis produces a bud in the axil of its every leaf, that is at a point just
above the origin of the leaf-stalk. These buds remain inactive in the
case of the simple stem, as the mullein, but more generally are devel-
oped into leafy subdivisions of the axis, and the stem thus becomes
branched.
162. A Branch is, therefore, a division of the axis produced by the
development of an axillary bud. This bud, also, ever renewed, is borne
at the termination of the branch, so that axillary buds each in turn be-
come terminal.
153. The Arrangement of the Branches upon the stem depends
therefore upon the arrangement of the leaves, which will be more par-
ticularly noticed hereafter. This arrangement is beautifully regular,
according to established laws. In this place we briefly notice three
general modes : .
The alternate, where but one branch arises from the node on differ-
ent sides of the stem, as in the elm.
i
i
't'l
»2
THE STEM, OR ASOBNDINO AXIS.
If
iiii
!!|B
The opposite, where two branches stand on opposite sides of the same
jaode, as in the maple.
Verticillate, where three or more branches, equidistant, encircle the
stern at each node, as in the pine.
154. Tif-j ANGLB OP DIVERGENCE in branches is also subject to definite rules
more ob^ ious in tlie earlier stages of growth. While the divergence is uuiforiu in
tlio same species, it varies to every degree of the circle in difl'erent species, greatly
affootiug the form of the tree. In general, without marking the exact degree,
branches are said to be erect (Lombardy poplar), spreading or obliquely ascending
(common), divaricate or at nearly a right angle (oak), dcflexed (beech), and pendu-
ious (weeping willow).
155. Certain kinds op branches are noted for their tendency to
proihice adventitious roots, and tluis to become independent plants.
Nurserymen avail themselves of this property in propagation, and name
such branches cions, stolons, offsets, slips, layers, cuttings, and runners.
156. The Sucker is a branch issuing from some underground por-
tion of the plant, leaf-bearing above and sending out roots from its own
base, becoming finally a separate, independent plant. The rose and
raspberry are thus multiplied.
I'i
» b e <l / e
40. flf, Slip (gooseberry) taking root, ft, Cutting ((tniiMi) taiiinir root, c, Stolons or liiyers nrti.
flcially arranged for propogation. d, A mode of dwarfing (§ 140). e, Cions— process of graft-
ing. / A Bitoker.
157. The Stolon or Layer is a branch issuing from some above-
ground portion of the stem, and afterward declining to the ground
takoB root at or near its extremity, sends up new shoots, and becomes a
new plant. The hobble-bush and black raspberry do this naturally,
ani gardeners imitate the process in many plants.
168. Te J CiCS is any healthy twig or branchlet bearing one or
more buds, used by the gardeners in the common process of grafting.
Slips and cuttings arc fragments of ordinary branches or stems con*
THE STfiM, OR ASCENDINQ AXIS.
38
sisting of young wood bearing one or more buds. These " strike" root
when planted in the earth. So the grape-vine and hop.
159. The Offset is a term applied to short side-branches ending in
a tuft (rosette) of leaves, and capable of taking root when separated
from the parent plant, as in houseleek.
41, A strawberry plant (Fragavla vesca) sendln,; out a runner.
M
160. The Runner is a prostrate, filiform branch issuing from certain
short-stemmed herbs, extending itself along the surface of the ground,
striking root at its end without being buried. Thence leaves arise and
a new plant, which in turn sends out new runners ; as in the strawberry.
161. The node or joint of the stem marks a definite point of a pecu-
liar organization where the leaf with its axillary bud arises. The nodcL*
occur at regular interv ils, and the spaces between them are termed in-
ternodes. This provides for the symmetrical arrangement of the leaves
and branches of the stem. In tlu root no such provision is made, arid
the branches have no manner of arrangement.
162. Why the stem gradually diminishes upwards. In the in-
ternodes the fibres composing the stem are parallel, but at the nodes
this order is interrupted in consequence of some of the inner fibres
from below turning outwards into the leafstalk, causing more or less a
jointed appearance. Hence each internode contains fewer fibres than
tliosc below it.
163. llow THE STEM GROWS. The growth of the stem consists in
the development of the inoernotles. In the bud the nodes are closely
crowded together, with no perceptible internodes, thus bringing the ru-
dimentary leaves in close contact with each other. But in the stem,
which is afterwards ei^olved from that bud, wo see full grown leaves
separated by considerable spaces. That is, while leaves are developed
from the rudiments, internodes are evolved from the growing point.
164. But there are exceptions hore as to all other rules in science, adding
another element of diversity to the eodleas gradation of form in Nature's worka In
f
34
THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS.
many plants the axis of the primary bud does not develop into interaodes at all, or
but partially in various degrees, as in the Trillium, Crocus, blood-root. Such stemH
jteldom appear above groun 1, and are said to be subterranean.
165. This fact makes a wide difference in the forms of stems, and naturally con-
stitutes them into two great divisions, viz., the leaf-stem and the scale-stem.
166. The leaf-stems are those forms which, with internodes fnlly
developed, arise into the air crowned with leaves. The principal tonus
are the caulis, culm, trunk, caudex, vine.
167. The scale-stems are those forms which, with internodes mar-
tially or not at all developed, and generally bearing scales, which are
undeveloped leaves, scarcely emerge from beneath the soil. They are
the creeper and rhizoma (developed), the crown, tuber, corni and bulb
(undeveloped).
43. 46.
46. Boale'Stem, (Dtcentra ouonllarln). 48. A flower of the sntno. 44, A flower of D. Canadensis.
46, Leaf-stem (Chiinaphila inaculata).
168. The leaf-stems are either herhaceous or woody. The
herbaceous, whether arising from annual, biennial or perennial roots,
bear fruit but one season and then perish at least down to the root,
scarcely becoming woody ; as the OD mustard, (2) radish, and the %
grnsses. The woody liMif-stems survive the winter, and become firm
and solid in texture in after years.
169. Caulis is a term generally applied to the annual leaf stems of
fj
THE STKM, OR ASCENOIMO AXIS.
35
herbaceous plants. " Halm" is a term used in England with the same
signification. Caulescent and acaulescent are convenient terms denot-
ing, the former the presence, and the latter the absence of the caulis or
aerial stem.
170. The Culm is the stem of the grasses and the sedges, generally
jointed, often hollow, rarely becoming woody, as in cane and bamboo.
171. The trunk is the name of the peculiar stems of arborescent plants.
It is the central column or axis which supports their branching tops
and withstands the assaults of the wind by means of the great firmness
and strength of the woody or ligneous tissue with which it abounds.
172. Various FORMS. The trunk is usually seen simple and columnar
below, for a certain space, then variously dividing itself into branches.
Here it is cylindrical, straight and erect, as in the forest pine ; prismatic
often, as in the gum-tree ; gnarled and curved, as in the oak ; or inclined
far over its base, as in the sycamore.
-11
^■|l
"..up
The
■oots,
root,
he 11
firm
ns of
B E
46. B, Spruoo. B, Beeoh. £, Elm ; to illustrate exourront and solvent axis,
113. In DivmiNO itsilp into branches we observe two general modes, witli
their numerous variations, strikingly characterizing the true forms. In tlio one,
named by Lindley the excurrrnt, the trunk, from the superior vigor of its torniinal
bud, takes precedence of the brauciios, and runs through to the summit, as in the
8d
THE STEM, OK ASCENDING AXIS.
beecli, birch, oak, and especially iu the spruce — trees with oval or pyTamidal
orowns.
174. But in the othek, the solvent axis, as seen in the elm, the apple-tre^
the trunk suddenly divides into several subequal branches, which thence depart with
diflFerent degrees of divergency, giving the urn form to the elm, the rounded form
to the apple-tree, the depressed form to the sloe-tree (Viburnum) and dogwood.
175. The form of the trunk sometimes changes with age, especially iu tropical
regions, some distorted by huge local exoreacences, others swelling out in the midst
to " aldermanic" proportions.
« b 6 d <
4". <i, An «1(1 willow (Snlix Babylnniea) with gimiled and misshapen trunk, b, Caudem of a
CHctiis (Echlnocactus Ottonis). e, Bomhax, of Brazilian forests, with distended trunk, d, Pal-
liietto (babal, Adns), the caudex rough with the persistent bases of the petioles.
176. Caudex is a term now applied to the peculiar trunk of the palms and tree-
forns, simple, branchless columns, or rarely dividing in advanced age. It is pro-
duced by the growth of the terminal bud alone, and its sides are marked by the
Bears of the fallen leaf-stalks of former years, or are yet covered by their persistent
bases
177. The stock or caudex of the cactus tribe is extraordinary in form and sub-
stance. It is often jointed, prismatic, branched, always greenish, fleshy, and full
of a watery juice. Instead of leaves, its lateral buds develop spines only, the stem
itself iiorlbrming the functions of leaves. These plants abound in the warm regions
of tropical America, and afford a cooling, acid beverage to the thirsty traveler when
springs dry up under the torrid sun.
178. Thr vine is either herbaceous or woody. It is a stem too slen-
der and weak to stand erect, but trails along the ground or any eonve-
nient support. Sometimes, by means of special organs for this purpose,
THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS.
37
ub-
full
;era
ona
Ilea
cn-
ve-
)S0,
ealied tendrils, it ascends trees and other objects to a great height, as
the grape, gourd, and other climbing vines.
W
Vines. 48, Passion-flower (Passlflora lutea) climbing by tendrils. 49, Morning-glory, twining
f^om right to left 60, Hop, twining from left to right.
179. The twining vine, having also a leneth greatly disproportioned to its dia-
meter, supports itself on o\^ - plants or objects by entwining itself around theiu,
being destitute of tendrils. Thus the hop ascends into the air by foreign aid, and
it is a curious fact that the direction of its winding is always the same, viz., with
the sun, from left to ri^Lt ; nor can any artificial training induce it to reverse its
course. This is a general law among twining stems. Every individual plant of
the same species revolves in the same direction, although opposite directions may
characterize different species. Thus the morning glory revolves always against the sun
180. The forms of scale-stems are singular, often distorted in
consequence of their underground growth and the unequal development
of tlui internodes. They commonly belong to perennial herbs, and the
principal forms are described as follows ; but intermediate connecting
forms are very numeraus and often perplexing.
181. The creeper is either subaerial or subterranean. In the former
case it is prostrate, running and rooting at every joint, and hardly dis-
tinguishable otherwise from leaf-stems, as the twin flower (Linneea), tlie
partridge-berry (Mitchella). In the latter case it is more commonly
clothed with scales, often branching extensively, rooting at the nodes,
exceedingly tenacious of life, extending horizontally in all directions be-
neath the soil, annually sending up from its terminal buds erect stoma
'%
38
THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS.
' H.
i !
1 A
i-
;.>.
iti'
111.
into the air. The witch-grass (Triticum repens) is an example. Such
plants are a sore evil to the garden. They can have no better cultiva-
tion than to be torn and cut to pieces by the spade of the angry gar-
dener, since they are thus multiplied as many times as there are
fragments. t b
Fig. 61. Creeper of " Nimble Will," or witch-gTMS ; a, Bud; ?>&, Bases of culms.
182. Utility. Repent stems of this kind are not, however, without their use.
They frequently abound in loose, sandy soil, which they serve to bind and secure
against the inroads of the water and even the sea itself. Holland is said to owe its
very existence to the repent stems of such plants as the mat-grass ( Arundo arenaria),
Carex arenarius and Elymus arenarius, which overran the artificial dykes upon its
shores, and by their innumerable roots and creepers apparently bind the loose sand
into a firm barrier against the washing of the waves. So the turf, chiefly conrposed
of repent grass-stems, forms the only security of our own sandy or clayey hills
against the washing rains.
183. The rhizome or root-stock differs from the creeper only in
being shorter and thicker, having its internodes but partially developed.
It is a prostrate, fleshy, rooting stem, either wholly or partially subter-
ranean, often scaly with the bases of undeveloped leaves, or marked
with the scars of former leaves, and yearly producing new shoots ancF
roots. Such is the fleshy, horizontal portion of the blood-root, sweet-
flag, water-lily, bramble (the latter hardly different from the creepei").
184. The growth of the rhizome is instructive, marking its peculiar character.
Kach joint marks the growth of a year. In spring the terminal bud unfolds into
M 62 a
Fig. 63. Rhizoma of Solomon's-seal (Polyi^onatum multlflora) a, Fragment of the first year's
irrowth ; 6, the second year's growth ; c, growth of the third year ; d, growth of the present
(fMirth) year, bearlne the stem which, oo decaying, will leave a scar (seal) like the rest. 6S, Pr«'
morse stem uf Trillium.
THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS.
39
iT.
kto
leaves and flowers to perish in autumn — a new bud to open the following spring —
and a new internode with its roots to abide several years. The number of joints in-
dicates, not the age of the plant, but the destined age of each internode. Thus if
there are three joints, we infer that they are triennial, perishing after the third sea-
son, wbile the plant still grows on.
185. The premorse root-stock, formerly described as a root, is a
short, erect rhizome, ending abruptly below as if bitten square off
(pruiinorsus). This is owing to the death of the earlier and lower in-
ternodes in succession, as in the horizontal rhizome. Scabious, Viola
podata, benjamin-root (Trillium) are examples.
186. Crown of the root designates a short stem with condensed
internodes, remaining upon some perennial roots, at or beneath the sur-
face gcli after the leaves and annual stems have perished.
187. The tuber is an annual thickened portion of a subterranean
stem or branch, provided with latent buds called eyes, from which new
plants ensue the succeeding year. It is the fact of its origin with the
ascending axis, and the production of buds that places the tuber among
stems instead of roots'. The potato and artichoke are examples.
66 63 54
krs
bnt
|r»>
Tubi'is as tlioy grow. 54, The common potato (Skilanum). 65, Artichoke (Iklianthtis)
66, Sweet potato (Convolvulus).
188. How THE POTATO GROWS. The Stem of the potato plant sends out roots
from its base, and branches above like other plants ; but we observe that its branches
have two distinct modes of development. Those branches which arise into the air,
whether issuing from the above-ground or the under-ground portion of the stem,
expand regularly into leaves, &c , while those lower branches which continue to
grope in the dark, damp ground, cease at length to elongate, swell up at tho ends
into tubers with developed buds nnd abundance of nutritious matter in reserve for
renewed growth the following your
40
THE STEM, OR ASCENDING AXIS.
a :
■i.?
II :
1.1
w
( : U'
! \M
189. The corm is an under-ground, solid, fleshy stem, with con-
deijsed iuteruodes, never extending, but remaining of a rounded form
covered -^ ith thin scales. It is distinguished from roots by its leaf-bud,
which is either borne at the summit, as in the crocus, or at the side, as
in the colchicum and putty-root (Aplectrum).
190. How THE cORM GROWS. The corm usually accomplishes its part in vegeta-
ikin in ono or two seasons, and then gradually yields up its substance and life for
the nourishment of the new progeny formed from the axils of its uppw scales in
(Vise of the Crocus and Gladiolus, or the single new corm from the axil of a lateral
scale, as in Colchicum.
» 68 87
67, Corins of putty-root (Aplectrum) ; a, of last year, 6, of the present year. 58, Scale bulb ct
white lily. 59, Scale bulb of Oxalis violacea.
191. The Bulb partakes largely of the nature of the bud. It con-
sists of a short, dilated axis, bearing an oval mass of thick, fleshy scales
closely packed above, a circle of adventitious roots around its base, and
a flowering stem from the terminal, or a lateral bud.
1 92. How MULTIPLIED. Bulbs are renewed or multiplied annually at the ap-
proach of winter by the development of bulbs from the axils of the scales, which
increase at the expense of the old, and ulti-
mately become detached. Bulbs which flow-
er from the terminal bud are necessarily either
annual or biennial : those flowering from an
axillary bud may be perennial, as the termi-
nal bud may in this case continue to develop
now scales indefinitely.
193. BuLDS arc said to be tunicated
when they consist of concentric layers,
each entire and enclosing all within it, oo. BuibofLiHumsuperbum, with habit
as in the onion. But the more com- "^ '^ rhizome; a, full-grown bulb sending
up a terminal stem c, and two olftets 6fc, for
mon variety is the scaly bulb — consist- the bulbs of next year.
ing of fleshy, concave scales arranged spirally upon the axis, as in the
liiv.
THE LEAF-BCD.
61 »
41
64
61, Corm of Crocus, with new ones forminf! above: 62, Vertical section of the same ; 68, Sec
Men of bulb of Hyacinth with terminal stape and axillary bulblet ; 64, Section of bulb of Oxalis
Tiolacea, with axillary scapes.
194. The tuber, cobm and bulb are analogous forms approaching by degrees
to the character of the bud, which consists of a Uttle axis bearing a covering of
scales In the tuber the axis is excessively developed while the scales are reduced
to mere linear points. In tlie corm the analogy is far more 65
evident, for the axis ia less excessive and the scales more
manifest, and lastly in the bulb the analogy is complete, or //^ t
overdone, the scales often becoming excessive.
♦« ♦ ••
ws||
CHAPTER VI.
THE LEAF-BUD.
195. It is but a step from the study of the bulb
to that of the leaf-bud. Buds are of two kinds in
respect to their contents; the leaf-bud containing
the rudiments of a leafy stem or branch, the Jlower-
hud containing the same elements transformed into
the nascent organs of a flower for the purpose of
reproduction.
196. The leaf-bud consists of a brief, cone-
shaped axis with a tender growing point, bearing a
protecting covering of imbricated scales and incip-
ient leaves.
66. Branch of pear tree. The terminal bud «f, havinir been de-
stroyed, an axillary bud supplied its place, and formed the axis h.
c. Thickened branch with flower-buds, <f, branch with leaf-buds.
66. t, section of terminal bud ; {, of axillary bud.
42
THB LEAF-BUD.
I
m
197. Nature of the scales. The scaly envelops of the bud appear to be eithef
the radimentary leaves or stipules of the preceding year, formed late in the season,
arrested in their development by the frosts and scanty nourishment, and reduced
to a sear and hardened state. If the bud of the rose, tulip-tree, or horse-chestnut
be examined when swollen in the spring, 'ihe student will notice a gradual transi-
tion from the outer scales to the evident kaves or stipvies within.
67, Bud of currant unfolding,— the scales gradually becoming leavea.
scales unfolding into stipules.
3, Bud of tulip-tree,— th»
198. It is an interesting illustration of designing Wisdom that buds are fur-
nished with scales only in wintry climates. In the Torrid Zone, or in conservatories,
where the temperature is equalized through the year, plants develop their foliage
into buds immediately after formation, without clothing them in scales. In annual
plants also, the buds are destitute of scales, not being destined to survive the win-
ter. Hence it is evident that the transformation of autumnal leaves into scales,
is a means ordained by the great Author of Nature to protect the young shoots in
their incipient stages from sudden cold and moisture, — an ofiBce which they effect-
ually fulfil by their numerous downy folds and their insoluble coat of resin.
199. How buds are protected. In many trees the bud-scales are clothed with
dense, downy hairs. In others, as in the horse-chestnut, balm of Gilead, and other
species of poplar, the buds are covered with a viscid, aromatic resin, reaemb'nag a
coat of varnish. A considerable quantity may be separated from a handful of such
bods in boiling water.
200. The parent bud, In regard to position, buds are either terminal or axil-
lary — a distinction already noticed. The plumule of the embryo is the original
parent bud, containing within its minute organization the manifold parts of the fu-
ture plant — stem, leaves, flower, fruit — all to be successively unfolded in future
months or years. The unfolding of this first terminal bud in the one direction of its
point produces the simple stem.
201. Origin of branches. But in every plant a special provision is made for
the development of branches. It is a general law that every expanding leaf shall
subtend an infant bud in its axil, that is, in the upper angle of the insertion of the
leaf-stalk ; hence the plant may always have as many axillary buds as it has leaves.
202. Axillary buds are especially noted as being either active or
THE LEAK- BUD.
43
LATENT. In the former case they are unfolded into branches at once, or
in the spring following their formation. But latent buds suspend their
activities from year to year, or perhaps are never quickened into
growth.
203. Axillary buds become terminal so soon as their development
fairly commences, therefore each branch also has a terminal bud, and,
like the main axis, is capable of extending its growth as long as that
bud remains unharmed. If it be destroyed by violence or frost, or
should it be transformed into a flower-bud, the growth in that direction
forever ceases.
204. Thr suppression of axillary buds tends, of course, to sim-
plify the form of the plant. Their total suppression during the first
year's growth of the terminal bud is common, as in the annual stem of
mullein and in most perennial stems. When axillary buds remain per-
manently latent, and only the terminal bud unfolds year after year, a
simple, branchless trunk, crowned with a solitary tuft of leaves, is the
result, as in the palmetto of our
southern borders.
205. A PARTIAL SUPPRESSION OP
BUDS occurs in almost all species, and
generally in some definite order. In
plants with opposite leaves, sometimes
one bud of the pair at each node is de-
veloped and the other is suppressed, as
in the pink tribe (Caryophyllaceie).
When both buds are developed, the
branches, appearing in pairs like arms,
are said to be brachiate, as in the Labiatae.
In many trees the terminal buds are ar-
rested by inflorescence each season, and
the growth is continued by axillary buds
alone, as in the Catalpa and horse-chest-
nut. In all trees, indeed, buds are sup-
pressed more or less, from various causes,
disguising at lengtli llie intended sym-
metry of the branches, to the utter con-
fusion of twigs and spray.
206. Accessory buds, one or more,
are pometimes found just above the true
axillary bud, or clustered with it, and
only distinguished from it by their
smaller size : as in the cherry and honey-
suckle.
69, Hypericnm Sarothra, with brachiate
branches. 70, Pink (Dianthus)— axillary buds
alternate!} suppretaed.
""»■
mi
1
H
207. Adventitious or accidental buds are such as are neither ter-
minal nor axillary. They occasionally appear on any part of the
44
THE LEAF BUD.
t\i<hi
;,!■'.
plant in the internodes of the stem or branches, on the root, or even
leaves.
208. Causes and examples. Such buds generally result from some
abnormal condition of the plant, from pruning or other destruction of
branches or stem above, while the roots remain in full vigor; thus du
stroviug the equilibrium Df vital force between the upper and lower
axis. The leaf of the walking-fern emits rootlets and buds at its apex;
the leaf of Bryophyllum from its margin, each bud here also preceded by
a rootlet. Some plants are thus artificially propagated in conservato-
ries from the influence of heat and moisture on a leaf or the fragment
of a leaf.
209. Vernation or pr^foliation are terms denoting the mode ol
arrangement and folding of the leaf organs composing the bud. This
arrangement is definitely varied in diflPerent orders of plants, furnishing
useful distinctions in systematic botany.
210. The vernation of the uud is exhibited in an interesting man-
ner by making with a keen instrument a cross-section of it in its swollen
state, just before expansion ; or it may be well observed by removing
one by one the scales.
211. The forms of vernation are entirely analogous to those of
aestivation, and denoted by similar terms. We shall here notice only
such as are more peculiar to the leaf-buds.
212. Vernation is considered in two different aspects, first, the
manner in which the leaf itself is folded ; second, the arrangement o.
the leaves in respect to each other. This depends much upon the
phyllotaxy. (§ 220.)
n T8 T8 T4 76 76
Vernation, 71, of aak leaf ; 72, of Liriodjndron (tulip tree) ; 73, of fern; 74, of carex;
75, sago ; 76, iris.
213. Each leaf alone considered is either /a/ and open, as in the
mistletoe, or it is folded or rolled, as follows :
Reclined, when folded crosswise with apex bent over forward towards
the base as in the tulip-tree.
Conduplicate, when folded pcrpendicuhirly, with the lateral halvea
brought together, face to face, as in the oak.
THE LEAF BUD.
#6
Plnitnl or plicate, each leaf folded like a fan ; vine, bireh.
Vitchiate, when each leaf is rolled or coiled downwards from the
apex, as in the sun-dew and terns.
Convolute, the leaf wholly rolled up from one of its sides, as in the
clierry. Involute, having both edges rolleil inwards as in apple, violet
Jiet'«tlttte,\\\t\i both margins rolled ^o ft
outwards and backwards, as in tlie
<lo«'k, willow, rosemary.
77 7^ ' 7J>
Vorniitinii. 77, nt'bircli li-iif; 7n of lilac, (inilulfiiu-); 7!>. cherry leuves, (coiiviilute) ; SO, duck
bud, (rcvoliiti); 81, balm «if Gileud, (involute).
214. The gkneral vernation is loosely distinguished in descriptive
botany as valvate (edges meeting), and imbricate (edges
overlapping), terms to be noticed hereafter. The val-
vate more often occurs in plants with opposite leaves
Imbricated vernation is
F^QUiTANT (riding astraddle), when conduplicate leaves
alternately embrace^the outer oncj the next iimer, by 92. Vernation of Sy-
its unfolded margins, as in the privet and iris.
Obvolute, or half-equitant, when the outer leaf^
embraces only one of the margins of the inner,
as in the sage.
Triquetrous, where the bud is triangular in sec-
tion, and the leaves equitant at each angle, as in
the Carices.
215. The principle of budding. Each leaf-bud
may be regarded as a distinct individual, capable of
vegetating either in its native position, or when
removed to another, as is extensively practiced in
the important operation of budding.
216. BuLBLETS. In the tiger-lilv, Cicuta bulbifera, ooTi Qv ■ *i. '^
» 'I ' 83, 84, Showing tho process
and Aspidium bulbiferum, the axillary buds spon- of" budding."
taneously detach themselves, fall to the ground, and become new plants.
These remarkable little bodies are called hulblets.
::'<'
1902
9
_..0-
THE LEAF.
AFTER VII
THE L EAF.
217. Its importance. The leaf constitutes the verdure of plants,
and is by far the most conspicuous and beautiful object in the scenery
of nature. It is also of the highest impoitance in the vegetable econ-
omy, being the organ of digestion and respiration.
218. The leaf is characterized by a thin and expanded form,
presenting the largest possible surface to the action of the air and light,
which agents are indispensable to the life and increase of the plant.
'J 19. The color op the leaf is almost universally green, which of all colors la
the most agreeable to the eye ; but its intensity vaiies by infinite shades, and is
often finely contrasted with the more delicate tints of the flower. Towards maturity
its verdure is changed, often to the most brilliant hues, as red, crimson, oran-re, yel-
low, giving our autumnal forest scenery a gaiety, variety, an 3 splendor o^ coloring
which the wildest fancy could scarcely surpass.
m
in ^
PHYLLOTAXY, OR LEAF- ARRANGEMENT
220. As the position of the leaf upon the stem marks the position o» t»ic cixillar
bud, it follows that ttie order of the leaf-arrangement will be the order ol the
branches also. The careful investigation of this subject has developed a science of
unexpected exactness and beauty, called phyllotaxy {<l)v?,Xov, a leaf, rd^ig, order.
8ft
8f
86, Ladlfls'-sllpper (leaves nlternnte) ; 86. Synnndra ptrnndlflora (leavos opp.isltp); 88, Mede«la
VirRlnina (loaves vertloiUate) ; 87, Larix Amoricana (leaves fasciculate).
PHYLLOTAXY, OR LEAF-ARRANGEMENT.
47
221. Position upon the stem. Leaves are radical when they grow
out of the stem at or beneath the surface of the ground, so as to appear
to grow from the roots ; cauline when they grow from the stem, and
ramial (ramus, a branch), when from the branches.
222. Insertion upon the axis. The arrangement of the scales
and young leaves in the bud appears to be in close, contiguous circles.
By the development of the axis the leaves are separated, and their order
variously modified, according to the fi^'owing general modes : —
Alternate^ one above another on opp. ute sides, as in the elm.
Scattered^ irregularly spiral, as in the potato vine.
Bosulate, clustered regularly, like the petals of a rose, as in Kiz
plantain and shepherd's-purse.
Fasciculate, tufted, clustered many together in the axil, as seen i - the
pine, larch, berberry.
Opposite, two, against each other, at the same node. Ex. maple.
Verticillate, or whorled, more than two in a circle at each node as
in the meadow-lily, trumpet-weed. We may reduce all these modes to
223. Two general types, — the alternate, including all cases with
one leaf at each node, — the opposite, including cases with two or more
leaves at each node.
224. The true cjiaracter of the alternate type may be learned
■ by an experiment. Take a straight leafy shoot or stem of the elm or
flax, or any other plant with seemingly scattered leaves, and beginning
with the lowest leaf, pass a thread to the next above, thence to the next
in the larae direction, and so on by all the leaves to the top ; the thread
will form a regular spiral.
226. Fasciculate Li=;avi:s are the members of an undevelopetl branch, and iu
Phjrllotaxy. 89, leaf, branch of elm,— pyclc J, 9«. Iciify branch of aider,— c 'cle i ; 01, leal>
bruDch of cherry,— cycle f-
I
48
PHYLLOTAXV, OR LEAF ARRANGEMENT.
case of the subsequent development of the branch, as often occurs in the Berb-
oris and lurch, their spiral arrangement becomes manifest. In the pines the fas-
cicles have fewer leaves, their number being definite and cliaracteristic of the species.
Thus P. strobus, the white pine, has 5 leaves in each fascicle, P. palustris, the long-
leaved pine, has 3, P. inops, 2.
2"26. The opposite leaved type is also spiral. The leaves in each circle,
wlicther two or more, are equidistant, dividing the circumference of the stem into
equal arcs. The members of the second circle are not placed directly above those
of the first, but are turned, as it were, to the right or left, so as to stand over the
intervening spaces. Hence there may be traced as many spirals as there are leaves
in each whorl.
227. Decussate leaves result from this law, as in the motherwort
and all the mint tribe, where each pair of opposite leaves crosses in di-
rection the next pair, forming four vertical rows of leaves. Therefore,
it is
228. Ax established law that the course of development in the
growing plant is universally spiral. But this, the formative cycle as it
is called, hf,s several variatious.
95 !>4
93
-^i
92, 93. 04, sliowinp tlio cnurne of the spiral threafl and the order of the leaf-succession in tiie
ixos of elm, nldur, and cherry. U.*), axis of Osugu-oruuge with a suction of the bark peeled, dis-
playing the order of the leaf-scars (cycle |).
229. The elm cycle. In tae strictly alternate arrangement (elm, linden, grasses)
the spiral thread makes one complete circuit and commences a new one at the third
loaf The third leaf stands over tlie first, the fourth over ilie second, and so on,
forming two vertical rows of leaves. Here (calling each complete circuit a cycle)
we observe
230. First, Tliat this cycle is composed of two loaves ; seeond, that the angu-
lar distance between its leaves is h a <'yclp (180°); third, if we express tills cycle
mathematically by j. the numerator ( 1 ) will donote the turns or revolutions, the de-
nominator (2) its leaves, and the ft-action itself the angular distance betwcv the
leaves (J of 3(300).
PHYLLOTAXV, OR LUAF ARRANGEMENT.
49
lie
231. The alder cycle. In the alder, birch, sedges, &c., the cycle is not com-
plete until the fovrth leaf is reached. The fourth leaf stands over the tirst, the tifth
over the second, &c., forming tliree vertical rows. Here call the cycle 4- ; 1 denotes
the turns, 3 the leaves, and this fraction itself the angular distance (J- of 3(50*').
232. The cherry cycle. In the cherry, app) , peach, oak, willow, etc., neither
the third nor tlie fourth leafj but the sixth, stands over the first ; and in order to
reach it the thread makes two turns around the stem. The sixth leaf is over the
lirst, the seventh over the second, &c., forming five vertical rows. Cnll this the f
cycle; 2 denotes the turns, 5 the leaves in the cycle, and the fraction itself the n-
gular distance (f of 360°). *
233. The Osaqe-orange cycle. In the common hedge plant, Osape-orange,
the holly, evening primrose, flax, etc., we find no leaf exactly over the first until we
come to the 9th, aud in reaching it the spiral makes three turns. Here the leaves
form eight vertical rows. It is a f cycle ; 3 the number of turns, 8 the number of
leaves, and the fraction the angular distance between the leaves (f of 360°).
234. The cycles compared. These several fractions which represent the above
cyclf'H fi>— Ti a series as follows : ^, ^, ^, f, in which each term is the sum of the two
preceUiu-:. The fiflli terms in order will, therefore, be J>^; aud this arrangement is
actually realized iu
9fi. Phyllotnxy of the i-ono (cycle ;j*, ) <>f Pinns serotiiia. it", cherry nycle (j), as Been from
nbuve, forming iit'cessurily thut kind uf utbtivutiou called quinoiintiul.
235. The white pine cycle. In the young shoots of the white pine, in cone.-*
of inoHt pines, in flea-buue (Erig^^rou Oanadensc), <tc., tlie fourteentli leaf stands over
the first, the fitleetitii over the -econd, "to. The spiral tlireud makes fiv» rovolu-
tiouH toeoinpleto the cych', whioh i.s, tberetore, truly expressed by -5-.
236. The HOUHEt.EEK 'YCM is next ill order, expresHed by th*' fraction ('jxj:,)
JL having eight turns aud tweuty-4>in. loaves. Examples are found in the kScoteh
pine, honseleek. Jkr.
237. How Ti nETRRMrvt; tttr nmnER cycles. To tnioe the course of the for-
mative spird m these higlntr cyelos becomes difficult on accfint of the close prox-
imity of tiie leavew. In the pine cone (Pig. 96, Pinus serotina) several sets of see-
ondi*.-^' ftpinils are seen ; one stt of live parallel spirals turniiii!; right (1 — 6 — 1 1 — 16,
!■
60
THE RUOT, OR DESCENDING AXIS.
etc., the common difference being also five) ; two sets (one of three, the other of
eight) turning left ; and still another set, of thirteen, sttepest of all, turning right
(1 — 14 — 27, etc.). Now the sum of the spirals contained in the two steepest sets gives
the denominator of the fraction expressing the true formative spiral sought. Thus,
8-|-13=-21. The numerator corresponding is already known, and the fraction is
. See also the white pine cone, whose cycle is _»^.
238. Diagram 97 represents the leaves of a cherry cycle as seen from above, and
reritled in the sastivatiou of tiie flowers in the rose-family.
J)
2T
*t
%
MORPHOLOGY OF THE LEAF.
239. General character. The leaf may be regarded as an expan-
sion of the substance of the bark, extended into a broad thin plate by
means of a woody frame work or skeleton, issuing from the inner part
of the stem. The expanded portion is called the lamina or blade of
the leaf, and it is either sessile, that is, attached to the stem by its base,
or it is petiolate, attached to the stem by a footstalk called the petiole.
240. Stipules. But the regular petiole very often bears at its base
a pair of loaf-like appendages, more or less ap-
parent, c?.lled stipules. Leaves so appendaged
are said to be stipulate, otherwise they are ex-
stipulate.
241. Therefore a complete leaf consists of
three distinct parts ; the lamina or blade, the
petioie, and the stipules.
242.. Transformations. Both the petiole,
blade iind stipules are subject to numerous mod-
iiicatitms of form. Either of them may exist
without the others, or they may all be transformed
into other orpans, as pitchers, spines, tendrils,
and even into the organs of the flower, as will
/; , hereafter appear.
OF THE PETIOLE.
243. The form of the distinct petiole ia
rarely cylindrical, but more generally flattened
or channeled on the upper side. When it is
fiattened in a vertical direction, it is said to be
compreHsed, as in i\w aspen or poplar. In this
case the blade is very unstable, and agitated by
{w. L«ttf of willow (Saiix tj^g \^^^l breath of wind.
Inciting ; n, the stipules. The • n ix i
ini.lvein is a-lined : veinlets 244. ThE WINGED PETIOLE IS tlattcnctl Or CX-
2-iin.-.i; veinuU'tsNinKk'-iined. pj^tifj,,^ i,ito a margin, but laterally instead of
»9. clover lenvps ; », stipules, , ,, • .i x o a* aI
p, petiole, /, leaflets. Vertically, as in the asters. bometnnes tliQ
OF THE STIPULES.
51
margins outrun the petioles, and extend down the stem, making that
winged or alate also. Such leaves are said to be decurrent {decurroj
run down). Ex. Mullein.
245. The amplexicaul or stem-clasping petiole is dilated at the
base into a margin which surrounds or clasps the stem, as in the
umbilifers. Frequently we find the stem-clasping margins largely
developed, constituting a sheath — with free edges in the grasses, or
closed into a tube in the sedges.
246. The petiole is simple in the simple leaf, but compound or
branched in the compound leaf, with as many branches (petiolules)
as there are divisions of the lamina.
OF THE STIPULES.
247. Stipules are certain leaf-like expansions, always in pairs, situated
one on each side of the petiole near the base. They do not occur in
every plant, but are pretty uniformly present in each species of the same
natural order. In substance and color they usually resemble the leaf,
sometimes they are colored like the stem, often they are membranous
and colorless. In the palmetto its substance is a coarse net-work re-
sembling canvass.
100 101
100, Rose liiii; odd-pinnate, witli mlnato stiimles. 1«1, Violet, (V. tricolor), with simple leaf
( Oi (^nil tree compound stipules.
248. Stipules are often adnate or adherent to the petiole, as in
the rose ; more generally they are free, as in the pea and pansy. In thesi'
cases and others they act thie part of leaves ; again they are very small
and inconspicuous.
249. An ochrba is a membranous sheath inclosing the stem from
the node upwards, as in the knot-grass family (Polygonacese). It is
formed of the two stipules cohering by their two margins. In case the
two stipules cohere by their outer margin only, a double stipule is
formed opposite to the leaf, as in the button-wood. If they cohere by
their inner margin, the double stipule appears in the leaf axil, as in the
pond-wocd (Potamogeton).
i
1
!; i
52
OF THE VEINS.
250. Inter-pbtiolab stipules occur in a few opposite leaved tribes, a^ tiie Ga-
lium tribe. Here we find them as mere bristles in Diodia while in Galium tliey
look like the leaves, forming whorls. Such whorls, if complete, will be appar-
ently 6-leaved, consisting of two true leaves and four stipules. But the adjacent
stipules are often united, and the whorl becomes 4-leaved.
102 103 104 105
102, Leaf of Conloselinuin, tripinnate, with sheathing petiole. 103, Leaf of Polysoniiin Penn-
sylvanicum, with its (o) ochiea. 104, Culm of grass, with joint (,;), leaf (') ligiile (.v). 105, Leaf
of pear-tree, with slender stipules.
251. The Ligul.: of grasses is generally regarded as a double axil-
lary stipule. The leaflets of compound leaves are sometimes furnished
with little stipules, called stipels,
252. Stipules are often fugacious, existing as scales in the bud,
and falling when the leaves expand, or soon after, as in the Magnolia
and tulip-troe.
OF THE VEINS.
253. Leaves, simple and compound. A leaf is simple when its
blade consists of a single piece, however cut, cleft or divided ; and com-
pound when it consists of several distinct blades, supported by as many
branches of a compound petiole.
254. Nature of veins. The blade of the leaf consists of, (1) the
frame-work, and (2) the tissue commonly called tha pare nc hi/ ma. The
frame-work is made up of the branching vessels of the foot-stalk, which
are woody tubes pervading the parenchyma, and conveying nourishment
to every part. Collectively, these vessels are called veins, from the
analogy of their functions.
255. Venation is a term denoting the manner in which tlie veins
arc divitled and distributed. The several organs of venation, differing
from each other only in size and position, may be termed the midvein,
veins, veinlets and veintilets. (The old terms, niiih'lh and nerves, being
anatomi(!ally absurd, are here discarded).
256. The midvein is the principal axis of the venation, or prolong-
ation of the petiole, running directly through the lamina, from base to
OF THE VEINS.
53
1^
|o
apex, as seen in the leaf of the oak or birch. If there be several simi-
lar divisions of the petiole, radiating from the base of the leaf, they are
appropriately termed veins ; and the leaf is said to be three-veined,
five-veined, etc. Ex. maple.
257. The primary branches sent off from the midvein, or the veins
we may term the veinlets, and the secondary branches, or those sent
off from the veinlets, are the veinulets. These also branch and subdi-
vide until they become too small for vision.
I(i6 109
Varieties of venation. 106, foather-veiiicd,— leaf of Betula populifolia (wliite bircli). ly ins upon
a leaf of plum-tree; same venation witli different outlines. 107, I'almate-vcined.— liiif of wliito
maple, contrasted with leafofCercis Canadensis. . 108, 1'arnilel venation.--plant of "tliroo-leaved
Solomon's-seai," (Asterantliemum trifoliatura Kunth) 109, Forked venation,— cliiiibius; fern
(Lygodium).
258. Modes of venation. Botanists distiiiifuish three priticipa.
modes of venation, which are in crencral chai-actcristic of tlie three
grand divisions of the vegetable kingdom already noticed.
Reticul.Xte, or net-veined, as in the Exogens : thi.s kind of veiuv-
tion is characterized by the frequent reunion or inosculation of its nu-
merously branching veins, so as to form a kiid of irregular net work.
Parallel-veined, as in the Endogens. The veins, whether straight
or curved, run parallel, or side by side, to the apex of the leiif, or to the
margin, and are always connected by simple transverse veinlets.
Fork-veinbd, as in the ferns (and other Ci-yptoganiia, where veins
are present at all). Here the veins divide and subdivide in a furcate
manner, and do not re-unite.
I
11
li-
54
FORM OR FIGURE.
259. Of the reticulate venation, the student should carefully note
three leading forms, the feather-veined, the palmate-veined, and the
tripli -veined.
The feather veined (pinni-veined) leaf is that in which the venation
consists of a midvein giving off at intervals lateral veinlets and branch-
ing veinulets. Ex. beech, chestnut.
260. In the radiate-veined (palmi-veined) leaf the venation con-
sists of several veins of nearly equal size, ladiat'ng from the base
towards the circumference, each with it* own system of veinlets. Ex.
maple, crow-foot.
201. The tripli-veinrd seems to be a form intermediate between
the two others when the lowest pair of veinlets are conspicuously
stronger than the others above them towards the apex, extending with
the midvein towards the sammit.
262. In parallel-veined venation the veins are either straight, as
in the linear leaf of the grasses, curved, as in the oval leaf of the
orchis, or transverse as in t'.io Canna, Calla, &c.
FORM OR FIGURE.
114
"0 118
Forms of leaves. 110, Rhododendron maximum. Ill, Alnus glutlnosa (cult). 112, Poly-
gonum saglttatuni. 113, Pawpaw. 114, Impatiens fUlva. 1 15, Celtis Americana. 116, Clrcaea
Lutetiana. 117, Catmint. 118, SolidagoCanadensis-atripll-velned leaf.
2G3. That infinite variety of beautiful and graceful forms for which the leai is
disfinpuished becomes intelligible to the student only when viewed in connection
with its venation. Since it is through the veins alone that nutriment is conveyed
for the development and extension of the parenchyma, it follows that there will be
the greatest extension of outline when the veins are largest and most numerous.
Consequently the form of the leaf will depend upon the direction of the veins and
tlie vigor of their action in developing the intervening tissue. In our dascription
! -f:. ;
FORM OR FIGURE.
•ft
of individual forms of outline we shall select only the most remarkable, leaving
others for explanation in the glossary.
2G4. The most obvious arrangement is that which is founded upon the modes
of veining ; but it should be premised that different forms of venation often give rise
to the same outline. Were we required to characterize our idea of the abstract,
typical leaf-form, we should sketch an oval outline of surface, with equal sides and
unequal ends. The nearest approach to this we find among the
119
120
121
122
128
124
125 126
Diagrams of pinnate-veined leaf-forms.
119, orbicular,
120, oval.
121, elliptical,
122, oblong,
128, cuneiform.
124, spathulate,
125, oblanceolate,
126, obovate,
127, deltoid,
128, lanceolate,
129, ovate.
205. Feather-veined leaves. Of these, the following
forms depend upon the length of the veinlets in relation
to each other and to the midvein. When the lower veinlets are longer
than the others, the form of the blade will be (1) ovate, with the out-
line of an egg, the broad end at the base ; (2) lanceolate, or lance-
shaped, narrower than ovate, tapering gradually upwards; (S) deltoid or
triangular shaped, like the Greek letter A.
a. If the middle veinlets exceed the others in length, the leaf will
be (4) orbicular, roundish or quite circular; (5) elliptical, with the
outline of an ellipse, nearly twice longer than broad; (6) oval, broadly
elliptical ; (7) oblong, narrowly elliptical.
266. When the veinlets are more largely developed in the
upper region of the leaf its form becomes (8) obovate, inversely
ovate, the narrow end at base ; (9) oblavxeolate, that is, lanceolate with
the narrow end at base; (10) spatulate, like a spatula, with a narrow
base and a broader, rounded apex; (11) cuneate or cuneiform, shaped
like a wedge with the Doint backwards.
267. Again, if tub lowest pair of veinlets are lengthened and
MORE OR LESS RECURVED, the Icaf wiU be variously modified in respect
to its base, becoming (12) cordate, or heart-shaped, an ovate outline
with a sinus or reentering angle at base; (If.) auriculate, with ear-
shaped lobes at base; (14) sagittate, arrow-shaped, with the lobes
pointed, and directed backwards; (15) Aas^a^e, halbert-shaped, the lobes
directed outwards.
''^,
lit
rl'ti
56
FORM OR FIOUKE.
268. PiNNATiFiD FORMS. The following pinnate- veined forms, ap-
proaching the compound leaf, depend less upon the proportion of the
M 196 185
180 181 182 133
Forms of leaves. 130, Sllene Vlrginica. 131, Magnolia Fraseri. 1S6. Arabis dentata.
137, Polygonum arifolluin. 182, Hepatica acutlloba. 133, Asaruiu Virginicuin. VU. Hydro-
cotyle Americana. 135, II. umbeData.
vcinlets than upon the relative dcvcloj iuent of the intervening tissue.
The prefix pinnated is obviously used in contrast with palttutted anioiifr
palmate-veined forms.
142 189 188 140 141
Feather-veined leaves, approaching the compound. 138, Querciis iinbrioaria— undulate
139, Q. alba (white oak)— iobatc-sinuate. 140, Q. 11 a'-rocarpa— lyrate. 141. AUilsridium (milk-
weed). 143, Blplnnatifld leaf of Ambrosia artetnisifolia (hog-weed).
269. PiNNATiFiD (pinna, feather, fndo, to cloavc) feather-cleft,
the tissue somewhat sharply cleft between the voinlcts about half way
to the midvein, forming oblong segments. When the segments of a
pinnatifid leaf are pointed and curved backward it beconu's runrinale,
i. I'., re-uncinate. When the terminal segvient of a pinnatifid leaf is
FOKM OR FIGl HK.
m
orbicular in figure- and larger than any other, presenting the form of the
ancient lyre, the form is termed It/rate.
Featbcr-vetiied leaves almost compound. 14S, Nlfcelk (pinnaHsf^ct). 144, Clelidonium ma-
jus. 145, Thistle (Cirsium lanceolatuni). 146, Dandelion (runcinate-lyrate).
270. PiNNATELY PARTE ) iiupHes that the incisions are deeper than
piutmtifid, nearly reaching the midvein. In either case the leaf is said
to be sinuate when the incisions (sinuses) as well as the segments are
rounded and flowing in outline. Such segments are lobes, and the leaves
lobate or lobed, a very generic term.
^' . The palmate venation presents us with a set of forms which
- "f, a general, broader in proportion than the pinnate, having the
breadth about equaling the length. Such a leaf may be rarely broadly
ovate or broadly cordate^ terms which require no further explanation.
Or it may be
Reniform, kidney-shaped, having a flowing outline broader than long,
concave at base ; or
Peltate, shield-form, the petiole not inserted at the margin but ■ the
midst of the lower surface of the blade. This singular form evi jtly
results from the blending of the base lobes of a deeply cordate leaf, as
seen in hydrocotyle. It may be orbicular, oval, etc.
27'2. Palmate forms. The following result from deficiency of tis-
sue, causing deep divisions between the veins. Leaves thus dissected
arc said to be pabnately-lobed when either the segments or the sinuses
are somewhat rounded and continuous. The nuinber of lobes is de-
noted by such terms as bilobate, triloba le, five-lobed, etc.
' ; i
68
4
FORM OR FIUURK.
h ■.<■■
iff '
m
Palnmte-vflined leaves. 147, Menlspermum Cnnadense. 148, Passiflora cerulea. 149, Broua.
Bonetia papyrifera. 150, Oak geranium.
Leaves are jmlmateli/ cleft and palmately parted, according to the
depth of the incisions as above described. But the most peculiar modi-
fication is
273. The pedate, like a bird's foot,
having the lowest pair of veinlets enlarged,
recurved, and bearing each several of the
segments (148).
274. The forms of the parallel-
veined LEAVES are remarkable for their
even, flowing outlines, diversified solely
by the direction and curvature of the veins.
When the veins are straight the most com-
mon form is
276. The linear, long and narrow, with
parallel margins, like the leaves of the
grasses — a form which may also occur in
the pinnate-veined leaf, when the veinlets
are all equally shortened. The ensiform,
or sword-shaped, is also linear, but has its
edges vertical, that is, directed upward and
downward.
276. If the veins curve, we may have
the lanceolate^ elliptical^ or even orbicular
forms ; and if the lower curve downward*
the cordate, sagittate, etc., all of whicl- are
shown in the cuts.
The palmate or radiate form is finely illustrated
in the palmetto and other paloM, whose large,
fan-shaped leaves are appropriately termed flabel-
liform (fan-shaped).
277. The leaves of the pine and thb fir tribe (Coniferae) gen-
erally are parallel-veined also, and remarkable for their contracted
151, Ensiform leaves of iris.
152. Aceroseleavesof Pinns. 163,
Subnldte leaves of Juniperus com-
munis.
FORM OR FIGURE.
50
forms, in which there is no distinction of petiole or blade. Such arc the
acerose (needle-shaped) leaves of the pine, the subulate (awl-shapcd)
and scale-form leaves of the cedars, etc.
MARGIN.
The following terms apply to the various modifications of the margin, as such,
not affecting the general outline of the leaf.
a b c d t f g h k I
164. Diagram of leaf-margins, a, entire ; 6, undulate; c, repiiud ; </, sjiinuus; «, crra.ac ;
/ dentate ; g, serrate ; A, laciniate ; k, incised ; I, erose.
2*78. Entire, even edged, having the tissue completely filled out.
Sometimes a vein runs along the margin, which might otherwise be
easily torn, as in the Caladium. But when the marginal tissue is de-
ficient, the leaf becomes
279. Dentate, having sharp teeth pointing outward from the centre ;
serrate^ with sharp teeth pointing forwards, like the teeth of a saw ;
crenatej with rounded or blunt teeth. The terms denticulate, serrulate^
cr6nM/a/e, denote finer indentations of the several kinds; doubly den-
tate, &c., denote that the teeth are themselves toothed.
280. The undulate, or wavy edge is somewhat different from the
repand, which bends like the margin of an umbrella. If the veins pro-
ject, and are tipped with spines, the leaf becomes spinous,
281. Irregularly divided margins are said to be erose or jagged,
laciniate or torn, incised or cut.
282. Crisped. Often, instead of a deficiency there is a superabun-
dance of marginal tissue, denoted by the term crispate or crisped.
APEX.
a h c d t / h k
I U ^^ 'I li I o V p r q
186, Apex of leaves, a, obcordate ; 6, emarginate ; c, retuse ; d, trnncnte ; e, obtuse ;/ acute;
g, mucronate ; A, cuspidate ; k. acuminate.
156. Bases of leaves. ^, hastate; »», ■», sapittnte; o, auriculnte ; jp, cordate; y, rcnifurm.
ti 'i -z
CO
OP THE COMPOUND LEAF.
28.']. Pointed leaves. In regard to the termination of a leaf at its
apex, it may be acuminate, ending with a long, tapering point ; cuspi-
date, abruptly contracted to a sharp, slender point ; mucronate, tipped
"with a fspiny point ; arute, simply ending with an angle ; obtuse, rounded
at the point.
28 4. J'oiNTLEHS LEAVES. Or the leaf may end without a point,
being truncate, as if cut square oft'; retuse, with a rounded end slightly
depressed where the point should be ; emaryinate, having a small notch
at the end ; ohconlute, inversely heart-shaped, having a deep indentation
at the end.
OF THE COiVlPOUXD LEAF.
285. Theory. If we conceive of a simple leaf becoming a eom-
pouta/ one, on the principle of " deficiency of tissue between the veins,"
it will be evident that the same forms of venation are represented by
tlie branching petioles of the latter as by the veins of the former.
The number and arrangement of the parts will therefore in like man-
ner correspond with the mode of venation.
286. Leaflets. The divisions of a compound leaf are called Zea^c/s,
and the same distinction of outline, margin, &c., occur in them as in
simple leaves. The petiolules of the leaflets may or may not be articu-
lated to the main petiole, or rachis, as it is called.
157 Ifil 159 160 158
Coir.jwund leaves. 157, Tri folium rppenf*. 158, Desmodium rotundlfoliuin. 160, Qlotiilium.
161, Cassia. 150, Agrimonlu.
28 T. PiNNATELv coMPoiNi). From the pinnate-veined arrangement
we may iiave the pinnate leaf, where the petiole (midvein) bears a row
of leaflets on each side, either sessile or petiohdate, generally equal in
OF fHK COMPOIND LEAF.
01
(lumbtT and oppositt'. It \i^ aneqnalh/ pimtate whew the rachis bears
ati (xltl terminal leatiet, and eijaalhj pinnate when there is no terminal
Icatljt. and interruptedly pinnate when the leaflets are alternately large
and small (159, etc).
•J88. The numbek of leaflets in the pinnate leaf varies from
thirty pairs and npwards (:ts in some acacias), down to tfiree, when the
hat' is said to be ternate or frifoliafe ; or two, becoming hinatr, or
tinally even to one leaflet in the lemon. Such a leaf is theoi'etically
compound, on account of the leaflet (blade) being articulated to the
petiole.
168
162 ]«5 164
ConiiMPuml loiivcs. 162, Clematis. 163, Erigcnia bulbisa. 164, Acaciu. 165, Iloncy-ldcust.
281). A dipinnate leaf (twice pinnate) is formed when the rachis
hviirn pinna' or secondary pinnate leaves, instead of leaflets, and tripin-
nafi' (thrice pinnate), when pinnje take the places of the leaflets of a
bipinnate leaf. When the division is still more complicated the le.if is
(irro)npoi(H(f,
21)0. Transition Li:\vp,s. Different dogroos of division often exist in different
parts of tiie .-(auio leaf, illiis.ratingtlio gradual transition of leaves from simple to
100
166
168
167
K.7, Lt'iiv)n. lOr Jefforsonla. 169, Potontllln ansorina 166, P. trlclontnla.
\'-^
mm
1
I
Ml
tii
a..
!•'
ni
t)2
OF TEXTURE AND SURFACE.
compound in all stages. Tlie leaves of the honey-locust and coflee tree (Gymno-
eladus) often aSbrd curious and instructive examples.
291. A BiTERNATE LEAF is loFincd wlieii the leaflets of a teniate leaf
give place themselves to ternate leaves, and triternate when the leaflets
of a biternatc leaf again give place to ternate leaves.
292. Palmately compound. A distinction. The palmate vena-
tion has also its peculiar forms of compound leaves, as ternate, quinate,
septinate, etc., according to the number of leaflets which arise together
from the summit of the petiole. Ternate leaves of this venation are to
be carefully distinguished from those of the pinnate plan. The pal.
matehj ternate leaf consists of three leaflets, which are either all sessile
or stalked alike ; the pinnately ternate has the terminal leaflet raised
above the other two on the prolonged rachis (157, 168).
ITI 171 170
Insertion of leavee. 170, Aster oblonglfoHus ? (amplexicoul). 171, Uvularla perfoUata.
172, Lonict'ra si'nipervirciiB, (connate).
With regard to the insertion the leaf iti said to be
293. Amplexicaul, when its base lobes adhere to and clasp the stem.
Should these lobes extend quite around the stem and become blended
together, on the other side a perfoliate leaf will be formed {per, through,
folium, leaf), the stem seeming to pass through the leaves.
294. Connate denotes that the bases of two opposite leaves are
united so as to form one piece of the two.
OF TEXTURE AND SURFACE.
In descriptive botany it is also noodftU to regard the variations of loaves in tho
above respects. Tho terras which we briefly notice below are equally applicable to
any other organs.
THAN'SFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF.
68
295. In texture leaves may be membranous, or coriaceous (leatlitiy),
or succulent (fleshy), or searious (dry), rugous (wrinkled), tkc, which
terms need only to be mentioned.
296. In the quality of surface, the leaf may be glabrotis (smooth),
destitute of all hairs, bristles, <fec., or scabrous (rough), with minute,
hard points, hardly visible.
297. A DENSE COAT OF HAIRS wiU render the leaf pubescent when
the hairs are soft and short ; villous when they are rather long and
weak ; sericeous, or silky, when close and satin-like ; such a coat may
also be lanuginous, woolly ; tomentous, matted like felt ; or Jloccose, in
soft, fleecy tufts.
298. Thinly scattered hairs render the surface hirsute when they
are long ; pilous when short and soft ; hispid when short and stitt'. The
surface will be
299. Setous, when beset with bristly hairs called setae ; and spinous
when beset with spines, as in the thistle and horse-nettle. Leaves may
also be armed with stinging hairs which are sharp and tubular, con-
taining a poisonous fluid, as in nettles and Jatropha stimulans.
300. A PRUIN0U8 surface is covered with a bluish-white waxy pow-
der, called bloom, as in the cabbage, and a punctate leaf is dotted with
colored points or pellucid glands.
301. Double terms. The modilications of leaves are almost ondloss. Many
other terms are defined in the glossary, yet it will be found often noces.«ary in the
exact description of a plant to combine two or more of tl.e terms defined in order
to express some intermediate figure or quality; tlius ovate-lanceolate, signifying a
form between ovate and lanceolate, etc.
302. Sub. The Latin preposition sub (under) prefixed to a descriptive term de-
notes the quality which the term expresses, in a lower degree, as subsessik, nearly
sessile, sv^errate, somewhat serrate.
CHAPTER VIII.
TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF.
ITithorto we have considered the leaf as foliage merely — constituted the fit organ
of aeration by its large expansion of surface. This is indeed the chief, but not the
only aspect in whicli it is to bo viewed.
803. The leaf is a typical form, that is, the type or idea from which
the Divine Architect derived the form of every other appendage of the
plant. To trace out this idea in all the disguises under which it lurks
is one of the first aims of the botanist. Several of these foims of dis-
guise have already been noticed, c //.
k
mm
04
TKANSFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF.
304. The scales which clothe tlie various forms of scale-stems are
leaves, oi- more usually petioles, reduced and distorted, perhaps by the
straitened circumstances of their underground growth. The scales of
corms and rhizomas are mostly mere membranes, while those of the bulb
are fleshy, soi'ving as depositories of food for the future use of the plant.
That these s<'alos are leaves is evident, 1st, from their position at the
nodes of the stem, 2d, from their occasional development into true
leaves.
805. Iko scales. The brown scales which cover winter buds are of
the same nature and origin.
300. The cotyledons of seeds or seed-lobes are readily recognized
as leaves, especially when they arise above ground in germination, and
form the first pair upon the young plant, as in the beech-nut and squash
seed. Their deformity is due to the starchy deposits with which they
are crammed for the nourishment of the embryo when germinating,
and also to the way in which they are packed in the seed.
307. Phvllodia are certain leaf-forms, consisting of petioles exces-
sively compressed, or expanded vertically into margins, while the true
loniina is partly or entirely suppressed. Fine examples are seen in our
greenhouse acacias from Australia. Their vertical or edgewise position
readily distinguishes them from true leaves.
|i' ,
!:■! 1T4 175 nc 177
Asciilin. 17.1, \i'|>untln .-^. 174. SavmciMiia psitliicina, 175, S. purpurea. Ufi, S. Oronovii, />.
Diuininoixlii. 177, Acacia lictcnipliylla, its pliyllodla,
i'.OS. AsciDiA or pitcluTS, are surprisinfj; I()riii8 of loaves, expressly contrived, n3
il' liy art. for lioldinjj water. The pitchers of Sarraceiiia, wlioso several species nro
eoiDiiKin ill hotijs Nortii and Sniitii, iiro evidently formed by the blending of the in-
\niuto iiiari^iiis of the broadly winged pt!tioles, so as to form a complete vase. The
broad (■xpaiision wliioh appears at the top may be regarded ns the 'u: )in>» These
piti'liers eoiitaiii water, in wliieh insects are drowned, being p'.ovortod froiu eecajn
ing liy tiie doliexed hairs at the mouth.
r,.
TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE UKAF.
t)5
^:x^-'^^l,t
309. Nepentuks. The yreenhoUHe pitclier-pliiut 1*4 i» Imtivt' of <lie East Indios<.
Its proper leaves are sessile and lanceolate, The mldveiu extends beyond the apex
like a tendril, to the length of six or eight inciies. The extremity oi' tliis tendril is
iurtated into a hollow vessel, similar to a pitcher, and usually contains aVtout half ti
pint of pure water. It is tViruished with a leafy lid connected to it by a ligament
•vhich expands or contracts according to the slate of the atmosphere, so that tiie
cap is open in damp weather and closed in dry.
310. DlscaiDi.v. Another wonderful provision of this khid is observed in a plant
growing in tho forests of India, calli.'d Dischidia. It is a twining j)lant, ascending
the tall trees to the distance of a hvmdred feet from its roots, and destitute of leaves
except near its top. The pitchers seem formed of a leaf with itsedgis rolled in-
ward and adherent, and its upper end or mouth is open to receive w iiatever moist-
ure may descend into it. But the greatest marvel in its structure is that several
bindles of absorbent tibre.s, resemMiiig roots, are sent out from the nearest parts of
the stem, enter the pitchers, and sjiread themselves through the cavit}'.
311. Air bladders. Mjuiv weak-steiiuned water plants are furnislicMl
with little sacks filled with air to buoy them up near to the siirface.
Such arc the bladders of the coninioii bladderwort, formed from the
leaf lobes. In the horned-bladdcrwort the floats are made of the six
upper inflated petioles lying upon the surface of the water like awheel-
shaped raft, and sustaininflf the flower upon its own elevated stalk.
312. The leap op Venus' fly-trap (Dionira), native of Carolina, is also of curious
design. At the end of the leaf are two
lobes bordered with spines. In the
cavity between the lobes are several
sharp points projecting upwards, and a
gland which secretes a liquor iittractive
to in,sects. But when an uiducky Hy,
in search of food, alights upon it, the
irritable lobes instantly close and im-
pale him in their fatal embrace,
313. The Tendril is a thread-
like coiling appendage furnished
to certain weak-stemmed plants as
their means of support in place. ns, Lenvos of Vonns' fly-trnp (DIomuh),
Its first growth is straight, and it reinains so until it reaches some ob-
ject, when it immediately coils itself about it, and thus acquires a firm,
though elastic hold. This beautiful ajypendage is fim^ly exemplified in
the Cucurbitaceje and grai)e, above cited; al.xo in manv species of the
pea tribe (Legumiuosu',), when it is appended to the leaves. It is not
a new organ, but some old one tran.sformed and adaptetl to a new pur-
]»ose. In Gloriosa superba the midvrin of the leaf is ])rolonged bcyoml
the blade into a coiling tendril. In the pea, vetch, etc, tlu^ tendrils
represent the attenuated leaf blades themselves. Again, the entire leaf
sometimes becomes a tendril Lathy rus, while the stipules act as
leaves.
5
B,««WV.M»a
f
w
66
TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LEAF.
11'
314. The petiole of the leaf of Clematis, otherwise unchanged,
coils like a tendril for the support of the vine. In the o^reenbriar, the
stipules are clianged to tendrils, which thus arise in pai from the base
of the petioles. So probably in the gourd tribe.
315. But the tendrils of the grape-vine are of a different nature. From
their position opposite the leaves, and the tubercles occasionally seen upon them,
representing flower buds, they are inferred to be abortive, or transformed flower-
ettilks.
179 180 ISl 182
Thorns. 179, Cratuijius i)arvifolia (thorns axillary.) ISC, Iloney-lociist. 181, Common locust.
182. Berberis, f, a, its thorns.
316. Spines. Many plants are armed, as if for self-defense, with
hard, sharp-pointed, woody processes, called spines or thorns. Those
which are properly called spines ori^^inate from leaves. In Berberis
tlie spines are evidently transformed leaves, is the same plant exhibits
leaves in every stage of the metamorphosis. In goat's-thorn (Astraga-
lus tragacanthus) of S. Europe, the petioles change to spines after tlie
leaflets fall otf. In the locust (Robinia), there is a pair of spines at the
base of the petiole, in place of stipules.
317. Thorns originate from axillary buds, and are abortive branches. This is
evident from tlieir position in the hawthorn and Osage orange. Thea])ple and pear
tree in their wild state produce thorns, but by cultivation become thornless,
that is, the axillary buds, through better tillage, develop branches instead of thorns.
Tiie terrible branching thorns of the honey-locust originate just above the axil, from
accessory buds.
318. Prickles differ from either spires or thorns growing from the epidcrmi;!
upon stems or loaves, at no determinate point, and consisting of hardened cellular
tissue, as in the rose, bramble. f
319. Bracts. By a more gentle transformation, leaves pass into
bracts, which are those smaller, reduced leaf-forms situated near aiul
among the flowers. So gradual is the transition from leaves to bracts
INFLORESCENCE.
m
in the peony, c. ff., that no absolute limits can be assigned. Equally
gradual is the transition from bracts to sepals of the flower — affording
a beautiful illustration of the doctrine of metamorphosis. (374.)
Bracts will be further considered under the head of Inflorescence.
18* 188 ■
Bracts 188, Plnckneya pubens ; b, colored bracts (radiate sepals). 184, Zornia tetraphylla ; &,
bracts (enlarged stipules).
■'
CHAPTER IX.
INFLORESCENCE.
320. The functions of plant-life are two-foli*, namely, vegetation and re-
production : tlie former looking to the preservation of the individual plant itself^
the latter to tiie species. Corresponding with this view, there are also two classes
of organs. Having considered the former class, that is, the organs of vegetation, we
come now to the organs of reproduction, including the flower, the fruit, and the
seed.
.3'21. Inflorescence is a term denoting the arrangement of the
flowers, and their position upon the plant.
322. Origin of flower buds. All the buds of a plant are supposed
to be oriffinally of one and the same nature, looking to the production
of v<\getative organs only. But at a certain period, a portion of the
buds of the living plant, by an unerring instinct little understood, are
converted from their ordinary intention into flower buds.
323. Proof of this theory. That this is the origin of tiio flower bud is evident
from the known effects of cultivation, causing it to revert partly or wholly to its
former intention, as in the green rose, when the petals, &c., all return to leaves; iu
I
08
INFLOKKSCEN'CE.
the proliferous rose wlien the axis grows on through the Hov.er bearing loaves above
it. In some histauces the skillful gardener learns how to eflect tiiis intertliuuge uf
nature in the buds at pleasure.
324. Hence in position and arkangement flower buds can not
differ from leaf buds, and bolli are settled bv the same unerritK'- Jaw
which determines the arrangement of the leaves. Acoordintrlv the
flower bud is always found either terminal or axillary.
325. A single bud, whether terminal or axillary, may develop either
a compound inflorescence, consisting of several flowers with their stalks
and bracts, or a solitari/ inflorescence, consisting of a single flower.
326. The flower-bud is incapable of extension. While the leaf-
bud may unfold leaf after leaf and node after node to an indefinite ex-
tent, the flower-bud blooms, dies, and arrests for ever the extension of
the axil which bore it.
327. The peduncle is the flower-stalk. It bears no leaves, t^r at
least only sucn as are reduced in size and changed in form, called (tracts.
If the peduncle is wanting the flower is said to be sessile.
328. The simple peduncle bears a single flower ; but if the pedun-
cle be divided into branches, it bears several flowers, and the final divis-
ions bearing each a single flower, are called pedicels.
329. The scape is a flower-stalk which springs from a subterranean
stem, in such })lants as are called stemless or acaulescent, as the prim-
rose, tulip, blood-root. Like the peduncle it is leafless or with biacts
only, and may be either simple or branched.
330. The raciiis [paxtg, spine) is the axis of the inflorescene(\ or
the main stem of the compound peduncle along which the pedicels are
arranged.
331. Thk torus or Receptaole is the end or summit of the tlowor-
stalk.
187 ill 1S6
Anoii)al()ii8 peduncles. 18B, Llnden-trec. 1S6, Butchor's-broom. 187, Xylophj-lla. 18e,Cc)olcsi'(i[nl).
INFLOKKSCENCE.
01)
332. The pcdnncle is subject to endless modificUions, Wo find it sonietimea
excessively letjgthened, again very short or whollv wanting ; very slender or very
tliick. In cockpcomb its branches are blended ii»to a thick, fun-shaped mass; in
butchcr's-broom it expands into the form of a green leaf, and in the linden-tret' into
a seal-like bract. In Xylopliylla it is foiiaceous, bearing flowers along its margins.
833. Uracts. The branches of the inflorescence arise from the
axils of reduced leaves, called bracts. These leaves, still smaller, throw-
ing upon the pedicels, are called hracteol's.
334. The bracts are usually simphi :'n outline and snudier than the
leaf, often gradually diminishing to mere points, as in Aster* <>r even
totally suppressed, as in the Cruciferse.
936. In color they are usually green, often colored, sometimes bril-
liantly, as in painted-cup. Sometimes they are scale-like, and again
tliev arc evanescent membranes.
336. The spathe is a larije bract formed in some of the monoeotvle-
dons, enveloping the inflorescence, and often colored as in the Arum,
C'alla, or membranous as in the onion and daflfodil. Bracts also con-
stitute an
m
191 190 1S9
Bracts (Ji, h, h,). 1S9, Cornus Canadensis, with an involucre of 4 coloreil bracts. 190, Ui'patica
triloba, with an involucre of 3 green bracts. 191, Culla palustrls, ullli a colored spatlic of one
bract.
337. Involucre when tliey are collected into a whorl or spiral
group. In the Phlox, Dodecatheon, and generally, the involucre is
green, but sometimes colored and petaloi<l, as in dogwood and Euphor-
bia. Situated at the base of a compound umbel, it is called a general
involucre, at the base of a partial umbel it is a pnrtinl involucre or in-
volucel, both of which are seer in the umhi'lHtel'/tl.
338. In the composit.k, where the flowers are crowded upon a i-oin-
iiion torus, forming what is called a rompoand Jfoiner,i\n invohn.'re com-
posed of many imbricate<l scales (bracts) surrounds them as a calyx
surrounds a simple flower. The chaflf also upon the toiiis aie bi.iets
)o \vl|jo)4 each tiorot is axillary.
1
^
! ■
jH
t .
V
&■
A.
70
INFLORESCENCE.
193
■, ■!
;■!;■
195 194 192
192, irili;iiit)iii.s trriissp-soiratiis. /, Involucre ; r. rirs, or Ululate flowers; 193, one of the
di^k rto\vcr> with its cliaff-sc.ile (bract). 194, Acorn of uioss-cup oak (Q. macrophylla). 195,
Poa jiraten.-is ; /; spikelet entire, g, gluuies, separated ; c, a flower separated, displaying the twu
pak'se, o stamens, and 'i styles.
330. In the grasses the bracts subsist under the general name of
chaff. The bracts situated at the base of a spikelet of flowers, are
called tlio glumes, corresponding to the involucre. Those situated at
the base of each separate flower are palece^ answering to the calyx or
corolla. The pieces of which each calj/x is composed (generally two)
are called valves or pales.
340. Other examples of the involucre are seen in the cup of the
acorn, the burr of the chestnut, beech, etc.
341. The forms of inflorescence are exceedingly various, but may
all be referred to two classes, as already indicated ; the axillary^ in
which all the flowers arise from axillary buds, the terminal, in which all
the flower-buds are terminal.
342. Axillary inflorescence is called indefinite, because the axis,
being terminated by a leaf-bud, continues to grow on indefinitely, de-
veloping bracts with their axillary flowers as it grows. It is also called
centripetal, because in the order of time the blossoming commences
with the circumference, and proceeds towards the centre in case of a
level topped cluster, as the hawthorn, or with the base, and proceeds
towards the summit in case of the lengthened cluster, as the mustard.
The student will readily perceive that the circumference of a depressed
(flattened) inflorescence corresponds to the base of a lengthened one ;
and also that the centre of the former answers to the summit of the
latter. For when the axis or rachis is lengthened, it is the centre which
bears it along with it at its apex, leaving the circumference at the base.
343. Terminal inflorescence, on the other hand, is definite, im-
plying that the growth of the axis as well as of each branch is definitely
arrested and cut short by a flower. It is also centrifugal, because the
INFLORESCENCE.
71
blossoming commences with the central flower and proceeds in order
to the circumference, as in the sweet-william, elder, hydrangea.
In this kind of inflorescence all the flowers arc considered tonnirial because they
do in fact (except the first which terminates the axis) terminate latf.ral branches
8U cessively produced on a definite plan at the node ne^t below the primary flower.
344. Both kinus of inflokescexce are occasionally combined in the samo
plant, wliere the general system may be distinguished from the partial clu-iers
which compose it. Thus in the Compositse, wliilo the florets of each head u[)en
ceutripetiiUy, the general inflorescence is centrifugal, that is, the terminal head i^
developed before the lateral ones. But in the Labiata) the partial clusters (verticil-
asters) op'>n centrifugally while the general inflorescence is indefinite, proceeding
from the base upwards.
345. Of centripetal or axili .ry inflorescence the principal
VARIETIES ARE the spikc, spadix, catkin, rareme, corymb, umbel, pani-
cle, thyrse, head.
346. The spike is a long rachis with sessile flowers either scattered,
clustered, or crowded upon it, as plai tain, muUeiii, vervain. The so-
called spikes of the grasses, as wheat, timothy, are in fact compound
spikes, bearing little spikes or spikelets in place of single flowers.
347. The spadix is a thick, fleshy rachis with flowers closely sessile
cr imbedded on it, and usually with a spathe, as in the Arum, or with-
out it, as in the Typha.
200, Spiranthes cernua; flowers in a twisted spike. 201, Orontium aquaticum ; flow«,raoB *
naked spadix. 202, Betula lenta; flowers in aments.
348. The catkin or amentum is a slender, pendant rachis witVi scaly
bracts subtending the naked, sessile flowers, and usually caducous, as in
birch, beech, oak, willow.
349. The raceme is a rachis bearing its flowers on distinct, simple
pedicels. It may be erect, as in hyacinth, Pyrola, or pendulous, as in
currant, blackberry.
■''m
1^!
IMAGE: EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
//
(./
/.
1.0
I.I
KM
lU
Its
111
14.0
25 II U
■ 2.0
1.6
JS
3^
?^
m
w
1^
'/
Photographic
Sciences
(Corporation
33 WIST MAIN STRUT
WIBSTIR.N.Y. USIO
( 71* ) •73-4903
\
72
INFLHRKSCK.VCK.
350. The corymb differs from the raceme iri luivinjx tl»e lower jicdi'
eels lengthened so as to elevate all the flowers to about tiie same level,
as in the wild thorn.
ft
?i
Hi
m
4. ■,
h
ii
ll!
i ^-^ ■-
20T !i05 204 2oe 203
203, Andromeda racemosa; flowers in asecund raceme. 204. Verbascum Bhttaria; raoeme.
2(15 Lollum perenne ; a compound spike or a spike of spikelets. 206, Dipsacus syjvestris • licad
with an Involucre of leaver 207, Osinorliiza longistylis ; a compound umbel. 208, Its fruit.
351. An umbel consists of several pedicels of about equal length
radiating from the same point, the top of the common poduncUras
milk weed, ginseng, onion. When the pedicels of an umbel become
20*, Btapbylea trifolia; a pendulous, paniculate cyme. 210, Catslpa; apanicli
l'^'
INFLORESCENCE.
7.'}
'■I
themselves umbels, as in caraway and most of the Umbeliferae, a mm-
■pottnd umbel is produced. Such secondary umbels are called umbtllets
and the primary pedicels, rays.
352. The panicle is a compound inflorescence formed by the irregu-
lar branching of the pedicels of the raceme, as in oats, spear-grass,
(-'atalpa.
353. A TiiYRs*: is a sort of compacit, oblong, or pyramidal panicle, as
in lilac, grape.
354. A ii.iAD OR CAPiTiLUM is a sort of reduced umbel, having the
flowers all sessile upon the top of the peduncle, as in the button snake-
root, button-bush, clover.
B'lt the more common examples of
the oapiiuluiu are seen in the Compos-
itif, wlure the summit of the peduncle,
tliat is, the receptacle, is dilated, bear-
ing the sessile flowers above, and scale-
lil\e bracts around, as an involucre.
355. The capitulum of the
CoMi'OsiT.ii is often called a com-
ponnd flotecr from its resem-
blance, the involucre answering
to a calyx, the rayn to the corolla.
The flowers are called Jforets,
those of- the outer circle, Jlorets
of the rni/, generally difterinjv
in form from those of the cen-
tral portions, the Jlorets of the
disk.
356. Of terminal inflores-
cence THE FOLLOWING VARIETIES
are described : cyme, fascicle
(verticilaster), glomerulo.
2is
Venonia fiisciculata; flowers In a dlacoiil
head with nn irnbricatud invuhicre. 211, A
s'ngle tt -ver romoining on the receptacle. 212.
A fru' . .ned with the pappus. 213, Muli:e-
dir , a bead. 214, A single tlower rninainiii!^
un the receptacle. 21S, A fruit with pN'Pii»-
Diaprains; 21(1 of a cyme ; flowers numbered In the order of their development. 217, Cyme Am-
Ugiate. 218, Cyme half developed -b soorpoid racame.
857. Cyme is a general term denoting any inflorescence with centri-
iL.;
■ttik
Stit
^y
It
I
74
INfLOBSSCENCE.
fugal evolutions, but is properly applied to that level-topped or fastigiate
form which resembles the corymb, as in the elder. If it is loosely
spreading, not fastigiate, it is cal'ed a cyniose panicle^ as in the chick-
weed, spergula, etc. If it be rounded, as in the snowball, it is a fflohous
cyme.
MO 219
220, Myosotis palustris; scorpoid racemes. 219, Stellaria media ; a regular cyme.
358. A SCORPOID CYME, as seen in the sundew, Seduni, and borrage
family, is a kind of coiled raceme, unrolling as it blossoms. It is un-
derstood to be a half-developed cyme, as illustrated in the cut.
359, The peculiar evolution of the
CYME is well illustrated in the chick-weed
(Alsine media). The first opening flower
terminates the axis and stops its growth.
Then from the pair of axils next below issue
two opposite branches, each bearing a pair
of leaves and a terminal flower. Nexr,, the
same process is repeated with each of these
two branches, and so on indefinitely. Thus
the stem becomes repeatedly forked, each
fork having an older flower in its angle.
3G0. Evolution of the scoRPOin ra-
CEME. But let only one branch be developed
at tlte node next below the flower, and tliat
always on the same side, and wo have a
scorpoid raceme or cyme. Other irregulari-
ties occasioned by partial development may
also variously disguise the cyme,
361. Fascicle. This is a modifi-
cation of the cyme, with crowded and
nearly sessile flowers, as in sweet-william (Dianthus).
362. Glomerulb, an axillary tufted cluster, with a centrifugal evolu'
tion, frequent in the Labiatse. etc. When they occur i i the axils of
331, Bptgelia Martlandloa ; a scorpoid
raceme.
i
FLOWERING.
75
opposite leaves and meet around the btem, each pair constitutes a ver-
ticilaster or verticil, as in catmint, hoarhound.
363, How THESE MODES ARE MUTUALLY RELATED. All the forma of inflorescence
above described may, after all, be shown to be but modifications of a single ty'»o,
as follows :
Let us commence with the spike, a slender rachis with sessile flowers. Conceive
that pedicels be developed for the flowers, = a raceme ; let tlio pedicels branch, —
228 227 226
225
224
223
222
221
Diagrams illustrating the forms of inflorescence ; graduated from tlie spike tu the uuiiipound
umbel, showing how related to each other.
a panicle ; or let them all bo lengthened to the height of the rachis, =- a corymb.
Now suppress tlie rachis to a p jint, making all the pedicels equal, =— au umbel.
Once more, suppress all the pedicels, = a head. Now, if in each case we suppose
the evolutions of the flowers to be reversed, we have a cymose inflorescence. Fi-
nally, l.y a metamorphosis still more remarkable,
The entire inflorescence is sometimes transformed into attenuated
tendrils, as in the grape.
FLOWERING.
364. Definition. In the bud the floral leaves (sepals and petals)
infold the floral organs (stamens and pistils) and conceal them from
view. Flowering consists of the opening or expansion of those envel-
ops, displaying every organ now perfected in growth and beauty, and
ready for the exercise of its function.
305. Period of flowering. Each species of plant has its own
special season for flowering, uniform in the same climate, but varying
in diflferent climates according to the general temperature. Hence each
month and each day of the month mark the date of flowering for some
one or more species, and these facts, when duly observed and recorded
in their proper order, constitute the floral calender for that locality.
366. The floral calendar is an index of climate, and may vary
to a considerable degree in diflferent years for the same locality or for
different localities in the same year. Such a calendar is prepared by
the botanical student when he carefully journalizes his discoveries from
day to day throughout the season,
...(
I!
H
m
I
!'
w
m
h
r
iiL
76
FLOWERING.
II
II
3
11
II
11
II
4
II
II
11
II
5
u
11
II
6
II
II
11
7
II
11
II
8
II
11
11
9
(1
u
11
u
10
11
II
u
11
11
12
M.
11
11
2
P. M.
It
1.
4
II
II
ii
5
11
1 ;
11
6
i<
11
11
7
11
II
11
8
II
II
11
12
(i
Ii
.167. Kx.vMPLES. At Savannah the red maple, shad-bush, blood-root, flower in
Ffcljruary ; in tho District of Columbia in March; at Concord, N. H., in April. In
New Knglaud tiie witch-liazel flowers in February; Hepatica in April; dogwood in
May; cidfr in June; lilies in July; boneset in August; asters and Solidagos in
^kptenilier and October; and chrysanthemum in November.
.■!68. The floral clock. Eadi plant has also its definite hours in the day for
openinj; its flowers and for closing them — for waking and sleeping; and a careful
record of these facts (aa once made by Liniueus) may seem to indicate the hour of
tlio day. Thus,
Tho mortiino: glory opens at (about) 2 A. M., and closes about 10 A. M.
Kutland beauty
Vegetable oyster
Poppy
Bitter-sweet
"Water-lily
Scarlet pimpernel
Caleiihila arvensis
Areiiiiria rubra
Oriiithogalum umbellatuui
Pass! flora coeruloa
Pyrethrum
Marvel of Peru
Silene noctiflora
Evening primrose
Lyclinis vespertina
Corcus grandiflora
3(39. The coloks of flowers constitute one of their chief attrac-
tions, and are of special interest to the florist. By various modes of
culture lie may often change at will those colors, thus producing nu-
merous varieties, as in the tulip and dahlia. But in scientific descrip-
tions the colors are seldom employed as characteristics on account of
their variableness.
.370. Classification of colors. De Candolle divides the colors
of flowers into two scries ; 1, those having yellow for their type and
(•aj)able of varying to red and white, but tiever to blue ; 2, those having
blue for tluMr type, and capable of varying to red and white, but not to
yellow. The first scries is called Xnnthlc, the second, the Cyanic.
Both scrit's commence with green (which is composed of blue and yel-
low) and end in red, thus :
Green.
Bluc-grcen.
Blue.
Blue-violet.
Violet.
Violet-red.
IwED.
Yellow-green.
Yellow.
Yellow-orange.
Orange.
Orange-red.
HORPHOLOOT OF THB FLOWER.
11
371. ExAMPLBS. The tulip wa3 origmally yellow. All its numerous varieties
are of the xanthic series. So alao the rose and Dahlia. Florists have never yet ob-
tained a blue tulip, rose, or dahlia. The geranium varies throughout the cyanic
series, and a yellow geranium is unknown. Ditlbrent species of the same genua
may belong to different series, so also different parts of the same flower.
■ » ♦ » ■
CHAPTER X
MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER.
372. The flower as the standard op beauty. So it has ever been regarded.
Through this attribute, so evidently divine in its origin, it breathes on the heart an
influence wliicii is essentially spiritual, always pleasing, elevating, and pure. The
benevolent Thought which first conceived of this crowning glory of the vegetable
world had evidently in view the education of man's moral nature as well as the
reproduction and permanence of vegetable nature.
373. The flower in the light op science. The pleasure of the florist in
contemplating the flower as merely an object of taste is not diminished when ho
comes to view it in the light of science. Parts which he before regarded as embel-
lishments only, now assume new value as indispensable agents in fulfilling a great
design ; every organ takes form according to the sphere of its office, and the beau-
ftil flower no longer appears as the possible accident of a chance- world.
374. Its nature and origin. Wo have before observed that the
flower-bud is, in nature and origin, one and the same with the leaf-bud.
Now a letjf-l»ud is regularly unfolded into a leafy branch. A flower-
bud is unfolded into a flower. Hence the flower, in its nature and
origin, is one and the same with a leafy branch.
375. Theoretical view. When, therefore, this now necessity arises in the life
of a plant, viz., the perpetuation of its species, no now principle or organ is evoked,
but the leaf, that same protean form which wo have already detected in shapes so
numerous and diverse, the leaf, is yet once more in nature's hand molded into a
series of forms of superior elegance, touched with colors more brilliant, and adapted
to a higher apiiero as the or-gans of reproduction.
376. The evidbncb on which this theory rests may be referred to two
sources; namely, natural and artificial development. Wo mention a few instances
of each kind, earnestly recommending the student to study for himself the many
facts which will fall under hia own observation bearing upon this deeply intorostiug
tlioory.
377. Case op the poppy. The ordinary complete flower, «. g., the poppy, con-
sists of four kinds or sets of organs, viz., the s^als (outside), petals next, stamens
and pistils, and each kind is quite different and distinct from the others. The meta-
morphosis of the leaf, first into the sepal then the petal, etc., is so abrupt that it
oeoms to lose its identity at once. But there are some
378. Cases m the natural development of plants where the transition of
the leaf is gradual, changing insensibly, first to bracts then to sepals, thus appa-
rently making the metamorphosis in queatioa viaibU before our eyes. Such oases
1
hi'
18
MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER.
MO 289 288 287 286 235 281 238 282
2S1
280 229
229, Papavfar (poppy) ; «, stamens ; jo, stigmas. 230, Sepal. 281, Petal — all very different. 282
Petals of the water-lily (Nyinpluea) gradually passing into (240) stamens.
are exactly in point. The leaves of the paeony, large and much divided below,
become smaller and more simple above, gradually passing into bracts and thence
into sepals. In Calycanthus the sepal passes into the petal by gradations so gentle
that we can not mark the limit between them. In the lilies these two organs are
almost identical. In the water-lily, where the sepal, petal, and stamen are all thus
graduated, the transition from petal to stamen is particularly instructive. These
two forms meet half way by a perfect series of gradationw. when a narrowed petal
is capped slightly with the semblance of an anther. And finally, cases of a close
resemblance between stamen and pistil, so unlike in the poppy, are not wanting, as
in the tulip-tree.
379. Flowers always regular in the early bud. An early examination of
flower-buds often exhibits the several kinds of organs much less diverse than they
subsequently become. See the early bud of columbine. Those flowers which are
248 Wl 241
t41, Ranunculas acrls ; a single flower. 242, R. aoris, fi. plena, a double flower. 248, Epacrlt
impressa; the flowers obanging to leafy branches (Lindley).
iESTIVATION.
n
called irregular, as the pea, catmint, violet, are regular, like other flowers, in the
early bud ; that is, the several petals are at first seen to be precisely similar, becom-
ing dissimilar and distorted in their alter growth ; so in the stamens and other or*
gana.
380. Cases is artificial development or teratology {npa, a monstrosity,
Uyoc), where organs of one kind are converted into those of another kind by cul-
tivation, aftbrd undeniable evidence of the doctrine in question — the homology of
all thafioral organs with the leaf. Such cases are frequent in the garden, and how-
ever much admired, they are monstrous, because unnatural In all double tiowers,
as rose, pajony, Camillia, the stamens have been reconverted into petals, eitiier
wlioUy or partially, some yet remaining in every conceivable stage of the transition.
In the double butter-cup (242) the pistils as well as stamens revert to petals, and in
tlie garden cherry, flowering almond, a pair of green leaves occupy the place of the
pistils. By still further changes all parts of the flower manifest their foliage affini-
ties, and the entire flower-bud, after having given clear indications of its floral char-
acter, is at last developed into a leafy branch. (Fi/. 24:5.)
381. In Clarkia, Cklastrds, damask rose, and oilier garden plants, cases have
be<m noted wherein the petal asserts its foliar nature by producing a secondary
flower-bud in its axil I Thus in a thousand instances of abnormal growth, we find
evidence proving the leaf to be the type whence all other forms of appendages are
derived, and whitiv.?r all tend to return.
382. PrRTUEii EVIDENCE of this view, equally conclusive, is found in the essen-
tial agreement of the aestivation of the flower- bud with the phyllotaxy of the branch.
.ESTIVATION.
383. Definition — importance. This term (from cestivus, of sum-
mer) refers to the arrangement of the floral envelops while yet in the
bud. It is an important subject, since in general the same mode of
aestivation regularly characterizes whole tribes or orders. It is to the
flower-bud what vernation {vermis^ spring) is to the leaf-bud.
384. The various modes op estivation are best observed in sections of the
bud made by cutting it through horizontally when just ready to open. From such
sections our diagranis are copied.
385. Separately considered, we find each organ here folded in
ways similar to those of the leaf-bud ; that is, the sepal or the petal
may be convolute, involute, revolute., etc, terms already defined.
386. Collectively considered, the {estivation of the flower occurs
in four general modes with their variations ; the valvate, the contorted,
imbricate, and plicate.
3 8 7. In valvate estivation the pieces meet by their margins with-
out any overlapping ; as in the sepals of the mallow, petals of Hydran-
gea, valves of a capsule. The following varieties of the valvate occur :
388. Induplicate, where each piece is involute ; i.. e., has its two
margins bent or rolled inwards, as in Clematis ; or reduplicate, when
each piece is revolute — having its margins bent or rolled outwards, as
in the sepals of Althea rosea. (Figs. 245, 246.)
■H, i '
IN'
11^
111
1=:
i!
80
i»STIVATIOH.
281 2S0 249
244-261, Modes of eestivation. 2S0, Petals of the wall-flower.
389. Contorted estivation, where each piece overlaps its neigh-
bor, all in the same direction, appearing as if twisted together, as in
Phlox, flax, oleander. (247, 252.)
390. Imbricated iBSTiVATioN [imbrex, a tile) is a term restricted to
those modes in which one or more of the petals or sepals is wholly
outside, overlapping two others by both its margins. This kind of
aBstivation naturally results from the spiral arrangements so common in
phyllotaxy, while the valvate and contorted seem identified with the
262 opposite or whorled arrange-
ment. The principal varieties
are
391. The quincuncial,
consisting of five leaves, two
of which are wholly without,
two wholly within, and one
partly both, or one margin out,
the other in, as in the rose
family (248). This accompa-
nies the two-fifths plan in
phyllotaxy, and corresponds
precisely with it, each quin-
cunx being in fact a cycle
with its internodes suppress-
ed. (§ 232.)
392. The triquetrous,
consisting of three leaves in
each set, one of which is out-
side, one inside, and the third
partly both, as in tulip, Erythronium, according to the one-third plan
in phyllotaxy.
SOS, Oossypiam herbaceum, the cotton plant. Petals
contorted.
THB FLORAL OKOANS.
81
893. Convolute, when each leaf wholly involves all that are within
it, as do the petals of Magnolia ; and vexillary, when one piece larger
than the rest is folded over them, as in the pea (251).
394. Plicate or folded aestivation occurs in tubular or monopetalous
flowers, and has many varieties, of which the most remarkable is the
gupervolute^ where the projecting folds all turn obliquely in the same
direction, as in morning-glory, thorn-apple (Datura).
Diagrams of flowers (as seen by cross-sections). 253, Jeffersonia diphylla : o, ovary ; •, sta-
mens ; i/, inner row of petals, aistlvation triquetrous; b, outer row of petals, (estivation contorteil ;
c, sepals, (estivation quincunoial. 254, Lily. 255, Strawberry. 256, Mustard. The pupil will
designate the modes uf ffistivatioii.
The aBstivation of the sepals often differs from that of the petals in the same
flower. Thus, in the pink the sepals are imbricated and the petals contorted.
395. The position on the parts op the flov/er, with respect to the main
axis and the bract whence it arises, is often important in description. That part
which is adjacent to the axis is the posterior or upper, while that which looks to-
ward the bract is the anterior or lower part.
THE FLORAL ORGANS.
396. Technical definition of the flower. The flower ia an as-
semblage of leaves more delicately and variously formed, borne at the
upper nodes of the axis where the internodes are undeveloped. This
portion of the axis is called
397. The receptacle or torus. It is the axis of the flower situ-
ated at the summit of the flower-stalk. Its form above is commonly
that of a flattened or somewhat conical disk, the center of which cor-
responds with the apex of the axis.
398. The flower may consist of the following members : 1, the
jioral envelops ; 2, the essential floral organs.
399. The floral envelops consist of one or more circles or whorls
of leaves surrounding the essential organs. The outer of these whorls
is called the calt/x and the other, if there be any, the corolla. The
calyx may, therefore, exist without the corolla, but the corolla can not
exist without
400. The calyx. This is a Greek word signifying a cup. It is ap-
plied to the external envelop of the flower, consisting of a whorl of
6
' 't
m
m
m
m
Pi
"Hi *
82
THE FLORAL ORGANS.
257, Flower of the strawberry. 25S, Flower of the pink. 259, Flower of the Hly (Liliutn su-
perbuin). The pupil will point out the parts.
leaves with their edges distinct or united, usually green, but sometimes
highly colored. The calyx leaves are called sepals.
401. Corolla is a Latin word signifying a little crown, applied to
the interior envelop of the flower. It consists of one or more circles
of leaves, either distinct or united by their edges, usually of some other
color than green, and of a more delicate texture than the calyx. Its
leaves are called petals.
402. Perianth {^iFQi, around, dvOog^ flower) is a word in common
use to designate the floral envelops, as a whole, without distinction of
calyx and corolla. It is used in description, especially when these two
envelops are so similar as not to be readily distinguished, as in the tulip,
lily, and the endogens generally ; also where only one envelop exists, as
in Phytolacca, elm, etc. (259, per.)
403. The essential floral organs stand within the circles of the
perianth, and are so called becaase they are the immediate instruments
in perfecting the seed and thus accomplishing the final purposes of the
flower. These organs are of two kinds, perfectly distinct in position
and oflSce ; viz., the stamens and the pistils.
404. The stamens are those thread-like organs situated just within
the perianth and around the pistils. Their number varies from one to
a hundred or more ; but the most common number is Jive. Collec-
tively they are called tha andrcecium (dvSpeg,* stamens, oiKog, a house).
406. The pistils (called also carpels) occupy the center of the
flower at the absolute terminus of the flowering axis. They are some-
times numerous, often apparently but one, always destined to bear the
seed. Collectively they are called the gynoecium {yvvr), pistil, oXkoc;).
* The plural of avr)p, a man, a term applied to the stamen by Linnseus in accordance with his
favorite theory of the sexes of plants. The term yvvif, woman, is, on the same ground, applied
to the pistil.
i-
THB PLAN OF THE FLOWER.
83
406. Recapitulation. Thus we have noticed the members of the
flower in the order of their succession from the outer to the inner cir-
cle. Now, in regard to the receptacle on which they stand in concen-
tric whorls, we find (reversing the order) the gynoecium in the midst,
the center of the flower, the androecium encircling it, the corolla next
without, and the calyx embracing the whole.
407. Appendages. These are the four proper members or sets of
organs composing the flower. Occasionally we meet with a fifth be-
tween the corolla and stamens, not easily referrible to either, like the
scales in the throat of the Borrage worts, or the crown of the Narcissus
and jonquils. Such are regarded as appendages, not necessary to tlie
completeness of the flower.
THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER.
408. Essential unity combined with endless diverstty is every where o
characteristic of nature. Herein consiuts the perpetual charm of her presence and
the perpetual reward of her diligent study. There is no better example of this
happy combination than is found in the structure of the flower. Unity or uniform-
ity, when often repeated, bfcomes monotony. Diversity without unity is confusion.
Hence, in our study of tlie tliousand forma in which God has attired the flower wo
shall arrive at no satisfictory result until we come to discern that unity of plan, that
simple idea of the flower in which all its diversities harmonize. l%ere is such an
idea. It originated in the Infinite Mind. Let us search for it.
409. The floral organs. Wo have already seen that the flower may consist
of four sets of organs — caly.x, corolla, androecium, gynoecium ; or of four kinds of or-
gans—sepals, petals, stamens, pistils, each arranged circularly around a comiuou
center.
410. Symmetry of the flower. Now as the leaves of a branch are definitely
apportioned into equal cycles, we naturally look for a corresponding symmetry in
the flower. Each set of organs should consist of at least one cycle. And as the
cycle itself may vary numerically, being 2-leaved, 3-leaved, 5-leaved, etc., in differ-
ent species, so in the flower each cycle or set may be 2-parted, 3-parted, 5-parted,
etc. That is, the sepals, petals, stamens, pistils, may each bo two in number, or
three, or four, or five in number, etc.
411. Again, in relative position the organs of each set, as a rule, alternate
with tho organs of each adjacent set; the petals alternate with the sepals and sta-
mens, the stamens with the petals and pistils. This alternation accords with the op-
posite aud verticillate arrangement of leaves, where (§ 226) the leaves of any given
circle do not stand exactly over the leaves of the next circle below, but over the
intervals between them. In a word,
412. The typical flower, one that exemplifies the full idea of the
floral structure, consists of four different circles of organs, each circle
having the same number of separate, alternating parts. Such a flower
is not only
Perfect., having both the essential organs, but also
Complete^ having the four kinds of organs.
^i*
n
3"
Ml
iii
14
THB PLAN OF TUK FLOWBR.
Regular, the organs of the same kind similar, and
Symmetrical, the same number of organs in each whorl.
413. Seldom realized. Happily, this our conception of the typical flower is
not often realized in nature, although the tendency toward it is universal Devia-
tions occur in every imaginable mode and degree, causing that endless variety iu
the floral world wiiich we never cease to admire.
414. p]XAMPLEa In our cut (Pink, 258) illustrating the organization of the flower
the tendency in this direction is evident, but the stamens are too many and the pis-
tils seem too few. Among the Flaxworts and the Houseleek tribe, however, are
some good examples. The flower of the flax combines very nearly all the condi-
tions above specified. It is complete, regular, symmetrical. Its organs are alter-
nate and all separate, and (disregarding the slight cohesion of the pistils at their
base) this flower well realizes our type. But •
263 261 262
•00, Ms, Flower of Crassula lacten, regular, symmetrical, organs distinct. 261, Diagram showing
Itaplan. 262, Flower of th« Scarlet Flax. 263, Diagram of its plan.
415. The plowfrs of Crassula, an African genus sometimes cultivated, afford
unexceptionable examples, the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistUs each being five
in number, regularly alternating and perfectly separate.
416. Flowers of sedum. Admitting two whorls of stamens instead of one, we
have a good example of our type in stone-crop (Sedum tematum), a little fleshy
herb of our woods. Its flowers are both 4-parted and 5-parted in the same plant.
See also the 12-parted flowers of tiie common houseleek.
417. How TO STUDY THE FLOWER. If, with this type as our adopted standard of
the floral structure, we compare any of the myriads of different forms which occur,
wo shall be able to trace out the features of the general plan even among the
widest deviations. The more important of them are included in the following sy-
nopsis : —
1. Variations in the radical number of the flower.
2. Deficiencies rendering the flower
a, Incomplete,
6, Imperfect,
c, Unsymmetrical,
rf, Organs opposite.
TUK FLAM OF THE FLOWER.
80
8. Redundancies,
a, In the multiplication of organs,
6,. In appendicular organs.
4. Union of parts.
a, By cohesions,
b, By adhesions.
5. Irregularities of development,
a. In honiogeneoiiB parts,
b, In the receptacle.
6. Combined deviations.
We shall consider these several topics ia their order,
418. The radical number of the flower is that which enumerates the parte
composing each whorl. It varies from one to twenty, and is expressed thus :
r , v/» y/t Vf etc., which mathematical expressions are to be read by the words,
dimerous [ihg, two, /uspof, part), or 2-parted ; trimerous, or 3-parted ; 4-raerous, or
4-parted ; pentamorous, or 5-parted ; 6-merous, or 6-parted, etc.
419. ExOGENS AND END0GEN8 DISTINGUISHED. Pentamefous (V) flowers, like
the rose, flax, when each wliorl is (naturally) 6-parted, are more generally charac-
teristic of the exogenous plants, V flowers of the endogens, as the lily, Trillium.
The flowers of Fuchsia are V, of Circica S^^ and of Hippuria 1 V.
420. Deficiencies. Incomplete flowers often occur. They lack some one or
more entire sets of organs. When only one of the floral envelops, the calyx, ex-
ists, the flower is said to be apetalous or vwnocMamydeous (;i^/^«/ui)f, a cloak), as in
elm, Phytolacca. These terms are also loosely applied to such plants as rhubarb.
Anemone, liverwort, where the pieces of the perianth are all similar, although in two
or three whorls. When the perianth is wholly wanting, the flower is said to ba
achlamydeous or naked, as in lizard-tail. (264.)
S«7 366 205 264
!'"S
284, Flower of Saururus (Hzard-tall) ; achlamydeous. 265, Flower of Fraxlnus (ash). 266,
Flower of Salix (willow), stamlnate. 267, pistillate.
421. Imperfect flowers arc i*Iso of frequent occurrence. They are deficient is
respect to the essential organs. A sterile or staminate flower (denoted thus J ) has
stamens without pistils. A fertile or pistillate flower ( ? ) has pistils without sta-
mens. Such flowers being counterparts of each other, and both necessary to the
perfection of the seed, must exist either together upon the same plant or upon sep-
arate plants of the same species. In the former case the species is monoecious {§ )
as in oak ; in the latter case dioecious (J $ ) as in willow. The term diclinoua, da*
noting either ^ or ^ $ without distinction, is in common use.
\
u,.
^'A
p\
'•J
1 1. 1
86
THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER.
271
268, Pistillate flower of Balm-of-Gilead. 269, Staminate. 270, Diploclinium Evansianuni.
«, .'^taininate ; b, pistillate.
422. A NEUTRAL FLOWER 18 a perianth or calyx only, having neitlier stamens nor
pistils. Such are the ray-flowers of many of the Compositae, and of the cymes of
Hydrangea, high cranberry, etc., which in cultivation may all become neutral, as in
the snow-balL
423. Unsymmetrical flow-
ers. The term symmetry, as used
in botany, refers to number only.
A flower becomes unsymmetrical
by the partial development of any
set or circle in respect to the num-
ber of its organs. The mustard
family aflbrds a good example.
424. Flowers of the cruci-
FERS. The flowers of mustard,
cress, etc , are understood to bo
4-merous (V). The sepals are
four, petals four, but the stamins
are six and the styles but two.
The stamens are arranged in two
circles, having two of those in the
outer circle suppressed or reduced
to mere glands. Two of the cur-
pels are also suppressed. (256.)
425. In the mint family and
the figworts one or three of the
stamens is generally abortive,
Here, while the flowers are V,
the stamens are four in some spe-
cies and only two in others. The
missing stamens, however, often
appear in the guise of slender
processes— the rudiments of sta-
mens—proving in an interesting
manner tne natural tendency to
symmetry.
5 «?' I
a71, '* Radiant" panicle of Hydrangea querclfoHiiin ;
tlio liiifter flowers ni'iitnil.
426. Other examples. In the V flowers of poppy, the sepais are but two ; ,n
V spring-beauty they are but .wo ; in both cases too few for syraiuetrj. la lark-
m
THB PLAN OF THS FLOWER.
81
spur the V flowers have but four petals, and in monk's-hood, also >/, the petals are
apparently but two strangely deformed bodies. A careful inspection, however,
generally reveals the other three, very minute, in their proper places, as displayed
in the cut. (283.)
427, "Organs opposite" is a condition much less frequent than "organs alter-
nate," but is highly interesting, as being sometimes characteristic of whole families.
Thus in the primrose, thrift, and buckthorn families, the stamens always stand op-
posite to the petals I
428. How HAPPENS THIS ? Amon[' the primworts this question is solved in the
flowers of Lysimacbia and Samolus, where we find a circle of five teetli (abortive
filaments) between the petals and stamens, alternating with both sets, thus restoring
the lost symmetry. Hence we infer tliat in such cases generally a circle of alter-
nating organs has been either partially or wholly suppressed. In the buckthorn,
however, a diflerent explanation has been given.
ii
III
ii'ji )
Diafjrams. 272, Flower of Samohis, showing the rudimentary stamens alternating with the
perfect. 273, Flower of a Labiate plant, showing the place of the deflcient stamen. 274, Flower
of Asariim ; three sepals, twelve stamens, etc. 275, Flower of Saxifrage ; two pistils, ten sta-
mens, etc.
429. The MUiiTiPLiCATiON OF ORGANS is exceedingly common, and usually ac-
cording to a definite plan. The increase takes place, as a rule, by circles, and con-
sequently by multiples. That is, c. g., the stamens of a V flower, if increased, will
be so by 3s ; of a V flower by 5s, etc., sometimes to the extent of twenty such
circles.
430. Crowfoots and roseworts. In the crowfoot family the stamens are al-
most always multiplied. Tiie carpels are also generally multiplied, yet often, on tlie
contrary, diminished, as in the pseony. In Rosacese, also, tlie stamens are generally
multiplied, while the carpels exist in all conditions as to number. Thus in straw-
berry they are multiplied, in the apple they are regularly five, in agrimony roducod
to two, and in the cherry to one.
431. Other cases. In Magnolia the V flowers have three sepals in one circle,
six or nine petals in two or throe circles, numerous stamens and carpels in matiy
circles of each. In the V flowers or blood-root there are two sepals, eight petals,
twenty-four stamens, and two carpels.
432. Increment by clusters (chorisis). In other cases the organs seem to be
increased in number by clusters rather than by circles, as when in the same circle
several stamens stand in the place of one, e. g., in squirrel-corn, st. johnswort, lin-
den. Such cases afford wide scope for conjecture. Perhaps each cluster originates
by division, as the compound from the simple leaf; or as a tuft of axillary leaves ;
or thirdly, by a partial union of organs.
438. Apprndioular organs (§ 40*7) consist of spurs, scales, crown,
glands, etc., and often afford excellent distinctive marks. The old term
til,
IK* -
m
I
Mi I
m
(■ ■
88
THK PLAN OF THE FLOWER.
279
87«
277
978
276, Flower of Aurantitim Limeta (Lime-treo) ; 8ta-
uiiiis in five sets. 277, One of the sets. 278, Flower of
Hypericum iEgypticum ; stamens in three sets. 279,
Flower of Tecoma radicans ; petals cohering into a tube, free only at top. Sepals also coherent.
nectary was indiscriminately applied to all such organs, because some
of them produced honey.
434. Spurs are singular processes of the flower, tubular and pro-
jecting from behind it. In columbine each petal is thus spurred ; in
violet, one petal only. In larkspur, a petal and a sepal, the spur of the
latter inclosing that of the former. The curved spur of the jewel-weed
belongs to a sepal. (280, 281.)
435. Scales are attached to the inner side of the corolla, usually
upon the claw of the petals, as in butter-cups, or within the throat of
the corolla tube, as in the Borrageworts. Similar appendages, when
enlarged and conspicuous, constitute a crown in catchfly, corn-cockle
The flowers of Narcissus are distinguished by an excessively large crown
or corona, with its parts all blended into i tube or rim.
Flower of Delphinium ronsnlida (common larkspur), displaying, 9, a, h, a, s, the Are sepals,
fis thn upper one spurred ; 0, tiie corolla of four petals here united into one and produced into ft
opur. 2S1, Flower of Impatiens fiilva (touch-me-not). 282, Displaying, 8, «, «, y, the four se-
pals, iS', the anterior one, being probably double, and ;/, saccate and spurred ; p, p, the two petals
both double.
m
THE PLAN OP THE FLOWER.
89
436. Glandular bodies are often found upon the receptacle in the
places of missing stamens or carpels, or as abortive organs of some kind.
Examples are seen in the Crucifers and grape. In grass-Parnassus they
are stalked and resemble stamens.
437. Union of orqans. This condition in some way occurs in almost every
flower, and more perhaps than any other cause tends to disguise its plan and origin.
The separate pieces which stood each as the representative of a leaf, now, by a gra-
dual fusion, lose themselves in the common mass. Nevertheless, marks of this pro-
cess are always discernible either in parts yet remaining /ree, or in the seams where
the edges were conjoined. The floral organs may unite by cohesion or adhesion.
438. Cohesion, when the parts of the same whorl are joined to-
gether, as the sepals of the pink, the petals of morning-glory, the sta-
mens of mallows, the carpels of poppy.
439. Adhesion, when the parts of different whorls are conjoined, as
the stamens with the corolla in phlox, with the pistils in milkweed,
ladies' slipper ; or calyx with ovary in apple or wintergi'cen (Gaulthcria).
440. The adjective free is used in a sense opposite to adhesion,
implying that the organ is inserted on (or grows out of) the receptacle,
and otherwise separated from any other kind of organ. The adjective
distinct is opposed to cohesion, implying that like organs are separate
from each other.
This subject and also the next will be more particularly noticed in another chap-
ter.
268 884 285
283, Flower of Aconituin Nnpellus displayed ; s, s, a, «, s, the five sepals, the upper oive hooded ;
p,p, p, the five petals, of which the two upper are nectaries covered by the hood, and the three
lower very minute. 284, Flower of Catalpa, 2-lipped, 6-lobed. 285, Corolla laid open, showing
the two perfect stamens and the three rudimentary.
441. Irregular development. Our typical flower, it will be re-
membered, is regular ; and observation proves that all flowers are ac-
tually alike regular in the early bud. These inequalities or "one-
sided" forms, therefore, which characterize certain flowers are occasioned
by subsequent irregular growth from a regular type. The irregularity
of flowers may consist
I
i
I
i!
90
THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER.
1. In the unequal size of like organs (petals of mullein).
2. In their dissimilar /orm« or positions (petals of the pea).
3. In the unequal cohesion of like parts (petals of Lobelia).
4. In unequal suj}pressions (stamens of the Labiate flowers, where,
indeed, as in many other flowers, all these phases of irregularity are
combined).
886 287 288 289
2S6, Flower (mngnlfled) of Myosurus; a vertical section showing Its elongated receptacle, etc.
2S7, The same, natural size. 288, Flower of Isopyrum biternatum ; vertical section, showing
the convex or globular receptacle, etc. 289, Flower of rose, showing its excavated torus.
442. The regular receptacle has no internodes. It bears the
several whorls of the flower in close contact with each other, and is
usually short and depressed.
443. Lengthened receptacle. When these whorls are numerous,
as in buttercups, tulip-tree, the receptacle is necessarily elongated. So
in Myosurus, blackberry, strawberry. In the two latter it imbibes the
nutritious juices of the plant
and becomes a part of the fruit.
444. Excavated recepta-
cle. On the contrary, the to-
rus instead of lengthening may
be hollowed out in the center.
The carpels of the rose are sit-
uated in such a cavity, while the
other organs are borne upon its
elevated rim. In Nelumbium
the carpels are immersed in as
many separate excavations in a
large, fleshy receptacle.
445. But the internodes op the
torus are sometimes developed,
e. g., in noble liverwort a short inter-
node between the corolla and calyz
880, Flower of Cleome pungens, showing iti ovary,
o, mounted on a long stype.
THE FLORAL ENVELOPS.
91
has changed the latter (technically) to an invulucre. In the pink a similar inter-
node renders the ovary s/ipito^. In the Capjr family the torus is developed into
long intemodes, sometimes raising the ovary upon a long stipe, sometimes the sta-
mens and ovary.
446. The disk is a portion of the receptacle raised into a rim some-
where in the midst of the whorls. It is found between the ovary and
stamens in paeony and bdckthorn. It bears the stamens in maple,
inignionette, and crowns the ovary in the Umbelliferae. Finally
291 292 998
291, Paeonla Montan, showing Its very large diak (cf) sheathing the ovaries (p). 292, Pistil of
the lemon, with its base surrounded by the disk, d. 298, Section of flower of Alcbemilla, show-
ing its single simple pistil, large disk, etc.
447. Combined deviations are quite frequent, and sometimes ob-
scure the typical character of the flower to such a degree as to require
close observation in tracing it out. The study of such cases is full of
both amusement and improvement.
448. For example, the V poppy has suppression in the calyx, multiplication in
the stamens and carpels, and in the latter cohesion also. The V sage has cohesion
and irregularity in the calyx, every kind of irregularity in the corolla, suppression
and irregularity in the stamens, suppression and cohesion in the pistils. The V
Cypripedium is perfectly symmetrical, yet has irregular cohesion in the calyx, great
inequality in the petals, cohesion, adhesion, and metamorphosis in the stamens, and
cohesion in the carpels.
(In this way let the pupil analyze the deviations in the flower of Geranium, holly-
hock, moth mullein, larkspur, sweetbriar, touch-me-not. Petunia, snapdragon, violet,
Polygala, squirrel-corn, Orchis, henbit, monk's-hood, Calceolaria, etc.)
CHAPTER XI.
THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH.
449. Idea of the typical flower. In our idea of the typical
flower, the perianth consists of two whorls of expanded floral leaves
encircling and protecting the more delicate essential organs in their
midst. The outer circle, calyx, is ordinarily green and far less conspic-
uous than the inner circle of highly colored leaves — the corolla.
"■^
it
WM
92
THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH.
ill
M
iir
w
[fci
450. EzcsPTiONS. But to this, as to all other general rules, there are many ex-
ceptions. Strictly speaking, the calyx and corolla are in no \ ay distinguishable
except by position. The outer circle is the calyx, whatever be its form or color, and
the inner, if tiiere be more than one, is the corolla.
451. Rules. The sepals of the calyx and petals of the corolla are,
according to rule, equal in number and severally disconnected save by
the torus on which they stand.
462. Resemblances. The sepals more nearly resemble true leaves
in texture and color ; but the petals in form. Both have veins and re-
tain more or less the same venation which characterizes the grand di-
vision to which the plant belongs (§ 258).
453. Parts. Both blade and petiole aro.
distinguishable in the floral leaves, especially
in the petals. The blade or expanded part
is here called limb or lamina ; the petiolar
part, when narrowed into a stalk, is called
the claiv.
454. Nature of the sepals. The sepals
are more generally sessile, like bud-scales,
and appear to represent the leaf-stalk only,
with margins dilated like a sheathing petiole.
In confirmation of this view, we find in some
flowers, as the paeony and rose, the lamina
also developed, but smaller than the petiolar
part.
455. Forms of petals. In form or out-
line there is a general resemblance between
the limb and the leaf. It is ovate, oval,
lanceolate, obcordate, orbicular, etc. In
margin it is generally entire. Some peculiar
forms, however, should be noticed, as the
bilobate petal of the chickweed, the pinna-
tifid petal of mitrewort, the inflected petal
of the Umbeliferae, the fan-shaped petal of
pink, the fringed (fimbriate) petal of cam-
pion (silene stellata), the hooded sepal of
Napellus, the saccate petal of Calceolaria,
Cypripedium.
456. Nectary. The limb is, moreover,
often distorted into a true nectary, spurred,
as already shown (§ 434), or otherwise de-
formed, as in Napellus, Coptis, etc.
Forms of petals. 294, Butter-
onp, showing the scale at base.
W5. Mignonette, fringed at top.
996, Silene stellata, fringed and
UDgniciilate. 297, Flower of
OHinorhizu longistylis, petals in-
fected. 298, Flower of Mitella
diphvlla, petals pectinate-pinna-
tifld. 299, Petal of Oerastium
natau, S-olefU
THr. FLORAL ENTELOPS, OR PERIANTH.
98
457. Union. We Lave seen that the floral organs are often in va-
rious ways united. Considering their crowded state in the flower, we
rather wonder that they do not always coalesce in their growth.
458. The calyx with united sepals was called by the eaily botanists
monoisepalous ; the corolla with united petals was called tnonopetaloun
{jxovog, one — from the false idea that such an organ consisted of a sin-
gle piece or leaf!). Opposed to these terms were polypetalous {jrokvg^
many), petals distinct, and polysepalous, sepals distinct.
459. The monosepalous calyx, or monopetalous corolla, al-
though thus compounded of several pieces, is usually described as a
simole organ, wheel-shaped, cup-shaped, tubular, according to the de-
grto of cohesion. The lower part of it, formed by the united claws,
whether long or short, is the tube ; the upper part, composed of the
confluent laminae, is the border or limb ; the opening of the tube above
is the throat.
460. The border is either lobed, toothed, crenate, etc., by the dis-
tinct ends of the pieces composing it, as in the calyx of pink, the calyx
and corolla of Primula, Phlox, and bellwort, or it may become by a
complete lateral cohesion, entire, as in morning-glory. Here the com
pound nature of the organ is shown by the seams alone.
800, Flower of Saponaria (bouncing bet) ; petals and claws quite distinct. 3(il, Phlox; clawl
united, with lamina distinct. 302, 8i)igelia (pink-root), petals still further united. 808, Quamo-
clit coccinea, petals united throughout.
461. A terminal cohesion, where summit as well as sides are
joined forming a cap rather than cup, rarely occurs, as in the calyx of
the garden Escholtzia and the corolla of the grape.
462. The modcs of adhesion are various and important, furnishing
some of the most valuable distinctive characters. An organ is said to
be adherent when it is conjoined with some dissimilar organ, as stamen
with pistil. All the organs of our typical flower are described as /reft
$^
%
04
TUB FLORAL ENVELOPS, OK PERIANTH.
P;
m'i
ft
'Sf.
463. Htfooynous (vttw, under, yvvq, pistil) ia an adjective term in
frequent use, denoting that the organs are inserted into the receptacle
under or at the base of the free pistil or
ovary. It is, therefore, not applicable lo the
pistil itself. Thus the outer organs of butter-
cups are hypogynous. 806
805
804 807 808
Section of flowers. 304, Jeffersonta diphylla, hypogynous. 805, Viola rotnndifolia. 808
Phaseoliis multilloriis (bean, organs spirally twisted). 307, Pyrus (Pear), perigynous ; ovaries
nearly inclosed. 808, Prunus (plum) ; ovary not inclosed.
464. Perigynous (rrept, around) denotes that the organ is inserted
on the calyx-tube around the free ovary. Thus in Phlox the stamens
are inserted on the tube of the corolla. In cherry both stamens and
petals are (apparently) inserted on the calyx-tube. The calyx can never
be perigynous.
465. Epigyngus (cnl, upon) denotes that all the organs are appa-
rently inserted upon the ovary, as seen in the apple, caraway, sunflower.
The common phrases " calyx superioi*," " ovary inferior," have the same
signification as calyx epigynous, all implying the apparent insertion
of the organs upon or above the ovary.
466. There is also another set op terms in use, of the same application,
founded upon a more modern view of the floral structure, viz., "calyx adherent,"
" ovary adherent." "Which is the better form of expression will depend upon our
location of the receptacle-
AAA
THE FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANlK.
810
96
811
809, Rlbes aureum (Missouri Currant) ; stamens and petals p«riff. ; ovary inferior. aiO, Sasl-
fiaga Virgiuiensis ; hall' superior. 811, Fuchsia gracilis (Ear-drop); inferior; stamens «pij>e-
titlons.
467. In the cases above cited, it is commonly taught that the receptacle is \o-
cated at the base of tlie ovary, and that all the organs thence arising are adherent
to its sides. Another doctrine is alsc* taug'it, viz., that the receptacle itself may be
elevated and become perigynous or epigynous, or, in other words, the ovary may be
imbedded in the foot-stalk. That it is so in the rose ( 289 ) we can hardly doubt.
The so-called calyx-tube of the cherry, peacli, is certainly an analogous structure,
more expanded, and so is the more contracted " calyx tube" of the apple, pome-
granate. The analogy extends throughout the Kosewort;!, and perhaps still further.
468. Calvx HALF-SUPERIOR. Calyx inferior or free, ovary superior
or free, are all phrases of the same import as calyx hypogynous. Be-
tween the two conditions, calyx interior and calyx superior, there are
numerous gradations, of which one only is defined, to wit, calyx half-
superior, as exemplified in the mock orange (and 310.)
469. Special forms of the perianth, whether calyx, corolla, or both, have
been named and described. "We may arrange them thus : —
Polypbtalous, regular — Cruciform, rosaceous, caryophyllaceous, liliaceous. Ir-
regular — papilioaaceous, orchidaceous.
MoNOP^iTALOUs, regular mostly — rotate, cup-shaped, campanulate, urceolate, fun-
nel-form, salver-form, tubular. Irregular — ligulate, labiate.
470. Cruciform (crux^ a cross) or cross-shaped, implies that four
long clawed, spreading petals stand at riffht angles to each other, as in
the flowers of the mustard family (Crnciferfe) in general.
471. Rosaceous, rose-like ; a flower with five short-clawed, spread-
ing petals.
472. Caryophtllaceous, pink-like ; a five-petaled corolla, with long,
erect claws and spreading laminte.
473. Liliaceous, like the lily ; a flower with a six leaved perianth,
each leaf gradually spreading so as to resemble, as a whole, the funnel'
fonn.
i
06
w-
%
THE KLURAL ENVKLOI'S, OR PERIANTH.
tlS S14 815
Forms of corollas. 812, Cheiranthus (stock). 813, SUene regiii (scarl.^t catchfly). 314, Pyrin
coronaria. 316, Amaryllis (Atainasco lily).
474. Papilionaceous, butterfly-sliaped ; a corolla consisting of five
dissimilar petals, designated thus : the upper, largest, and exterior pe-
tal is the banner (vexillum) ; the two lateral, half-exterior, are the wings
(alee) ; the two lower, interior petals, often united at their lower mar-
gin, are the keel [carina). The flowers of the pea, locust, clover, and
of the great family of the Leguminosae in general are examples.
8l«
817
818
818, Papilionaceous flower of the Pea. 817, Displayed ; d, the vexillum ; a, a, the alse ; c, c, the
carinie. 318, Section of flower of Dicentra GucuUaria.
475. Rotate, wheel-shaped or star-shaped, is a monpetalous form,
with tube very short, if any, and a flat, spreading border, as the calyx
of chickweed, corolla of Trientalis, elder. It is sometimes a little ir-
regular, as in mullein.
476. Cup-shaped, with pieces cohering into a concave border, as in
the calyx of mallows, corolla of Kalmia, etc.
477. Campanulate or bell-shaped ; when the tube widens abruptly
at base and gradually in the border, as in the harebell, Canterbury bell.
THK KLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PKKIANTH.
97
478. Urceolate, urii-sliapeil ; an obloui^ or globular corolla with a
narrow opening, as the whortleberry, heatb.
479. Funnel-form (infundibulitbrin), narrow tubular below, gradu-
ally enlarging to the border, as morning-glory.
480. Salveh-fokm (hypocraterit'orm), the tube ending abruptly in a
horizontal border, as iu Phlox, Petuuia, both of which are slightly ir-
regular.
481. Tubular, a cylindraceous form spreading little or none at the
border, as the calyx of the pink, corolla of tlie honeysuckle. It is
often a little curved. Tubular flowers arc common in tlie Composita},
as the thistle, sunflower, when they arc often associated with
482. LiGULATE (ligula, a little tongue), apparently formed by the
splitting of the tubular on one side. The notches at the end plainly
indicate the number of united petals composing it, as also do the paral-
lel, longitudinal seams.
483. Labiate, bilabiate, lip-shaped, resembling the mouth of an ani-
mal. This very common form results from the unequal union of the
parts, accompanied with other irregularities. In the labiate corolla
three petals unite more or less to form the lower lip, and two to form
tlie upper. In the calyx, when bilabiate, this rule is reversed, accord-
Forms of corollns. 818, Campnnula Americana; rotate. 319, Campanula dlvaricata. 820
Andromeda, urceolate. 821, Convolvulus (morning-glory). 822. Petunia. 828, Lonicera eem-
pervirens (honeysucltle). 824, Dandelion ; ligulate corolla (c), !5-toothed ; a, five antiiers united
into a tube around », the style. 82.\ Synnndra grandiflora, ringent, upper lip 2-lobed, lower
8-lobed. 826, Llnarla (yellow inapdragon), personate. 827, Cypripedlum acaule, orchidaceous.
7
98
THB FLUHAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH.
ing to the law of alternation of organs ; two sepals are united in the
lower lip and three in the upper, as seen in the sage and the Labiate
Order generally. Labiate tlowers are said to be galeate or helnieted
when the upper lip is concave, as in catmint ; ringent or gaping when
the throat or mouth is wide open ; personate or masked when the throat
is closed as with a palate^ like the snapdragon.
484. Orchidaceous, a form of the perianth peculiar to the Orchis
with that large and singular tribe in general. It is a 6-parted double
perianth, very irregular, characterized chiefly by its lip (labellum),
which is the upper petal (lower by the twisting of the ovary) enlarged
r.nd variously deformed.
Certam reduced forms of the perianth require notice ht^re :
485. Pappus [ndmrog, grandfatlier, alluding to his gray hairs) is a
term applied to the hair-like calyx of the florets of the Compositae and
other kindred orders. The florets of this order are collected into
heads so compactly that the calyxes have not room for expansion in
th 3 ordinary way. The pappus is commonly persistent and often in-
creases as the fruit matures, forming a feathery sail to waft away the
seed through the air, as in the dandelion and thistle. It varies greatly
in form and size, as seen in the cuts, sometimes consisting of scafex,
sometimes of hairs, again of feathers or bristles. Sometimes it is
mounted on a stipe, which is the beak of the fruit.
380
888
.S32
Cypsela (incorrocUy culled achenium) of tho Conipositro, with various forms of piippus. 82*,
Eolii)tii piocumbens, no papi)iis. 329, Ambrosia triflda. 830,lleliantliu» grosse-serratus, pappus
2-awni',ii. 331. Agerntiun conlzoides. pappus of five scales. 8.3'i, Mulgedium, capillary pappus
— cypsi'la slightly rostrate. 833, Lactuca elongata, rostrate cypsola.
486. Other reductions. Again, the calyx or the limb of the calyx
is reduced to a mere rim, as seen in the Umbelliferae. In the amenta-
ceous orders the whole perianth diminishes to a shallov cup, as in the
poplar, willow, or altogether disappears, as in tho birch, ash, lizard-tail.
(204-267).
487. SETiB, meanin'g bristles in general, is a term specifically used to
denote the reduced periantli of the sedges. In the bog-rush (Scirpus)
there is, outside the stamens, a circle of six setae, which doubtless rep-
resent a 6-Ieaved perianth. In the cotton-grass (Eriphorum) the seta3 are
multiplied and persistent on the fruit, becoming long and cotton-like.
THB FLORAL ENVELOPS, OR PERIANTH.
99
8Sfi
8S4
488. Perioynium is the name given
to the urceolate perianth of Carex, in-
vesting the ovary but allowing the style
to issue at its summit. It is evidently
composed of two united sepals.
489. Glumes and pales represent
the floral envelops, or rather the invo-
lucre of the Grasses. Their alternating
arrangement clearly distinguishes the n
from a perianth. They occur in pairs,
the smaller usually above. The glumes
envelop the spikelet, the pales the single
flower, and often within the pales are
two or three scales representing the
perianth, surrounding the stamens and
ovary, all which are illustrated in the
wheat. (196.)
490. The duration of the calyx and corolla varies widely, and is
marked by certain general terms. It is caducous when it falls ott' im-
mediately, as the calyx of poppy, corolla of grape ; deciduou • when it
falls with the stamens, as in most plants ; and persistent if it remain
until the fruit ripens, as the calyx of apple. If it continue to grow
after flowering, it is accrescent, and if it wither without falling oft' it is
marescent.
334, Flower of Sclrpus lacustris, inasr-
nilieil ; consistins t/f six setie, tlircc sta-
mens, three pistils united, except the
stignm.s. 335, Flower of Carex rivuliiris
9 , with (I, iis gluii'ie, p, its bottle-sliapcd
perigyniuni, 2-tootiie(l at top, envelop-
ing the triple ovary ; stigmas, three.
» > ♦ »«
CHAPTER XII.
OF THE ESSENTIAL ORGANS.
§ THE STAMENS, OR ANDRGECIUM.
491. Position. Within the safe inclosure of the floral envelops
stand the essential organs — the stamens and pistils, clearly distinguisli-
able from the perianth by their more slight and delicate forms, and
from each other by various marks. In the complete flower the androe-
cium next succeeds the corolla in the order of position, being the third
Bet, counting from the calyx.
492. A PERFECT STAMEN cousists of two parts — the filament, corre-
sponding with the petiole of the typical leaf, and the anther, answering
to the blade. Within the cells of the anther the pollen is produced, a
substance essential to the fertility of the flower. Hence the anther
alone is the essential part of the stamen.
•k jW
100
THE STAMENS, OR ANDRdCIUlf.
*!
Audrcrciuin (iind gyncccium) of Frnnkenia (after Peyer). 337, Stamen (adnate) of morning-
plory. 338, Saiiiu enlarged, with pollen grains discharged ; /, filament ; a, ii, anther, 2-lobed ; c,
top of the connectile. 839, Itanunculus. 340, Same, cut transversely. 341, Iris cut transversely
(extrorse). 342, Amaryllis, versatile. 343, Larkspur, innate. 344, Same, cut.
493. The filament (Jilum, a thread) is the stalk supporting the
anther at or near its top. It is ordinarily slender and filiform, yet
firmly sustaining itself with the anther in position. Sometimes it is
capillary and pendulous with its weight, as in the Grasses.
494. The anther is regularly an oblong body at the summit of the
filament, composed of two hollow parallel lobes joined to each other and
to the filament by the connectile. In front of the connectile, loitking
toward the pistil, there is usually a furrow ; on its back a ridge, and on
the face of each lobe a seam, the usual place of dehiscence or opening,
all running parallel with the filament and connectile.
Tlio stamen, as thus described, may bo considered regular or typical in form, and
is well exemplified in that of tlie buttercup (Fig. 339). But the variations of struc-
ture are aa remarkable hero as in other organs, depending on circumstances like the
following —
495. AxTACHAfENT OF FILAMENT TO ANTHER. This may occur in three ways.
The anther is said to bo innate when it ''lands centrally erect on the top of the fila«
ment, adnate when it seems attached to one side of the filament, versatile when
connected by a single point in tlio back to the top of tlie filament.
496. Dehiscence, or tlio modes of opening, are also three, viz., valvxilar, where
the seam opens vertically its whole length, which is the usual way; porous where
the colls open by a chink or pore usually at t!i0 top, as in Rhododendron and po-
tato ; opercular when by a lid opening upward, as in sassafras, berberis. (346.)
•197. The facing of the anther is also an important character. It is infrorse
when the lines of deiiiaconco look toward the pistil, as in violet ; extrorse when
they look outward toward the corolla, aa in Iris.
498. The connectile is usually a nioro prolongation of the filament, terminating,
not at the base, but at the top of the anther. If it fall short, the antlier will be
emarginate. Sometimes it outruns the author and tips it with a terminal append-
age of some sort, as in violet, oleander, Paris. Again, its base may be diluted into
Hpurs, aa in two of the stamens of violet.
499. Dimidiate anther. If the connectile be laterally dilated, as we see gra.
dually dono in the various spocios of tho Labiate Order, the lobea of the anther
will bo separated, forming two dimidiate anthers (lialved nnthors) on one filatneut,
u£ in »ige, Pruoella. Such are, of course, 1-colled, (351.)
THE STAMENS, OU ANDRECIUM.
101
849 346 S47 848 34!)
Peculiar forms of stamens. 845, Pyrola rotuidifolia ; p, dehiscence by pores at top, 3.'M)
Vaccinium uliginosum ; p, dehiscence. 847, Beiberis aquifoliiun, anthers opening (.S4fi) by
valves upward. 848, Anther of Violet, Introrse, with ar appendage at top. 349, Oleander, sagit-
tate, api)en(laged. 364, Catalpa, lobes of anther separated. 351, Sage, lobes of anther widely
separiited, on stipes ; &, barren lobe without pollen. 852, Mulva, anther 1 -celled. 853, Ephedra
(after Peyer), anther 4-celled.
500. The cells of the anthers are at first commonly four, all
parallel, becoming two only at maturity. In some plants the four are
retaineJ, as in the anthers of Ephedra. (353.) In others, as mallows,
all the cells coalesce into one. (352.)
501. Appendages of many kinds distinguish the stamens of different species.
In the Ericaceae there are horns, spurs, tails, queues, etc. In onions and garlic the
lilament is 2 or 3-forked, bearing the anther on one of the tips. Sometimes a pair
of appendages appear at base, as if stipulate. It is often conspicuously clothed with
kairs, as in Tradescantia.
856 863 MO 861
F«e»itlal orf^ans. 386, Rhododendron, five stamens («), on« pistil (p), oblique or slightly Ir-
regular. 357, Flower of .Asculus (Buckeye), regular, 6-tootbed calyx (c), *'ery irregular 4-p«-
taled corolla, seven stamens unequal, one style («). 859, Flower of Hydrastis; «, sepals decidu-
ous. 860, dame, showing the distinct pistils and one stamen remaining. 861, Anemone thallo-
trolde^ the gynoerium of distinct, ribbed aohani*. 866, Trillium, tiz stkinenB (a), three pistili
(p). 358, Stapbylea trtfolia.
I
102
THE STAMENS, OR ANDRECIUM.
502. Staminodia, or sterile filaments with iboitive anthers or none, occur singly
in many of tlie Pigworts and Labiates, or in entire whorls next within the petals,
alternating with them, as in loose-strife ; in all cases restoring the symmetry of tlie
flowers. They are generally reduced in size, as in Scrophularia, rarely enlarged, as
iu beardtongue (Pentstemon).
503. 'VuE NUMUER of the stamens is said to be dcjlnite when not ex-
ceeding twenty, as is sometimes definitely expressed by such terras as
follow, compounded by the Greek numerals, viz., monandrous, having
one stamen to each flower ; diandrous, with two stamens ; 2)entandrouii,
with five stamens. If the number exceeds twenty, it is said to be in-
definite (denoted thus, c: ) or polyandrous.
504. The position or insertion of the stamens (§ 463) maybe more
definitely stated here, as hypoijynouK, on the receptacle below the ovaries ;
perigynoas^ on the calyx around the ovary ; epipetalous, on the corolla,
as in Phlox ; epiyynous, on the ovary at its summit, and gynandrous
{yvvrf^ pistil, dvdpeg^ stamens) on the pistil, that is, when the stamens
are adherent to the style, as in Orchis,
605. Inequality in length is definitely marked in two cases, as
tetradynamous (re-rpagj four, dvvafiig, power) when the stamens are
six, whereof four are longer than the other two, as in all the Crucifers ;
didynamous, where the stamens are four, two of them longer than the
other two, as in all the Labiates, etc.
866 8C5 864 863 862
r
M2, Colllnsia verna: / a flower enlarged, cut, showing the slightly dtdynamous stamens, etc.
8«8, Stamens (diadelphous) of a Leguminous plont. 864, Stamens (syngeneBlous) of a Com-
posito ; /, filaments distinct ; a, anthers united ; «, stigmas revolute, etc. 366, Tt-tradynamous
•tiimeusof a Cruoll'er. 866, Gynandrous column of Cypripedlum ; o, ovary; r, torus; », sterile
■tuuien ; a, two pollioia ; c, stigma.
606. Cohesion is as frequent with stamens as with petals. They
are monadelphous (d6eX<f>6g^ a brother) when they are all united, as in
mallow, into one set or brotherhood by the filaments ; diadelphom in
two sets, whether equal or unequal, as in pea, squirreJ-corn ; polyadel-
I: I
THE STAMENS, OR ANDRECIUM.
103
phous, many sets, as in St. John'swort ; and syngenesiouSy when they
are united by their anthers, as in the Compositje. Finally,
507. The absence of the stamens altogetlier, whether by abortion,
as in the 9 flowers of Veratrum, or by suppression, as in oak, occurs
in various modes, rendering the plant monoecious (6* ), dioecious ( 5 ? ),
or pv^lygamous ( <5 ^ ¥ )> as already explained (§ 421).
508. The pollen is in appearance a small, yellow dust, contained in
the cells of the anther. When viewed with the microscope it appears
as grains of various forms, usually spheroidal, or oval, sometimes tri^
angular or polyhedral, but always of the same form and appearance in
the same species. Externally they are curiously, and often elegantly
figured with stripes, bands, dots, checks, etc.
871
Pollen grains. 367, Pinus larlco. 368, Basella rubra. 869, Ranunculus repeis.
mus grandidorus. 371, Passiflora incarnata.
509. Each grain of pollen is a mem-
branous cell or sack containing a fluid.
Its coat is double, the outer is more thick
and firm, exhibiting one or more breaks
where the inner coat, which is very thin
and expansible, is uncovered. In the fluid
are suspended molecules
of inconceivable minute-
ness, said to possess a tre-
mulous motion. When
the membrane is exposed
to moisture it swells and
bursts, discharging its
contents. g^a, Section of the Passion-flower (Passiflora cwrulea);
610. PoLLINIA. In R, bracts of the involucre; «, sepals ; p, petals; <»,«, statnl
the Orchids and Silkweed nl'imas'*''"''' ^'"'"'"'' ' "''"'*" "' """'''' '^'''^'""«"*'
'ii\
m
104
THE PISTILS, OR OYNOICIUM.
ti'ibe, the pollen grains do not separate as into a dust or powder,
but all cohere into masses called pollinia, accompanied by a viscid
fluid.
THE PISTILS, OR GYNCFCIUM.
511. POSITION. The GyncEcium occupies the center of the flower at
the termination of the axis. It consists regularly of a circle of distinct
pistils, (§ 406), symmetrical in number with the other circles. It is
subject to great variation. The pistil may be ul^tinct and simple, as in
columbine, or coherent in various degrees into a compound body, as in
St. John's v.ort.
8T9 376
Pistils. 372, Sympliytum, basilar style, ovary 4-parteil. 371, ? Fl. of EmbltcR (Euphorbia-
cere), branching styles. 373, Mirabilis Jalapa, globular stlg. 377, Fl. ot Luzula, stigmas linear.
874, Feathery stigmas of a grass. 379, Stigmas of Aster. 376, Rumex. 376, Poppy. 878, Filiform
stigma of Zea Mays, (Corn).
512. Exception. Also instead of being free and superior, as it regu-
larly should be, it may adh jre to the other circles, as already explained
(§ 462), and become inferior, that is, apparently placed below the
flower, as in the currant.
513. The number of tlie pistils is by no means confined to the ra-
dical of the flower. They may be increased by multiples, becoming a
fipiral on a lengthened receptacle, as in tulip-tree, or still remaining a
circle, as in poppy. On the other hand they may be reduced in num-
ber often to one, as in cherry, pea. Certain terms are employed to
denote the number of pistils in the flower, such as monogynous, with
one pistil, trigonous, with three, polygynotis, with many, etc.
614. The simple pistil may usually be known from the compound,
by its one-sided forms — having two sides similar and two dissimilar. If
the pistils appear di.stinct, they are all simple, never being united into
more than one set, as tlie stamens often are.
THE PISTILS, OR GYNtECIUM.
105
615. The parts of a simple pistil are three, the ovary at base, th«
ttigma at the summit, and the style^ intervening. Like the filament
the style is not essential, and when it is wanting, the stigma is sessile
upon the ovary, as in crowfoot. In order to understand the relation of
these parts we must needs first study
516. The morphology of the pistil. As before stated, (§ 380), the
pistil consists of a modified leaf called a carpel {Kapvoq, fruit), or carpel-
lary leaf. This leaf is folded together (induplicate) toward the axis, so
tliat the upper surface becomes the inner, while the lower becomes the
outer surfac ) of the ovary. By this arrangement two sutures or seams
will be formed, the dorsal, at the back by the midvein, the ventral, i-i
front by the joined margins of the leaf.
o7S bis
oVi bis iJSO 381
3S2
y&ti
3S4
;jsj
885, Simple pistil of Strawberry, the stylo lateral. 86, Simple pistil of Crowfoot, out to
show the ovule. 380, Snuiiie pistil of the Cherry. 38i, Verticiil section showing the ovnlo (c),
style (>(), stigma {a). 382, Cross-section of the same. 884, ("ompound pistil of Sprinsr-beaiity.
883, Cross-section of tlie same sliowing the 3 cells of the ovary. 378, Expanded carpdlary leaf
of the double cherry. 379, Tlie same partly folded as if to form a pistil.
617. TiiLUSTRATiON. This view of the pistil is remarkably confirmed and illus-
trated by the flowers of the double cherry, wlicre the pistil may be seen in every
degree of transition, reverting toward the form of a leaf. This carpellary leaf
stands in the place of the pi,stil, having tlie edges infolded toward each other, the
midvein prolonged and dilated at the apex.
518. If this be compared with the pistil of the cherry seen in the figure (.378,
379), no doubt can bo entertained that the two sides of the leaf correspond to tho
walls of tho ovary, the margins to tho ventral suture, tho midvein to the dorsal su-
ture, and the lengthened apex to tho style and stigma. Sometimes tlie flower con-
tains two such leaves, which always present their faces toward each other. This
corresponds to the position of tho true carpels, in which the ventral sutures of both
are contiguous.
519. The doctrine deduced. Many other plants, as tho rose, Anemone, Ranun-
culus, flowering almond, exhibit simihir transformations of the pistil, making it prob-
able that it is formed upon the same plan in all plants. The ovary, therefore, is the
blade of a leaf; folded into a sack ; the style is tho length med apex folded into a
tube ; the stigma, a thickened and denuded portion of the upper margin of the
leaf.
<4H
.V.,!
106
THE PISTILS, OR OTNCECIUM.
U4*'
mi
520. Tna PLACENTiB are iisually prominent lines or ridges extending
along the ventral suture within the cell of the ovary, and bearing the
ovules. They are developed at each of the two edges of the carpellary
leaf, and are consequently closely parallel when those edg, s are united,
forming one double placenta in the cell of each ovary.
521. The simple carpel, with all its pai*s, is completely exemplified in thepesfc-
pod. When this is laid open at the ventral a>.^uro, the leaf form becomes manifest,
.vith the peas (ovules) arranged in an alternate order along each margin, so as to
form but one row when the pod is closed. In the pod of columbine the ovules form
two distinct rows ; in the simple plum carpel each margin bears a single ovule, and
in the one-ovuled cherry only one of the margins is fruitful.
522. The stigma is the glandular orifice of the ovary, communicat-
ing with it either directly or through the tubiform style. It is usually
globular and terminal, often linear and lateral, but subject to great va-
riations in form. It is sometimes double or halved, or 2-lobed, even
when belonging to a single carpel or to a simple style, as in Linden,
where these carpels are surmounted by three pairs of stigmas.
523. The compound pistil consists of the united circle of pistils,
just as the monopetalous corolla consists of the united circle of petals.
The union occurs in every degree, always commencing at the base of
the ovary and proceeding upward. Thus in columbine we see the car-
pels (pistils) quite distinct ; in early saxifrage cohering just at base ; in
pink as far as the top of the ovaries, with styles distinct ; in evening
primrose to the top of the styles, with stigmas distinct ; and in Rhodo-
dendron the union is complete throughout.
88T 888 389 390 391 392 893
887, Ovary (follicle) of Larkspur, composed of single carpellary leaf. 388, Ovaries of the Col-
umbine, five, contiguous but distinct 889, Compound ovary of Hypericum, of carpels united
below with disUnct styles. .S90, Ovary of another Hypericum of three carpels completely united.
301, Ovary of Flax ; carpels five, united below, distinct above. 392, Dianthus (Pinlc). 393,
Sasifrnga.
524. To determine the number of carpels in a compound ovary
is an important matter. It may be known, 1, by the number of styles;
2, by the number of free stigmas (remembering that these organs are
liable to be halved, § 622); 3, by the lobes, angles, or seams of the
ovary ; 4, by the cells ; 6, by the placenta.
THE PISTILS, OR 0> NECIUM.
107
525. Two MODES OF COHESION in the carpellary circle greatly affect
the structure of the ovary and fruit. First and regularly, the carpels
may be closed as when simple, and conjoined by their sides and fronts,
as in lily and marsh mallow. In this case,
1, The compound ovary will have as many cells as carpels.
2, The partitions between the cells, i. e., the dissepiments {dissejno,
to separate) will each be double, will meet in the center, will be verti-
cal and alternate with the stigmas.
3, The single carpel can have no true dissepiment. If any ever
occur it is regarded as spurious, being a membranous expansion of the
dorsal suture or the placentae, as in flax.
4, The placentae as well as the ventral Siiture will be axial, and the
dorsal suture on the outer wall, opposite the stigmas.
526. Again, the carpels may each be open and conjoined by their
edges, as the petals in a monopetalous corolla. So it is in the com-
pound ovary of the violet, rock-rose. In tins case,
1, There will be no dissepiment (unless spurious, as in the Cruciferae),
and but one cell.
2, The placentae of each carpel will be separated and carried back
to the wall of the ovary, i. e., they will become parietal (paries,
a wall.)
527. Intermediate conditions. Between the two conditions of axile (or cen-
tral) and parietal placentas we find all degrees of transition, as illustrated in the
ditt'erent species of St. John'swort, and in poppy, where the inflected marpins of
*he carpels carry the placentae inward, well
/ n.'gh to the axis. Moreover, tbo placentae
l/l/l are not always mere marginal lines, but
894 896 896 897
897, Flower of Dodecatheon Meadla. 894, Vertical section showing the free central placenta.
895, Vertical section of Lucojum (Snow-flake). 896, Cross section of ovary.
m
.■8 'lA
108
THE OVULES.
•n
often wide spaces covering large portions of ihe walla of the cell, aa in poppy,
water-lily, and in other cases, as Dutura, thoy become large and tieshy, nearly till-
Jug the cell.
528. A FREE AAiLK PLACRNTA, without (lissepiments, occurs in some
compound, ouc-ccUed ovaries, as in the pink and primrose orders. This
anomaly is explained in two ways : first, by the obliteration of the early
formed dissepiments, as is actually seen to occur in the pinks ; secondly,
by supposing the placenta to be, at least in some cases, an axial rather
than a marginal growtii ; that is, to grow from the point of the axis
ratlier than from the margin of the carpellary leaf, for in primrose no
dissepiments ever appear.
404 808 406
898. Sainolus Valerandi, section of flower showing the free axile placenta. 399, Ovary or
Bcrophulariiiceae. 400, Ovary of Tulip. 401, Cross-section of ovary of Flux, 5-eelled, falsely
10-celled. 402, Ovary of Violet, 1-celleiL 403, Ovary of Fuchsia, 4-celled. 404, Ovary of rock-
rose, 1-celled, 5-carpelled. 405 Gentianacete, 2-valved, 1-celled.
529. A. FEW PECULIAR FORMS of the Style and stigma are worthy of note in our
narrow limits, as the lateral style of strawberry, the basilar style or the Lahintae
and Borrageworts, the branching style of Emblica, one of the Euphorbiacea; ; also,
530. The globular stigma of Mirabilis; the linear stigma of Gyromia; the
feathery stigma of grasses ; the filiform stigma of Indian corn ; the lateral stigma
of Aster; the petaloid stigmas of Iris ; the hooded stigma of violet (371 — 379).
531. Stigma wanting. In the pine, cedar, and the Coniferae generally, both the
style and stigma are wanting, and the ovary is represented only by a flat, open,
carpellary scale bearing the naked ovules at its base.
THE OVULES.
532. Their nature. Destined to become seeds in the fruit ovules
are understood to be altered buds. Tlicir development from the mar-
gins and inner surface of the carpel favors this view ; for the ordinary
leaves of Bryophyllum and some other plants do habitually produce
buds at their margin or on their upper surface; and in the mignonette
ovules themselves have been seen transformed into leaves.
THE OVULES.
ioy
415
416
417
414
412
411
410
406, Pistil of Cclosia, tlie pericarp (k'tiiclied shDwing the young ovules. 413, Flower of Rhu-
barb ; pericarp rciuoved siiowini: the young ovule. 407, A biniilar ovule (orthotropous) of
Polyironum. 40s. Tiie same, full fjrown ; foramen at top. 409, Section showing its two
coats, nucleus un<l sac. 410, Anatropous ovule, as of columbine; <i, foramen. 411, Section of
tiame. 412, ("aiupylotropous ovule, as of Bean; a, foramen. 414, Section of a cherry, ovule
anatropous, susitended. 41.% Section of carpel of Ranunculus; ovule ascending. 416, Seuecio;
•vule erect. 417, Ilippuris; ovule pendulous.
633. The number of ovules in the ovary varies from one to hun-
dreds. Thus in buttercups, Coinpositae and grasses the ovule is solitary;
in Unibeliferae it is also solitary in each of the two carpels; in the Pea
Order they are definite, being but few ; in Mullein, Poppy, indefinite^ oo),
too many to be readily counted.
534. The position of the ovule in the cell is defined by certain
terms as follows; erect, when it grows upwards from the base of the
cell, as in Compositae ; ascending, when it turns upwards from its point
of lateral attachment; horizontal, when neither turning upwards nor
downwards ; pendulous, when turned downwards, and suspended, when
growing directly downwards from the top of the cell, as in birch. (415,
416, 417, 419).
535. The ovule at the time of flowering is soft and pvdpy,
consisting of a nucleus within two coats, supported on a stalk. The
stalk is cd.Wk'iX funiculus ; the point of its juncture with the base of the
nucleus is the chalaza. The nucleus was first formed, then the legmen
or inner coat grew up from the chalaza and covered it, and lastly the
outer coat, the testa, invested the whole. Both coats remain open at
the top by a small passage, the micropyle.
636. Change of position. Il most cases the ovule, in the course
of its growth, changes position, curving over in varion de^;rees upon its
lengthening funiculus or upon itself. When no such curvature exists,
and it stands straight, as in the buckwheat order, it is orthotropous. It is
(, m
110
THE FRUIT.
537. Anatropous when completely inverted. In this state a i>ur-
tion of the funiculus adheres to the testa, fonning a ridge called raphe,
reachini; from the chalaza to the h'dum.
638. It 18 CAMPYLOTROPOU8 wheu curved upon itself. In this state
the niicropyle is brought near to the chalaza, and both are next the
placenta, as in the pinks and Cruciferse.
539. Amphithopous when half inverted, so that its axis becomes
parallel with the placenta, as in mallow. Here the raphe exists, but
is short. In catnpylotropous there is no raphe.
The ovule contains no young plant (embryo) yet; but a cavity, the
embryo sac, is already provided to receive it just witliin the upper end
of the nucleus.
540. The relations of the ovule to the pollen grain will be more suit-
ably discussed hereafter under the head of fertilization. We briefly remark here
that the immediate contact of the two is brought about at the time of flowering by
special arrangements ; and that, as the undoubted result of their combined action,
the embryo soon after originates in the embryo sac.
CHAPTER XIII.
mv-
THE FRUIT.
641. Its origin. After having imbibed the pollen which the an-
thers have discharged, the pistil or its ovary continues its growth and
enlargement, and is finally matured in the form of the peculiar fruit
of the plant. The fruit is, therefore, properly speaking, the ovarxj
brought to perfection.
542. State op the other parts in fruit. The other organs of the flower,
having accomplished their work, the fertilization of the ovary, soon wither and fall
away, -.ome of them, however, often persist, to protect or become blended with
the ripening fruit. Thus the tube of the superior calyx {§ 446) always blends with
the ovary in fruit, as in currant, cucumber, apple, etc. In Compositae the persi.stoiit
limb enlarges into the pappus of the fruit. In buttercups tiie fruit is beaked with
the siiort, persistent style. In Clematis, Geum, it is caudate (tailed) with the long,
growing style. In the Potato tribe, Labiata;, and many others, the inferior calyx
continues to vegetate like leaves until the fruit ripens,
543. Consolidated fruit. In some cases the fruit, so-called, consists of tlio re-
ceptacle and ovaries blended, as in blackberry, strawberry. Again, in mulberry,
fig, pine-apple, the whole inflorescence is consolidated into the matured fruit.
544. A rule and exception. As a rule, the structure of the fruit
agrees essentially with that of the ovary. In many cases, liowever, the
fruit undergoes such changes in the course of its growth from the ovary
as to disguise its real structure. An early examination, therefore, is
always more reliable in its results than a late one.
PEKICAKP.
Ill
646. For sxample, tlie oak-acorn ia a fruit with but one cell and one st-ed, al-
though its ovary had three cells and six ovules 1 This singular change is due tu the
non-development of five of its ovules, whije the sixth grew the more rapidly, obhl-
crated the dissepiments by pressing them to the wall, and
filled the whole space itself. Similar changes characterisso
the chestnut, hazelnut, and that whole order. The ovary of
422
419
419
41S, Section of the ovary of an ncnrn. 3-celIed, 6-ovuled. 420, Section of ovary of Birch,
2-ce!le(l,2-ovulfd. 419, Vertical section ofthe same in frii't. 422. Perl-;'..rpor Mipniomtte open
soon after flowering. 421, Naked seed of Taxus Canadensis, durrounded, not, covered by the
fleshy pericarp.
the birch is 2-colled, 2-ovuled ; but by the suppression of one cell with its ovule,
the fruit becomes 1 -celled and 1-seeded.
546. On the other hand the cells are sometimes multiplied iu the fruit by the
formation of false partitions. Thus the pod of thorn-apple (Datura) becomes 4-celled
from a 2-celled ovary, and tiie longer pods of some leguminous plants havo cross
partitions formed between the seeds.
42S 427
428 425 424 423
Capsule, 427, of Scrophularia, 2-celled ; 42.S, of Datura Stramonium ; 425, of Iris ; 426, show-
ins its mode of dehiscence (loculicidal) ; 424, of Colchlcum, 3-celled. 42S, Regma, ripe fruit of
Geranium, the carpels (cocci) separating from the axis an<l bendini; upwards on the elastic styles.
PERICARP.
Wi
The fruit consists of the pericarp and the seed.
647. The pericarp {nepi, around) is the envelope of the seeds, con-
sisting of the carpels and whatever other parts they may be combined
with. It varies greatly in texture and substance when mature, being
112
PERICAKP.
then either dry, as the pea-pod, or succulent, as the currant. Dry peri-
carps are membranous, or coriaceous (leathery), or woody. Succulent
pericarps may be either wholly so, as the grape, or» partly sc, as the
peach and other stone fruit.
548. Pericarp closed or open. With very few exceptions the
pericarp encloses the seed while maturing. In mignonette (322),
however, it opens, exposing the seed, immediately after flowering. The
membranous pericarp of cohosh (Leoutice) falls away early leaving the
seed to ripen naked. In yew (Taxus) the seed is never enclosed wholly
by its fleshy pericarp ; but in most of the other Coniferae, the close-
pressed, carpellary scales cover the seeds. One-seeded fruits, like those
of butter-cups, etc., are liable to be mistaken for naked seeds.
549. Dehiscence. The fleshy pericarp is always indehiscent. Its
seeds are liberated only by its decay, or bursting in germination. So
also in many cases the dry pericarp, as the acorn. But more commonly
the dry fruit, when arrived at maturity, opens in some way, discharging
its seeds. Such fruits are dehiscent.
550. Modes. Dehiscence is either valvular, porous, or circumscis-
sile ; valvular, when the pericarp opens vertically along the sutures,
forming regular parts called valves. These valves may separate quite
to the base, or only at the top, forming teeth, as in chickweed. We
notice four modes of valvular dehiscence, viz. :
1, Sutural, when it takes place at the sutures of any 1 -celled peri-
carp, as columbine, pea, violet.
42» 480 481
Dehiscence ; 429, septlcidal ; 430, loculioidal ; 481, septifrngsl.
2, Septicidal {septum, partition, coedo, to cut), when it takes place
Uirough the dissepiments (which are double, § 525). The carpels thus
separated may open severally by sutures, (Mallows), or vemain inde-
hiscent, as in Vervain.
3, Zoculkidal {loculus, a cell, ccedo, to cut), when each carpel opens
at its dorsal suture directly into the cell (evening-primrose, lily). Here
the dissepiments come away attached to the middle of the valves.
4, Septifraffal {septum, and frango, to break), when the valves
separate from the dissepiments which remain still united in the axis
(Convolvulus).
PERICARP.
113
551. Porous dehiscence is exemplified in the poppy, where the seeds
escape by orifices near the top of the fruit. It is not common.
552. Circumsci3sile (circumscindOj to cut around), when the top
of the ovary opens or falls off like a lid, as in Jeffersonia, henbane,
plantain.
653. Carpophore. Some fruits, as the Gerania and Umbeliferae, are
furnished with a carpophore, that is, a slender column from the recep-
tacle, prolonged through the axis of the fruit, supporting the carpels.
554. The morphology of the pericvp is exceedingly diversified, but it will suf-
fice the learner at first to acquaint himself with the leading forms only, such as are
itidicated in the following synopsis and more definitely described afterward.
555. The following is a syuopsis of the principal forms of Pericarps.
§ 1. free fruits (formed bt a
* Pericarps indehiscent,
f With usually but one seed, and
X Uniform, or I -coated.
1. Separated from the seed.
2. Inflated, often breaking away.
3. Inseparable from the seed.
4. Investc I with a cupule (involucre).
5. Having wuiged appendages.
Double or triple-coated, fleshy or fibrous,
tt. Three-coated. Stone cell entire.
1. Two-coated. Stone cell 2-parted.
8. Drupes aggregated.
f WitL two or more seeds,
X Immersed in a fleshy or pulpy mass.
9. Rind membranous.
10. Rind leathery, separable.
11. Rind hard, crustaceous.
X Inclosed in distinct cells.
* Pericarps dehiscent.
12. Dehiscence circumscissile. seeds oo .
f Dehiscence valvular or porous ;
X Simple or 1 carpeled,
13. Opening by the ventral suture.
14. Openitig by both sutures.
16. Logutno jointed.
:j: Compound ppricarps;
16. Placentte parietal with two cells.
Sillquo short.
17. Placentae parietal only when 1-celled.
single flower).
Achenium (buttercups).
Utricle (pigweed).
Caryopsis (grasses).
Glans (oak).
Samara (ash).
Drupe (cherry).
Tryma (walnui).
Etaerio (raspberry).
Berry (gooseberry).
Hesperidium (orange)
Pepo (squash)
Pome (apple).
Pyxis (iienbane).
Follicle (columbine).
Legume (pea).
Loment (Desmodiuin)-
Silique (mustard).
Silicle (shepherd's purse).
Capsule (Hax).
18. Capsule with carpophf re and elastic styles. Regma (Geranium).
§ 2. confluent fruits (formed of an inflorescence).
• With open carpels aggregntod into a cone. Strobile (pine).
♦ With closed carpels aggregated into a mass, as in the fig, mulberry, Osago-orango,
pine-apple, etc.
8
r I!
114
PERICARP.
556. The achenium is a small, dry, indehiscent pericarp, free from
the one seed which it contains, and tipped with the remains of the
style (buttercups, Lithospermum).
557. The double achenium of the Umbelifera?, supported on a carpophore is called
cremocarp. The 2-carpeled achenium of the CompositaB, usually crowned with a
pappus, is called cypsela.
558. The aciienia are often mistaken for seeds. In the Labiatse and Bor-
rageworts they are associated in fours (372). In Geum, Anemone, etc., they are
collected in heads. The rich pulp of the strawberry consists wholly of the over-
grown receptacle, which bears the dry achenia on its surface. (440).
433 440 435 486 '
434 487 48S 439
432, Achenia of Anemone thalictroides 433, Cremocarp of Archangelica officinalis, its halves
{mtf'ocarps) separated and suspended on the carpophore. 434, Cypsela of Thistle with its
plumous pappus. 435, Utricle of Chenopodium (pijtweed). 436, Caryopsis of Wheat 437.
Samara of Elm. 43S, Qlans of Eeech. 439, Dru^je of Prunus. 440, Fruit of Fragaria Indica, a
fleshy torus liiie the strawberry.
559. The utricle is a small, thin, pericarp fitting; loosely upon its
one seed, and often opening transversely to dischyrg'; r,. (pigweed,
prince's feather).
i>60. Caryopsis, the grain or fruit of the grasses, is : thin, dry, 1-
seedod pericarp, inseparable from the seed.
601. Samara; dry, 1-seeded, indehiscent, furnished with a mem-
branous wing or wings (ash, elm, maple).
662. Glans or nut ; hard, dry, indehiscent, commonly 1-seeded by
suppression (§ 646), and invested with a persistent involucre called a
eupxile, either solitary (acorn, hazelnut) or several together (chestnut,
beechnut).
663. Drupe, stone-fruit ; a 3-coated, 1-celled, indehiscent pericarp,
exemplified in the cherry, peach. The outer coat (epidermis) is called
the epicarp, the inner is the nucleus or endocarp^ hard and stony ; the
intervening pulp or fleshy coat is the sarcocarp (dap^, flesh). These
coats are not distinguishable in the ovary.
PRRICABP.
IIT)
564. Tryma, a kind of dryish drupe, 2-coated, the epicarp tibro-
fleshy (butternut) or woody (hickory), the nucleus bony with its cell
often deeply 2-parted (cocoa-nut).
565. Et^rio, an aggregate fruit consisting of numerous little drupes
united to each other (raspberry) or to the fleshy receptacle (black-
berry).
566. Berry, a succulent, thin-skinned pericarp holding the seeds
loosely imbedded in the pulp (currant, grape).
567. Hesperidium a succulent, many-carpeled fruit, the rind thick,
leathery, separable from the pulpy mass within (orange, lemon).
668. Pepo, an indehiscent, compound, fleshy fruit, with a hardened
rind and parietal placenta) (melon).
569. The pome is a fleshy, indehiscent pericarp formed of the per-
manent c^lyx, containing several cartilaginous (apple) or bony (haw)
cells.
570. The pyxis is a many-seeded, dry fruit, opening like a lid by
a circumscissile dehiscence (plantain, henbane, Jeffersonia).
571. The follicle is a single carpel, 1 -celled, many-seeded, opening
at the ventral suture (columbine, larkspur, silk grass).
672. The legume or pod is a single carpel, 1 -celled, usually splitting
into two valves, but bearing its l-oo seeds along the ventral suture only,
in one row, as in the bean and all the Legumiuosae. It is sometimes
curved or coiled like a snail-shell (Medicago).
673. The loment is a jointed pod, separating across into 1 -seeded
portions (Desmodium).
574. SiLiQUE. This is also a pod, linear, 2-carpeled, 2-valved, 2-
ccllod by a false dissepiment extended between the two parietal pla-
centie. To this false dissepiment on both sides of both edges the
seeds are attached (mustard).
675. SiLiCLE. This is a short silique, nearly as wide as long (shep-
herd's purse). The silique and silicle are the peculiar fruit of all the
Crncifera).
576. Capsule (casket). This term includes all other forms of dry,
dehiscent fruits, compound, opening by as many valves as there are
carpels (Iris), or by twice as many (chickweed), or by pores (poppy).
677. The reoma is a kind of capsule like that of the Geranium,
whose dehiscent carpels separate elastically but still remain attached
to the carpophore.
578. Strobile or cone ; an aggregate fruit consisting of a conical
or oval mass of imbricated scales, each an open carpel ( 9 flower),
bearing seeds on its inner side at base, i.e., axillary seeds (pine and the
Gymnosperms generally).
679. The conk (syncabpium, avv, together) of the Magnolia tribe
\«i|
i^
m
116
PERICARP.
442 449 441
Fruits. 441, Kt.iui'io of lliibus villoBUS (Blackberry). 442, Pepo' section of ciiciunbrtr. 449,
Beiry, Giiipc. 448. Pome, Onitietfus (Haw). 444, Pyxis of .TefTersonia. 44.5, Legume of Pea,
446, Lomcnt of Desmodium. 447, Siilque of Siiiapis. 448, 8ilicle of Capsella.
is a mass of confluent, closed pericarps on a lengthened torus (cucinn-
ber tree).
680. The fig (syconus) is an agc^regate fruit, consisting of numer-
ous seed-like pericarps inclosed within a hollow, fleshy receptacle wliere
the flowers were attached.
681. Other confluent fruits (sorosis) consist of the entire in-
florescence developed into a mass of united pericarps, as in the mul-
berry, osage-orange, pine-apple.
451 460 462 449, bis.
IL/^
44», bis, Strobile of PInus. 460, Tlie FIk (syconus). 461, Sorosis of Mulberry. 4.V2, Hip of Rosa»
achenla nearly inclosed in the leathery calyx tube.
THE SEED.
117
CHAPTER XIV.
THE SEED.
582, The seed is the perfected ovule, having an embryo formed with-
in, which is the rudiment of a new plant similar in all respects to th«
original. The seed consists of a nucleus or kernel invested with
583. The integument8 or coverings. The outer covering is the
testa, the inner the tegmen, as in the ovule. The latter is thin and
delicate, often indistinguishable from the testa.
46:J 4M 46i 462 460
458
454
455
456
457 45S
459
Seed of Water- Lily (Nyinphiea), cnlartfsd section; '<^ft,, alhiimen ; <f, the embryo com taincd
In the embryo-sac; 't, seuiindinu or tcgmen; p, prlniine or testa ; /•, raphe, (»'•, aril; m, ini-
cropyle ; /; funiculus. 46!^, Seed of Bean. 464, Same, one cotyledon wfth the leafy embryo.
461, Seed of .Apple. 462, One cotyledon showins the raphe and embryo. 460, Fruit of MIrabi-
lis ; embryo coiled into a ring. 4.54, Onion ; embryo coiled. 455, Convolvulus ; leafy embryo
folded. 450, Embryo of Cuscuta. 457, Typha. 45S, llanunculus. 4.')9, Hop.
684. The testa is either membranous (papery), coriaceous (h'.i h-
ery), crustaceous (horny), bony, woody, or fleshy. Its surface is gen-
erally smooth, etc. (118, a).
585. TuE COMA MUST NOT BE CONPOUNOEI) WITH tho pappus, wliiuh is .1 piodi-
tication of tho calyx, appended to tlie pericarp, and not to the seed, as in tiio acho-
nia of tho thistle, dandelion, and other Conipositic. Its intention in the oeononiy
of tlio plant cannot bo mistaken, serving like the pappus to secure tlio dispersion of
tlie seed, while incidently as it were, in tiio case of the cotton-seed, it iUrnislies
clothing? and employment to a larj^o portion of the human race.
586. The aril is an occasional appendage, partially or wholly in-
vesting the seed. Tt originates after fertilization, at or near the liilum,
where the seed is attached to its stalk (funiculus). Fine cxamphis arc
seen in the gashed covering of the nutmeg, called mace, and in the scar-
let coat of the seed of statf-tree. In the seed of Polygala, etc., it is but
a small scale, entire or 2 -cleft, called caruncle.
il
I
m
118 THE SEED.
587. The position op the seed in the pericarp is,
like that of the ovule, erect, ascending, pendulous, etc.
(§ 534), Likewise in respect to its inversions, it is ortho-
tropotis, andtropous. amphilropous, and campylotropous
(§ 536), terms already defined. The anatropous is by
far the most common condition.
588. The hilum is the scar or mark left in
the testa of the seed by its separation from the
funiculus. It is com-
monly called the eye, as
in the bean. In ortho-
tropous and campylo-
tropous seeds, the hilum
corresponds with the
chalaza (§535). In other
conditions it does not,
465 464 463 461 460 462 and the raphe (§537) cx-
46it, Aril of Euonyinus. 461, Aril of Nutmeg (mace). 462, tends between the twO
Seed of Polygalu, embryo, caruncle, (', (too small.) 463, Seed . • i, i
ofCatalpa. 464, Seed of Willow. 465, Seed of Cotton. pOUlts, as in the OVuleS.
589. The seed kernel may consist op two parts, the embryo and
albumen, or of the embryo only. In the former case the seeds are
albmninoas, in the latter, exalbuminous^ a distinction of great iinpoit-
ance in systematic botany.
590. The albumen is a starchy or farinaceous substance accom-
panying the embryo and serving as its first nourishment in germina-
tion. Its qualities are wholesome and nutritious, even in poisonous
plants. Its quantity when compared with the embryo varies in every
pos.sible degree; being excessive (Ranunculaceae), or about equal (Vio-
laceae), or scanty (Oonvolvulaceae), or none at all (Legurainosae). In
texture it is mealy in wheat, mucilaginous in mallows, oily in Ricinus,
horny in cotfec, ruminated in nutmeg and pawpaw, ivory-like in the
ivory-palm (Phytolephas), fibrous in cocoa-nut, where it is also hollow,
enclosing the milk.
591. The embryo is an organized body, the rudiment of the future
plant, consisting of root (radicle), stem-bud (plumule), and leaves
{cotyledons). But these parts are somet'mes quite undistinguishable
until germination, as in the Orchis tribe.
692. The radicle is the descending part of the embryo, almost al-
ways directed towards the micropyle, the true axis of the seed.
593. The plumule is the rudimentary ascending axis, the terminal
bud, located at the base of, or between
594. The cotyledons. These, the seed-lobes, are the bulky, fari-
naceous part of the embryo, destined to form the first or seminal leaves
\
THE SEES.
119
of the young plant. The nutritive matter deposited in tlie seed for the
early sustenance of the germinating embryo is found more abundant
in the cotyledons in pioportion as there is less of it in the albumen, —
often wholly in the albumen (wheat), again all absorbed in the bulky
cotyledons (squash).
595. The wumber of the cotyledons is variable, and upon this
circumstance is founded the most important subdivision of the rha)no-
g.unia, or Flowering-plants.
590. The monocotyledons are plants bearing seeds with one coty-
ledon, or if two are present, one is minute or abortive. Such plants
are also called Endogens, because their stems grow by internal accre-
tions (§ 716). Such are the grasses, the palms, Liliaceaj, whose leaves
are mostly constructed with parallel veins.
597. The dicotyledons are plants bearing seeds with two cotyle-
dons. These are also called Exogens^ because their stems grow by ex-
ternal accretions, including the Bean tribe. Melon tribe, all our forest
trees, etc. These are also distinguished at a glance by the structure of
their leaves, which are net-veined (§ 258).
598. More than two cotyledons. The Pine and Fir have seeds
with several cotyledons, while the dodder is almost the only known
example of an embryo with no cotyledon.
466 467 463 469
466, Dlrotyledonous (Bean). 467, Monocotyledonoua (VSTheat). 463, Polycotyledonous (Pine).
4C9, Acotyltdonous (zoospore of one of the Confervse). (/•, /•, r, radicle ; p, p, p, pluuiulo ; c, c, c,
cwtylodon ; a, albumen).
599. The position of the embryo, whether with or without albu-
men, is singularly varied and interesting to study. It may be straight,
sis in cat-tail, violet, or curved in various degrees (moon seed, pink), or
coiled (hop), or rolled (spice-bush), or bent angularly (buckwheat), or
folded (Crucifcra^). In the last case two modes are to be specially
noticed. 1, Incumbent, when the cotyledons fold over so as to bring
the back of one against the radicle (shepherd's purse) ; 2, accumbent,
when the edges touch the radicle (Arabis).
m
■ '--t
m
120
OFVICE OF THE SEED.
600. The leafy natube of the cotyledons ia often distinctly manifest in their
form and structure, as in Convolvulus (455).
A few plants, as the onion, orange, Goniferse, occasionally have two or even sev-
eral embryos in a seed, while all the Cryptogaraia or flowerless plants have no
embryo at all, nor even seeds, but are reproduced from spores, bodies analogous to
the pollen grains of flowering plants (469).
OFFICE OF THE SEED.
601. Its nature axd use. After the embryo has reached its
wonted growth in the ripened seed, it becomes suddenly inactive and
torpid, yet still alive. In this condition it is, in fact, a livihg plants
safely packed and sealed up for transportation. This is the distinctive
and wonderful nature of the seed.
602. Longevity op the seed. This suspended vitality of the seed may endure
for years, or even, in some species, for ages. The seeds of maize and rye have
been known to grow when 30 to 40 years old ; kidney-beans when 100 ; the rasp-
berry after 1700 years (Lindley), and kernels of wheat found in a mummy-case,
and therefore 3000 years old, were a few years ago successfully culiivated in Ger-
many and England (Schleiden). Seeds of Mountain Potentilla (P. tridentata) were
known to us to germinate at Meriden, N. H., after a slumber of 60 years. On the
other hand the seeds of some species are short-lived, retaining vitality hardly a
year (Coffee, Magnolia).
603. In order that seeds may long retain their vitality they
must be kept dry. But an even temperature is by no means neces-
sary, as they are generally able to resist all the changes of our climate
from many degrees below zero to 110° above, provided no moisture
is present.
604. Tub dispersion of seeds over wide, and often to distant regions is ef-
fected by special agencies, in which the highest intelligence and wisdom axa clearly
seen. Some seeds made buoyant by means of tlie coma, or pappus, already men-
tioned, are wafted atUr by tlie winds, beyond rivers, lakes and seas ; as tlie thistle,
dandelion, silkgrass.
605. Seeds ark also furnished with wings for tlie same purpose. Others
are provided with hooks or barbs, by wliich they lay hold of men and animals, and
are thus, by unwilling agents, scattered far and wide (burr-seed, tick-seed).
606. Other seeds, destitute of all such appendages, are thrown to a distance by
the sudden coiling of the elastic carpels (touch-me-not). The squirting cucumber
becomes distended with water by absorption, and at len-j^th, when ripe, bursts an
aperture a* base and projects tlie mingled seeds and water with amazing force.
607. Transportation. Rivers, streams, and ocean currents are all means of
transporting seeds from country to country. Thus the cocoa and tlie casl;ow-nut
and the seeds of mahogany have been known to perform long voyages without in-
jury to their vitality Squirrels laying up their winter stores in the earth, birds
migrating from clime to clime, and from island to island, in like manner conspire to
effect the same important end.
GERMINATION.
I::!
GERMINATION.
608. Definition. The recommencement of growth in the seed is
called (fcrm'mation. It is the awakening of the embryo from its tor-
por, and the beginning of development in its parts already formed, so
as to become a plant like its parent.
474
478
471
Germination of the Beach-nut 470, Cross-section, showing the folded cotyledons. 471, Th«
radicle only. 472, The ascending axis, above c, appears. 478, The cotyledons expand into the
primordial leaves. 474, The first true leaves.
C09. Experiment. All the stages of this interesting process may be conveni-
ently observed, at any season, by an experiment. Let a few seeds, as of flax,
cotton, wheat, pea, be enveloped in a lock of cotton resting upon water in a bulb-
glass, and kept constantly at a proper temperature. Or, in spring, the garden soil
will give us examples of all kinds everywhere.
610. That the seed may begin to grow, or germinate, it is first
planted^ or, at least, placed in contact with warm, moist soil. Con-
cerning the proper depth of the planted seed agriculturalists are not
agreetl ; but nature seems to indicate that no covering is needed beyond
wli{it will secure the requisite moisture and shade.
611. The process commenced. Thus situated the integuments
gradually absorb water, soften and expand. The insoluble, starchy
matter deposited in the cotyledons, or in the albumen, or in both, un-
dergoes a certain chemical change, becoming sweet and soluble, capable
of aflfording nourishment to the embryo now beginning to dilate and
develop its parts. First (in the winge 1 seed of the maple, scattered
everywhere) the radicle is seen protruding from the raicropyle, or the
I
I
%\
m
122
GEKMINATIUN.
bursting integument. A section of tliis sued would now shov/ tlie folded
embryo impatient of confinement.
481
m
480 479 478 477
Oermination of the Maple. 475, Samara ; section showing the folded cotyledons at o.
476 — 480, Progressive stages.
612. The PROCESS CONCLUDED. Soon the radicle has extended, and,
pale in color, has hidden itself in the bosom of the dark, damp earth.
Now the cotyledons, unfolding and giad-
ually freed from the seed coats, display
themselves at length as a pair of green
leaves. Lastly the plumule appears in
open air, a green bud, already showing
a lengthening base, its first interiiodc,
and soon a pair of regular leaves, lobed
as all maple leaves. The embryo is
now an embryo no longer, but a grow-
ing plant descending by its lower axis,
ascending and expanding by its upper.
613. What becomes of the cotyleuoxs.
The germination of the tulip-tree, oak. pea,
squash, and other Dicotyledons may be watched
with equal advantage, and the chief difterenco
observed among them will bo in the disposal
of the cotyledons. In general, tlieae arise with
the ascending axis, as in the maple and bean,
and act as the first pair of leaves ; but some-
times, when they are very thick, as in the pea,
„ , , buck-eye. oak (6 — 9), thev remain as first
Germination of Wheat; o, the (train j .... .., >i /o ^^o\ -ti j
. • . *i, ♦ I j„„ ^ ..i...^,,!-. 1. placed with the collura (8 118), neither ascend-
containin? the cotyledon ; c, plumule; r, f " ^o />
radicle; «, rootlets (adventitious). ing nor descending.
•iEKMINATION.
123
614. The germination of monocottledons, as seen in liuli.ui corn,
wheat, tulip, is in this wise. The cotyledon is not disengaged from the
seed, but remains stationary with
it. The radicle (r) protrudes «88 4M
slightly and one or more rootlets
{9) break out from it and descend.
The plumule (r) shoots, at first
parallel with the cotyledon along
the face of the seed, but soon as-
cends, pushing out leaf from with-
in leaf.
615. The conditions requisite
for germination are moisture, air,
and warmth.
616. Moisture is necessary for
softening the integumenis, dis-
solving the nutritive matter, and
facilitating its circulation. This is
supplied in the rain and dew.
617. Air, or rather its oxygen,
is required for the conversion of
the starch into sugar — a process
always depending upon oxydation.
The oxygen absorbed unites with a portion of the carbon of the starch,
producing heat, evolving carbonic acid, and thus converting the re-
mainder into grape sugar, soluble and nutritive.
618. Warmth is a requisite condition of all vital action, as well in
the sprouting of a seed as in the hatching of an egg. The proper de-
gree of temperature for our own climate may be stated at 60° to 80°.
Extremes of heat and of cold are not, however, fatal to all germination.
In one of the Geysers of Iceland, which was hot enough to boil an egg
in four minutes, a species of Chara was found in a growing and fruitful
state. A hot spring in the island of Luzon, which raises the thermo-
meter to 187'', has plants growing in it and on its borders. Many
species of plants also seem well adapted to growth in the Arctic
regions.
619. Darkness is favorable to germination, as proved by experiment, but not
an indispensable condition. Hence, while the seed should be covered for the sak*
of the moisture and shade, the covering should be very thin and light, for th« aak«
of a free access to air.
488, 484, Germination of Indian Corn.
m
124
THE CTYPTOGAMIA OK FLOWBRLE8S PLANTS.
4?r>
620. The cause of the downward tendency of
THE root is a tlieiue of much discussion. Some have
referred it to the principle of gravitation ; others to itM
supposed aversion to light. But it is a simple and satis-
factory explanation that its growth or cell-developtnent
takes place nio.st readily on the moist side of its growing
point, and consequently in a downward direction, so long
as the soil in contact with its lower surface is more moist
than that above. Ileuce also the well-known tendency
of roots toward springs and water-courses.
» » ♦ •■»-
^^^^
CHAPTER XV.
THE CRYPTOGAMIA OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
621. Distinction of parts. In the lowest
of the Cryptogamic tribes the organs of vege-
tation and of reproduction are the same. Each
cell in the st tare grows, nourishes, multiplies.
Higher in 1 ^k we find a gradual specializa-
43.V a Tree Fern (of the Island . » j • xi t • i . -i
•f.i.ava). 40 feet in height, tiou of oTgaus, and in the higher tribes, as m
A Fern, Polypodiiim
vulgare. 4S6, Its frond.
4S7, Lobe of the frond en-
larged, showing tlie sori,
488. One of the sori (mag-
nified) consisting of ninny
sporangi. 489, One spor-
ange (further magnified)
bursting and dischaiging
the spores. 400, A spore.
491, Spores beginning to
germinate; and 492, 493,
producing the prot/iallua
with rootlets. At a ap-
pear the avthericlia and
at 6 the nrchegones on the
surface of the prothnlhis.
494, Antheridium. 495,
One of Its cells. 496. The
same burM; ; and 497, the
spermatozold escaped.
These float about, and
some of them at length
enter. 493, the archepone,
fertllizine. and at length
producing. 499. the young
Pern .^00, Sorus of As-
pidium marginale, covered
with the indiiaium. IQl,
Same, side view.
'"',
i
TUB CRVPTOOAMIA OK PLOWEKLESS PLASM.
the Phaenogainia, one portion is devoted to the preservation ot' the in-
dividual, the otlier to the preservation of the species ; in other words,
the organs of vegetation and of reproduction become separate and dis-
tinct.
6J2. Distinguished from Ph.*:nogamia. But the re[>roductive or-
gans, although distinct from the nutritive, are never seen cuuibined into
flowers, nor producing seeds marked by the presence of an embryo.
Jiciice in the scale of rank the cryptogams are inferior to the flowering
plants and easily distinguished from them.
623. Vegetative organs.
Again in the lower tribes,
viz., the seaweeds, Fungi and
Liciiens, there is no distinc-
tion of root, stem and leaves ;
but the entire plant grows
into an expansion of substance
more or less uniform and in-
deflnite, called a thallus. But
the higher llepatica?, mosses,
club-mossiJSjEquiaetacejB, ferns
and marsi leads, possess stems,
roots and leaves like the
Phajnoiramia.
f)02, Eqiiisetuin arvenso. 503, E. sylvaticum. 504.
Section of tlie spike. 505, A sporange. 506, A spore
witli its elators coiled.
507, Lycopodiuin dendroideuin. 603, A
siugie spike. 509, a scale with its sporange
bursting 510, iSpores.
624. Classes. The tribe last
mentioned are e'ubraced in the class
Acrogens, so named by Lindley from
their manner of growth [uKpov, point
or summit), lengthening into an axis.
The remaining three tribes first
named above constitute the lowest
class of the vegetable kingdom, called
Thalloiiens, and named fiom their
manner of growth.
625. The stems of the marsi-
LEADs and ferns are mostly rhizomes,
but in tropical countries some species
of the latter arise on firm aerial
trunks like palms. The club mossos
have slender, woody stems much in-
clined to bifurcate. Those of the
Equisetaceae, Characeae are jointed,
■^
II
^
^i
i
t'" IS
B»i
r
126
THE CRTPTOOAMIA OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
511, Chara foetida. M2,
Portion of a branch ; the
two reproductive organs-
<(, Globule; b, nucule.
>20
514
bearing slender, whorled, leafless brauches. The
mosses and Hepatiese have filiform stems and
branches, erect and creeping. Fern leaves and
mushrooms arise on stipes.
626. Leaves. The ferns are characterized by
their great development of leaves called fronds.
They are rarely simple, often piniiatifid, or pin-
nate, simply, doubly or triply. Their venation is
fork veined and their vernation circinate. The
leaves of the mosses and Hepaticse are veinless
and delicate, mostly ovate and entire, numerously
covering the axis. Those of the latter are often
garnished with stipule-like processes called am-
phigastria.
627. TiiALLus. The vegetative system of the Thallogens consists
either of delicate filaments or of flattened membranes, varying in color
through every shade and hue. In Marchantia, lichens, and seaweeds it
is green, olive or red, and called
thallus. It may resemble a leaf
or a stem, but its functions are
still the same. In size it varies
from the microscopic Confervae
to the gigantic seawrack, a fur-
long in length. Its structure is
purely cellular and uniform, or,
as ill Marchantia, in layers.
628. Mycelium or spawn is
the vegetative system of the
Fungi, distinguished from thalli
by its want of coloring matter
in its cells. It consists of
meshes of white or colorless
filaments, branching and anas-
tamosing to form entangled
masses pervading the substance
in which the Fungus grows. It
is far less conspicuous than the fructification (toad-stool, etc.) which
ultimately arises from it.
629. The reproduotive organs of the Cryptogamia are the anthe-
ridia and archegonia ; and by their reaction spores in various spore-
vessels are produced. They have been detected in nearly all the cryp-
togamic tribes, and are supposed to represent the stamens and pistils
518 622 517 616 513
Mosses. 618, Polytrichium. 514, Sporan^e with
calyptra, witiiout calyptra. 515, Sporn-ia (i-n-
larged) with the operculum at top. 516, Mnlti'i),
617, Sporange. 618, Bnrtrainia. 519, S[iorfin:;e
with calyptra. 620, Same mature, open. 621, Pe-
ristome, with its teeth. 622, Antheridium and
parapliyses (a flower) of Polytrichium.
THE CKVPTOOAMIA OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
127
Hepaticte. 623, MarchanMa, sterile plant. 524—5, Fertile plant. 596, Vertical section of
the fertil-receptacle ; 527, of a perianth, showing tlie sporango bursting. 523, One of the elators
wilh four spores. 529, Portion of it highly rnagniflod.
5t3 .544
of the flowering plants. In the mosses, liver-
worts, etc., they appear only on the full-grown
plant ; in the ferns, Equisetaceae, etc., they ap-
pear only on the prothallus, the earliest gi'owth
of the spore, and here the archegone gives birth
to an embryo, whence at length the true fern
arises, while the prothallus dies away.
630. Spores. These <S^^
are the true reproductive ^^^^ \|
germinating bodies of the
Cryptogams. They con-
sist each of a single cell,
often exceedingly minute,
and produced in immense
numbers. The cell wall
of the spore may be sim-
ple (Botrytis) or double,
as if a cell within a cell
(ferns). But the spores ^^^^^ 63T, Agaricus (Mushroom) in various staees: ^
are often apparently tenrinir open the vol va; ft, annulus. the remains of the veil
double or 2-celled (IJch- (^):';'P"«»''-' "-"'f «""'"• 638, Portion of the kIIIs. 539.
^ Bnsidia ami spores from the saipw (maan. 400 diam.). 540,
ens), or 4-Celled, or 6, 8, Cyathus; 541. Section. 542. One of the conceptacles. 648,
or many-celled. "pi^pgo P^'n'ol'lnm (mlUlow). 644, Mucor; a, mycelium.
compound spores are in fact spore-vessels inclosing several spores vet
immature, and called sporidia or thoca-spores. The spores or sporidia
are often inclosed in still larger cells called the sac.
tJ31. Endosporbs and exohporrs. Spores are develoned either in
tlic interior of the parent cell or on the outs'do of it, and hence the di-
■ i
'*!
u
i^
IL'S
THE CRYPTOOAMIA OR FLOWERLK88 PLANTS.
divisiouofthe Cryp-
tOjjatns inlo the Eii-
dospores and the
Exospores. In tho
latter case the pa-
rent-cells are called
hasidia, and many
such united, as in
the lichens and
mushrooms, form a
MS, A spore with paiaphyses, 549, Ilydrogftstrum, consisting of a tisSUC Called llVUie-
sinsleceii. 65(1, Spirogyriie (Frogspittle) one of the Confcrvaj ; (i, , . •'
two threads (thalll) conjiijiated, t. e,, united by tubes.
sucli sporiferous tissues existing in
spots of definite form, constitute the
ajmthccia when flat, receptacles wlien
concave, and coticeptacles wlien hol-
low.
032. TriE TUEC.E OR SPORANOIA of
ferns and mosses consist of tissues
rather than of single cells, and contain
Soiiwi'c'ds (Als»0- 545, Vauclieria forming and discharftins Its
spores <rt) at tlie extremities. 546, Fucus; a, air-vessel; 6. fruit,
a mass of coiiceptucles. 547, Transverse section of a conceptaclo.
nium. In lichens
551, Frustules of a Diatomaceous Alga
(Dlatonia inarinuin) separating from each
other.
i,KJL^^
534 532
Lichens, 530. Ohuloni'i ; tlie mimito thallus at the base of the podotia, cnp-like above, bearing
scarlet cciiiceptaeies. 531, Tsnea. .'■)3'2, Sticta. 533, Parmelia. 534, Reeeiilaclo, vertical sec-
tion. 535, A portion (highly inagnitiud) witii theciu and parapliasus. 6M, A spore (double).
numerous spores. In ferns they grow on the back of the fronds in
little clusters called son. When mature, the sporange is torn open by
the coiitraction of an clastic ring which surrounds it. In the mosses
the sporange is stalked, solitary, terminal, and opens by a definite num-
ber of teeth called the peristome.
fiMM. Zoospores A\n sPERMATozoins arc minute bodies endowed with
spontaneous locomotion in water by means of vibratile ciliic. Zoospores
of ovate for'h pi-occed from the vegetative cells of the AlgfC, swim
about for a time, then settle down and grow into new plants. Sperma-
tozoids are mostly filiform bodies with several ciliae, discharged from the
THE CRVPTOOAMIA OR FLOWERLE88 PLANTS. 129
antheridia (us pollen ?) aud actively floating until tbey reach thearche-
gones, or perish. ^ ^"*'
634. Alternate generation is a phenomenon distinofW tro««,i •
or,pto.a.ns. Thus the mosses, in J-inatinra^^VtCCgrish^t
meats quite analogous to the Couiervie (frog's-spawn) From fl.P«/ ^^'^^"f ' ^'''•
arise and grow into a true moss. Ferns, also, and Eiuise ^^ T;/. ^^^ ^"^«
exist in the form of a liverwort-a small green th^Iln- " *''^ 'P°''°
t:.e ground. Secondly, upon ^^^^^ .r^^IlZtZlCT^ '"';"'?^ ^'°"«
an embryo, whence a tnie fern arises 1-^X1^ T """' developed and
liverwort, permanently, a ferT 1^21-23.) " """^' " '' ""^' ""
635. Other modes op propagation occur in these olant.. as r^r
inn^atu>r.s^ spoml^s, gonidia. These bodies are aXous t' bulbs ./?'. '"
u. the flowering plants, originating from the nutritroTanVLd 1^^^^^^ T'""^
ratmg from the parent and growing up independent plaX ^ " '' ''^''
^
*'^ ^ J^ 856 CSB
Wi
1
I
ii
PART SECOND.
PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY.
■ » ♦ 1 1
CHAPTER I.
OF THE VEGETABLE CELL.
636. Revelations of the microscope. We have now completed a brief sur-
vey of the phenomena of visible vegetation. We commenced with the root and
now the consideration of the seed with its embryo completes the circle and brings
us around to the root again. We have studied hitherto superflcially, as best we
were able by the unassisted eye. But the microscope opens to us a new world in
botany, more wonderful and fair, if possible, than that which we have already sur-
veyed. No just appreciation of microscopic botany can be obtained from drawings
or descriptions. Here the microscope itself is the only adequate teaclier.
637. Next inquiries. We have seen and studied the general organs of vegeta-
tion and their metamorphoses ; but of what are these orgaus made ? What their
structure within f What their office and use in the life and growth of the plant ?
These inquiries must next bo answered.
638. Structure of plants cellular. All forms of vegetable structure, how-
ever numerous and diverse, are alike composod of little bladders, called vescicles or
cdls. We can often discern the cells in some structures with the naked eye, as in
the pith of elder, piilp of snowberry, and especially plain in the pulp of orange.
Other structures, which appear as a solid mass to the eye, are seen at once, under
the lens, to consist of cells also— even the most solid wood cr the stony substance
of the peach. A thin cutting (shaving) from the rhizome of the blood-root, magni-
fied 100 diameters, appears in outline (to say nothing of its brilliant coloring) as here
sketched (557). Therefore
639. The cell is the elementary orfj^anism which by its repetitions
makes up the mass of all vegetation. It is defined as a closed sac com-
posed of membrane containing a fluid.
640. Thb primary form of the cbll is spheroidal. In some cases
it retains this form during its existence, but generally, in growing, it
tekes new and various forms, which, on account of the two causes which
control them, may be classed as inherent and casual,
641. The inherent forms of the cell, or those which depend
upon its own laws of growth, may be referred to three general types ;
JU
OF THE VEGETABLE CELL.
131
567, Section of the rhizome of Blood-root, a, a. A bundl*
of wood-cells. The shaded cells contain the color.
(1) spheroidal, like pollen grains, the red snow-plant, the cells of leaf-
tissue, etc., varying to oblong, or lobed, or stellate ; (2) cylindrical, or
tube-form, as most wood-cells are ; (3) tabular or flattened, as the cells
of the epidermis.
642. The casual forms
result from external pres-
sure, as of cells crowding
against cells, in stems or
pith. In this way spher-
oidal cells may become cu-
bical, 8-sided, 12-sided,
etc ; tubiform cells pris-
matic, and tabular cells 4-
angled, hexagonal, etc., in
outline according to the
original pattern.
643. Ik magnitude the plant
cell "aries from yj^ to jj^ of
an inch in diameter; the more
common size is about ^l^ inch.
The cells of elder pith measure
about ^^5 inch; those of pa-
renchyma (leaf-tissue) about yf ^ ; consequently, 64,000,000 of them would occupy
only one cubic inch. The cells of cork are computed to be j^^ inch in diameter —
1000 millions to a cubic inch.
G-t4. But tub length of some cells is much more considerable. Wood-cells
measure ^^ inch ; bark cells, as flax, hemp, nearly \ inch ; the cells of some plant-
hairs an inch or more.
645. The wall of the new cell consists of two layers ; the outer one
a firm, colorless membrane, made of cellulose, the inner a plastic, gelat-
inous layer applied to the outer, and chiefly concerned in cell-life and
multiplication. This is called the primordial utricle.
646. It is best seen w^hen treated with a weak solution of nitric
acid, iodine, or alcohol. It thus becomes colored, contracts, and lies
loose in the cell.
647. The cell wall is easily permeated by fluids flowing in and
out. It must, therefore, be regarded as porous ; although it appears
perfectly entire even under the highest magnifier.
648. A SECONDARY LAYER is Subsequently added to the outer layer,
between it and the primordial utricle, as if to strengthen it. This new
layer is seldom entire, but perforated and cleft in a great variety of
patterns, leaving certain points or parts of the cell-wall still bare
and discernible by their transparency. Hence tbe following yarieties
of cells : —
'ai
m
1.12
OF THE VEUEIAULK CELL.
649. Wood cells, which are finally filled up by the repetitions of
the secondary layers, leaving only minute points of the original cell-wall
bare and transparent.
558
•"Xit* 559 5til
Forms of cells. 660, Wood-cells. 661, Cellular tissue of a rootlet, etc.
660. Pitted cells, a variety where larger transparent points appear,
surrounded by 2 or 3 rings (pine and the Coniferae in general).
651. Spiral cells, where the secondary layer consists of spiral fibers
or bands. There may be a single fiber, or several (2 to 20) united
into a band. It is usually elastic and may be drav/n out and uncoiled.
564 5<6
582 • 568 565
662, Polyhedral cells of parenchyma In pith of Elder. 568, Stellate cells in pith of Rush.
605, Spherical cells in Houseloek. 666, Wood-cells and ducts of Oak. 664, Wood-cells of
the Fltt.\-flber.
These beautiful cells may be well seen in a shoot of elder, in the petiole
of rhubarb. Geranium, strawberry. In the two latter, if gently pulled
asunder, the coiled fibers appear to the naked eye.
652. Annular cells, when there are numerous rings within, instead
of a spiral coil, as in the stems of balsam and some Oryptogamia.
653. ScALARiFORM CELLS, whcu the rings seem conjoined by bars
crossmg between them, giving an appearance compared to a ladder
{scala), as jn the vine and ferns. Porous cells with the sooondary
lavcrs full of perforations, reticulated cells, as if a net work ; and many
other forms.
UF THE VEGETABLE CELL.
133
654. Cellulosj, the material of which the outer cell-walls and other
secondary layers are made, is proved by a chemical analysis to consist
of three simple elements, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, in the proportions
of C44 Ilio-Ojo, — carbon and the exact elements of water. In the
material of the primordial utricle nitrogen is added. Out of these
four simple elements (CHON) with slight additions of lime, silex,
and a few other earthy matters, God is able to produce all the count-
less varieties of plants which clothe and beautify the earth.
655. Contents of the cell. Some cells contain air only. Others
are filled with solid matter ; but the greater part contain both fluids
and solids. There is the cytobiust, & globular atom, earnest of new
cells ; and protoplasm^ the nourishing semi-fluid, both of the same
material as the primordial utricle, and with it, and the fluid cell-sap,
ever flowing, acting, combining, transforming, and producing either new
cells or products like the following.
656. The coloring matter, which gives to fruits and flowers their bri'^ht and
varying tints of yellow, red, and blue, is generally dissolved in the uell-aap which
is otherwise colorless; but
r\ 677 576 575 674 673 572 571
667 668 669 670
667, Cells, flf, of the pulp of Snow-berry, showinar the nucleus; &, ofthe parenohytna of the
Uaf of Pink, showing the granules of chlorophylle. 568, Cell of a Cactus, soaked in Alcohol, the
primorilial utricle separated and contracted. 569, Cell of plourenchyma of Pine, dotted. 670,
Sketch to illustrate the nature of those dots ; a. dot seen In front ; ?*, a side view of the same.
671, Trachenchyina, a spiral cell from the sporange of Equisetiim. 672, Spiral vessel of the
Melon, single thread ; 673, ofthe Elder, 4 threads. 674. .\nnular duct, distended by rings in-
stead of a coil. 576, Scalariform vessels, from Ostniinda (Fern). 676, A dotted duct from Oym-
nocladus (Coffee-tree). 578. Spiral vessels apparently branched 677, Branching spirals In
the Qourd.
657. Chlorophyllk, the green coloring matter of leaves, consists of
green corpuscles floating in the colorless sap or attached to tlio color-
less wall. In the indigo plant these corpuscles are blue and constitute
that poisonous drug.
^
M
'. '■ 1/3
■■itr
■p
i '
I
134
THE TISSUEB.
608. The starch of the plant also originates here, in the form of
little striated granules of the same composition as cellulose (Os« Uju
Ojo). Some 20 such granules appear in the same cell, either loosely
or compactly tilling it. Starch is nutritive matter, sealed up f<jr pre-
servation and future use.
679
583
584
585
580 581 686
Contents of cells. 579, Cells of Potato containing starch grains. 580, Starch grains from th«
potato ; 5S1, from the E. Indian Arrow-rooi,. 682, Raphides, ncicular crystals, in a cell of Poly-
anthes tnl>erosa. 59.% Crystals in a cell of Oactus. 684. Cells from the pulp of Pear, coated in-
ternally : a longitudinal section ; 686, T' ^nsverse secUon. 586, Starch granules from W. Indian
Arrow-root.
659. Gum, SU0.4R, SALTS, acids, alkalies, poisons, medicines, whatever is pecu-
liar in tlie propertie.s of each vegetable substance, may also be held in solution in
the cell-sap and invisible, unless forming
660. Raphides. little bundles of crystals, acicular or of some other form, seen in
the cells of rhubarb. Cactus, Hyacinth.
661. The development of new cells in the plant is the process of its growth.
Tliis is aecomp]i,shed within the pre-existing cells and by the agency of their con-
tents. The primordial utricle divides itself into two or more utricles, by septa
growing from its sides until they meet. The.se then acquire the cellulose layer out-
side, the cytoblast inside, at the expense of the old cell, v/hich shortly gives place
to its new progeny. Thus cells multiply, and by millioos on millions build up the
&bric of the plant.
t« ♦ »■
CHAPTER II.
THE TISSUES.
862. One-celled plants. The cell, as heretofore described, is en-
dowed with a life within itself. It can imbibe fluids, nourish itself, and
reproduce others like itself. It may, therefore, and actually does in
some coses, exist alone as a plant ! Many species of the Confervoids
and Diatomes are plants consisting of a single cell — the simplest possi-
ble form of vegetation.
663. Plants many-cei led. With a few such exceptions, vecretation
consists of a combin:ition of cells united in a definite manner and form.
THE TISSUES.
135
Such combinations are called tissues, which we may describe under four
general names or types :
I. Cellular tissue (Parenchyma) :
II. Fibrous tissue (Pleubenchyma) :
III. Vascular tissue (Tbachenchyma) :
IV. Laticifefous tissue (Cienchyma).
664. Parenchyma, composed of spheroidal cells, is the most com.
mon form of tissue, no plant being without it, and many, especially of
the lower orders, being entirely composed of it. Numerous varieties
occur according to the forms of the cells and their closeness of contact,
intermediate between the following extremes, 1, when there are copious
intercellular spaces, the cells slightly touching, and being (a) rounded,
or (b) lobed, or (c) stellate ; 2, when the cells are crowded, leaving no
intercellular space and being (d) prismatic, or (e) polyhedral, or (/) ir-
regular.
665. Examples of these tissues are found (a) in the pulp of fruits, in newly-formed
pith, and in all young growths ; (6) in the lower stratum of leaf-tissue ; (c) in the
pith of rushes and other aquatic plants ; (rf) in the herbaceous stems of Mouocoty-
ledons ; (e) everywhere, but well observed in full-formed pith ; (/) abup/lant in al]
the soft, fleshy parts of plants.
666. Plburenchyma is composed of elongated cells cohering by their
sides in such a way that end overreaches end, forming a continuous ^6re.
Two varieties are noticed (a) wood-
fibre, with cells of moderate length,
remarkable for its firmness, the
main constituent of the stems and
trunks of the higher plants; (b)
liber, with very long attenuated
cells, the substance of the inner
layers of bark, remarkable for its
tenacity, especially in flax, hemp,
linden.
667. The pitted cells (§ 650)
constitute a singular variety of
wood-fiber, common in pines, firs,
etc. That mysterious double ring
which encircles each pit, is pro-
jected, the inner by the pit itself,
which is an aperture in the secondary layer, the outer by a Icna-shaped
intercellular cavity right opposite outside. (670).
868. Trachenchyma is a tissue of vessels or tubes rather than cells.
The Tessels are extended lengthwise, and composed each of a row of
cells joined end to end, and fused into one by the absorption of the
579, Longitudinal section of Thuja (Red Cedar).
a, Medullary rays.
|,i
Ui\,
11
^A
■
I
l.m
THE TISSUES.
Ill
contiguous walls. This tissue varies according to the character of the-
constituent cells, which are («) spiral, or (b) annular, or (f) sclaritbrin,
or (d) reticulated.
669. Such cella, with their tapering ends, form vessels with oblique joints. When
porous cells (653) with their truncated ends unite they form right-jointed vessels re-
sembling strings of beads, called dotted or vascular ducts. These are usually quite
large, and characteristic of the woody layers of all exogenous plants. (470.)
6'' 9. The different varieties of trachenchyma are as.signed to different re-
(?ions and offices, (a) to the earliest formed part of the wood, tlie petioles and veins
of leaves, petals cf flowers, etc. ; (6) to similar parts, but later formed, mostalnmdaiit
&80 in ferns and Equisetacea; ; (c) in the woody
bundles of the Endogens and in the succii-
lent parts of plants in general ; (d) most
abundant m ferns, club-mosses.
671. Cienchyma is a system of
milk-vessels — vessels secreting the latex
or peculiar juice of the plant, white,
yellow, red, turbid, containing opium,
gamboge, caoutchouc, resin, etc. It
occurs in the petioles and veins ; in the
parenchyma of roots, in the liber es-
^ • n )/ r illi ^ pecially ; sometimes simple, generally
\[| f li /■*/ \\l)' branched and netted in a complicated
manner, as well seen in the poppy, ce-
landine, blood-root, gum-elastic tree,
etc.
672. Their nature. These vessels are probably mere open spaces between the
cells at first, subsequently acquiring a lining membrane which never exhibits pores
or spiral markings. But there are also true
673. Intercellular passages filled with air and admitting its free
circulation in all directions through the parenchyma. These are neces-
sarily very irregular, and they communicttte with the external air through
the stomata. (§ 678.)
674. Import of the cell. Thus the cell appears to be the type ot
every form of tissue, the material of which the vegetable fabric is built,
and the laboratory where the work is performed.
675. Elevation in rank is marked by the increasiiig complication of the tis-
sues. The basis of the structure of all plants is parenchyma. In the lowest tribes
no other tissue is ever added, this alone performing all the functions. Higher in the
scale, as in mosses, a few central bundles of wood tissue are added, as if to strengthen
the stem. Still higher, as in ferns, etc., we begin to find vessels (trachenchyma) of
the simpler sort, f. " o freer circulation of the fluids, together with the strengthening
pleurenchyma. Lastly, in the highest plants, Phaenogamia, the true spiral vessels
appear, filled with air, cienchyma with secretions, and all the tissues in their appro-
priate functions.
681
Vessels of Cienchyma ; 580, from Dan
delion; 581, from the Celandine.
!t
THB EPIDERMAL SYSTEM. .^'^\ . K^ ^'^^ ^"^ l^^ ^ Mr^
//SS^-" LIBRARY, ^4.
{{ JUL 2:^
CHAPTER II li
THE EPIDERMAL SYSTEM
,„„„%.2^TAR^^^
Includes the external covering of all herbaceous growths, viz., the
epick-nnis, stoniata, hairs, glands, cuticle, etc., organs which in older
stems give place to bark,
676. The epidermis (skin) consists of a layer of U!iited, empty cells,
mostly tabular, forming a superficial membrane. It invests all plants
higher than mosses, and all parts save the extremities, the stigma and
rootlets. Its office is to check evaporation.
683
-aV
X
5S4
582
6<^2, Cells of eiiidorniis with a stoma from leaf of Ilellobonis foetidiis. 583, Vertical .section
of a stoma of Narcissus; a, cuticle. 5S4, Epidermis cells with stomata of Tradescantiii Vir-
giiiica.
677. Example. That delicate membrane which may be easily stripped off from
tlio leaf of ti)e liouseleek or the garden iris is the epidermis. It is transparent, color-
less, and under the microscope reveals its cellular structure.
078. Stomata. The epidermis does not entirely exclude the tissues
beneath it from the external air, but is cleft here and there by little
chinks called stomata (mouths). Each sloma is guarded by a pair of
reiiiform cells, of such mechanism (not well understood) as to open in
a moist atmosphere and close in a dry.
(579. Position of stomata. The stomata are always plar^ed over and communi-
cate with tlie intercellular passages. They are found only on the green surfaces of
parts exposed to the air, most abundant on the under surface of the leavea Their
numbers are immense. On the leaf of garden rhubarb 5,000 were counted in the
space of a square inch •. in the garden irib. 12,000; ia the pink, 36,000; in Hy-
drangea, 160,000.
j
i
m
m
m
138
THE EPIDERMAL ST8TBM.
tS6, Colls and stomata of the epidermis of Oxalis violacea ; and 536, uf Convallaria raceiiio.su.
680. Cuticle. The aurface of the epidermis at length becomes itself coated with
a delicate, transparent pellicle, not cellular, called the cuticle. It varies in consis-
tency, being thicker and stronger in evergreen and succulent plants. It seems to
be merely the outer cell wall of the epidermis thickened and separated from the
newly-formed wall beneath it.
681. The hairs which clothe the epidermis arc mere expansions of
its tissue. They may each consist of a single elongated cell, or of a
row of '-ells. They may also be simple, or branched, or stellate, or
otherwise diversified.
682. Glands are cellular structures serving to elaborate and contain
the peculiar secretions of the plant, such as aromatic oils, resins, hotjey,
poisons, etc. A gland may be merely an expanded cell at the summit
of a hail", or at its base, and hence called a glandular hair (Labiatae).
Or it may be a peculiar cell under the epidermis, giving to the organ a
punctate appearance, as in the leaf of lemon. Other glands are com-
pound and either external (sundew), or internal reservoirs of secretion
(rind of orange).
683. Stings are stiff-pointed, 1-celled hairs expanded at base into a
gland containing poisonous secretion. An elastic ring of epidermal celU
presses upon the gland so as to inject the poison into the wound made
by its broken point (nettle).
684. Prickles are hardened hairs connected with the epidermis
alone, thus di£Pering from spines, which have a deeper origin. Exam-
ples Id the rose.
ri
THE UONEOUS SYSTEM.
l;i9
587 583 S89 B90
5»T, Rootlet ut Madder, showing cells expanded Into fibrlUie. 538, Glandular luiir of Kruxi-
nella, section. 589, Hair of Bryonia, of several cells. 590, Hair of several cells, surinoiinttd by
a pland, of Antirrhinum inajus. 691, Sting of Urtica dioica. 592, Jointed hair of the stamens ut
Tradescantia. 593, Stellate hair from the petiole of Nuphar advena (magnified 200 diameters,
Ilenfrey). 594, Branched hair, one cell, of Arabia.
i: a
CHAPTER IV.
THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM
685. Includes the firm structures of roots, stems, and their append,
ages, summarily called the wood. '
686. Structure. The growing rootlet of the germinating plant exhibits under
a microscope a nearly uniform mass of cellular tissue. The cells composing it are
soft and delicate, with thin, porous walls adapted to absorb moisture, wliich it l;as
already begun to do. It grows by the accession of cell to cell through their divi-
sion and enlargement at its point, or rather just behind the advance layer which
constitutes its cap (pileorhiza § 725.
687. The earliest tissue. The same structure also appears in the expanding
cotjdedons and the opening bud of the plumule. At this early stage, tlierofore, all
plants alike in all their parts are composed of simple parenchyma. Subsequent
changes in structure occur, giving to each tribe its several peculiarities. Still the
growing points of the axis, both ascending and descending, advance by the forma-
tion of the same tissue, and the vessels, if formed at all, follow a little later.
688. The changes. The rootlet soon becomes a root, assumes a corky layer in-
stead of the tender, spongiform epidermis, and ceases to absorb. But new rootlets
spring from the radicle, or branch from the axis, which in their turn absorb, harden,
divide and subdivide ; and so on indefinitely.
689. The increasing demand for moisture is thus met by the multiplica-
tion of these root ends, which have been called the spongelets. The absorbing sur-
face is also greatly increased by the hair-like processes of the epidermis; — the
fibrillse (§ 724) which multiply generally in proportion to the dryness of the soil.
690. There ark four general modes of growth and structure,
whereby the vegetable kingdom is distinguished into as many great
classes, viz, :
140
THB LIGNEOUS SYSTEM.
The outside-growers (Exogens),
The inside-growers (Endooens),
The point-growers (Acrogens),
The mass-growkrs (Thallogens).
691. The exogenous structure. A cross section of the stem or
branch of any dicotyledonous plant (mustard, inaplej, exhibits zones of
different structures, which are distinguished as pith, medullary sheath,
wood, and bark.
692. The pith occupies the central part of the stem. It consists of
parenchyma, is chiefly abundant in he. baceous plants and all young
stems. When new, it is filled with fluids for the nourishment of the
buds until they ran make food for themselves. As the plant advances
in age, the pith loses its vitality, is filled with air only, is often torn into
irregular cavities, or disappears.
693. The medui.l\ry sheath immediately surrounds tlie pith. It
is a thin, delicate tissue consisting of spiral vessels. It communicates
with every bud, and sends ofi' detachments of its vessels to the petioles
and veins of every leaf. Its tubes secrete oxygen from carbonic acid or
water and convey it to the leaves.
694. The wood consists of pleurenchyma and ducts (§ 666) ar-
ranged moie or less distinctly in concentric zones or layers. The first
or inner layer, together with the medullary sheath and pith, is the pro-
duct of the first year. One new layer is formed each successive year,
during the life of the plant.
695. Annual circles. The ducts are usually first formed and lie in the inner
part of tlie strata next the center, while the wood-fibers are produced toward tho
end of the season, and deposited in the outer part. The former are distinguished
by the larjtfe size of tiieir open ends, while the fibers are minute and compact. This
cireumstunce renders tlie limits of each layer distinctly perceptible in a cross
section, and tlieir number, if counted at the base, will correctly indicate the age
of the tree.
69C. PlxcEPTiONS. There are douV)tlos9 some ccceptious to this rule. In trop-
ical countries, where there is no distinction of soaaon.«, there may bo several zones
deposited annually, or on tlie oti'.er liand, several or all tho annual layers may bo
so bk'iulcd by the uniform mixlure of tlie ducts with the wood-tissue as to be nn-
distiiiguisliable. Tho layers of the beet-root are certainly not annual. They seem
to correspond with the numiier of leaf cycles (§ 228).
697. The ALnuRNt^M and di^ramen — the sap-wood and hoart-wood,
are well-known distinctions in the wood. The former, named from al-
hus^ white, is usually of a light color and softer structin'c. It is the
living j>art of the wood through whose vessels mainly the sap ascends.
698. How FORMED. Tho 'uterior layers of the alburnum gradually
liardcn ]>y the deposition of solid matter in their vessels, and the thicken-
ing of the cell-walls, until fluids can no longer pj.ss through thetn.
THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM.
141
Thus the duramen {durus, hard) is formed of a firm and durable text-
ure, the only part valued as timber. Its varying colors in cherry, wal-
nut, rose-wood, are well-known.
596
595
6!>r), Cl•(>s^s-^^■^•tiolls of an exogenous stem (Klin), f 2 years' growth ; 1, pith, 2, a, annual layers
of wood, next the cambium, 4, barii; 596, and endogonous stem (Sorghum or MilletX where
there is no distinction of layers.
C9;.. The duramen is op no account in vegetation, and ia in this respect
dead. Hence it often decays, leaving the trunk hollow, and the tree at the same
time iis flourishing as ever.
700. The bark succeeds and replaces the epidermis, covering and
protecting the wood. It is readily distinguished into three parts, viz. :
The inner, white bark (liber),
The middle, green bark (cellular),
The outer, brown bark (cortical).
The substance of all these is pnronchyuia and arranged, like the
wood, in layers.
701. The lider or white bark coriuiins scattered bundles of pleuren-
chyma and cienchyma with its cellular tissue. Its wood-cills are very
long (§ 066), called bast-cells, and are strengthened with secondary de-
posits until quite filled up. Hence the strength and toughness of flax
and hemp. The strong material of " Russian matting" is fron? the liber
of the linden-treo, and the " lace" of the South Seas from the lace-bark
tree. The liber of other trees is not remarkable for strength.
702. The cellular or green hark succeeds to the liber. Its tis«ive
resembles that of the loaf, being filled with sap and chlorophylle. It
^rows laterally to accommodate itself to the enlarging circumference
of' the tree, but does not increase in thickness after the first few years.
703. The cortical or brown bark. Its color is not always brown,
being tarely white (canoe birch), or straw-color (yellow birch), or green-
ish (strip4/l maple), or grayish (beech, magnolia). Its substance is al-
ways cellular tissue, but diTering widely in consistency in different
species. Its new layers comj from within, formed from the green bark,
while its older are sooner or later cast off.
15 "^i
' is
' -Is
'r
142
THE LIGNEOUS SYSTEM.
704. The cortical layers sometimes accumulate to a considerable thicknesg
(maple, hickory, oak), hut are liiidlly rent and furrowed by the expanding wood.
In the cork oak (Quercud suber) they attain an excessive growth, furnishing that
useful substance, cork. In birch (Betula papyracea) these layerLj resemble paper,
long abiding by their elasticity the expansion of the truul:.
705. The medullary rays [medulla, pith) are those fine lines which
appear in a cross-section passing like radii from the pith to the bark,
intersecting the wood and dividing it into wedge-shaped bundles or
sectors. They consist of firm plates of parenchyma {muriform tissue,
the cell resembling brick-work) belonging to the «'ame system with the
pith.
706. The medullary rays are no less frequent in
the outer layer of wood than in the inner. Herico
their immber must increase yearly, and a new set
commence with each successive layer, extending
witii those already formed through the subsequent
layei-s to the bark, as shown in the diagram. (595.)
707. The silver grain. In a radial section
(597, 598) the medullary rays are more conspicuous
as sliining plates of a satin-like texture, called the
silver-grain, quite showy in oak, maple. A tangen-
tial section shows their ends in the form of thin
ellipses.
708. They serve as bonds to combine into one
firm body the successive wood layers, and as chan-
nels of communication to and from the bark and
heart-wood. They also generate, at their outer ex-
tremities, the adventitious buda
709. The cambium layer. Between the
liber and the wood there is formed in tiie
spring, at the time of the opening of the
597, Wood of Oak ; section lon-
)ritu(linal, showing, <(, iiiuiLillury
rayrt; ^, wood-ctlls ; c, jiorous
ducts.
buds, a mucilaginous, half-organized
layer of matter. Its presence loosens
the bark and renders it easily peeled
from the wood. The cambium is a
sap solution of the starchy deposits
of the preceding year, now rapidly
being organized into cells.
710. Tins IS THE GEVRRATIVR LAYRR
whence spring all tlio ^^t'owths of the lig-
neous system. From this, during each
growing season, two layers are developed,
one i)f liber .md one of wood, botli !it first
n ecllular mii-s but the colls with wonder-
ftil pneiaion iranafonning, some into the
slender iiHt-cells of the liber, so-ne into
the doti' 1 ducts iind fusiform et <; of the
wood, sotne into Hr i'lriform ti'^'* i<« (tfthHi
698
B»9, Wood of M.ipln; a m»idnllivrT m^K *
dmiU' I . wood'CoiU.
THE LIGNEOUS SYSTKM.
143
medullary rays. Through theso latter the quickening influence of the cambium
pervades both wood and bark.
711. Unlimited growth is therefore a cbaracteristic of the exocron-
ons stem : for the yearly increments are added to the outside of the
wood, and the bark is capable of expansion by lateral growth to any
extent. '
Vl2. The peculiar secretions of the plant are generally more
abundantly deposited in the bark than in the otlier parts. Hence the
bark is more generally sought for its medicinal and chemical proper-
ties.
713. The endogenous structure. In the cross-section ofamono-
ootyledonous stem (corn, palm) there is no visible distinction of bark,
wood, pith, or of annual layers of any kind.
714. It is composed of tissues quite similar to those of the exogen-
ous stem, but very difterently arranged. The body of the nionocoty-
lo'lonous stem consists of parenchyma, within which tissue numerous
thread-like bundles of woody matter are imbedded.
715. These bundles consist each of one or more dotted ducts
accompanied by spiral vessels, pleurenchyma, and often cienchyma also,
variously arranged in different species.
716. The formation of these bundles is dependent upon the leaves from
wliich they may seve-rally be traced downwards, first tending toward the interior
of the stem. Further on they recurve outward again, and finally terminate near
tiie surface, there interlacing and combining with their fellows and forming an
excessively hard but inseparable rind (false bark).
717. Cleavaoe difficult. From this entanglement of the fibers the cleavage
of endogenous stems is difficult or impossible. In jointed stems (culms) this entan-
glement occurs only at the nodes (cane, grasses).
718. The growth of monocotyledonous stems thus taker, place bv
the addition of the new wo«xl bundles to the interior of the stem, und
hence such jiiants are culled Insld(>-(/rowers or Endooens.
719. Peculiar FoiiMsoftlio caudex. The rind of endogenous trees is capable
of only a limited expansion. This limit is soonest attainctl at the base of the stem
long before the upper parts cease to enlarge. Consequently such trunks are often
si'i'H ot equal or greater diameter at the summit than at the base •. so the palmetto,
com, bamboo.
TUO. The acrooenous structure is found in mosses, ferns, and the
other higher tribe.s of the Crvptogamia. The stems advance, beneath
or above the ground, full-formed, growing only at the end, hence called
Acroi/ena.
721. A cross-section of a fern stem shows a body of parenchyma strenurthoned
by an outer zone of fihro-vascular htmdles, the wliolt" invested with a sort of bark.
Thi> bundles are preoisoly similar to those founil in the petioles, showing that the
»tein iB the aggregate of the unaltered leaf-bases. (000)
W*-
144
TlIK LIUNEOUS SYSTEM.
MO
600, Section of an Acrogenons stem of Tree-
Fern (Cyathea), showing the vascular i)undlc's
imbedded near the circumference of llie cel-
lular iiiass.
122. TiiALLOGENS are the lowest
in the scale of rank, having no true axis
590. Various kinds of vessels in a wood- , ^i x- ^u i „
.. ,.iii,iia «••"'»"' «.„„,„„ and no other tissue than parenchyma,
fltxT of Hamboo or Uuttan. rt, Cells of paren- _ »^ .
cliyin;.; b, annular cells; c, spiral vessels; which grows in threads or in mass m
*/, jHii 0U8 duct ; «, wood-cells. all directions. The apparent stems
(Htipe^'), if any, support the fructification only (sea-weeds, lichens, mushrooms, puft-
bulls, frog-apittle, mildew).
l'2'^. The structure op roots presents few deviations from that of the stems
to which they severally belong, being exogenous in Exogens, endogenous in En-
tiogeua, etc. In the former class the central pith disappears, its place being occu-
pied mainly by vascular ducts, and the liber, if any, has no bast -cells.
601 602 724. The FiBKiLLiE and pileor-
hiza should, however, be mentioned
as peculiar in the structure of the
root. The former are produced by
millions, clothing the delicate epi-
dermis of the young rootlets as with
cottony down, especially in light
soils. They usually consist of a
single cell of the epidermis extended
as seen in figure 601. They are the
true absorbents, the mouiJis of the
growing plant.
725. The pileobuiza.. The mi-
croscope shows that the extreme,
advancing point of the delicate, grow-
ing fibers is not thrust naked against
the opposing soil, but is covered
with a cap called pileorhiza {pikvs,
a cap, rhiza, root), which consists of
older, hardened cells, behind which
In the Duck-meat the pileorltiza is lengthened hito a
fiOl, Extremity of the rootlet of Maple, with
fllirtlliv and (») pileorhina. 602, Two plants of
Lemna minor (l)uckmoat). s. Their pUeorhiM.
urt> formod the new cells.
shi'iith.
720. The manner op OROwrn m the root is not like that of stems, by the
extension of parts already formed, but simply by the addition of now matter at tho
STRUCTURE OF LEAVES.
145
adTancing point. This accounts for the wonderful facility with which it penetrates
the soil and tinda its way uninjured into the hardest earth.
727. DiCTYOGBKS. In those few Monocotyledons which bear reticulated leaves
(Smilax, Dioscorea), the Didyogens of Dr. Liudley, the roots exhibit a structure re-
sembling that of exogenous stems.
>|
STRUCTURE OF LEAVES.
728. Nature of the leaf. The leaf may
be regarded as an expansion of the two outer
integuments of the bark, or of the green bark
and the epidernns, expanded into a broad,
thin surface by a woody framework proceed-
ing from the medullary sheath and the liber.
729. The framework of veins is therefore
fibro-vascular, abounding in spiral vessels, and
strengthened with liber.
730. The parenchyma exists in two strata
more or less dii^tinct. In all those leaves
which are ordinarily horizontal in position,
one surface being upward and the other down-
ward, those two layers are dissimilar ; but in
leaves with a vertical lamina (iris), and in
phyllodia (§ 307) the two layers are similar.
731. The layers described. Tlie superficial layer
of empty tabular cells, belongs to the opidermia Next tlon of tlie leaf-stulk {i)\ b, the
beneath this, in the surfiice on which the sun shines, axJU^ry bud.
are one or two layers of oblong cells placed perpendicularly to tliat surface, and
more compact than the cells beneath them, which are pervaded by intercellular
passages and by the veins.
732. Place of the stomata. The stomata as a rule belong to the
shaded side of the leaf, avoiding the sun's direct rays. On the sunny
side there are few comparatively or none. In the submerged leaves
of water plants the epidermal layer is hardly distinguishable, an<l is
wholly destitute of stomata. In such leaves as float upon water (water
lilios) stomata are found in the upper surface alone.
733. The ciilorophvlle. Within ail the vesicles of the paren-
chyma are seen adhering to the walls the green globules of chloro-
phylle, which give color to the l«'af — dark green above, where it is more
compact, paler beneath, where the cells are more loose and separate.
734. Vessels of cienchyma pervade the under-layer of parcn-
chymi, returning the elaborated juices through the petiole into the cam-
bium layer.
10
fi03, Section of a stem at the ori-
gin ofa leaf; p, ceiliilai', or i)ith;
a, vascular, the medullary sheath
send'ng off a bundle into the
leaf-stalk; d, the swellini; (|iul-
vinus) just below the articula-
4
wm
m
1 '.^
in
if
146
a
b
VEGETATION.
m
604, ^finuto portion of a leaf of Viola tricolor, viewed
ill perspective, showing, a, cells of epidermis above ;
b, compact parenchyma of the upper portion of the
leaf; c, loose parenchyma; d, epidermal-cells of the
lower surface with stomata, one cut and opening into
the intercellular passages. (Magnified 100 diameters.)
■^ »» ♦ «»»i
735. The stbuctcre of bra era
sepals, petals, and other organs,
which are but modifications of
the leaf) liardly requires a separ-
ate notice. Tiie same kinds oi'
vessels pervade their parenchyma,
but the spiral exist in a larger
proportion, in tiie pistil, tiio fibro-
vascular bundles may be traced
to the placenta, and thence into
the funiculus and raphe of the
ovule. In the more delicate or-
gans chlorophylle is wanting, and
the peculiar coloring, matter of
whatever other tint, is uniformly
diflused through the fluid con-
tents of the cells of parenchyma.
Tlie depth of the tint depends on
the number of cells thus colored.
CHAPTER V.
VEGETATION, OR THE PHYSIOLOGY OF PLANT LIFE.
736. Next inquiries. We have now briefly surveyed the mechan-
ism of the plant, both its outward forms and internal structure. We
next inquire into the uses of all this wonderful apparatus ; what the
specific office which each part performs in the economy of the plant ?
and how do all parts cooperate in the work of living and growing ?
737. This is a subject of great extent, and involves many inquiries of deep
interest both in science and art, — many inquiries, also, which have never been an-
swered. Our limits confine us to the bare statement of admitted principles, to the
exclusion of all speculative discussion.
738. What is life ? This inquiry meets us at the beginning — a
problem never solved. The spontaneous action of the plant, the self-
determined shapes which it assumes, we at once refer to this principle,
its vitality ; but of the nature of this principle itself we can only say,
Is it not a direct emanation from the Supreme Will, the Fountain of
all life ?
739. Vroetation is doubtless- the lowest form op life. Tt
springs directly from inorganic or mineral matter, and is the first step
in the organization of mineral matter. Its material is, therefore, min-
eral matter rendered organic thi'ough the vital force.
I
VEGBTATION, OK TUfci I'lIVSIOLOOY OF PLANT LIFE.
147
740. The subordination of the vegetable to the animal kingdom
is thus manifest in its being fed and nourished on inorganic matter, it
is interposed between these two incompatible extremes, and is ordained
to transform the innutritions mineral into the proper and indispensable
food of the animal kingdom.
741. Parasitic plants do indeed roquiro the ready organized juices of other
plants, just as tho carnivora among animals live on fiosli. Still the general fact R'-
inains, tliat plants alone feed on inorganic matter, and in turn become themselves
the food of the animal kingdom.
742. The process of VEOETATroN consists of imbibing the crude
matters of the earth and air, transforming into sap, assimilating to
plant juice (latex), and organizing into its own structure according vo
its own plan. The vital phenomena on which these transformations de-
pend are called absorption, circulation, exhalation, assimilation, secretion,
all of which processes take place in the individual cell. Therefore,
743. Cell-life is an epitome of tho life of tho wliolo plant. The cell is never a
spontaneous production; it is tho offspring of a pre-existing cell. So with the
plant; it is always the offspring of a pre-existing embryo or cell. Nothing but a
cell can produce or nourish a cell.
744. Two KINDS OF organic matter make up the cell. The first
protoplasm or protein (C40 Hgj 0,j Nj), the material of the primordial
utricle (§ 645), etc., containing nitrogen; 2d, cellulose, (C,<j IIi^ 0,o), the
material of the outer wall or crust, etc., containing no nitrogen. Tho
former more nearly resembles animal matter, and is the seat of the vital
force and chemical action.
745. What the cell im-
bibes.* Through the invisible
pores of its walls the cell imbibes
the tluid in which its food is dis-
solved, viz., sugar or dextrine,
ammonia or some other nitrogen- „„, „ . ,.„ ^v /,«« « . <,. 1
» 605, Protococcu8viridl8,tho 606, Penlcillum gku-
Oils substance. Such a fluid may Groen snow-plant. cuin,thcYea8t-i)hint.
be the flowing sap of the plant or any similar artificial mixture in which
the cell is bathed, as (in the case of the yeast plant) a syrup with mu-
cilage.
740. The chemical changes. The sugar is thus brought into con-
tact with the protoplasm in the cell, through whose action it is decom-
posed and its elements transformed into cellulose and water. Thus
each atom of (grape) sugar or dextrine becomes
One atom of cellulose, C,j H,o 0,o
and two atoms of water, Hj Oj
C18 H12 0,4= grape sugar.
605
1
i:'
«
f,''R
,■_/'■ ■■
:^^M
111
w
i
i
148
FERTILIZATION.
H
The water is exhaled with the rest ; the cellulose is retained to iricrust
a new cell as soon as the primordial utricle shall next divide itself to
form one. Or it may be deposited as starch granules for future use.
747. Action of chlorophylle. In the cells of green plants the
globules of chlorophylle act an important part. Their formation de-
ponds upon the decomposition of carbonic acid (COj), the retention of
the carbon, an J the exhalation of the oxygen under the stimulus of the
light. If the formation of cellulose continue beyond the present need
for cell-formation, the excess is deposited in the form of starch-granules
inclosed within the globules of chlorophylle, ore in each.
748. Destination op the starch granules. When the starch granules are
redissolved, they go to incriist the next new cell c to form a secondary layer in the
old cell ; or in autumn they go out into the general circulation and are at length
stored up in the buds, the cambium, the roots, ready for an early use the following
spring,
749. The increase of the protoplasm from the decomposition of
the ammonia or other nitrogenous compounds present is a more in-
tricate process, but no less evident, and when in excess, this also is de-
posited in minute globules of gluten, mucus, legumine, chiefly in seeds
(whcH^, beans, rice), in aid of germination.
750. The starch and gluten deposits of the wheat kernel are about sixty-
eight and seventeen per cent. The former is found in the interior cells, the latter
in the exterior, adjoining the pericarp or bran. In *' flouring" some of the gluten
adheres to the bran, and some constitutes the coarser ir.^a], all of which is separated
by the " bolt." Extra flour must, therefore, necessarily be deficient in gluten, the
only element of the wheat which adapts it to the formation of muscle. A great error.
FERTILIZATION.
751. Capacity of the cell. Such being the vital energy of the
cell, it is easy to admit the possibility of either its solitary existence as
a plant (Protococcus, etc.), or of its associated existence, as in the living
tissue of most plants.
752. Two MODES OF cell-growtii. Now all plants, without excep-
tion, do actually commence existence in the state of a simple cell. l>ut
while in the lower plants (Cryptogamia), this simple cell, the plant-
rudiment is at once discharged, free and independent, to float or grow,
in thePha'nogamia it is yet a while protected and nourished by other
cells, — the cells of the ovule.
753. A distinction. This primitive cell-plant, after acquiring the
requisite means, swells and divides itself into two or more now cells.
If these new cells coliere into a tissue assuming a definite form, as in
FERTILIZATION.
U9
the higher plants, the process is called growth ; but if thty separate,
each one still abiding separate, it is reproduction.
764. The embryonic vesicle is the expressive panie of the em-
bryonic cell of the Flowering Plants. It has its birth in that large cell
of the nucleus of the ovule (§ 539) called the embryo mc, and is in
some way developed from the cytoblast (§ 655). In appearance it may
be like other new cells, but in the impulse or instinct with which it is
endowed it is immeasurably dift'erent. It looks not to the mere con-
tinuation of an old series, but is the projector and pioneer of a new.
755. Its new impulse. Before it
can enter upon its course of develop-
ment so different from the destination
of common cells, it must somehow be
quickened and eneri(>;ized with an im-
pulse in this new direction. In other
words, it must be fertilized, — a pro
cess dependent on the pollen grains
{§ 509).
756. The pollen tube — its course.
"When the pollen falls upon tlie stigma, it
imbibes the saccharine moisture there, ex-
pands, and its inner, expansible coat of pro-
toplasm protrudes tlirougii the aperture (one
or more) of tlie outer cruataccous eoat, in
tlie form of an attenuated tube. This, like
a radicle, sinks into tlie soft tissues of the
stigma and style, reaches tlie ovary, and
there meets and enters the micropyle of the
ovule.
757. Its contents, how diSxJHarged.
At this juncture the ovule has so turned it-
self, whether orthotropous, anatropous, etc.,
as to present the mieiopyle favorable to this
process. The pollen tube makes its way
finally to the nucleus and penetrates to the
embryo sac. Here its growth ceases; its
point is applied externally to the sac, some-
times indents it; but (acco"diii<i' to the most
accurate observations), does not penetrate
it. During this contact, the contents of the
tube pass by absorption into the sac.
758 (iROWTH op the FRRTILTZET) CELLS.
Immediately the embryonic globule, thus,
607, Section of the ovary of Polygon imi
Ponnsylvaniciun, in process of fertilizatinn.
(Mugnifii'd '20ilianieter.>«). c, Niitiiral f-vm.
n. One of the stamens bavins; (lisfluiigtd its
pollen, t, A grain of poik-n and its tiil.e.
», Styles and stigmas, o, Ovary, ovule, em-
bryo sac containinff the emhrvonic elobule.
The extremity of a pollen tube is seen io
"••-■ n
somehow endowed with a new instinct, now contact with the embryo sao.
rr
150
FERTILIZATION.
first expands into a proper cell, and is usually attached
to the wall of the sac near the micropyle. It then di-
vides itsolt" transversely, lj*'(umiug two cell.-; the upper
felongates either with or w ithout subdivision, forming a
filament (suspensor) ; the lower cell enlarges by subdi-
vision, first spherically, and afterwards the little mass
begins to take form according to the species, showing
cocyleduns, plumule, etc., until fully developed into the
embryo.
759. Schleiden's view. Owing to tlie ex-
treme difficulty of observation in this minute
field, different views of this process have been
advanced. That of Schleiden sliould not be
overlooked, lie maintains that the end of the
poilen tube actually pen^^trates the sac and itself
becomes the eiuKryonic cell. The pollen grain is
in this view the primitive cell, and is itself
quickened into development by the contents of
760. Fertilization in the conifer^e.
fiOS. Orowt' of the eml rvo , ,
in Hippuris ^ .'ails. The n iti- the embryo sac
lizi'il celt has divided itsell in-
to fseverai, of wliicli c, h, con-
etitiite the suspeiiKor Htfaciied Where uo stvle or stigma exists, as in the Coni-
to the apex of the sac; ". e.n- f^.^.. ^,,^. jj^^ f^^]^ directly lUtO the micTOpvlc
bryo dividing into 2, then into _ ' •' .
iceiis. of the naked ovule and its tubes settle into the
tissue of the nucleus.
761. Chemical changes in gcrmina- ^^
tion. The ovule matures with the com-
pletion of the embryo, and passes into
tiie fixed state of the seed in which the
embryo sleeps. A store of nutritive
matter, starch, gluten, etc., is thought
fully provided in the seed for the use of
the young plant in germination, until its
root has gained fast hold of the soil.
762. The changes which occur in
the seed at the reconHiiencement of .,,„ ... , ^, , . , , , ,
609, Ovule of viola tricolor, showinst
growth, are simply such as are requisite the process of fertilization according to
to reduce its dry, insoluble deposits to a f'l ^'«^« "'' Schleiden. p Pollen ; ^
. . " . tube, r, raphe ; c, chalaza; b, piiniiiie;
solution which shall contain the proper «, secundine; n, nucl. n : «, sac which
materials for cell-formation or growth ; ^^^ '"^^ appears to have ik netiated.
that is, gluten and other nitrogenous matters, oil, starch, etc., are to be
changed to f'iastase, the same as yeast, and dextrine, the same as gum
or grape sugar.
ItlPKNINU OK FRUITS.
151
70;?. The pnocEss. To this end water and oxyi.n'ii aro absorlted, the
gUiten l)f.|;ins <(ecotnpositioii, t'onnin*^ yoast; feniit'iitatioii ensues; heat
is prcKhieed by the slow combustion of the carboti with oxytieii fonii-
iii<^ and evolving carbonic acid, by which process some of the oil and
starch is destroyed, while another portion ga'ns water and turns tu
>ugar. All this within the cells of the seed.
lilPKNING OF FRUITS.
764. In the pericarps of most fleshy fruits (grape, pear, apple, peach,
strawberry), sugar exists before germination, ready formed in the process
of ripening.
765. How THE FRCIT GROWS. In its earliest .stages the pericarp consisted of a
structure similar to that of green leaves, composed of parenchyma, pleurenchyraa,
vtsst'ls, and epidermis with stomata. Its distended growth atlorwards results from
tlio accumulation of the flowing sap, which hero finds an axis incapable of exten-
sion. Thus arrested in its progress, it gorges the pistil and adjacent parts, is con-
densed by exhalation, assimilated by their green tissues, which still perforru the
oflice vi" leaves. Cell-formation goes on rapidly within, and the excess of (.vilulose
is vleposited in the cells as starch. Oxygen is usually absorbed in excess, acidifying
the juices.
760. How IT RIPENS. After the fruit has attained its full growth,
the process of ripening commences, during which the pulp becomes
gradually sweetened and softened chiefly by the change of the starch
into more or less of soluble sugar.
767. lIoNEY. In the s;ime way wo account for the production of
honey in the flower. Co}»ii>us de|»osits of starch are provided in the
receptacle and disc (§ 446 ». At the opening of the flower, this is
changed to sugar to aid in the rapid development of those dclicat*} or-
gans which have no chlorophylle wherewith to assimilate their own
food. The excess of sugar flows over in the form of honey.
768. The wise economy of the honey is seen in fertilization. For,
attracted by it, the insect enters the flower, rudely brushes the pollen
from the now open anthers, and inevitably lodges some of its thousand
grains upon the stigma !
769. ExPERiMEXT HAS PROVED that ..i all these cases of the formation of sugar
frf)m starch oxygon is absorboil and carbonic acid evolved, — a process wliich we
niiglit expect, since starch (Ci-j Hio Oio) contains proportionably more carbon than
sugar (CiiHijOii) contains. It is probable that these two phenomena in vegetation
are alwavs co-existent.
J
S.
S^^A
!■
TT
152
ABSORPTION.
CHAPTER VI.
§1.
ABSOKFTION,
B> i
770. Officb of the root. The absorption of liquids, containing in
solution the food of the plant, is the peculiar and indispensable office of
the root, as may be shown by an
771. Experiment. Take a small growing plant from the eartli and immerse it by
its roota, which siiould be nearly or quite entire, in a cup containing a definite quan-
tity of watei". Place near it another cup with a like quantity of water to indicate
the amount of ovaporatioii. Tiie difference of tiio diminution in the two cups will
be tiio amount of absorption. A plant of spearmint lias thus been found to abj^orb
more tlian twice its own weight per day. Kvery one is familiar with tlie rapid dis-
appearance of water from the roots of potted plants, as Hydrangea, Oleander.
772. The ABSORHENrs. An impervious epidermis destitute of .^to-
mata everywhere clothes the roots, excepting its fibrilltc and the tender
extremities of the rootlets. No part, therefore, is capable of absorp-
tion except the latter. But these, by their multiplied immbers, present
an adequate absorbing surface to the soil.
773. Experiment Let a growing radish be placed in such a position that only
the fibrils at the end may bo iininorsed in water; — it will continue to flourish. Bui
if the root be so bent that the fibrils shall remain dry while the body of the root
only is immersed, the plant will soon wither, but will again revive if the fibrils be
again immersed.
774. Inference. Hence, in transplanting a tree almost the only
danger to its life arises from the difficulty of preserving a sufficient
number of these rootlets.
775. The force with which plants absorb fluids by their roots
is surprisingly great, as shown by
776. ExPERiME>fT. If the stem of a grape-vine be cut off when the sap is as-
cending, and a bladder be tied to the end of the standing part, it will in a few days
become distended with sap even to bursting. Dr. Hales contrived to fix a mercu-
rial gauge to a vine tliiis severed, and found the upward pressure of the sap equal
to twenty-si.K inches of mercury, or tiiirteen pounds to the square inch.
777. IJut what causes this absorption of fluids in a direction con-
trary to gravitation ? In explanation of this phenomenon reference
has been made to two well-known princ'ples in physics, viz., to capiUanj
attraction by the tubular vessels and to endosmose by the closed cells,
which are far more numerous.
778. RXPERTMEXT. Invert the end of several open tnermometer tubes in a colored
liquid. Tt will be seen rising in the tubes above its level, to various heigiits — high-
est in tiie smallest calibre.
779. ExP. Suspend a napkin in such fashion tl...t its lowest corner shall dip
into a cup of water. In a few hours the water wiU have ^cended into the napkin.
These are results of capillary attraction.
AUSOUI'TION.
153
1
780 Exp. Tlirow dried prunes, currants, or raisins into water. After a wliile
tliey will have beconje swollen and distended with fluid. Now pUico thoni iu strong
synip; they will again shrink.
781. Kxi'. Attach a bladder filled with syrup to a long glass tube, and iniinersc
in water. The water tiows in and the mixture arises slowly but forcibly in the tiibe.
Ri verse the liquids. Pure water from within the blvuJder will How into syrup with-
out. The former is a case of endosmose {fvihv, inwards, //w, to seek), the latter of
ex OS! nose {i^u, outwards).
782. DiKFX'Tlo.v OF THE CUIIHENTS. The flow will continue until the two fluids
ore e(|ual in density. In both cases tiiere is also a flowing of syrup into the water,
but the greater flow is always fro n the lighter into the denser fluid.
783. TnK FORCE OF ENDOSMOSE is found to depend upon the excess in density of
the inner fluid. Synip, with the density of 1.3, caused a flow of water witli an up-
ward pressure of 4^ atmospheres (Dutrochet). The great force with wiiich the cap-
sule of the squirting cucumber (^ 600) bursts shows the power of endostnose. Uut
a more probable theory is stated in § 791-
784. The use of absorption in the vegetable economy is not merely
the introduction cf so much water into the plant, but to obtain for its
growth tlie elements of its food liekl in solution, whether gaseous or
earthy. In attaining this object, the roots seem to be endowed with a
certain power of selection or choice which we can not explain. Thus,
if wheat be grown in the same soil with the pea, the former will select
the silica along with the water which it absorbs in preference to the
lime ; the pea selects the litne in preference to the silica. Buckwheat
will take chiefly maffnexia, cabbage and beans, potash. This fact shows
the importance of the rotation of crops in agriculture.
785. Other means of absorption. The office of absorption is not
performed by the root alone. Every green part, but especially the leaf,
is capable of absorbing gases and watery vapor.
786. Proofs. Every one knows how greatly plants, when parched and withered
by drought, are revived by a shower which sprinkles their leaves without reaching
their roots. Air plants or epiphytes (§ 143), such as the long-moss and Kpidendrum,
must rely on this source chiefly for the supply of their food ; and when the dissev-
ered stems of such platits as the houseleok grow without roots, suspended by a thread
in air, it is evident that all their nourishment comes through their leaves.
i
le
r
r
Id
CIRCULATION.
787. Tendency of the flow. The fluids which are thus taken
into the system by absorption can not remain inactive and stagnant.
As their inward flow is regular and constant in its season, so must be
their upward and outward flow, in a course more or less direct, toward
the parts where they find an outlet or a permanent fixture.
788. In those Cryptogams which are composed of cellular tissue
alone the circulation of the sap consists only of a uniform diffusion
from cell to cell throughout the mass, as through a sponge.
789. In the higher plants, the diff'erent tissues perform appropriate
/ '>;
'.%
-i
TW
154
CIRCrLAIION.
P i
offices in the circulation, some conilucting upward, some dovnwanl, some
conveying the crude sap, some latex, and some air.
790, AiR-VESSEis. Spiral vessels and other's of the traclienchynia
are go?ierally filled witli air, and take no part in the ( irculation of fluids,
except in the spring, when the whole system is gorged with sap. The
intercellular passages, also, generally circulate air alo'.ie.
791. The moving force. From the roots the newly absorbed flui<l
flows upward through the stems and branches, toward the buds, loiwcs,
and flowers, being probably drawn thither into them by the exhalation
and consequent exhaustion there going on.
702. TiiROUGFi WHAT TISSUE. Thc tissuc of the stem and branches
through which the ascending sap loves chiefly to travel is the pleuren-
chyma — those long cells of the wood fiber, whether arranged in broad
layers, as in the E.cogens, or scattered in slender bundles, as in tlu' Eu-
dogens.
793. Through which layers. And when the stem grcwvi ol<l, the
sap ceases to traverse the inner layers, — the duramer, where its passage
becomes obstructed by thickened cell walls, and frequ^-nts only the outer
newer layers, — the alburnum, next adjoining the liber.
794. The crude sap. The fluid which thus flows upwanl seeking
the ler*ves consists largely of water, is colorless, and is called the crude
sap. It contains in solution minute quantities of gases and mineral
salts, imbibed by the roots, together with dextrine and sugar (no starch)
which it dissolved out of the cells on its wav. This is the fluid which
flows so abundantly from incisions made in trees in early spring.
795. The overflow of thk sap depends upon tho excess of absorption over
exhalation. After tlie decay of tlie leaves in autumn, and the consequent cos'!;;tiou
of exiialation, the rootlets, being deep in the ground, below the influence ol frost,
continue their action for a time, and an accumulation of sap in tho system, even iu
the air-vessels and spaces, takes place. Also in early spring, before the leaves are
developed, this action recommences, and the plant becomes gor^-ed w ith sap, wiiich
will burst fortli from incisions, as in the sugar maple, or sometimes apontaiicously,
as in the grape. As soon as the buds expand into leaves and flowers, tiie overflow
ceases.
790. The true sap. Throughout its whole course to the leaves tic
sap gains in density by solution. There arrived, it loses by exhalation
a large ))art of fts water, gains additional carbon, and undergoes other
important chemical changes (hereafter to be noticed), and becomes tho
true imp, dense and rich, both in nutritive matter for the unnndinte
growth and in special products for \\\i}, future nourishment of the plant.
797. Hkturning, the true sap distributes its treasures in due and ex-
act proportion as needed to every organ. Its course lii's iu the tissues
of the bark, cellular and woody, first distributeil over the iinder s\irface
CIBCULAIION.
loo
of the loaves, thence by the leafstalks into the liber, and so pervadinor
all, down to the extremities of the roots.
798. On its passage it makes deposits of food, first in the cells,
of the pith at the base of every incipient bud ; then in the canibiiun
rejj^ion a copious store ; next in the medullary rays a due portion,
some carried outward for the supply of the cortical layer, and some in-
ward for solidifying the wood ; and lastly, the residue, often the richest
Ici^acy of all, falls to the root, and fills every branch and fibei', liowever
vast its (!xtent. This last deposit is that which is first met and dissolved
by the rising tide of fluid in the following spring.
799. Growth progkesses downward. Since tlie flowing of the
tr-ie elaborated sap is downward, it scarce admits of a doubt that the
progress of the growth is also downwar<], from the leaves to the root^^.
And on no other supposition can we account for the results of the fol-
lowing
800. Experiment. Girdle an exogenous tree by removing an entire rinjr of ita
hark. It will flourish still dviriiig one growing season, and form a new layer of wood
and bark everywhere above the wound, as before, but not at a'l below. The next
season the tree will die. Wiiy ? Because tlio true sap rt.'turning can not descend
to nourisii the roots.
801. Exp. If a ligature be bou»id firmly around a stem (se. of silver-leaf poplar)
its growth is checked below, while the part just above will exhibit, after a year or
two, a circular swelling evidently caused by thi> interruption of the descending sap.
802. Exp. If a chip be cut from the trunk, the wound heals evidently from the
upper side.
80:{. Exp. Cut off the top of a branch just below a leaf. The upper remaining
internode will perish. It has no leaf above it to sonil down its fond.
804. Exp. Girdle carefully the stem of a potato-plant. No tubeis will be formed
helow. And, again, girdle a fruit tree, and th" fruit will for onct be increaseil in
amount.
805. In \ FEW INSTANCES TREFS HAVE SURVIVED THE (ilRnLlNf} PUOCKSS. In
such cases the medullary rays complete the broken currents. The descer\ding sap,
on n.Tiving at the ring, flows inwardly by the medullary rays, making a circuit, and
.•ijipcars again in the bark below the interruption.
806. Rotation. Beside this general ciniulation of fluids rising and
fulling from extremity to extremity, there is also a special circulation
going on pretty constantly in each new cell, cf.lled rotation.
807. Rotation is a flowing of the protoj>lasm in slender and devious
currents on the inner surface of the primordial utrich', rcndcreil per-
ceptible by the opa<jne particles floating ip. it. The cytoblast also i>;ir-
takes of the movemtnit. It is well observed in the hairs of Tradcscaiitin,
leaves of Vallesneria, and especially in the stems of Chara, where the
current expands into an entire revolving layer of proto})lasm. It is a
vital movement.
*i-
%\
Is 'I
iri
wm
T
156
RESPIRATION.
TRANSPIRATION.
808. Transpiration relates to that important oflSce performed by the
leaves and other green organs, whereby pure water is separated from the
crude sap and given otF into the air. It takes place chiefly through the
8to.inata, and is greatest by day and in a warm, dry atmospliere.
800. Upon the activity of transpiration depends also the
amount of absorption. It not only makes room for tlie fluids from be-
low to enter, but by disturbing their equilibrium, it creates an upward
tendency, as the flame of a lamp draws the fluid up the wick. All the
mineral and organic constituents of the sap are of course left in the
plant.
810. The quantity of pure water transpired by plants is immense. A
forest iiiaktis a damp atmosphere for miles around. Dr. Hales, in a series of instruc-
tive experiments in transpiration, ascertained tiiat a sunflower three and a half feet
higii, with a surface of 5,616 square inches, transpired from 20 to 30 oz. in twelve
hours; a cabbage, 15 to 25 oz. in the same time^-equal to the transpiration of a
dozen laboring men. We may easily
811. Experiment with a single leaf recently plucked, say of Podophyllum. In-
sert its p'tiole in a narrow-mouthed goblet of wjiter, and around it fill the mouth
witli dry cotton to restrain evaporation. Over the whole place a bell-glass and ex-
pose to the sunshiiiL'. The vapor transpired will condense on the bell-glass, equal-
ing (save the solid matters) the loss in the goblet.
m J
RESPIRATION.
612. Reispiration in plants refers to their rc/ations to the atmos-
phere. So in animals. These relations are in either case vitally impor-
tant.
813. Experiment. Place a small, healthy potted plant (sc. Geranium, Mimosa)
un( U'T the receiver of an air-pump, and thoroughly exhaust the air. At once every
vital process ceases — no absorption, no assimilation, no irritability, but speedily de-
cay ensues. A vacuum would be no more fatal to a sparrow. Air is quite as
necessary to the one as to the other.
814. Illustration. So also when only the roots are excluded from the air by
being buried deeply in an embankment, the tree suffers injury and perhaps perishes.
815. Kfspiration in plants, or aeration (as sometimes called)
consists of all those operations by wliich the sap is brought into con-
tact witii the air or subjected to its influence. It occurs in the inter-
cellular passages, in the spiral vessels everywhere, but especially in the
leaves and all other organs whicli have chlorophylle and stomata.
816. The vital importance of respiration is seen in the vast ex-
tent of the respiratory apparatus, consisting of millions of leaves and
billions of breathing pores (stonuita) and trachea) (vessels) !
817. The facts connected with respiration, which seem to have been
well cstablishcil by the experiments of Saussure, Garreau, Mono, Draper,
etc., are these :
le-
as
er-
he
Ind
RESPIRATION.
157
1. Tarbonic acid (C O.^) is absorbed by the leaves and all green tis-
sues, under the direct solar light.
-. Oxygen (O) is {d)sorbed by the leaves and all green tissues in the
absence of direct solar light, and by the roots, flowers, fruits, and ger-
minating seeds at all times.
8. The oxygen thus absorbed unites with some of the free (or nas-
cent) carbon already in the tissues, and forms carbonic acid.
4. By a process of assimilafion (§ 747) carbonic acid within the
gn^en tissu(^s, from whatever source derived, is decomposed under the
direct sunshine, and its carbon is retained ; but
o. Its oxygen is set free and exhaled.
G. (.';irhonic acid is exhaled by the leaves anu all the green tissues
in tlie absence of the sunshine, and by all other parts (root, flowers,
fruit, and germinating seeds) at all times. Hence it appears that there
ai'e
81 S. Two PHASES of aerial action constantly performed and seem-
ingly opposed to each other. One dependent wholly upon the clear
sunshine, in wliich, by the leaves, etc., C Oj is absorbed, decomposed, and
O returned to the atmosphere ; the other, in which O is absorbed, and
C (\i exhaled, by the leaves in the absence of sunshine, and by all other
|»arts (roots, flowers, etc.) at all times. Both arc equally and vitally
im|)ortant.
819. TuE FORMEti PROCESS BEroMES VISIBLE to tlio oyc by the rapid development
of chlorophylle accompanying it, tlie latter by its gradual loss. Hence, during a
protracted season of cloudy weatlier vegetation grows sensibly paler , but a few
hours of sunshine restores the green to its wonted depth and richness.
820. Blancued pi.axts. llence, also, plants growing in constant darkness and
shade, as potatoes in tlie cellar, are very pale, and manifest their affinity for light
liy stretching themselves with famishing eagerness towards the slender sunbeam
which gains admittance. Analysis shows structures thus grown to be deficient in
carbon. "\Vo may easily repeat the
821. Experiment op saussure. riace a quantity of freslily gathered lenfv stems
under a bell-glass full of rain-water, and thus expose them to the sun. Soon bub-
bles of gas arise anil slowly collect above, pure oxygen giis, as long ago proved by
Or. rrieslly.
S'22. Repeat the experiment with Ijoiledor distilled water, and no oxygen will
appe.ir. Rain-water contains (ji\ in solution, boiled water does not. The irust
tiii'refore have come from the CO.^ as would appear.
82:5. Experiment. Inclose air-tight in a gla.ss globe the end of a leafy branch,
witiiout severing it fVom the tree. Tims it has been found by carefiil analysis after
!i day <if sinisliiiM* that the iiroportion of O was iiiereaseil at th" expense of V, 0,
wiliiin ti:e globe; and vire rrr.sa by night or in the shade.
H'J4. The rksflts of both transpiration and respiration, as concerns
the plants, tend to coiu'entrate the diluted sn\) by the elimination of the
f^d
r
i 'W
158
REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION.
water, which served merely for its couveyaiiee, and to assimilate it intu
food capable of being organized into cells and their various contents.
And it is proper in this place also to notice the effectn of this va.5t
machinery upon the constitution of the atmosphere and its relation to
the animal kingdom.
825. Carbonic acid gas is dissolved in the atmosphere and some-
what uniformly diffused throughout its whole extent in the pi-oportion
of about 4 parts in 10,000, or ■^'^jq. This gas flows, and is ever flow-
ing into the air from decaying animal and vegetable substances, from
combustion, and from tlie breath of all living animals. The quantity
thus added to the atmosphere annually is estimated at 100 billions lbs.,
or nearly one tenth of the whole amount of carbon, and yet it does not
accumulate.
826. The demand and supply. Were we able to compute in
pounds the annual growth of the entire plant world, and the proportion
of solid carbon which enters into that amount, we should doubtless And
that the grand total of the demand equals this grand total su])ply.
A POISONOUS ATMOSPHEHE. And further ; not only are the necessi-
ties of the plant met by this wonderful circulation, but the necessities
of animal existence also. Carbonic acid is poisonous, and should it be
left to accumulate unchecked, it would gradually corrupt the air, and
within a few centuries extin -'I'^h all animal life.
828. Animals and plan -iutuallv dependent. Thus are the
two kingdoms of the organic world mutually, through tlic itiorganic,
dependent upon each other. The plant furnishes the oxygen which
the animal consumes, the animal the carbonic acid which the plant
consumes, while each would perish in an atmosphere of its own pro-
duction. " Great and marvelous are thy works, O Lord of Hosts I in
wisdom hast thou made them all."
I » ♦ ♦■»-
CHAPTER VII.
REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION.
829. Thk four organoqens. It has already appeared in the pre-
ceding chapters that plants {i)'i«ist t'l'iefly of four simple organic de-
ments, viz. : carbon, oxygen, livdrog'^n, parogen. Tlu^ Hrst exists in ,'i
larger proportion, the last ''n ,'i sn: vdlrr llian either of the others.
Unitedly these four <iements wnstit'ito about 04 per cent, of all vcge
table matter.
tttiVltlVV OF TUli PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION.
1.59
830. Carbon (esseiitliiHy charcoal) enters so largely into the composition of
plants that it retains gtaierally the exact form and texture of the wood aftL-r the
other elunioMls have been expelled by heat. On this element chiefly dqjenils the
solidity and strength. Its proportion is from 40 to 60 per cent. Nitrogen, although
e(iually essential, is less abundant in tlie tissues, and exists largely only in certaui
vegetable products, as gluten, albumen, casein, theine.
831. Oxygen and hydhooen exist in plants combined with other elements, and
also combined with each other forming water, especial/ in all fresh green vege-
table r.iattor. The water is expelled by drying, and the following table shows, in
a few cases, the proportion for each 100 lbs.
Peas lose of water 8 lbs. ! Apples and pears 83 lbs.
Wheat 14 lbs.
Rye and oats 15 lbs.
Wheat straw 26 lb.'*.
Potatoes about 75 lbs.
Red beet 85 lbs.
Strawberries and gooseberries. 90 lbs.
Turnips 93 ll)s.
Watermelons .... 95 lbs.
832. Eakthy elements. Besides these four universal elements,
many ot.lier substances, oartliy and mineral, are found in quantities
greater or less, in different species. Thus forest-trees and most inland
plants contain potassa; marine plants, soda, iodine; the grasses, silex,
phosphate of lime ; rhubarb and sorrel, oxalate of lime ; leguminous
plants^ carbonate of lime ; the Crucifera3, sulphur, etc.
833. TiiE PROPORTION OF EARTUY MATTER is small and may bo estimated from
the ashes. As drying expels the water, so burning expels all other organic ele-
ments, and the inorganic earthy, whatever they be, remain in the form of ash. The
ibllowiug table Irom Bousingault is instructive on this point.
Whoat
Grain. Straw.
Oa
Orain.
S . 1 - . 1 . s
Straw, k"^ i S* j " ^ ^ -*^
>
Carbon
1 lydrogen. . .
O.vygen
Nitrogen. . . .
.Vsh
46.1
6.8
43.4
2.3
2.4
48.4
5.3
38.95
.35
7.
50.7
6.4
36.7
2.2
4.
50.1
5.4
39.0
.4
5.1
46.5
6.1
40.1
4.2
3.1
49.4
5.8
35.0
7.0
2.8
45.8
5.0
38.7
1.5
9.0
42.9
5.6
42.2
1.7
7.6
44.0
5.8
44.7 1
1.5
4.0
100
100
100
100
100 j 100 100 100 100
834. Agricultural oiiemihthy. Since all these elements are found in plant-',
we infer them to be essential ingroilionts iu the food which they require for healthy
vegetation ; and an inquiry Into the sources from which they may bo supplied ron-
stitutt's tho chief ooject of Agricultural Chemistry.
83."). TiiK FOOD OF PLANTS is air, earth, and water. Tt is evident
that plants do not create a particle of matter, and therefore do not
./ ' ,*inate in themselves any of the elements which compose them.
Con-<cqucntIy thev must obtain them from sources without. (Jarbon is
derived from tlie carbonic acid contained in the atmosphore, an<! from
the decaying vegotabK maUer of the soil. Oxygen is derived from the
I" tj
m^'
1
.%f^
ftal
i
i
111
n
m
r.^'3
^\
100
REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION.
t ■;
water and from llio carboi acid of the atrnospliere ; liydrogeii from
water and ammonia, and m -oircn from ammonia and nitric acid, drawn
cither from the atmosphere or the soil.
8:!6. The atmospiikre contains about 2I0 o pfirt of carbonic add, difTiised throujrh-
oiit its wliole extent ; and an this gas contains 27 per cent, of carbon, it is demoii-
*<lriil)le tiiat tiie whole atmosphere eontams more than 600 billions (000,000,000,000)
of tons of solid carbon, derived from tlie sources already mentioned {§ 835), —
an amount fully adequate to the demands of the vesretablo kingdom.
H37. Soil consists of two classes of materials, viz.: mineral, and organic. The
former, called earths, consists of disintegrated and pulverized rocks, including all
the various mineral substances which are found to enter into the composition of
plants, as potassa, soda, silica, lime, etc., all of which are more or less soluble in
Water The onjanic materials consist of the remains of former tribes v?f plants and
animals mingled with the earths ; and which, having access to the air, aro decom-
posed, evolving carbonic acid and ammonia both to the air and the water.
h;{8. AVatkr is composed of oxygen and hydrogen (II I)) in the proportion of 8
to I by weight, or one atom of each to each. Hiiving pervaded the atmosphere in
the state of vapor and rain, and percolated thnnigh the soil, it holds in solu-
tion cai'bonic and nitric acids, ammonia, and many of the various miinTals abovo
mentioned.
.":)9. Ammonia consists of nitrogen and hydrogen combined in the proportion of
one atom of ♦he former to three of the latter (N II 3). It arises from decaying ani-
niid and vegetable matter, as above stated, and is dillused through the atmosphere
in the proportion of about 1 part in 10,000.
840. NiTiuc Acin is also believed to yield nitrogen to plants. It consists of one
atom of nitrogen to five of oxygen (NOfj). During thunder-storms iL is generated
in the air by lightning and brought down by rain. When combined with the
hdnes, as potassa, soda, etc., it Ibrms nitrat>'.s — substances known to be edicieut fer-
tilizers in soils.
841. A,:i i>LAN""='. Thus it appears that wafer, carbonic acid and ammonia (or
nitric acid) may yield to pl'ints their four essential organic elements. And since all
of tliem are contained in the atmosphere, some plants aro capable of subsisting on
air alone (long moss, lichens) ; but most species aro dependent on water, earth, and
air, and demand a copious supply.
84:.*. TiiK EXTKHNAL CIRCUMSTANCES, thcroforo, fii'st requisite to
healthy vetjjetation are, — 1, free access to an atmosphere whicli is often
a;j;itate<l by winds; 2, a proper supply of rain or river water; 3, a soil
[•ossessinjjj the })ecnliar minerals required by the species to he grown
upon it, touvthcr with a <M'rtain ju'oportion of vetrctable mold.
84;{. TiiK .siiM'LV. The first of these is everywhere abundantly
supplie(| by nature, and asks no aid from man. The second and third
fire often deficient, and are to be sui)[>iied by the labors of a<jfri uiltnre.
.I>y irrii/otloii streams of water are turned from their natural (channels to
add to the scanty moisture of fields j)ar(;lied with drought; by ilrain-
ti(j<' f)i(» inundated bog is converted into a luxuriant lawn.
sit. TiiK oiUKCT ov TILLAGE is to pulvenze and lighten the too compact soil;
and tiius expose every part to the oxygen of tin uir in order to hasten i's decompo-
sition. SahsoUiivj, or deep ploughing, is an operation whereby that stiatum of earth
^•-.._
REVltW OF THE I'RINCIPLKS OF NUTRITION.
161
whieJi lii'Sjuat lu'low tlie ordiuarj' soil is moved and subjected to atmoxplioric in-
lluonce. Tiio subsoil, with less organic matter, contains often soluble fcrtiliziiis^
earths whicli may thus bo rendered available for the use of plants.
845. The oiUKCT of JiANUKixa is mainly to increii.se tlio quantity of ortranic
matter, or to restore to tlie soil tiioso qualities which have been taiven away by tho
crops. By various umendnitnts (as gypsum, lime, eliarcoal) ammonia is stron^'ly
attrat'ted from tlie air and yielded again to vegetation. Marl promotes tlie deeoni-
position of tho soil, and ashes add to the potassa — a substance which also exists
naturally in soils, being derived from the decomposition of tlio rocks which contain
it, as granite, clay-slate, basalt, etc,
846. Bone manure is rich in the phosphates indispensable in tl.o formation of
albumino, gluten, and other blood-making qualities of fruits. Tlio ininoral phos-
phate of lime, bono-chalk, etc, are of the same nature.
847. (JuANO is a manure whose prr^at value depends upon ?ts abundant nitrates
and amtnoniacal salts. It is the excrement of sea-fowl which has for ages accumu-
lat'd iu vast deposits on certain coasts and islands t)t" South America and Africa.
848. Fallow ground. Soils i\\\i often improved by lyiiij^ fallow for
a season, thus allowino; time to form, l»y tleeomposition, ii fresh supply
of that particuliir ingredient wliich liad Iteen exhausted by previous
crops. On the same principle is explained tiie benefi<;ial effects of a
rotation of such crops as require different mineral substances in tlieir
composition.
849. Light and hrat. After all these materials have Ix.'cii supplied
to the plant, still two other agents are requisite, without which th(> great
work of vegetation will not go on. These life-giving prin(;i[)les are light
and heat, both of which emanate in floods from the sun. Under their
influence tlie raw material is received into the vessels of the plant and
assimilated to its own substance — a process which can \h\ fully comj>ru-
liended only by IIim whose power is adequate to carry it on.
8r)0. Digestion. Under the inHucnco of solar ligiit and a tomperaturo ai)ovo the
freezing point, water holding various earths in solution is imbibed by the roots and
raised into tho tissues of the stem, dissolving as it passes small portions of gum or
sugar previously d(!posited there. In this state it is crude sap. Passing on it niters
tho leaves, and is there subjected to tho action of tho cliloropliylle (5^ CSV) which
chieHy constitutes tho apparatus of digestion. Here it is concentrated by transf)i-
ration, sending off quantities of pure water. Meanwhilo the leaves are imbibing
carljonic acid from tho air, decomi.iosing it, retaining tho carbon, and returning pure
oxygen. Thus elaborated, the sap is now called
H51. The i'roi'KR ji-in:, consisting evidently of carbon and water,
with a little nitrogen and minute portions of tho mineral substances
mentioned above. From this, the vital fluid, are elaborated the build-
ing material of the vegetable fabric, and all its various products and
se(;retions.
8r)2. PuoTRlN, OK PROTOi'LASM, tho subslancc of the primordial utrielo, analogous
in composition to tho living tissues of animals, and containing nitrogen, is organized,
first of all, from this vital Huid. CeUulone (or ligniu) next, tho peculiar principle of
vegetable tissue, whether colliilal, vascular, or woody, consisting of carbon with tho
11
h
) !
;ra
I ■■.
T^
162
REVIEW OF THK PKINCIPLE3 OF NUTRITION.
w..
exact elementg of water, viz., Cii IIio Oio. Then, through the action of light, chlo-
rophyUc springs into behig, clothing tlie plant in living green. Meanwhile
853. GCM, STARCH AND SUGAR, nutritive products common to all plants, are also
developed from the proper juice — not all to be immediately employed iu building up
the tissues, but mostly to be stowed away in reserve for future use. Such deposits
are made in the root of the beet, tuber of the potaio, and in the fruit generally.
These three products, witli cellulose, are all composed of carbon and the elements
of water, often iu identical proportions ; thus cane sugar is Gu \\n On ; grape sugar,
C\i Hii On ; gum, Cu ilio Oio; starch, C14 IIio Oio; cellulose, Ch IIio Oio.
854. Sugar is somktimes produced directly from the proper juice, as in the
root of beet, stalk of maize, and sugar-cane ; but oftener, during germination, from
the starch deposited in tiio seed. Its couiposition, as seen above, differs from that
of .'Starch only in containing a larger proportion of the elemetits of water or (what
is the same) a smaller proportion of carbon. As starch is insoluble, its transforma-
tion into soluble gum or sugar is needful to render it available for the nutrition of
tlie growing embryo.
855. The facility with which these fite general products are con-
verted INTO each other, both iu the growing plant and in the laboratory of the
cliemist, is accounted for by the similarity of their chemical condition. Thus starch,
gum and cellulose may reconvert merely by some change in the arrangement of their
constituent atoms, or they may become sugar by the addition of one or two atoms
of water.
856. Among the numerous secretions of plants, which our limits forbid us to
consider, are the vegetable acids containing more oxygen proportionately than
exists in water ; the oily acids, resins and oils, containing less oxygen than existti
iu water, or none at all. These substances vary iu the different species almost to
inlinity, taking into their constitution, in addition to the four organogens, minute
portions of the mineral substances introduced by rain and river w^^er. Their pecu-
Taritios of odor, flavor, color, properties, etc., although so obvious to the senses, are
occasioned by dilferences of constitution often so slight as to elude the most delicate
ti'j^ts of the chemist.
857. TiiH FOLLOWING TARLE CONTAINS examples of the various classes of secre-
tions, arranged in reference to their relative proportion of oxygen: —
CLASS.
M
— -J
NAME AND SOURCE.
FORMULA.
Oxalic, Leaves of rhubarb, sorrel, etc.,.
Citric, Fruit of the Orangeworts,
Malic, Apples ami many fruits,
Tartaric, Tuico of grapes,
Gallic, Nutgalls
Tannic, Astringcmt barks, nutgalls, ....
ileconic, Juice of the Poppy worts, ....
C2HO4
Cl-2 Hs Ol4
C3 He Oio
Cs Ho O12
Cu ire Oio
C18 lleOg?
Cl4 H4 Ol4
r 3 3
Grape sugar. ( rrapi^s, raisins, Ikhjc^ , • • • •
Cane sugar, ^r.iple, maize, sorghum,
.St.arch. In all plants,
Gum. mucilage. Common,
Cellulose. Substance of celluliir membrane,
C]2 II12 O12
C,2 Till On
C12 nio Oio
C12 Hio Oio
C12 Ilio Oio
Tho propor-
tion of oxy-
gen to hy-
drogen is
grcatcrtliaii
in water. i
Tlie oxygen
proportion-
ed to liy-.
(Irogfiii [
equally, as
in water. 1
I
I
REVIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITION.
16a
CLASS. NAMK AN1> bOUKUE.
rOKMULA. 1
= 5^ Pliloridein. Burk of clierry, apple, etc.,.. . C12 H; Og Osy^L■n in
El § Salicine. Bark of willow, 'Ci3 Hg O7 proportion
•5 1 Populiue. Bark uf aspen (Populus), C20 Hii Os
^^-i jMecouine. Juic.i ol" poppy, Cio Up O4 slightly less
5^ ft ;Aliza"ino (Turkey red;. Madder, C37 Ui-2 Oio umn wnter.
1
S-^ Oil of anise. Piiapinella aiiisutn, 'Cic Hg O4
1^ Oil of cinnamon. Laurus cinnainoniura, . . |Cis Hg O2
', p^ Oil of clover. Caryopliylliis aroniaticus, . . C04 U15 U5
■2 j;- Oil of sassafras. Lauras sassafras, Cio H5 O2
1 ^. Oil of peppermint. Mentha piperita, JC24 H2() O2
y 1 Oil of valerian. Valeriana officinalis, JC12 Hio O2
Dxygen in
(liiniubhed
proportion.
i Valeric acid. Root of valerian,
^ 4 Enanthylic. Castor-oil nut,
"3 = Pelargonic. Rose geranium,
''• c Laurie. Lanrus nobilis,
Cio Hio O4
C,4 Hl4 O4
Cis His O4
C24 H24 O4
C28 H28 04
C44 1144 04
[n this se-
ries the pro-
;)3rtion of
oxygen
regularly
»-^ Myristit. Nutmegs,
« :: Behni'c,
diminishes.
^ Melissic,
Ceo Heo O4
very little
oxygen re-
nmining.
£= jColophony, or resin of pine, etc.,
C20 Hl4 O2
C40 H31 O4
S irf Resin of Copaiva. Copaifera,
Si|.^. Resin of Mastic. Pistacia lentiscus,
_^„J J Resin of Copal. Hymmaea, etc.,
.5 ,' ^ Camnhor. Laurus camohora
C40 H31 O2
C40 H31 03
C20 H16 O2
C20 His O2
i
;2'7 5 Borneo camphor. Dryobalanops,
1
J^ = Oil of turpentine. Pines,
' ^ iBergumot. A variety of orange,
s : . Black pepper. Piper nigrum, .
■« - ^ Juniper, savine. Juniperus,
05 H4
Co IT4
C5 H4
C5H4
C5H4
Curbo-hy-
driigcns,
isomeric,
destitute of
oxygen.
^""^ Pars ey, cubi'b.i, etc.,
c'5 'i Quinine. Peruvian biirk,
C2S H22 O4 Na ^Oxygen less
y = Morphine. Ouium. dol^dv
C34 Hio On N
thun hydro-
gen.
c 1 J Tlieine. Leaves of the tea-plant,
Cgc Hio O4 N4
- /) Nicotine Tobacco (Nicotiana")
C20 Hl4 N2
Ci6 Hi5 N
Oxygen
none.
^ J !Coneine. Hemlock (Gonium),
Oil of TniistinTl Sinnnis nitrra
'Cio H5 N S2
'C16 H5 N S2
Cg Hs S
Oxygen
none.
J Oil of horse-radish. Cochlearia,
■" Oil of crarlic Allium sativum
^4 iProtein. Primordial utridf;,
c 5 (T-iiitpn Tli(> cpreal trraina
|C36 TT25 Oio N4 =Pr.
'10 Pr-hS
^' I Casein. Leguminous seeds,
~ X ! -Vlbumen Manv seeds
10 Pr+P + S
10 Pr4-P + 2S
i
PART THIRD.
SYS r K M A r 1 C BOTANY.
CHAPTER I.
OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS.
858. Systematic botany relates to the arraiii;oinent of plants into
groups and families, according to their characters, for the purpose of
facilitating the study of their names, affinities, habits, history, proper
ties and uses.
859. In this department, the principles of Structural and Physiological Botany
are applied and brought into practical use in tlie discrimination of the difteront
groups, and the limitation of their characters. Besides tlio immediate uses of Sys-
tematic Botany in the determination of species and kinds, aa above stated, it ac-
complishes
860. Another purpose of still higher import. It aids us in
studying plants as related to each other, and constituting one gn.'at and
glorious system. It shows us the Almighty Creator at once employed
in the minutest details and upon the boundless whole, e pially attentive
to the perfection of the individual in itself, and to the completeness of
the granil system, of which it forms a necessary part.
861. The subject op great extent. The study of dassiflcation introduces the
botanist into an extensive Held of inquiry. The subjects of his research meet him at
every step. Tliey clotho the hill and plain, the mountain and valley. Tiiey spring
uj) in the hedges and by the way side. They border the streams and lakes ami
sprinkle over their surfaces ; they stand assem'iled in vast forests, and cover witii
verdure even the depths of the ocean. Now, with each individual of this vast king-
dom the botanist proposes to acquaint hiraselfj so that ho shall be able readily to
recognize its name, and all that is either instructive, interesting, or useful concern-
ing it, whenever and wherever it is presented to his view.
8G2. The wrong way to study. Now it is obvious that if the student should
attempt the accomplishment of this labor by studying each and every individual
plant in detail, whether with or without the aid of books, the longest life wo\ild
scarcely suffice him for making a good beginning. But such an attempt would bo
as unnecessary as fruitless. The Author of Nature has grouped these myriads of
mdividuals into
OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS.
165
8G:{. Species (§ 70). When lie . jiIUhI phiuts into oxisttMn f, in
their specitic I'onns, lie entlowecl each wit i the jiowei of jxrpttnathnj
its own kind and no other, so tliat they have deseendeil lu us -iistin-
guislied bv the same <;haraeters and ]»roperties as ;vt the l>t'i£inniiig.
When, therefore, the student has tortne<l at'<juaintan<'e with any itidivi-
dual plant, he is als > ai'<piainteil with all other iadividaaU hclonijinff to
the same aperies.
864 For example : ;v single plant of ichite clover is a true repre-sontativo of all
the millions of its kind that grow on our liills and in our meadows ; and a siiiirlo
description of the ivhi!- pine will answer in all essential points for every individual
tree of tli it noble species, in all lands where it is f()und.
865. Genera. Althono^h the spceies are st^parated from caeli other
by clear and dctinite distinctions, still they are found to exhii)it also
constant affinities, wlicrcby they stand associatcil into larger groups
called genca (§ 80). .1 (fenus, tliercfore, is an assemblage of related
species, ha\ ng more marked affinities with each other in general struc-
ture and appearance than they have with other apecies.
8r>6. For exxmple: tlie wliito clover and the red (Trifolium repens and T. pra-
tense) are univc-rsally reco;^iiized as dilVerent species, but of the same genus; and a
single generic description of one plant of the genus Trilbliuni will convey intelli-
gence to a certain extent concerning every other plant belonging to its 130 species.
867. Thus are the individual plants of the globe grouped by descent and resem-
blan/,'e, and comprehended under species; and the species associated into iiigher
groups called genera. "An indi\idual,'' says Prof. Forbes, " is a positive reality;
a species is a relative reality; a genus is an idea — but an idea impressed on nature,
and not arbitrarily dop'udent on man's conceptions. An individual is one: a spe-
cies consists of many resulting from one; a genus consists of more or fewer of these
mawiVs resulting from one linked together, not by a relationship of descent, but by
an affinity dependent on a Divine idea."
868. Orders. But natural affinities do not end j-.ero. The genera aiv yet too
numerous for the ready and systematic study of tlie naturalist. He, then "fore, would
generalize still further, and reduce the genera to still fewer and broader groups.
On comparing the genera with each other, he finds tliat tiicy also pos-vjss in com-
mon certain important characters which are of a more general nature than tlioso
which distinguish them from each other. By tliese general characters tlie genera
are associated into orders.
869. For example: comparing sucli genera as tiio mustard, radisli, ciibl)agc,
cress, wall-flower, etc., it is seen that, wiiile they dill'er sulliciently in tlieir generic
characters, yet they all have certain marked resemblances, in their didynamous
stamens, siliquous fruit, whereby tiiey are obviously associuteil into tlie same order
— the Cruciferae. So, also, the pines, the spruces, tlie cedars, the larches, and the
cypress, while as genera tiiey are obviously distinct, yi.>t all bear roni-s of some
form, with naked seeds; hence they are naturally grouiieU mto one Order — tiio
Coniferae.
870. Classks. In like manner tao Orders, by characteristics of resenblaiioe still
more general, are associated into a few groups, each of great extent, calL-il (..'lasses,
whether natural or artiticiaL
-'IS
^ If
^i>i
\V{M.
../
>'^J
'^ \t v^.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
11.25
mm m22
;;f u£ 12.0
Hiotograiiiic
Sciences
Oxporalion
^
^
fV
;\
\
a3 WIST MAIN STMiT
WnSTIR.N.Y. USM
( 71* ) 172-4503
;\
C^
IT
ICG
THE ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM.
871. iNTEBMEniATE GROUPS, formed on the same principles, are recognized aa
Subgenera, Suborders or Tribes, and Subclasses or Cohorts, which will be further
noticed and described in another place.
872. Methols of classification. Two independent and widely different
meliiods of cUissitying the genera have been generally approved, the Artificial Svs-
tein of LinnfBus, and the Natural System of Jussieu. Tiie former is founded solely
on clir.racters relating to the organs of fructiflcation, leading all other natural affini*
tics out of view. The latter, on the contrary, takes for its basis all those natural
aQinities and resemblances of plants whereby Nature herself has distinguished them
into groups and families.
«« ♦ »■
CHAPTER II.
THE ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM.
873. A SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION IS SAID TO BE ARTIFICIAL WHEN, disregard-
ing the real nature of the subjects classified, it rests merely on some obvious exter-
nal circumstance. As when the books of a library are arranged on shelves accord-
ing to their size, octavo, duodecimo, etc., or as when the words in a language are
arranged in dictionaries; alphabetically, forming thus class A, class B, etc. In either
case the books or the words constituting any group may be quite diverse in charac-
ter, having nothing in common e.x:cept their octavo size or initial letter. The only
use of such an arrangement is convenience of reference.
874. Carl von Linnk (Linnseus) of Sweden, born in 1707, everywhere honored
as the fatlier of systematic and descriptive botany, was the author of that renowned
artificial system which bears his name. For well nigh a century it contmued in al-
most universal use, and was regarded by his followers with far more respect than by
Linuc'cus iiiiuself) who designed it simply as an index or clue to the vegetable king-
dom. For ho says (Philosophia Botanica) " Methodi Naturalis fragmenta studios^
inquirenJa sunt. Primura et ultimum hoc in Botanicis desideratum est."
875. Considered as a system, the Linnaean arrangement totally fails to exhibit
those true relations and affinities of plants which render the knowledge of each kind
a guide to that of the others, and combine all into one consistent whole. It can not,
therefore, properly be regarded as a system.
876. Considered as an tndex or key to the vegetable kingdom, it is by no
means reliable, for the stami'iis and stylos often vary numerically in the same
plant ; and secondly, the species of the same genus often vary in these respects, thus
obliging us to violate even specific affinities ; and again, when the stamens or pistils
are at'cidentully marred, or lost, or immature, the index must also fail of its purpose.
For these reasons this arrangement has fallen into disuse, having been superseded
by tiie Natural System, and by other arrangements better adapted to tlie present
advanced state of tlie science. Yet being intimately connected with the history of
ltot:iny, and having largely contributed to its early progress, its outlines at least de-
mand a record in our pages.
877. The Linnaean System proposes to arrange all the known
genera of plants under tiventy-four classes, each based on some special
charactor derived from the essential floral organs, as follows :
THE ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM.
l(M
§ 1. The fikst thirteen classes comprehend all such plants
as have their flowers all perfect, their stamens unconaocted and
and of equal length, or at least neither didynamous nor tetra-
dvnamous.
Class I. MoNANDRiA, — ono Stamen to eac>h flower (Salt'vort, otc).
Class II. DiANDRiA, — two stamens (Circ ea, Veronica).
Class III. Triandkia, — three stamens (Iris. Nearly all the Grasses'.
Clags IV. Tetrandhia, — four stume .s (iialium, Plantago).
Class V. PE.'fTANURiA, — five stamens (Vitis, Conium).
Class VI. Hexanuria. — six stamens (Lily, Tulip, Luzula).
Class VII. Heptanuria, — seven stamens (Trientalis).
Class VIII. OCTANDRiA,— eiijht stamens (Eriua, (Eiiothera).
Class IX. Enneanuria, — nine stumens (Rheum, Sassafras)
Class X. Decandria, — ten stamens (Diantlius, Rhododendron).
Class XI. Dodecandria, — twelve to nineteen stamens (Asarum).
Class XII IcoSANDRiA, — twenty or more stamens, perigynous (Rosa).
Ck«s Xlll. PoLVAXDRiA, — twenty or more stamens, hypogynous (Ranunculus,
Papaver).
§ 2. The next two classes are founded on the relative
length of the stamens, the flowers being perfect and stamens
generally unconnected.
Class XIV. DiDYNAMiA, — four stamens, two long and two short, by pair?, as in
Autirriiinum, Prunella.
Class XV. Teiradynamia, — six stamens, four long and two short, as in the
wall-flower and the Cruciilrae generally.
§ 3. The next four classes are determined by the con-
nection or union of the stamens.
Class XVI. MONADEiiFiriA, — stamens united by their filaments into one set, as
in Malva, Geranium.
Class XVII. DiADELPHiA, — stamens united by their filaments into two sots
(Polygala pea, Lathyrus).
Class XVIII. POLYADELHHIA,— stamens united by their filaments ia(.v> three or
more sets (Hypericum).
Class XIX. Syngekesia, stamens united by their anthers, as in the Asters and
other Compositte.
§ 4. The next class depends for its character upon the ad-
hesion of the stamens with the pistil.
Class XX. Gynandria, — stamens and ^tyle3 united, forming a column, as In
Orchis, Asclepias.
§ 5. The next three classes include all plants) with diclin-
ous flowers, some with pistils, some with stamens only.
Class XXI. Moncecia, — staminate and pibtillat^ flowers, both upon the same
plant (Pinus, Arum, Hnzel).
Class XXII. Dkkcia, — staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants (Wil.
low, Hemp, Hop, Smilax).
Class XXIII. PoLYOAMiA. — staminate, pistillate and perfect flowers either on the
same or on diffbront plants, as in Acer, Acacia, "V eratrum).
§ 6. The last class includes flowerless plants.
V
I;
M
I: VA
1(38
TliU AKrXFIClAL »V8TUM.
Class XXIV. Cryptooamia, — plants in which the organfi of fructification aro
concealed (aa the name implies) as iu ferus, mosses, seaweeds.
878. The Linn^an okdeus. Each class is subdivided irto orders, and these
also are founded on some condition of the essential organs. The orders of the tinst
thirteen classes are determined by the number of styles (or stigmas when the styles
are wanting) in each flower.
Order 1. Monogynia,
Order 2. Digynia.
Order 3. Trigynia,
Order 4. Tetragynia,
Order 5. Pentagynia,
Order 6. Iloxagynia,
Order T. Heptagynia^
Order 8. Octogynia,
Order 9. Enneagynia,
Order 10. Decagynia,
Order 11. Dodecagynia,
T styles.
8 styles.
style-'.
10 stylos.
12 styk-s.
Order 12. Polygynia, more than 12.
1 style.
2 styles.
3 styles.
i styles.
6 styles.
6 styles.
879. Thk orders op class XIV. depend upon their seed vessels.
Order 1. Gymnospermia — Fruit four achenia, as in the Labiatse.
Order 2. Augiosperraia — Fruit inclosing several seeds.
880. The orders of CLAgis XV. also depend on the fruit.
Order 1. Siliculosa — Fruit a silicle, as in pepper-grass.
Order 2. Siliquosa — Fruit a silique as in wall-flower.
881. The orders op classes XVI., XVII., XVIII. are distinguished by
the number of stamens and named like the first classes.
Order 1. Triandria — three stamens united by their filaments.
Order 2. Pentandria — live stamens united by their filaments.
382. The orders op class XIX. are five, as follows :
Order 1. Equalis — Florets of the head all perfect ( ^ )•
Order 2. Superflua — Florets of the disk 9 , of the ray $ .
Order 3. Frustranea — Florets of the disk \i , ray abortive.
Order 4. Necessaria — Florets of the disk $, of the ray S .
Order 6. Segregata — Each floret with a separate involucre.
883. The orders op classes XX., XXL, XXII. distinguished in the sam©
way as the first thirteen, the XVI., XVII., XVIII. classes ; as
Order 1 . Monandria— one stamen. Order 2. Diandria — two stamens. Order 3. Tri-
andria — three stamens, etc.
884. The orders op class XXIII. are founded on the position of the
flowers relatively, thux :
Order 1. Monoecia— Flowers tf , ^, ? on the same plant (Acacia).
Order 2. Dioecia — Flowers 8 on one plant, £, ? , on another (Ohamerops).
Order 3. Trioecia— Flowers ^ . ^, and « , each on separate plants.
885. The orders op class XXtV. are the same as in the Natural Sya-
tem, and can no: be defined by a single character.
Order 1. Pilices, ferns.
Order 2. Musci, mosses.
Order 3. Hepaticae, liverworta
Order 4. Lichens, lichens.
Order 6. Fungi, mushrooms.
Order 6. Algie, seaweeds.
THE NATURAL SYSTEM.
109
CHAPTER III.
THE NATURAL SYSTEM,
886. The aim of the Natural System is to associate plants into
groups and families acoording to their true natural likenesses and af-
finities, and thus to make an expression, so far as possible, of the Di-
vine plan in the System of Nature.
887. It differs from the artificial arrangement : while that em-
ploys only a single cht*raeter in classification, the natural systeuj regar<ls
the total organization, and seizes upon every character wherein plants
cigree or disagree, and forms her associations only upon the principle of
natural affinity. Hence each member of any natural group resembles
the others, and a fair description of one will serve, to a greater or less
extent, for ail the rest.
888. The species and genera are formed on this principle of clas-
sification, as above stated, and are truly natural associations. Indi-
viduals alt< iLjether similar, cast as it were in the same mold, constitutt;
a species. Species agreeing in nearly all respects and differing but in
few constitute a genus. Thence the genera, associated by their re-
maining affinities into groups of few or many, by this same method ans
organized into Natural Orders and other departments of the vegetable
kingdom.
889. Uflativk valuk ok characters. Althouijrh the natural
method employs every cliar.icter, yet it does not regard all o( equal
value or importance. As a J'ule, the higher the pliysiological import-
ance of any organ, tlie higher will be the value of the characters which
it aft'ords.
890. Becausr, (1) the less will it be subject to variation, and (2) the more gen-
eral ill respect to otlier orgaus will bo the reseniblauco of those plants which agree
in respect to that organ. Tliiis, Jirst in vuluo are tiioso characters drawn from tlio
cellular tissue ; second, from the vessels, the stomata, the embryo, and albumen ;
third, from the axis and leaves, the stamens, pistils, and fruit ; fourth, from the pe-
riantli ; fifth, from tiie inflorescence and bracts.
891. History of the natural metuod. Its foundation wjis first laid 1GS2,
by Jolm Hay, of Kngland. lie separated the Flowering from the Flowerless plants,
and divided the former into Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. Linnaeus, about 50
years later, i-onstructed a fl'agnieiit of the system, consisting of the names of G7
natural orders, wilhout descriptions. But to Aiitoino do .Tussieu is duo the honor ol
the final estalilishment of this Method upon the true principles of natural nflftnity.
Ho arranged the genera then known (A. D. 1780) into 100 natural orders, defining
them v.-ith so mucli exactness, that nearly all have withstood the test of time ; and
have been adopted into our present systems. Robert Brown contributed largely to
its completion and introduction into England, by the publication of his Flora of
V
1
14
J!Bi
170
THE NATL'RAL SYSTEM.
New Holland in 1810; and liimlly Do CaiidoUe, by the publicution of his great
work " Prodronius Systematis Naturahs Kegni Vegelabilis", couiiiieuced iu 1816,
and designed as the universal Flora^ brought this system into general use.
892. Many systems. But the aim of tlie natural system as an expression of tlie
Divine Order of Nature is not yet consummated. The lower divisions of the System
— species, genera, and orders, — are well defined and settled as truly natural groups.
The grand divisions also, — Cryptcgatnia, Phenogamous Exogens and Kndogens
(§ 897), — are fully cstabhshed. But in the midst, between these extremes, there is
a region of uncertainty, respecting the arrangement of tlie orders into gioupn sub-
ordinate to the grand divisions, viz., into Classes and Subdiusses. In this matter,
authors have maintained different views, and proposed a variety of systems.
893. The difficulty lies in this. We attempt necessarily a linear arrangement
of the orders, placing one after another in 8Ucc:}ssion, tlius regarding the affinities ot
each in two directions only, viz., toward the preceding and the succeeding ; whereas
eacii order should be regarded as ^, center of affinities; being related immediately to
all others lying around it, as a province on a geographical map is related equally to
ail those which touch upon its borders. Hence any linear arrangement of the orders
must be in some degree artificial.
894. One natural system. Altliouffh there be but one tnilv na-
tur;il system, yet wliile any portion of it remains imperfectly unclersttK,J,
so far anthors may be expected to hold different views, and to atti^mpt
by different methods to express that trne .system. Still the discrepan-
cies observed in the several "Natural Systems," proposed by different
writers, are slight compared with the number and importance of the
principles now common to them all and universally admitted.
895. The first and highest division of the Vegetable Kingilom,
viz., into the Phsenogamia or Flowering I'lants, and the Cryptogamia
or Flowerless Plants, has already been noticed and defined. These
grand divisions, or sub-kingdoms, lie at the foundation of both the sys-
tems of Linnajus and of Jussien, and have in substance been adopted by
every subsequent author. It is a division founded in nature, that is,
marked by nature herself, for
The PafiNOGAMiA {(jiaivu, to appear, yufiog, nuptials),
a. Consist of a regular axis of growth with leafy appendages,
6, They possess a woody and spiro-vascular structure,
c, They develop stamens and pistils constituting flowers.
d, They produce seeds containing an embryo. On the other hand
The Cryptogamia (kiwittu), to conceal, yu/iof).
a, Are generally destitute of a regular axis and of true leaves,
b, They possess mostly a cellular structure only,
c, They do not develop true flowers,
d, They produce spores having no embryo.
896. Natural divisions indefinite. The above diagnosis does not mark the
absolute limits between tJie two sub-kingdoms, for the higher Cryptogamia, as the
mosses and ferns, give indications of approach to the Phasnoganiia, both in form and
structure, while the lower Phflenogamia can scarcely be said to produce flowers.
And universally, so gradual is tlie transition fVora group to group, that it is dillirult
THE NATURAL SVSTKM.
171
or impossible to fix npon characters so definite a» to circurascribo completely any
one group, while at the same time they exclude every member of the Murrouudinx
allied groups.
897. Second division. The Flowering plants are next resolved into
two gra'At provinces ^ indubitably marked by nature's own hand, and em-
ployed in every natural method. The following is their diagnosis.
ExoGEN^ (tiw, without, yffvuoj, to generate), or Dicotyledonous Plants.
a, Growing by layers external to the wood, internal to the bark,
b, Leaves net-veined,
c, Flowers 4 or 5-parted, rarely .^-parted,
d, Seeds with two or more cotyledons, and
e, The radicle producing an axial rtx)t.
ENDOGENjE, {ivihv^ within, yewiltj), or MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
a, Growing by scattered internal wood-bundles,
6, Leaves parallel-veined,
c, Flowers very generally 3-partod,
d, Seeds with one cotyledon, and
e, The radicle never producing an axial root,
898. Third division; — classes. The provinces are next broken
into classes — groups of the third rank in extent. Two are constituted
of the Exogens, viz. :
AXGIOSPERM.E {ayyeinc, a vessel, anipfin, seed) (oak, rose),
a. Flowers more generally perfect or complete,
6, Pistils complete, inclosing the ovules,
c. Seeds inclosed in a pericarp.
d, Embryo with only two cotyledons.
GYMNOSPERMiE {yvfivh^, naked, aiTEpfia) (pine, yew).
o. Flowers imperfect and incomplete,
ft. Pistils scale-like, witliout a stigma,
c. Seeds truly naked, that is, destitute of a pericarp^
d, PJmbryo mostly with several whorled cotyledons.
Two classes are formed from the Endogens, viz. :
Petalifer^ (TTETrt^ov, petal, t^ipu, to bear).
Plants of the endogenous structure, with flowers constructed on the usual
plan ; perianth cf one or more whorls of petaloid organs, or wanting (lily,
Orchis, rush)
GLUMiFERiE {gluma, husk, few, to bear).
Plants of the endogenous structure, the flowers invested with an im-
bricated perianth of glumes, instead of petals and sepals (grasses, grains,
sedges).
899. Divisions of the crvptogamia. Tliis sub kingdom is na-
turally divided into two provinces, the Acrogens, and Thallogens, —
terms founded upon their mode of vegetation. The former include
those tribes which make some approrunation towards the Pheenogamia,
the latter include the lowest tribes in the vegetable kingdom.
AOROOEN^ {aKfwv, the summit, yevvuu).
Flowerless plants having a regular stem or axis, which grows by the ex-
tension of the apex only, without increasing at all in diameter, generally
;■ ^ !- 1
*r
(
4:
h
If >
M-
nm
fll
t
172
THE NATURAL 8V8TKM.
witli leaves, and composed of cellular tissue and scalaritbrra ducts (Foras,
mosses, club-mosses, horsetails, etc.)
THALi.O(JKNiK (WciX/o/-, green branch, yFvvu(.i).
Flowerless plants producing in vegetation a thalUi.% with no distinction
of stem and leaij or root, and composed of cellular tissue only (Lichens,
fungi, etc.)
900. Classes of the flowkkless plants. For the sake of analogy
and an advantageous comparison with the ]*hainogams, wo may also
regard these two provinces of tlie Cryptogams in the liglit of Classes
founded upon their different modes of fruitbearing. Thus the Acro-
gens constitute the class
AxaiOSI'OU-K (nj)ftof, OTTopu).
Acrogenous plants, producing their spores in sporangia (vessels) which
burst when the spores are mature.
Cymnospor.*; {yvfivhc, aTiopu).
Thallogenous plants reproduced by spores, which are produced m parent
cells, either forming a part of the vegetating thallus, or growing upon the
surface of some definite region of the thallus.
901. Fourth division — cohorts. The six classes, as above constituted, are
still eacii of great extent, — too great for the comprehension of the learner, or prac-
ti'jal use. A further division is therefore necessary. To effect this on strictly
uiitural principles botanists have labored hitherto in vain. The truth is, the
members of these several classes are united by atAnities so equable as to render
it impjssiblo to subdivide, except by distinctions more or less arbitrary. S<)
adjacent territories, where rivers or other natural boundaries are wanting, must bo
separat d by artificial lines.
902. The axgiospekms are divided by De Candolle, in his great descriptive
work *• ProJromus Systeniatis Naturalis Kegrii Vegetabilis" into four sub-classes
fouadeil upon the conditions of the floral envelops, viz. :
1. Tlialataijionv, petals distinct, and (with the stamens) hj'pogynous.
2. CalyciflonH, petals (with the stamens) perigvnous.
3. Corol'if}or(f, petals united, hypcgynous, stamens epipetalous.
4. Mori(>chla)nyileai, petals wanting.
903. The plan of Endlicher in his "Genera Plantarum" is more
simple and convenient, and has been followed by American writers
generally. He separates the Angio.sperma) into three "cohorts," thus:
1. Dialypdahe (fJt«^/'w, to dissolve). Exogenous plant.s, having both calyx
ami corolla, the latti'r cjinposed of distinct petals (polypetalous), sometimes
slightly coliering by the base of the stauiens, rarely abortive.
2. Cfainop'.take {ya/uy; union). E.vogenous plants, having both calyx and
corolla, the latter compo*<ed of petals more or less united.
3. Apetakv (o, privative). E.vojrenous plants witli flowers having a calyx
only, or neither calyx nor corolla (ach'amydeous).
904. The class pbtalifer.« may be conveniently separated int'>
two cohorts, as follows.
1. Spadicijicrce. Endogenous plants with flowers having no perianth, or a
scaly one, end borne qu a thickened spadix, which is often enveloped in a
spathe.
THB NATURAL 8T8TKM. );
173
2. FloridecB. Endogenoua plants with the flowers usually perfect and com-
plete, the perianth double, 3-parted, the outer often and sometimes both green.
905. The class glumifer^ is equivalent to the cohort Grami'
notdece, including the sedges, grains, and grasses — a truly natural as-
semblage.
906. The class ANoiosPORiC: consists of three cohorts defined as
follows.
1. Sporogamia. Angiosporous plants, producing spores in which, when ger-
minating, antheridial cells and archegonal, or ovulary bodies, are formed
(Lvcopodiaceae, Isoetacoje, Marsileaceic).
2. Thallogamia. Angiosporous plants producing spores of one kind in spor-
angcs on the surface of tlie leaf or stem, the spore germina.ti;ig into a
green prothallus ^629) on which are developed antlieridia and an hegonia
the latter giving origin to a leafy embryo (Equisetaceu), Filices).
8. Axogamia. Angiosporous plants producing anthoridia and arohegonia in
the axils of the leaves or in buds, the fertilized archegonia giving birth to
spoi'anges filled with spores, all reproducing the plant (Mosses, llepaticye,
Characeifi).
907. The class gymnospor^ consists of three cohorts, viz. :
1. Aerophyta. Thallogens growing and fructifying in tlio air, reproduced by
spores formed in asci, and by green gonidia formed in the medullary layei
of the tliallus (Lie' ona).
2. Uysterophyta. Thallogens growing in or on decaying organic substances
and fructifying in vho open air, destitute of cliloropliylle and starch, re-
produced by spores formed in asci, by archegonal spores and by gonidea
(Fungi).
3. Ilydrophyta. Thallogens with a branching or foliaceous tliallus; mem-
branous, gelatinous, or cartilaginous in texture, containing either cldoro-
phyllo or a red coloring matter ami often starch grains ; growing in water,
salt or fresh, or in moist substances in damp air (Algre).
908. The following synoptical arrangement of the above divisions and sub-
divisions will exhibit at a glance the relative position and mutual relations of each.
«v;.
THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.
The Rub-kingdom, Ph^engoamia, or Flowering Plants,
Province 1st. Exogenoe, or Dicotyledons.
Class I. Angiospermae.
Cohort 1. Dialypetalae, or Polypetalse.
Cohort 2. Gamopetalae, or Monopetalae.
Cohort 3. Apetalae, or Monochlamydese.
Class II. GymnosperuiaB.
Cohort 4. Conoideae.
Province 2. EndogencB^ or Monocotyledons.
Class Til. Petaliferae, or Alguroacese.
Cohort 6. Spadiciflorss (Aroidcse, etc.)
v^**!
fW
174
NOMENCLAIUUE. UOTANICAL ANALYSIS.
!
Cohort 6. FloridesB (Liliacea', etc.).
Class IV. Glumiferse, or Gluraaceje.
Cohort 7. Graininoidcse (Sedges, grasses).
The sub kingdom Cryptogamia, or Flowerless Plants.
Province 3. Acrogence.
Class V. Angiosporaj.
Cohort 8. Sporogamia (Marsileaceae, Lycopodiace»),
Cohort 9. Thallogamia (Filices, etc.).
Cohort 10. Axogamia (Mosses and Hepaticae).
Province 4. ThallogencB.
Class VI. Gymnosporse.
Cohort 11. Aerophyta (Lichens).
Cohort 12. Hysterophyta (Fungi).
Cohort 13. Hydrophyta (Algae).
-»« ♦ >»
CHAPTER IV.
§ 1. NOMENCLATURE. — BOTANICAL ANALYSIS.
I ii
909. The names of the Orders are Latin adjectives (feminine, plural, to agree
with plantvB, plants, understood), usually derived from the name of the most promi-
nent, or leading genus, in each, by changing or prolonging the termination into
acece, as Rosacea, the rose tribe, Papaveracece, the poppy tribe, from Rosa and Pa-
paver. Earlier names, however, derived from some leading character in the order,
and with various terminations, are still retained. Thus, Composites, with compound
flowers ; Labiatve, with labiate flowers.
910. Generic names are Latin substantives, arbitrarily formed, often from some
medicinal virtue, either supposed or real, or from some obvious character of the
genus ; sometimes from the native country of the plants, or from +,he name of some
distinguished botanist, or patron of botany, to whom the genus is thus said to be
dedicated. Also the ancient classic names, either Latin or Greek, are often retained.
Examples of all these modes of construction will be hereafter seen.
911. Specific names are Latin adjectives, singular number, and agreeing in gen-
dor with the name of the genus to which they belong. They are mostly founded
upon some distinctive character of the species; as Gerardia glauca, glaucous-
stemmed Gerardia ; G. purpurea, purple-flowered Gerardia ; G. tenuifolia, slender-
leaved Gerardia. Frequently the species is named after some other genus, which,
in some respect, it resembles; as Gerardia quercifolia, oak-leaved Gerardia. G
delphinifolia, larkspur-leaved Gerardia.
912. Commemorative specific names. Species, like genera, are also some-
times named in commemoration of distinguished persons. The rules given by Lind-
ley, for the construction of such namos, are, Ist, If the person is the discoverer, the
speciflo name is a substantive in the genitive case, singular number ; as, Lobelia
Kalmii, Ealm's Lobelia ; Pinus Praseri, Eraser's pine. 2d, If the name is merely
eoaferred in honor of the person to whom it iu dedicated^ it is an adjective ending
NOUGNCLATUKE. UOTANICAL ANALYSIS.
176
tn nus, na, num; as Erica Linneana, iunu^us heath; Rosa Lawrenciana, IWea
Lawreuco's rose.
913. Rules fob the use of capitals. The names of the order, the sub-order
or tribe, and of the genus should always commence with a capital letter. The
name of the species should never commence with a capital except in the following
cases; (1.) when it is derived from the name of a person or of a country, as Phlox
Drummondii, Aquilegia Canadensis ; (2.) when it is a substantive, as Delphinium
Consolida.
914 Synonyms. Very frequently, the same species has been described by differ-
ent (or even by the same) authors, under different names. In such cases it become*i
a question, often of difficult solution, which name is to be adopted. Obviously, tlie
prior name, that is, the original one, if it can be ascertained, is entitled to the most
respect ; and it is a rule with botanists to adept this name, unless it had been pre-
viously occupied, or be strongly objectionable on some other account All other
names are synonyms.
915. BOTANICAL ANALYSIS. The application of the rules of Systematic
Botany to the natural plant, in order to ascertain its affinities, place, name, Ac., in
called botanical analysis. This exercise, whether for pleasure or improvement, is the
constant pursuit of the practical botanist. A more accurate and useful knowledge
of a plant can be acquired in a few minutes, by a careful examination of the living
specimen, or even of the dried, than by committing to memory the most elaborate
description found in books.
916. During the flowering months, the learner will often in his walks meet with
plants in blossom, with which he is yet unacquainted. And he who is duly inter-
ested in his pursuit, will by no means fail to seize and analyze each specimen while
the short hour of its bloom may last, and to store his memory with the knowledge
of its names, habits, and \ises. Thus, in a few seasons, or oven in one, he will have
grown familiar with nearly, or quite, every species of plants in his vicinity.
917. Let us suppose the pupil in possession of a specimen of an unknown plant
in full blossom. In order to study it by the aid of authors, a point immediately
requisite is its name. Now, having learned by examination the organic and physi-
ological structure of the flower, leaves, stem, etc., the experienced botanist, who
has at his command the characters of all the Natural Orders, will at once determine
to wlii.h of them the plant belongs.
9 1 8. But this is not to be expected of the pupil who is supposed to be yet, in a
measure, unacquainted with the characters of tlie orders. He must be guided to
the place which his specimen holds in the classification, by a longer course of inquiry
and comparison. For the assistance of the learner, therefore, and for the conve-
nience of all, we are happy to be able to add a full series of Analytical Tables,
which, with proper use, will seldom fail of conducting tliem almost immediately to
the object of their search.
919. Th» Analytical Tables which accompany the present edition of our Flora,
are in many respects novel in form, and remarkable, at least, for their simplicity.
A dichotomal division, that is, of the whole into two parts, is the principle on which
they are constructed ; and since those divisions are, each, characterized mainly by a
single character, the tables are technically artificial But they are also natural to a
considerable extent, at least so far as the divisions and sections which they make
arc in accordance with the natural method. We subjoin a few examples of the analy-
sis of particular species by the aid of these tables. If the exercise be conducted in
Uie class-room, the successive steps in the process (indicated by the numbers, 1, 2,
S, ice, below) may be assigned, in order, to each pupil in the class.
<** ..
3k;, :|
i/,i
'^m
I- 'i
FP
176
ANALYSIS OK A HOLVPKTAL0U8 HERB.
ANALYSIS OF A POLYPETALOUS HERB.
920. To DETERMINE THE COHORT. A good sppoimen of a little yellow-flowered
herbaceous plant, common in the grassy tielrls of cool regions, is supposed to be now
in the hands of each pupil of the class. (1.) The first pupil, reading (if necessary)
the characteristic of each sub-kingdom, pronounces the plant one of the Phteno-
gamia, and refers the next pupil to the Provinces, 1 or 2.
(2.) Tho next reads the characters of tiioso Provinces, and comparing the speci-
men (which has net-veined leaves and b-mtrous flowers), concludes that it is an Exo-
gen. Refer next to tho Classes, 1 or 2.
(3.) " Fluwers with stigmas, and pistils, &c.
" Flowers with open scales instead of pistils (or no pistils at all)," 4c. Our
plant has pistils, &c., and is (moreover, not a pine, spruce or cedar). It is, there-
fore an Angiosperm. Refer next to Coiiort 1, 2, or 3.
(4.) "Corolla witii distinct petala" — This characterizes our plant, and it is pro-
nounced " Polypetalous." Refer then to (A).
921. To DKTERMiN'E THE NATURAL Orher, tho (5th) pupil reads the first aUernor'
tive, or triplet, noted by a star (*), and comparing his plant, finds it to correspond
with the first line, for it is an " herb with alternate leaves." Pass now to (11).
(6.) " Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume."
" Flo\ve-;j irregular," &c. Tlie flower is regular. Pass to (13).
Again a pupil reads : —
(7.) " Stamens 3 — 10 times as many as the petals."
" Stamens few and definite." — The stamens are many. Pass to (15). The
next (8) pupil reads, compares, and determines that the stamens are " perigynoua on
tho base of tho calyx," and announces the letter (d) as the reference to the next
alternative. (9.) Next, the pupil reads and compares his specimen with the triplet
(d), and concludes that the sepals are 5. Refer then to the dash ( — ). (10.) Lastly-
the pupil determines that the petals are imbricated in the bud, and consequently
belongs to tlio Nat. Ord. Rosace.e,
922. To determine the Genus. After a careful comparison of his specimens with
tho brief diagnosis of the Roseworts (page 325), in order to verify the analysis thus
far (11), the learner consults the Table of the Genera, and inquires the character of
the carpels, styles, &c., in order to learn tho suborder of tho plant. As the carpels
are many, and free, he concludes that it is of the Suborder Rosefe. Next learn its
tribe. (12.) As the "carpels are l-soedod in an open calyx," we infer that its
tribe is Fragarideaj. Refer to e. (13.) Are the " styles persistent," etc., or" decid-
uous," etc, ? They are deciduous ; refer now to the dash ( — ). (14.) Inquire, " Calyx
bractless ?" or "calyx bracteolate ?" As the calyx is bracteolate (having five little
leaves close to the calyx beneatli, as if a double calyx), we refer again to the dash
(_). (15.) "Receptacle pulpy" or "spongy," or "dry?" The latter is true,
carrying us to the next dash ( — ). (16). Finally, are the "stamens oo»" or "5?"
They are numerous, and Potentilla is tho genus sought.
923. To determine the Species. Having compared the generic description of Po-
tentilla with our specimens, and assured ourselves of its agreement thereto, (17 ) we
next inquire, are the " leaves palmately 3-foliolate," " palmately 5-foliolate," or
"pinnate?" They are palmately 3-foliolate, and our plant is now referable to the
1st, 2d, or 3d species. (18.) Lastly, the italicized words alone in the description d
these species, at once mark our plant as belonging to the first, for it is hirsute, and
th« skoals exceed the petals. The name is, therefore, P. Norvbqioa.
ANALYSIS OF AN AFETALOUS HBKB.
ANALYSIS OF A POLYPETALOUS SHRUB.
177
924. Again, snppuso tbo class of pupils iu botany to bo furnished with specimens
of a certain tiowering siirub. The cohort of the plant is ascertained, by the process
already noticed, to bo Dialypetaiaj, the Poiypetalous flowers (.%), and we refer to
the (*), reading: —
" * Herbs with the leaves alternate or all radical.
" * Herbs with the leaves opposite on the stern.
"* Shrubs, trees or undershrubs." — It is decided that our plant is a shrub, and
referred to the dash ( — ). We next read : —
" — Flowers regular or nearly so.
" — Flowers irregular (or the fruit a legume)." — The flowers are quite regular,
and referred to (2). Wo then read : —
" Polyandrous," 4c. "Oligandrous," &c. — The stamens are numerous, and the
plant referred to (3), where wo again read : —
" Leaves opposite." " Leaves alternate." — They are Opposite, and we refer to the
letter («»), and read : —
"Stamens on the receptacle, in several sets." "Stamens on the calyx." — The
latter is truo. R(.'fer to the dash ( — ). Lastly : —
" — Leaves with a marginal vein." " — Leaves with no marginal vein." — As the
latter is true of our specimens, wo conclude it to belong to the Order Saxifbaqaoeji,
and thither next refer, in order
925. To DETERMINE THE GENUS. After reading and comparing as before, we
read the characters of the tribes ; and as our specimens are " shrubs with opposite
leaves," we readily conclude that it belongs to the Tribe Hydrangese. We next
read: — " Corolla valvate iu the bud." " Corolla convolute in the bud." — It is the
latter. Refer the next reader to the dash ( — ) ; " Stamens 20 to 40. Petals 4."
" Stamens 10. Petals 5." — In our specimens there are 20 or more stamens with 4
petals, and they must be referred to the Genus Philadelphus. Next turn to that
genus and compare characters.
926. The species is next found summarily by the italicized diagnosis in the de-
scriptions, thus : —
" Leaves entire. Sepals scarce longer than the tube.
" Leaves sharply denticulate. Styles united.
" Leaves subdentate. Styles distinct." — Our specimens agree well with the 2d,
and we conclude that the species for which we have sought is P. grandiflorus, a
fine flowering shrub, native of woods in the Southern States, and also cultivated iu
shrubberies.
it
J
4,v
ANALYSIS OF AN APETALOUS HERB.
927. Specimens of a weed common iu cultivated grounds are now supposed to
be before us. It has small, homely flowers, not easily discernible except under a
lens. As the leaves are net-veined, and the flowers 5-parted, with a calyx only,
the learner readily pronounces it a member of the Cohort Apetal^, and refers us to
(C). The two lines marked with the paragraph (^), although placed (for obvious
reasons) at some distance apart, are to be read together, thus : —
" T[ Plants herbaceous, the flowers not in aments."
" ^ Plants woody, shrubs or trees." — Our plant is an herb. Refer to the tw«
lines marked with a star (2).
" 2 Flowers with a regular calyx, or a calyx-like involucre.
12
^i
[It
178
ANALYSIS UF AN K.VUOGliN.
" 2 Flowers achlamydeous, — with neither calyx nor corolla"— Our specimens
have a regular calyx. Refer to the lines marked (8).
" Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobed or toothed.
" Calyx free from the ovary, sometimes enclosing it." — The latter. Refer to the
five lines marked (4). The 3d of these linos reads, "Ovary one, 1-3-ovuled,
with 2-5 styles or stigmas." Our w«ed, having a 1-ovulod, 2-styled ovary, well
agrees with this description. Refer to («).
" Fruit o seeded, with 3 (often cieft) stigmas."
" Fruit l-seeded." — It is the latter, and refers us, next, to the dish. ( — ).
— Stipules sheathing the stem."
— Stipules none. Calyx scarious-bracteolate."
— Stipules none. Calyx naked. Leaves alternate."
— Stipules none. Calyx naked. Leaves opposite." — In our specimens, the sti-
pules are wanting, bracteoles are wanting, and the leaves are alternate. Hence
tlioy belong to Chenopodiace^ "We turn and consult that order, as before, to
verify our analysis thus far, and to learn the genus.
928. To ascertain the suborder, we must examine the embryo contained in the
httle shining black seed. By a good lens (or even with good eyes), we learn that
the embryo is not coiled, but merely bent into a ring. The leaves also, are thin (not
fleshy) and expanded. Hence its suborder is Cyclolobese. Refar to the starred (*)
lines and determine the tribe. As the inflorescence is normal (that is, of the usual
form, or nothing unusual), with perfect flowers and continuous (not jointed) stems,
we conclude that it belongs to Tribe Chenopodieae. Refer to (c). As the seed (or
the plane of its ring) is horizontal, the pericarp thin and the calyx not bordered we
decide that its genus is Cuknopodium.
The species remains now to be determined. "We first read :—
" Plant smooth, never glandular, ill-scented. Embryo a complete ring."
" Plant glandular-puberulent, green, aromatic. Embryo half a ring." The latter
character applies to our plant Road the starred (*) lines, respecting the herbage,
whether green or glaucous, &c. It is glaucous in 6ur plant, and covered with meali-
ness. Refer to species 5-7. Seeing, next, the italicized diagnosis, we finally de-
termine that the species sought is No, 6. C. album ; for the leaves are rhombic-ovate,
siniiate-toothed, etc., etc.
ANALYSIS OF AN ENDOGEN.
929. A grase-like, yellow-flowered plant is now supposed to be found and fur-
nished to the pupils for analysis. Having determined that it is an Endogen (for it
lius parallel-veined leaves and 3-parted flowers), the pupils next seek
930. To DETERMINR ITS CLASS, whether the 3d or 4th. They read the diagnosis
of these clases, as follows : —
" Class 3d. Flowers with no glumes."
" Class 4th. Flowers with greenish, alternate glumes," &c. The flowers of our
plant have no glumes, but a regular perianth. It is, therefore, decided to be one
of the PETALiFERffi, or Claaa 3d. Refer to Cohorts 5 and 6, and the next pupil reads : —
" Cohort 6. FloweiB on a spadix, apetalous or incomplete "
" Cohort 6. Flowers complete, with a double perianth." The latter is true of
our plant, and it therefore belongs to the cohort of the Florideil Next refer the
pupil to (F), on page 107, in order
931. To DETSRUiNB THH Natural Order. IIo roads: —
ANALYSIS OF AN £NUOOEN.
179
"^ Flowers (not on a spadix) in a dense, involucrate bead."
"t Flowers (not on a spadix) solitaiy, racemed, spicate, 4a" The latter is tni«
here. Refer to (3).
" 3 Perianth tube adherent to the ovary, wholly or partly."
"3 Perianth free from the ovary." It is adherent Refer to (*6). The next
pupil reads: —
" * 5 Flowers dicBcious or polygamous. Low aquatic herbs."
"*5 Flowers dicecious, G-androus. Shrubby climbers."
" * Flowers perfect." The last is true of our specimens. Refer to the dash ( ),
and read, " — Gynandrous."
" — Monandroua."
" — 3-6-androu8." It is 6-androu$). Refer the next pupU to (6).
" 6 Perianth woolly or mealy out-aide."
" 6 Perianth glabrous out-side." The latter applies to our specimens. Refer to
the dash ( — ). " — vStamens 3, anthers introrse."
" — Stamens 3, anthers extrorse."
" — Stamens 6." The last is true of our plant. It must, thertlore,
belong to the Nat. Ord. Amaryllidace^. Turn to that order, and
032. Determine the Genus by the table, page 692, thus :
1st. The perianth being "destitute of a crown," refers to •*.
2d. The segments being "distinct down to the ovary," etc., refers to b.
3d. The " perianth re^-ular," directs to the — .
Lastly, The "sepals and petals equal," etc., indicates that our plain
belongs to the genua TTypoxis.
)':l
ANALYSIS OF A GRASS.
Having determined that this clegunt and common grass is an Endogen (for iLa
leaves are parallel- veined), und that it is a member of the 7th Cohort, the Gram-
inoids, the pupil refers to G, and at once perceives, from its hollow culm, split
sheaths, &c., that it is of the 156th Order, Graminese. He turns to that Order, and
bj the several successive steps in the table determines the genus, thus ; —
First aa to the spikelets, since each one is "2 — oo-flowered (as seen in fig. 727),
with several perfect flowers," he refers to 9.
Second, he determines the inflorescence to be " in panicles," and next refers to I O.
Third, aa to the awn, he concludes that the " pale is awnless," and refers to ii.
Then as to the glumes, he observes that there are " definitely 2" (as in flg. 7, a, a),
and refers to o.
Fifthly, as the pales are " not at all awned," he refers to ». *
Next, as to the flowers, ho observes that there are several, about 4 or 5, in each
■pikelet, and all perfect ; therefore, refers to ll.
Seventh. Of the five lines in this set, he selects the second r^ uoai describing his
specimen, viz., the "lower pale keeled, 5-veined." Therefore it belongs to the
genus Poa. Then we turn to genus 40, and determine the species, thus ; —
1. As to the "branches of the panicle" they are "about in 58, half-whorled."
Pass to b.
2. The "spikelets" being "3 to 6-flowercd, subsessile, in rather dense panicloa,"
we refer to species 13, 14.
Lastly, tho "smooth stem," and s?u)rt, truncate ligules of tlfis specimeii prove it to
be Poa prateusis, or Spear Grass.
- if.
ir'i'
INDEX AND GLOSSARY.
\. (a, privative), prefixed to a Greek
word signifies without, as aphyllous,
without leaves.
Abbreviations, page, 1«9.
Abortion, nondevelopment of a part.
Absorption, 770, 775, 791.
Acaulescent, apparently stemless, 169.
Accessory, something superadded.
Accrescent, growing after flowering.
Accumbent, lying against a thins;', .'iOO.
Acerose, needle-shaped, 277.
Acheniutn, plural, achenia, 556.
Achlamydeous, without floral envelopes.
Acicular, finely needle-shaped.
Acotyledonous, without cotyledons.
Acrogens, summit-growers, 899.
Aculeate^ armed witli prickles.
Acuminate, drav/n out into a point, 283.
Acute, ending in a sharp angle, 283.
Adherent, growing to, 466.
Adnate, growing fast to, 496.
Adventitious, growing out of tlio usual
or normal position, as roots, 1 34.
Aeration, same as Respiration. 815.
Acr.jphyta, includes the Lichens, 907.
yEstivitiou, 383.
Affinity, resemblance in essential organs.
Ago of trees, 97.
Aggregate, assembled close together.
Agluiuaceous, witliout glumes, the same
as Petaliferae, 898.
Agricuii iml Chemistry, 834.
Air bladders, 311.
Air cells or vessels, 790.
Air plants, 841.
Ala, wing; Alae, wings, 474.
Albiimen, 590. Albfiminous, 589.
Alburnum, sap-woe 1, 697.
Algie, sea-weeds, '.'07. Fig. 645-550.
Alternate, 222.
Alteniato generation, 6"{4.
Alveolato, with pits like the honey-comb.
Amont, a deciduous spike, 348.
Ammonia, 839.
Amorphous, without definite form.
Ainphigastria, 626.
Auiphitropous, 539.
Ample.vic.iul, stojfclasping, 245.
Analyses, liotiinicai, 915.
Analytical tabl&s explained, 919.
Anastomosis, union of vessels or veiii&
Anatropous, 537.
Ancipital, two-edged.
Androecium. 491.
Androgeuous, stamens and pistils on the
same peduncle.
Angiosperma3, angiosperms, 898.
Angiospores, 900.
Annual, yearly, 89.
Annular cells, 652.
Anterior, parts (of a flower) adjacent to
the bract.
Anthelmintic, expelling or killing worms.
Anther, 494.
Ant'.iesis, the opening of the flower ; flow-
ering.
Antheridia, 629.
ApetaliB, 903. Apetalous, without petals.
Aphyllous, without leaves.
Apophysis, a swelling, c. j/ under the
thecae of some Mosses.
Apothecia, 631.
Appendicular organs, 433.
Appressed, closely applied but not adhor>
, ing to ; the same as adpressed.
Apterous, without wings.
Aquatic, living in water.
Arachnoid, resembling cobwebs.
Arboreous, arborescent, tree-like.
Archog6nia, 629.
Arcuate, arched or curved like a bow.
Areolate, having the surface divided into
little spaces or areas.
Aril, an extra seiid-covering, 586.
Aristate, with an arista or awn (barley).
Armed, bearing prickles, spines, etc.
Articulated, jointed, as the culm of wheat.
Artificial classes, 877.
Artificial orders, 878.
Ascending, arising obliquely; assurgent,
Ascidia, leaves holding water, 308.
Attenuate, becoming slender or thin.
Auriculato, ear-bearing, 267.
Awn, the beard of barley, and the like.
Axial root, 122.
Axil (arm-pit), the angle between the
pt-tiolu and the branch on the uppei
side.
INDEX AND GLOSSARY.
181
Axillary, growing out of the axils.
Axia, ascending, 14G, 148 ; erect, 148 ;
procumbent, prostrate, trailing, decum-
bent, 148 ; excurrent, 173 ; f,olvent,
174; descending, 114.
fiaccate, berry-like ; covered witli pulp.
Banner, same as Vexillum, 474.
Banyan tree, 137.
Baobab tree, 100.
Bark, 700.
Basidia, 631. Fig. 539,
Basilar, basal, attached ;o tl'.e base.
Bast cells, wood-cells of bark, 701.
Beaked, ending in an extended tip.
Bearded, with tufts of long, weak hairs.
Berry, 566.
Bi, Bis, twice (in compound words).
Bicolor, two-colored.
Bicuspidate, with two points or cusps.
Bidentate, with two t<. eth.
Biennial, of two years, 90.
Bifid, cleft into two parts.
Bifoliate, with two leaflets.
Bifurcate, twice forked, or merely forked.
Bilabiate, two-lipped.
Binate, 288.
Bipiunate, 289.
Bipinnatifld, twice pinnatifld. Fig. 142.
Biternate, twice ternato, 291.
Bivalved, two-valved.
Blade. See Lamina, 239.
Blanched (plants), whitened for the want
of light, 820. See Etiolated.
Bloom, a fine, white powder on some
plants.
Botany defined, 38.
Botany, elementary, 40.
Botany, physiological, 41, 636.
Botany, systematic, 42, 858.
Brachiate, with opposite, spreading
branches (arma).
Bract, 319, 333.
Bracteate, having bracts.
Bracteoles, or bractlets, 333.
Branches, 107, 152.
Bristles, stifif, sharp hairs.
Bryology, the science of Mosses.
Bud, 106. Budding, 215.
Buds axillary, 202 ; accessory, 206.
Buds, adventitious, 207.
Buds, suppression of, 205.
Bud-scales, 197, 305.
Bulb, 191 ; tuiiicatL'd, 193; scaly, 193.
Bulblota, 216.
Caducous, dropping off early.
CalyciH6ra3, 902.
Caespitous, forming tufts or turC
Calceolate, slippor-shaped.
C&iycine, calyx-like.
Calyculate, having an outer calyx or calyx-
like involucre.
Calyptra, the hood of the sporange (cip
sule) of a mo3.s. Fig. 514, 619.
Calyx, the outer floral envelope, 400,
Cambium, 709.
Campanulate, bell-shaped, 477.
Campylotropous, 538.
Canaliculate, channeled.
Canescent, grayish white.
Capillary, capillaceous, hair-shaped.
Capitate, head-shai)ed, growing m close
clusters, or heads.
Capitulum, a little head, 354.
Capreolate, bearing tendrils.
Capsule, 576.
Carbon, 830. Carbonic Acid, 825.
Carina, 474. Carinate, bo:it-shaped, hav-
ing a sharp ridge beneath.
Carpel, carpellary, 516.
Carpophore, 553* 557. Fig. 432.
Cartilagmous, Arm and tough in tex-
ture.
Caruncle, 586.
Caryophyllaceous, 472.
Caryopsis, 560.
Catkin, 348. See Ament.
Caudex, 176.
Caulescent, 169. Caulis, 169.
Cauline, relating to the stem.
Cellular tissue, 664. Cell, 639.
Cell-growth, 762 ; life, 743.
Cellular bark, 702.
Cellulose, 654, 744.
Centrifugal inflorescence, 343.
Centripetal inflorescence, 342.
Cephalous, same as Capitate.
Cereal, relating to grains, corn, etc.
Cernuons, nodding (less iucliued thaB
pendulous).
Chaff", chaffy. See Paleaceous.
Chalaza, 535.
Channeled, hollowed out like a gutter.
Characters, relative value of, 889.
Chart^ceous, witli the texture of paper.
Chlorophylle, 657, 733, 747.
Chorisifl, 432.
Ciliate, fringed with marginal hairs.
Cienchyma, 671.
Cion or Scion, 1 58.
Cinereous, ash gray, ash-color.
Circinate, rolled inward from the top, 21&
Circulation of the sap, 748.
Circumscissile, 562.
Cirrhous, furnished with a tendril.
Cirrhous roots, I'M).
Classes, artificial, 877, etc.
Classesa, natural, 898.
Classification, artificial, 873.
Clavate, club-shaped.
Coarctate, contracted, drawn together.
■ H
f
3 i:
182
IMDKZ AND OL088ART.
S"i:i
Coccus, a berry. Also (in the pL coed)
the l*8eeded carpels of separable fruits.
C6ch)eate, spiral like the suail-shell.
Cohesion, 438.
Cohorts, 901.
Collateral, placed side by side.
Collum, 118.
Color of flowers, .369.
Colored, of any color except green, which
in botany is not a color, while white is.
Column, the combined stamens and styles.
Coma, 585.
Commissure, the joined faces of the car-
pels of the cremocarp.
Conunou, belonging alike to several.
Complete flower, 412.
Complicate, folded up upon itself.
Compound leaf, 285.
Compound flower, 355.
Compressed, flattened on the sides.
Conceptacle, 631.
Conduplicate, folded on itself lengthwise.
Cone, 578, 579.
Confluent, uniting, same as Coherent.
Conglomerate, clustered or crowded.
Conjugate, coupled, joined by pairs.
Connate, 294.
Connectile, connective, 494, 498.
Connivent, converging, coming together.
Continuous, the reverse of Jointed.
Contorted, twisted, 389.
Convolute, 393.
Cordate, heart-shaped, 267.
Coriaceoua, leather-like, 295.
Corm, 189.
Corneous, horn-like in texture.
Corniculate, with a small horn or spur.
Corolla, 401. Corollillorae, 902.
CoroUine, pertaining to the corolla.
Cordna, crown, 435, 407.
Cortical bark, 703.
C6rymb, corymbous, 350.
Costate, ribbed, with rib-like ridges.
Cotyledons, 306, 594.
Crassula (a genus of plants), 415.
Crateriform, of the form of a goblet.
Creeper, creeping stems, 181.
Cremocarp, 557.
Crenate, bordered with rounded teeth.
Cronulate, 279.
Crested or cristate, with an elevated
ridge.
Crispato or Crisped, 282.
Crown of the root, 186.
Cruciform (corolla), 470.
Crude sap, 794.
Crustaceous, hard, thin and bril tie
Cryptjgamia, cryptogams, 621, 895.
Ciitiullale, rolled up into u hood-shape.
Culm, the straw of grasses, 170.
Oilueate, cuneiform, wedge-shaped, 266.
CApule, a little cup (sc. aoom), 562.
Ciispidate, with a sharp, stiff poink
Cuticle, 680.
Cydnic, 370.
Cyathiform, cup-shaped.
Cycle (in Phyllotaxy), 228.
Cyddsis, same as Rotation, 801.
Cyme, cymous, 357.
Cymbiform, boat-shaped.
Cypsela, 567.
Cytoblast, 655.
Deca, (in Greek composition), ten.
Deciduous, falling at the end of the seasoa
Declinate, bent downwards.
Decompound, much compounded or dip
vided.
Decumbent, 148. Fig. 39.
Decurrent, 244, 286.
Decussate (leaves), 227.
Definite, 503.
Deflexed, bent downward.
Defoliation, the casting off of leaves.
Dehiscence, 496.
Deliquescent (axis), same as Solvent, 174.
Deltoid, form of the Greek letter A, 265.
Dendroid, tree-like in form.
Dendron (in Greek compounds), a tree.
Dentate, 279 Denticulate, 279.
Denuded, become naked.
Depauperate, less developed than usual.
Dependent, hanging down.
Depressed, flattened from above ; low.
Dextrine, 762.
Dextrorse (twining), turning to the right.
Fig. 50.
Di (in Greek numerals), two.
Diadelphous, 506.
Diagnosis, a brief statement of the dis-
tinctive character of a plant or group.
Dialypetalous, Polypetalous, 903.
Diaphanous, transparent or translucent.
Diandrous, with two stamens, 503.
Diastase, 762.
Dichotomous, forked or two-forked.
Diclinous, 421.
D'cotyledons, Dicotyledonous, 421.
Dictyogens, 727.
Di(lyinou.s, double.
Didynamous, Didynamia, 877, § 2.
Digitate, with several distinct letifleta
palmately arranged (as iti the \ei\i <A
the Horse-chestnut).
Dilluse, much divided and spreading.
Dimidiate (anther), halved, 499.
DiiKcia, dloecioiis, 877, §5.
Dipterous, having two wings.
Dischidia, 310.
Dink, 446. Discoid, no rays. Hg. 21L
Dissected, cut into deep lobes.
Dissepiment, 625.
INDBX AND OLOSSART.
183
Distichous, anranged in two rows.
Distiuct, separate, not uaited.
Divaricate, wide-spread, straggling.
Divei^nt, spreading witti a less angle.
Dorsal, on or relating to tlie baclc.
Double terms, 301.
DoA'uy, clothed with short, weak hairs.
Drupe, 663. Drupaceous. See Tryma.
Ducts. See Tracbenchyma, 668.
Duplicate, in pairs, double.
Duramen, heart-wood, 698.
I»warflug, 140.
E, ex (in composition), without; as,
Ebractette, without bracts.
Earthy elements, 832.
Echinate, prickly with rigid hairs.
Effete, sterile, exhausted. .
Elaters, spiral, elastic tiireads accompanjo
ing certain spores. Fig. 506.
Elliptic, elliptical (leaf), 265, a.
E16ngated, lengthened, extended.
Emarginate, 284.
Embryo, 591, 103.
Embryonic vesicle, 764.
Bndocarp, 563.
Eudoclirome, the coloring matter of plants.
See Cblorophylie. «
Endogenous structure, 713.
Endogens, 70, 897.
Endopleilra, same as Tegmen, 583.
Endospores, 631.
Ens.lbrm, sword-shaped, 275.
Entire, even-edged, 278.
Ephemeral, enduring for one day.
Epi (in Greek composition), upon ; as,
Epicarp, 563.
Epidermis, 676.
Epigynous, upon the ovary, 465, 504.
Epipetalous, on the petals, 504.
Epiphytes, plants on olhor plants, 143.
Episperm, the skin of the seed.
Equitant (astraddle), 214.
Erose, eroded, as if gnawed, 281.
Etaerio, 665.
Etiolated, colorless for want of light.
Exalbumiuor.s, without albumen.
Excurrent, 173.
ExogensB, Exogens, 69, 897.
Exogenous structure, 691.
Exosmose, flowing out, 781.
Exospores, 631.
Exaerted, projecting out of, or beyond.
Extra (in composition), beyond ; as,
Extru-axiliary, same as supra-axillary.
Ex.stipulate, without stipules, 240.
Extra Flour (of wheat), 750.
Kxtrorse, turned outward, 497.
Falcate, scythe-shaped, curved.
Fariuilceous, tloui'-like in textura
FArinous, mealy on the surfiMie.
Fascicle (a bundle), 361.
Fasciculate (leaves), 222.
Feather-veined, 259.
Ferruginous, of ne color of iron rust
Fertile (flower) seed-producing, 421.
Fertilization, 'i61, etc.
Fibrillas, fibrils, 119, 724.
Filament, the stalk of a stamen, 493.
Filiform, slender like a thread.
Fimbriate, fringed, having the edge bor-
dered with slender processes.
Fistular, hollow, as the leaf of onion.
Flabelliform, fan-shaped, 276.
Flagelliform, whip-shaped; long, taper
and supple.
Flavescent, yellowish, turning yellow.
Flexuous, zig-zag, or wavy.
Floccous, with hairs in soft fleecy tufts.
Flora, (a) the spontaneous vegetation cK
a country ; (b) a written description of
the same.
Floral, relating to flowers.
Floral calendar, 366.
Floral clock, 368.
Floral envelopes, 399
Florets, the flowers of a compound flc^ e»,
355.
Flower, 372, etc.; origin of, 110.
Flower, the standard of beauty, 372.
Flowering, 364.
Flower-bud, 195, 374, etc.
Foliaceous, leaf-like in texture or form.
Foliation, the act of leafing.
Follicle, 571.
Food of plants. 835.
Foramen, same as Micropyle, 535.
Forms, accommodated, 17.
Forms, arrested, 21.
Forms, graduated, 14.
Forms, typical, 11.
Free, not adherent nor adnate, 462.
Fringed, See Fimbriate.
Frond, an orgaii which is both stem and
leaf, as in duck-meat, fern, 626.
Frondescont, bursting into leaf.
Fructification, flower and fruit as a whole.
Fruit, 112, 541 ; growth of, 765.
Fruit, ripening ofj 766.
Frutescent, shrubby, becoming shrubby.
Fulcra (roots), 136.
Fuliginous, smoky brown, blackisli.
Fulvous, dull yellowish brown.
Funicuhis (a little rope), 535.
Funnel-form. See Infundibuliform.
Furcate, forked.
Furfur.iceous, scurfy.
Furrowed, maikod witi channels length*
wise.
Fuscous, grayish or blackish brown.
Fusiform, spindle-shaped, 137.
;!)r
m
.1:
ll
/ )w\/
J '1
^'
m
>''
''I m
a|
'^ ll
^c
v'*^
yi
1
min
m
Ill
184
INDEX AND GLOSSARY.
Galea, galeate, 483.
Gamopetalae, monopetalse, 903.
Gamopetaloua, with the petals united.
Gariiophyllous, of united leaves.
Gatnosepalous, with the sepals united.
(Jominate, twin, two together.
Gemmation, state of budding (Latin,
gemma, bud).
Geniculate, bent as the knee (genu).
Genus, 80. Genera, 888.
( Jerm, the ovary (obsolete).
Gunniniition, G08, 761.
Giljbous, more tumid in a certain place.
Glabrous, smooth or not hairy, 29G.
Gladiate, sword- shaped, ensiform.
Gland, glandular, 682.
Gluns, 562.
Glaucous', sea-green, bluish, usually with
a bhom or whitish powder.
Globous, in form nearly spherical.
Glomerate, collected into close heads.
Glomerule, :i62.
Glossology, the same as Terminology.
Glumes, 339, 459.
Glumifbrse, 898. \'
Gluten, 750.
Gonidia, 635.
Granular, composed of grains.
Grafting, 158.
Gramiiicidejc, 905.
Grand Divisions, 65.
Growth is downwards, 799.
Gymuos (a Greek prelix), naked ; as,
Gymnospermous, witli naked seeds.
Gymnospermjc, gyiunosperms, 898.
Gymnospone, gymuospores, 900.
Gynandrous, 504.
Gyaeecium, 405.
Gyiiobase, a process of the torus on and
around which the carpels are sus-
pended ; sc. Geranium, Fig. 428.
Gyr.opliore, a produced torus bearing the
ovary on its summit. Fig 29*0.
Gyrate, same as Circinate, 213.
Gyrous, strongly bent to and fro.
Habit, the general aspect of a plant.
Habitat, the natural locality, or place of
growth of a wild plant.
Hairs, 681. Hairy, hirsute.
Halborl-shaped, hastate. Fig. 155, I.
Halrod, one half apparently dertcient. i
Hastate, with the base lobes abruptly
spreading, as in ahalbert. Fig. 155, L
Heart-shaped. Fig. 155, /;. Heart-wood,
697.
Herb, herbaceous, 89, 90.
Herbac cms, green aud cellular in tex-
ture.
Herbarium, 54.
Hesperidium, 567
Hermaphrodite (flower), with both stai
mens and pistils.
Heteroceplialous, heads of two sorts in
the same plant, some $ and some $ .
lleterogamous, two sorts of Hewers ia
the same head, some $ and some $ .
[fexa (Greek numeral), six; as in.
Hexagonal, 6-sided. Hexamerous, 6-
parted.
Ilexandrous, 6-stamened. J lexandria,
877, § 1.
Hilum, 537, 6S8.
Ilinsute, hairy with rather long hairs.
Hispid, bri.stly with still' hair.s, 298.
Hoary, frost-colored, grayisli-whito.
Homogamous, head with al! the flowers
alike, as to the stamens and pistils.
Honey, 767.' Honey-bee, 768.
Hooded. See OucuUate.
Horny, of the te.vture of horn.
Hortua siccus, herbarium, 54.
Humifuse, .spreading on the ground.
Hyaline, transparent or nearly so.
Hybrid, a cross-breed between two
species.
Hydrogen, 831.
llydrophyta, 907.
Hymenium, 631.
Hyperborean, inhabiting northern regions.
Hypo (in Greek compounds), under; is,
Hypocrateriform, salver-form, 480. Fig.
322.
Hypogi'an, growing under ground.
Hypogyiious. 463, 604.
llystorophyta, 907.
Icosandrid, 877, Class XII.
Imbricate, imbricated, 390.
Immarginate, having no rim or border.
IminerHed. See Submersed.
Inaxial root, 123.
Incised, divided deeply as if cut.
Included, inclosed within, or shorter
than; as the stamens in the corolla
tube.
Incrassate, thickened.
Incumbent, sc. embryo, 599.
Indehiscent, not opening, 549.
Indigenous, native of a country.
Induplicate, 388.
Indusiuni, the shield of the fruit-dot
(sorus) of a fern. Fig. 500, 501.
Inferior, lower in position, 465.
Inflorescence, 320.
Infundibuliform, funnel-shaped, 479.
Innate (sc. anther), 495.
Innovations, 635.
Inserted, Insertion, refer to the point ol
junction or apparent origin.
Integument, a coat or covering.
Internode, 161.
INDEX ANU QLUSSAKT.
186
Intemiptedly pinnate, 287. Fig. 159.
Introrae (anthers), turned inward, 497.
Involucre, 337.
Involute, rolled inward, 213. Fig. 81.
Irregular flowers, 441.
Jointed, liaving joints, separable pieces.
Jugum, a pair; a^, bijugous, witli two
pairs of leaflets ; trijugous, three pairs.
Keel, Keeled. See Carinate.
Kidnoy-shaped. See Roniform, 271.
Kingdoms of Nature, 31-33.
Labellum, the odd petal of an orchid, 484.
Labiate, lip-shaped, 483.
Lacerate, torn irregularly by deep inci-
sions.
Laciniato, slashed, with deep incisions.
Lactescent, containing lac, or milk.
Laciinous, with largo depressions or pits.
Lacustrine, growing in lakes.
Lamina, the blade of a leaf, 453.
Lanceolate, lance-shaped. Fig. 116.
Lanuginous, wc'^'ly, 297.
Latex, the turbid or milky juice of plants.
Laticiferous tissue. See Cienchyma, G71.
Latin names of plants, 75.
Layer. See Stolon, 157.
Leaf, 217, etc. ; structure of, 729.
Leaf-bud, 195, etc.
Leaflet, the pieces of a compound leaf.
Leaf-stems, 16G.
Legume, 572.
Lenticulate, shaped like a double convex
lens.
Liber, the inner bark, 701.
Lichens. Fig. 530-536. See Aero-
phyta, 907.
Ligneous system, 685.
Ligulate strap-shaped, 482.
Ligule, the stipules of grasses, 251.
Liliaceous flower, 473.
Limb, the border, 453.
Linear, long and narrow, 276.
Livid, clouded with bluish, brown, and
Lobate, lobed, 270.
Loculicidal, opening into the cell, 550.
Lociista, a spikelet of the grasses.
Loment, a jointed legume, 573.
Lorate, thong-shaped.
Lunate, crescent-shaped.
Lyrate, pinnatifld with the upper lobes
ranch larger than the lower.
Macros (in Greek compounds), long or
large.
Maculate, spotted or blotched.
Mangrove tree, 188.
Male (flowers), same aa Staminate.
Marcescent, witherin*?, but persist ml
Marginal, belonging to the border.
Marginate, iiaving the border diflerent.
Medulla, pitii. Medullary rays, 705.
Medullary yiieatli, 093.
Membranaceous, membranuus, tiiin and
pellucid.
Mericarp, one of tho carpels of a cremo-
carp of Tin Uniblitlr i'if/..
Micropyle, 535 ; same as Foramen.
Microscope, 60.
Midrib, tho central vein of a leaf.
Mid vein (u.sed in this work), 256.
Mitriform, formed like a conical cap.
Monos (in Greek compounds), one only; as,
Monadelphous, 506.
Monandrous, one-stamened, 503.
Moniliform (roots), 132.
Monocarpic herbs, 91.
Monochlamydeiu, 902.
Monochlaniy deous (flowers), 420.
Monocotyledonous, 596, 897.
Monoecious, 877, § 5.
Monogynous, with one style, 513.
Monopetalie. See Gamopetalae, 903.
Monopetalous, 458, 469.
MonophyUou.s, one-leaved.
Monosepalous, 458, 459.
Monstrous flowers, 380.
Morphology, 39 ; of the flower, 372.
Morpliology of the leaf, 239.
Mucro, a sharp, small, abrupt point.
Mucronate, 283.
Multi (in composition), many.
Multitid, cut half-way into many seg-
ments.
Muricate, bearing short, hard points.
Muriform, like a wail of mason-work.
Muscology, a treatise on mosses.
Muticous, pointless, not pointed.
Mycelium, 628.
Naked seeds, 548.
Napiform (root), 28.
Natant, swimming ; under water.
Naturalized, growing spontaneously but
not native.
Natural System, 886.
Natural System, history of, 891.
Nectar, noney : I\ ectary, 433, 456.
Nepenthes, 309.
Nerve, the veins (254) are sometimes
so-called.
Netted or ne' -veined. See Reticulate, 258.
Neutral flov/er, 422.
Nodding, tho summit bent over (sc. snow
drop).
Node, a joint of the stem, 161.
Nodous, knotted; large-jointed.
Nodulous (root), 132.
Nomenclature, 909.
J 1
iiF«
I!f^
186
INDEX AUD GLOSSAttY.
Normal, according to rule, regular.
Nucltbrm, nut-like.
Nucleus, kernel (bc. ovule), 635.
Nut. See Glans, 562.
Ob (in composition), denotes inversion ; as,
O'icoinpressed, flattened back and front.
Oboordate, 284, Oblanceolate, 266.
Oblique, unequal-aided (se. leaves).
Oblong, 265. Obovate, 266. Obtuse, 283.
Ob volute (in sestivation), 214.
Ochrcta, sheathing stipules, 249.
Ocliroleiicous, cream-color, pale yellow.
Octo (in Greek composition), eight.
Octandria, 877. Octandrous, 8-stamened.
Oct6gynous, 8-styled, 878.
Offset, a sho't lateral shoot, 1 59.
Oligos (in Greek composition), few; as,
Oligandria, with few stamens.
Olivaceous, olive-green, brownish-green.
Opaque, dull, not shining.
Opercular, with a lid, 496.
Opposite, two at a node, 153, 222.
Orbicular, Orbiculate, circular, 265.
Orchidaceous, 484.
Organogens, 829.
Organography, 39.
Organic world, 30. Organic soil, 837.
Ortliotropous (ovule), erect, 536.
Osseous, bony, as the peach-stone.
Oval, 265. Ovate, 265.
Ovary, 515. Ovule, 532.
Ovoid, egg-shaped as in fruits.
Oxygen, 831.
Palese or Pales, 339, 489.
Paleaceous, chaffy, having pales.
Palmi-veined, 260. Palmate, 272.
Panduriform, fiddle-shaped.
Panicle, 352. Paniculate, panicled.
Papiliotiaceous, 474
Pappus the calyx of Composites, 485.
Parallel-veined, 258.
Paraphyses, jointed threads arouna the
antheridia of mosses. Fig. 522.
Parasites, 144.
Parenchyma, 664, 730.
Parietal, on the wall (paries), 526.
Parted, deeply divided into parts.
Patent, wide open. Patulous, half open.
Pear-shaped, obovoid, larger above.
Pectinate, combed, finely pinnatifid.
Podate, shaped like a bird's foot, 273.
Pedicel, 328. Peduncle, 327.
Peltate, shield-form, 271.
Pen lent. Pendulous, hanging, drooping.
Peuicillate, with a tuft of hairs, as if a
camel's-liair pencil.
I jute (in Greek composition), five ; as,
Pentamerous, 6-parted.
Pentandrous, 503. Pentandria.. 877.
Pepo, a fruit like a melon, 568.
Pereunial, living several years, 92.
Perfect fiower, with both stamen and
pistil.
Perfoliate (through the leaf), 293.
Peri (in Greek composition), around.
Perianth, 402 ; forms of, 469.
Pericarp, 547.
Perigynium, 488.
Purigynous, 464.
Period of flowering, 365.
Perisperm, same as Albumen, 590.
Peristome, 632.
Persistent, remaining lon^ in place.
Personate, 483.
Petals, 401 ; forms of) 455.
Petaliferae, 898.
Petaloid, with the form or texture of
petals.
Petiole, 243. Petiolate, 239.
Petiolule, 246.
Phaenogamia, 893, 895.
Phyllodiura, plur. PhyUodia, 307.
Phyllotaxy, leaf-arrangement, 220.
Physiolog}-, 41, 736.
Phytology, 43 (Greek, phytos, a plant).
Pileorhiza, cap of a rootlet, 725.
Pileus, cap of some Fungals. Fig. 537, c.
Pilous, with erect, thin hairs, 298.
Pine, size ofj 101, — Californian, 101.
Pinnate, 287. Pinnatifid, 268, 269.
Pistil, 405, 511.
Pitchers (leaves). See Ascidia, 308,
Pith, 692. Pitted cells, 650, 667.
Pitted, with depressions or excavations.
Placenta, 520 ; free axile, 528.
Pleurenchyma, 666.
Plicate, plaited lengthwise as a fan, 394.
Plumous, feathery.
Plumule (a little plume), 103, 593.
Pollen, 508. Pollen tube, 756.
PoUinia, masses of pollen, 510.
Poly (in Greek compounds), many.
Polyadelphous, 506.— 877, § 3.
Polygamous, Polygamia, 877, § 5.
Polypetalae. See Dialypetalie, 903.
Polypetalous, Polysepaloua, 458.
Pome, a fruit like an apple, 569.
Posterior, next the axis.
Potato, manner of its growth, 188.
Precocious, flowering before the leaves.
Praefoliation, vernation, 209.
Premorse, ending abruptly, 185.
Press for drying plants, 57.
Prickles, 18, 684.
Primme, same as Testa, 535.
Primordial utricle, 645.
Prismatic, prism-shaped, having seveiv'
parallel, longitudinal angles.
Procumbent (stem), 148. Fig. 38.
Produced, extended more than usuaL
INDEX AND OLOSSART.
187
Proliferous, reproducing, as cymes firom
tlie midst of a cyme, Howers from the
midst of a flower.
Protein, 744. Protoplasm, 744, 655.
Protothallus, 629.
Priiinous, powdered, as if frosted, 300.
Prdriens, causing an itching sensation.
Pseudo (in Greek composition), spurious.
Pubescent, downy with short, soft liaira.
Puberulent, minutely downy, 297.
Purailua, pumilous, dwarfed in size.
Punctate, seeming as if perforate, 682, or
marked with minute dots.
Pungent, piercing, sharp-pointef"
Putainen, the bony nucleus of a drupe.
Pyramidal, form of a cone or pyramid.
Pyrilbrra, of the form of a petir.
Pyxis, a pericarp with a lid, 570.
Quadri (in composition), four ; as,
Quadrifuliate, four-leaved.
Quadrangular, four-angled.
Quadrijugate, with four pairs of leaflets.
Quadrilateral, four-sided.
Quinque (in composition), five.
Quinate, growing in fives, 292.
Quincuncial, 391. Fig. 248.
Quintuple, five-fold.
Race (Latin, stirps), a permanent variety,
as red-cabbage.
Raceme, 349.
Rachis, a? 's of the inflorescence, 286, 330.
Radiate, diverging from a common center.
Radiate (in the Composites), the outer
row of florets ligulate. Fig. 170.
Radiant, outer flowers enlarged (and often
neutral). Fig. 271 ; or (in the Compos-
ites), all the florets ligulate.
Radical, from the root, 103.
Radical of the flower, 408.
Radicle, rootlet (of the embryo), 592.
Ramial, of a branch, 221.
Raphe (of the ovule or seed), 637.
Raphides, 660.
Receptacle, 331, 397, 443, 631.
Recurved, bent (not rolled) backward.
Refiexed, curved backward excessively.
Refracted, bent suddenly as if broken.
Regma, fruit as of Greranium, 577.
Regular, like parts similar, 412.
Reniform, kidney-shaped, 271.
Repand (margin), 280.
Repent, creeping.
Respiration, 812.
Resupinate, reversed, upside down.
Reticulate, netted, 258.
Retr6rso, backwards, downwards.
Ret^lso (apex), 284. Fig. 155, c.
Revolute, rolled backwards, 213.
Rbizoma, Rhizome, 183.
Rhombic, Rhomboidal, in the figure of a
rliomb, or approaching it.
Ribs, the chief veins of a leaf, ridges.
Ring elastic (of the fem-sporange). ¥ig.
489.
Ringent (corolla). 483.
Root, 114. Root..<toek, 183.
Rosaceous (corolla), 471.
Rostrate, beaked, with a beak.
Rosulate (leaves), arranged around tbe
biise of the stem as rose-leaves.
Rotate, wheel-shaped, 475.
Rotation, circulation in the cell, 806.
Rfibicund, blushing, rosy red.
Rudiment, the beginning of a thing.
Rugous, wrinkled, 295.
Ruminated (albumen), full of chinks as if
composed of numerous folds.
Runcinate, hooded backwards, 269.
Runner, 160.
Sagittate, arrow-shaped, 267.
Salver-shaped. See Hypocrateriform, 480.
Samara, 561.
Sap, the crude, 794 ; the true, 796.
Sarcocarp (of the drupe), 563.
Scabrous, rough, 296.
Scalariform (cells), ladder-shaped, 653.
Scales, 435. Scale-stems, 167.
Scandent, climbing.
Scape, 329. Scarious, 295.
Scattered, sometimes used for alternate.
Scorpoid (inflorej«ceiice), 358.
Scrobiculate, pitted, with little depres-
sions.
Screw-pine, 136.
Sea-g *een, light bluish green, glauoescent.
Secucd, all on one side, or turned one
wr.y.
Sectindine, same as Tegmen, 535.
Sfjed, 582. Seed coverings, 583.
?eed, longevity of) 602 ; dispersion ofj
604.
Semi (in composition), half; as,
Semicordate, half of cordate.
Semilunar, half-moon-shaped.
Semisagittate, and Semiterete.
Sepals, 400. Sepaloid, sepal-liko.
Septum, a partition between two spaces.
Septicidal (dehiscence), 550.
Septifragal (dehiscence), 550.
Sericeous, silky, 297.
Serotinous, occuring late in the season.
Serrate, Serrulate, 279.
Sessile, sitting, not stalked, 239.
SetsB, 299, 487. Setaceous, bristle-forav
Setous, SetigeroUvS, bearing bristles.
Sheath, Sheathing, as the leaves of tiM
grasses.
Shrub, 95.
SiUque, 574 SLUde, 675.
i***
:...ii
1 "^
*^
'*
k1
kkN
^
■ '1
nfl'l
II
188
INDEX AND OLOSSART.
1.
. :ll
•^'Mi
Siliqiio^s, bearing siliques (as tho Cruci
furs^.
Silver-graiti (of wood), 707.
Simple, of ono piece, not compound.
Sinistrurao, tviniug from riglit to
left.
Fig. 4!>.
Sinu ite, 270 blips, 158.
Soil, 837.
Solitary, growing alone, or singly.
Son, patches ot fruitin forna, 6:J2. Fig. 488.
Spadicitlorju, 904. Spadix, 347.
pSpathe, Spathaceous, 336.
Spatulate (leaf), 206.
Species, 76, 888. Specific name, 75.
Specimens (of plants), 53, 56.
Spermatozoid, 633. Fig. 497, 563.
Spike, Spicate, 346.
Spikelet, a little spike, as in a grass.
Spine, a woody thorn, 316.
Spindle-shaped (root), 127. Fig. 27.
Spiral arrangemeiit (of leaves), 228.
Spiral cells or vessels, 651.
Spongelet, Spongiole, 118.
Sporaiige, 632. Spores, 630.
Sporidia, 630. Sporules, 635.
Sporogamia, 906.
Spur, a projecting, slender appendage, 434.
Squarrous, spreading widely, as the in-
volucral scales of some Composites.
Stamens, 4(t4, 491. Stuminate flower,
421
Staininodia, 436, 502.
Starch, 058, 748, 750.
Stem, or Ascending Axis, 146.
Sterile, not bearing seeds, 421.
Stigma, Stigmatic, 515.
Stipe, the stalk of the ovary or ovaries ,
also, the stem of a musliroora,
Stipels, Stipellate, 251.
Stipules, Stipulate, 240, 247.
Stolon, 157. Stoloniferous, producing
stolons.
Stomata, 678, 732. Figs. 582-586.
Strap-shaped, flat, narrow and straight.
Strict, erect and very straight.
Strigous, with sharp, close, rigid hairs.
Strobile (fruit), 578.
Strophiolate. having an appendage (stro-
phiole or caruncle) about the hilum.
Style, 515. Styloid, style-like.
Sub (in composition), 302.
Siiberous, corky in texture.
Subulate, awl-shaped, 277.
Succulent, very juicy and cellular.
Sucker, 156.
Suflrutescent, woody at the base only.
Sulcate, furrowed.
Superior, 465, 468.
Superior calyx, calyx adherent to ovary.
Superior ovary, calyx fie© from ovary.
Sup Tvolute. 394.
Supra-axillary, situated above the axil.
Supradocompound, very much divided.
Suspi'uded (ovule), 534. Figs. 414, 419
Suspensor (of the embryo), 758. Fig. 608;
Siiturul (dehiscence), 550.
Sword-sliaped, as the vertical leavesof Iria
Syconus, fruit, such as the Fig 580.
Symmetry (of the flower), 410, 412.
Syn (in Greek compounds), together,
union.
Synoarpium, 579.
Syn>,'enfsia, Syngenesious, 877, 508.
Synonyms, 914.
Taper-pointed. See Acuminate. 283
Tap-root, 124, 142.
Tawny, fulvous, dull yellowish brown.
Taxonomy, the science ot classification.
Tcgmen, the iimer seed-coat, 536, 583.
Tendril, 313, 178.
Teratology, 380.
Terete, cylindrical or nearly so.
Term of Plant Life, 83, etc.
Terminal, situated at the end or apex.
Terminology, 44.
Turnate (leaves), in threes, 288.
Tesselated, checkered, as a pavement.
Testa, the outer seed coat, 535, 583, 4.
Tetra (in Greek composition), four.
Tetradynamous, 505. Tetradynamia, 877,
Tetragonid, with four corners.
Tetragynous, with four pistils.
ThalamiHorae, 902.
Thallogamia, 906.
Thallogens, 722, 899.
Thallus, 627.
Thecasports, 630. Theca^ Thecae, 632.
Thorn, 317.
Throat, the orifice of a monopetalous cor-
olla.
Thyrse, 353.
Tomentous, with short, dense, woolly
hairs.
Top-shaped, inversely conical.
Toms, same as Receptacle, 331, 397.
Trachenchyraa, 668.
Tree, 96.
Tri (in Greek compounds), three.
Triadelphous, the stamens in three sets.
Triandria, Triandrous. 877.
Trigynous, three-styled, 513.
Tricoccous (fruit), with three one-seede<J
carpels.
Tricolored, with three colors.
Triennial, lasting three years.
Trifid, split half-way into three parta.
Trifoliate, with three leaflets.
Trilobate, having three lobes.
Trimerous, 3-parted, 418.
Tripartiblo, separable into three parta
Triple-veined, 261. Fig. 118.
INDEX AND GLOSSARY.
180
Trfquetroua, three angled,
Tripiimate, thrice pinnate, 289.
Triternate, thrice ternate.
True sap, 796.
Truncate, 284. Fig. 155, d.
Trunk (of a tree), 171.
Tryma, fruit as the hickory-nut, 564.
Tube, 459. Tubular corolla, 481.
Tuber, 187.
TubtTculate, covered with warts (tuber-
cles).
Tumid, swollen or inflated.
Tunicate, coated, as the bulb, 19.3.
Turion, young shoot, as of asparagus.
TypicjU Flower, 412, 419. Figs. 260, 262.
Typical Forms, 11, 12.
Umbel, .351. Umbellct, a partial umbel.
Umbellate, bearing umbels.
Umbilicate, with asliarp depression at <»nd.
Unarmed, with no stings, thorns, etc.
Underslirub, a low shrub, 95.
Undulate, wavy, 280,
Unequally pinnate, 287.
Unguiculatc (petal), having a claw, 453.
Uni (in compounds), one.
Unifoliate, with one leaf or leaflet.
Uniform, of one form.
Unilstoral, one-sided.
Unilocular, one-celled.
tlnivalved, witli but one valve.
tlrceolate, urn-shaped, 478.
Utricle (fruit), 559.
Vaginate, sheathing, the flattened petiole
involving the stem.
Valvate, 387.
Valves, Valvular, 550.
Varieties, 78.
Vascular tissue, 608.
Vaulted, arched. [736.
Vegetation, or Physiology of Plant Life^
Veins, 253. VeinletB, Veinulets, 257.
Venation (of the leaf), 255.
Ventricous, swelling out on one side.
Vernal, appearing in ^lie iSpring tifue.
Vernation (of the leaf bud), 213.
Ventral, belonging to the front side, t. c,
the side to\vard.s the axis.
Verrucou.s, covered with warts (verrucae).
Versatile (anther), 495.
Vertex, the summit, same as Apex.
Vertical, in tlie direction up and down,
or parallel with the axi.=<.
Verticillate, whorled, 222.
Verticlla.ster, 362.
Ve'spertine, appearing in the evening.
VexlUary (iestivation). Fig. 251.
Vexillum, standard, 474. Fig. 3IG, :U7.
Villous, clothed with long, weak liairs,
297.
Vimineous, with long flexible nhoots, osier-
like, [slender.
Vino, 178. Virgate, twiggy, long and
Viscid, Viscous, sticky or glutinous.
Vitta, Vittie, the minute oil-tubes in the
fruit-coat of tlie Umbeliferie.
Volva, membrane enclosing the young
Fungus. Fig. 537, e.
Wedge-shaped, gradually tapering to tha
base.
"Water, 838.
Whorl, a circle of similar organs.
Wifch-grass, 181.
Wooa, 694. Wood-cells, 649.
Yeast Plant, 745.
Zoology, 37.
Zoospores, 633.
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS
OFTEN USED IV DESCRIPTIVE BOTAATY.
ach. achenia.
cest. airttivation,
alier. alteruate,
ajnplex. araplexicaul,
anth. anther,
axill. axillary.
cal. calyx.
caps, capsule.
cor. corolla.
decid. deciduous.
diam. diameter.
eliip. elliptical.
«marg. emarginate.
epig. epigynoua.
/. or ft. feet.
fil. filaments.
fl. flower; fls. flowers.
fr. fruit.
hd. head ; hds. heads.
hyp. I'.ypogynous.
inibr. imbricate.
inf. inferior.
invol. involucre.
irreg. irregular.
leg. legume.
If. leaf; Ivs. leaves.
IfUi. leaflets.
hm. loinent.
opp. opposite.
ova, ovary.
ped. peduncle.
•pet. petals.
perig. perigynoua.
perig. perigynium.
recep. receptacle.
reg. regular.
rhiz. rhizom*
rt. root.
ids. seeds.
seg. segraeuf
Sep. sepals.
si. stem.
sta. statnen»
stig. .st[gma&
sty. styles.
I' I
f
1
w
3.;
m
I 1 .
190
ABBRBVIATIONS AND 8ION8.
h A plant with a woody stem.
g A staminate flower or plant
The names of the montha, and of skUea and countries, are often abbreviated, and
always in the same manner aa in other works ; thus, Apr. April ; Jn. June ; Man.
Massachusetts ; N. T. New York ; la. or lud. Indiana ; Car. Carolina ; La. Loa-
isiana; etc.
The following Signs are also in general use : —
(2) An annual plant
(§; A biennial plant.
21 A perennial herb. ? A pistillate flower or plant
\f A perfect flower, or a plant bearing perfect flowers.
8 Monoecious, or a plant with staminate and pistillate flowers.
$ $ Dioecious ; staminate and pistillate flowers on separate plants.
9 ^ $ Polygamous; the same species with stammate, pistillate, and peiibot
flowers.
AVanting or none.
CO Indefinite, or numerous.
0=- Cotyledons accurobent )
Oj Cotyledons incumbtmf.. >■ Used only in the Cruciferse.
0» Cotyledons conduplicate. )
§ A naturalized plant
j A plant cultivated for ornament.
1 A plant cultivated for use. This, with the two last, are placed at the end of a
description. In other situations they have their usual signification as marks of
division or reference. In measure of length, or other dimensions, the following signs
are adopted in this work : —
f (without the periol) A foot.
' (a single accent) An inch.
" (double accent) A line (one twelfth of ').
I The note of exclamation, common in botanical works, is used in contrariety to
tlie note of interrogation (?). It denotes, in general, certainty from personal observa-
tion. Affixed to a locality, it denotes that the writer has examined specimens either
la or from that place. Affixed to the name of an individual, it denotes that the
writer has examined specimens supplied by him. Its use in the present work is
discoLtinuei, except ri the case of coatrov3rted facts.
Authors' names are usually abbre-riatod, as follows : —
Atlans Adanson.
A. DC. Alphunse De Candolle.
Ait. Alton.
Am. Arnott.
Aubl. Aublet
Bart. Barton.
Beauv. Beau vols.
Benth. Benthain.
Borl. Berlandier.
BiM'iih. Bernhardl.
Brongn. Brontrniart
Bi^l. or Bw. Bigelow.
Boehtn. Boehmer.
Rong. Bongard.
Br. Brown.
Cms. Cassini.
Cav. Cavanilles.
Cham. Chamisso.
DC. De Candolle.
Desf. Desfontaines.
Dfsv. Desvaux.
Dew. Dewey.
DiU. Dillonius.
Dull. Duhatnel.
Dumort. Dumortlei
Endl. Endlicher.
Ehrh. Ehrhart
Ell. Elliot.
Engol. Engelmann.
FroBl. Froelich.
GiPvt. riwvtner.
Ginel. Gtimliik
Grev. Orevillo.
Griseb. Grisebacb.
Gron. Gronovius.
Fledw. Hedwig.
HoflFm. Hoflfman.
Hook. Hooker.
Htids. Hudson.
Juss Ju.ssieu.
Lag. Lagasca.
Lam. Lam ark.
Lamb. Lambert.
Lehm. Lehmann.
Lindl. Lindley.
L. 0/' Linn. Linneens.
Lk. Link.
Mart. Mai-tius.
Mentz. Mentzel.
Miclix. Michaux.
Miciix. f. [alius), Miohaux the
younger.
Mill. Miller.
Mirb. Mirbcl.
Moench. Moenchansen.
Muhl. Muhlenberg.
Nees. Nees von Esenbeok.
Nutt. Nuttall.
Pay. Pavon.
Pars. Persoon.
Pall. Pallas.
Pluk. Plukcnet
Plum. Plumier.
Polr. Poiret.
Ph. Pursh.
R. Br. R<)bert Brown.
Eaf. Raflnt'squc.
Rich. Richard.
Richn. Richardson.
Roem. Roemer.
Salisb. Salisbury.
8chw. Schwonitz.
Schrad. Schrader.
Schult. Schultes.
Scop. Scopolt.
Ser. Seringe.
Schk. Schkuhr.
8m. Smith.
Soland. Solander.
Spr. Sprcngel.
Steud. Sti-udel.
Sw. Swartz.
T. & G., Torr. A Gr.,Torr«T*
Gray.
Torr. Torrey.
Tourn. Tournefort.
Trln. Trinius.
Traut Trautvetter.
Vaill. Vaillant
Vent. Yentenat.
Wahl. Wahlenbergi
Willd. Wllldenow.
Walt. Wf.lter,
WulC WuUbd.
ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS,
FOUNDED UPON THE MOST OUVIOU.S OR ARTIFICIAL CHARACTERS, DB'
SIGNED AS A KEY FOR THE READY DETERMINATION OF ANY PLANT,
NATIVE, NATURALIZED OR CULTIVATED, GROWING WITHIN
THE LIMITS OF THIS FLORA.
PROVINCES, CLASSES AND COHORTS.
SvB-KiNODoif I. Phacnogamia or Flowering Plants. (Pbovimob.)
Pbovincb 1. Bark, wood and pitli distinct, the two former
a» concentric layers around the latter. Leaves net-veined.
lUnver, at least, never completely Z-merous, its parts mostly
in 4s and 5b. DICOTYLEDONS or EXOGENS. (Clam.)
Class 1. FUywers with stigmas, and pistils enclosing the
ovules, becoming seed-vessels enclosing the seeds. ANGIOSPERMS. (Cohort.)
Cohort 1. Corolla with the petals distinct. POLYPETALOUS. (A)
Cohort 2. Corolla with the petals united. GAMOPETALOUS. (B)
Cohorts. Corolla (and often the calyx, also,) wanting. APETALOUS. (C)
Class 2. Flowers with open scales inntead of pistils (or no
pistils at all), the ovules naked. (Pine, Cedar, Fir, Yew,
Cypress, etc.) GYMNOSPERMS. (Cohort.)
CoHOBT 4. The cone-bearing plants (same as Class 2). CONOIDEiE. (D)
Province 2. Bark, wood and pith commingled. Lvs. parallel-
veined (rarely netted). Fls. S-merous. MONOCOTYLEDONS or ENDOGENS.
Clasb 8. Fls. with no glumes. PETALIFER^ or AGLUMACEOUS. (Cojiobt.)
Cohort 5. Fls. on a spadix, apetalous or incomplete. SPADICIFLORiE. (E)
Cohort 6. Flowers complete, witli a double perianth. FLORIDE^. (F)
OtAss 4. Flowers invested with green, alternate glumes
instead of the perianth which is wanting or minute. GLUMIFERiE. (Cohort).
Cohort 7. The Grasses and Sedges (same as Class 4). GRAMINOIDEiE. (G)
SvB-KiNODoH IL Cryptogamia, or Flowerless Plants. (Province.)
I*BOViNCk; 1. With stem and leaves distinguishable, and
containing woody tissue and vessels. ACROGENS or ANGIOSPOR^E. (H)
Pbovinok 2. With a thallus, often stem-like, but contain-
ing cellular tissue only. THALLOGENS or GYMNOSPORiE. (IC
h!i
I':
&.S3
A Cohort 1. POLYPETALOUS.
♦ Herbs with the leaves altertiate or all radical (11).
• Herbs witli the leaves opposite on the stem (7).
* Shrubs, trees or nndershrubs. — Flowers regular or nearly so. (2)
— Flowers irregular (or fruit a legume), (r)
2 Polyaiodroua, — stamens 8 to 10 times as many as the petals, or more. (3)
2 Oligandrous, — stamens 1 — 2 times as many as the petals or fewer. (4)
3 Leaven opposite, (i)
3 Leaves alternnte.— Stamens on the torus or the hypogynous corolla, (t)
— Stamens and petnls on the cnlyx-tnbe. (v)
Iff
I-
Hi
192
ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.
■ :
1 'f i
fj
4 Ovaries simple, distinct or solitury. Vines or erect sliruba. (w)
4 Ovary compound, — wholly adherent to tlie calyx, (x)
— free from the calyx or nearly so. (5)
5 Stamens opposite to the petals and of the same number, (y)
5 Stamens alternate with the petals or of a ditferent number. (6)
6 Leaves opposite on the stems, (z)
6 Leaves alternate, — compound, (yy)
— simple, (zz)
7 Polyandrous, — stamens 3 to 10 times as many as the petals, or more, (m)
7 Oligandrous, — stamens 1 — 2 times as many as the petals, or fewer. (8)
8 Pistils separate and distinct, few or solitary, simple, (n)
8 Pistils united, — ovary compound, free from the calyx. (9)
— ovary oompouud, adherent to the calyx, (o)
9 stamens opposite to the petals and of the same number, (p)
9 Stamens alternate with the petals or of a greater nuinbe'* (q)
1 1 Flowers regular or nearly so. Fruit never a legume. ( 13)
\1 Flowers irregular (rarely regular and the fruit a legume). (13)
12 Stamens numerous, 3 or more times as inany as the petals, (k)
12 Stamens few and definite, 5 — 12. (I)
13 Stamens 3 to 10 times as many as the petals. (15)
13 Stamens few and definite. — !Ovary free from the calyx. (14)
— Ovary adherent to the calyx. ( j)
14 Pistils one, or indefinite (1 — 15), distinct, simple, (e)
14 Pistils definitely — 2 united, the short styles combined into one. (f)
— 3 or 4 united, styles or stigmas 3, 4 or 6. (g)
— 5, distinct or united, with 5 distinct styles, (h)
— 5 united and the styles combined in one. (i)
15 Stamens hypogynous, — on the receptacle. (10)
15 Stamens perigynous,— on the corolla at base, (c)
— on the calyx av the base, (d)
10 Pistils few or many, distinct (at least as to the styles), (a)
16 Pistils (and styles if any) completely united, (b).
a Petals 5 or more, deciduous. Leaves not peltate.
a Petals 3, persistent, withering. Floating leaves peltate.
a Petals numerous, deciduous. Leaves all peltai«^.
b Sepals 4 — 6, equal. Petals CO, imbricated in the bud.
Sepals 5, equal, I'etals 5, imbricate. Leaves tubular.
Sepals 5, unequal. Petals 5, convolute. Flowers ot 2
Sepals 2, with — 5 petals imbricated in the bud.
—4 or 8 petals usually crumpled in the bud.
c Filaments united into a tube. Anther 1-celled.
Sepals 2, persistent, capping the pyxia.
Sepals 3 — 5, valvate in the bud. Pod long, 2-carpelod.
Sepals 3 — 5. — Petals imbricate in bud. Fruits simple.
— Petals convolute in bud. fruit compoand.
e Stamens opposite to tno imbricated petals. Pistil 1 only.
c Stamens alternate with tlie petals or more numerous.
f Stamens 6 (tetradynamous). Pods 2-celled.
f Stamens 4, or 8—39. Pod 1-celled.
b
b
b
d
d
d
g Sepals and petals in 3s. Stamens 0. Small herb.
g Sepals and petals in 4s. Stamens 8. Climbing.
g Sepals, etc., in 58. — Stam. 5, monadelphous. Climbing.
— Stam. 5, distinct. Greeuisli. Climbing.
— Stam. 5, distinct. Yellow. Erect.
RxNtnJOrLAOEJB. ]
CABOMBACEae. 7
Nf.luubiaoe^. 8
Nymph^ace^. 9
SABRACENIACEiG. 10
sorts. ClSTACEiE. 17
PoUTULAOACKiK. 22
Papavehaoejb. 11
Malvacej!. 24
pobtulacace^. 22
TlLIACEJ!. 26
KosACE^. 47
LOASAOE^B. 53
BERBKUIOAOEii:. 6
BANUMOULAOBiE. 1
CRUCIFBRje. 13
Cappar:daoe>e. 14
LiUNANTHAOE.C. 36
Sapindace^. 41
PaSSIFI.ORACE.1I!. 57
Obdbb. 104
TuRNBBACEiB. 56
— Stam. 5, distinct. Cyanic. Erect. DRosERACBii, 19
— Stain. 3 — 15. — Fls. ^ , very many, minute. Cibtacejc. 17
— Fls. monoecious. Ouubb. ll!j
ANALYSIS UV THE NATllllAL OUUKU8.
193
h
h
LlNAOEJC
Order.
OXALIDACEiE.
Grassulack^.
Droseracej:.
Order.
KuTACiC^.
PORTDLACAOEiE.
Onaorage^e.
Saxifraoace.*;.
UMBELLIFEi;.a!,
Araliace^.
RANUNCL'LACEiE
Kesedace^e.
h Stamens 5, alternate witli the 5 petals. Seeds 00.
h Stamens 5, opposite to the 5 petals. Seed 1.
Stamens 10, the tilaments united at the base.
Stamens 6 — 24 (twice as inuuy as tl^e petals), distinct.
i Ovary one-celled. Leaves radical, irritable.
i Ovary 2 — 5-celled.— Leaves dotless, mostly radical.
—Leaves dotted. Cauline, pinnate
j Styles 5 or more. Ovary 1-celled, hulf-adherent. Sepals 2.
j Style 1, carpels as many as the petals (2 — 6).
j Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals. Seeds several.
j Styles 2, carpels 2, fewer than the (5) petals. Seeds two,
j Styles 3 — 5, ovary 3 — 5-celled, 3 — 5-seeded.
k Ovaries many, or few, rarely 1, always simple.
k Ovary compound, 3-carpeled, open before ripe.
1 Sepals 2. Petals 4 (2 pairs). Stam. 6. Spurs 1 — 2, blunt. FuMAniACEiK.
1 Sepals 5, very unequal. Petals 3. Stam. 6 — 8. No spur. PoLYOALACEiE.
1 Sepals 4, petals 2, all colored alike. Spur slender. Balsauinace^.
1 Sepals and petals each — 4, not very irregular. No spur. CAPPARiDACHiE.
— 5. Stamens 8. Spur slender. TROPiEoLACKJ?.
— 5. Stamens 5. Spur blunt or none. Violace^.
— 5. Stam. 10 (or more). Fr. a legume. Leguminos^.
m Pistils many, entirely distinct, simple. RanunculackjE
m Pistils 3 — 5, united more or less completely. HTPERicAOEiG.
m Pistils 5 — 10, united, with sessile stigmas and many petals. Meskmbryace^.
n Pistil solitary, simple. Petals 6 — 9. Stamens 12 — 18. 6erberioace£
n Pistils 3 or more, distinct, simple. Flowers all symmetrical. CRAsscLAOEiS.
n Pistils 2, consolidated with the 5 stamens. Juice milky. Order.
o Cnrpels as many as the sepals. Anthers open at the top. Melastomaoe^.
o Carpels as many as the sepals. Anthers open laterally.
o Carpels fewer than the sepals, — 00-sceded. Styles 2.
— 1 -seeded. Styles 2 or 3,
— 1-aeeded
p Style 3 cleft at the summit.
p Style and stigma 1, undivided.
q Leaves pinnate, with interpetiolar stipules.
q LvB. simple, toothed or lobed. Flowers cruciform. Stamens 6.
q Lvs. simple, toothed or lobed. Flowers S-merous. Stamens 10.
q Leaves simple, entire, (qq)
qq Petals and stamens on the throat of the calyx.
qq Pet. hypogyuous. — Fls. irregular, unsymmetrical.
— Fls. regular — 2 (or 3)-parted throughout.
— 5-parted. — Leaves punctate
— Lvs. dotless. CARYOPHYLLACKiK.
r Pistil a simple carpel, becoming a legume. Stamens 10 — 100. LEouMiNOSiE.
r Pistil compound, — 3-carpeled. Fls. perfect. Lvs. digitate.
— 3-carpeled. Fls. monoecious. Cultivated.
— 5-carpeled. — Stipules present. Cultivated.
— Stipules none. Native.
R StamenB on the receptacle, in several sots. Leaves dotted.
8 Stamem on calyx.— Ovaries many, free, but enclosed.
ONAORAOEiE.
Saxifrauace^.
Araliace^.
Stylo 1 (double). Cornacejs.
PoRTULACAOI'.*.
Order.
ZYGOPHYLLACEiE.
Crucifer^.
Geramagejc.
30
80
32
60
19
73
37
22
52
61
63
64
1
15
12
45
34
14
35
Ifc
40
, 1
18
23
. 6
60
97
50
52
61
64
65
22
78
33
13
31
Lttiiracea.
polygalace-*.
ELATINACEiE.
HYPERICACEiE.
SaPTNDACE/G.
Beooniacba.
Oeraniace^.
ERICAOEiE.
Hypericaceac.
Calycantiiace^.
— Ov. compound, free in the bell-shaped cal. Lythbace^.
— Ov. adherent. — Fruit fleshy, baccate. Myutm e^e.
—Fruit dry, capsular. Saxifraoaokji.
t Petals imbricate or valvate in eestivation. (u)
t Petals convolute. — Anthers 1-celled, turned inwards. Malvaoeji.
— Anthers 2-celled, turned outwards. Stc:bculiace«.
13
51
46
20
18
21
46
41
59
31
78
18
48
61
49
61
24
26
I I
t?r;'
TM 'i?i !1
194
AMALTBIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.
r^
n Ovaries distinct. Petals 6, valvate. Erect shrubs. Anonaokjc. S
u Ov. distinct. Petals 8 — 9, imbricate. Trees or erect sbrabs. MAONOLiACBiB. 3
u Ov. distinct, few. Petals 6 — 9, imbricate. Climbing BbrubB.MxMiBP£RMACEiB. 5
28
26
27
54
47
u Ov. compound. — Lvs. punctate with pellucid dots. Aukamtiack£.
— Lvs. opaque. — Sepals valvate. Fls. small. TiLiACEiC.
— Sepals imbricate. Fls. large. CAH£LLiAC£i£.
T Style 1 with many stigmas. Green, fleshy shrubs. CAOTACKiS.
T Styles several, or 1 with 1 stigma. Woody trees or shrubs. Bosaoeji;.
w Pistils many, spicate on the Blender torus. Climbing. SoHizANOi aue^. 4
«r Pistils 2 — 6, capitatate on the short torus. Climbing. Menibpermack^. 5
«r Pistil one only. Flowers 6-parted. Stam. opposite the petals. Bebberidacejc. 6
X Floweni 4-parted. Stamens 8. (Flowers red or roseate.) ONAORACEiG.
X Flowersi 4- parted. Stamens 4. Flowers whitish. Cornace^b.
X Flowers S-parted. — Ovary 5-curpeled, 5 strled. Araliace^.
— Ov. 2-carpeled. — Leaves palmate-veined. Obobsulacs^.
— Leaves pinnate-veined. Sazieraoaoe^.
y Leaves opposite, stem climbing with tendrils.
y Leaves alternate. Erect, or vine without tendrils.
B Carpels 3 — 5, styles short. Leaves simple,
s Ctirpels 8, styles long, slender. Leaves pinnate, serrate,
s Carpels 2, with 2 slender styles. Samara double.
t, Carpels 1 — 2, with 1 short style. (Drupe or single samara.)
yy Filaments 10, united into a tube. Leaves bipinnate.
jry Fils. 5, distinct. — Leaves pellucid punctate.
— Lvs. opaque. — Ov. 8-carpeled, 1-seeded. Anaoabdiace^.
— Ov. of 8 one-seeded carpels. SAPiNDACEiB.
zz Petals 4, yellow. Ovary 2-carpeled, 2-8eeded. Hauahblaoeje.
U Petals 4—7, cyanic. — Drupe l-seeded, but with 3 stigmas. ANACABDiAOEiB.
— Drupe 4 — 6-8eeded, stigmas 4 — ' Aquifoliacejd.
— Capsule OO-seeded. Ericinese, 7. . PrrrospoRACEiB.
— Cap. 8-seeded (scarlet). Seeds ariled. Celasibaoej!.
52
65
64
55
61
44
43
Vitack^.
Bhaicnace^.
Celastraoejc. 42
Sapindack^. 41
AcERAGEJi. 40
Oleacejs. 9D
Meliace^. 29
BCTACB^. 87
S8
41
62
38
74
39
42
— Capsule 2 — 3-seeded. Ovules pendulous. § 3, Obd. 73
B Cohort 2. GAMOPETALOUS.
S Stamens (6 — 00) more numerous •ihan the lobes of the corolla, (a)
S Stamens (2 — 12) fewer than the corolla lobes or of the same number. (*!l)
*3 Ovary inferior, adherent to the tube of the calyx. (3)
3 Stamens cohering by their anthers, (c)
3 Stamens entirely distinct. (»J)
*2 Ovary superior, free from the tube of the calyx. (6)
Flowers regular and the stamens synmietrical. (7)
7 Stamens opposite to the lobes of the corolla (and fVee). (e)
7 Stamens alternate with the corolla lobes (rarely connate). (9)
9 Shrubs, trees, with the carpels or stigmas 8 — 6. (f )
9 Herbs 1 — 10-carpelled or shrubs 2-earpeled. (g)
G Flowers regular and the stamens reduced to 2. (n)
6 Flowers irregulat . Stam. (except in 3 or 4 species) unsymmetrical. (o)
a Filaments 6, united into 2 equal sets. Herbs. Ord. 12
a Filaments 00, united into 1 tube enclosing the styles. Ord. 24
a Filaments 10, united into a split tube around the 1 style. Ord. 4C
a Filaments QO, united only at the base into 1 or 6 sets, (b)
b Calyx of 5 leafy imbricated sepals. Shrubs, trees. Ord. 27
b Calyx tubular, 5 toothed or truncate. Shrubs, trees. Sttbaoaoe^. 16
a Filam. entirely distmot.— 8 or 10 in number. Flowers perfect. Ericaoe.*. 78
■ -8 uud 16 iu numb. Fls. polygamous. Ebmnaoeji. 70
ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.
195
e Flowers in a compact head surrounded by an involucre. Cohpositje. 7C
G Flowers eeparate, irregular, perfect. Plui-its erect. Lobeliaoeje. 71
c Flowers separate, regular, imperfect. Weak vines. Oku.
d Leaves alternate. Flowers 5-parted, regular, separate. Caupanulackj:.
d Leaves opposite, with stipules between, or veiticiilatc. BuBiAcEjfi.
d Lvs. opp. Stipules none. — Stum. 5 — 4. Ov. 2 — 5-celled. Capbifoliace^.
— Stam. 2 — 3. Ov. 1-celled. Valebianacejc.
— Stamens 4. Flowers capitate. Dii'3aoe^,
,,..■ >^i
O Herbs. Ovary with 6 styles and but 1 seed,
e Herbs. Ovary with 1 style and many seeds,
c Trees or shrubs. Ov. 1-styled, 5-celled, 1-sceded.
f Style none. Drupe 4 — 6 seeded.
f Style one. Drupe 4-seeded.
f Style one. Capsule 8 — 5-celled, QO-seeded.
g Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 acheniu.
58
72
67
66
68
69
80
78
PlUMBAGIN ACE JE
FBIMULACEiE
Sapotace^. 77
Aquifoliace^. 74
Vbbbenace^. 88
EuiCACE.*. 73
BoRRAOINACEiE. 90
(h)
(k).
Apoctnacej!. 96
ASCLEPIAUACKiE. 97
CoNVOLVnLACEJC. 93
Ord. 101
Hydrophtllace^. 91
9")
79
79
85
P0LEM0NI4CK£. 93
Ovaries 2, distinct (often covered by the stamens).
g Ovary 1, compound, 1-celled (placenta often large)
g Ovary 1, compound, 2 — 6-celled. (m).
h Stigmas connate. Flower bud convolute.
h Stigmas connate. Flower bud valvate ?
h Stigmas distinct. Flowers minute, yellow,
k Ovula solitary. Corolla limb entire.
k Ovules several. Leaves cleft and lobed.
k Ovules several. Lvs. or Ifts. entire, — Fls. not spicato. GENTiANACEiE.
— Fls, spicate. Plantaoinai;e^.
m Leaves all radical. Flowers spiked. Plantaoinacejb.
m Leaves opposite. — Ovary 2-celled. Looaniace^.
— Ov. 3-celled. Not twining, i
m Leaves alternate.— v. 3-celled. Not twining, j
— Ov. 2-celled. Twining. Convolvulacejs. 93
— Ov. 2-celled, 4-8eeded. Erect. Bohragina<;e.e. 90
— Ov. 2-celled, qc -seed.— Styles 2. llYt)R(>PHYL. 91
— Stylo 1. Solanace^. 94
II Shrubs. Corolla 5-parted, imbricated in bud. JasminaceuK. 98
n Shrubs. Corolla 4-parted, valvate, or none. Oleace^. 99
O Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming 4 (or fewer) achenia. (p)
o Ov. entire, 4-ovuled, 4 or fewer-seeded. Lvs. opposite. VEBBKNActiii. 88
o Ovary entire, GO-ovu'ed, OO or several-seeded, (s)
p Leaves opposite. Stems square. Stamens 2 — 4. LABiATiE. 89
p Leaves alternate, Stems round. Stamens 5. BoRRAOiNAtE^. 90
a Trees or climbing shrubs. Seeds winged. Biononiaci ,«. 83
8 Trees. Seeds not winged. Sopoph. 86. Erect shrubs. Ebicace.e. 73
8 Herbs. — Leafless parasites. OROBANouACEiS. 82
— Lvs. at base. Fruit l-celled. Fls. spurred. Lentibulace^. 81
—Leafy. — Fruit 4 — 5-ceiled. Leaves opposite. Pedaliace^. 84
—Fruit 2-celled. (t)
t Corolla convolute in bud. Seeds exalbuminous. AcanthacEjI!. 87
t Corolla imbricate in bud. Seeds albuminous. SonoPiiuLARUOEii!. 86
t Corolla plicate in bud. Seeds albuminous. Soi.ANAci:.fi. 94
C Cohort 3. APETALOUS.
1 Plants herbaceous, the flowers not in aments (except Humulus, 115). (3)
1 Plants woody,— shrubs or trees. (5)
3 Flowers with a regular calyx (or a calyx-like involucra). (3)
S Flowers aohlamydeous, — neither oolyx nor corolla, (f)
3 Calyx tube adherent to the ovary, limb lobed, toothed, or entire, (a}
3 Calyx free fVom tbo ovary, sometimes enclosing it. (4)
i\ wl
I
I
U
^i-*^.;
nil
t96 ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERa.
4 Ovaries several, entirely distinct, each 1-styled, l-o\ uled. Ordxb 1
4 Ovary one, 1-ovuled, l-seeded, stylo or stigma 1. (b)
4 Ovary one, 1 — 3-ovuled, with 2 — 5-style8 or stigmas, (c)
4 Ovary 1, with many ovules and 1 stylo or stigma, (d)
4 Ovary one, with ^— OO ovules and 2 — 12 styles and stigmas, (e)
a Stamens 1 — 8, symmetrical with the stigmas. Ord. 6S
a Stamens 8 — 10, the stigmas 2. Ovary OO-seeJed. Ord. 61
a Stamens 6 or 12, symmetrical with the 6 ovary-cells. Aristolochxace^. 100
SANTALACEiE. 109
Ord. 47
NTCTAGIUACEiE. 101
Uktioaoe^.
EcPHORBIAOEiG.
poltqonace^.
Amarantaoe^.
Basellack^k.
a Stamens 5, the stylo 1. Ovary 2-ovuled, l-seeded.
b Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-lobed, stamens 1 — 4.
b Flowers perfect. Calyx entire, funnel-shaped, colored.
b Flowers diclinous. Calyx 4 — 5-parted, green.
e Fruit 3-8eeded, with 3 (often cleft) stigmas.
C Fruit l-seeded. — Stipules sheathing the stems.
— Stip. 0. Calyx ccarious-bracted.
— Stip. 0. Calyx double. Climbing.
115
112
102
106
104
KO
g 3, Obd. 21
Ord. 51
Ord. 78
Ord. 22
Ord. 21
Ord. go
— Stip. 0. Calyx naked. Lvs. alternate. CHENOPODiACJi,E.
— Stip. 0. Calyx naked. Lvs. opposite
d Stamens (4) opposite the sepals.
d Stamens (5) alternate with the sepals.
e Leaves opposite. Fruit circumscissilo (utricle).
e Leaves opposite. Fruit 4-r-5-valved (capsule).
e Leaves alternate. — Fruit 5-horned, 5-celled (capsule)
— Fruit a fleshy 4 — 10-seeded berry,
— Fruit circumscissile (utricle).
f Flowers on a spadix with a spathe. Monocotyledons.
f Flowers in a long naked spike. Stamens 6 or 7.
f Flowers solitary, axillary, minute. Aquatic plants, (g)
f? Stamen 1, styles 2. Leaves opposite.
g Stamens 2, styles 2. Leaves alternate, dissected.
g Stamens 12 — 24, style 1. Lvs. verticillata, dissected. Ceratophyli^acej!. 128
5 Flowers not in aments, with the leaves opposite, (h)
5 Flowers not in aments, with the leaves alternate, (k)
5 Flowers (diclinous), the sterile only, in aments. (n)
5 Flowers (diclinous), both the fertile and sterile in aments. (_o)
h Fruit a double samara (2-winged).
h Fruit a single samara (1-winged), or a drupe. Stamens 2,
h Fruit not whig( i , — 3-seeded. Stamens 4.
— l-seeded. Stamens 4 or 8.
Phttolacoace^.
Aharantaceo:.
Ohd.
Savrubace^.
CALLITBICHACE-S!.
PoDOSTEMIAOEiS.
103
106
131
123
124
125
Obd. 40
Oleaoe^. 99
euphobbiace^
Elbaonageji:
— l-soeded. Stamens 3. Parasites. Lobanthace^.
Style or stigma one. Fruit l-seeded. (m)
m Calyx free from the ovary. — Anthers opening by valves. LacraokiE.
m Calyx free from the ovary. — Anthers opening by slits. Thymelace js.
m Calyx adherent to the ovary. — Ovules 2 — 4. (Shrubs.) SANTALACEiC.
iia
111
108
—Ovule 1. (Trees.)
k Styles or stigmas 2. — Stamens numerous.
— Stamens as numy as the calyx lobes.
k Styles or stigmas 8 (rarely 2— 4).— Fruit dry, 3-partible.
— Fruit a fleshy drupe.
k Styles or stigmas 6 — 9. Ileath-like undershrubs.
k Styles and ovaries 6, scarcely united. Leaves pinnate.
II Nut or nuts in a cup or involucre. Leaves simple.
n Nut drupaceous, naked. Leaves pinnate.
o Fruit fleshy, aggregated (sorosis). Juice (or sap) milky.
O Fruit dry. Plants with a watery juiue or sap. (p)
107
110
109
66
62
113
Obd
Obd
Ulmaokj:.
ecphokbiaoej;. 112
Obd. 43
£lCPBTRAO£JB. 116
Obd. 87
CvrvurzHM. 119
JrQI,ANDAOK.«. 113
ABTUtiABTAOSiB. 114
•
ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.
r
197
p Amenta globular, racemed. Nutlets 2-celled, woolly.
Oru. 62
p AmentH globular, solitary. Nutlets 1-celied, 1 seeded.
PLATANAOKiS. 117 '
p Ainents cylindrical or oblong, (s).
8 Ovary 1-celled, 1-aeeded. Fruit ofl«u fleshy.
Mtrigaokjc. 121
8 Ovary 2.ceiled, 2-ovuled, l-seedod. Fruit often winged
BETULACKiB. 120
8 Ovary many-ovuled, mauy-aeeded. Seeds comous.
Salicack^. 122
D Cohort 4. CONOIDE^.
H Leaves simple. Fertile flowers in cones. Stems branching, woody,
jointless. CoNiFERiE. 127
If Leaves simple. Fertile flowers solitary. Stems branching, woody,
jointless. TAXACKiS. 128
^ Leaves pinnate. Fertile flowers solitary • Stems simple, palm-like. Cycadacejb. 128
;s^>l
E Cohort 5. SPADICIFLOR^.
If Trees or shrubs with palmi-cleft leaves all from one terminal bud, and
a branching " spadix" from a spathe.
1 Herbs with simple, rarely ternate leaves. Spadix simple. (2)
2 Plants frond-like, minute, floating loose on the water.
2 Plants with stem and leaves, rooting and flxed. (3)
3 Spadix evident, in a spathe or on a scape.
3 Spadix obscure or spike-like. Stems leafy. (4)
4 Flowers with no j jrianth, densely spicate or capitate.
4 Flowers with a perianth or not. Plants submersed.
Palmaoea.
180
LEHNAOEiC.
132
ARACEiE.
181
TTPHACEiE.
133
Naiadaoe^.
134
)\
( "a-ff
F Cohort 6. FLORIDE.^.
^ Flowers (not on a spadix) in a small, dense, involucrate head, (k)
\ Flowers (not on a spadix) solitary, racemed, spicate, etc. (3)
3 Periantli tube adherent to the ovary wholly or partly, (a)
3 Perianth free from the ovary. (4)
4 Petals and sepals differently colored (except in Medeola, 147). (c)
4 Petals and sepals similarly colored, (e)
a Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Low, aquatic herbs. IlTDBocHARiDACEjf
Flowers dioecious, 6-androus. Shrubby climbers
a Flowers perfect, — gynandrous (stamen on the pistil).
— monandrous with half an anther.
— 3 — 6-androu9. Stamens distinct, (b)
b Perianth woolly or mealy outside. Ovary half-free.
b Perianth glabrous outside. — Stamens 3, anthers introrse.
— Stamens 8, anthers extrorse.
— Stamens 6.
c Carpels many, distinct, acheniate in fruit.
c Carpels 3, united, with the stigmas distinct or not. (d)
d Leaves verticillate in 1 or 2 whorls. Stigmas 8.
d Leavas alternate. — Stigmas 3. Scurfy epiphytes.
— Stigmas united into 1.
e Leaves net'veined, dilated. — Flowers perfect, 4-pnrted.
— Flowers diojcious, 6-parted,
a Leaves parallel- veined, (f )
f Style"-, and often the stigmas also united into 1. (g)
g Flowers colored, regular. Stamen* 6 (4 in 1 speoies), Liliaoba.
g Flowers colored, irregular or else triandrouB. PontediiRiack^.
g Flowers greenish, glume-like or toarious. Jumcaueji.
DiOSCUREAOEii.
Orchidaoe.e.
MARA.NTACKiE-
II^MODORACIE.B.
Bi;KMANMACE.fi.
1ru)aoe*.
AuARVLLIDArEA.
Alismaoe^.
TRILLIACErf:.
Bromeliace^.
CoMMELYNACEJC.
RoXBUROUIAOEiE.
6HILACE.C.
136
144
138
139
142
137
143
140
135
147
141
15a
146
145
14-5
150
161
'\1
K^- !*■' 11
f
•!»
5 ■
198
ANALYSIS OF THB NATURAL OHDERS.
f Styles and stigmas 3, distinct, (h)
h Leav<'s rush-like. Ovary of 3 one-seeded carpels. Jcncaoine^. 135
h Leaves linecr, lanceolate, etc. Ovury 6 — GO -seeded. MELANxuACEiE. 149
k Petals yellow, small but showy. Plant acaulescent. Xtiuoac£2b. 153
Ic Petals white, minute, fringed. Plant acaulescent. EsiooAULONAoKiS. 154
I'l
G Cohort 7. GRAMINOIDE^.
1 Flower with a single bract (glume). Culm solid, sheaths entire. CTPERACEiS. 155
i Flower with several bracts (glumes and pales). Culm hollow. Sheaths
split on one side. Gbajumbjc. 156
H Province, ACROGENS.
S Plants with well developed foliage. (H)
Y Leaves few, mostly ample and from subterranean rhizomes, (a)
a Fruit borne on the leaves which are often more or loss contracted. Filicxs.
a Fruit borne at the baoo of the radical, entire or lobed leaves. Mabsileaoe^.
T Leaves numerous, small, mostly spirally imbricated on the stem, (b)
b Fruit axillary, sessile, openirij by a slit. Lycopodiace^.
b Fruit mostly terminal and usually stalked, opening by a lid. Musci.
If Leaves numerous, small, imbricated on the stem in 2 rows, j
S PUnts with the leaves and stem confounded, thallus-like. )
S Plants with verticillate branches instead of leaves, (c)
c Fruit in terminal spikes, and of one kind only. Equisetacej:.
c Fruit lateral, scattered on the branches, and of two kinds. Chabackjb.
160
167
158
162
HEPATICil. 163
159
IGl
K Province, THALLOGENS.
Plants aquatic, with a colored thallus. Fruit immersed in the frond. Alg^. 164
Plants on dry rocks, logs, or bark of trees, thalloid or granular. Lichens. 165
Plants growing on decaying organisms. Thallus cotton-like, the fruit very
different, all without ohlorophylle or starch. Fungi. 166
NoTi,->Slx Orders of the Crypiogamla, Nof. 161-16i\ are necessarily excluded. In the ful.
fltuent of our plan, these extensive Orders will constitute a separate and independent volume
PART FOURTH.
DESCRIPTIVE BOTANY; OR, PHYTOLOGY.
COMPRISING
THE FLORA OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
(WITHIIi THB LIMITS MENTIONED IN THE PREFACE).
Sub-Kingdom, PHiENOGAMIA or FLOWERING
PLANTS. — Vegetables having an axial development, leafy
appendages and true flowers, their substance composed of cel-
lular, spirovascular, and woody tissue ; their flowers with mani-
fest stamens and pistils, and prr lucing seeds with an embryo.
(For sub-kingdom Cryptogamia or Flowerless Plants, see page
810).
Province, EXOGEN.E or DICOTYLEDONOUS
PLANTS. — Phaiuogamous plants havinjj a stem composed
of a central column of pith enclosed with wood and bark,
the latter exterior ; growing by the addition of concentric
layers external lo the wood, internal to the bark. Leaves
mostly net-veined. Flowers veiy generally 5-merous, rarely
3-merous. Embryo with two or more opposite cotyledons.
(Province Endogena3 or Monocotyledonous plants, see page
666.)
Class I, ANGIOSPERM^.— Exogenous plants with net-
veined leaves. Pistils complete, having stigmas for the
reception of the pollen, enclosing the ovules within an
ovary which becomes at maturity a seed-vessel enclosing
the seeds. Cotyledons only two. (Class II. Gymno-
spdrmaB, with no stigmas, naked seeds, and leaves not net-
veined, see page 659.)
Cohort 1, DIALYPETALiE or POLYPETALOUS
EXOGENS. — Plants having a double perianth, consist-
ing of both calyx and corolla, the latter r'omposed of
distinct petals, rarely abortive. (Cohort 2. Gamope-
talae or Monopetalous Exogens, page 393. Cohort 3.
Monochlamydett3 or Apetalous Exogens, page 601.)
u
200
Obdeb 1.— RANUNCULACE^.
Ordeb I. RAXUNCULACE.fi. Crowfoots.
Herbs (or woody climbers) with a colorless, acrid juice. Leaves mostly divided,
exstipulate, with half-clasping petioles. Calyx. — Sepals 3-15, green or petaloid,
distinct, hypogynoua. CoroUa. — Petals 3-15, distinct, hypoe^ynous, sometimes
irregular or none. Stamens qo, distinct, hypogynoua. Anthers >^dnale, opening
lengthwise. Guari's OO or few, simple, distinct, the cell 1 — oi -ovulef,. Fruit
either dry achenia, or follicles, or baccate, 1 — CO -seeded. Seeds auatropous with a
straight, minute embryo i.i horny albumen.
Illustrated in Figs. 10, 24, 182, iW, 162, 241, 242, 283, 291, 294, 8C7, 8S6, 41.'5, 458, 2S6, 28S. Ac.
Oriier.i 48, species aWut 1000, mostly natives of cool, (lamp climates, those of the trojiical
resrions jrrowMig only upon the moiinttiins, and in thoir proper localities nliiindant.
Piioi'KiiTiES. Nearly all the genera possess acrid and more or less narcotic properties, soma
of them being highly prejudicial to animal life. These qualities are dissipated by a boiling heat
or by drying, or heightened by spirits and sugar. The species of llolleborus and Aconituin are
highly poisuDous, but medicinal when rightly used. This order is rich in ornamental cultivated
I)laut8.
TRIBES AND GENERA,.
Sepals 4, valvate in the bud. Achenia tailed. (Tribe I.)
Sepals imbricated in the bud.— Ovaries 1- seeded, acheniate. (2).
— Ovaries 2 — x -''ceded. (3.)
2 Corolla o, or undistlnguishable from the colored (iilyx. (Tribe II.)
2 Corolla and calyx distinct eitbcrin color or form. (Tribe III.)
3 Sepals as permanent as the stamens. Fruit folliculiir. (Tribe IV.)
3 Sepals caducous sooner than the stamens. (Tribe V.)
3 Sepals persistent with the follicular fruit. (Tribe VI.)
i. CLKMATIDEA Petals 0, or stamen-like. Leaves all opposite. Clbhatib. 1
II. ANEMONEiE. — Sepals deciduous with the stamens. Stem-leaves opposite. Anemonb. 3
— 8ei>als deciduous with the stamens. Leaves all radical. IlKPATrcA. 3
—Sepals caducous. Flowers usually imperfect. Tiialiotrum. 4
—Sepals caducous. Flowers perfect. Tbautvettrkia. 5
III. RANUNCULEJJ. — Sei)als not appendaged. Flowers scarlet or yellow. Adonis. 6
— Sepals not appendaged. Petals.xanthic, ascaleat base. Uanunoulus. 7
— Sepals appendaged. Plant minute. Leaves radical. Mvosurus. 8
IV. HELLEBOEEJi;, Perianth regular.
— Petals 0. Sepals white. Isopyrum. 9
— Petals 0. Sepals 6 to 9, yellow. Caltiia. 10
— Petalsslonder, tubular at apex. Roots bright yellow. Coptis. 11
— Petals minute, tubular at base, 1-lipped. Tkollius. 12
— Petals small, tubular, 2-lipped. Sepals persistent IlELLKBORtrs. 18
— Pet. small, concave, 2-lobed. FIs. racemed. roots.yel.ZANTiiORiitZA. 14
— Petals larger than the colored sepals, 8-lobed. Nioella. 16
— Petals larger than the colored sepals, spur-like, equal. Aquileuia. 16
IV. HELLEBORE.ifi, Perianth irregular.
— Upper sejtal spurred, containing two spurred petals. Delphinium. 17
—Upper sepal hooded, covering the deformed petals. Aconitu.m. 18
V. CIMICIFTTGEA — Flo wers numerous, in long spieatc racemes. Cimicifuoa. 19
— Flowers many, in short racemes. Fruit fleshy. Act.«a. 20
— Flower 1 only. Plant 2-leaved. Berry compound. IIvnKASTis. 21
VI. P^ONIE.dE.— Pet. plane, large, showy. Disk sheathing the ovary. P.bonia. 22
1. CLEMATIS L. Virgin's Bower. (Gr. wATy/za, a vine or tendril.)
Calyx of four colored sepals, in aestivation valvate-induplicate. Petals
none, or if present more like sterile filaments. Stamens qo, shorter
than the sepals, the outer or all sometimes sterile. Ovaries oo, in a
head. Achenia caudate with the lengthened plumous or pubescent
style. U Herbs, or vines a little woody, climbing by twining petioles.
Leaves opposite. The herbage is acrid and caustic.
I Atbaoene. Outer stamens petal-like. Lvs. verticillate. FIs. eolitary. Vine.. .. ....Ne. 1
I Clematis proper. Petals none. Leaves opposite. (•)
• Vines. — Flowers in cymous panicles Nos. 2 — A
— FIs. solitary .—Sepals nandurlform, wavy-edged Nos. 5, 6
— Sepals lance-ovate with a reflexed point Nos. 7, 8
• Erect herbs, near 1 f. high. Flowem ■olitary Nos. 9—11
Exotic, eulUvated ipeoiea Nos. 12 — IS
Ordek 1.— RANUNCULACEiE.
201
1 C. verticilliria DO. Stem ascending trees 15 ft. by means of its twisting?
petioles. At each node is a whorl (arising from two buds) of fonr ternate
leaves, and two large purple flowers. Leaflets acute, 1 — 2' by h — 1', ovate,
sligiilly notched. Sepals lanceolate, acute, 15" by 5". Filaments about 24,
outer ones (petals ?) dilated, spatulate, tipped with imperfect anthers. — A hand-
some climber in highland woods, Vt. (Dr Phelps) to N. Car. W. to the Rocky Mts.
May, Jn. (Atragene Americana Sims).
2 C. Virgini^na L. Lvs, ternate ; Ifts. smooth, lohed, and cut-dentate. — A common,
hardy climber in hedges and tiiickets. Can. to (i:i. and tiio Miss. Stem 8-15 f. in
length, supporting itself on fences and brushwood by means of tlie long petioles.
Leaflfts 2 — 3' by \\ — 2', with mucronate teeth. Sepals 4, white, obloiig-oi)ovate,
obtuse. Stamens 28 — 36. Panicles large, axillary, dichotomous. Fruit liirnislad
with long, plumous tails (caudie), appearing in large, downy tutls. Aug.f
3 C. holosericea Ph. Lvs. ternate ; Ifti. puhesccit both sides, entire, oblong-
lanceolate. — In Carolina. Plant climbing, ilowny or silky in all its par';s.
Panicles corymbous, trichotomous, few flowered. Flowers dioecious, small, white;
the linear petals loiigor than thy stamjna. Aclienia long-plumed.
4 C. Catesby^na Ph. Lvs. biternate; Ifts. ovate, small, mostly .'Globed, the
lobes entire — In Georgia. Plant cliinbing, minutely pubescent. Flowers in axil-
lary, divaricately forked cymes, small, mostly $ J . Sepals linear oblong. Fila-
ments in the ? flowers, linear-margined, without anthers. Acheniii sliort-
pl limed.
6 C. crispa L. Lvs. either ternate, pinnate, or decompound; Ifts. ovate (very
variable), acute, smooth, membranous. — Virginia to Ga. anil La. Stems climbing,
but not extensively, smooth. Leaves exceedingly various. Leaflets 3-15, giab-
rou.s, simple, often lobed or 3-parted, rendering the leaf decompound. Peduncle
terminal, bearing a large, nodding, bell-sliaped, bluish purple flower. Achonia
with short (6 — 9") pubescent tails. Apr. May.
li. cylindrica. Lfts. 5 — 9, broadly-ovate, obtuse or subcordato at base.
Sepals above much dilated and crisped, spreading or reflexed. — Ga. Varying
imperceptibly into a.
y. Walter i. Slender throughout. Leaflets 3 — 5, very narrow, acute at each end.
Sepals narrow and scarcely wavy. Stamens sometimes sterile. — Ga. Perhap.s
distinct. (E. Waited, Ph.)
J. linsariUba. Lfts. about 15, lance-linear, acute or acuminate at each end.
Flower more or less cylindraceous below. — Quincy, Fla., La. (C. lineariloba,
DC.)
6 C. reticulata Walt. Leaves pinnate or ternate. Lfts. obtuse at each end, at
length rigid and prominently net-veined. — Fla. Lfts. 3 — 6, stalked as in the other
species, oblong, ovate or oval, entire, simple or lobed. Flower terminal, nodding,
bell-shaped, pale-purple, much resembling that of No 5. Sepals 1 — 1^-' long.
Achenia with long silky tails. Apr.
7 C. Viorna L. Leather-Flower. Lfts. ovate, acute, smooth. Sepals ovate, th'ck
anl leathery ; ach. with long plun.ous tails. — Woods, Ohio to Ga. Stems 10 — 15t
in length, striate. Lvs. pinnate, those of tho branches (bracts) simple, ovate,
subsessile. Lfta. ovate or laice-ovate, simple or 3-lobed. Flower terminal, nod-
ding, dark purple. Sepals o/ate-lanceolato, 1' long, cuspidate point reflexed.
Tails H' long. Jn. Jl.
8 C. Pitcheri T & G. Lfts. rough with prominent veins, coriaceous. Sepals
lance-ovate, thick, achenia with filiform, naked tails. — Iowa, 111. to Ark. Leaves
pinnate, those of tho peduncles simple, subsessile. Leaflets ovate, acute or obtuse,
often subcordato at base. Sepals of the nodding flower ovate-lanceolate, dull
purple, 8 — 10" in length, the cuspidate point reflexed. Jn. (Very distinct
from tiio precediog.)
9 C. ochroleiica Ait. Lvs. simple, ovate, silky, pubescent beneath. — Mts. and
river banks, N. Y. toGa. Rare; stem 12 — 18 high, sericious. Leaves sessile,
entire, simple, 2-4' long, J as wide, with prominent veins, upper surface at length
smooth. Flower terminal, nodding, ovate-cainpanulate. Sepals silky outside,
yellowish-white within. Plumes of the fruit long, straw-colored. May.
]^
t >% K'i
202
Obdkb l— RANUNCULACE^.
10 C. OV^ta Pb. Leaves broadly ovate, ylabroits, glaucous and neiny beneaih.
— N. Car. to Fla. Stem simple, 1 — 2f high, glabroud uh well as tliu whole plant
Leaves entire, simple, on short petioles, tlie lower subcordate. The stem termi-
nates in a short, nodding, purple Hower, with ovate-acuminate sepals. Achenia
with long plumou.s tails.
11 C. Baldwinii T. & G. Leaves varying from oblong to lance-linear, the lower
3-lobed or cleft. — Tampa Bay, Fla. (Baldwin.) Slender, 1 — 2f high. Lv>». acute
at base, about J' by 2 , petiolato. Flower cylindrical-campanulalo, purplish, on a
long terminal peduncle. Plumous tails 2' long.
12 C. Flcimmula L. Flowers paniculate ; Ivs. pinnate : Ifts. nblung, acute at
each end. — S. Europe and N. Africa, often cultivated. Its long, half woody,
angular, climbing stems form shady masses, covered with small, white, cymous,
extremely fragrant flowera Lfts. very variable. Fioiit tipped with long shaggy
tiiils. Jl., Oct.f
13 C. fldrida L. Floioers solitary ; sepals acuminate, smooth ; lfts. ovale, acute.
— From Japan. Vine 12f long. Lvs. ternate and decompound; lfts. entire.
Peduncles longer than the leaves, bearing eacii a large, white-yellow tlower.
Jn., Septf
14 C. Viticella L. Flower solitary ; sepals obovate. — From Spain. Vine long
and climbing, with ternately decompound leaves. Lfts. entire, ovate or oval.
Flower large, purple, the sepals broad, obtuse at end, often double. Jn, — Sept.f
15. C. lasiantha Nutt. Fis. solitary, dioecious, on clustered 2-leaved branch-
lets; sepals oblong-cuneate, spreading, villous on both sides; Iva. ternate, lfts.
broadly ovate, iacisely toothed, the terminal 3-lobed or cleft. — Vine delicate,
climbing many feet, pubescent or villous. Lfts. about 1^' by 1'. Peduncles 3'
long, the pale blue- purple fl. 1^' broad, f Rocky Mts.
2. ANEMONE, L. Fig. 361. (Gr. dvefxog, wind. Most of the
species grow in elevated or windy places.) Involucre remote from the
flower, of 3 divided leaves; caly.\ regular, of 5 — 15 colored .sepals;
corolla ; stamens oo, much shorter than the sepals ; ovaries oo, free,
collected into a roundish or oblong head ; achenia with a short, rarely
lengthened beak; seeds suspended. — 1(. Lvs. radical, stem lvs. 2 or 3
opposite or whorled, forming the involucre.
I PtTLSATiLLA. Carpels many (60 — 75) with lonar, plumous tails No. 1
§ Ankmonb proper. Carpels not produced into tails. (•)
♦ Pistils many (50—70) in a head, densely woolly in fruit, (a)
a In volucrato leaves sessile, with a single flower Nos. 2 — ♦
a Involucrato leaves petiolate, with 2 — 3 flowers. Nos. 5—7
♦ Pistils fewer (16— 20), merely pubescent in fruit Nos. S. 9
♦ Pistils few (10— 15), glabrous. Flowers umbeled Nos 10. H
Exotic, cultivated species.... Nos. 12, Vi
1 A. Nuttalliina DC. Pasque-flower. Plant clothed with silky hairs. St. in
liower very short, in fruit 8 — 12' high. Lvs. long-stalked, many-cleft, segmerts
linear or cuneiform, incised. Involucre below the middle of the stem, sessile,
Bubulately dissected, concave or cup-shaped in position. Sop. of tlie single
showy flower 5 or 6, 1' long, pale-purplo. silky outside, appearing before the
leav'es, in Apr. Tails of the caipols 1^' long. — Dry hills, '.Viae, 111., W. to R.
Mts. (A. patens L. Pulsatilla, Gray.)
2 A. Carolinidna Walt. Lvs. 3-parted into cuneate-linear, twice trijid segments ;
invol. similarly cleft halfway, hand-shaped; sep. 15 — 20, obtuse; head of carpels
cylindracjous-oblong. — A delicately beautiful plant. Oar. to Ark. and Nebr.
Rhizome tuberous, sending up many stalked, multifid leaves and a scape 6-^10'
hii^h, bearing the 2 or 3-leavod itivolucro below the middle, and the single large,
fragrant, white or rose-colored flower at top. Scape pubescent above. Outer
sepals dottwd with purple, oblong, the inner (or petals) narrower, all nearly per-
sistent. InvoL similar to, or less deeply cleft tiian the leaves. Apr. (A. tenella,
Ph.)
3 A. heteroph^lla Nutt. Lvs. of roundish-oval, crenate segments; invol.
line.ir-cileft to the bise; sep. acute, 5 — 13; head of carpels cylindrical. — Ga. (near
Macon, Mettauer) to La. (Hale) and Ark. Rhizome tuberous. Radical lvs. one or
Orokb 1.— RANUNOULACE^.
208
few, Iong-8talked (3 — 6 ), temate, tlie segments stalked, simple, or incisely 3-lobed or
parted. Scape 8 — 16 liigh, silky pubesceut above. Lva of the iuvoL totally uulike
the others, the segments 1 — 1^' by 1", placed (in tlower) above the middle of the
scape. FL greenish, sceutleas: sepals commonly 8, all linear-oblong, 5 — *j long,
soo'n falling. Heads of carpels Ij long; ach. flattened. Mar. — Apr.
4 A. parvifldra Mx. Invol. 2-leaved; sep. 5-6, oval; head of carpels globi^r —
Canada and northward. Stem 2—12' high, pubescent. Lvs. :{-partod, st-gments
cuneiform, 3-cleft, crenate lobed, those of the involucre similar, subsessile. Flowor
whitish. (A. cuneifoliu. Ph.)
5 A. multifida DC. Red wind-flower. Invol. short-petiol^d ; lateral peduncles
involucellate: heads of carpels oval. — Rocks, northern Vt. and N. Y., W. to Lake
Superior; rare. Plant hairy, about If high. Radical Ivs. ternately divided, sogm.
cuneiform, gashed into 3 linear acute lobes, petioles 2 — 4' long, luvol. 2 — 3-leaved,
similar, subtending 2 or 3 peduncles. Involucels 2-leavod, sessile. Fls. of 5 — 8
obtuse sepals, small, purple, varying to white. Jn. (A. Hudsoniana Rich.)
6 A. Vlrgini^na L. Invol. long-petioled; lateral peduncles involucellate ; heads
of carpels oblong. — A tall species in dry woods and hilly pastures, Can. to Car.
Scape erect, 2-3 f high, hairy, dividing above into about 3 long parallel l-flowered
peduncles, middle one naked, lateral ones each with an involucel of two bracts.
Lvs. 2-3' by 3-4', 3-parted; Ifls. ovate-lanceolate, toothed and lobed; petioles
6 — 10' long, petioles of the bracts much shorter. Sepals 5, yellowish green. Fruit
woolly, in beads |' long. July.
/3. ALBA. Fie. larger; sep. white. — Ledges, Vt. (Dr. Robbina.)
7 A. cylfndrica Gray. ln\o\. long-petioled; peduncles all naked; head of carpels
cylindrical. — Dry soils, Mass., N. II. to Iowa, Plant silky pubescent, 1 — 2f high.
Lvs. 2 — 3' wide, 3-parted; segra. cuneate, deeply gash-lobed and cut-toothed, petioles
3 — 6' long; ped. 3 — 6, l-flowered, 6 — 10' long, umbellate, sometimes one or two
with involucles ; sep. 5, silky, greenish-wiiito, obtuse ; heads of fruit 1^' long. May.
8 A. nemordaa L. Wood Anemone. Low, smooth, l-flowered ; invol. petiolate. —
A common and interesting little plant, 6 — 9' high, found in old woods, hedges, and
in open fields. Radical leaf 1, tcrnate, segm. cleft or lobed. Invol. of 3 petiolate
leaves, placed in a whorl near the top of the stem, its bracts cut-toothed and
lobed, the lateral segments clofl, somotiiues quite to tlie base, so as to render the
leaf quinate. At the top of the stem is a single white flower, purplish outside.
Apr., May.
9 A. Pennsylvtoica L. Hairy : invol sessile : ped. one, at length 2 or 3, lateral
ones involucellate. — Shores and wet prairies. Can. to Penn. "W. to Ind. and Wis.
Stem 12 to 20' high; lvs. large, veiny, those of the root 5-parted, segm. cuiioate,
3-lobed, pointed. Lvs. of the involucre 3-parted, aouminate-lobed and toothed.
First flower on a naked stalk. From its base arise two branches, each 2-leaved
(involuceled) and l-flowered. Sep. 5, obovate, large, white. Jn. — Aug.
10 A. narcissifldra L. Vilhus ; involucre sessiU ; achenia flattened. — In Canada
and northward. Plant clothed with long silky hairs. Lvs. palmately 3 — 5-paited,
segm. cuneiform, incisely many clefl into linear acute lobes. Invol. somewhat
similar, the sessile leaflets 3 — 5-cleft. Flowers several, umbelate, white, on leafless
stalks.
11 A. thalictroides L. Rue Anemone. (Fig. 361.) Glabrous, low; invol.
petiolate: ach. grooved. — In woods, Cani to Ga., W. to Iowa, common. A fln«
little plant of early spring. Root consisting of several oblong tubers ; lvs. bitor-
nate or triternate, the common petiole 2 — 4' long. Lfls. like those of the invoL
6 — 12" lo^g, f as wide, oval, subcordate, 3-lobed. Invol. of two temate leaves
appearing as a whorl of 6 petiolulate Ifts. Flowers several, white ^ aryiug to
pale purple. Hight 6 — 8'. Apr., May. (Thalictrura anemonoides Mx.)
12 A. corondria L. Lvs. temate, with multifld segments and linear mucrontU
lobes : sep. 6, oval, close. — From Levant. A haidy, flowering plant, with larga
single or double variegated flowers. May.f
13 A. hort^nais L. Lvs. 3-parted, with erenate, cut-dentatel obes : invol. sessile,
of oblong, entire or cut leaflets. Sep. 10 — 12, oblong. — From Italy. A fln«
garden species, with double and seiri-double varieties of red, white, and bliM
flowers. May.f
■H:!:
T
w
204
Order 1.— RANUNCULACE^.
Observation. — Many other foreign species are ornamental, and perhaps rarely
cultivated. They all preter a I'resl), louniy soil
3. HEPATICA, L>ill. Liverwort. Fig. 132, 190. (Gr. ^naro^,
of the liver; from the fancied reseuiblance of the leaf.) Involucre of
3 entire, ovate, obtuse bracts, resembling a calyx, situated a little below
the flower; calyx of 6 — 9 petaloid sepals, disposed in 2 or 3 rows;
corolla 0; achenia awnless.
H. triloba Chaix (and acutiloba DC). Lva. trilobate, the lobes entire ; scape
l-flowered, hairy. — Woods, Can. to (ia., and Wise. This little plant is one of iho
earliest harbingers of spring, often putting forth its neat and elegant flowers in
the neighborhood of some lingering snow bank. The root consists of numerous
and strong fibers. Lvs. all radical, on long, iiairy petioles, smooth, evergreen,
coriaceous, divided into tiiree lobes, which suggest all its names. Fls on scapes
3 — i' long, solitary, numerous, generally blue, but frequently in varieties of white
and flesh color. In cultivation they become double. In respect to the form of
leaves there are two varieties :
a. OBTUSA, lobes obtuse, rounded. — Prefers the south side of hills.
p. ACUTA, lobes acute. — Prefers the north side of hills. (H. acutiloba, D. C.)
4. THALJCTRUM, Tourn. Meadow Rue. (Said to be from
fla/lAo), to be green.) Calyx colored, of 4 — 5 roundish, concave,
caducous sepals ; corolla ; filaments oo, compressed, dilated upward,
longer than the calyx; ovaries numerous (4 — 15); achenia sessile or
stipitate, ribbed or inflated, pointed with the stigma or short style. —
U Lvs. ternately compounded, with stalked leaflets. Fls. paniculate,
often ? ^ or 2 ij <? .
* Carpels mostly 10 or 12, beaked witli a style Nos. 1, 2
* Carjiels few (4—6), with sessile stigmas Nos. 3, 4
1 T. dioicum L. ? J ; stem leaves on a short common petiole ; Ifts. obtusely
5-7 lobed; ach. about 8, sessile. — Hilly woods, Brit. Am. to Ga. and Ala. A
slender and delicate plant, glabrous and glaucous, 1 — 2f high. Lvs. ternately
decompound, the caulino on petioles 1 — 3' long, shortening upward. Lfts. roundish,
about f ' diameter, with 5 — 7 obtuse lobes, paler beneath. Filaments filiform, longer
than the 5 obtuse sepals. Tiio slender terminal panicle is often purplish, gener-
ally pale green. Fruit strongly ribbed and distinctly pointed. May»
2 T. cornClti L. 9 $ ; stem iv:.. all sessile (no common petiole) ; lfts. roundish
obovate, rather acutely 3-lobcd; ach. about 12, substipitate, ribbed. — Common
in meadows. Stem 3-4f high, smooth, lioliow, jointed, furrowed Lvs. rf seni-
bling those of the columbine (Aquilegia), green above, smootli, several times
compounded. Lfts. 1-2' long, f as wide. Panicles large and diffuse. Jn., Jl.
fi. purpurXsckns. Steins purp'.isii, tall ; stem-lvs. se.ssile or the lovrer with
short 8tall<s ; fl-i. purp'ish-green, with drooping capillary fll. ; lfts. tliickish,
the sides revolute. Dry hills, N. H. to Ga. (T. purpurascens L.)
3 T. clavatum, D C. Fls. perfect ; lvs. cauline : panicle corymboiis : ach. stiped. —
N. Car. (Curtis). Plant very smoooth, 2f or more in hight. Lvs. biternate, on
petioles 1' in lengtli ; lfts. roundish, obtusely 3 — 5-lobed, glaucous beneath.
Panicles loose and capillary. Fruit inflated, obovate, striate, each as long as its
slender stipe, acute. Style 0.
4 T. alpinum L. Lvs. mostly radical : fls. ^ in a simple raceme : ach. ovate,
sessile. — Can. and northward. Plant about 6' higii, glabrous. Lvs. petiolate,
biternate; lfts. roundish, about 4' diam., crenately toothed. Stems few-leaved,
terminating in a cluster of a few nodding flowers on slender pedicels. Fila-
ments filiform. Stylo 0.
5. TRAUTVETTlRIA, Fisch. and Meyer. (Named in honor of
Trautvetter, a German botanist.) Sepals 4 — 6, colored, caducous ;
petiils ; stamens ou, petaloid ; carpels 15 — 20, membranous and in-
Oiu>EU I.— IIANUKCULACE^:.
205
dehisceut, angular, 1 -seeded, tipped with the short, hooked style. —
U Lvs. palinately lobed, FIs. eoryinbous.
T. palmdta Fiach and Me3'cr. A coarse plant of tho prairies and wooils, Va. lo
Can., \V. to 111. Stem slender, 2 — 5f liigli, terete, sniootli, terminating in a hirge
branching corymb. Radical lv.><. 4 — 6' wide by 3 — 5 long, rugous and reticulate-
veined, 5 — 1> lobed, long-.«taiked ; stem Ua. few, remote, the upper sessile. FIs.
many, white. Sepals orbicular, concave, tailing as soon as expjuiding. Jl, Aug.
(Cimicifuga, Hook.)
6. ADdNIS, L. rHE.\8.\NT's-EYE. (Feigned to liave sprung from
the bloo I of Adonis when wounded by the boar.) Sepals 5, appiessed ;
petals 5 — 15, with a naked (scahless) claw. Achenia spiked, ovate
and pointed with the hardened, j»ersistent style. — Herbs with dissected
lvs. and terminal, solitary, red or yellow flowers.
1 A. autumndlis L. Petals 5 — 8 {rrimson), concave and connivent. — A fine
hardy annual, fror i Europe, naturalized in some parts of tlie country. Stem
thick, branching, If high Lvs. pinnalely parted, with numerous linear seg-
ments. FIs. li' diam. Cat pels crowned with a very short style, and collected
into an ovate or sub-cylindric head. Seeds to be sown iu autumn iu a light
soil.
2 A. vernEklls L. Petals 10 — 12 (yellow), oblong, spreading. — A handsome
perennial, from Europe. Stem branching, I i. high. Lvs. sessile, multitid.
7. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercups. Fig. 24, 241,
242, 294, 369, 458,386,415. (Lat. nm«, afiog; from the aquatic
habitat of some species.) Calyx of 6 ovate sepals ; coiolla of 5 round-
ish, shining petals, each with a nectariferous scale (Fig. 294) or pore at
the b.ise inside ; tilaments oo ; achenia Go, flattened, pointed, crowded
in a roundish or oblong head. — Herbs, mostly ^4, with alternate leaves
and yellow flowers.
i Seeds (car(>els) rouph with points or prickles Nos. 1, 2
Seeds (fiirpel.s) smooth and even, or merely rupius ca).
a Leaves in fine, numerous, thread-iilie divisions, under water Nos. .% 4
a Leaves all undivided and simple.— Stems creeping Nos. 5, 6
— Stems erect Nos. 7 — 9
a Root-lvs. simply crenate or lobed, stem leaves divided Nos. 10,11
a Leaves all more or less divided, not subniersed (b).
b Sepal^preading in flower, siiortcr than the sliowy petals Nos. Vi — 14
b Sepals reflexed in flower.— Head of carpels obions; Nos. 15, 16
— Heads of carpels glolxms Nos. 17, 18
1 R. muricatUB L. Ghhrous ; carpels aculeate, strongly margined, and ending
in a stout, ensi/orm, recurved beak. Va. to La. Stem branched, erect, If high.
Lvs. roundish (IJ' dinm.), cordiite, 3-lobed, lobes coarsely crenate-toothed, all
similar, and on petioles 1 — 5 long. Bracts close to the flower, simple. FIs.
small, few. Pet. obovate, yellow. Carpels large (3" long, including beak).
^ Eur.
2 R. parvifldruB L. Villous; carpels roundish, granulated, tipped with a rery
ffwrt btak. — Va. to La. Stem <) — 12' high, slender, branched. Lvs. all petiolate,
small, roundish (9 — 16 " diam.), cordate, 3-lobed or parted, the segments acutely
toothed. FIs. quite small, the yellow petals not exceeding the calyx. Seeds
scarcely 1' in length, in a globular head. § Eur.
3 R. aqu^tiliB L. /? capillacecs. Lvs. all fiiliformly dissected ; pet. white ;
carpels transversely rvgous. — Ponds and sluggish streams, Arctic Am, to S. Car.,
W. to Rocky Mts, The whole plant is submerged except the flowers, and per-
haps a few "of the upper leaves. Stem 1 — 2f or more in length, slender, weak,
roimd, smooth, jointed. Leaves divided dichotomously into numerous hair-like
segments, in outline roundish and J — 1' diara. Ped. thick, 1 — 1^' long. FIs.
smaller than in R. acris. Petals rather narrow, white, except the yellow claws.
H., Aujf.
I-
if-
f
m
200
OttUER 1.— KANUNCULACE^.
4 R. multifidus Ph. Floating; st. long; submerged Ivs., cleft into nuineroiu
capillary segments, emersed ones rtniform, 3 — 5 parted, tlie lobes \ariou8i\- di-
vided ; 8ep. reflexcf', j, as long as the yellow pttaln ; carpek smouth, with a short,
straight, ensiform style; hds. globous. — Ponds, sluggish streams, and muddy
places, Can., U, S Stem 1 — 2f or moie in length, fistulous. Lvs. pentangul'.ii
in outline, § — IJ' diam., tliose below more finely divided ; petioles ^ — 2' in length.
Fls. bright yellow, emerging on forked, striate peduncles. May, Jn.
0. FLUviATiLis. Lvs. all capillaceous-multifld ; fls. as large as in R. acris. (R.
lacustris Beck.)
5 R. Cymbaldria Ph. St. filiform, creeping, rooting ; lvs. reniform-cordate, en'-
nate-ckntate ; ped. solitary, mostly 2-flovvered ; petals spatulate ; ach. oblong. —
In salt marshes on the sea-coast, and at Sallna, N. Y. Stem round, sending out
runners from the joints. Lvs. radical, ^ — 1' diam. on long petioles. Scapes
2 — 6' high, eacii with 2 small, bright-yellow flowers, and a3 many obtuse bracts.
Nectary naked (not covered by a scale). Jn.
6 R. r6ptanB L. Stem creeping, geniculate, rooting ; nodes 1-Jlowered ; lvs. lin-
ear, entire, remote. — A slender species, creeping on river banks and other wet
places. Can., N. IT., W. to Oregon. Stem 6 — 8' long, round, rooting at tiie
joints. Lvs. flesiiy, 6 — 12" in length, mostly very narrow and acute at each
end. Fls. small (3 — 4" wide). Sepals spreading, obtuse. Petals obovate, yel-
low, fading to white. Nectary covered by a scale. Ach. very smooth. .11. (R,
liliformis Mx.)
j9. ovALis. Lvs. oval and lanceolate ; pet. 5 — 1 0.
7 R. ambigeus Watson. Glabrous, decUnate at base, erect ; lvs. all lance-
shaped, on sheathing petioles. — An aquatic herb, growing in ditches and swamps,
Can. to N. Car., W. to 111. Root fibrous. Stem 6 — 18' long, more or less de-
cumbent, succulent. Lvs. 3 — 6' in length, entire, or with a few teeth, thick-
ened at the acute summit. Fls. solitary, of a gollen yellow, on peduncles ^ as
long as the leaves. Fruit roundish, twice longer tiiaa its beak, in a globular
head. Jn., Aug. (R. alismaefolius Gray, nee Geyer.)
8 R. pusfUus Poir. Erect; lvs. all petiolate, Imver ones ovate, upper ones linear-
lanceolate ; pet. mostly hut 3 scarcely longer than the calyx ; stam. 8 — 10 ; carpels
ovate, scarcely pointed. — In wet grounds, N. Y. to Ga. and La. Stems slender,
weak, 6 — 12' high, dichotomously branched. Lower lvs. subcordate, ^ — 1' long.
J as wide, petioles 1 — 3" long, upper ones 1 — 1^" long, \ as wide, with minute,
remote teeth. Fls. very small, yellow, on long peduncles. May.
9 R. oblongifdliuB Ell. Erect or ascending, diffuse, branched; lvs. lance-ovate and
lanceolate; fls. viinute, stain, about 20. — Car., Ga., and W. Glabrous, or stem
puberuleni, 12 — IS' liigh, dividing above in numerous slender branches and pe-
duncles. Lvs. petiolate, denticulate, upper linear. Fls. numerous, petals yellow,
less than 1" long. Carp, minute, pointless, in round heads. - (R. Tuxeusis Engl.)
10 R. abortivuB L. Smooth ; radical lvs. roundish, cordate, crenate, petiolate ; cal.
a little longer than petals, reflexed. A very pretty species in woods, Can. to
Ark., remarkable for the dissimilarity of the root and stem leaves. Stem 8 — 16
high, nearly naked. Root lvs. 8 — 18 " diam,, quite regularly margined with cren-
ate divisions, and on petioles 2 — 5' long. Lower stem lvs. peclate, with a pen-
tangular outline; upper in 3 deep, linear segments, sessile. Fls. sninll, yellow.
Fi'uit in globous heads. May, Jn.
(3 MICHANTHUS. Hairy, low ( : — 5); lower lvs. scarcely cordate, a-lobed or 3-
clelt. Fls. 1 or 2. Mass. (Sprague) to Ga. I (R. niicranthus, Nutt.)
11 R, rhomboideuB oldie. Hirsutely pubescent, mtich branched; root lvs,
rhomboid-ovate, crenate- dentate, on long petioles; sep. spreading, shorter than tho
petals ; ach. smooth, with very short beaks. — Wis. (Lapliani) and Can. W. A
low, bushy, hairy species, G — 10' high. Root lvs. about 1' by ^', often roundish
or elliptical, tiio petioles about 2' long. Segments of tho stem leaved linear-
oblong, obtuse, oftener entire. Petals yellow, oblong- obovate. Heads of carpels
globous. (R. ovalis and brevicanlis. Hook.)
12 R. faaciculilriB Muhl. Early Crowfoot. Erect; root fasciculatp ; radical
lvs. appearing pinnate ; peduncles terete ; carpels scarcely margined. — Hoeky woods
Ui :
Ohulk 1.— RANUN(JULACE/E.
207
aud hills. Root a cluster of fleshy fibres. Root Ivs. on petioles 3 — o long, ter-
Date, with the middle segment long-stalked and again pinnately ternate ; lateral
segm. mostly sessile, all 3 — 5 cleft into acute lobes. Stems never creeping.
Pubescence silky, appressed. Fls. bright yellow, 1 brttad. Petals sfiatulattj-
obovate, with a broad scale. Beak of tlie carpels slender. Apr., May.
13 R. rdpens L. Root fibrotis ; radical Ivs. te)-nate with stalked leaflets ; pedun-
cles furrowed; carp, broadly margined and pointed. — In moist and sliady places.
Early flowering stems erect ; later branches from the base prostrate, 1 — 3 — 4f
long, generally hirsute at the ba^ie. Petioles iiairy, long. Lvs. hairy on tlio
veins, dark green, ternate. the Ifts. ovate or broadly crenatc variously lobed and
cleft, all (or at least the middle ones) petiohilato. Fls. middle size, bright yel-
low. Fr. in a round head. May, — Jl. Varies exceedingly in ditl'erent localities
and stages of growth. Some of its more striking forms are:
/3. liiNEARiLoBUS. St. very long, floriterous, smoothish ; lobes of lvs. very nar-
row. Fruit not strongly margined.
y. HiSPiDUS. Stem and petioles densely hirsute with soft-spreading hairs ; Ills.
all distmctiy stalked, deeply parted. Fr. short-pointed.
i. NiTiDUS. Mostly erect, glabrous; fls. large, sep. reflexed; fr. strongly mar-
gined. Common South. Probably a distinct species.
14 R. palmitus Ell. Lvs. palmately ?i — 5 cleft or divided, loith the sinus at base
closed, the segm. all sessile and cut-toothed or lohed; carp, few, margined, avd
straight-beaked. — In wet barrens. Car. to Fla. St. 12 — 18' high, with a few
slender branches, pubescent. Lvs. all petiolate, '^entaugular in outline, 1 — 2'
wide, with appressed pubescence. Upper lvs. of 3 linear segments. Fls. few,
yellow, small (6 — 8" diara.) Fr. compressed.
15 R dcria L. Butter-cups. St. erect, many-flowei o<\ ; lvs. more or less pu-
bescent, deeply trifld, with the hose segm. divaricate, all laciniale, upper ones with
linear segments ; ped. terete; cul. hairy, spreading ; carp, roundish, smooth, com-
pressed ; beak short, recurved. — This is the most common species in N. Eng. and
Can., in meadows and pastures, rapidly and extensi\oly spreading. St. 1 — 2f
high, round, hollow, mostly hairy. Lvs. l\ — .'{' diam., upper ones in 3 linear seg-
ments. Fls. large (I' diam.), golden yellow Jn., Sept.
(i. PLENA. Fls. double, the petals excessively multiplied, 'wardens.
16 R. Pennsylv^icuB L. Hirsute, with stiff, spreading Jiairs ; lvs. ternate, Ifts.
sub-petiolate, deeply 3-lobed, incisely serrate ; cal. reflexed, rather longer than the
roundish petals ; carp, tipped with a short, straight style. — A very hairy species
in wet' grounds. Can. and U. S. Stem 1.^ — 3f high. Lvs. 2 — 3' diam., Ifts.
strongly veined and with spreading segments. Fls. numerous, small, bright
yellow. Fruit in dense oblong or c^ lindrical heads. — Jn., Aug. (R. liispidus
Ph.)
17 R. BCelerdtUB Ph. Smooth; lower lvs. 3-parted, segm. '^•lobed, rrenately
incised, or entire; carp, minute, jtointkus. — (J rows in wet places. Can. to Ga.
St. rather thick, hollow, much branched, 1 — Uf high. Lower petioles 3 — 5'
long, with rather large, palmately 3 — 5-pHrted leaves. Floral lvs. or bracts
mostly simple, lanceolate and entire. Fls. small, yellow. Cal. reflexed, iis lont;
as the minute petals. Hds. of carpels only 2 — 3 " long. This is one of the mr.st
acrid of the tribe, and wili raise blisters upon the skin. Jn., Jl.
18 R. recurvdtus L. Hirsute with thin, spreading hairs ; lvs. all similarly ^-parted,
segm. oval, unequally incised, the lateral ones 2-lobe I ; cal. recurved, longer
than the lanceolate petals ; acli. with allocked beak. — About If high, in damp
wools. Lab. to Fla. Pale given, branching above. Lvs. 1^ — 2' long, 2— 3^'
wid'' on petioles 3 — G' long. Upper lvs. sub.sas-»ile and ."l-parted quite to tlie
base. F's. small, with inconspicuous, pale yellow petals. Carp, ovate, tipped
with long, hooked beaks. May — Jl.
19 R. bulbdBUS L. Hairy ; st. erect, bulbova at the base ,• radical lvs. ternate,
Ifts. petiolate, incisely dentate, each about 3-cleft ; ped. furroined, cal. reflexed. —
This is another acrid species, very common in pastures, iMOW-lands, Ac. Rt.
fleshy. St. leafy, fUrrowed, G — 18' high, hollow, thickened at the base into a
sort of bulb, and dividing above into upright peduuc.ea, with golden yell(>,y
3'fjl
|»i ' f
208
Ordek L— RANUNCULACF'E.
•» <: * *
,ii
iJ>^p.l.
flowers. It is well distinguished from R. acris by its refiexed sepals and its fur-
rowed pedimcles. Tlie lobes of the root-leavea are also rounded rather than
acute lit apex. May, Jn. § Eur.
8. MYOSORUS, Dill. Mouse-tail. Fig. 286, 287. (Gr. fiv^,
uvbg, mouse, ovpa^ tail; alluding to the long spike of carpels.) Sepals
5, produced downwards at base below their insertions; petals 5, with
slender, tubular claws: stamens 5 — 20; achenia very closely spicate on
the elongated torus. — ® Lvs. linear, entire, radical. Scapes 1-flowered.
1 M. minimus L. Prairies and bottoms, Va. to III. and La. A diminutive
plant, remarkable for its little terete spikelet of fruit, which is often more than
an Inch long. L.'s. 1 — 3' long and 1 — 2" wide. Scape a little taller, with a
single minute, pale yellow tlower at top. Carp, very numerous, blunt. Apr.
9. ISOPYRUM, L. False Rue Anemone. Fig. 288. Sepals 5,
petaioid, deci<iuous ; petals 6, small, tubular, sometimes ; stamens
lO — 40; ovaries 3 — 20; follicles subsessile, acuminate with the stylo,
2 — several-seeded. — Delicate herbs, with leaves 2 — 3-ternate, segments
2 — 3-lobed. FIs. pedunculate, axillary and terminal, white.
1 I. biternitum Torr. & Gr. Low, erect, glabrous ; pet. none ; <>arp. ".- -0,
broadly ovate, divaricate, sessile, strongly veined, 2-seeded ; sds. cvaio, *^oiu-
pressed, smooth, and shining. — 1( Damp shades. Lake Erie to Ark., rare. Rt.
fibrous). Stems several, 4 — 10' high. Lvs. mostly biternate, tlie radical on long
petioles, segin. cuneate-obovate, 4 — 6 " long, on stalks of equal length. FIs. on
slender peduncles 1 — 2' long. May. Looks like the Rue Anemone.
10. CALTHA, L. Marsh Marioold. (Gr. Kd^aOog, a goblet ; the
yellow calyx may well be couipared to a golden cup.) Calyx colored,
of 6 — 9 sepals, resembling petals ; corolla 6; stamens oo, shorter than
the sepals; follicles 6 — 10, oblong, compressed, erect, many seeded. —
U Aquatic and very glabrous.
C. paMstris L. Lvs. reniform or orbicular, cronate or entire. — ^Wet meadows,
Can. to Car., W. to Oregon. Root large, branching. Stem about If high, some-
times trailing, hollow, round, dichotomous. Lower lvs. 2 — 4' wide, on long semi-
cyliiidric petioles, upper ones sessile, all of a dark, shining green, veiny and smooth.
FIs. of a golden yellow in all their parts, 1^' diam., few and pedunculate. Outer
row of fllainonts clavate, twice longer than the inner. The young leaves are in
great request in spring for greens. May.
11. COPTIS, Salisb. Goldthread. (Gr. kotttm, to chop or cut;
referring to the parted leaves ) Sepals 6—7, oblong, concave, colored,
deciduous ; petals 5 — 7, small, clavate, tubular at apex ; stamens 20 — 26;
follicles 5 — 10, s'ipitate, rostrate, diverging in a stellate manner,
4 — 6 seeded. — Low herbs with radical lvs., and a long, slender, peren-
nial, creeping rhizome.
C. trifdlia Salisb. Lvs. 3-foliate; scape 1 -flowered; petals much smaller tlian
the sepals. — Penn., N. to Arctic Am. St. subterranean, extensively creeping,
golden yellow, very bitter and tonic. Lvs. all radical, Ifts. sessile, 4 — 8 " long,
cret ate-mucronate, smooth, coriaceous, common petiole 1 — 2' long. Pcd. 3 — 4
high, with a single minute bract above the middle, bearing a single white, star-
lik'j flower. The yellow petals are barely distinguishable by their color among
the white stamens. May. Medicinal.
12. TROLLIUS, L. Globe Flower. (Germ, frol or trollen, globu-
lar ; alluding to the form of the flowers.) Sepals 5 — 10 — 16, roundish
Order 1.-RANUNCULACE^.
•J09
ovate, colored, deciduous ; petals 5 — 26, small, linear, tubular at biisa ;
stamens Qo, much shorter than the sepals; follicles oo, subcylituiric,
sessile, many-seeded. — 4 Smooth, with palmately parted leaves.
1 T. lazus Salisb. Sep. 5, oblong, spreading; petals 15 — 25, ahorttr than the
stamens. — lu swamps, Can. to Peiin. Not common. About 1 f. high. Lvs.
deeply cleit into 5 segments, which are lobed and cut-dentate. Fls. 1^ diam.,
not globular, Sep. yellow, greenisli outside. Petals very small, orange-colortMl,
Follicles about 10, crowned with the persistent styles. This is the only American
species. Jn. (T. Amcricanus Muhl.)
2 T. EuropadilB L. Sep. 15, incurved petals 5 — 10. as long as the stamens. —
From Europe. St. 2 — 3f high. Fls. of a rich yellow. A very ornameuial
plant, of easy culture from seeds or roots. May, Jn.f
3 T. AsidticuB L. Sepals 10, spreading; petals 10, longer than the stamens. —
From Asia. Plant about 2f. high, with ample foliage, and largo, deep orange-
colored flowers — ^j'cUow in some of its varieties. Jn.f
13. HELLEBORUS, L. Helleuope. ('Ea«v, to cause death, fiopa,
food; the poisonous qualities are well known.) Sepals 5, mostly
greenish, persistent ; petals 8 — 10, very short, tubular, 2-lippe(l ;
stamens oo
stigmas
3 — 10, orbicular ; foUicles cohering at base,
many-seeded. — H Lvs. coriaceous, palmately or pedatcly divided. Fls.
large, nodding.
H. viiidis L. Glabrous ; radical lvs. podately divided, segm. lanceolate, atuite,
serrate; cauline lvs. few, palmately parted, nearly sessile ; peds. often in pairs;
sep. roundish ovate, acute, green. — A European plant, § ou Long Island. Stem
2— 3f higli, thick. Apr.f
14. ZANTHORHlZA, L. Yellow Root. ((ir. ^avOo^, yellow ;
pi^a, root.) Sepals 5 ; petals 5, of 2 roundish lobes raised op. a
pedicel ; stamens 5 — 10 ; ovaries 5 — 10, beaked with the styles,
2 — 3-ovuled; follicles mostly 1 -seeded, seed suspended. — Suttruticous,
stem and btirk yellow, and bitter. Lvs. j)innately <livided. Jlacenies
axillary, compound. Fls. small, dark purple, often ? ^ 6 •
Z. apiifolia L'Her. River banks N. Y. to Ga. Rt. thick. St. short, woody,
leafy above. Lvs. glabrous, about 8' long, including tiie long petioles. Lfls. t>,
2 — 3' long, sessile, incisoly lobed and dentate. Rac. many-llowerod, appejiriiig
with the leaves. Follicles spreading 1.}" long. March, Apr. (Z. simpiicissinia
Mx.)
15. NIGtLLA, L. Fennel-flower. Fig. 143. (Lat. «/</fr, biaek ;
the color of the seeds, which are used in cookery.) Calyx of 3 sepals,
colonid; corolla of 6, 3-cleft petals; styles 5; capsules 5, follieuljir,
convex. — Oriental herbs. Lvs. in many linear and subulate stg-
nients.
1 N. Damascdna L. Fk. in a kafy involucre ; carp. 5, smooth, 2-celle(l, niiit(;d
as far as tlie ends into an ovoid-globose capsule. A hardy annual of tiio gardens, to
which have been applied the gentle names of "ragged lady," "devil in a bush,'
&c. Lvs. twice and thrice pinnatitid, as finely cut as those of the fennel. Kis.
terminal, solitary, encompassed and over-topped by a circle of leaves divideil like
the rest. They are often double, white or pale blue. Jn. — Sepl.f
2 N. sativa L. Nutmec-floweh. St. liairy, erect ;/.s.?jaAef/; capsules muri-
cate, not united. From Egypt. Rather smaller tlian the last. Jn. — Sept.f
16. AQUILEGIA, L. Columbine. (Lat. a<pii/<i, the eagle; the
spurred petals resemble the talons of a bird of prey.) Sepals 5, e<|ii;il,
ovate, colored, spreading, caducous; petals 6, tubtilar, dilated at llio
14
■ ■■■'• m-
iv
r mi
v. 1
210
Obuek 1.— RANUNCULACE^
moutli, the outer margin erect, the inner attached to the torui», extend-
ing behind into a long spurred nectary ; stame ,s 30 — 40, the innei
ones longer and sterile ; styles 5, follicles 6, n)any-seeded. Lvs. 2 — 3-
teniato. Fls. nodding.
1 A. Canadensis L. Glabrous ; spurs straight, longer than the limb ; sta. and
sty. exserted. — This beautiful plant grows wild in most of the States, in dry
polls, generally on the sunny side of rocks. It is cultivated with the greatest
ease, and is much more delicate in its foliage and in the hues of its flowers than
the common blue columbine. St. branching, a foot high. Lfts. 3 — 9, cuneate,
lobed. Fls. terminal, scarlet without and yellow within, pendulous, much
embellished by the numerous descending, yellow stamens and styles. Fruit
erect. May.
2 A. vulgaris L. Spurs incurved; lvs. nearly smooth, glaucous, biternate;
sty. a little longer than the stamens. — Grardens. St. 1 — 2f liigli, with a profu-
sion of handsome, smooth foliage and large purple flowers. Lfts. bifid and trifid,
with rounded lobes. In cultivation the flowers become double, by the multipli-
cation of the hollow, spurred petals. They also vary in color through all shades
from purple to white. Jn.f § Eur.
17. DELPHINIUM, L. Larkspur. Fig. 280. (Gr. (JeA0fv, a dol-
phin, from the fancied resemblance of the flower.) Sepals 6, colored,
irregnlui-, the upper one spurred behind ; petals 4, very irregular, the
two upper ones protracted into a tubular, nectariferous spur, enclosed
in the spur of the calyx ; styles 1 — 5 ; follicles- 1 — 5. — Showy herbs.
Lvs. palmately divided. Fls. of the cyanic series, never yellow.
S Leaves niany-cloft into linear or subulate divisions Nos. 1, 2
S Leaves 3 — S-parted. the segments lobed. (*)
* Spur a^ long as the sepals, ascending, straight Nos. B, 4
* Spur longer than the sepals, deflexed at end Nos. 5, G
1 D. Consdlida L. Glabrous, with spreading branches; fls. few, loosely
racemed, ped. longer than the bracts: sty. solitary, smooth. — The common lark-
spur of the gardens, sparingly naturalized, fields and roadsides. Lvs. in nume-
rous linear divisions. Jn., Jl. It has numerous varieties of double and semi-
double flowers of various colors, f § Eur.
2 D. azdreum Mx. Pubescent or nearly smooth ; st. erect; lvs. 3 — 5-parted,
many-cleft, with linear-stalked lobes; petioles some dilated at base; rac. strict;
petals shorter than sepals, lower one densely bearded, 2-cleft ; spur ascending ;
ovaries 3 — 5. — 2f Native in Wis. and Ark. A very variable species cultivated
in gardens. St. 2 — 4f liigh. Fls. azure colored.f
3 D. ezalt^tum L. Petioles not dilated at base ; lvs. flat, 3-cleft below tlio
middle, segm. cuneiform, 3-cleft at the end, acuminate, the lateral ones often
2-lobed; rac. strict, many-flowered; spur slightly longer than the calyx; pods 'A,
erect. — 1(. Native of the Middle States, rarely of the Northern. St. 3 — 4f high,
straight, erect. Fls. of a brilliant purplish blue. It is deservedly esteemed in
(lie llower garden, and is of the easiest culture. Jl., Aug.f
4 D. tric6rne Mx. Petioles sligiitly dilated at b;ise; lvs. 5-parted, divisions
:i — 5 cleft, lobes linear, acutisli; rac. few-flowered, loose; petals shorter than
sepals, lower ones 2-cloft, densely bearded inside ; spur ascending, straight, as
long as the calyx; pods 3, spreading in fruit. — li I'^plands, Penu. to Mo. and Ark.
Plant 6 — 18 high, nearly smooth. Lvs. roundish in outline, on long petioles.
Fls. 6 — 8, light blue, in a ratlier loose panicle.
5 D. vir^scens Nutt. Pubescent; rac. loose, few-flowered; spur longer than
the sepals, ascending, straight, or but slightly deflexed ; lower petals deeply 2-
cleft ; fls. greenish white ; ovaries 3. — N. Car. to Ga. W. to Kansas. Plant 8 —
12' high. Lvs. 3— 6-parted, lobes lanceolate, 2— 3-cleft, the middle one mostly
entire. Petals much shorter than the sepals, the lower densely bearded.
6 D. el^tum L. Bee Larkspur. Lvs. downy, 5-lobed, lobes cuneate at base,
trilid, cut-dentate ; spur curved downwards. — 1^ Gardens. St. 6 or 6f. high. Fla
Okueu 1.— K an UNCL L ACK^E.
211
blUf, iiiid wbeii viewed at a little ciistatiuo the stamens and bearded petals re-
semble a bee nestliug withiu the calyx, f Siberia.
7 D. graudifldrum L. Lvs. palmately 5 — 7 -parted, lobes linear, distant;
sessile. :'.-cleft pedicels longer than bract ; petals shorter than calyx. — A superb
perennial. Fls. double or single, in racemes, of brilliant dark blue, with a tinge
of purple, f Siberia.
OhservaUon. — A few other species may, perhaps, be found in gardens. All are
showy plants, of tiie easiest culture.
18. ACONITUM, Tourn. Wolfsbane. Fig. 283. (Gr. a«ovfToc, with-
out dust ; because the plants grow on dry rocks.) Sepals 5, irreguhir,
colored, upper one vaulted ; petals 5, the 3 lower miimte, the 2 upper
ou long claws, concealed beneath the upper sepal, recurved and nectar-
iferous at the apex; styles 3 — 5; follicles 3 — 5. — U Lvs. digitate or
palmate. Fls. in terminal spikes.
1 A. uncin^tum JJ. Stem flexuous ; pan. rather loose, with divergent branches ;
lvs. palmate, 3 — 5-parted, with rhoviboidal-lanceolate, cut-dentate divisions; helmet
(upper sepal) exactly conical, short-beaked in front ; ova. villous. — A cultivated,
poisonous plant, also native, N. Y. to Ga. St. 2f high. Lvs. coriaceous, dark
greon. 4 — 5' wide. Fls. large, purple, 3 or 4 near tl>e sumnut of each branch.
Jl., Aug.
2 A. reclin^tum Gray. St. trailing (3 — 8f long) ; lvs. deeply 3 — 7-cleft, petl-
olate, divisions crenate, incised or lobed ; fls. white, in very loose panicles ; hel-
met soon horizontal, elongated conical, with a straight beak in front. — Alleghany
Mts., Va. and Southward. Aug.
3 A. Nap^Uus L. Monkshood. St. straight, erect ; lvs. deeply 5-cieft cut
into linear segments, furrowed above ; uppei sep. arched at the back, lateral ones
hairy inside; ova. smooth. — A poisonous plant cultivated among flowers. It is
a tall, rank perennial, making quite a consequential appearance. St. 4f higli,
with a long spioato inflorescence at its termination. Pis. dark blno, surmounted
by the vaulted upper sepal, as if hooded in a monk's cowl. Aug. There are
varieties witii flowers white, rose-colored, etc.
•
19. CINICIFUGA, L. Bi ghane. (Lat. cimex, a bug, fugo^ to drive
away ; alluding to its offensive odor.) Sepals 4 or 5, caducous ; petals
stamen-like, 1 — 8, sjnall, clawed, 2-horned at apex ; sta. numerous, with
slender white filaments ; follicles 1 — 8, dry, dehiscent. — 'U Lvs. ternately
dee(»uipouud. Flowers white, in long, slender racemes.
$ M voKOTva. Pistil 1, with a broiul stigma, and seeds in two rows No. I
§ < fMioiFiroA vera. Pistils !i — S, with u minute stigma, seeds in ono row i\o». 'J, 8
1 C. racemdsa Ell. Black Snakeroot. Lfts. ovatc-oblong, incisely serrate ;
vvr.. very long; ciips. follicular, ovoid, sessile. — I'laut resembling a tall Aetata,
tdund in upland woods Can. to Ga. St. 4 — 8f liigii, witii long, paniclcd racemes
of white-sepaled and nionogynous flowers. Petals 4 — G, small. Sta. about 100
t/) eacli flower, giving tiio raceme the appearance of a long and slender plume.
J-'Is. very letid. Jn., Jl. (Actiea, L. Macrotys, Raf.)
2 C. Americana Mx. Glabrous; /w. infernal, scgrw ovate, terminal one cunei-
form at base, 3-parted or 3-cleft, and incised ; petals concave, sessile, 2-lobed,
nectariferous at btuse ; ova. 2—6, stiped, obovate and pod-shaped in fruit ; sds.
(i— 8, flattened vertically.— Mts Penn. to N. Car. and Tenn. St. 3— 6f high. Lfls.
2—4 long, with coarse, unequal, mucronate serratures. Fls. smaller tiian in C.
racemosa, in a long panicle of racemes. Aug. (C. podocarpa EH. Acttea podo-
carpa DC.)
3 C. cordifdlia Ph. Lvs. biternate ; Ifts. broadly cordate, ^—5-lobed ; ot-o. 1— 3;
fiilUclt." sessile. 8 — 1 0-seoded.— Mts. Carolina. St. C--6f high, terminating in a long
glabroii< panicle of racemes. Sep. 6, roundish, petals spathulate, bifld, few or
wanting.
iiy
: i
212
Ordkb I.— RANUNOULAOE^.
20. ACT^A, L. Baneberkv. (Gr. ukxtj^ the Elder ; which plant
these herbs resemble in foliage.) Sepals 4 — 6, caducous ; petals 4 — 8,
spatulate, loiig-clawed ; filaments about 30, slender, white, pistil 1,
with a sessile 2-lobed stigma ; berry globous, with a lateral furrow, 1-
celled ; seeds many, smooth, compressed. — U with ternately divided
leaves. FIs. white, in a short, oblong laceme.
A. apicdta L. [3 rubra. Red Bweberry. Rac. hemispherical ; petals acute;
pedicels slender; berries red, ovoid-oblong. — Not uncommon in rocky woods,
Can. ic Penn. W. to the R. Mts. Plant glabrous, 1^ — 21" high, bearing 2 or ;i
ample bi or triteruate lv3. and a terminal short raceme of white fls. Lfts. ovate,
1 — 3' long, half as wide, incisely lobed and toothed. Petioles 4 — 7' long, some-
what glaucous. Rac. as broad as long. May. (A. rubra. B\v.)
/?. ALBA. Mx. Rac. oblong ; petals truncate ; pedicels of the fruit thicker than the
peduncle ; berries white. — Common in rocky woods. Can. to Ga. The ample
leaves are precisely similar to those of a. and the distinctive characters given
above are not quite constant. Specimens from Castleton, Vt., have bright
red berries on thickened pedicles; from N. Y. (Torn. J hfive white berries
on slender pedicles. The European variety has purplish black berries. May.
21. HYDRASTIS, L. Turmeric Root. F\<r. 359. (Or. i"fiwp,
water; tne plant grows in watery places.) Sepals 3, petaloid, cadu-
cous; petals ; stamens oo, a little shorter than the sepals; ovaries 12
or more, becoming a baccate fruit composed of 1 -seeded acines aijgre-
gated into a head. — U Rhizome thick, knotty, yellow, with long
fibrous roots, sending up a single radical leaf and a stem which is 2-
leavcd and 1 -flowered.
H. Canadensis L. The only species. It grows in bog meadows. Can. to Car.
and Ky. Stem 6 — 12' high, becoming purplish, hairy above. St. \eaves 2 only,
alternate on the upper part of the stem, petiolate, palmate, with 'A — .'> lobes.
Ped. terminal, solitary, 1 -flowered. Sep. reddish white, of short duration. Fr.
red, juicy, resembling tuo raspberry. Sds. nearly black. May, Jn.
22. PVEONIA, L. r.EONY. Fig. 10—23, 30, 291. (The physi-
cian Pa>on, according to mythology, first used this plant in nu^dicine,
and cured Pluto with it.) Se{)als 5, unequal, leafy, persistent ; petals
5 ; stamens oo (mostly changed to petals by cultivation) ; ovaries 2 — 5,
surrounded by an annular disk; stigmas sessile, double, persistent; fol-
licles many seeded. — U Rt. fasciculate. Lvs. biternate. Fls. largo,
terminal, solitary.
* stems nnnuul, horbacooiis. Carpels 2 — 5 Nos. 1 — :l
♦ Stems perenniftl, .slirubby. Oiirpels 5 Nos. 4, 5
1 P. ofiBcindlis L. Commox P.fioxy. Lower lvs. bipinnately divided;
Ills, ovate-lanceolate, variously incised; carp, 2, downy, nearly fitruujht. — Tiie
splendid Pieony has long been cultivated throughout the civilized world. This
species is said to be a native of Switzerland. It is a liardy perennia' requiring
very little pains for its cultivation. Among its varieties the double red is most
common. The white is truly beautiful. The flesh-colored and the pink are also
favorites. May, Jn.f
2 P. albifldra L. Lfts. elliptic-lanceolate, acute, entire, smooth ; follicles 2 or
3, recurved, smooth, — Native of Tartary. Whole [)lant dark, shining gj-oen and
smooth. Pis. smaller tlian the last, but truly elegant and fragrant Petals white.
Cal. brown, with 3 green, sessile bracts at base. Nine or ten varieties, with
flowers single or double, white, rose-colored, &c., are now mentioned in the cata»
logues of American gardener.^.f
3 P. an6mala L. Lfts. with many lanceolate segments, smooth ; follicles 5,
depressed, smooth; cal. brncteolnto. From Siberia. Distinguished by the long
narrow segments of the leaflets. Fls. concave, rose colored Many vari" iis.f
Order 2.— MAUNOLIACEJS.
213
4 P. Mout^n L. Chinese Tree P^ony. St. shrubby ; Ifta. oblong-ovate
glaucous and somewhat hairy bt^neatb, tcrtuiual 1 — 3-lobt'd ; ova. 5, di-'ittnct, sur
rounded by the very large disk. — From China. The woody steuj branches into f,
bush 3 — 4f high. Lvs. large, on long stalks, FLs. very large, always double
in cultivation, ti-agrant and truly splendid. This plant is remarkable lor produc-
ing the largest form of disk in the vegetable kingdom.
5 P. papaver^cea L. St. shrubby ; Ifts. oblong-ovate, glaucous and slightly
hairy beneath, terminal one lobed ; ova. about 5, closely united into a gluhous head. —
From Chi a. Resembles the last in foliage, but is remarkably distinguished from
all the other species by its united carpels. Flowers white, with a purple centre,
often single in cultivation. Other species and varieties are cultivated, rarely in
this country, amounting to about 150 in all.
Order II. MAGNOLIACE^E. Mag noli ads.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, coriaceous, simple, entire or lobed (never toothed)
leaves. Leaf buds sheathed with membranous stipules whic^h soon fall otf. Fls.
large, polypetalous, polyandrous, polygynons, hypogynous, perfect. Calyx and
corolla imbricated in bud, colored alike, in 3 or more 3-merous circles. Ovaries
several or many, compactly covering the elongated torus. Fruit of numerous dry
or fleshy carpels, aggregated into a sort of cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, with
a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. (See Figs. 68, 72, 131.)
An order of 12 ffenera and OS xpevieH, including; .some of the most splendid of flowerinsr trees
an(l slinibs. Most of them beloni^ to the Southern States, some to tlie Western, and ii few to
Japan, China and India.
Properties. — The burlt is aromatic, containing an inten.sely Idtter principle, wliicl' is tonic
and siimulating. Tlie flowers are fragrant and aromatic in a higli degree.
TRIBES AND GENERA.
I'ribe ILLICIE.E. Carpels arranged into a single circle Ii.i.inr.M. 1
Tribe MAONOLIE.*;. Carpels imbricaterl into a cone-like fruit.*
♦ Anthers opening inwards. Lvs. folded lengthwise in bud MA(iMii.i\, 2
* Anthers opening outwards. Lvs. folded crosswise in bud LnuoDKNituoN. 8
1. ILLfCIUM, L. Star Anise. Sepals 3 — 6, colored ; ix'tals G — 30 ;
carpels capsular, dry, arraiiijed circularly, dehiscent on the upper side,
each with one smooth shining seed. — Shrubs with very smooth, ever-
green lejivcs; exhaling, when bruised, the odor of Anise.
1 I. fioridinum Ellis. Petals 21 — 30, purple; lvs. acuminate. — Swamps, Fla.
to La. Shrub 4 — 8f high. Lvs. on short petioles, oblong-lanceolate, slightly
acuminate, entire, smooth, thick, 3 — G' by 1 — 2'. Fls. about l.\ broad, on
slender, nodding pedicles. Cal. deciduous. Petals purplish crimson, linear
obtuse, in 3 whorls. Sta. 30 or more. Ova. about 12 in one regular circle,
with short, recurved styles. Seed polished, as largo as that of the apple. May.
2 I. parvifldra Mx. Petals (5 — 12, yellowish; lvs. oblong, obtusish. — River
banks, Fla. and Ga. Shrub 6 — lOf high. Lvs. thick and leathery, entire, on
short petioles. Fls. smaller than in the last, nodding, dull yellow. Petals ovate
or roundish, concave. Mav. The bark and leaves of these plants are strongly
aromatic and spicy, in their properties, much resembling Anise. The root of tho
latter has the properties of Sassafras.
2. MAGNOLIA, L. (Named for Prof. MacfHoI, a French botanist
of the 1 7th century.) Sepals 3; petals G — 9; anthers longer than
the filaments, opening inwards; carpels 2-valv(!d, 1 — 2-seeded, aggre-
gated into a hard, cone-like fruit; seeds berry-like, and suspended from
the opening carpels by a long funiculus. — Trees and shrubs with large,
fragrant flowers. Lvs. conduplicate in the bud, embracing and cm-
braced by the sheathing stipules.
"A
,i *
^A
214
nuniiu 2. -MAOXOLIACK^.
lllf
♦ Loii vos .- inliito or niiriciiliito nt llio base. Ti-ees 80 — 40f high No8. S, ft
* Li'iivcs acute at tho buao, — forriigimius itr glaucous beneath, thick Nog 1, 2
— green (not shining) both sides, thin Nos. 8, 4
£xotic Bpccits cultivated. Nos. 8 — 10
1 M. grandifldra L. Big Laur l. Tref, ; I 's. ru^t-clowny hemath, evergreen ;
petals obovate. — In swampy woods, N. Car. to V\a. an 1 Miss. A. stately and beau-
tiful tree, attaining the hight ot 70 — 90t; with a diame er of 2 or 3f at
base. Its form in open ground is pyramidal. Bark smooth, gray, resembling
tliat of the beech, Lvs. G — 8' long, tliick and firm, oval-oblon,', entire, dark
green and shining above, clothed with a rust-colored tomentura bjneatli. Fls.
pure wiiite, strongly fragrant, 8 or 9' broad. The seeds after quitting tho
cells of tho ovoid fruit remain several days suspended on a white thread.
May.
2 M. glaiUca L. White B.\y. Beaver Tree. Shrub or small tree ; lvs. oval,
obtuse, gaucous-ivhile beneath ; petals ovate or roundish, erect. — Native in marsiiy
grounds, Mass. to La., chiefly found near the coast. It is a fine shrub, 5 — 20 f.
high, with a grayish bark, crooked, divaricate branches. Lvs. beneath remark-
ably pale, silky when young, 3 — 4' long, 8' on the young shoots, entire, nearly
persistent southward. Fls. 2' broad, cup-shaped, with white, concave petals,
very fragrant. May (South) — Jl.
3 M. acuminata L. Cucumber Tree. Lvs. oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath :
])etah obocate, obtusish. — Groves near the Falls of Niagara, but more abundant in the
Soutliern States. It is a noble forest tree. Trunk perfectly straight, 4 — 5f
diam.. 60 — 80f high, l>earing an ample and regular summit. Lvs. very acumi-
nate Fls. 5 — G diam., bluish, sometimes yellowish-white, numerous, and finely
contrasted with tlie rich, dark foliage. Cones of fruit about 3' long, cylindric,
bearing so; no resemblance to a small cucumber. Ma;
4 M. umbrella Lam. Umbrella Tree. Lvs. deciduous, cuneate-lanceolate,
silky lohtn young ; sop. 3, reflexed; pet. 9, narrow-lanceolate, acute. — A. small tree
20 — 30f liigli, common in the soutliern States, oxten:iing north to southern N. Y.
and 0. Branches irregular. Lvs. 16 — 20' by 6 — 8', appearing whorled at the
end of tho branches in tiie form of an umbrella. Fls. terminal, white, 7 — 8'
diam. Fr. conical, -4 — 5' long, rose-colored when ripe. May, Jn.
5 M. macroph^Ua Mx. Lvs. obovate-spatnlaJe, cordate ; pet. rhomb'ovate, white,
purple inside at base. — River banks, ("hattuhoochee to Rod R. (Dr. Hale), north to
the Tenn. (Miss Carpenter), and to the Ky. R. A small tree 30 — SOf liigli, 8 — 10'
diam. Lv.s. witii a strong midvein, oflen, on young shoots, 3f in length by If in
breadth, glaucous-white beneath. Fls. magnificent, the separate petals measuring
6 — 8' in length. Sepals erect, lance-linear. June.
6 M. Frdseri Walt. Lvs. obovate-spatiilate, auriculate at the narrowed base,
glabrous ; pet. pure white. — A slender tree, 25 — 35f high, Fla. northward to Va.
and Ky. Bark smooth, light-gray. Lvs. 6 — 9' long, 4 — 6' broad above, much
narrowed below, and ending at base in peculiar ear-siiaped lobes. Sep. 3, greenish
on the back. Pet. 6, lance-ovato, thick, 2^ — 3' long, strongly aromatic. A[)r. May.
7 M. cord^ta Mx. Lvs. broadly ovate, subcordate, acute, whitish and pubescent
beneath ; pet. 6 — 9, oblong, yellow. — Tlie yellow flowered species inhabits the
upland regions of G-a. and Car. Trunk straight, 40 — aOf high, covered with a
deeply furrowed bark. Lvs. long-petioled, 4 — 6' by 3 — 4', smooth, and entire. Fls.
about 4' diam., marked within with fine red lines. Fr. cylindrical, 3' long. May.
8 M. fuBcita. Lvs. evergreen, elliptic or oblong, clothed with fuscous down
when young, at lengtli glabrous; branches also fuscous*tomeutous ; fls. erect. —
From China. Shrub 3f high. Fls. brownish.
9 M. obov^ta L. Lvs. deciduous, obovate, acute, strongly veined, glabrous ;
fls. erect ; sep. 3 ; petals 6 ; obovate. — From China. Shrub 6f high, opening its
erect, cup-shaj>ed, rose-purple fls. in May.
10 M. conspicua L. Yulan. Lvs. deciduous, obovate, abruptly acuminate,
the younger pubescent; sep. none or very small; pet. 6 — ^9, white or rose color. —
From China. Shrub or small tree, 10 — 30f high, with numerous white, fragrant
flowers appearing early in spring.
Okdku ;{.— aNOXCAK^.
215
3. LIRIODENDRON, L. Tulip Tree. (Gr. Xeii^'ov, a lily ; dtvdpov,
a tree.) Sepals 3, reflexed, caducous ; petals 6, erect ; carpels imbricated
in a cone, 1 — 2-seeded, indehiscent and attenuated at apex into a lance-
olate wing. — T"ee, with showy, bell-shaped, upright flowei-s. Vernation
induplicate. Stipules large, oval, caducous. In the bud, each leaf
b 'uds inward to an inverted position., infolds all that is within it and is
in itself infolded by its pair of stipules and by the next lower leaf, and
so on as seen in Figs. 68, 72.
Ii. tulipifera. Tclip Tree. White-Wood. Poplar. A flue tree, one of
:4iost remarkable of tlio American fore.at.s, Can. to La., especially abundant in
tiie W(!StL'rn States. It is ordinarily about 801" hij^h, with a diam. of 2 or 3f,
l)Ut along tiio Ohio and Mis.s. rivers it grows much larger. Near Bloomington,
Tnd., we measured a tree of this species which had been recently felled. Its cir-
cumference 4f from the ground was 23f; 30f from tlie ground its diam. was
Sf; the whole hight TiSf. The trunk is perfectly straight and cylindric. At
top it divides abruptly into coarse, crooked, ratlier unsightly branches. Lvs.
dark-green, smooth, truncate at the end, with 2 latoral lobes, 3 — 5' in length and
breadth, on long petioles. In May and Juno it puts forth numerous campanulate
flowers, greenish yellow, orange within, solitary, broader than the tulip, and
erect. Tlie wood is extensively used as a substitute for pine.
Order III. ANONACE^. Anon ads.
Trees or shrubs with naked buds, entire, alternate lvs. destitute of stipules. Fls.
usually green or brown, axillary, hypogynous, vilvate in aestivation. Sepals 3 ;
petals 6, in two circles, sometimes coherent. Stamens oo, with an enlarged con-
nectile, short fllament, and large torus. Ova. several or co, separate or coherent,
flesiiy or not, in fruit. Embryo minute in tlie end of rumiri ted albumen.
Genera 20, speeien 800. chiefly nutives within the tropics of both hemispheres. Four 8i>ecies
4irc found within the limits of the United :^ta es, nil of the tVdIowing (;enus. The Anonnds are
);(>ni'raily aromatic in all their parts. Their pulpy fruit, as the custard applen, are sweet and
«.sculent.
ASININA Adans. I*apaw. Fig. 113. Sepals 3, petals 6, the outer
row larger than the inner; stamens densely [»acked in a spherical mass;
pistils several, distinct, ripening but few, vvliich become large, oblong,
pulpy fruits with many flat seeds. — Shrubs or small trees, with brown-
ish, axillary, solitary flowers.
* Flowers appearing; before the loaves Nos. 1, 2.
* Flowers appearing witli the leave,s Nos. 3, 4.
1 A. triloba Dvmal. Lvs. obnvafe-ohlong, acuminate ; pet. dark purple, exterior
orbicular, 3 ori times as long as the sep. — A small and beautiful tree, 15 — 20f high,
on banks of streams. Mid., Southern and Western States. Branches and lvs. nearly
glabrous, the latter 8 — 12' by 3 — 4', very smooth and entire, tapering to very short
petioles. Pis. I' broad, precocious. Fr. about 1' thick atul 3' long, ovoid-oblong,
about 8-seeded, yellowish, fragrant, eatable, ripe in October. Fls. in March, Apr.
(Uvaria, Torn and Gr. Anona, L.).
2 A. parvifldra Dunal. Lvs. obovate-oval, acuminate; p-t. greenish-purple, the
outer oval, hardly twice tlie length of the sep. — Woods near tlio coast, from Car. to
Fla. and La. Shrub 2 — 3f iiigh, smaller every way tlian No. 1. Lvs. about liaif
as hrge, glabrous, obtuse-pointed, tapering to the base. Fls. less tlian lialf as
large, opening while the brandies are naked. Fr. roundish, about 1' long. May.
3 A. grandifldra Dunal. Lvs. obovate-oblong, obtme, grayish-tomentous both
sides ; outer pet. very large, yellowish white. — Pine woods, Ha., and Fla. Shnib
2 — 3f high, its young branches also tomentous. Peduncle and calyx woolly, of
about equal length. Outer petals about 2' in length, oval or obovate, obtuse,
a — 8 times longer than the oblong, brownish, . inner petals. Apr.
I
m
mm
i
m
i^iii i '
216
Order 5.— MKNISPERMACK/E.— Menispermads.
4 A. pygmsea Dunal. Dwarf Pahaw. Lva. coriaceous, evergreen, linear
lanceolate or lintar-obliinceulate, or lin. -oblong or yputulate, etc., glabrous; pet
reddinh- brown, obovaie-oblong. — Shrub 6 — 12 high, saudy plains, Ga.. acd Fla.
Lvs. very variable in form, 3 — 6 long, usually very narrow, often oliova'e or
elliptical. Pet. about 1' in length. Carp, ripening ab^ut 3, 1 long in I'ruit,
erect. Apr.
Okdeb IV. SCIIIZANDRACE.^.
Scrambling shrubs with alternate, simple, exstipulate, punctate leaves ; with Fls.
diclinous, axillary, small, hypogynous and polygynous ; with Oal. and cur. 3-meroufe
in two or several rows, imbricated; with Stam. few or many, on very short filaments,
condensed on a roundish torus. Ova. few or coherent, becoming baccate, 1 — 2-seeded
in fruit. (Seeds suspended ; embryo minute, in .solid albumen.
Genera 5, itpeeien 12, bulongins; to India, J-;p.in, and the United States.
SCHIZANDRA M.\. (Gr. trxi^o), to cut, dv3pa, stamens ; the stam-
ens are cleft.) 8 Sepals and petals 9 — 12, similar, roundish, concHve ;
stamens 5, anthers connate ; carpels at first agjjrcgated in a roundi.sh
head, becoming in fruit scattered on the elongating, filifoini torn.s. — A
trailing shrub with entire or repandly denticulate leaves, and small
crimson flowers.
S. coccfnea Mx A handsome plant in damp woods, S. Car., Ga., to La. St. 10
or ]2f long. Lvs. alternate, ovate or oval, tapering at each end or somewhat
cordate at base. Fls. axillary, solitary, on slender stalks, the upper ones stami*
nato. Carp, and torus red when mature. May, Jn.
Order V. MENISPERMACE.E. Menispermads.
Shrubs climbing or twining, with alternate, palmate-veined, exstipulate leaves.
Fls. dioecious, rarely ? or ? ^ ^, hypogynous, 3 — 6-gynous. (Sepab and petals simi-
lar, iu 3 or more circles, imbricated in the bud. Stam. equal in number to the petals
and opposite to them, or 3 or 4 times as many. I'ruit a 1 -seeded drupe with a hirge
or long curved embryo in scanty albumen. (Ulust. in Fig. 147.)
Tills cnrloiis order consists of 44 genera and 302 «/><'t,7e.«, most of them nntive.s of tropical .\sia
and America, where tliev becomi% in the forests, woody climbers of great t^ize.
/Vo/;«»•<^f«.— A few plants of this order contain .a bitter principle in tlieir roots. A foreign
spi'cies of .Menispermuni yields the f.olnmho ol t\w shops, wliicl. is a valnc.ble tonic; another
genus, Anamirta cocculus of India, furnishes the Iiuliaii lockle, so iiito.xieating to lislies.
GEXERA.
u Stamens 12 — 20, sep. 4 — 8, nut moon-shaped Lvs, peltate Mk.mspkrmum. 1
i Stamens (J ; sepals G ; nut moon-shaped. Lvs, sinuate, 3-Iol>ed C'o< < ti.l's. 2
t Stamens 6 ; sepals 6 ; nut cup-shaped. Lvs. deeply 5-lobed Calvcocauitm. *
1. NENISPERMUM, L. Moon-seed. {Gr. h^vtj,\]w moon', antpfia,
seed ; from the crescent form of the seed.) Fls. 9 $ ; sepals 4 — 8 ;
petals 4 — 8, minute, retuse ; $ .stamens 12 — 20, as long as the sepals,
anthers 4-celled ; 9 ovaries and styles 2 — 4 ; drupes 1 — :i-seeded ;
seeds lunate and compressed. — Fls. white, in axillary clusters.
M. Canadense L. St. climbing; lvs. roundish, cordate, angular, peltate, the
petiole inserted near the base ; rac. compound ; petals, 6 — 7, small. — In woods
and hedges near streams. Can. to Car. W. to the Miss. Sts. round, striate,
8 — 12f long. Lvs. 4 — 5' diam., generally 5-angled, smooth, pale beneath, on
petioles 3 — 6' long. Pis. in axillary clusters, small, yellow. Drupes about 4"
diam., black, resembling grapes. TJie root is perennial, and in medicine has the
properties of a tonic. Jl.
d. LOBATUM, has the leaves lobed.
Order 6.— liKUBKlllDACK^..
217
2. COCCULUS, DC. (Diminutive, from Lat. rornim, a berry.)
FIs. $ i . Sepalft, petals and stamens 6 ; anthers 4 -celled ; $ ovaries
JMo 6 ; drupe globular-compressed, nut curved as in Menispermum.
— FIs. in axillaiy panicles.
C Carolini^nua DC. — In woods alonj? rivers, S. Til. to Oa. St. round, slomlor.
trailinif. Lvs. pubescent, at leiifftli j,'labroiH abovo, broadly ovate or cordate,
mucronate, entire or sinuate-lobed, soinotitnes liastiitely .'{-lobed, 2' to .T diaiii.,
petioles half as lonjy. FIs. very small, pfroonish. I'et. of the sterile Hs. with
inflected auricles at the ba.se of each. Drupes red, 1 — '? toiother, '2" wide, tiie
nut curved almo.st into a circle and finely crouated. Jn., Jl.
3. CALYCOCARPUN, Nutt. C'up-seed. (Or. kuXv^, a cup;
/fop-TOf, fruit.) Sepals 6 ; petals 0; <^ stamens 12, anthers 2-eelled ;
$ stamens 6, abortive ; ovaries 3 ; stigma fimbriate-radiate ; drupe
oval with the putamen deeply excavated in front and cup-shaped. — FIs.
greenish white, in long axillary panicles.
C Lydni Nutt. Cra. (Mettauer) to Ky. A slender vino, very smooth, ascend-
ing many feet. Lvs. large, thin, 4 — 8' diam., the lobes dilated above and acumi-
nate. Petioles long, slender. Rac. slender, 3 — 12 long. FIs. small, 2" diam.,
nearly white, about 5 on each ped. Drupe 1' long, oval. Jl. (Menispermuin
Lyoiii Ph.)
I- >A
Okder VI. BEKBERIDACE^. liERnERins.
Herbs or shrubs with alternate, usually exstipulato, simple or compound leaves.
Flowers perfect, hypogynous, imbricated in aestivation. G.di/x of 2 — 6 deciduous
sepals, in I or 2 rows, often with petaloid scales at base. Corolla of as many
or twice as niatiy petals as sepals, in one to several rows. Slam, as many as the
petals ami opposite to them, rarely more numerous. Anthers opening mostly by
recurved valves lunged at the top. Pistil one, style short or none. F/\ a berry or
capsule, seeds several, albuminous. (Figs. 168, 182, 253, 304, 346, 347, 444.)
An order hard to define, including 12 ge.nera and lori spiteies^inma of tliem of widely different
Imtiit and very doubtful atflnities. They intiabit tlie teinpcrato zones. Some genera, as I'odo-
plivlluni and ileffersonia, possess catharic properties. Others, as Berberis, contain in their fruits
inulic and oxalic acids.
TRIHES AND GENERA.
Tkibe BERBKlMT)':.r;— ssiiruhs. Embryo long as albumon. Antli. liaived Bkrbkris. 1
TitiKB NANDINE.E. — Herbs. Embryo shorter minute. (*)
* Antliers opening by 2 valves hinged at the top. (a)
a Stamens 6. Fruit 2 drupe-like, soon naked seeds CAi'LOPiiYi.i.irM. 2
a Stamens 6. Fruit a 2 — \ seeded berry Diimiyi.lkia. .S
a Stamens 8. Fruit a cupBule o|)ening by a lid JEKPKRSONrA. 4
♦ .\nthers opening by 2 .slits lengthwise. Stain. 6 — IS Podopiivlhim. 5
i. BlRBERIS, L. Berberry. (Name from the Arabic.) Calyx
of 6 obovate, spreading, colored sepals, with the 3 outer ones smaller ;
corolla of 6 suborbicular petals, with two glands at the base of each ;
filaments 6, flattened ; anthers 2 separate lobes on opposite edges of
the connectile ; style ; berry oblong, 1-celled ; seeds 2 or 3. — Fine,
hardy shrubs.
1 B. vulgaris L. Spines (reduced lvs.) 3-forked ; lvs. simple, aerratures termi-
Dated by soft bristles ; rac. pendulous, many-flowered ; pet. entire.— A well-
known bushy, ornamental shrub, in hard gravelly soils. Northern States. Grows
3 — 8f high. Lvs. IJ — 2' long, half as wide, round-obtuse at apex, tapering
|» ^^
.l\
ai^^Wm h'i
Hi y
218
Ordku ti.— HKUbKlUDACK.K.
'ilk
at base into tlie petiole, and remarkably distinguished by their bristly serr-turca.
Pis. yellow, ii dozen or more in each hanging cluster. Sta. irritable, sprit. gin>»-
violently against the stigma when touched. Berries scarlet, very acid, foriiiiiix
an agreeable jelly wheu boiled with sugar. The bark of the root dyes yellow.
Jn. g? Eur.
/? Canadensis Willd. Rac. few (6 — 8)-flowerefl; berries oval. — Can. (Pursh)to
Va. and (la., along the Alloglianies. Apparently a reduced form of a, with
narrower leaves and smaller Howers and clusters. (B. Canadensis Ph.)
2 B. Aquifdlium Ph. Lvs. pinnate, Ifts. 3 — 6 pairs, leathery, with spinulose
teeth; fll. with 2 slender teeth. — In woods, Oregon (Rev. (1, Atkinson), now often
cultivated. A firm bushy ahrul), 3 — 5f high, with shining, dark green leaHets,
resembling the leaves of the holly. Fls. yellow, in short, upriglit clusters, openin;.^
early.f (Mahonia Nutt.)
2. CAULOPHtLLUM, Mx. Cono.sn. (Gr. KavXog, stem ; <t>6X?Mv,
leaf; the stem appearing as tlie btnlk of tlie compound leaf.) ('aly.x
of 6 green sepals 3-bracted at base ; corolla of 6 short, gland-like
thickened petals, opposite the sepals ; stamens 6 ; ovary 2-oviiled,
becoming a thin pericarp, which soon breaks away after flowering, and
the 2 round drupe-like seeds ripen nake<l. — 2^ Glabrous and glaucous,
arising from a knotted rhizome. Lvs. compound.
C. thalictroides Mx. Pappoose Root. A curious plant in woods, Can. to Car.
and Ky. Plant glaucous, purple when young. St. 1 — 2Jf high, round, dividing
above into 2 parts, one of whicli is a short common petiole of a triternate leaf, the
other bears a 2-ternate leaf and a nvcoinous panicle of greenisli flower Lfts.
paler beneath, 2 — 3' long, lobed like those of the Thalictrum or Aquileg oeiis
2 (mostly 1 by abortion), naked after having burst the caducous, thin, irj,,
deep blue, resembling berries on thick stipes. May. (Leontice, L.)
3. DIPHYLLEIA, Mx. Umbrella-leaf. (Gr. dig, twice ; <j>vXXov,
leaf.) Calyx of 5 sepals, caducous ; cor. of 6 oval petals larger than
the sepals ; stamens 6 ; ovary eccentric ; stigma subsossile ; berry few-
seeded, seeds attached laterally below the middle. — If Glabrous, arising
from a thick, horizontal root-stock. Lvs. simple, peltate.
D. cymdsa Mx. Along streams or Mts., Va. to Ga., and Tenn. Sterna 1 — 2f
high, stout, some of them bearing a single large (1 — 2f broad) orbicular, cut-
lobed, centrally peltate leaf; others with two alternate, smaller, roundish reni-
form leaves, which are peltate near the base, deeply 2-lobed, the lobes cleft, and
a terminal cyme of white flowers in June.
4. JEFFERSdNIA, Bart. Twin-leaf. (In honor of President Joffor-
son, a patron of science.) Sepals 4, colored, deciduous ; petals 8,
spreading, incurved; stamens 8, with linear anthers; stigma peltate;
capsule obovate, stipitate, opening by a circumscissile dehiscence.
Rhizome thick, blackish, with a mass of matted fibers. Scape simple,
l-flowercd. Lvs. 2-parted or binate. (Figs. 168, 253, 304, 444.)
J. diph^Ua Barton. A singular plant 8 — 14' high. Middle and Western States,
5. to Ga. Rhizome horizontal. Each petiole bears at the top a pair of binate,
obliquely ovate leaflets, which are placed base to base, and broader than long,
ending in an obtuse point, glaucous beneath. Scape as long as the petioles. ¥h.
large, regular, white. The capsule opens only half round, and has, therefore, a
persistent lid. Apr. This plant has, in Ohio, the reputation of a stimulant, and
anti-spasmodic, and is there significantly termed rheumatism root.
5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May Apple. (Gr. Trovf, -nodbg, a foot,
i/>i^AAov, a leaf ; alluding to the long, firto petioles.) Sepals 3, oval,
Order 8.— NELUMBIACK^E.
211>
ohtuso, oon(?a^ e, cadncons , petals 6 — 9, obovate, concave ; stainenH
9 — 18, with linear antlici's; berry large, ovoid, 1-celled, crowned with
the solitary stigma. — U Low, rather poisonous herbs. Flowering steM)s,
2-leaved. Fl. solitary.
P. peltitum L. Wild Mandrakb. In woods and fields, common in tho Mid. and
Western States, rare in N. Eng. S. to La. Height about If. It is among our
more curious and interesting pla.its. St. round, slieathed at base, dividing into
2 round petioles, between whicli is tlie flower. Lvs. broadly cordate, in 5 — 7
lobes, each lobe 6' hmg from the insertion of the petiole, 2-lobed ana dentate at
apex. Barren stems with one centrally peltate leaf. Fl. pedunculate, drooping,
white, about 2' diam. Fr. ovoid oblong, large, yellowish ; with the flavor of the
strawberry. The root is cathartic. May.
•
Order VII. CABOMBACE.E. Water Shields.
Hej-bs aquatic, with the floating lvs. entire, centrally peltate, the submersed ones
dissected. Fls. small, erect, one on each peduncle, hypogynous. PefMls 3 — 4,
alternate with the 3 or 4 sepals which are colored inside, all persistent. S(a. twice,
or 4 or 6 times as many as the petals. Anthers adnate. Ovt. 2 or more, distinct.
Stig. sitnplo. fV. indehiscent, tipped with the hardened style. Sd^. globular,
pendulous. Embryo, minute, 2-lobed, external to an abundant, fle.sliy aibumen.
GtAxera 2, Hpee'iM 8. America n water plants, extonding from Cayenne, S AmeriiM, N. to
N. Eng. /V(V)«;A"<te«, slightly astmigent.
1. BRAS^NIA, Schreb. Water Takokt. Calyx of 3—4 sepals,
colored within, persistent; corolla of 3 — 4 petals; stamens 12 — 24;
ovaries 6 — 18 ; carpels oblong, 2 (or by abortion l)-seeded. — 1( Aquatic.
The stems and under surface of the leaves are covered with a viscid
jelly. Lvs. all floating, entire.
B. peltita Ph. It inhabits muddy shores and pools, often in company with tho
water lily. Can. to Ga. and Ark. Lvs. peltate, elliptical, entire, 2 — 8' by 1 — U',
with the long, flexible petioles inserted exactly in tho center, floating on the
surface of the water, smooth and shining above. Fls. arising to the surface, on
long, slender, axillary peduncles. Petals purple, about 3 ' long. Jl. (Ilydro-
peltis purpurea Mx.)
2. GABON B A, Aublet. Sepals 3, petaloid ; petals 3 ; stamens 6 ;
pistils 3 (rarely 2 or 4), nearly the length of stamens, atid half as long
as the petals and sepals ; carpels few-seeded. — Lvs. opposite, mostly
submersed and filiformly dissected.
C. Carolini^na Gray. In stagnant waters, N. Car. tv^ Ga. and La. Stoma
branched. Floating lvs. small (6" long, 1" wide) and few, oblong-linear, cen-
trally peltate ; submersed lvs. many, reniform in outline, 1 — 2' broad, repeatedly
di and tri-chotomous into threadlike segments. Ped. 2' long, 1-flowered. Fls.
white, 5 — 6" broad, strictly ^Z. (sometimes ^), with oval, obtuse petals yellow at
base. May.
%
'1
Order YIIL NELUMBIACE^. Water Beans.
Herbs aquatic, large, with prostrate rootstock and radical, peltate leaves, with
flowers large, solitary, on long, upright scapes, 4 — 5-sepaled; petals numerous,
arranged in many rows, as are also the stamens, ovaries separate, each with a simple
style and stigma, becoming in fruit 1-seeded nuts lialf sunk in the hollows of the
fory large torus, the seeds with largely developed embryo, and no albumen.
iB**
TO
220
Ordkb U — XY'MPliAEA«;EJi.
This order coinprisfs but a single tjeuun witli 2 npe<-ien, v:z., N. .spcciosiun, suppusuil to be
the siicrt'd Egyptian bean of the h. Indic-s,* the other, us follows. The nuts are nutritive, and
also at certain reasons, the farinaceous rhizomes.
Nelvmuo. Characters of tho gonus the same
NELOIBIUM, Jiiss.
as those «'(" the oilier.
N. lliteurn L. A magiiiiieont floweriiip plant, frequent in the stagnant wuturs of
the Souvh and West; in iSodus Bay, N. Y. (Williams); Lyme, Ot. ; near Pliiladel-
piiia, eto. Rliizome creeping in mud in depths of water from 2 or 3 to 6f! From
tliis arine the simple scapes and petioles to the surlace. Lvs. 10 — 18' diam,,
orbicular, entire, concave, the petioles inserted at the center. Fls. jeveral times
larger than those of Nympluea odorata, fragrant. Petals concave, obtuse, light-
yellow, 3 — i' in length. The nuts imbedded in the torus are about the size of
aoorns, and remarkable for the large, leafy embryo. Juno (S.) — Aug.
Okueh IX. NVMP1IAEACE.^^:. Water Lilfes.
Jferls aquatic, with peltate or cord>\te leaves from a prostrate rhizome. Fls. large,
showy, often sweet-scented. Sepals and petals numerous, imbricated, gradually
passing into each other. Sep. persistent. Petals inserted upon the disk which sur-
rounds the pistil Sta. numerous, in several rows upon tlie disk, often passing into
petals. Anthers atlnate, introrse. Pistils many, united into a many -celled, many-
seeded, compound ovary with a radiate stigma. Sils. embryo inclosed in a sack at
the end of a copious Jbumen next the hilum. (Figs. 453, 232 — 240.)
Ge.iierti 5, i^i.ecien 50, iiiluibitinfj; the nortliorn lieinisphere, Victoria in equatorial Ainoriea.
Their jiencral aspect is that of an i-ndofreii, but they hi.ve U fuliaceous cotyledons. The stems
4»f nyinphieiv contain a powerful astrin^jent principle, which is removed by repeated washing' in
water, after which they are tasteless, and may be used for food.
\. NYMPH ^A, L. Water Lily, (The Greek nymph, or Naiad, of
the waters.) Sepals 4 oi 5 ; petals oo, inserted on the torus at its base ;
stamens gradually transformed into petals : stigma surrounded with
rays; pericarp many c'lled, many-seeded. — /4 Aquatic.
1 N. odorata L. Rhizome thick, in nmd beneatli deep (3— 9f.) water, sending its
lvs. and lis. to the surface ; lvs. floating, orbicujar (5-8'), entire, cleft at base to
the centre, where the long petiole is inserteil, the lubes imbricated; fls. while,
(leliciously fragrant, ohe^ with a delicate tinge of purple; filamenls yellowish;
setds ot)long, half 'he length of the aril. Jl., Aug. One of tlio loveliest of flowers.
2 N. tubei'dsa Paine. Rhizome proaucm^ oblong {]') tubers which spontaneously
separate; lvs. floating, orbicuiar-reniform, (6 — 16') entire, very veiny, the lobes
divaricate ; fls. scentless, or nearly so, milk-wliite (never purp'ish), pet. very blunt;
seed'i ijlobular-ovuid. Sodus Bay (Ilankenson) to Pa., and westward!, Jl.
2. NOPHAR, Smith. Pond Lily. {^Neufar is the Arabic name.)
Sepals 5 or 6, oblong, concave, colored within ; corolla of numerous
suiall iK'tals furrowed externally, and inserted with the numerous, trun-
cated, linear stamens ou the torus ; stigma discoid, with prominent
rays; pericarp many-celled, many-seeded. — "H- Aquatic. Lvs. oval or
oblorg, sigi I tate-cordate.
X N. advdna Ait Yellow Ponu LUiV. Lvs. floating or erect, with rounded,
diverging lo' '.'sai buse, petioles half-round; sep. 6; petals OO; stig. 12 — lb-rayed,
margin slightly repand. — Ver}' common in sluggish streams and muddy lakes,
Can. to Ga., vV. lo Oregon. A well-looking and very curious plant, but from
its fiU-hy habits it has been called, with justice, the frog lily. The rhizomo ia
large, creeping extensively. Lvs. largo, dark green, sliining above, and when
floating, pale and slimy beneath. Petioles lialf round, Fls. rather largo and
Order lo.— SARRAOKNIACE^.
'J'Jl
globular in form, erect, on a thick, rigid stalky Three outer sepals yellow
.'usiUe, and the three inner entirely yellow, as well as the petals and stamens.
Jn. Jl. (Nyniphsea Mx.)
2 N, Kalmiana Ait. Floating Ivs. with base lobes approximate, submersed Ivs.
membranous, reuiform-cordale, the lobes divaricate, niirgin waved, apex retuse;
sep. 5; stig. 8— 12-rayed, crenate. — A smaller species, with small yellow tts.,
growing in similar situations with the last, Northern States. Dr. Robbins, from
vi'hose MSS. the above is quoted,, thinks it wholly distinct from 2%. lutea, (Smith)
or any other species. Petiole slender, subterete. Upper Iva. 2 — ."{' long l.\ — 2A
wide; lower Ivs. 3 — 4' diam. Jl. (Nupluir lutea /i Kalmiana Torr & Gr.)
3 N. sagittaefdlia Ph. Lvs. elongated, sagittate-cordate, obtuse , sep. 6 ; pet. ,
antii. subsessile. — In slow waters, N. Car. to Ga. (Savannah). Rhizome erect.
Lvs. large, 10 to 15 long. Fls. as large as in No. 2. Outer sep. green; inne;-,
yellow and petaloid.
VICTORIA regia is also a member of this Order, — a gigantic Water Lily,
native of the rivers of Brazil and Guiana, and successfully cultivated here. Its
earliest leaves are linear, then hastate, next sagittate ; its late ones become ovate
Avitli a deep slit at base. Thence they gradually become circular and centrally
peltate, exhibiting by a distinct line the union of the base lobes. When full grown
they are 4 — 6f diara. (or 8 — I2f in their native rivers), with upturned edges and
prominent veins beneath. The expanded flowers with numerous petals and sepals
arc if in diambter.
Order X. SAliUACENIACE^. Water Pitchers.
Herbs aquatic, in bogs, with fibrous roots, perennial, and with the leaves all radi-
cal, urn-shaped, o': trumpet-shaped, and large flowers on scapes. Floral envelops
4 — 10, imbricated, tho outer greenish, sepaloid. Stamens CO, hypogynous. Carpels
united into a several-colled capsule. (Figs. 174. 175, 176.)
A i-i)i'ioii8 order, cliiel!y reiiinrkablo for the leaves wliich are of that class called ducMiu (§80H).
Iteinbrnce.s at \>re»iiiit S'i/etieru and6or8 8j' ien; tlio lleliaiiiiihora of Uuiaiia, tiio l>arlin);to')!a
of ('alifornia uiul
SARRACINIA, Touni. Pitcher Plant. (Named iiilionor of Dr.
S'.trrazen of Quebec.) Calyx of 6 colored sepals, with 3 small bracts at
bases persistent; corolla of 6, incurved, deciduous petals; stigmas 6,
united into a largo, peltate, persistent membrane covering the ovary
and stamens ; capsule 5-celled ; seeds very numerous, albimiinous. —
Lvs. holding water, with a wing on the front side and a hood (lamina)
at top. Scapes 1-liowered, fl. large, nodding.
Tjimiiia inflected over tho tliront of the tube No.s, 1, 2.
L^itnina elect or nearly so, throat open.*
* Leaves ventricous, never spetted with white No. 3.
♦ Leaves triiuipet-shaped, vci-y tall, often mottled and spotted above No. 4.
1 S. psittaolna Mx. Lvs. shorty reclined, witii a broad semi-ovate wing : Jls. deep
purple. — Bogs, Ga., Pii. to La. Lvs. 3' to 5' long when tlib plant is in Hower,
G — 10' when in fruit, slightly mottled with white on tho back. Tho tube is
small and nearly closed by tho hooded lamina, which gives to the whole leaf
the semblance of a parrot, whence tho specific name. Scape If high. Fl.
rather smaller than that of S. purpurea. March.
2 S. variolslris Mx. Lvs. ebngnt'd, nearly erect, mottled with white on tho
back, the wing lance-linear; j^. yellow. — Bogs in pine barrens, S. Car., Ga.
(Feay and Pond) and Fla. Ivs. 12 to 18' high, remarkable for their white dia-
plianous spots near the top, Tube somewhat ventricous above, nearly enclose I
by the strongly inflexed hood ; wing 6" to 12 " wide. Scapes shorter than lvs
Fls. about the aiso of the last. Mar., Apr.
^~ it I
:,f-
212
Okdkr 12.— I'APAVERACKJi:.
9 B. purpiHrea L. Side-saddle Flower. Lvs. short, dtcumbent, inflated most
\ear the middle ; lamina broacl cordate. — Bogs throughout Can. and U.S. This
«pecies is the most cor luon, and on it the genus was founded. Lvs. 6 — 9 long,
i-osulate, evergreen, composed of a hollow, pitcher-form petiole, sw elling in the
middle, with a wing-like appendage extending the whole leugtii inside, from
^ — r wide, and extended ou the outside of tiie mouth into a lamina, covered
above with reversed hairs. Their capacity when of ordinary size is about a
wine glass, and generally, like the other species, they contain water with
drowned insects. Scape 14 — 20' liigh, terete, smootli, supporting a single, large,
purple, nodding flower, almost as curious in structure as tlie leaves. Jn.
fi. HETEROPHYLLA Torr. Scape rather shorter; sep. yellowish green; pet.
yellow. — Northampton, Mass. (R. M. Wright). Lvs. scarcely difliereut. (S.
heterophylla Eaton.)
4 S. Gronbvii. Trumpet-Leaf. Lvs. tall, straight, erect, tube gradually enlarged
to the open throat, wing narrowly linear, lamina sub-erect, roundish, mucronate, con-
tracted at base. — The largest species of the genu.-*, in swampy pine woods, Va. to
Fla. and La. Lvs. often 3f in hight, and the scapes even taller ; the lamina as
broad as the open throat (2 — 3). Fls. very large (when extended \ — 5'
diam.) and of exactly the same structure in all the varieties.
a. FLAVA. Fls. ypUow ; foliage yellowish green, with or without purplish veins
(S. flava L. S. Catesbsei Ell.).
Q. ALATA. Fls. yellow? large; lvs. 1 — 2f high, with the tube somewhat
ventricous above, throat contracted, wing conspicuous (J' broad). La.
(Hale). — Intermediate between species 3 and 4; perhaps distinct.
y. RUBRA. Fls. reddish purple, smaller than S. purpurea. Lvs. 1 — 2f high,
with purple veins (S. rubra Walt.).
d. Drummondii. Fls. purple, ver^ large; lvs. very tall (20 — 30), remark-
ably mottled above with purple veins and white, diaphanous interstices. (S.
Drummondii Groom) Fla. (Chapman.)
Order XII. PAPAVERACE^. Poppv-wohts.
Herbs with alternate, exatipulate leaves, and generally a milky or colored juice.
Fls. sollUii'y, on long peduncles, never blue, hypogynous, regular, y/ ov ^. Sep.
2, rarely 3, caducous, and petals 4, rarely 6, all imbricated. Sta. indelinite, but
some multiple of 4. Anthers 2-celled, innate. Ova. compound. Sty. short or 0.
Stig. 2, or if more, stellate upon the flat apex of ovary. iV. either pod-shaped.
With 2 parietal placentae, or capsular, with several. Sds. QO, minute. Embryo
minute, at the base of oily albumen. (Figs. 229 — 231, 276.)
An order consisting of 15 generd and 130 tipecieK, inoro tliun two-thirds of wlilcli are nntlvos
of Europe. Tlie order is characterised by uctive narcotic properties, principally resident in the
turbid Jiilec. Opium is thn dried milky Jiiico of Papaver soninifcrnni. The seeds are coni-
niunly rich in fixed oil. Several uf tlic species are hii^hly ornamental in cultivation.
1 Plants with a red Juice. Petals 8, planein tho bud S ANtfUiNAEU. 1
5 Plants with a yellow Juice. Petals crumpled In the bud. (♦)
" Stigmas and placentte 8, 4, or 6. Capsule ovoid, (b)
* Stigmas and placenta) 2 only. Capsule long, pod-shaped, (a)
a Pod 1-celled, smooth. Lvs. pinnate CiiituDONrtrii. 2
a Pod 2-celled, rough. Lvs. palmate Glaucium. 3
b Stylo distinct, but short Meconopsis. f>
b Style none, stigma se.ssile AuciiiMONB. 4
^ Plants with a white Juice. Petals 4, cniinpled I'l I.m 1 Papaviib.
i Plants witlj a watery Juice. Calyx a ndtre, fallliii,' nil' whole EsnisriioLT/.iA. 7
1. SANGUINARIA, L. Blood-root. (Latin sanguis^ blootl ; all its
parts abound in a red juice.) Sepals 2, caducous ; petals 8 — 12, in 2
or 3 rows, the outer longer. Stamens about 24 ; stigma sessile, 1
or 2-lobed ; capsule silique-form, oblong, 1 -celled, 2-valved, acute at oh
Order 12.— PAPAVERACE.E.
223
end, niany-seede J. — U A low, acaulescent plant, with a white ^«n\or,
and a glaucous, palmate-veined leaf.
S. Canadensis L. An interesting flower, in woods, Can. and U. S., appearing
in early spring. Rhizome fleshy, tuberous, and when broken or bruised exudes
an orange-red fluid, as also does every other part of the plant. From each but;
of the root-atalit there springs a single large, glaucous leaf; and a scape about 6'
high, with a single flower. Whole plant glabrous. Leaf kidney-shaped, with
roundish lobes separated by rounded sinuses. Fl. of a quadrangular outline,
white, scentless, and of short duration. The juice is emetic and purgative.
Apr., May. (Pig. 557.)
fi. Leaf not lobed, margin undulate. Bainbridge, Ga.
2. CHELIDdNIUM, L. Celandine. (Gr. \;eA.t(Ja)i', the swallow ;
being supposed to flower with the arrival of that bird, and to perish
with its departure.) Sepals 2, suborbicular ; petals 4, suborbicniar,
contracted at base; stamens 24 — 32, shorter than the petals; stigma 1,
small, sessile, bifid ; capsule silique-form, linear, 2-valve(l, l-eell('<l ;
seeds crested. — U Fragile, pale green, with saftVou yellow juice.
C. m^jus L. Lvs. pinnate; Ifts. lobed, segments rounderl; fls. in umbels. — By
roadsides, fences, eta, arising 1 — 2f high. Lvs. smootii, glaucous, spreading,
consisting of 2—4 pairs of leaflets with an odd one. Lfts. 1^ — 2i' long, § as
broad, irregularly dentate and lobed, the partial stalks winged at base. Umbels
thin, axillary, pedunculate. Petals elliptical, entire, yellow, and very fugacious,
like every other part of the flower. The abundant brigiit yellow juice is used to
• cure itch and destroy warts. May — Oct. § Eur.
3. GLAlDCIUN, Tourn. Horn Poppv. (Gr. yXavKov^ glaucous, the
hue of the foliage.) Sepals 2 ; petals 4 ; stamens oo ; style none,
stigma 2-lobed; ped. 2-cellcd, linear, very long, rough. — ^T) or -i) sea-
green herbs, with clasping lvs., yellow juice, and solitary, yellow lis.
O. liiteum Scop. Sparingly naturalized near tlio coast, from the Potomac south-
ward. About 2f high, covered witli a glaucous Ijloom. St. glabrous. Lvs.
repandly 5 — 7-lobed, clasping so as to appear perfoliate. Fls. 2' broad, of sliort
duration, but many in succession, succeeded by a horn-shaped truit, which is
rough with tubercles, and 6 — 9' in length. Jn. — Aug. §
4. ARGEMdNE, L. Prickly Poppv. (Gr. apye/ta, a disease of the
eye, which this plant was supposed to cure.) Sepals 2 or 3, roundish,
acuminate, caducous ; petals 4 or 6, roundish, larger than the sepals ;
stamens oo, stigma sessile, capitate, 4 or 6-rayed ; capsule ovoid, prickly,
opening at the top by valves. — ^ Herbs with yellow jnice, spinous-
pitmatifid lvs., and showy fls.
A. Mexicdina L. Cal prickly ; caps, prickly, 6-valved. — A weed-like plant, nati\')>
at the South and West, § at tlie North. St. 2 — 3f high, branching, armed with
pri(^kly spines. Lvs. 5 — 7' or 8' long, sessile, spinous on the margin and veins
i)eneath. Fls. axillary and terminal, on short peduncles, 2 — 'X diam., yellow.
The juico becomes in air a fine gamboge-yellow, and is esteemed for jaundico,
cutaneous eruptions, sore eyes, fluxes, etc. July. — Varieties occur with ochro-
loucous fls. and with large white fls. (N. Car. Curtis.)
5. MECONOPSIS, Viguier.* Yellow Poppy. (Gr. |i*//«on', a l>op|)y ;
oi/jif, resemblance.) Sepals 2, hiraute ; petals 4 ; stamens oo ; style con-
spicuous; stigmas 4 — 6, radiating, convex, free; capsule ovoid, l-(!elled,
opening by four val; is. — U Herbs with a yellow juice, pinnately divide<l
lvs., and yellow fls.
i' i*.-"' .
ii' ««■
I*"
Lm'
l!
n
: e
224
Obdeb 12.— FUMARIACKiE.
M. diphylla DC. Lvs. glaucous beneath, aegments 5 — 7, ovate-oblong, sinuate,
cauline 2, opposite, peliolate ; ped. aggregated, terminal ; caps. 4-valved, echi«
uate-setous. — Woods, Western States. Plant 12 — 18' high. Lvs. large, 8' by 6 ,
on petioles about the same length, terminal segment somewhat confluent. Ped.
about 8' long. Petals deep yellow, orbicular, 1' diam. Sty. surpassing the stain.
" May. (Stylophoruiu Nutt.)
6. PAPAVER, L. Poppv. Fig. 229, 230, 231. (Celtic, j»a/)«, pap;
a. soporific food for children, composed of poppy seeds, etc.) Sepals 2,
caducous; petals 4; stamens oo ; capsule 1-colled, opening by pores
under the broad, persistent stigma, — Exotic herbs, with white juice,
abounding in opium. Fl. buds nodding, erect in flower and fruit.
1 P. Bomnfferum L. Opium Poppy. Glabrous and glaucous ; lvs. clasping,
cut-de,Mte ; caps, ghbous. — (1) with large, brilliantly white flowers, double in culti-
vation. St. IJ — 3f high. Lvs. 4 — 8' by 2 — 3', with rather obtuse dentures.
Extensively cultivated in Europe and southern Asia for opium, a drug more
generally applicable and more frequently prescribed than any other article of the
materia medica. Jn. Jl. f §
2 P. ddbium L. f^t. hispid with spreading hairs ; lvs. pinnately parted, segm.
incised; sep. hairy; caps, club-shaped — ,1) Sparingly naturalized in cultivated
grounds, Ponn. and southward. St. about 2f high, very slender. Fls. light
red or scarlet, much smaller than in No. 1, on very long hairy pedicels. Jn. Jl.§
3 P. Rhadas L. St. many-flowered, hairy; lvs. incisely pinnatifl^l: caps,
globous. — D Distinguished from the last species chiefly by its more finely divided
leaves and its globular capsule. About 2f high. Fls. very large and showy, of a
deep scarlet. Varieties are produced with various shades of red and parti-colored
flowers, more or less double. Jn. Jl.f
4 P, orientale L. St. l-flowered, rough ; lvs. scabrous, pinnate, serrate ; caps,
smooth. — If Native of Levant. St. 3f high. Fls. very large, and of a rich
scarlet color, too brilliant to bo looked upon in the sun. Jn.f
7. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Cham. (Named for Eschscholtz, a German
botanist well known for hifi i searches in California.) Sepals 2, co-
hciing by their edge, caducous ; petals 4 ; stamens oo, adhering to the
claws of the petals; stigmas 4 — 7, sessile, 2 — 3 of them abortive; cap-
sule pod-shaped, cylindric, lO-striate, many-seeded. — (P Lvs. pinnatifid,
glaucous. The juice, which is colorless, exhales the odor of hydroch-
loric acid.
1 E. Dougldsii Hook. St. brandling, leafy; torus obconic; cal. ovoid, with
u very short, abrupt a^uinination ; pet. bright-yellow, with an orange spot at
base. — A very showy annual, connnon in our gardens, native of California, Ore-
gon, etc. Tho foliage is smooth, abundant and rich, dividing in a twice or thrice
pinnatifld nianner into linear segments. Fls. 2' broad.f (Chryseis Californica of
Lin^ll. and 1st edition.)
2 E. Califdrnioa Hook. St. branching, leafy; torus funnel form, with a
much dilated limb; cal. obconic; with a long acumination ; fls. orange-yellow.—
From California. Lvs. and color of flowers as in the preceding, except the latter
are more of a reddish, orange hue.f ((Jhryseis crocea LiiuU. and of 1st edition.)
1^.
Ordkk Xir. FUMARIACE.E. Fumeworts.
Herbs smooth and delicate, with brittle stems, and a watery juice. Leaves usually
alternate, multifld, often furnished with tendrils. Fh. irregular, purple, white or
yellow. Sepals 2, very small. Petals 4, hypogynous, parallel, one or both of the
outer saccate; 2 inner cohering at apex. Sta. 6, dindHphotis; fll. dilated: anth.
athiate, extrorso, 2 out<.>r 1-celled, middle 2-celled. Ooa. superior, 1 -celled; sty.
Ordeh 12.— FUMARIACE.E.
225
filiform; stig. with one or moro poiuts. Fr. either an iadehiscent nut 1 — 2-seeded,
ur a pod-shaped capsule many-seeded. Sds. shining, ariled. Albumen tleahy.
Illustrations, 42, 43, 44, 818.
Oenera 16, upecies 110, — .some of them beniitiful ami delicate, inhabiting thickets in the tein-
pei-nto regions of the northern hcmispbnre. They possess no rumarlcable action upon tlie anlinnl
economy.
Corolla equally 2-spurre(l or 2-glbbous at base, (a)
Corolla unequal, only one of the petals spurretl. (b)
a Petals not unltetl. deciduous. Not ciitnbins Dioentra. 1
a Petals united, |)ersistent. Plants cliinbini; Aiilumia. 'J
b Fruit poil-shaped, many-.seede<l (Iorypalis. :i
b Fruit a globular, l-seetfed nut : Fu.m aria, i
1. DICtNTRA, Borkh, E.\r-drop. (fir. (Jtf, double; KEvrpov, a
spur ; from the character.) Sepals 2, small ; petals, 4, the 2 outer
equally spurred or gibbous at base, and distinct ; stamens united in 2
sets of three each ; pod 2-valved, many-seeded. — '^■ Fls. in racemes on
scapes. (DiclytiH, DC.)
Low herbs (6')i with white flowers, in .simple racemes Nos. 1, 2
Taller (12'), with purple flowers, in p;inicidate racemes Nos. 8, 4
1 D. cuculldria DO. Fig. 42, 43, 318. Dutohm.vn's breeches. Root bulbi-
feroiis ; rac. 4 — lO-flowered, seound; spurs divergent, elongated, acute, straight. —
Woods, Can. to Ky. A smooth, handsome plant. Rhizomo bearing triangular,
sma'l, pale red, scale-like tubers, forming a loose bulb under ground. Lvs. radical,
maltitid, somewiiat triternate, smooth, with oblong-linear segments, the petioles
rather shorter than the scape. Scape slender 6 — 10' high. Fls. scentless, nod-
ding, whitish, at summit yellow. Pedicels short, axillary to a bract, and with 2
minute braoteoles near the flower. Spurs about as long as the corolla. Apr.,
May.
2 D. Canad^nsia DC. Fig. 44. Squirrel Corn. ^t. subterranean, tuheriferous,
tubers globous, raceme simple, .secund, 4 — 6-flowered ; spurs short, rounded, oh'
tuse, slightly incurved. — A stnootli, pretty plant, common in rocky woods. Can.
to Ky. The rhizome bears a number of roundish tubers about the size of peas,
and of a bright yellow r -J.or. Lv? ladical, subglaucous, biternate, the Itts. deeply
pinnatifld, segments linear-oblong, obtuse, 5 — 8" long. Scape 6 — 8' high, bearing
a few odd-looking flowers. Cor. white, tinged witli purple, fragrant, 5" long.
Sla. 3 on each lip. May, Jn.
3 D. eximia DC. Rhizome sraly ; lvs. numerous ; rar. compound, the branches
cymous ; Jis. oblong, spurs very short, obtuse, incurved ; stigma 2-horned at apex.
— A fine species on rocks, etc., found by Dr. Stirtwell in Yates Co., N. Y,, S. to
N. Car. Lvs. radical, 10 — 15' high, somewiiat triternate, with incisely pinnati-
fld, acute segments. Scape 8 — 12' high, with several (4 — 8) cymes, each with
6 — 10 purplish, nodding (lowers. Cor. 8 — 10' long, \ Jis broad at base. Bracts
purplish, at base of pedicels. Jn., Sopt.f (Corydalis forniosa Ph.)
4 D. formdsa DC. Rhizome many-leaved ; rac. slightly compound ; fls. ovate, in-
flated ; spurs short, rounded, saccate ; stig. entire. — Can. to Or. An elegant and
showy species in cultivation, about the size of the last, with foliage less incised
and lobes rather obtjse. Rac. secuud. tho cymes 2 to 4-flowcred. Fls. bright
purple, about 10" long, by 5 " or 6" wide, the stigma angular, not cleft as in Xo.
3. May, Jl.f
2. ADLUMIA, Raf. MouNTAm Fringe. (Named for /oAh yh//MW,
Washington, D. C, a cultivator of tlie vine.) Sepals 2, minute ; petals
4, united into a fungous, monopetalous corolla, persistent, bigibbous at
base, 4-Iobed at apex ; stamens united in 2 equal sets ; pod 2-valved,
many-seeded. — % A delicate, climbing vine.
A. oirrhdaa Raf. Rocky hills. Can. to N. Car. Stem striate, many feet in
length. Lvs. decompound, divided in a pinnate manner, ultimate divisions 3-
lobed, smooth, their foot-stalks serving for tendrils. Fls. very numerous, in axil-
lary, pendulous, cymous clusters, pale pink. Cal minute. Cor. sliglttly cordate
15
' l>
»v
226
Ordek l.J.— CKUCIFJiR^:.
at base, of 4 petals united into a spongy mass, cylindric, compressed, tapering
upward, 2-lipped. Fine for arbors, Jn., Aug.f
3. CORYDALIS, 1)C. (Gr. name of the Fumitory, from which genu3
this was taken.) Sepals 2, small ; petals 4, one of which is spurred at
the base ; stamens 6, diadelphous ; filaments united into two equal sets
by their broad bases, w hich sheath the ovary ; pod 2-valved, compress-
ed, many-seeded. — Lvs. cauline. Pedicels racemous, bracted.
1 C. glaClca Ph. Glaucous, erect; fls. red, yellow at the tip; pods erect; lobes
of the lits. obtuse, bracts minute.—® Rocky woods. Can. to N. Car., 1 — 3f.
liigii. Lfts. 1' long, 3-lobed, Corolla with a short, blunt spur. Racemes panieled.
Apr.— Jl.
2 C. atirea Willd. Low, diffuse. Anally ascending (8 — 12) ; k>bes of the leaves acute ;
nic. opp. tiie IvH. and ♦erminal; lis. secund, bright yellow, spur deflected; pods
pendulous. — ® Rocky shades. Cor. 6". Apr. — Jl.
ji. MACRANTHA. Fls. 10"; spur nearly as long as the limb. Dakota.
}. FLAVULA Fls. 3 — 4', pale yellow ; spur very siiort ; pet. pointed. Com.
3 C. mont^na Engl. ? Ascending ; rac. terminal ; If.-lobes obtuse ; bracts lanceo-
late; cor. yellow, spur ascerding, nearly as long as the limb ; lower pet. at length
pendent; pods erect, seeds lenticular. South- West.
4. FUMARIA, L. Fumitory. (Lat. fumus, smoke ; from its dis-
agreeable odor.) Sepals 2, caducous ; petals 4, unequal, one of them
spurred at the base ; filaments in 2 sets, each with 3 anthers ; nut
ovoid or globous, 1-seeded and indehiscent. — Lvs. cauline, finely dis-
sected.
F. ofBcin^lis Ji. St. subereet, branched and spreading; lvs. bipinnate; rac.
loose; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute, about as long as the globous, retuse nut. —
A small, handsome, smooth plant, 10 — 15' high, in sandy fields and about gar-
dens, introduced from Europe. Lfts. cut into segments, dilated upwards. Fls.
small, rose-colored, nodding, the pedicels becoming erect in fruit, and twice as long
as the bracts. JL, Aug. § Eur.
s^r
Order XIII. CRUCIFER^. Crucifers.
1 ^^ o « . I 6
(®)
fl20. .\ flowor of Sinopis niffra. 1. The 8tninens (4 lonn
ami '2 short) and jiistll. 2. I'liin of tlie flower,— stumens
in 2 rowti, outer row half wanting. 8. A siliniie, — 4.- |iart)y
open, sliowinjr the septinn with seeds altaelied. 6. Cross
section of a seed, cotyledons cnndufdlcnte (0»). 6. Cross
spctlonof ipecd ofC'npselia, the cotyledons incumbent (1)0).
7. Section of a wintrcd seed uf Arabis (Junadensis, cotyle-
dons iiccunibent (0- ).
Herbs with a pungent, watery Juice, and alternate, exstipulate leaves, v,ritb
flowers cruciform, tctradynamous, generally in racemes, and bractlesa. Sepals 4,
deciduous ; petals 4, hypogynous, with long claws and spreading limbs. Stamens
(J. the 2 outer, opposite ones shorter than the 4 interior. Ovary 2-carpeled, 2-celled
Ordeu i:?.— CRUCIFKR.E.
227
by a false partition, with parietal placentae. Fruit a ailiquc, or silicle. usually 2-
celled. Stigmas 2, sessile. Seeds 2-rowed in eiich cell, but often so intercalated
as to form but one row. Emi»-yo with the 2 cotyledons variously folded on the
radicle. Alhumen 0. ■ ' •
must. 256, 312, 365, 447, 449.
Genera 19.5, xj>ecien 16(HI. This is a vory natural order, larger than any of the preced'r'cr.
Tlie groiiter part of the spocies aru fuund in the teinpenite zone:). About lUO are peculi.r to
this continent.
Propertiei. The Crucifers as a class are of much importance to man. They furnish several
ilimentary articles, which are very nutritious, as tlie 'I'lirnip, Cabbage, Cauliflower ; several
Kthers are used as condiments, as Mustard. Radish, Cochlearia, etc. They all possess a peculiar
:t(M'id, volatile principle, dispersed through every part, otlen accompanied by an ethereal oil
Hhounding in sulphur. Tlicy are also remarkable tor containing more nitrogen than other vege-
tallies, for which reason unmionia is generally evolved in tlieir putrefaction. In medicine they
arc eminently stimulant and antiscorbutic. None are really fioisonous, although very acrid.
The root of Isatis tinctoria atfords a blue coloring matter.
OffM. The genera of this large order were arranged into sub-orders by De Candolle, according
to their various modes of foldini; the cotyledon upon the radicle, which modes are a>i follows:
1. Cotyledons accumbcnt, the radicle turned round and applied to the edges of the cotyledons,
represented thus 0=. 2. C'otyledons incumbent, the radicle applied against tlie back of one of
the cotyledons, || . 3. Cotyledons con<luplicate, radicle folded as in the last case, but the coty-
ledons [lent 60 as partly to enfold it, Q^"^. as in the mustard.
In the analysis of the Crucifers it Is indispensable that the specimens be in fruit as well as
flower, and that the student bring to bear all Ids patience and resolution tn the study of the
above and other forms of str^icture in the seed, however minute. In the following synopsis the
student may use in analysis either the artificial arrangement of the Genera or the less obvious
but more natural arrangement of the
TRIBES.
§ SILIQUOS.,E,— fruit a slliquo opening by valves. (Tribes.)
Tribe 1. Arabiiik^. Seeds flattened, often bordered ; cotyledons 0= Genera 1 — 10
Tribe 2. Sist.mkrk.e. Seeds oblong, not bordered ; cotyledons Oil Gen. 11 — 14
Tribe 8. Bkassick^. Seeds globular, cotyledons 0» Flowers yellow Gen. 15, 16
J§ S1LICUL0S.>E, — fruit a sillcle opening by valves when more than 2-secded. (Tribes.)
Tribe 4. Alvssin'e.c:. Dissepiment broad. Cotyledons 0:= Gen. 17 — 21
Tribe 5. C.\.meline^. Dissepiment broad. Cotyledons || Gen. 22, 23
Tribe 6. TiiLASPE.«. Dissepitnent n...row. Cotyledons 0= Gen. 24
Tribe 7. LKi'iDiNKJi. Dis.sepijnent narrow. Cotyledons || Gen. 25 — 27
Tribe 8. Isatidk*;. Dissepiment 0. Sillcle 1-seeded, indehiscent , Gen. 28
§§S LOMENTACE.^,— fruit a jointed silique, partitioned across. (Tribes.)
Tribe 9. Cakalink.*!. Cotyledons 0=, seeds compressed Gen. 29
Tribe 10. KaphanevB. Cotyledons 0», seeds globous. Gen. 30
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE GENERA.
§ Fruit a .^ilique. Seeds in a double row General, 2
ideeds in n single row. Flowers cyanic (a).
Flowers xanthic (b)
a Flowers purple, single. Stigma capitate. Plant native Genera 8
a Flowers purple (or white and double). Stigmas horned. Cultivated Gen. 4, 14
a Flowers white or roseate. Slliques flattened,— raised on a filiform stipe Gen. 13
—sessile, having no stipe Gen. 6, 6, 7
b Seeds alobular, with cotyledons conduplicate (0») Gen. 16, 16
b Seeds oblong or lons-shiiped. Slliques terete or flattened, velnless Gen. 8, 9
Siliques squarish, valves 1— S-velned Gen. 10, 11, 12
§8 Fruit a sillcle. Sllielo turgid ov flattened, with a broad partition (c).
Sillcle flattened con'rary to the narrow partition (d).
Sillcle %vlth no partition. 1-seeded. Flowers yellow Gen. 29
Ornamental exotics, variously colored. Gardens Gen. 17. IS
C Native plants with— flowers cyanic, white Gen. 19, 20, 23
—flowers yellow. Silicles? oblong Gen. 1
Sillcles ovoid or globular Gen. 21, 22
d Seeds several fnench cell. Sillcle triangular Gen. 28
d Seeds only 2, — one in each cell. The two outer petals larger Gen. 24
The petals all equal Gen. 26, 27
|S§ Fruits loment. Jointed and partitioned across Gen. 29, 3<,'
f: f
'ml
y. ■-.
i
iri
; ■ I
'
[
^ - .■ « *
i ,i , 1
lil'
228
Order 18.— OUUCIFEH^.
1. NASTURTIUM, R. Br. Water Cress. (Lat. nasus tortus ; from
the efftot of these acrimonious plants upon the nose.) Sepals equal at
base, spreading; siliques subterete, generally curved upwards, some-
times shortened so as to resemble a silicic ; valves veinless ; seeds
small, lens-shaped, 00, in a double row (0 = ). — Aquatic plants with
pinnate or pinnatifid Ivs.
* Petals white. Siliques rather long (1(1—12") No. 1
* I'<;tals yellow. Siliques shortened (4 — 8"), but longer than the pedicels (a).
* Petals yellow. Siliques or silicles H — 6") shorter than the pedicels (b).
a Leaves i*innate ur pinnatitld. Diifusely branched Nos. 2, 3
a Leaves lyrate, or merely toothed. Steins erect Nos. 4, 5
b Petals not longer than the calyx, obscure Nos. 6. 7
b Petals longer than the calyx, bright yellow Nos. (S, tf
1 N. o£Scin^le R. Br. English Water Cress. Lvs. pinnate, Ifts. ovate, sub-
cordate, repand; petals white, longer than the calyx. — 2f Brooks and springy
places, rare. (Yellow Springs, O.) Sts. decumbent, thick, branching, 6 — 12 long.
Lfta 3 — 7, broad, mostly rounded at base, obscurely toothed, terminal one
largest. Fla. corymbed. Siliques hardly 1' long. Occasionally cultivated for
salad. May, Jn. § %.
2 N. tanacetifdlium Hook. Tansey-leaved. Upper ka/segm. confluent, lower
distinct, oblong or roundish^ sinuate-toothed teeth obtuse ; pods linear-oblong. — '2)
Damp soils, Ga. and Fla, W. and N. W. to the Miss. Sts. smooth, diflusely
branched from tho base, 4 — 1 2' high. Root lvs. 2 — 4' long narrow, regularly
pinnate with 19 — 15 segm. in the larger plants, the 3 upper segm. often conflu-
ent. Fls. minute. Pods 4 — 8" long, slightly curved, on ped. ^ as long, and
tipped with a distinct but short style. Mar., May.
/3. OBTUSUM. Lfts. mostly distinct, oval, obtuse ; pods shorter (3 to 5"), twice
longer than pedicel. (N. obtusum, Nutt.)
3 N. TVdlteri. Segm. of the lvs. all distinct, narrow, with a few linear, acute lobes
or teeth; pods linear, — 2^ ? 6a (Feay and Pond.) and Car. Rt. thick, blackish,
with many strong fibres. Lvs. numerous, mostly radical or subcauline, 1 — 2
long, finely dissected, the terminal segm. 3-Iobed. Sts. branched fi-om the base
(only?), 3 — 5' high, pubemlent. Fls. minute. Pods slender, about 5 long,
ped. half as long ; style distinct. Mar., Apr. (Sisymbrium Walteri Ell.)
4 N. limdaum Nutt. Lvs. lanceolate, toothed, lower ones pinnatifled at base
(lyrate), upper entire at base; pods eUipiic-oblong (3 — 4"). — (^ Edges of the
Miss., La. (Hale.) Glabrous. Sts. erect, simple, branched only at top, 10 — 16'
high. Lvs. all cauline and petiolate, tiie lower irregularly divided at base, where
they touch the water. Rac. several. Fls. minute. Pods on very short pedicels,
with styles much shorter. Apr., May. Hardly distinct from the next.
5 N. sessiHAdrum Nutt. Lvs, cuneate-obovate, npandly toothed or sub-entire ;
pods linear-oblong (5 — 6 "), subsessile. — (^, Banks of the Miss. Glabrous. Sts.
erect, nearly simple. Lvs. attenuated at base, those of the stem nearly
entire. Fls. minute. Rac. elongated in fruit, both pods and stigmas almost
ses.sile. Apr. — Jn.
6 N. paMatre DC. Marsh Crrss. Glabr<ms ; lvs. pinnately lobed, amplexical,
lobes coufluent, dentate ; rt. fusiform ; pet. as long as the sepals ; silicle spreading,
turgid, twice longer than wide. — U In wet places. St. 1 — 2f high, erect, branched
above. Lvs. 2 — 3' long, all more or less pinnatified, with the terminal lobe
large, ovate. Pis. numerous, small. Silicle 8" long, pedicels twice as long, ollen
deflexed. Jn. — Aug.
7 N. hfspidum DC. Villous; lvs. runcinate-pinnatified, lobes obtusely dentate;
silicles tumid, ovoid or globular, the pedicels longer, ascending; pet. scarcely as
long as the calyx. — @) Banks of streams N. H. to Penn. Stem angular, branched,
1 — 3f high, with many paniculate racemes above. Lvs. 3 — 6' long. Fls.
minute. Silicles 1" long, on pedicels 2—3" long and somewhat spreading. Jn
—Aug.
8 N. sylv^stre R. Br. Wood Cress. Z-va. pinnately divided, segm. serrate or in-
cised: pods liumr. .style very short. — 2/ Wet meadows, near Philadelphia (Nutt)
Ohueu iJ— (JJ^LOIFFUJ!:.
229
If
near Boston (Sprague). Sts. ascending from a prostrate baao. Fls. nitlior largo
and showy. Pet. ^ longer than calyx. Pods nearly J' long, the pudiceLs nither
longer, ascending. Jn., Jl. § Eur.
9 N. sinu^tum Nutt. Lvs. pinnatijied, segm. lance-ohlong, nearly entity ; p'xla
oblong, acute, with a slender style. — Banks of the Miss, opposite St. Louis, southward,
W. to Oregon. Grlabroua and diffusely branched. Lvs. regularly piiuiatitied, the
terminal segm. often confluent. Fls. rather large and showy. Pods about ^'
long, sliglitly curved, the pedicels still longer, spreading or recn.'ved. Jn.
2. TURRITIS, Dillon. Tower Mustard. (Lat. tarrit'iH, turroto«l ;
from the pyramidal form of the plant.) Sepals crept, con vertjfin<ir;
siliqne long, linear, 2-edged ; valves plain, l-veined ; seeds in a double
row (margined in one species) (0=). — Fls. white or rose-colored. Stem
lvs. mostly sagittate-clasping.
1 T. glabra L. Fls. (crenm-white) erect; siliques long i^S), strictly erert ; atein-lvs.
ovate lanceolate. — (Din rocky fields about New Haven (Eaton) and Can, (ilahroa«>.
St. round, simple, l^fhigh. Radical-lvs petiolate, dentate; cauline arrow-siiaped
and half-clasping at base, smooth, glaucous and entire, tiiliques straight and
very narrow. May. § Eur.
2 T. Btricta Graham. Fls. {rose-white) erect; silique long (3), erect, finally ascend-
ing, stem-lvs. linear-lanceolate. — (§) On rocks, N. Y. (rare), W. to Or. Plant glab-
rous. St. straight, erect, simple, 1 — 2f high. Root-lvs. sputulate, remotely den-
ticulate ; stem-lvs. arrow shaped, clasping, erect, nearly entire. Rac. terminal,
elongated in fruit. May.
3 T. brachycirpa Torr & Gr. Fls (paie-purpk) nodding; siliques shorter (l),
spreading. — Lake shores Mich. Glabrous and glaucous, otlon i)urpll3h. Stem
1 — 2f high. Root-lva spatulate, dentate; cauline linear-lanceolate, sagittate and
slaspiug. Fls. rather large.
3. IODANTHUS, Torr. & Gray. False Rocket. (Gr.fc5(5//f violet-
colored, dvOog, flower,) Calyx closed, shorter than the claws of tlie
petals; silique linear, terete, veinless ; seeds arranged in a single row
in each cell (0 = ). — Glabrous, with violet-purple flowers in paniclorl
racemes.
I. pinnatffida Torr & Gr.— ^i- Penn. to 111., S. to Ark. St. slender, furrowed
2 — 3f high. Lvs. thin, sharply dentate, 3 — 5' long, ^ as wide, the lower otleii
lyrate-pinnatifid, those of the stem lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely petiolate.
Rac. terminal and axillary. Petals long-clawed, with an obovate border. Pods
torulous, 15 — 20" long; sds. oblong, plano-convex. May, Jn.
4. MATTHlOLA, R. Br. Sto k. (In honor of P. A. Matthioli,
physician to Ferdinand of Austria, and botanic author.) Calyx closed,
2 of the sepals gibbous at base ; petals dilated ; siliques terete ; stigmas
connivant, thickened or cornute at the back. — Herbaceous or shrubby,
oriental plants, clothed with a hoary, stellate pubescence.
* Perennial or biennial. Stems herbaceous Nos. 1, 2.
* Perennial. Stems shrubby at base Nos. 3, 4.
1 M. ^nnuuB R. Br. Ten weeks' stock. St. erect, branched ; lvs. honry-
canescent, lanceolate, obtuse, subdentate; silique suhcylindrical. — ''X) A tine
garden flower from S. Europe. St. 2f high, and, with the leaves, covered with
a soft, stellate pubescence. Fls. variegated. Jn.f
2 M. OraecuB R. Br. Grecian Stock. St. erect, branched ; lvs. lanceolate,
glahrous; siliques somewhat compressed. — ® From Greece. Plant about If
high, distinguished from the remainder of the genus by its smooth foliage. Fls.
white, appearing all summer.f
3 M. incdnua R. Br. Purple July Flower. St erect, branched; lvs. lance-
olate, entire, hoary-canescent ; Lnliques suhcylindrical, truncate and comprtssod
■■m^
tM
I ^\\'
i ?^
4'd
«#•*
230
Orueh 13.— CRUCIFERiE.
at apex. — 1\. One of the most popular flowors of the genu-^, native of Englmd,
etc. St. 2f liigli. Fls. purple. — Several varieties are enumerated, aa the double
flowcrtil, Brompton Stock, Brompton Queen. Jn.f
4 M. fenestrsllis R. Br. Erect, simple; Ivs. crowded, recurved, undulate,
downy ; siliques downy, broadest at base. — % From S. Europe. Plant If high.
Fis. numerous, large, purj)le. Jl., Aug.f
5, DENTARIA, L. Pepper-root. (Lat. dens, a tooth ; from the
tooth-like projections of the rhizome,) Sepals converging ; silique
lance linear, with flat, veinless valves, often opening elastically; placentie
not wiiigt'd ; sds. in a single row, ovate, not bordered ; funiculus broad
(0— ). — Rhizome "U. Lvs. palmately divided, those of the stem but 2
or ^, somewhat whorled. Fls. white or purplish, in a terminal
racenic.
• Lo.ivns (if tlio .<tcin sub-opposttP or stib-vorticillato Nos. 1 — 3
• J.i'avfti of the stem alturnatu Nos. 4, 5
1 D. diphyila L. St. 2-kaved ; Ifls. subovate ; rhizome continuous, toothed. — In
woods and wet meadows. Can. to Car., W. to the Miss. St. about If high,
round, .smooth, with 2, nearly opposite, ternate leaves above the middle. Lfts.
on very short stalks, the lateral ones oblique, all with rounded, mucronato, un-
efjual teeth. Fls. racemed, large, white ; the petals much larger than the calyx.
The rof)tstock is long and largo in proportion to the plant, beset with teeth, with
a pungent, aromatic taste. May.
2 D. laciniata Muhl. Cauline lvs. 3, ^-parted, the divisions lanceolate or linear-
oblong, obtuse, hbed, toothed or entire ; rhiz. moniliform. — In woods. Can. and U.
S. The rootstock consists of several connected tubers of a pungent taste. Stem
If liigh, smooth, simple. Lvs. usually in a whorl about half way up, the segm.
with very irregular, mucroiiate teeth, rarely subentire, lateral ones sometimes
cut nearly to the base, rendering the leaf almost quinate. Root-lvs. generally
wanting. Fls. racemed, purplish. Apr., May.
3 D. multifida Muhl. Cauline lvs. mostly 3, and verticillate, rarely 2, muUifid
tviih numerous linear lobes ; rhiz. tuberous. — In woods, N. Car, to Ala., rare. St.
G — 10' higli. Lvs. finely dissei-te I in a bi- or triternate manner. Fls. white,
smaller than in the above species.
4 D. maxima Nutt. Stem about 3-leaved (2 to 7); lfts. ,3, ovate, toothed or cleft;
rhiz. moniliform, the tubers toothed. — N. Y. and Penn., rare. Tubers of the
rootstock thick as the finger, an inch or more in length. St. 1 — 2f high, bear-
ing a lengthened raceme, with pale purple flowers which are larger than in No. 1,
and several alternate, remote, ternate, petiolate lvs. Lfts. sharply and •^ arsely
cut-toothed or lobed. May.
5 D. heteroph^lla Nutt. St. about 2-leaved{2 or 3), leaflets 3, lanceolate and nearly
entire: root-lvs. of 3, ovate-oblong, toothed and cut-lobed lfts.; rhiz. moniliform,
scarcely toothed. — Penn., Va., Ky. A small and delicate species, some 6' high.
Tubers of the root few (1 — 3), oblong. Radical If. always present, long-petioled.
Tiie alternate stem-lvs. small (I' long), also petiolate. Fls. few (6 — 9), pale-
purple. Jn.
6. CARDAMINE, L. Bitter Cress. (Gr. Kapdia, heart, dafido),
to strengthen ; from its stomachic properties.) Calyx a little .spreading,
silique linear with flat, veinless valves, narrower than the dissepiment,
anil often opening elastically from the ^a«e ; stigma entire ; seeds not
margined, with a slender funiculus (0 — ). Fls. white or purple.
• Leaves pinnate, with many leaflets Nos. 1, 2
• Leaves simple, or partly ternate. Roots mostly perennial, (a)
a Btyle slender. In ln*w, wet grounds Nos. 8, 4
a Style none. In high mountains Nos. 5, 6
1 C. hirsiita L, St. (hirsute in Europe) glabrous, erect; lvs. pinnately 5 — 11-
foliaie, terminal 1ft. largest ; fls. (white) small, silique erect, linear or filiform ; atig.
Order 13.— CKUCIFKR^ 23!
minute, sessile. — (i) Common in streams and springy places throughout the country.
Aspects various ; st. varying from tllitbrm to thick unci lioshy. Lfts. few or many,
regular or not, lobed, toothed, angled or entire, always obtuse, terminal one gen-
oraliy 3-lobed. Pods always torulous and straight (except in /9) about 1' long.
Mar. — Jn.
li. ViiujiNicA Hook. Slender and delicate ; lfts. 1 or 2-toothed ; pods filiform,
incurved. — Grows on rocks and sandy shores.
2 C. prat6nBi> L. Cuukoo Flower. St. asanding, simple ; Ivs. pinnatelyl — 15-
filiate, lfts. petiolate, subentire, lower ones suborbicular, upper linoar-lanceolate ;
sty. distinct. — 21 Swamps, N. Y. to Arc, Am. Whole plant smooth. St. round,
striate, 10 — 16 high. Lvs. few, 1^ — 2' long, including the petiole. Lfts. small
or minute, regular. Fls. largo (>> — 8 ' broal). ftnv, in a terminal raceme. Pet.
whik; ur rosu-color. Siliques nearly 1' in length, erect. Apr., May,
3 C. rhomboidea DC. Sts. simple, erect or ascending, tuber iferous at base;
siliqms linear-lanceolate, — H Wet woods and meadows, cotnnion. Glabrous,
8 — 14 high. Tubers 1 to several, roundisli. white, bearing one or several stems.
Kadical leaves roundish, long-stalked, somewhat cordate, entire; stem lvs.
oblong or rhomboidal, angular-subdentate, thj upper lanceolate, sessile. Ra-
cemes one or two, with white, showy, flowers. Styles 1 ' long; stigmas capitate.
Apr. — Jn.
J. PUBPUUEA. Torr. Slender, erect, few-leaved and purple-flowered. — Cleve-
land, 0., &c. May.
4 C. rotundifdlia Mx. Sts. decumbent, branching, finally stoloniferous ; lvs. all
petiolate; siliques linear-suhulate ; rt. flbrou^. — 21 Cool springs and rivulets in
Mts., Penn. to Car. (Buckley). Prostrate stems o/ rimners 1 — 2f in length. Lvs.
roundish, subeordate angular, the lower 3-lobed or ternate, with the terminal
Ift. much tiie largest. Fls. smaller than in No. 3, white. May, Jn.
5 C. bellidifdlia L. Lr.s. stnooth, orbicular-ovate, nearly entire, petiolate;
cauline entire or 3-lobed; siliques erect. — If A minute species, on the summits of
the White Mts. (Storrs), &a ; also, Arc, Am. to Cal. Stem 1^ — 3' high. Lva
mostly radical, broadly oval or ovate, \' long, on petioles as long as the stems.
Fascicles corymbous, each of 3 or 4 white flowers. Pet. oval, obtuse, about twice
as long as the calyx, Jl.
6 C, spatulata Mx. Lvs. hirsute, the radical spatulate, petiolate ; cauline
sessile, siliques spreading. — D Mts. of Car. and Ga. Sts. decumbent, slender,
G — 8 long. Lvs. about 1' in length, the lower entire, obtuse; the upper some-
what toothed, narrow. Rac several, loose, with filiform, spreading, distant
pedicels. Fls. white. Pods straight, I' long. Apr.
7. ARABIS, L. Rock Cress. (Name from Arabia, the native coun-
try of some of the species.) Sepals mostly erect; silique linear com-
pressed ; vah (^s each with one or three longitudinal veins, seeds in a
sintifle row in each cell, mostly margined, cotyledons accumbeut or
oblicjue. — Fls. white.
♦ Leaves (all or at least the radical) pinnatifld Nos. 1, 2.
* Leaves all undivided, tootlied or entire, often clas|)ln^. (a)
a Siliques sliort (6—12") and straisjlit. Seeds not winged Nos. 3, 4.
a Siliques longer (1 — \i'\ straisrlit or curved. Seeds not winged Nos. 5, 6.
a Siliques long (3'), curved, [tendant. Seeds winged Nos. 7, 8.
1 A. Ludovici^na Meyer. All the lvs. pinnatifid or pinnate, smoothish; st.
branched at base ; siliques and pedicels ascending ; sds. bordered. — (D N. Car.
and Ky. (Curtisl to (Macon) Ga. Sts. 6—10' high, slender. Leaves 1—2' long,
at first rosulate, of 6—9 pairs of oblong, few-toothed leaflets, rachis slightly
winged. Pods 7 — 10" by 1 ", valves veiny. Pis. minute, white. Mar., Apr,
2 A. lyrdta L. Upper lvs. smooth, linear, entire ; radical lvs. lyrately pinnatifld,
often pilous ; st. branched at base ; pedicels spreading ; siliques erect, sa Is not
bordered.— (^. On rocky hills, Can. and Wis, to Va. Sts. declined at base, 6 — 12'
high. Root-lvs. numerous, rosulate, 1 — 3' long, i as wide, petiolate, pinnatifld or
sinuate-dentate, upper ones sublin"ar and subentire. FLs. middle size (3" long)
■Jl '.!
■'■■ jF ^t
!!llH
2^■3•^
Okuer 13— fRIMJIFKUvK.
SiliquoH who'll mature U — 2 long, 1" wide, tipped with a short style. Cotj-ledons
obliqueiy 0^ or nearly'o|. Apr., May.
fi, A variety (A. pe ik.ea Lam. ?) has very slender, upright stems, snnxith, a
few Sintill, incised loot-Ivs., few linear stem-lvs. and cotyledons wlioUy 0— . —
Shores of the great lakes (Ohio), Can.
3 A. Thali^na L. Mouse-ear Ckess. Sta, branched at base, erect ; Ivs. piloH.H,
oblong, nearly entire ; petals twine longer than calyx; pods erect, sciuarish. — '1 Kocks
and sandy fields, Yt. to 111. and Car. Whole plant pubescent with stellato-liairs.
St. several from ihe same root, erect, simple, slender, 4 — 12' high. Root-lvs.
rosulato, petiolatc, 1—2 long, cauline ai»presscd, an inch long, bjwo somewiiat
clasping. Fls. small, white. Pods 6 — 8" long. Cotyk-uons obliquely (i||. May.
§ Kur. (Sisymbrium, Gay.)
4 A. dentita Torr. & Gr. Sts. branched at base, diffuse; Ivs. roughi-sh-downy,
oblong, sharply toothed; petals hardly longer than calyx; j)ods spreading. — 1^
River banks, N. Y. to Mo. Plant scalirous with stellate hairs. S(s. decumbent,
a foot high. Root-lvs. 2' long by J; cauline half-clasping witli an uuriculate
base, all very obtuse and ii-regularly toothed. Pis. small, whitish. I'oils very
slender, 1' long. May.
5 A. patens Sullivant. Erect, pubescent; cauline Ivs. coarsely toothed : siliquns
spreading and curved upwards, beaked with a distinct style. — Rocky banks of thu
Scioto, O. (Sullivant), and southward. Sts. 1 — 2f high. Koot-lvs. rosulate, petio-
late; stom-lvs. oblong-ovate or linbnr, auriculate-clasping. Fls. rather large (5 — G '
broad), white. Pods nearly 2' long. May.
6 A. hirsfita Scop. Erect, hirsute ; radical Ivs. oblong-ovate, tapering to a pe-
tiole, cauline oval or lanceolate, sagittate-clasping, entire or toothed ; siliques
straight, erect ; sty. none. — @j Found in low, rocky grounds. Can. to Va., \V. to
Oregon. Sts. 2 or more from the same root, round, hairy at base, near a foot
high, slender and parallel. Lvs. scarcely dentate, sessile, with heart-shapi d or
arrow-shaped bases, the upper acute. Fls. greenish-white. Siliques 1 — 2 long. Jn.
7 A. laevigata DC. Tall, glaucous, smooth; stem-lvs. linear-lancoolate, and
linear, sagittate-clasping, tlie ujjper entire ; siliques very long, linear, at length
sprea ling and pendulous. — % In rocky woods and low grounds, Can. to Tenii.
and westward. St. 2f high, round, simple, or branched above. Root-lvs. often
purplish, obovate and oblong, petiolat-^ j- — IJ' long, J as wide, with acute teeth.
Stem-lvs. 3 — 5' long and very narr • . Fls. erect, greenish, the petals hardly
longer than the calyx. Siliques 3' long, scarcely 1" wide. May,
8 A. Canadensis L. Sickle Pod. TaW, pubescent ; stem lvs. lanceolate, ]>ointfd
both ways, sessile ; silique subfakate, veined, pendulous. — %■ On rocky hills Can.
to Ga., W. to Ark. A plant remarkable for its long, drooping pods which resem-
ble a sickle-blade, or rather a scythe. St. 2 — rff high, slender, round, smooth.
Lvs. 3 — 5' long, } as wide, the lowest early marescent, middle and upper ones
sessile or clasping, with narrow bases, remotely denticulate. Fls. small, the nar-
row, white petals twice longer than the calyx. Pods slender, flattened, :;' long.
May, Jn.
8. CHEIRANTHUS, L. Wall Flower. (Arabic Mcyry, the iiainc
of a certain plant, and Gr. dvBog, flower.) Calyx closed, 2 of the sepals
gibbous at base ; petals dilated ; silique terete or compressed ; stigma
2-lobed or capitate ; seeds flat, in a single series, often margined. ('> — ).
Garden perennials, mostly European. Lvs. undivided.
C. Cheiri L. St. somewhat shrubby and decumbent at ba.se ; lvs. entire or
slightly dentate, lanceolate, acute, smooth ; branches angular ; petals obovate ;
siliques erect, acuminate. — '4 From S. Europe. A popular garden flower, ad-
mired for its agreeable fragrance, and handsome corymbous clusters of orange
or yellow flowers. Plant about 2f high. Jn.f
9. LEAVENW6RTHIA, Torr. (Named for Dr. Leaceutvorth, the
discoverer.) Calyx rather erect ; petals cuneate, retuse or truncate ;
Order 13.— CRUCIFEU.E.
233
fiiliquc flat, linear or oblong, valves indistinctly veined ; seeds in a single
I'ttw, flattened, wing-margined ; embryo nearly straight, curving towards
an accnmbent form. — ^g; Low, smooth herbs with lyrate-pinnatifid U's.
FIs. yellowish.
L. Micbaiizii Torr. (and L. aurea Torr.). Oa wet rocka S. K. Ky. to Texas.
Plant 2 — 6 high. Lvs. mostly radical, an inch or two in leriii^th, segin. I — 5,
angular. FIs. at first solitary, on slender scapes, fluully raceined. Petals twico
longer than the sepals, yellow, at least its broad claws. Podi erect, 3 — S-seoded.
Mar., Apr. (Cardauiine unifiora. M.x.)
10. BARBAREA, R. Br. Winter Cress. (In honor of ^Sf^ Bav'
hunt who dis»;overed [what are since unknown] its medicinal proper-
ties.) Sepals erect; siliqnes columnar, 2 or 4-angled, valves carinato
with a mid-vein ; seeds in a single row (0 = ). — Lvs. lyrate-pinnatifid.
FIs. vellow.
1 B. vulgaris R. Br. Upper lvs. toothed or pinn^^tifid at base ; siliques obscurely
■i-angled, pointed with the style. — J) Fields and brookside.s, common, N". States.
Whole plant glabrous. St. furrowed, 1 — 2f high, branching above. Lower lvs.
lyraie pinnatifid, with small, oblong pintue, and a large, broad-ovate, terminal lobe,
dark green, shining, with clasping petioles ; upper lvs. sessile, all very obtuse. — FIs.
in dense racemes. Pods about 9" long, usually curved, ascending or erect. May, Ju.
2 B. precox R. Br. Belle isle Cress. Sccrvy Grass. Upper lv.s. pinnati-
lid, witii the lobes all linear-oblong; silique 2-edged. — %■ Cultivated southward
f )r salad, and sparingly naturalized. St. slender, If high. Lower lvs. with the
terminal lobe ovate. Siliques 2 or 3' long. Apr., Jn.
11. ERYSIMUM, L. False Wall Flower. (Gr. f:pvG), to cure ; from
its salutary medicinal properties.) Calyx closed ; siliques columnar,
4-sided, valves with a strong mid-vein ; stigma cap'.tate ; seeds in a sin-
gle series ; cotyledons oblong, 0||. — FIs. yellow.
1 E. cheiranthoides L. Pubescence minute, apprr^sed, branched; lvs. lanceo-
late, denticulate, or entire; fls. small; siliques sfiou (8 — 10"), on slender, spread'
i/iq pediceli ; stig. small, nearly sessile. — 'i) By s'i-eams and in wet grounds, U. S.
and Can., not common. St. erect, 1 — 2f hi'^n, often branched, and, with the
leaves, 8cal)rous. Lvs. acute at each end, 1- -2' long, ^ as wide. Fls. small, yel-
low, in long racemes. Siliques ^ to near 1' in length, linear, and somewhat
pjjreadin;;. Jl.
2 E. ArkauB^num Nutt. Yellow Phlox. Scabrous, with an appressed pu-
be.scence ; st. simple ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, remotely djntute, sessile, lower ones
runcinate-toothed ; inflorescence racemous, corymbod at summit ; siliques long
(3), erect, on short, erect pedicels ; stig. capitate. — ^@ A fine plant, with large,
showy flowers, resembling the wall-flower, on bluffs along rivers, Ohio to Ark.
iSt. 1 — .'U'liigli, slender. Lvs. 2 — 3' by 3 — 6". Sep. straw-colorod. Petals large,
bright-orange yellow. Siliques 3' long. Jn., Jl.
12. SISYMBRIUM, Allioni. (An ancient Greek name.) Calyx half-
spreading, equal at base; petals unguiculate, entire : silique subterete,
valves concave, marked lengthwise with 1 — 3 veins; style very shcrt;
seeds in a single series, ovoid, 0||. — Fls. (yellow) small.
1 S. officinale Scop. Hedge Mustard. Lvs. runcinate ; rac. slender, virgate;
siliques subulate, erect, closely appressed to the rachis. — ^T) A common weed, in
fields, roadsides, rubbish, etc., Can. and U. S. St. 1 — 3f high, with spreading
branches. Lower lvs. 3 — 8' by 1 — 3', the lower segments placed at right angles
to the niidvein, or pointing backwards, the terminal segment largest. Upper lvs.
Ib 3 lanceolate segments at right angles. Fls. small, yellow, terminating the ra-
M
M
' <»'':i
f ^^
■j: u
234
Order 13— caUCIFERJS.
ceme, which becomes 1 — 2f loa}?, and environed by the appressed sesaile podsi
Jn., Sept. Medicinal. § lilur.
2 S. Sdphia L. Fuxweed. Z-vs. fcjpmna^i/frf, lobes linear-oblong, acute, incised;
sepals longer than the petals : sUique linear, slender, erect, longer than the spread-
ing pedicel. — Plaf.tsburg, N. Y. (Mrs. Conant), and Can. along the St. Lawrence.
Sterns erect, 1 — 2f high. Leaves ovate in outline, finely dissected, almost tripin-
natifid. Fls. very small, pale yellow. Siliques 1' long, very narrow, in long
racemes. July.
3 S. can^scens Nutt. Tansey Mustard. Lvs. bipinnately divided, canesocnt,
lobes oblong or lanceolate, subdentate, obtuse; pdala about equalling the inly x;
siliques oblong-linear, as-ending, sliorter {or never longer) than the spreading pedi-
cels. — 'T, Arctic Sea to Florida. Plant 1 — 2f high, olten nearly smooth. Lvs.
about 3' long, ses.sile, lance-oblong in outline, segn. 5 — 7 paiis, finely divided.
Fls. very small. Siliques 3 — 6" in length, the seeds somewhat 2-rowed. Variiible.
Mar., Jn.
i3. WAREA, Nutt. (Named in lionoi- of Mr. Ware, tlio discoverer.)
Sepals colored, ligulate ; petals with very slender claws, longer than
the lamina; silique flattened, long and slender, raised on a slender
stipe; stamens nearly equal, 0||.— X Glabrous, entire-leaved plants, with
the aspect of Cleomc. Fls. white or purple, in short racemes. Siliques
carved and declinate.
1 W. ouneifolia Nutt. Lvs. oblong, obtuse, cumaie nt base, and sub-sessile. —
Dry hills, Ga. (Mettauer) and Fla. St. 1 — 2f high, branched above. Lvs. ^ — 1
long, rather thick, t'le upper linear. Fls. in showy clusters at the summits of the
branches, white or purplish. Pedicels divergent. Sta. exserted, with the anth-
ers finally circini'te. Petal? with remarkably slender claws 2 ' in length, lamina
1". Siliques IJ' or more in length, 4 times longer than the filitbrm stipe.
Jn., Aug.
2 'W. amplezifdlia Nutt. Lvs. oblong-ovate, partly clasping. — T) Fla. In all
other respects like No. 1, and in all probability not distinct from it.
14. HcSPERIS, L. Rocket. (Gr. tanepa, evening; when the
flower is most fragrant.) Calyx closed, furrowed at base, shorter than
the claws of the petals ; petals bent obliquely, linear or obovate ; sil-
ique 4-sidyd, 2-edged or subterete ; seeds not margined ; stigmas
forked, with the apices converging (0||). — Fls. cyanic.
1 H. matrondlis L. St. simple, erect ; lvs. lanceolate-ovate, denticulate ; petals
emarginate, mucronate ; pedicels as long as tiie calyx. — A line garden peren-
nial, said to be found np.tive about Lake Huron. St. 3 — 9f high. Fls. purple,
often double, and white in /3 hortensis. June — Aug. f Eur.
2 H. dprica L. St. erect, simple, pubescent ; lvs. oblong, oV.use, entire, Hliate
hispid; pedicels as long as the calyx. — 2^ From Siberia. Sr,em a foot high.
Fla. purple. May, Jn., f.
15. SINAPIS, Tourn. Mustard. (The Greek name, aivdm.) Sepals
equal at base, spreading; petals ovate, with straight claws; siliques
subterete ; valves veined ; style short and subulate, or ensiform ; seeds
in a single series, globidar (0»). — Fls. always yellow.
1 S. nigra L. Black Mustard. Smooth ; silique smooth, somewhat^ A-angled,
appressed to the rachis, and beaked with a slender, 4-sided style. — T^ In culti-
vated grounds and waste places. St. 3 — 6f high, round, smooth, striate, branch-
ing. Lvs. all petiolate, lower ones variously lyrate and dentate, upper ones
lance-linear, pendulous, entire. Sep. and pot. sulphur-yellow. Pods very nume-
rous, nearly 1' long. Sds. nur ^.c.ous, small, globous, nearly black, well known
as a condiment Ju.. July. X % Eur.
Order 13.— CRUCIFER^.
235
2 S. arv^nsis L. Field Mustard. St. and leaves hairy; silique smooth, many-
angled, torulotis, spreading, about 3 times Icnger than the tl^nder, amipital style. — 1,1
Naturalized in N. Y. (T. and G.) and in Vt. (Robbina). Lower Ivs. lar^;*', subly-
rate-pinnatifld, upper ones oblong-ovate, all repand-loot! ed. Silique somi'whiit
spreading, IJ' long. Sds. large and black. Jn.. Aug., § Eur.
3 S dlba L. White Mustard. Lv?. smootliish; siliques hispid, toroso,
shorter rhan the ensiform beak sds. largo, pale yellow. — T) Native of Europe. St.
2 — 6f high, thinly hirsute. Lvs. all lyrately pinnate, dentate, petiolute. Sili(iues
spreadinjr, about 4-seedeii. The seeds are us( i1 for about the same purijusen as
those of S. uij.ra, esteemed in medicine. Jn., jl. t
16. BRASSICA, L. Cabbage, etc. (Celtic bre.sic, the r ii)b u, .)
Sepals e(jual at base, (mostly) erect ; petals obovate ; filaments -vitlioi.t
teeth; silique sub-coiiipressed, valves concave, with a central /.• u;
st\ le sliort, siibterete, obtuse ; seeds yjlobous, in a single (often (Jouble)
row (U»). — Fls. yellow.
1 B. camp-^BtriB L. Cale. Lvs. somewhat fleshy and glaucous, the lower lyra<^e-
Ueutato. subciliate, upper ones cordate-amplexicaul, acumiuate. — Q) Cultivated
iields and waste places. St. 1 J — ;^f high, with a few, scattered, reversed hairs
below. Lower lvs. 3 — 7' long, ^ as wide, upper smaller, entire, with rounded
• clasping lobes at base, tapering to an obtuse point. Rac. 1 — 2( long. Sep.
erect, spreading. Cor. yellow, 4 — 5" diar^ Siliques L]' long, with the style ^'.
Sds. small, dark brown. Jn., Jl. § Sweden.
/3 RUTAUAO\. Swedish Turnip. Rt. tumid, napiforni, subglobous. yellowish.
— Cultivated lilce the common turnip: but alter a thorough experiment, it is
conceded oy farmers to be inferior in value to that root, although it grows to
an enormous size. ^.
2 B. rdpa L. Radical lvs. lyrate, rough, not glaucous, caulino one.-; incised,
upper entire, smooth. ^.
ii uepressa. CommOxV Turnip. Rt. depressed, globoua or napiform, contracted
below into a -lender radicle. — v^ Long cultivated tor the table, etc, i!i gar-
dens and fields. St. 2 — 4f high, and with the leaves di 'p gnen. Upper
lvs. amplexicaul. Pods 1' long. Sds. small, reddish-brown. Jn. ]:
3 B. olerekcea L. Cabbage. Lvs. very smooth and glaunm^; llcshy, repaml-
toothed or lobed. — 2 Native of Europe, where it grows on rocky shores and
cliffs, with no appearance of a head, forming a surprising contrast with the cul-
tivated varieties. The excellence of the cabbage as a pot-herb needs no en-
comium. \,
tj BULL ATA. Savoy Cabbav^k. Lvs. curled, subcapitato wlien young, finally
expanding.
T- BorRYTis-CAUUKf/'mA. CAULIFLOWER. St. low ; lids. thick, comi)a('t, termi-
nal ; tis. abortive, on «hort, fleshy peduncles. J.
d liOTKYTis A,si'AKA<;oii>K(4 Bkoccoli. St. taller ; hds. subramous ; branches
flesh} at the summit, conwHting of clusters of abortive flower-buds. j.
c CAPiT.iTA. Head Cabbage. St. short; lvs. concave, packed in a dense
head before floweriitg ; rac. pjiuiculate. \.
i7. ALYSSUM, L. Madwort. (Or. a, privative, Xvnoa, rage ; sup-
posed by the ancients to allay anger.) Calyx equal at base; petals
entire; some of the stamens with f<'eth ; silicic oibicular or oval, with
valves flat or convex in the centre ; ft^eds 1 — 4 in ea<h cell (0 — ). —
Showy European herbs.
1 A. Baxiitile L. Rock Altssim. Madwokt. St. aufTfruticoi s at basi', sub.
corymboua; lvs. lanceolate, entire, downy; silicle otxirate-oibirular, 2-seeded ; sda.
margined. — An early-flowering garden perennial, native of Candia. St. If
high, with uumorouB yoUow flowora in close coryuibous i^uiM^^es. Apr.,
May. f.
''!H
IK"''''
'^'i^
^ft,''^
,4
m
W;
■ '5>- '!
■-■v
■■^s
■■^^
n:
lii
'm
236
UKDER 13.— CRUCIFER^.
%^
m
2 A. marftimum Latn. Sweet Alysscm. St. suffruticous and procumbent
at biise ; Iva. linear-lanceolate, acute, somewluit hoary; pods oval, smooth. —
2^ A sweet-scented garden plant, witli fino leaves and small white flowers.
St. a foot in length. Fls. from Jn. to Oct. — All the species of Alyssum are of
easy culture in common loam}' soils. \.
18. LUNARIA, L. Honesty. (L:it. Inna, the moon ; from the broad,
rouiul silick'S.) Sepals soincwliat bisaccate at base ; petals nearly en-
tire ; stamens without teeth ; silicle pedicellate, elliptical or lanceolate,
with flat valves ; funiculus adhering to the dissepiment (0 = ).
1 L. rediviva L. Peresmal Satin Flower. St. erect, branching; Ivs.
ovale, cordate, petiolate, nmcronately serrate; silicles lanceolate, narrowed at
earh end. — If From Germany. Stem 2 — 3f high. Fls. li^ht purple. Jn.f
2 L. biennis DC. Honesty. St. erect ; Ivs. witli obtuse teeth ; silides oval,
obtuse at both ends. — (;2. These are large, hairy plants, native of Germany. Sts.
8 — if high. Lvs. cordate. Fls. lilac-colored. The broad, round, silvery
silicles are the most remarkable feature of the plants. May, Ju.f
i9. DRABA, L. Whitlow Grass, ((ir. rf(;^//3r;, acrid, bitincf ; from
the taste of the ])lant.) CaJyx equal at base; petals equal ; filaments
without veeth ; silicle oval or oblong, entire, the valves flat or slightly
convex, veined ; seeds not niargiiied, 2-rowed iu each cell (0 = ). — Fls.
wliite, rarely yellow. Plants small.
? Ekophila (DC). Pot.ils 2-partoil No. 1
'S Dkaha jtroper. Petiils entire or miiy eiiiiiijziiuito. (a;
a Stylo loni; <ir short, biii distinct. 1'lant.s porcnniiil Nos. 2, 8
a Style none Phints unniiiil or biennial, (b)
b Petliccl 11- lon^' lis or longer tliiin the siliclo No.s. 4, 5
b I'eiUcel amorter than the silicle Nos. 6, 7
1 D. (Er6pbila) -v^ma L. Whitlow Grass. Scape naked; lvs. oblong,
acute, subserrate, huiry ; petals sitid ; stig. sessile : silicle oval, flat, shorter than
the pedicel. — ^^1) A little, early-flowering plant in grassy fields, rather rare, Can.
to Va. Lvs. all radical, lancetjlate, j — 1\' long, ^ as wide, witii a few teeth
towards the end. Scape a tew indies iiigli, with a rac. of 5 — 15 small, white
flowers. Cal, spreading. Petals ck'il lialf way down. Silicles about a lino wide
3 long, with deciduous valves. Apr., May.
2 D. arabisans Mx. St. leafy, erectly branched, pubescent; lvs. lanceolate,
minutely dentate; silicle oblong-lanceolate, smoo\\\, longer than the pedicel; sty.
short but distinct. — Luke sliores. Willoughby, Vt., N. Y., Micii. Sts. several
from the .same root, ti — 8' high. Radical lvs. about I' long, forming rosuiate
tufts at the top of the short radical shoots; cauiino somewhat clasping. Fls.
white, in a short raceme. Silicles elongated (4 — 6 '), twisted when ripe so as to
appear double. May.
3 D. ramosisBima Dei^^. Minutely pubescent ; sti. numerous ; lvs. linear-
lanceolate, with remote and skndtr teeth, upper ones entire; rac. I'orymbously
paniculate ; silicle lanceolate, about the kmjth of the pedicel, the style half oa' long.
— On rocks, Harper's Ferry, Va., W. to Ky, Sts. slender. 4 — 10 long, the bar-
ren ones with tufted loaves at top. Lvs. about 1' long, with one or two teeth ou
each side. Fls. white. Silicles H in lengtii, ascending. .\pr.. Ma}'.
4 D. nemordlis Khrh. St. pubescent, branched : lvs. oval, cauline, lanceolate,
tootiied ; pet. emarginate ; silicles oblong-elliptical, half the kngth of the pedireLs ;
seids nearly HO. — Mich., Mo. Plant slender, 8 — 10' liigli. St. witli a few
blanches. Lvs. mostly radical. Rac. mucli elongated in fruit, with very loug
peilu'eis. Fls. minute, yellowish- white. May.
5 D. brachycdrpa Nutt. Minutely pubescenr ; radical lv,s roundish-ovate,
petiolate. cauline oblong or linear, slightly dentate or entire ; rac, many-flowered,
Sitraigiit. elongated in fruit; petals > >vate, entire: silicle ov: ' glabrous, about as
long as the jiedicels, 10 — i2-seedeU. — 4 Gratiiij' |,laceB uoar .:)t. Louis, S. to La.
■fM
OKUKit 1 ;$.— CKL'CIFKR.K.
237
St branched and leafy, 2 — i' high. Silicles scarcely 2" in length. Mar.,
Apr.
6 D. cuneifdlia Nutt. Hirsute, pubes'^ jnt; st. branching and leafy below,
iiiiki'd above; Ivs. runeate-obbiig, sesaile, denticulate; rac. elongated in fruit;
silicUfi tvvii-e longer than the pedicels. 20 — '30-seeded. — Fields, Ky. to La. Plant
.S — 8 liigh. Fls much larger than in the preceding. Petals white, nearly thrice
longt'T than the sepals. Mar., Apr.
7 D. Carolini^na Walt. Lvs. ovate-roundhh, entire^ Hspid ; silkies linear,
smoDtii, longer than tlie pedicels, corytnbous, 30 — 40-seeded. — Satiiiy fields, Ot.,
R. I.. S. to (Ja. i^t. 1 — ;{' high, leafy at base, hispid, naked and smooth above.
Lvs. clustered on the lower part of the stem, very hairy. Petals white, twice as
long as tlie sepals. Silicic 6" long, rather obtuae, nmootli (or minutely hispid in
i:l '!). Apr. — Jn. (D. micrautha Nutt.)
20, ARMORACIA, Rupp. II<>rse Radish. (Artnorica, its native
country, now tlie ]>rovin('e Brittany, France.) Calyx equal at base,
sp'-.-adinsi;; petals entire, much exceeding the calyx; filaments tooth-
k-:"- ; silicles ellipsoid or gk/bular, turgid, 1-cellcd from the incomplete
partition; stylo distinct; seeds few (0 = ). — H- Lvs. oblong, undi-
vided, or the lower pinnatifid. Fls. white.
1 A. Tustic^na Rupp. Radical lvs. oblong, crenate; cauline long, lanceolate,
dentate or incised, sessile; s Hide roundish, ellipsoid, viuch longer than the style.
— 2i A cr)mm()n garden herb, sparingly naturalized in wet grounds. Rt. tieshy,
large, wliite, very acrid. St. 2 — 3f hiifh, angular, smootii, branching. Radical
lvs. near ' loot long, l as wide, on long channelel petioles. Lower stcin-lvs.
often cut 111 a piunatitid manner, upper toothed or entire. Fls. not large.
Silide much shorter than the spreading pedicels. The root is a well known con-
diment for ro;ist beef and other viands. Jn. § Eur. (Cochlearia L.)
2 A. Americana Am. Aquatic ; immersed leaves doubly pinnatifid with
capillary segments, emersed oblong, pinnatifid, serrate or entire; silicle ovoid,
little bnrjer than the style. — Lakes and rivers, dm., N. Y. to Ky. Fls. not large
(4' broad). Silicic 2 ' long, on long spreading pedicels, much as in No. L (Nas-
turtium lacustre Gray. N. uatans (J. Americanum ejusd. Cochlearia aquaticu
Eaton ?)
21. VESICARIA, Lam. Bladder pod. (Lat. vesica, a bladder or
blister; fr<>i. tiie inflated silicles.) Petals entire ; silicle globous or
ovoid; intiatet,! alves nerveless, hemispherical or tonvex ; Keeds several
in each cell, sometimes margined (0 = ). — Fls. yellow.
1 V. Shortii Torr k Gr. Lvs. elliptical sessile, entire ; style twice as long as the
globous silicic; sds. 2 — i, not margined. — ^,1) Banks ot Elkhom Creek, near
Fiankfort, Ky, (Short, in North Am. Flora.) St. decumbent, about a span long,
slender, stellutely pubesc«'nt. Lvs. 6 — 12 long. Pedicels 6" long, and the silicle
jis large as the fruit of Coriauder.
' /!(■
22. CAMELINA, <'rantz. Fai.sr Flax. (Gr. x*"^°^-> (Iwarf, Aaov,
flax.) Calyx et^JUkl A Imbo ; petals entire; silicle obovate or siib-
globous, with ventrrrotBS rarves and many-si'cded cells ; styles filiform,
jKi'sisteiii ; seeds obiong, striate, not margined (0||). — FU. small yel-
low.
C satrvm Cnint?:. Lvs. lanceolate, sagittate at base, ."ubentire ; silicle obovat©-
pvntomi, margined, tipped with the pointed style. — T In cultivnted tields. St.
A- — 2j hisrh, straiglit, erpct. branchinir. Lvs, roughisli, 1 — 2' long, clasping the
w«^ni witltii tlieir acute, arrow-shajipd lobes. Pis. in ptmiculated raceme-*. Silicles
3—4 loeitf, on pedicels 2 — .'. times as lonjr. Said to be cultivated in Germauy
aw thf oui which is expressed from the seeds. Jn. § Eur,
.1 ii' , .
"1!
l^
tf
-■■♦**«
if:'.
S
•M
238
Order 13.— CliUClFKR^.
23. SUBULARIA, L. Awlwort. (Named in reference to tlie
linear-subulate leaves.) Silicle oval, valves turgid, cells many-seeded ;
stigma sessile ; cotyledons linear, curved and incumbently folded on
themselves. — CD Aquatic acaulescent herbs.
S. aqudtica L. — A small plant, growing on the muddy shores of uonds in Mo. and
N. H. Lvs. all radical, entire, subulate, an inch in length, escape 2 — 3 higti, ra-
cemous, with a few minute white fls. on slender pedicels, only 2" in length. Jl.
24. IBERIS, L. Candytuft. (Most of the species are natives of
Iberia, now Spain.) The 2 outside petals larger than the 2 inner ;
silicles compressed, truncate, emarginate, the cells 1-seeded. — Handsome
herbs from the Old World, pretty in cultivation. Fls. white or purple.
1 I. umbellita L. Herbaceous, smooth; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
lower ones serrate, upper ones entire; silicles umbellate, acutely 2-lobed. — This and
tlie following species are very popular garden annuals, very pretty in borders
and of very easy culture. I. umbellata is from S. I'-urope. St. If high. Fls.
purple, terminal in simple umbels, and like the rest of the genus remarkable
tor having the 2 outer petals longer than the 2 inner ones. Jn,, JL f
2 I. am^ra L. Bitter Candytuft. Herbaceous; lvs. lanceolate, acute, some-
what toothed ; fls. corymbed, becoming racemod ; silicles obcordate, narrowly
emarginate. — Native of England. St. If high. Fls. white. Jn., Jl. f
3 I. pinnata L Herhaceov^, smooth; lvs. pinnatifid; rac. corymbous, but
little elongated after flowerim;. — 1) From S. Europe. Plant If high. Fls.
white. Jn. — Aug. f
4 I. aazatilis L. ^enihhy ; lvs. linear, entire, somewhat fleshy, rather acute,
smooth or ciliate; fla in canTnbs. — 11 From S. Europe. Nearly If high. Fls.
white, Apr. — Jn. f (Obe. — ^Twenty-four species of the Iberis have been des-
cribed, others of which are less known, but equally ornamental with those
above-mentioned.)
25. CAPSELLA, Vent. (Derived from capsa, a chest or box; allud-
ing to tiie fruit.) Cailyx equal at base; silicles triangular-cuneiform,
obcordate, com|)ressed laterally; valves carinate, not winged on the
hack; septum sublinear; style short; seeds oo, oblong, small, 0||, —
Fls. white. A common w«ed.
C. Buraa-pastdria MaencK. Siikptterd's Purse. — Found everywhere in fields
ati i |)asti)rus, roadsides. St. 6 — «— 12 iiigli, nciirly smooth in the upper part,
hirsute below, striate, braiK-liiug Koot jk's. rosulate, 2 — 5 — 8' long, ^ as wide,
cut lobed, o- margined petioles, aegin. ai5K)ut 13. Those leaves are sometimes
wanting (wiieii the weed is crowded), or only dentate. Stem-lvs. much smaller,
T'Ty narrwt^. with 2 smaill, acute auricles at base, half clasping the stem. Fls.
BiaaU, is rai-ent^a, m'liieh are finally li — 12' long, Silicle smooth, triangular,
eiuarginaiii- at the eud, and lipped with the stylo, Apr. — Sept. g Eur.
26. LEPIDIUHI, R. br. Pepper Grass, ((ir. Aemg, a scale; from
l!ie resemblance of the silicle.) Se{)als ovate; petals ovate, entire;
silicles oval-orbicular, emarginate; septum very narrow, contrary to the
^■reaterdiarrieter; valves carinate, dehiscent ; cells 1 seeded. Cotyledons
0|| (in No, 1, = ), F'Is. white, small, often incomplete.
• Stamens 2 only. Petals 4. or wanting No.s. 1, 2
* Stiunon.s 6. Silicles winged. No.s. 3, 4
1 L, Virginicum L. Wild PEPi'KtwJUAsa Tonoue-orass. Lvs. linear-lanceo-
late, iiicisely serrate, or the upper subentire petals 4; silicles orbicular, emarginate;
cotyl.O||orO=:. — i. In dry fields and roadsides, U. S. St. rigid, round, sinootli. If
Order 13.— CRUOlFluJ^.
>231)
high. Lvs. 1 — 2 by 1 — 3 ', acute, tapering at base into a petiole, upper ones
sessile, lower pinnatiiidly cut. Fls. and silicles very numerous, in a panicle of
racemes. Fls. very small, mostly diandroua ; silicles IJ ' diam., with a ucrcu at
the end. Taste pungent, like that of the garden peppergrass. Jn. — Oct.
2 L. ruder^le L. Catdine lvs., incised, those of the branches linear, entire ; Jis-
ope^u^utf, and with but two stamens ; silicles broadly oval, eniarginate, wingless. —
Dry tields, Mich., Ind., Mo. St. 10 — 15' high, diffusedly branched. Rac. many.
Fls. remarkable for wanting the petals, which are always present in our otlier
species.
3 L. camp^Btre R. Br. Yellow-seed. Oauline lvs. sagittate, denticulate ; silicles
ovate, emarginate, scaly, punctate. — 'J) In waste places and dry fields, especially
among flax. St. strictly erect, round, minutely downy, 6 — 10' high, brandling.
Lvs. 1' long, \ as wide, with two lobes at base, upper one clasping the stem, ail
minutely velvety. Fls. small. Silicles 1\" long, numerous, in long racemes.
Jn., Jl. § Eur.
4 L. sativum L. Peppeugrass. Lvs. variously divided and cut; branches without
spines; sihcles broadly oval, winged. — 'X) Native of the Kast. Sts. 1 — 3f higli,
very branching. Silicles 2 — 3' broad, very numerous. A well known garden
salad. Jl. t §
27. SENEBIERA, Poir. CarIpet Cress. Swine Cress. (In honor
of Senehier, a distinguished vegetable physiologist.) Silicic didymous,
with the partition very narrow ; valves ventricons, separating but
indehiseent, and each 1 -seeded, cotyledons incunibently folded on them-
selves. — (D or (g) Prostrate and dift'use, with minute vvhite fls.
1 S. didyma Pers. Lvs. pinnate, with pinnatifid segments; silicles rugouslj' reticu-
lated, notcfied at the apex. — Waste places and waysides, soutliern States, common.
Sts. spreading circularly like the carpet weed (Molugo), flat on the ground. Lvs.
1 — 3' long, oblong in outline, its lobes obtuse, and cleft mostly on the upper
margin. Fls. minute. Silicles very small, apparently doubled, rough-wrinkled.
Feb.— Jn.
2 S. corondpua DC. Lvs. pinnate, witli the seg^n. entire, toothed, or pinnatifid ;
silicles tubercled, not notched at apex. — Waste grounds, Va. and Car. (Pursli), R. Isl.
(Robbins). Not common. § Eur.
28. ISilTIS, L. WoAD. (Gr. lod^o)^ to make equal ; supposed to
remove roughness from the skin.) Silicic elliptical, flat, 1-celled (dis-
sepiment obliterated), 1-secded, with carinate, boat shaped valves, which
are scarcely dehiscent (0||). None of the species are N. American.
I. tinctdria L. Silicles cuueate, acuminate at base, somewhat spatulate at the
end, very obtuse, 3 times as long as broad. — ^IJ The Woad is native of England.
It is occasionally cultivated for the sake of its leaves, which yield a dye that
may be substituted for Indigo. The plant grows about 4f high, witli large
leaves clasping the stem witli their broad bases. Fls. yellow, large, in terminal
racemes. May — Jl. \
29. CAKILE, Tourn. Sea Rocket. (Named from the Arabic.)
Silicle 2-jointed, the upper part ovate or ensiform ; seed in the upper
cell erect, in the lower pendulous, sometimes abortive. — Maritime
herbs.
C, maritima Scop. Upper joint of the silicle ensiform or ovato-ensiform. — Native
of the seacoast and lake shores, N. States. A smooth, succulent plant, branching
and procumbent, 6 — 12' long. Lvs. sinuate-dentate, oblong-ensiform, caducous.
Fls. on short, fleshy peduncles, in terminal spikes or racemes, corymbously
arranged. Petals purple, obtuse at end. Silicle smooth, roundish, lower joint
clavate-obovate, upper with one elevated line on eacli side. Jl., Aug.
m
if ff
i!' is
I
;•■;■
■■
w;
\$'
p '
■' m
t1
■i
240
Ordkb 14.— OAPPARIDACB^.
30. RAPHANUS, L. Radish. (Gr. pa, quickly, ^atvy, to appear;
from its rapid growtli.) Calyx erect ; petals obovate, unguiculate ;
silitjues terete, tonilons, not opening by valves, transversely 2-jointed,
joints with one or several cells, seeds large, subglobous, in a single
series (0»).
1 R. Raphanistmm L. "Wild Radish. Lva. lyrate ; silique moniliform,
ii—S-seeded, becoming in maturity 1-celled, longer than the style. — (J) Natunilized
ill cultivated fields and roadsides, but rare. St. glaucous, brandling, 1 — 2f liigb,
bristly. Lvs. rough, dentate, petiolate or sessile. Cal. bristly. Petals yellow,
veiny, blanching as they decay. Ju., Jl. § Eur.
2 R. sativa L. Garden Radish. Lower lvs. lyrate, petiolate; silique
2 — 3-seeded, acuminate, scarcely longer than the style. — A well known ^alad root
from China. St. 2 — 4f high, very branching. Lower lvs. 6 — 10' long. Fla
wliite, or tinged with purple, veiny. Pods 1 — 2' long, thick and fleshy. The
principal varieties are the Turnip Radish, root subglobous ; Common Radish, root
oblong, terete ; I31ack Spauisli Radisli, root black outside. Ju. — Aug. X
Order XIV. CAPPARIDACE^. Capparids.
Herbs, shrubs, or even trees, destitute of true stipules. Leaves alternate, petiolate,
cither undivided or palmately compound. Fls. solitary or raceinous, cruciform, hy-
pogynous. Sep. 4, Pet. 4, unguiculate. Sta. 6 — 12, or some multiple of 4, never
tetradyuamou'', on a disk or separated from the corolla by an interuodo of the torus.
Ova. often stipitate, of 2 united carpels. Sti/. united into one. Stig. discoid. /V.
either pod-shaped and dehiscent, or fleshy and indehiscent. PtacenUx usually 2.
Seeds many, reniform. Albumen 0. Embryo curved. Cotyledon foliaceous. (Illust.
ill Fig. 290.)
Genera 28, apeciei 34i'— chiefly tropical plants. Tlicy are more acrid in their properties than
the Oriicilers, l>ut otiierwise much resitimblu them. One species of Polanit>ia is used as a ver-
uilfuge.
Stamens 6, separated from the petals by an Internode No. 1
Stantens 6, not separated from the petals No. 2
Stamens 8—32. Torus not developed No. 3
1. GYNANDROPSIS, DC. {Gynandria, a Linnaean class, o^ff ap-
pearance.) Sepals distinct, spreading ; stamens 6, separated from the
4 petals by a slender internode of the torus ; pod linear-oblong, raised
on a long stipe which rises from the top of the torus. — (J) Lvs. digitate.
Fls. racemed.
O. pentaph^^Ua DC. Middle lvs. petiolate, 5-foliate, floral and lower ones
3-foliate, Ifts. obovate, entire or denticulate. — In cultivated grounds, Penn. to Ga.
St. simple, 2 — Hf high. Fls. of a very singular structure. Pedicels about 1'
long, slender. Caly.^c small. Petals white, ^ aa long as their fllifbrm clawa.
Sta. r long, spreading, apparently arising from the midst of the long styloid
torus. Peds. 2' long. § Ai'iica. (Cleome L.)
2. CLEOME, L. Spider Flower. Sepals sometimes united at base ;
petals 4 ; torus not developed between the petals and the stamens,
which are 6 — 4 ; pod stipitate more or less. — Herbs or shrubs. Lvs.
simple or digitate. Fls. racemed or solitary.
1 C. pungens L. Fig. 290. Glandular pubescent; at. simple, and with the
petioles aculeate ; lvs. 5 — 9-foliate, on long petioles, lfl». elliptic-lanceolate, acute
at each end, obscurely denticulate; bracts simple; fls. racemed; sep. distinct;
pet. on filiform clawa; sta. 6, twice longer than the petal.s. — D A tall, showy
Order 1G.— VlOLxVCE^.
241
plant, with curious purple flowers, common in gardens, escaped into lields, Ac.
South, May— Aug.f § W. Ind.
2 C. BpeciosisBima Deppe. Pilous ; st. branching below , Ivs. 5 — 7-foliate,
on long petioles ; Ifta. lanceolate, acuminate, the upper Ivs. simple, braci-like,
ovate ; petals as long as the pedicels ; fruit shorter than its stipe. — (D Gardens.
Plant very showy, 3— 4f high. Fls. rose-purple, clustered at the summit of this
rising raceme from Jn. to Sept. f Mexico.
3. POLANISIA, Raf. (Gr. ttoAv, much, avtaof, unequal.) Sepals «1 is-
tinct, spreading; petals 4, unequal ; stamens 8 — 32, filaments filiform
or dilated at the summit ; torus not developed, minute ; pods linear. —
X> Strong-scented herbs, with glandular, viscid hairs.
P. gravSolens Raf Viscid-pubescent ; Ivs. temate, Ifts. ellipiic-oblong ; fl.-^.
axillary, solitary; sta. 8 — 12; caps. oblong-laiiCL'olate, attenuate at base. — Grav-
elly shores, Vt. to Ark. St. If high, branching, striate. Lfts. 1 — 1^' long, ^ its
wide, nearly entire and sessile*; common petiole 1' long. Fls. m terminal raceint'S.
Petals yellowish- wliite, narrowed below into long 'aws. Fil. slender, exserted.
Pods 2' long, glandular-pubescent, siliquose, viscid like every other part of tlxa
plant. Jl.
Order XV. RESEDACE^. Mignonettes.
ITerbs, with alternate, entire, or pinnate leaves. Stipules minute, gland-liko. /'if.
in racemes or spikes, small and often fragrai.t, 4 — 7-merous. Sepals soinowhat
united at base, unequal, green. Petals unequal, entire or cleft. Sta. 8 — 20, in-
serted on the disk. Torus hypogynous, one-sided, glandular. Ova. sessile, 3-lobetl,
1-celled, many-seeded. Flacenioi 2, parietal. Fr. a capsule. 1-celled, opening bo-
tween the stigmas betbre maturity. (Illustrated in Figs. 295, 422.)
Genera 6, species 41, inliabiting tlio countries .iround the Mediterranean Sea, liaving no vory
remarkable properties. Reseda hiteula contains a yellow coloring mutter, and other specie:) are
very fragrant.
RESEDA, L. {Li\t. re sedo, to calm; the ])lauts arc said to relieve
pain.) Sepals 4 — 7; )>etals of an equal nimiber, often cleft; torus
largo, fleshy, one-sided, bearing the 8 — go stamens.
1 R. lutSola L. Dyer's "Weed. Zvs. fotnceo/a^e, with a tooth on each side !\t b;iso ;
sepals 4, united below ; petals (greenish-yellow) 3 — 5-cleft. — (T) Nearly natural-
ized in West. N. Y. St. about 2f high. The flowers are arranged in a loiik?
spike, which, as Linnaeus observes, follows the course of the sun, inclining east,
south and west, \>y day, and north by night. — It affords a useful yellow dye, also,
the paint called Dutch pink. § Eur.
2 R. odor^ta L. Mignonette. Fig. 295, 422. Lvs. cuneiform, entire or
3-lobed; sep. shorter than the 7 — 13-cleft petals. — A well known and universid
favorite of the garden, native of Egypt. The flowers are highly fragrant and no
bouquet should bo considered complete without them. The variety fhutesce.ns is
by a peculiar training (j;S7) made perennial and raised to the height of K
with the form of a tree. The species phyteuma, native of Palestine, has a calyx,
larger than ttiu petals.
Order XVI. VIOLACE^. Violets.
Herbs with simple (often cleft) alternate leaves with stipules. Fls. irregular,
spurred, with the sepals, petals and stamens in 5s. Sep. persistent, slightly united,
elongated at base, the 2 lateral interior. Petals commonly unequal, tlie int'erior
usually spurred at base. Sta. 5, usually inserted on the hypogynous disk. I'M.
dilated, prolonged beyond the antliers. Ova. of 3 united carpels, witli ,"{ pariet*!
10
242
Okdkk 16.— ViOLACEyE.
'Mk.
h
■J
placcntiic. Style 1, dcdinate. Stig. cucuUate. Fr. a 3-valved capaulu. Sds. many,
with a crustaceous tenta and distinct chalaza^ (Illustrations in Figs. 101. 305, 348,
402, 604.)
Getierii 15, fmecieH -ItMl, mostly inhabitants of the Nortliern tuni]>erati! zone. Tlie roots of
almost ail the Violace» possess emetic properties, and some are valiieil in meiiicinc. The Ipecac
of tlie shop is partly tlie product of certain Brazilian species of lonidlum. Several species ol"
the violet are cultivated for the beauty of their dowers.
§ Sepals unequal, more or less auriclcd at base Vioi,\. 1.
§ .Sepals nearly equal, not auricled at base Soi.ka. 2.
1. ViOLA, L. Violet. Pansy. (From the Latin.) Sepals 5, unequal,
auricular at base ; petals 5, irregular, the broadest spurred at base, the
2 lateral equal, opposite ; stamens approximate, anthers connate, two of
them with appendages at the back; capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved, seeds
attached to the middle of the valves. — 4 Low, herbaceous plants.
Ped. angular, solitary, 1-flowered, recurved at the summit so as to bePi-
the flowers in a resupinate position. Joints of the rhizome often bear-
ing apetalous flowers, especially in species 1, 2, 3, and 9.
* .\caulescent.— Petal.s yellow No. 1.
* Acaulescent. — Petals yellow, especially in species 1, 2, 3 and 9 No. 1.
—Petals white Nos. 2—4.
— Petals blue, — beardle.s8 Nos. 5 — 7.
—bearded.— Lvs. di vided Nos. 8, 9,J, 9y.
— Lvs. undivided Nos. 9—11. (Kxotic No. 21.)
* Caulescent. — Petals yellow. Sts. leafy at the top only Nos. 12 — 14.
— Petals not quite yellow. — Stipules entire Nos. 15.
— Stipules fringe-tootlu d Nos. 16 — IS.
— Stipules lyrate-pinnatifid, very large... Nos. 19, 2u.
1 V. rotundifdlia Mx. Fig. 305. Lvs. orbicular-ovate, cordate, sli<rhtly ser-
rate, nearly smooth, with the sinus closed ; petiole pubescent ; ca.. obtuse. — A
small, early violet, found in woods, N. Eng. to Tenn. Lvs. varying tVo;n ovate to
reniform, mostly round, with a narrow sinus at base. Veins and petioles pubes-
(L'nt. Fed. as long as the leaves, sub-4-sided, bracted in tlie middle. Petals yel-
low, marked at base with brown lines. Fls. small. Mar., May.
2 V. lanceolita L. Lvs. smooth, lanceolate, tapering at base into the long petiole
obtu-sish, subcrenate. — Found in wet meadows. Can. and U. S. Rhizomo creep-
ing. Lvs. varying fro.n lanceolate to linear, and, with the stalk 3 — 5' long.
Petioles luUf-round. Ped. sul)-4-sided. Petals white, greenish at base, upper and
lateral ones marked with blue lines, generally beardless. Fls. small, those from
tiie lower nodes of the rhizome apetaloas. Mar. (S) — May.
3 V. primulaefdlia L. Lvs. lance-ovate, abruptly contracted at base and decur-
rent on the petiole ; petals nearly equal, beardless. — Found in damp soils, Mass.
to Ga. and Tenn. Rhizome creeping. Lvs. sometimes subcordate, rather obtuse,
cienate, pubescent or nearly smootii. Petals obovate, flat, marked with purplo
lines at base, generally beardless and obtuse. Fls. small, white, on 8ub-4-sided
.st ilks. May, in N. Eng.
.i ACUTA Torr. & Gr. — Smooth ; lvs. ovate ; petals acute, lateral ones nearly
beardless. Mass. (V. acuta Br.)
4 V. blanda Willd. Lvs. cordate, roundish, slightly pubescent; petiole pubes-
cent ; petals beardless. — Found in meadows, Can. to Penn. Rhizome slender and
creeping. Lvs. close to the earth and sometimes with a rounded sinus so as to
appear reniform. Petioles half round. Peduncles sub-4-sided, longer than tho
leave.s. Petals Aviiite, greenish at base, upper and lateral ones marked with a few
blue lines. Fls. small, fragrant. May (V. clandestina Ph. V. amoeua Le Conte).
5 V. paliJBtris L. Lvs. reniform-cordate ; stip. broadly ovate, acuminate; stisr.
margined; Sep. ovate, ohiwsQ, spur very short ; caps, oblong- triangular. — Summits
of the White Mts. About 3' high, pubescent. Lvs. crenate, 1' byf . Fls. small,
pule blue on peduncles longer than the leaves and bibracteate near tho middle.
Rhizotne creeping, scaly. Ja.
6 v. Selkf rkii Goldie. Selkirk's Violet. Lvs. orbicular-cordate, crenately se^
rate, the sinus deep and nearly closed ; spur nearly as long as the petals, thick
Order 1G.— VIOLACK^.
243
very obtuse. — Grows on woody iiilla and mountains, Mass., X. Y , Cuti., rare. A
small, stemless violet 2 high, with small, pale blue ds. conspicuously spurred.
Lvs. ratht-r numerous and longer than the )[)eduncles. Petals beardless, the upper
one striate with deep blue. May.
7 V. ped4ta L. Rt. premorse; lvs. pedately 5 — 9-parted, segments linear-lance-
vlate, entire; stig. lar^e, obtusely truncate, scarcely beaked; spur s^hort, obtuse. —
A smooth, beautiful, large-tlowered violet, in liilly woods, Can. to 111. and Fla.
Rhizomo tleshy, ending abruptly as if cut or bitten ott'. Lvs. thick, 2-ternately
divided into about 7 obtuse, narrow segments. Petioles with long, ciliate stipules
at base. Ped. sub-d-auglud, much longer than the leaves. Petals pale blue,
white at base, all of them beardless and entire. Apr., May.
ii. The two upper petals deep violet colored, the others light-blue with much
yellow at their bases, as in the garden pansey. Plants smaller, with large
flowers. — In Mt. Hope Cemetery, Macon, Ga.
8 V. delphinifdlia Nutt. Lvs. pedately 1 — 9-parted, with linear, 2 — 3-cleft seg-
ments aU similar ; stig. thick, di.stinctly beaked. — Prairies and bottoms, 111., Iowa,
Mo. Lvs. often flnaly divided with many dissected segments, pubescent along
tile edge, prominently veined beneath. Stip. acuminate, subentire. Ped. a little
longer than the leaves. Fls. rather smaller than in the last, of a rich blue ; lateral
petals bearded. Mar., Apr.
9 V. cucull^ta Ait. Lvs. reniform-cordate, cucuUate at base, acute, crenate ; stip.
linear; inferior and lateral petals bearded — Tliis is one of the more common
kinds of violet, found in low, grassy woods from Arctic Am. to Fla. Lvs. on long
petioles, usually rolled at base into a hooded form. Fls. light blue or purple, with
scapes somewhat 4-sided, longer than the leaves. Petals twisted, white at the
base, marked with lines of deeper blue. Apr., May. This species varies from
pubescent to glabrous, from lvs. reniforra to ovate, deltoid, or hastate ; from fls.
deep blue to light-blue or even white, and as is now generally conceded, to the
following remarkable forms : —
i3. PALMATA. Lvs. (cordate) all or some of them very irregularly liastate-lobed,
the middle lobe largest, the earlier lvs. commonly undivided and broadly cor-
date. Fls. large. Plant 4 — 12' high. (V. palmata L.) — Common at the
South.
>'. SEPTEMLOBA. Lvs. (concave at base) more deeply 5 — l-lobed, the middle
lobe largest, oblanceolate, all rather succulent and strongly veined beneath ;
fls. very large. (V. soptemloba Lo Oonte.) — Low, pine woods, Ga. (Pond).
Plant 5 — 12' high. A remarkable form truly, but evidently varying into /I
Apr.
10 V. villdsa "Walt. Lvs. roundish-ovate, cordate, obtuse, flat, jmbescent, obscurely
crenate, sinus narrow or closed; pet. bearded; stig. beaked. — Saidy woods, mid-
dle Ga., common N. to Penn. Plant 2 — 3' high. Lvs. spreading, scarcely 1' long,
the petioles longer (1 — 2 ). Fls. small, bluish purple, on stalks shorter than the
leaves. Mar., Apr.
11 V. sagittita Ait. Lvs. obhng-lanceolate, sagittate-cordate, subacute, often in-
ci.sely doutate at base, serrate-crenate, smooth or slightly pubescent; pedicel
longer than the leaves ; lower and lateral pet. densely bearded. — On dry hills,
Can. to Fla., W. to Ark Lvs. varying from oblong-sagittate to triangular-hastate,
on margined petioles. Scipes 3 to 5' long. Sep. lanceolate, acute. Pet. entire,
veiny, purplish blue, white at base. Stig. rostrate, margined. Apr. — Jn.
/i. OVATA. Lvs. ovate, abrupt at base and decurrent on the petiole^i, pubescent,
tlie upper often incisely dentate at base. (V. ovata Nutt.) — N. J., south-
ward.
12 V. hast^ta Mx. Smooth ; st. simple, erect, leafy above ; lvs. deltoid-lanceolate
or hoKtate, acute, dentate ; stip. ovate, minute, ci^iate-dentate ; lower pet. dilated,
obscurely 3-lobed, lateral ones slightly bearded; sep. lanceolate, with a very
sliorf spur. — Pine woods, Tenn. to Fla. St. slender, 6 — 10' high. Fls. yellow, on
stalks shorter than the leaves. Apr., May.
13 V. tripartita Kll Hairy. St. simple, erect, leafy above ; lvs. deeply 3-parted,
lobes lanceolate, dentate ; stip. ianceoiate.— Upper Ga. Plant about If high, vil-
! i|
:\ 'I
fj
Ifi
*' III
244
Order 10.— VIOLACK.E.
lous wlien youii<^. Lvs. often divided to tho base. Fls. yollow, sircaki'd with
purple, tlie stalks longer than the leaves. Mar., Apr.
14 V. pub^Bcens Ait. Villous-pubeacent ; st. erect, naked below ; lvs. broad-
cordate, toothed; slip, ovats, large, subdentate. — A large yellow vi(jlet, (bund in
dry stony woods, Can. to Ga. and Mo. St. simple, somewhat trianjrular and
fleshy, bearing a few leaves at the top. Lvs. broad-ovate, cordate or deltoid, ob-
scurely dentate, obtuse, on short stalks. Fl.-stalks rather shorter than leaves,
with 2 subulate bracts. Lateral petals bearded, and with the upper one marked
with a few brown lines. The plant varies in pubescence, sometimes even gl;ib-
roua. Height very variable, 5 — 2U'. May — Jn.
ji. ERiocAUP.v Nutt. Capsule densely villous. (V. eriocarpa Schw.)
y. sc^BRiusctTLA Torr. & Gr. St. decumbent, liranching Ihun ilie root, ami
with the smaller leaves somewhat scabrous. (V. scabriuscula Schw.)
15 V. Canadensis L. Smooth ; lvs. cordate, acuminate, serrate ; petl. shorter
than the leaves ; slip, short, entire. — A large species, found in tho woods, British
Am. to Car., often a foot in hight. Stem subsimple, terete, all the way leafy,
with lance-ovate, membranous stipules. Lvs. acute or obtuse, the lower on very
long petioles. Ped. sub-4-sided, witlinninute bracts. Fls. large, nearly regular.
Pet. white or light blue, yellowish at ba.se, the upper ones purplish outside
and marked with blue lines inside, lateral ones bearded. Flowering all sum-
mer.
16 V. strisLta Ait. Smooth; st. branching, nearly erect ; lvs. roundish-ovatp,
cordate, the upper ones somewhat acumiiiate, eronate-serratc ; stip. large, ciluit''-
dentate, oblong-lanceolate; spur one fmirth as long as the corolla. — Wet gnjuiids,
U. S. and Can. St. 6 — 12' high, half round. Lvs. 1 — 1^' wide, on petioles
1 — 2' long. Stip, conspicuous, laciuial Ped. axillary, often much longer liau
the leaves. Cor. large, yellowish-white or ochroleueous, Literal petals den.soly
bearded, lower one striate with dark purple. Stig. tubular. Jn.
17 V. canina L. /i Muhlenbergii (Torr.). Dog V. Lvs. reniform-cordate, upper
ones rather acuminate; stip. lanceolat'-, somewhat fimbriate; spur half as long a.i
the corolla, obtuse. — A spreading, slender species, in sv amps, &c., U. .S., N. to
Lab. Sts. branched below, 6 — 8' loutr, with stipules usually cut into friiige-i.ko
serratures. Lv.^ 6 — 10" diam., younger ones involute at base. Petioles long^ r
than the leaves, and shorter than tho u.\.illary peduncles. Bracts subulate, mostly
opposite, on the upper part of the stalk. Petals entire, pale purjile, the lateral
ones bearded. Stig. rostrate. May.
18 v. rostrsLta L. Smooth ; st. terete, dilTuse, erect ; lvs. cordate, roundish, ser-
rate, upper ones acute; slip, lanceolate, deeply frintred; petals beaided ; spur
longer than the corolla. — A common violet in nioitt woods. Can. to Ky., well
characterized by its long, straight, linear, ol»tuso nectary, which renders the hirgo
flowers similar to those of tho larkspur. St. 6 — 8' high, branching below.
Petioles much longer than the leaves. Stip. almost pinnatifid. Ped. slender,
very long, axillary. Fls. pale blue. May.
19 V. tricolor L. Pansy, Heartsease. St. angular, diftusily branched; hs.
oblong-ovate, lower ones ovate-cordate, deeply crenato; sLp. as large (w the
leaves ; spur short, thick. — Gardens, where its pretty flowers are earliest in spring
and latest in autumn. Fls. variable in size, often 1' broad, tho 2 upper (lower)
petals purple, the two lateral white and uuth the lovjer striate, all ylloia at base.
(i. ARVENSIS DC. Annual. More slender and le.ss branched ; ui)per lvs. ovate-
spatulate; petals scarcely twice longer than the calyx, j-ellowish blue,
spotted with purple. (V. arvensis Fll.) — This is, doubtless, a mere variety
escaped from gardens, in rocky hills, N. Y. to Ga, Not common. iSt-i.
3—6—10' long. May.
20 v. grandiflora L. St. 3-oornered, simple, procumbent; lvs. ovatc-oblo!i,<.',
crenate, shorter than tho peduncles; stip. much f>9nallfr than tin' leave-- ; />\ large. —
Native of Switzerland. A beautiful species, with \ < ry large tlowers (I — 2 diam.) ;
all the petals alike are deep purple. Whole plant smooth, 6 — 12' long. Stip.
J — 1' long. Flowering all seasons but win er. f
21 V. odorata L. Sweet, or Engt iSU Violet. Stolons creeping ; K>. cor-
date, crenate, nearly smooth; sep. obtuse ; lateral petals witli a hairy line.— N itivo
Orukk 17.— OlSTACKyE.
i45
,! ?i'
of England. It is well characterized Viyita long, trailing, leafy rtnincrs. The Iva.
are truly hoart-aliapeil. 8tip. lancoolat*', toot led. Pud. longer tliun the leaven,
bractod. Fls. small, fragrant. Several garden varietii h are known, aini distin-
guished by the form and color of tli-j tlovvers; viz: — the purple, wliite and hluo-
flowered, the double white, double purple and double blue- tlower d, and th»
Neapolitan with pale blue Howers. Apr., May.f
2. SOLEA, Glngins. (Irken Viom:t. (DediciitiMl to W. Sod, an
En;xlisl writer on })l;ints.) Sepals nearly oi[U!il, not anricul.-itc ; petals
iineqiiai, the lowest 2-lobiHl and LCil>')ous at hase, t!»e rest eiMar<xinate ;
stamens coheriiiir, the lowest 2 beaiin*^ a gland above the inid.ile ;
capsule surrounded at base by the concave torus; seeds — 8, very
Jarge. — U An erect, leafy plant, with inconspi<'Uous axillary flowers.
S. c6ncolor Gingins. Green Violet. Wood-s, Western N. Y. to Mo., and S. to
Tar. Stem 1 — 2f high, simple, and, with the leave.i, somewhat hairy. fv-i.
4 — 6' by \\ — 2.^', lanceolate, acuminate', .suboritire, tapering t < short petioles.
Ped. very short, 1 — 5-fiowered, axillary. Fls. small, greenish, white. Cal. ahoMt
as long as the corolla Lower petal twice larger than the others. Capsu'" ;;i;u"
1' in length. Apr., May.
Order XVIl. CISTACE.E. Rock Homes.
Herbs or low shrubs with simple, entire, opposite (at least the lower) Icavs, with
fls. perfect, regular, h3'p()gynous, in one-sided racemes, very fugacious. S''p. 5, un-
equal, persistent. Petals 5 (sometimes 3 or wanting) convolute in aestivation. Sta.
mostly GO. Caps. 1 -celled, 3 — 5-valved, with as many parietal i)lacont. ■. >'eeds
albuminous. Embryo curved or spiral. (lUust. in Fig. 40 1.)
Genera. 7, Kpecien IS."), niosl ikbuiul.int in S, Europo und N. Africa.
GENERA.
T Petals 3, linear-liinciMihite. .■siimll I.kiih: v. 1
^ Petals 5, — large and showy, or WiiiitiiiiC llKi.iANim.MrM. 'I
— minute. Delicate shrubs liunsoMA. 3
i. LECHEA, L. PiNWEED. (In memory of John Lcrhe, a Swedish
bo* .ist.) Sepals, 5, the 2 outer minute; petals -'l, lanceolate, small ;
ens 3 to 12 ; stigmas 3, scarcely distinct ; capsule .'{celled, ;{-valve<l ;
] ' -<;ent;t' nearly as broad as the valves, roundish, eacli 1 — J -seeded. —
^ Often shrubby at base, with numerous very small brownish purple
flowers.
1 L. major \fx. Il'iiry] Irs. elliptiral, mncronulat' ■ fi->\ minute, (iJiuut a-.- lony
as the pedictls. — In dry woods, U. S. ami ('an. t<t. 1 — -Jit' Iiigli, rigid, brittle
hairy, purple, somewiiat corymbously branched. Lvs. of tlie stem about 4"
long, alternate, opposite, or even verticiliate on the prostrate l)raiielies, erowde(l.
Fls. brownish-purple, inconspicuous among the numerous liraels. Cap'-. -ound-
ish, about the size of a small pin-head. Variable. .1 1., Aug.
2 L. minor Lam. Smoothish; lvs. linear, very acuh' ; fls. small, o,) peci .diihirh
are mostly twice longer. — Grows in dry, sandy groimds, U. S. and Can. iSt.s.
8 — IG' high, .slender, red, paniculately branched, often decumbent at base. .^te:n
lvs. 6 — 10 ' by 1", alternate, revolute at the margin, tho.so of the divergetit. tili-
fbrm brjmches gradually minute. Fls. twice as large as in L. major. I'ltata
brownish-purple, eohering at apex. Cap^ the size of a large pin-head. Jn. — Sept.
3 L. thymifolia Ph. Shrubby, hoary with oppressed hairs ; Irs. linear and linear-
oblanceokUe, rather acute, often verticiliate ; fls. small, on pedicels still shorter. —
Seacoasts, Mass to N. J. Sts. about If bicrh, many from the same caudex, rigid
and very bushy. Lvs. 6 — 10' long, ei' et, crowded. Fls. in terminal, den,s«
cy mules, on very short pedicels. Petals browu. Caps, globou^j. J I. — ~>ept
M
«i
' h r \^
';*i
111
246
Ohdkk 18.— llYFERKJACEyt:.
I
1 I I ! H
iiUi.
;5n
Ml
111:
I ^
< f 3 J I;
|l
2. HELIANTHENUN, L. Rock Rose. (Gr. r/Atof, the sun, ui^doc,
f >wt ..) Sepals 6, the 2 outer, smaller, the 3 inner convolute ; petals 5,
or rarely 3, eonvolutc contrary to the sepals, sometimes abortive ; stam-
ens Qc ; stiij^nias 3, scarcely distinct; capsule trianjjular, 3-\alvetl, open-
in<| at top; scimIs angular. — FIs. yellow often of 2 kinds, the later being
smaller and apetalous.
1 H. Canad^nse Mx. Frost Plant. Hoary pxibexceat : pdcdiferovs fls. solitary,
jitdictUate, ienniual, apetalous ones axillary, small, cluntertd, nubstssile ; ca). acute ;
Ivp. ruvoluto on the niargiu, lanceolate, acute. — In dry tielda and woods, Can. to
l-'lur. St. 8 — 12' hijjrij, at length slirubby at biise. Lvs. 8 — 12 ' long, \ as wide,
entire, subsessile. Primary fia. with largo brigiit yellow petals. The axillary fls.
later, very sujall, with very small petals, or apetalous. Sta. declinato. Caps,
sinuuth, shining, those of the apetalous lis. not larger tliau a pin's head. Sds. few,
brown. May — Sept.
ii. ourusA. Iloary tomentous; Ivs. oblong, obtuse; fls. (all petallfcrous?)
smaller (7" broad), several, terminal. — Middle Flor. St. 3 — 6' high. Lvs.
about 9" by 2 '. Apr. It may prove distinct.
2 H. corymbdsum Mx. Canescfnithj iomentous; fis. in crowded, fitstigiate cymes,
the jirimanj ows on elongated, filiform j)ediceLi, and loith petals twice longer than
the calyx ; si-p. villous canescont, obtuse ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, margins rtvolute. —
.Sterile sands, N. J., to Fla. Plant somewhat shrubby, very tomentous when
young, at length diffusely branched, about If high. Primary fls. 7 or 8" diam. ;
secondary ones apetalous, subsessile. Jii. — Aug. (Heteromeris cyraosa Spach.)
3 H. Carolinidnum Mx. Villous, simple, erect; fls. all large, petaliferous and
subterminal ; sepals acuminate; lvs. oblong-oval, edges denticulat"., not rcvolute. —
Dry woods, S. Car. to Fla. and La., common. St. rarely branched from the base,
brownisli, 8 — 12' high. Lvs. distinctly petioled, 1 — 2 J' long, ^ as wide, obtuse
or acute, black-dotted beneath. Yh. 1 to 4, more than 1' broad, the pedicels
siipra-axillary. Apr., May.
- 3. HUDSdNIA, L. (In honor of William Hudson, author of Flora
Anglica.) Sepals 3, united at b.ise, subtended by 2 minute ones out-
side ; petals 5 ; stamens 9 — 30 ; style filiform, straight ; capsule, Icelled,
3-vaIveu, many-seeded. — Low shrubs with very numerous branches,, and
minute, exstipnlate leaves.
1 H. tomentosa Nutt. noary-to«ie»toz<s; lvs. om^e, appressed-imbricate. acute;
fl^. subsessile ; sej). obtuse. — Shores of the ocean and lakes. Me. to N. J. and Wis.
Plant consisting of numerous slender, ascending stems from the same root, and fi
multitude of tufted branches, all covered with whitish down. Lvs. less than 1"
in length, closely appressed to the stem. Fls. about 2 ' broad, yellow, numerous
ilay.
2 H. ericoides L. Hoivry-pubescent ; lvs. subulate, a little spreading; pedicels ex
.S'-rkd, an l>ng as the calyx ; sep. acutish. — A very delicate shrub. L. Cliamplain,
At., Conway Pond, N. H. to Va., along the coasts. St. ^f high, erect, with
numerous, short, compound, procumbent brancihes. Lvs. not more than 1' long.
Fls. yellow, about 3' broad. Caps, oblong, pubescent. May.
3 H. montdna Nutt. Minutely pubescent ; lvs. filiform-subulate ; pedicels longer
than the fiowers; sep. acuminate, the outer ones longer, subulate. — High Mts. of
N. Car. Sts. decumbent, 3 — 5' high. Lvs. partly imbricated, 2" long. Fls.
about 6 " broad, the pedicels when in fruit 1' long. Caps, about 3-seeded.
Order XVIII. IIYPERICACE^. St. John's worts.
Herbs or shrubs with opposite, entire, dotted, exatipulate leaves, with flowers per
feet, rcvgular, liypogynous, 4 or 5-merou3, cymous and mostly yellow; sepoteunequal,
=^
Order 18— HYl'ElUCACKyE. 247
persistent : pelifis mostly oblique or convolute in the bud; stamens tev-- or many,
p<ji,\ aUelplious ; anthem versatile ; ovary compound, with styles united or separate,
l)ecoming iu fruit a 1-celled capsule with parietal placentaj, or 3 to 5-celled wlien
the dissepiments reach the center. Seeils exalbuminous, minute. (Illustrations in
Fig. 69. 278. 389, 390.)
iiener<i 15, HpecioM 276, very penerally dlHtribiited, [irescntinis; a great variety of habit, and
fliiiiriiiliing ill all kinds of localities. Tlie Jiiico of many specio.s i:* cotiKiderod itiiriiative and
Icljrifugul.
GENERA.
Sepals 4. Petals 4, «)blique, yellow A»rvi:fM 1
bcftals 8. Petals ft, — obiiiiue, yellow iIvi>KKi<'i:M '2
— equilateral, i>uritlisli Eludf.a 3
1. ASCtRUN, L. St. Peter's Woht. (Etymology uncertain.) Sep-
als 4, the two outer usually very large and foliaceous; petals 4, oblique,
c(»nvolute ; filaments slightly united at base into several parcels; styles
'2 — 4, mostly distinct ; capsule 1-celled. — Plants suffruticous. Lvs.
]»unitate with black dots. Fls. pale yellow 1 or 3 terminating each
branch. I'cdicels bibractcolate.
'I'lie outer pair of sepals — verv l.irge, ovate. Styles 1 nr 2 Nf«. 1. 2
— still larger, orbicular. Styles 8 Nos. 8. 4
— small, like the two Inner. Styles 8 No. 5
J. A. Cruz- Andreas L, St. Andrew's Cross. Branches many, subereci, an-
cipital above ; lvs. linear-oblong, obtuse ; outer sep. twice longer than tlte pedicel ; 2
bracteoles a little below the flower. — Sandy woods, N. J. to Ga and La. Sts. 1 to
2f high, with brown, scaly bark below. Lvs. 6 to 12" long, minutely dotted,
sessile, smaller ones axillary. Cymes leafy. The persistent, ovate sepals close
after flowering. Jn., Jl.
ii AXGUSTIFOLIA Nutt. Lvs. oblong-linear, crowded; outer sepals acute, the
two bracteoles close to the flower. — Car. and Ga. (Feay.) Looks very diflfer-
ent from a, from the sniallness of its numerous lvs., which are 3 to 6" long,
1' wide.
2 A. pumilum Mx. Low, trailing at base; lvs. ovnl and obovate, obttiso, sessile;
outer sepals shorter than the slender pedicel, inner sepal ; bracteoles 0. — Ga. and
Flu., in (lr.y, piny barrens. Much branched, branches a few inches long. Lvs.
about 3 ' by 2, often smaller. Cymes exserted, the pedicels 6 to 10" long.
Pet. rather larger than the sepuls.
3 A. Bt&ns Mx. St. erect, ancipital ; lvs. oWon(7,*csstfe, and half-clasping, obtuse;
caps, ovate, acute. — Swanips in pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La. Sts. 1 to 3f
hi^ii, straight, winged throughout, branched above, usually simple at base and
shaggy with loose bark. Lvs. 10 to 15' long, ^ as wide. Outer sepals orbicular,
subcordate, 6" diam., inner lance-linear. Petals unequal, ovate, acute, a little
longer than the sepals. Sty. 3, distinct, short. Jn. — Aug.
4 A. amplezicaxile Mx. St. erect, terete below ; lvs. broadly ovate, cordate,
clasping; caps, oblong. — Ga. and Fla. Sts. 1 to 2f high, dicliotonously branched
above, branches somewhat 2-edged. Lvs. 8 to 12 ' long, § as broad. Outer
sepals nearly round, 6'' broad, the petals ^ longer.
5 A. micros^palum Torr. and Gr. Bushy ; st. scarcely edged ; lvs. oblong and
oblong-linear, crovvdeil ; sep. oblong-linear, much shorter than the obovaio, un-
equal petals; sty. 3, long, distinct. — Ga. and Fla. Very different in aspect from
the others, with crooked, straggling stems. Lvs. 2 to 4" long, 1" wide (in a
variety twice as large). Pedicels longer than the calyx. Fl.s. 9 " broad. Sty.
filiform, as long as the oblong capsule. May.
2. HYPtRICUM, L. St. John's-wort. (Derivation unknown.)
Sepals .5, connected at base, sitbequal, leaf-like; petals 5, oblique;
stamens oo (sometimes few), mostly united at base into 3 — 5 parcels,
P
/M
lilr^
■"'!:;i
W>''
248
Oki.kr 18.— HYl'KllICACKyE.
with no glands between them ; styles 3 — .5, liistinet or united ;it ]>;ise,
persistent. — llerbaeeons or siirubby plants. Lvs. punctate with {)el-
lucid dot.1, opposite, entire. Fls. solitary, or in eyinous panicles,
yellow.
I stamens 25—100, more or loss united into sets (a).
S Stamens 5— 15, notatull united (d).
a Carpels (and styles) 5 or more. Capsule 5-eelled Nos. 1, t
a Carpels H. Capsule 8-cclled (the placentie meetinj; (b).
a Carjiels 3. (;a]»suie 1-ceIled (the pliicentie nutcpiite meotiiii; (c).
b Shrubby. I'etuls not dotted. Leaves lanceolate or obliineeolate Nns. :! — 5
b Shrubby. Petals not dotted. Leaves 'inear Nos. ti. 7
b Herbaceous. Petals sprinkled with black dots Nos. s — id
C Shrubs. Styles united into one Nos. 11 — 14
c Half-slirubby. Sty!.:s uniteil into one Nos. 1.")— l«i
ilerbft'jeous. Styles di; tinct, at least at the to| Nos. 1!» — -22
d Flowers in corymbous cyiius Nos. •J;'.. "24
d Flowers racemed on the "slender branches Nos. 2;"i, 26
1 H. pyramiddtum Ait. narliceous; k.s. sessile, oblong-ovatf, and';; sty. 5;
placentse retrofle.vod intheceila of tlio capsule. — If liilla and river banks. Oiiio
and Penn. to Can. St. 3 — 5f hi<^Ii, scarcely angular, smootli, rigid. BratR-hea
coryrnbous, erect, 4-anglod. Lvs. of the stern 2.1 — 5' long, ^ as wide, of tiie
branches about lialf tlioso dimensions. Fla. very large (IJ' broad) Peiuls obo-
vate. Sta. capillary, 100 or more. Caps. 1' long, ovoid-conical, tipped with tiio
5 styles. Sds. oo. Jl., Aug.
2 H. Kalmidnum L. Shruhby ; lvs. lineav-lanreolotc, very numerous, vhf'm: ;
caps. 5-celled, tipi)ed with the 5 stylos. — llocks below Niagara Falls, etc. A
handsome species, a foot or more in hight. Lvs. an inch in length, sliglitly revo-
lute on the margin, 1-veined, minutely and tliickly punctate, ses.sile. Lranchea
slender and delicate, somewhat 4-angled Fls. 9 ' diarn. Sta. very many. Aug.
3 H. Buckl^yi Curtis. Low, dilfusely branched from the shrubby base, lvs,
wedge-oblong or obovate, subsessile, smooth, very obtuse; Jts. terminal, solitanj,
p duncled ; sep. unequal, leafy, obtuse, and witii the CO stain, shorter than tho
p tals; caps. 3-celled, styles united. — High. Mts. of N. Ca.\ to tia. Stems 8 — 12'
high. Lvs. C or 7" by 3 or 4 '. Resembles Ascyrum Crux-Andre;e.
4 H. prolificum L. Jiranrhinij ; branches anripital, smooth ; lvs. obhng-lan'-en-
/ate, obtuse, narrowed at base, crenulately waved at edge; cymes compound,
leafy; sep. tinequal, leafy, ovate, cuspidate; petals obovate, a little larger than
sepals. — A higiiiy ornamental shrub, 2 — 4f liig' , prairies and creek shores, Mid.
and W. States. Lvs. 2 — 2^' long, 4 — 6" wide. Fls. 9 diam., orange-yellow in
iiu elongated inflorescence. Sta. OO. Jl., Aug. f.
(3. DENSiPLORUM T. and G. Brandies very numerous; lvs. crov/ded, rnu(;!i
smaller (less than I'long); fls. very numerous, in compound cymes, and
much smaller (about 6 " diam.) — E. Tenn. to Fla. (II. deiisitloriim Ph.)
5 H. galioides Lam. i^ranr/ies/ew, terete; Ztw. /tnear-lanceolate, rather obtu.se;
cymules numerous, axillary and terminal, paniculate ; sep. snhe(puil, UniMr-laai-eo-
laie. — S. Car. to Fla. in damp soil. St. 2 to 3f iiigh, with straigiit, ereet braneliea
and a smooth bark. Lvs. fascicled in the a.\ils as if whorled, 10 to 15' by 2 to
3", dotted with large, pellucid glands. Fls. about 7 ' diam. Jn., Aug.
6 H. rosmarinifdlium Lam. St, straight, erect, sparingly branched ; lvs. lin-
ear, shorter than the intertwdes, narrowed at base to a petiole ; eyniules dense, few-
flowered, panicU'd. — Ky. to Fla. Smooth and handsome, 18 to 30' high, half
siirubby, Lvs. 1' to 1.V long, 1 — 2" wide, revolute-cdged, fascicled in the a.xil.i
ns if whorled. Fls. 6 " diam. Sep. subequal, about as long as tho obovate petal.-J.
Jn., Aug.
7 H. fasciculatum Lam. Shrtd) much branched, bushy: lvs. linear, very nar-
row, longer than the vilernodes, sessile; cymules leafy — Wet places in pine bar-
rens, Ua., Fla. to La., common. Bush 1 to 2f high, very leaty. Lvs. nearly
r in length, recurved or straight, with smaller om s clustered in the a.xils. Fls.
numerous, 6' diam. Petals ol ovate, 1-toothed (like Nos. 4, 5) about the length
of tho linear sepals. .)l., Sept.
ti. .MtnRK.viATiTM. Bran(!hes irregular and crooked; lvs. very short (2 to 3"),
tufied in the axMls; petals 3 times longer than the se|)als. — Cur. to (la.
OuuKR 18.— HYPKilKJACEyE
249
3 H. perforatum L. St. 2-ed(jeii. hranrhed ; Ivs. mth pellucid dots ; sep. lanceo-
late, half as long us the petab. — 2/ A luirdy plant, prevailing in dry pastures,
Can. ami U. S., niucli to tlic annoyance of farmers. St. 1 to 2f high, brachiate,
erect, rouiui, with 2 opposite, elevated lines e.vtending between the node.s.
Lvs. (j — 10 long. 1^ as wide, ramial ones much smaller, ail obtuse, the dots as
w.-ll Its veins best seen by transmitted light. Fls. numerous, deep yellow, in
terminal panicles. Petals and Sep. bordered witU lino dark-colored glands. Jn.,
■ Ji. ? Kur.
9 H. corymbosum Mulil. Sts. terete, corymbously ))ranched ; lvs. oblong-ovato
or oval, obriiso, marked vlth fthvk (as well as pellucid) rfyiv; sep. ovale, arute (very
small) y^ av /nng o-v the petal,-:. — 2-( Woods and plains, Can. to Penn. and Ark. St.
1 to .'{('high, with niuiiy small lis. in a coryml) of dense cymes. Lvs. 1 to 2' long,
nearly .V as wide, veiny, either clasping or .sessile, or (in a variety, E. Tenn.)
almost jietiolate. Fls. small, petals with oblong black dots. Stig. orange-red, on
distinct styles. Jn., Jl.
10 H. maculatum Walt. Si. terot(\ corymbously lirancheii ; Irs. ohUmj, thirkly
.sjirinklfd with hlu k dots: .sv/y). lanrtokih'. — S. Car., Ga. (Feay) Fla. St. at first
simple, often V^<^',oming ditVusely branched, 1 to 4f high. Lvs. smaller (about 1'
by 3' ). Fl? rather h-nail'T. This species (or variety?) scarcely differs from No.
8, but in \h bluish aspect (liom the numerous dots) and smaller lvs. Jl,, Aug.
H H. aur.um Bartran . Braaches spreading, ancipital ; fcv. thick, lance- ovate,
i.)\)\Mfii\ scsile ; ji.i. {\Mg^) soUtarij, sessile. — .V beautiful shrub, (la., near Macon.
St. 2 to 4i" high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, i^ as wide, obtuse or mucronulalo. (mly the
strong mid-vein visible, almost p;'tiolate, edge wavy-crispod. Fls. 18" broad.
PeUils retlexed. Sta. exce.>^sively numerous (more than 500), shorter than the 3
partly united styles. Jn., Aug.
12 H. myrtifdlium L. St. terete ; lvs. thirk, ovate or ohlong, cordate-clasping ;
jjy. in a leafy compound fastigiate cyme, the dichotomal sessile. — (!a , Fla. Shrub
1 to 2fin hight, declined and oflen divided at base, corymbed above. Lv.s. about
1 long, \ or \ as wide, glaucous. Sep. lance-linear, as long as (3 — 4") the
pi'tals, at length retlexed. Sta. as long as the sty., which separate at top.
May, Jn.
13 H. ambig'auin Ell. BranclK s ancipital; hs. lance-linear, thin, acute ; fls. soli-
tary and in 3s .a the axils of the upper leaves. — Banks of the Congaree and Clut-
taiioochec, (ia. Shrub wiili scaly bark, 2 to Jf high, with numerous, opposite
branches. J vs. 1 to 2' long, 3 — 4'' wide, sessile, mucronato, vvitli a white, cal-
lous point. S'p. lanoe-liuear, as long as the 1-tootlied petals. Sty. united.
May , Jn.
14 H. cistifolium liam. St. 2- winged, stthsimple; lvs. linear-oblong, obtuse
sessile; jls. in a leafless, compound cyme. — (ia. to Fla. and La. Shrub .straight
and erect, \\iu 2f high Lvs. 1' long, 2 — 3" wide, opaque, witli smaller ones
clustered in the axila. Petals twice longer than the oval sepals. Sty. united
except at the top, nearly as long as the capsule. Maj'.
15 H. adpr^SBum, Bart. St. 2-ivinged above; lis. /mmr-oblong or lanceolate,
halt' erect: cymes few-leaved; sep. lance-linear; caps, almost 3-cellod. — Swamps,
K. L, Ponn. to Ark. Plant about 2f high. Lvs. 1—2' by 2— 4' , pellucid-
}>un;tate, sessile, rather acute. Fls. t> " diam., 15 — 20 in an almost lealle.ss cyme.
S(>p. <ino(|ual, half as long as the ol)long-obovato petals. Sly. 1. Aug., Sept.
16 H. nudifldrum Mx. St. and branches ^-angled and ivinged; li-.s. omfe-lanceolato
or oblong, obtuse, .sessile; cyme leafless, peduncled ; sej). linear; caps, almost
3-celled. — W(>t grounds, PeniL to lia. and (la. Plant woody at base, 1 — 2f high,
with numerous branches. livs. thin, abo>it 2' long, with ninuto, pellucid, reddish
dn(s. Fls. few. small, rather loose in the stalked cyme. Aug., Sept.
17 H. dolabrif6rme Vent. St. decunUient at- the woody base, scarcely 2-edg(d
above; lvs. lineat-lanocMilato, spreading, veiuless; fls. in a leafy, fastigiate cyme;
seps. ii/nce-ovate, about as long as the very oblique (dolabriform) petals. — Ky. and
Tenn. Sts. (i — 18' long, with scaly butk at base. Lvg. 1' or more in length,
eesgile, with bmaller ones in the axils witli brownisli dota. Jl. Aug.
ill
!it::i«
•'Mill
if
..^S!
250
Order 18.— HYi'E It 1 CACKLE.
18 H. Bphaerocdrpon Mx. St obscurely i-sided ; Ivs. liiiear-oblonsr. ohtnse,
with a minute calbus ti]), almost veinless; cyme compound, nearly leatless, pedun-
culate; sep. ovale, mucronate; sty. closely united; capji globular. — Rocky banks
of tlio Ohio and K3^ rivers. St. somewhat woody at base, 10 — 15' liigli. Lvs.
1 — 2' long, \ as wide, closely sessile, with large, pellucid dots. Fls. at length
uumeroiiS, 7" diam. Jl.
19 H. anguloBum Mx. Herh .smooth ; at. acutely 4:-comered; lvs. oblong-lanceolato,
acute; cymos leafless; sty. diitiiict, thrice larger than the ovary. — Swamps in pine
barrens, N. J. to Fla. (Bainbridge, Ga., Misses Keen). St. nearly 2f liigli. Lvs.
distinct, opaque, scarcely punctate, 8 — 12" long, 1 — 3' wide, edges revokit '.
I'ls. often alternate on the ultimate branches. Sepals ovate, striate, acute, 5
times shorter than the orange-colored petals. Jl.
20 H. elliptioui7a Hook. Herb smooth; st. quadrangular, simple; lvs. elliptical,
obtuse, somowhat clasping, pellucid-punctate ; cyme pedunculate ; sep. unequal ;
sty. united to near the summit, as long as the ovary. — %■ Low grounds Can. to
Penn. St. 8 — 16' iii^h, slender, colored at base. Lvs. 8 — 13" by 2 — t", some-
what erect, about as long as the internodes. Cymes of about a dozen Howers,
generally 1 or 2' above tlie highest pair of leaves. Central fls. subscssile. i'etala
acutish, orange-yellow, 2 — 3" long; sep. shorter. Stig. minute. Jl.
21 H. gravdolens Buckley. St. terete, smooth, nearly simple; Ivs. oblong-ovate,
clasping, punctate beneath ; cymes teriuiiial and axillary ; sep. and pi-t. narrow ;
fil. CX); styles 3. — High Mts., N. Car. (Buckley). Plant with a t-trong odor.
Stem 2 — 3f high. Lvs. 2' long, half as wide. Fls. largo and numerous.
Jl. — Aug.
22 H. pilosum Walt. Herb rough-doivny ; st. simple, terete, virgate; lvs. ovate-
lanceolate, appressed, clasping, acute ; cyme few-flowered ; sty. distinct, as long as
the ovary. — JJ Wet pine barrens, S. Car. to Fla. and La., common. Lva 4 — 8 ' lonsr,
J as wide, very acutj. St. 1 — 3f high, quite simple to near the top, clothed with
a rough coat of hairs. Fls. 5 — G" diam., mostly alternate on the tranches of the
cyme. Jn. — Sept.
23 H. miitiluin L. Dwarf St. John's "Wort, St. quadrangular, branched ;
lvs. obtuse, ovate-oblong, clasping, 5-veined, minutely )unctate; cymes leafy; j^t.
shorter than the s 'p. ; sta. 6 — 12. — Damp sandy soils, Can. to (Ja., W. to Ind.
St. 3 — 6 — 9' high. Lvs. closely sessile, apparently connate, 4 — 8" by 2 — 5",
outer ve's^- obscures. Fls. minute, orange-colored. JL, Aug.
24 H. CanadSnae L. St. quadrangular, branched; lvs. linear, attenuated to the
base, with pellucid and also with black dots, rather obtuse ; pet. shorter than the
lanceolate, acute sep.; sta. 5 — 10. — (D Wet sandy soils. Can. to Ga. St. 6 — 12'
high, sliglitly 4-winged. Lower branches opposite, upper pair forked. Lvs.
8 — 12" by ^ — I or 2", sometimes linear-lanceolate, radical ones obovate, short.
Fls. small, orange-colored. Ova. longer than the stylos. Caps, red, very acute,
twice as long as the sepals. Jn. — Aug.
25 H. Sardthra Mx. St. and branches filiform, quadrangular; lvs. very minute,
subulate; ,/?s. sessile; sta. 5 — 10. — ',X) St. 4 — 8 — 12' high, branched above iiiio
numerous, very slender, upright, parallel branches apparently leafless, frtmi tin*
minuteness of the leaves. Fls. very small, yellow, succeeded by a conical bi-owu
capsule which is twice the length of the sepals. Jl,, Aug.
26 H. Drummondii Torr. & Gr. Branches alternate, square above; lvs. li.iear,
very narrow, acute, longer than the internodes; Jls. pedicellate; sta. 10 — !!•);
sep. Iance^)late, shorter than the petals, but longer than the ovoid capsule. —
([! Near St. Louis, to Ga. and La. Plant more robust than the last, 10 — 20' high,
very branching. Lvs. ^' long. Fls. about 4" diani.
3. ELODI^A, Adams. (Gr. tAwfJy/f, marshy ; from the habitat of tlio
plants.) Sepals 5, (.'(iiial, somewhat united at base; petals 5, decidiions,
equilateral ; stamens (rarely more), triadelphou.s, the parcels alter-
nating witli 3 hypoiiynojis glands; styles 3, distinct; capsule 3-cclled. —
4 Herbs with pellucid-punctate lvs., the axils leafless. Fls. dull orange-
purple.
Ordkk 19.— DHCSEUAOKuE.
.1
1 E. Virgiiiica Nutt. St. erect, somewhat coiupressed, branchiu^x; Ivs. oblong
amplexicaul; ata. united below the middle, with 3 in eacli Hot. — Swaiiipg and
ditches. U. S. and Can. Whole plant usually of a purplish hue, 9 — 20' higk
Lv3. \\ — 2J' lo"g, \ as wide, upper ones lanceolate, lower oblonf;-ovate. all very
obtuse, glaucous beneath. Fls. 5" diam., terminal and axillary. Pet. about twice
longer than the calyx. Glands ovoid, orange-colored. Caps, ovoid-oblong,
acutish. Jl. — Sept.
2 B. petiol^ta Ph. Lvs. oblong, narrowed at baj^e into a petiole ; fls. mostly in
3s, axillary, nearly sessile; filaments united above the middle; caps, oblong, much
longer than the sepals. — Swamps S. States, N. to N. J. St, about 2f high. Lvs.
1 — 3' long, rounded-obtuse, with a short but distinct petiole. Fls. smaller thiin
in the last. Aug., Sept.
Order XIX. DROSEUACE.E. Sundkws.
Herbs growing in bogs, often covered with glandular hairs, with Ins. alternate or
ill radical, mostly circinate (rolled from top to base) in vernation ; Jls. regular,
nypogynous, 5-merous, the sepals, petals and stamens persistent (withering) ; ova.
compound, one-celled, with the styles and stigmas variously parted, cleft or united
seeds QO in the capsule, albuminous ; embryo minute.
Genera, 6, apeeien 90. Curious and intHresting plants, scattcrp<1 over tlu- wliolo srlobe
wherever marshes are found. Tlic lialved stigiDus are tlu-ir most singular cliaracturistic. In
♦he sundew, ifec, each half stigma is <iistinct, lionco nppiii-cntly doubling their numltcr, but in
tlio subordor, Parnassiie, the adjacent Lalvos of ditt'erent stlgtiiiw iiro unitoil, and thus stand op-
l)usitu tu the placuntiL'.
1. DROSERA, L. Sundew. (Or. 6^}oaoc, dew ; fVom lli.- rlcw-iiko
secretion.) Sepals 5, united at base, ])ersi.stent ; petals 5 ; stamens
5 ; styles 3 — 5 eaeli 2-parted, the halves entire or niany-elet't ; cap-
sule 3 — 5-valved, 1-cellcd, many-seeded. — 4 Small aquatic herbs. Lvs.
covered with reddish, glandular liairs, scerctinir a viscid fluid. Verna-
tion circinate.
Scapes 4 — 6 times as long as the leaves Xo:*. 1 — 3
Scajies 1 — 2 times as long as tlio leaves Nos. 4—0
1 D. rotundifdlia L. Lvs. orbicular, ainuptly contracted into the hairy petiole;
fls. white. — A curious little plant, not uncommon in bogs and nmddy shores.
Whole plant of a reddirih color, like the other Sundews, and beset with glandular
hairs which are usually tipped with a small drop of a clammy fluid, glistening
like dew in the sun. Lvs, about 5" broad and with the petioles 1 — 'i' long.
Scape slender, 5 — 8' higli, the racemes uncoiling as tiio small wiiito tiowers
open. Caps, obiong, Ju, — Aug.
2 D, capiilaris Poir. Lvs.obovate, euneiform,the petioles naked; fls. puriih ,• scapo
erect. — More delicate than the preceding, in marshes, Fla. to Texas. Lvs. form-
ing a rosulate tuft, 8 — 12" long, the smooth petiole three times longer than the
lamina, which is 2 — 3" wide. Scapes liliform, 3 — tJ high, the raceme simple
or forked, 6 or 6-tlowcred, Petals light purple. Caps, globular. Seeds oh-
l(mg, tubercled. May. (D. brovifolia /•*. major Torr, & Cr, D, intenueiliu
Chapman.)
3 D. brevlfdlia P.i, Lvs. cuneiform-spatulate. fomwuj a small, d-'use tuff {V
diam.); petioles very. short, hairy; fls. few, roue adored. — In wet, springy places.
Car. to Fla. and La! Not half as large as the last. Lvs. 6 or 6' long, 1 — 2
broad, flat on the ground, fonuing a round, compact rosette. Scape 2 or 3
high, bearing one to three conspicuous flowers. Capsule roundish. Apr.
4 D. longifolia L. Lvs. spatulaie obbng orobovnte, ascending, alternate, taperitujat
base into a long, siKooih petiole; scape declined at bane; petals white. — Slender and
delicate, in similar situations with the last. Lvs. slender, ascending, erenate,
beset with numerous liairs tipped with dew-like drops, — length, including tlio
petioles 2 — 3'. Candex lengthened, declinato. Seapo bearing u simple r;>oem
of email, white flowers, arising 4 — 7'. Ju, — Aug.
% W.if
,,
'1
m
(*
1
1 u'
) i
/Si
2.0 '2
()Ki)i;ii 19.— l)RaSl<:RACEy*J.
6 D. flliformis Haf! Lvs. filiform, very long, erect ; scapo nearly simple, longer
tliiiu tlie leaves, niany-llowcred ; petals obovate, orosely denticulate, longer tliau
• the glandular calyx; sty. 'J-parted to the base. — (irows in wet, sandy places,
along tlio coast Mass. to Fla., much larger than tho preceding species. The lvs.
are destitute of a lamina, nearly as long as the scape, beset with glandular hairs,
except near the biuse. Scape about a loot high, with large purple flowers. Aug.,
Si'pt.
5 D. linearis <l<ildie. Lvs. linear, obtuse ; petioles elomjated, naked, erect; scapes
ffw-tlowered. about tlie length of tho leaves; cal. pJabrous, much shorter than
tlie oval capsule; seeds, oval, .shining, smootii. — Borders of lake,«. Can.. Mich, to
tlie Rocky Mts. (Hooker, Torr. & (ir ) Scape 3 — G' high, witii about 3 small
llowcrs. Lvs. about 2 wide, clothed with glandular hairs, which are wanting on
the [letiole. Jl., Aug.
2. DIONiCA, L. Vknis' Fly-trap. (One of tlio names of Venus.)
SepiiLs spreatling; petals 5, obovate, with pellucid veins; stamens
10 — ]"); styles united into 1, tlic .stigmas niany-cleft; capsule break-
iiiiX int'LTularly in opening, 1-eclled ; seeds many iti the bottom of tho
cell. S (Jlaltrous lierbs. Lvs. all radical, sensitive, closing convul-
sively when touclied. Scape umboled.
D. muscipula Ell. A very curious plant, native of sandy bogs in Car., along
rivers from the Neuse to tlie Sanloe. Sometimes cultivated in a pot of bog earth
placed in a pan of water. Lvs. ro.sulate, lamina roundish, spinulose on the mar-
gins and upper surface, instantly closing upon insects and other objects which
light ujion It. Scape G — 12' liigh, with an umbel of 8 — 10 white flowers. Apr.,
May. t
Suborder, PARNASSIE^,
Consi.sts of the single genus Parnassia, which differs from tho Sundews in having
f nets of abortive stamens and tho 4 stigmas placed over the parietal placentae (as
V each stigma were compounded of the two adjacent hu' "-" of two divided
stigmas. — More recently this genus is stationed among the Sax 3S.
3. PARNASSIA, Tuurn. (1r.\ss of pARXASsrs. (Named from
Mount J^arnassuH, the abo<le of the Muses, Graces, <fc:c.) Sepals 5,
united at base, persistent ; petals 5, persistent, nearly perigynous ; sta-
mens in two scries, the outer indefinite in number, united in 6 groups,
sterile, the inner 5 perfect; capsule 1-celled, 4-valved; seeds very nume-
rous with a winged testa. — 4 Glabrous herbs, with radical lvs. and 1-
tl')wer»'tl scapes.
"} P. CaroliniSna li. Sterile fii, 3 in each group, distinct to near the base, sur-
mounti'd with little spherical heads; pet. much exceeding the cal, marked with
grein veins; lvs, radical, or sessile on tho scape, broad, oval, with no sinus at
the base. — An exceedingly elegant and interesting plant, growing in wet meti-
dows and borders of streams, U. S. to Can. Rt. fibrous. Lv.s. 7-veined, broad-
oval or ovate, sinootli, leathery, radical ones long-stalked, tho cauline only one,
pcssilc, clasping, a few inclies above tlio root. Scapes 10 — 15 high, with a
liandsome, regular flower about 1' diam. Jn. — .\ug.
/i. Filments nearly as long as the petals ; caulino leaf Anall or nono ; rhizouM
thick and large. — Fla. (('hapman.)
2 P. paluBtris Ti. Sterile fii pellucid, setaceous, 9 ^o 15 in each set; cauline If,
if any, sessile; radical lvs. all cordate. — IJogs and lake shores, .\i' !i. fn T ab., and
W". to Rocky Mts. Scapes about »' high, naked or with ,i .^i'lt^le claipinf leaf
near the base. Fls. white. Sepals oblong-lanceolate. I'tt&ij lua ked wiui 3 — 6
green or purple veins.
3 P. asarifolia Vent. Sterile fii., 3 in each set; peals abrnoiiv elav (,u ; ios.,
rniilorm — Mi-i., Va. and Car. Lvs. largo (I — 2' broad), the cdulino oiu /«8silft
orbic<ilar. J^'ls. \),' dian\.
1^4
Order 21.— (WmMM'tl V Ll.ACK.R
253
Okuer XX. ELATINACE.K. Watkk rKFPKKs.
Herhn Hinall, iiiiivmU, with opposite loiivoa luul iuembraiiou3 stipules. Fb>. minute
axillary. Sepals 2 — 5, distliK t or slightly coherent at base, persistent. /V/ute hy-
po/ynous, an many as llio sepals. »Si/(/. eijiia! in number to, or twice as many as
the petals. Anth. iiitrorsc. Uva. 2 — G-celleci. Stigmas 2 — ."», capitate ; placenta in
the axis. Pr. cap.sular. Seeds numerous, exalbuminous.
denera fi, njjf<-/^K 'i'i, found in cvitv i>art of the ^.'lobc, growini.' in iiiiirslios. The following Is
•ur only noillu'rn /iMius.
ELATINE, L. (Gr. eXdnj, fir; fix)in the rcsiMiibliui<'(> of the sleixlor
leaves of some species.) Fls. 2 — -t-ii»erous. Stigmas sessile, inimite.
E, Americana Am. Mud Purslane. St. diffuse, procumbent, striate, rootinp
from the joints, with assurgent branches ; Iva. lance-oval or obovate, obtuse,
entire: sty. 0; sep., pet., sta., stig. 2 — !>, as well as the cells and valves of the
capsule; stip. very minute. — A little nmd plant, on the borders of ponds and
rivers, U. S. Fls. axillary, sessile, solitary. Cor. minute, closed. JI. — So^.i.
(Crypta minima Nutt. Peplys Americana Ph.)
Order XXI. CARYOPIIYLLACE^:. Pinkworts.
Iftrbs with swollen joints, opposite, entire leaves, and regular flowers. Sepalt
4 or ."), persistent, distinct, or cohering into a tube. Petals 4 or 5, unguiculate or
not, bifid or entire, mostly removed from the calyx by a short internodu of the torus,
Bometimes wanting. Stamens distinct, twice as many a.s the petals, rarely an equal
number or fewer. Ovary often stipitate ; styles 2 — 5, stigmatous the whole length
of the inner surface. Fr. a 1-celled capsule (or imperfectly 2 — 5 celled), opening at
the top, or loculicddal. Sds. numerous; embryo curved around the albumen. (See
Figs. 70, 209, 258, 296, 299, 300, 313, 392.)
Tlio Pinkworts as constituted by V2ndleicbcrnnil others, and nbovo characterized, comprohendu
four Suborders, anil in the ajrgrcgucu 8S genera and IISO species. They are in general destitute
of active jtroperlies. A few of them are valued as highly ornamental in cultivation, but the
greater part arc insignificant weeds abounding in waste sandy tracts throughout the tcmperata
Zones.
§ Leaves furnished with dry, membranous stipules. SruonitKii II. (^)
§ K.vstipulate.— Capcyiile l-ceile<l, 8-rOO-sceded. Petals rarely absent. SunoRDEn !.(•)
—Capsule 1-celled, 1-soeded. Petals none. Suhoudkh III. (h)
— Cap.sulo completely 3-celled. Petals none. SirBORDRti IV. (k)
'' Sepals united into a tube. Petals long-clawed. Ovary stiped. Tiubk 1. (a)
* Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals subsessiie. Ovary sessile. Triuk 2. (b)
1 Styles or stig. 3 to 5. rupsiile 1 -colled, 00-'>eedcd. Tkihk !}. (e)
^ styles 2 or united into 1. rtricle 1 -seeded. Tribk4. (f)
Suborder I. CARYOPIIYLLINE^..
a I. SILKNK.ifi. — Calyx with scale-like bractlets at base. Styles 2 Diantihis. t
— Calyx bractless.— Styles 2. Capsule 4-toi)the<l when open. Saponaria. 9
— Styles 3. Cai)sule C-tootiied when opcn.Sii,ENK. ;j
— Styles 5. Caps. lO-toothed.. . Acjuostkm.ma, 4. . Lychnis. Ti
b 2. ALSlNKiK. — Petals 2-parted (sometimes wanii>'/ in No. 7.) (o)
C Styles ft. Capsule opening a*, the to[i by 10 teeth Ckrastiitm. ('>
Styles 8. Capsule opening deeply by half-vulves. . .Stkllauia. T
—Petals undivided (sotnetlmes wanting in No, 10.) (d)
d Valves of the capsule 3, each 2-toothed. Styles .3 Akknaria. 8
d Valves, &c., entire. — Styles 3, always fewer than sep.ils Alsink. 9
— Styles 4 or 6, always as many as sepals. .8 votna. 10
—Styles 8 A 6. Disk large, l6-lobed , Honkbnya. 5 1
SuMORDER IT. ILLKCEBRINE.I-].
• •. SPEBOULEiE.— Styles 5. Petals white. Lvs. linear, whorled 9ir....aLA. :2
— Styles 8 and 6. Petals red. Lvs. linear, opposite SpKutiiiLARiA. II
-~8lyl«» 8 ill all the llowers.— Stipules ovale. Lvs. in 4's. Poi,V(;AUfn.v. 14
— Sti|). multifld, Lv». o:ip..,.Srn't;i.icii>A. IS
£>
W
'^*
■f
I
V^J
,^r
254
Obukb 21.— caryophyllace.*:
f 4. PARONTCHIEiE. — Sepals herbaceous, distinct or nearly so Pakunyciiia. IB
— Sepals wiiite above, united In a tube below Stphonvciiia. 17
Suborder III. SCLERANTHINE^.
h Styles 2. Utricle inclosed in the hardened calyx tube . . .Sculkua.nthus. i8
Suborder IV. MOLLUGINE^.
k Styles S. Stamens bypogynous, 3 or 6. Herb prostrate. .Molluoo. 19
i. DIANTHUS, L. Pink. (Gr. Aibg, dveog, the flower of Jove,
alluding to its preeminent beauty and fragrance.) Calyx cylindrical,
tubular, striate, with 2 or more pairs of opposite, imbricated scales or
bractlets at base ; petals 5, with long claws, limb nnequally notched ;
stamens 10; styles 2, tapering, with long, recurved stigmas; caps,
cylindric, 1-celled.- -Beautiful Oriental plants, everywhere cultivated.
§ Flowers in dense corymbs. — Scales as long as the calyx No.s. 1, 3
— Scales ovate," awned, short No. 7
§ Flowers solitary or paniclod. — I'etals toothed or crenate : Nos. i), 4
—Petals fringed Nos. 6, 6
1 D. Armaria. Wild Pixk. Lvs. linear-suhulate, hairy ; fls. aggregate, fascicled ;
scales of the calyx lanceolate, subulate, as long as the downy tube. — (j) Our only
wild species of the pink, found in fields and pine woods, Mass. to N. J. St.
erect, 1 — 2f high, branching. Lv.s, erect, 1 — 2' long, 1 — 3" wide at the clasping
base, tapering to a subulate point. F's. inodorous, in dense fascicles of ;'. or
more. Cal. and its scales f long. Petals small, pink-colored, spiiuklod with
white, crenate. Aug. § Eur.
2 D. barbitus L. Sweet William or Bunch Pi.nk. Lvs. lanceolate ; fin.
aggregate, fascicled; scales of the calyx ovafc-subulate, as long as tlie tube. — 2^
An ornamental fiower, still valued as in the times of old Gerarde, " for its beuuty
to deck up the bosoms of the beautiful, and garlands and crowns for pleasure,"
Stems l^f high, thick. Lvs. 3 to 5' by J to 1', narrowed to the clasping biise.
Fls. in fastigiate cymes, red or whitish, often greatly variegated. May — Jl. f
3 D. Chinensis L. China Pink. St. branched ; 1v.s. linear-lanceolate ; _/?,f.
solitary ; scales, linear, leafy, spreading, as Lny as the tube. — ri. Native of China.
An elegant species, well cliaraoterized l-y its leafy, spreading scales, and its lavge,
toothed or crenate, red petals. The foliage, ]i\ tiiat of the other species, is iver-
green, being as abundant and vivid in winter as in summer.
4 D. caryoph^Uua L. Carnation, Bizarres, Picotbes, Flakes, &c. Lvs.
linear-subulate, channeled, glaucous ; fls. solitary ; scales very short, ovate ; petals
very broad, beardless, crenate. — Stem 2 — 3f high, branched. Fls. white and crim-
son; petals crenate. This species is supposed to be the parent of all the splendid
varieties of the Carnation. Over 400 sorts are now enumerated by florists, distin-
guished mostly by some peculiarity in color, which is crimson, white, red, purjili",
scarlet, yellow, and arranged in every possible order of stripes, dots, flakes and
angles.
5 D. plum^riuB L. Pheasant's Eye. Glaucous; st. 2 — .3-flowered; /v.
solitary; calyx teeth obtuse; scales ovate, very acute; h's. liuear, rough at the
edge; petals many-cleft, hairy at the throat. — 2| Native of Europe. From this
species probably originated those beautiful pinks called Pheasaut's-eye, of wliich
tiiero are enumerated in Scotland, no less than 300 varieties. Fls, white and
purple. Jn, — Aug, f
6 D. Bup^rbuB L. Lvs. linear-subulate ; j?s. fastigiate; scales short, ovate,
mucronato; petals pinnate. — !(. A singular, beautiful pink, native of Europe.
St, 2f high, branching, with many flowers. Petals white, gashed in a pimiato
manner beyond the middle, and hairy at the mouth, Jl. — Sept,
7 D, Carthusiandrum L, The Monthly Pink, common in house cultiva-
tion, with bright green, charmeled, linear leaves, short, cuispitoua sterna, pink-red,
double flowers, appears to be a variety of this species. "
2. SAPONARIA, L. Soapwokt. (Latin sapo, soap; the muciliv
Ordek 21.— CAKYOPHYLLAOE^.
ginous juice is said to make soap.) Calyx tubular, S-toothed, without
scales ; petals 5, unguiculate ; stamens 10 ; styles 2 ; capsule oblong,
1 -celled. Petals often crowned.
1 S. officiniliB L. Boukcino Bet. Lvs. lanceolate, inclining to elliptical ; Hs.
in paniculate fascicle i ; col. cylindrical ; crown of the petals linear. — 2^ By
readsides, N. E. to Ga. A shady, smooth, succulent plant, witli handsome, pink-
like flowers. St. 1 — 2f high. Lvs. 2 — 3' long, ^ or more as wide, very acute.
Fla many, flesh-colored, often double. The plant has a bitter taste, and make9
lather with water. Jl., Aug. § Eur.
2 S. (Vaccina) vulgaris Mdik. Lva ovate, lanceolate, sessile ; fls. in pan-
niculate cymes ; ccU. pyramided, 5-angled, smootli ; bracts membranous, acute. —
(D Gardens and cultivated grounds. Whole plant smooth, a foot or more high.
Lvs. broadest at base, 1 — 2' long, \ as wide, tapering to an acute apex. FI3. on
long stalks, pale-red. Caps. 4-toothed. Sds. globous, black. July, Aug.
§t Eur.
3. SILENE, L. Campion. (Silenus was a drunken divinity of the
Greeks, covered with slaver, as these plants are with a viscid secretion.)
('alyx tubular, swellinij, without scales at the base, 5-to<)thed ; petals 5,
unguiculate, often crowned with scales at the mouth, 2 or many-clet't,
(n* entire; stamens 10 ; styles 3 ; capsule .3-celled, opening at top by 6
teeth, many-seeded.
§ Acauk'scent, low, tiiftod. Perennial Xi). 1
§ Cuulesueiit. — IV'tiils fringe-cleft, vvlilte or rose-color. Perennial 7 Nos. "2 — t
— Petals bifid or entire. — Calyx inflated, veiny. Perennial No.s. T),
—Calyx close on the poil. (*)
* Flowers spicate, alternate. Annuall Nos. T. S
♦ Flowers not spicate. — I'etal.s pale, closed in snns'.iine Nos. !t. 10
— Petals red, i)urple, etc., — biHd Xos. 1 1, I'i
— entire Nos. 1=^ — 15
1 S. acatilis L. Low and densely cfespitous ; lvs. linear, ciliate at base ; ped.
solitary, short, l-flo\vered; cal. campanulate, sliglitly inflated; pet. obcordate,
crowned. — 2^ A little turfy plant, 1 — S high, on the "White Mts., N. H., and
throughout Arctic Am. Sts. scarcely any. Leaves numerous, J' long. Fls.
purple.
2 S. stell^ta Ait. Erect, pubescent; lvs. in whorls of i-i, oval-kmceolate, acum'm-
ate; cal. loose and inflated; petals fimbriate. — 2^ An elegant plant, woods and
prairies. Can. to Car., W. to 111. and Ark. St. 2 — 3f high, paiiiculately cymous.
Lvs. 2 — 3' long, ^ as wide, tapering to a long point, ses.sile. Cal. pale green,
with more deeply colored veins. Petals white, lacerately fringed, claws webbed
at base. Jl.
3 S. ovdta Ph. Erect, puberuloiit ; lvs. opposite, lance-ovate, acuminate ; cal.
ovate, not inflated; pet. many-cleft, crownless. — Virg. to Ga., rare. Sts. stout,
2 — If iiigh, branched from the base. Lvs. 4—5' long, broadest at base. Chiwii
of the white petals cxserted from the short calyx, the limb deeply and repeated!}'
forked, with linear segments. Fil. long, exserted.
4 S. Baldwinii Nutt. Weak hairy; lvs. obnvcUe-spnlulate ; calyx not inflated;
pet. cuneiform, divaricately lirabriate. — River bunks near Quincy, Fla. Sts. de
eumbent at base, 1 to 2f hi<fh. Lvs. few, nmch sliortcr than tiie mternodes, 1 t(
2 long, the upper elliptical, acute. Cyme of 3 to 5 largo (2' broad), pale rose*
colored flowers. Apr.
5 S. nivea DC. Minutely puberident, erect, subsimplo ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate,
acimiinato; fl.s. few, solitary, leafy; eal. infliited; pet. 2-eleft, with a small lii lid
crown ; caps, shorter than its stipe. — If In moist places, Penn., Ohio, 111, rare. St.
slender, leafy, IJ to 3f high, generally forked near the top Lvs. 2 to 3' by 6 to
9", tapering to a very slender point, floral ones lance-ovate. Fls. 1 to 8. Cal.
reticulated. Petals white.
6 8. infl^ta Smith. Bladder Campion. Glabrous and glaucous; lvs. ovate-
lanceolate ; fls, in cymow^, leafless panicles, drooping ; caL ovoid-globular, much
lii.
(. I
' I
Zi
1
t56
Okdeh 21.— caryophyllack^:.
Ih
' , ' 1
;!!•■:;
inflated and netted; sty. long-exaerted ; caps, short-stiped. — 1( In pa.sturM,
about fences, New England to Peno. St. erect, about 2f hiyh. Lva. L] to 3'
lonj,'. J as wide, ratlier acuminate. Petals white, cleft half way down. Cal. with
palp purple veins. Jl. — The young shoots and leaves may bo used as a substitute
fi)r -isparagus. § Eur.
7 S. quinquevulnera L. Branched, villous ; Ivs. oblong-spatidate, obtuse, the
higlii'st linear; spike somewhat one sided; cal. very villous; petals roundish, en-
tire, crowned. — 'h About Charleston, S. C. A foot high. Petals pink or crim-
son, with the border pale-purple. Jl. § Eur.
8 S. noctdrna L. St. branching, hairy below ; Ivs. pubescent with long ciliie at
base, lower ones spatulate, upper lance-linear; fls. appressed to the stem in a
dense one sided spike ; ral. cylindrical, almost glahrous, reticulated between the
veins; pet. narrow, 2-pnrtcd. — ''V Near New Haven, Ot. (Robbing) to Penn., Va.
Fla. vvliite, greenisli beneath. Jl. f g Eur.
9 S. Antirrhina L. Snaim)Ragon Catcii-fly. Nearly smooth, erect, branched
above ; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, the upper linear ; lis. few, on slender pedicels or
brandies ; cal. ovoid ; pet. emarginate. — (l) Road sides and dry soils. Can. and
U. S. flt. slender, branching, with opposite leaves, about a foot in height. Lvs.
about 2 long, the upper ones very narrow, all sessile, and scabrous on the mar-
gin. A few of tlie upper internodes are viscidly pubescent above their middle.
Fls. small, red, in loose, erect cymes. Jl.
/? LiVABiA. Very slender; lvs. all linear except the lowest, which are linear-
spatulate ; oal. globular. &a. and Fla.
10 S. noctifldra L. Visrid-pubesrent ; st. erect, branching; lower lva. spatu-
late, upper linear ; ral. rylindriral, ventricous, the alternate veins veinleted, teeth
subulate, very ioug ; petals 2-parted. — I'l^ Cultivated grounds. Fls. rather large,
white, expanding only in the evening, and in cloudy weather, f § Eur.
11 S. Vlrginica L. Viscid-pubescent; st. procumbent or erect, branching;
root-lvs. spatulate, caulino oblong-lanceolate ; Jls. large, cymous, cal. large, clavate ;
pet. bilid, broad, crowned. — 1( Gardens and fields, Penn. to Ga. St. 1 to 2f
liigli, often procumbent at base. Lvs. a little rough at the margin. Cymea
dichotomou.s. Sta. and pistils exserted. Petals large, red. Jn. f
12 S. rotundifolia Nutt. Pubescent, weak, decumbent, branching; lvs, thin,
roundish-oval; 7?v. .soliiary, very largo; cal. cylindrir-campamdate ; pet. bifid,
crowned. — Ro:;ks, Western Spates, rare. Lva. 1 to 3' by 1 to 2', the upper sub-
orbicular. Petals deep scarlet. Jn., Aug.
13 S. Pennsylvanlca Mx. W'^viA-puhesrent; sts. numerous ; lvs. from the root
Sjtatulate or cuneate, of the stem lanceolate; cyme few-Jtowered ; pet. slightly
emarginate, subcrenate — If. Dry, Handy soils, N. Eng. to Ky. and Ga. St. de-
cumbent at baso, iicMrly If higli, with long, lanceolate leaves, and terminal, up-
right bundles of liinvers. Cal. lonjr, tubular, very glutinous and hairy. Pet.
wedge-siiaped, red or purplisli. Jn.
14 S. rdgia Sims. Sim.kndid Catoii-f[.y. Srabrou-^, somewhat viscid ; st. rigid,
erect; lvs. ovate-lanceolate; ryme paniridatc ; pel. oblanceoiate, entire, eroso at
the end; sta. and stig. exserted. — 11 A largo species, beautiful in cultivation,
native Oliio to La. Sts. 3 to 4f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 8 to 15". Fla. very large,
numerous. Cal. tubular, 10-striate, 1' Ion."' Petals brigiit-scarlet, crowned.
Ju., Jl. f
15 S. Armaria L. Garden Catch-fi.y. Ve^ y sviooth, glaucous ; st. branching,
irlutinous below each node ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; fls. in corynibous cymes ; pet.
oliconiate, crowned; cal. clavate, lO-stFiate. — (If A popular gaiden flower, spar-
in%'ly naturalized. St. 1 to Uf high, many-flowered. Lva. \\ to 2\' long, ^ na
wide ; internodes elongated. Cal. |' long, a little enlarged above. Petals pui^ lo,
laminae half as long as the ciilyx. Jl., Sept. f § Eur.
4. AGROSTbMMA, L. Corn Cockle. (Cr. dypovarefi^a, crown
of the field.) Calyx bractless, tubular, coriaceous, the limb ot' 5 long,
ieatV, deciduous Bcpals, exceeding the corolla ; petals undivided, crown-
Ordrr 21.— CARYOPIIYLLACE^. -257
less ; stamens lU; styles 5 ; capsule 1-celietl, opening at tiie top by 5
teeth. — c\) and (g). Erect, hairy, dichotomous.
A Qithago. A well knowi;, handsome weed, growing in fields of wheat or
other grains, and of a pale green color, {jt. 2 to iJf high, Ibrked abovi". Lvs.
linear, long (3 to 5'), fringed with long ha'rs. Fls. few, large, of a dull purple, on
long, naked atJilks. Sds. roundish, angulai', purplisii-black, injurious to the white-
ness of the flour. Jl. § Eur. (Lychnis Citliago Lam.)
5. LYCHNIS, L. (Gr. Af^vof, a lamp; some cottony species liaving
been used as lamp-wick.) Calyx bratjtless, tubular, oblonjr or ovoid,
fimb of 5 sliort lobes, persistent ; petals 5, entire or cleft, mostly
crowned; stamens 10; styles 5; capsule more or less 5-celled at base,
opening by 5 to 10 teeth. — Handsome perennials, cultivated.
§ Fls. perfect,— Petals entire or 2-parteil Nos. 1 , i
— Petals laeiniiiti', <>r 4-parted Nos. M. 4
§ Flowers diomous. Petals 'J-lubed Nos. .'>, 6
1 L. coron^ria DC. Muli.eix Pink. Rosk Campion. VilU>u-s-; at. di-
chotomous; ped. long, \-flowered ; cal. campanulate, veined; j)t(. broail, tritire. —
Native of Italy. Whole plant covered with dense wool. St. 2f high. Fls.
purple, large. Varieties are white-flowered, red double- flowered, etc. f.
2 L. Chalceddnica L. Scarlet Lyciu'Iis or Sweet William. Smoothish;
fts. fasricviate ; ml. cyllndric, clavate, ribbed ; pet. 2-lohed. — .V flno garden flower,
native of Russia. St. 1 to 2f high, with dark green, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate
Ivs., and large, terminal, convex, dense fascicles of deep-scarlet flowers. It has
varieties of wnite fls. and also with double. Jn., Jl. f .
3 I-. FlOBcCiculi L. RAGCiEP Robin. Smoothisli ; st. ascending, dichotomous
at summit; Jts. fascicled ; cal. campanulate, 10-ribbed; pet. in 4 deep, linear seg-
ments. — Native of Europe. St. 1 to 2f high, rough angled, viscid above. Lvs.
lanceolate, smooth. Fls. pink, very beautiful, with a brown, angular, smooth
calyx. Caps, roundish, 1-celled. JL, Sept. f
4 L. corondta L. Chinese Lycunis. Smooth ; fls. terminal and axillary, 1 to
3 ; cal. rounded, clavate, ribbed ; pet. laciniate. — Native of China. St. 1 to 2f
high. Petals of lively red. remarkable lor their large size. There are vaiieties
with double red and double wliite flowers, f.
5 L. dMrna L. St. dichotomous-paniculate ; fls. $ i ; pettds half-bifld, hbef!
narroiv, diverging; caps, ovoid-globous. — Native of UnUiin, almost naturali/.od.
Sts. about 2f high, pubescent. Lvs. 1 tp 3 )ui|tf, (j|)|l)tic-ovate, acute. Fls. light-
purple, middle size, " '; '"'
6 L. dioica L. Lioecious ; st didiotomous-paniculate ; petals half-bifid, the
lobes broad, approxi ) tinting ; raps, conical. — Hardy at the South. St. 2f high,
hoary-pubescent. Lvs. lance-ovate, acuminate, 1 to 2 long. Fls. white, middle-
size. Jn. — Aug. f Kur.
6. CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear Chick-wekd. (Hr. Kt:pnr, a liorn ;
from the resemblance of the capsule of some of the s[)eci('s.) Calyx of
5, ovate, acute sepals; C(jrolla of 5, bifid prtals ; stamens 10, some-
times 5 or 4, the alternate ones shorter; styles 5 ; capsules cylindri-
cal or roundish, elongated, o[)ening at the apex by 10 teeth ; seeds
numerous. — Fls. cymoiis, white.
§ Petals iibont ns long as tlie calyx. \os. I. 2
$ Petals imicli longer than the ciilyx >,us. :i &
1 C. viilg^tum L. [fniry, pale green, cespitous ; lvs. attenuated at base, ovat«
or obovate, obtuse; flu. in subcapitate clusters; sep. wlien young, longer than tht
pedicels. — 'V Fields and waste grounds. Can. and U. S., flowering all summer.
St. 6 to 12 long, ascending, mostly forked. Lvs. 5 to 8' by :$ to 5 ', mostly very
obtuse, lower ones tapering to the base. Fls. in d.nise, terminal clusters, tlTo
terminal (central) one solitary, always the oldest. Seps. mostly green, a little
shorter than the corolla. P'^tals white, appearing in 10 segments.
\f
k
258
Order 21.— CARYOPHYLLACEJi].
2 C. viscdsum L. Ilairy, viscid, spreading; Ivs. oblong lanceolate, ratlier a^ut^;
Ji-'-. in loose cymes; sep. scarious and wiiite on the margin and apex, shorter tfoin
the pedicels. — '^4^ Fields and waste jjrounds, U. S. and Can. Plant greener tliau
tilt' last. Sis. many, assurgent. dichotomously cymoiis. Lvs. 5 to 9" long, ^ to
f as wide, radical ones subspatulate. Fls. wiiite, in dilFuse cymes. Pet. hardly
as long as the sep,, obovate, bifid, Sta. rarely but 5. Jn. — Aug.
3 C, arvense L. Pubescent, somewhat c?e!^pitous; Iva. linear-lanceolate, acute,
olten longer ilian the internodes; cyme on a long, terniinul peduncle, four-flow-
crtd ; petals more than twice longer than the caly.v ; caps, scarcely exceeding the
sf-pals. — % Rocky liills. Sts. 4 to 10' high, decumbent at base. Lvs. 9 to 15"
long, 1 to 2" wide. Fls. white, rather large. Caps, usually a little longer than
the calyx. May — Aug.
4 C. oblongifdlium Torr. Villous, viscid above; st. erect or declined; lvs.
oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, and shorter than the intornodcs ; fls. numerous,
in a spreading cyme ; pet. twice as long as the sepals ; caps, about twice as long as
thi. calyx. — "^l- Rocky places. Sts. 6 to n» high, thick. Lvs, 9 to 12" by H to 5",
tapering from base to an acute or obtuse apex, Fls. larger than either of the
foregoing, white, in two or three-forked cymes, Apr. — Jn,
5 C. niitanB Raf. Viscid and pubescent ; St. weak, striate-sulcate, erect ; lvs-
lanceolate ; lis. many, diffusely cymous, on long, filiform, nodding pedicels ; pet,
nearly twice as long as the cal. ; caps, a little curved., nearly thrice as long. — 'V.
Low grounds, Vt. to 111. and La. Pale green and clammy. Sts, 8 to 16' high,
branched from the base. Lvs. I to 2' long, \; as wide. Fls. white. May. —
Varies greatly at different dates ; beginning to flower when small in all its parts.
7. STELLARIA, L. Star Chickweed. (Latin, stella, a star — from
the stellate or star-like flowers ) Sepals 5, connected at base ; petals 5,
2-partecl, rarely ; stamens 10, rarely fewer ; styles 3, sometimes 4;
cjipsule ovoid, 1-celled, valves as many as styles, 2-parted at top ; seeds
many. — Small herbs in moist, shady places. Fls. in forked cymes or
axillary, white.
§ stems lonfv to the top, or with lenfy bracts, (a)
§ Steins leatii'S.s above, beuring scarious bracts Nos. 6—8
a Leavesoviite. Stems prostrate, pubescent. Nos. 1, 2
a Leaves oblong, lanceolate or linear Nos. 3—5
1 S. mddia Smith. Chickweed. Lvs. ovate ; st, procumbent, with an alternate,
lateral, hairy line; pet. shorter than the sep; sta. 3 to 5 or 10. — A common weed
in almost every situation N. of Mexico, flowering from the beginning of Spring
to the end of Autumn, Sts. branched, becoming cymous, brittle, round, jointed,
leafy, and remarkably distinguished by the hairy ridge. Fls. small, white. The
seeds are eaten by poultry and birds. § Eur.
2 S, prostrdta Baldw. Lvs, ovate, the lower on long petioles, sts. procumbent,
hollow, pubescent; fls, on long pedicels; pet. longer than sepals; stam, 7. — ^3) Ga.
and Fla. Sts. 1 to 4f long, slightly channelled and downy ; lower lvs. sub-
cordate, shorter than the ciliate-petioles. Fls. small. Mar., Apr
3 S. pilbera Michx. St. ascending, pubescent in one lateral or two opposite lines;
lvs. oblong or elliptical, acute, sessile, somewhat ciliate; fls. on flliform, finally
recurved pedicels; petals longer than the sepals. — 2f In rocky places, Penn, to
lad, and Ga. St. 6 to 12' high, often diffusely spreading. Lvs, 1 to 2^' by 4 to
10 ', with minute, scattered hairs. Fls. J' diam., axiUary and terminal, with 10
stamens and 3 styles. Sep, white-edged. Apr. — Jn.
4 S, unifldra Walt. St. glabrous, erect, branched from the base; lvs. linear-
subulate, lanceolate, acute ; ped. axillary, solitary, l-flowered ; pet. emarginate,
twice as long as the sep,— (D N. Car,, Ga,, in swamps. Sts, 10 — 12' high, slen-
der, Lvs. much shorter than the internodes. Ped. filiform, as long (2 to 3') aa
the internodes. May.
5 S, boredlis Bigelow, St. weak, smooth; lvs. veinless, lanceolate, acute; ped.
at length axillary, elongated, l-flowered ; petals 2-parted (sometimes wanting),
Okdeb 21.— OAUYOI'HYI.L ^CK.^E.
L'ny
nbdut iqual to the voinlesa sepals. — T "Wot placis, N. II., N. Y., N. to Arctic
Am. A spreading, flaccid plant. St. tJ to 12 or 15' louf!;, with ditVuso cyiiiert
both teruiiiial and axillary. Lvs. 8 to 15 long, 1 -veined. Petals, when pri'sciit,
white, small, at length about a.s long aj the lanceolate, acute sepals. Caps, longer
than the calyx. Jn., Jl.
6 S. aqu^tica PoUieh. Nearly glabnms ; at. slender, decumbent ; lvs. lance'
oval (ind abUirkj, acute, witli manilest veinlets; cymes hiteial; scp. lam- olato,
very acute, :5-veineii, ratiicr longer than tlie bilid petals; cap-^. ovoid, about
equalling the calyx; sty. 3. — 1\ Swampj springs, Penn.. Md. (Dr. Rohbins);
also. Rocky Mts. A very slender plant, 6 to 12 lonpr, with inconspicuous llowers
Lvs. 6 ' by 2 to 3". May. (Labnea uliginosa Hook.)
7 S. longipes Goldie. Smooth and shining ; st, i loro or loss doeumbont, with
ascending branches; Ics. Hufar-lancolate, broadest at base, aouir; jteduncles and
pedicels erect, filiform, cymous, w.tl ovate membranous bracts at base; Si-p. with
membranous margins, ob.scurely 3- veined, sea u-ely shorter than llie petals. — %■
Lake shores, N. Y. and Mich. Petals white, -'-[)arted. Fls. in loose cymes, the
terminal peduncle or the middle one the longest. Jn. — Aug
8 S. longifdlia Muhl. Lvs. linear; cyme terminal, spreading, with laTiceolate,
scarious bracts ; pedicels spre.iding; cal. -veined abor> equal to the petals. — U.
S. N. to Arc. Circle. The stems are ol considerable length, very slender and
brittle, supported on other plants and busln'.s. L\ -. alternate at V)aso. Fls. in a
div, ricate, naked cyme, very elegant, white, appearing in 10 segments like the
other sijecies. Three sharp, green veins singularly distinguish the sepals. Jn., Jl.
ii;
i
8. ARENARIA, L. Sandwort. (Lat. arena, sand ; in which most
species grow.) Sepals 5, spreading; petals 5, entire; stamens 10,
rarely fewer ; styles 3 ; ovary 1 -celled ; capsule 3-valved, valves each
2-parted ; seeds oo. — Sty. rartly 2 or 4.
Arhnaria. Leaves and sepals acute. Seels not appendaged Nos. 1, 2
M<KKiN«iA. Leaves and sepals obtuse. Seeds stropliiolate. No. 3
1 A. serpylHfolia L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. St. dichotomous, spreading ;
Ics. ovate, m. itt-, subciliate; cal. acute, striate; petals shorter than the Ciilyx ;
cai»s. ovale, G-luothed. — (1) By roadsides and in sandy fields, Ms. to Ga. Sts.
numerou.s, downy, with reflexed liairs, a few inches in length. Lvs. but little
longer than a flaxseed, beautifully ciliat<>. Fls. on axillary and terminal
peduncles. Pet. white, oval, mostly much sliorter than the 3 to 5-veined, accu-
minatc, hairy sepals. Jn.
2 A. diffusa Ell. St. long, decnmbont, diffuse ; lvs, oblong or ovate-lanceolate,
acute at both ends; ped. 1 -flowered; sep. acute: pet oval, entire, much shorter
than the calyx, but generally wanting. — Moist woods, N. Car. to Fla. and Ga,
Sts. clambering, 2 to 5f in length, pubescent. Lvs. minutely dotted, attenuate
at base often to a petiole, G to 12 ' long. Ped. twice as long, terminal, but soon
axillary. Cal. as long (1") as in Xo. 1. Apr. — Jn. (Stellaria lanuginosa Torr.
&Gr.)
3 A. lateriflora L. Upright, slightly pubescent ; lvs. oval, obtuse ; ped. lateral,
2 to 3-flowered ; sds. (strophiolate) appendaged at the hilum. — % Damp, shady
grounds, N. States and Brit. Am. St. 6 to 10' high, nearly simple, slender. Lvs.
€'llTptical, rounded at each end, 6 to 10" long, J as wide, on very short petioles.
Ped. terminal and lateral, 2 to 3' long, dividing into 2 or more filiform pedicels,
one of them with 2 braeteoles in the middle. Fls. 4" diam. ; white petals more
than twice as long as the sepals. Jn. (Mccringia, L.)
;i'
9. ALSINE, Wahl. Grove Sandwort. (Gr. aAcrof a grove ; the
favorite locality of these little plants.) Sepals 5 ; petals 5, entire or
merely notched at apex ; stamens 10 ; styles 3 ; ovary 1 -celled ; cap-
sule deeply 3-valvcd, valves entire; seeds oo. — Small, slender herbs,
^
^!i^^<
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
Uit2^ 12.5
■50 •^™ M^H
■u l&i 12.2
•A u
L25 mu 11.6
I.I
7
^
^i^
%
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
v
4
s?
r^w
o^
13 WIST MAIN STRUT
WUSTIR.N.Y. 14SI0
(716) •72-4503
'^
%
2(50
Obdek 21.— (JAIlVorilVKLACK^j.
■♦♦
with very narrow, iniimte Ivs. and wliitj fls. (The species were for-
merly inchided in the last genus.)
5 Sepals 3 to S-vcincil, nciilo N'os. 1—8
I So|)als veinli'ss, obtuse. — Leaves densely iiiibrieiitetl No. 4
— Leaves opposite, distant Xos. 5— T
1 A. p^tula Gray. Diffusely and divarirately branched, glandulHr-pubfsecnt ;
Ivs. liucar-tiliforin, obtuse ; petals emarginate. — f) lloeky cliffs, Va. and Ky. Sts.
exceedingly .lender, 6 — 10' higii, many from one root. Lvs. few and n)inuto, :{
to 5" long, obtn.se under a lens. Cyme at lengtii diffuse and many-flowen d.
Petals twice aa long (2') as tiio 3 to 5-veined sepals. Jn., JL (Arenaria Mx.)
2 A. Pftcheri. Erect, fastigiately branched, almost glabrous ; lvs. linear, obtusi^,
flat; pet. entire, twice as long a.s the 6-veined sepals. — fX' Davison Co., Teiin.
(Prof. Calender), and westward. Sts. several from one root, simple, with a few -
flowered (:$ to 7), pedunculate cyme at top, 3 to 6' high. Lv.s. rather erect, 3 to
6'' by J". Pedicoia minutely glandular. Petals about 3" long. (Anmaria,
Nutt.)
3 A. strfcta. Glabrous, diffuse ; st. branched from the base; lvs. subuiato-iin-
ear, rigid, so fascicled in tlio axils aji to appear wkorled; cymes few-tloworoi!,
with spreading branches. — 2^ Sterile grounds, Arc. Am. to Car. Sts. 3 to 10'
high. Lvs. 5 to 8" long, very narrow and acute, rigid, sessile, 1-veincd, much
fascicled in the axil.^ Pet. obovate-oblong, twice as long as the 3-veined, ovate-
lanceolate sepals. May, Jn. (Arunaria, Mx. Alsine Miehauxii Fenzl.)
4 A. squarrdsa Fenzl. Ojespitous; st. few-flowered; lower lv.s. .squarrouH-im-
bricate, crowded, upper ones few, all subulate, elianneled, smooth ; pet. obovnte,
3 times longer tiian the obtuse, veinlosa sepals. — '4- I» sandy barrens, Long
Island to Ga. Sts. 6 to 10' high, pubescent, much divided at ba.so into eimpio
branches. Lv.s. about J' long, obtuse, sessile. Fls. wliite, in small, terminal
cymes. Sep. green. Caps, obtuse. Apr., — Sept. (Arenaria Mx).
5 A. Oreenldndica Fenzl. despitous ; sis. numerous, filiform ; lvs. linedr. fiat,
spreading; ped. I-flowered, elongated, divaiicate. — If Summits of higli moun-
tains, N. IL, N. Y. to Greenland. It grows in tufted ma.ssea consisting of exceed-
ingly numerous stems about 3' high, and sprinkled over witii largo (8'' diiim )
wliite fls. with yellow stamens. Lvs. 4 to C" by J", numerous. Sepals uvuto,
veinless. Aug. (Arenaria, Spreng.)
6 A. brevif61ia. Erect {uot tutted), few-leaved; sts. many, filiform, simple, cjm-
ous above ; lvs. minute, 1 times shorten- than the internodes, ovate, subulate ; sep.
oblong. — Rocks (Stone Mt., Ac), Ga Sts. almost capillary, 2 — 3' high, with
about 3 pairs of leaves and 3 to 7 flowers on long pedicels. Fls. not half as large
as in the preceding (about 4 ' diam.) Lv.s. 1'' long. Apr., May. (Arenaria
N-itt.)
7 A. glabra. Ctespitous, glabroiis ; sts. deetimbent, filiform ; lvs. linear-setaceous,
spreading; sep. oval, veinless, half as. long iia the petals. — 1( Mts. Car. toGa. and
Ala. Sts. very numerous, 5 to 8" high, forming grass-like tuft:s, tlie branches
exceedingly slender, divaricate. Lvs. 6 or 6 " long. It dift'ers from No. 5, in its
bristle-siiaped leaves and smaller (5 " broad) fls., and from No. 6, in its tuftt'd
Btonis. (Arenaria Mx., ncc Ell.)
10. SAGINA, L. l*EAHLWORT. [Liit. mifina, food or noiuishnnMit ;
badly applied to these minute plants.) Sepals, styles nnd ])etals 4 or
5, the latter entire, often ; stamens as many or twice as many as the
sepals; capsule 4 or 6-valved, many-seeded. — Diminutive, spreading
herbs, with narrow leaves and small, white flowers.
1 S. prooikmbens L. Procumbent, glabrous ; pet. about half as long as the roundish-
obtuse sepals ; sta. Sep. and pot. 4 or 6. — !(. A small weed, with slender, creeping
stems, 3 or 4' long, Ibund in damp places, R. lal., N. Y. to S. Car. Lvn very
small, linear, mueronate-pointed, connate or opposite. Fls. wliite and greeu,
Axillary, on peduncles longer than the leaves. Jn.
Order 21.— CARYOPHYLLACK.-E.
261
2 S. er^Cta L. Asrending, simple, fflabroiis; pet. as lony as thf lin-eolat'', aciiie
si-pals ; Sep. pot. and stu. 4. — h Dry pljict's, Md. Sts. sniootli and glaiu-ous, "J or
3 high, witli ouly one or two fls. Lvs. linear, acute, 4 to o ' long. Caps, ovate,
as long a.s the calyx. Apr., May. g Eur. (NIcenchia quatemoUa Fenzl.)
3 S. EUiottii Fenzl. Taffed, deciunbeut, glabrous; lvs. linear-subulate, vtry
acute ; ped. much longer than the leaves ; fls. '{/ ; pet. hardly a-i lony as the sep.:
ffta. 10. — '^2J Sandy fields and woods at the South, common. St. 2 to 3' long.
Lvs. 6 to 1 0" long, connected at b."! so by a membrane. Fls. much 8n)aller than
in No. 1. Petals white, hardly as largo iis tiie sepals. Mar.. Apr.
4 S. noddsa Fenzl. Tufted, nsrendhvj. glabrous; /'w. siibulatc, the ujipor very
short and fa-sc'iled; fls. \/; pet. mwh hnger than the tiep. ; sta. 10. — 11 Lake
shores, Can., .slo of Shoals, N. II. (Robbins). Sts. many from one root, sub-
simple, appearing kno*;ted by the short, dense fascicles of leaves.
5 S. fontin^lis Short. Procumbent, glabror.s; lvs. linear-spatulat^i ; petals 0;
sta. 4 to 6. — D Ky. (Short and Peter.) An herb of larger growth than the otlier
species, on limestone rocks. Sts. a foot long. Sep. 4 or 6, obtuse, longer than
the depressed capsule. Apr., May. (A var. of Stellaria crassifolia Ehrh.?)
6 S. apetala L. Erect and puliescent ; lvs linear-subulate; ped. elongated ascend-
ing in fruit; sep. and sta. 4; pet. very minuto or 0. — 1 1) Sandy fields, N. J., Venn.
Sts. numerous, filiform, 2 to 4' high. Sep acute, shorter than the caps. May, Ju.
ii. HONKENYA, Ehrh. Se.\ S.^ndwoht. (Ninno<l in h<»iior of J.
G. Hoiikem/a, a (Jonnaii bota.iist.) Sepals 5, united at base ; petals 5,
with sliort claws, entire ; staineiis 10, inserti'<l into tlio creiiate ed^e of
a conspicuous disk ; styles 3 to 5 ; capsule 8 to 5-valveil, iiiany-seedeil. —
fT Herbs of the .sea coast, with fleshy lvs.
H. peploides DC. Abundant on the Atlantie coast, X. .T. to T.ab. St.'^. creep-
ing, with upright branches, If long, fbnning dense tutts. Lv.s. ovate, halt' clasp-
ing, acute, thick, 5 to 7 or 10 " long, more than half as wde, mostly shorter than
the internodea. Fls. .?mall, axillary, on short peduncles. Sep. veinle.-«, exceeding
the white petals. May, Jn. (.Vdenarium, llaf )
12. SPERGULA, L. Spurry. (Lat. sper^jo, to scatter ; from the flifi-
persion of the seeds.) Sepals 5, nearly di.stiiict ; pe' als 5, entire ;
stamens 5 or 10; styles 5; capsule ovate, 6-\alved, the valves opposite
the sepals ; seeds go ; embryo coiled into a ring. — Herbs with fls. iu
loose cymes. Lvs. verticillate. Stipules sea*' is.
S. arv^nsis L. Lvs. linear-subulate; ped. reflf i in fiuit ; sds. reniforai, an-TU-
lar, rough. — A weed in cultivated grounds. Can. to Ga. Rt. small. St. round,
branched, with swelling joints, beset with copious whorled Iva, somewhat downy
and viscid. Two minute stipules under each whorl. Cyme forked, the tcrnnnaJ
(central) peduncles bending down as the fruit ripens. Petals white, lo:ige>- llian
the calyx, capsule twice as long. Sds. many, with a membranous margin.
May — Aug. § Eur.
13. SPERGULARIA, Pcrs. Red S.\ndwort. Sepals 5; petals 5,
entire; stamen 2 to 10; styles and valves of the capsule 8 (rarely 5,
and then alternate with the sepals) ; seeds c» ; embryo curved. — i j Q^
Low, spreading and slender-leaved, with red or rose-colored fls. Stip.
scar ions.
8. riibra Pers. St. decumbent, mueh branched ; lvs. linear, slightly nnuToniitr ;
Btip. ovate, membranc»ouo, cleft ; sep. lanceolate, witii sciarioua margins ; sds. com-
pressed, angular, rougiiisli. — Sandy fields, ('an. to Flor., near the aea coast. Sts.
a few inches in length, slender, smooth, spreading on the ground, with small nar-
row lvs., and dry, sheathing stip. Fls. small, on hairy stalks. May — Oct.
(Arenaria rubra L.)
8. M\RINA L. Lvs. fleshy, usually much longer than tbe intpjnodoa, not mu-
cronatp. .xoeds ninrurinlcps. — In salt iium'sIicb.
\r i
I
^.
i « A'm
^ 'Mm
•
26i
Obdeu til.— CARYOrilVLLACE.*:.
i
1
3
I
■\
-ir
m-
14. POLYCARPON, L. All-seed. (0. nokvg, many, «ap7rof, fruit.
The capsules arc numerous.) Sepals 5, ovate, carinate, scarious-edged ;
capsule 3-valvud, many-seeded. — :I) Lvs. opposite and quaternate on the
low spreading branches.
P. tetraph^llum L. Lvs. spatulate or oval, tapering to & petiole, some of them
in whorls of 4 ; stain. 3. — Around Charleston, S. Car. A low, much branched
plant, Hts. ',i to G high. Lvs. 2 to 5" long. Stip. several at each joint, ovate-
lanceolate, inenibraneous. Fla small, in dense cymes. Pet. much shorter than
Sep., lioiched, white. May, Ju. § Eur.
15. STIPULICIDA, Michx. (Lat. atipula, ccrdo ; the stipules being
much cleft.) Sepals oblong, with broad, scarious margins ; petals 5, as
long as the sepals, entire ; stigmas 3, subsessilc ; capsule subglobous,
3-valvtd, few-seeded. — (p A slender, tufted, dichotomously branched
herb, almost leatiess, with the small Us. in terminal cymules.
S. seticea Mx. In dry, sandy soils, Ga. (Feay, Mettauer) and Fla. (Chapman).
8t.s. niatiy fioin one root, glabrous, 6 to 10' higli, each several times forked, slen-
der, the branches almost setaceous. Root lvs. roundisli-obovate, narrowed to a
petiole, 1 ' diam. Joints distant, each marked by a fringe of leaves and stipules
^ ' long. Fls. sessile, 4 to 6 together, green and white, at length reddish. May.
16. PARONtCHIA, Tourn. Nailwort. (Gr. irapa, with, ovv^. the
nail ; i. e., (he whitlow ; supposed cure for.) Sepals 5, linear-oblong,
comiiveiit, slightly hooded and mucronate or awned near the apex;
petals or sterile filaments very narrow and scale-like or none ; stain. 2,
3, or 5 ; stiguias 'i ; with the styles more or less united into 1 ; utricle
1-seeded, not exceeding the calyx. — Low herbs dichotomously branched,
with scarious, silvery stipules, and at least the lower lvs. opposite.
I Paronyciua. St'imls evidently awnod at apex. Lvs. linear ami subulate Nos. 1, 2
§ .^NY<iHA (\{\. partly). Sep. merely mucronato at apex. Lvs. lanceolate to oval.(*)
* Stems procumbent, diffuse on the j;round. Stamens & Nos. 3, 4
* Sttiiita erect, witli diffusely ascending branches. Stamens 2 or 8... Nos. 6, 6
1 P. dichotdma Nutt. Glabrous, densely branched ; lvs. acerose, mucronate ;
bracts like the leaves; cymes fastigiate, with no central flower ; sep. S-veined, cus-
pidate. — %■ Rocks (Harper's Ferry), Va., and Car. to Ark., rare. Densely matted
and branched, the flowering stems 6 to 12' high. Lvs. crowded, 1' by |". Sty.
bifld at top. Minute setae in place of petals. Jl. — Nov.
2 P. argyr6coma Nutt. Pubescent, tufted, decumbent; lvs. linear, acute; cymes
glomerate, terminal; fls. enveloped in dry, silvery bracts: sep. hairy, l-veined,
setaccously cuspidate. — 'i[ White Mts., N. H., in the gorge behind the Willey
hjiise (Chapman) and in the Allegh. and Cumb. Mts. Flowering stems 4 to 10'
high. Lvs. crowded, 6 to 10' long.— Fls. concealed in the bracts; the cusp
equaling tiie sepals. Jl.
3 P. herniarioides Nutt. Scabrous, diffusely branched ; lvs. oval or oblong,
mucronate; the raminal alternate. Fls. sessile in the axils of the leaves; sep.
3-veined, merely mucronate. — '^1- N. Car. (Miss Carpenter) to Ga., in sandy soil.
A litt'.e depressed plant, spreading on the sand, with minute lvs. and fls.
Branches alternate with 1 -sided branchlets. Lvs. 3 — 2 — 1" long, J as wide,
stip. shorter. Pis. \' long.
4 P. Baldwfnii Torr, & Gr. Diffusely branched, procumbent; hs. linear-
lanceolate, very acute, nil opposite ; fls longer than the setaceous stipules, mostly
tc*-minal, stclked ; stam. 6. — Fla. (Mettauer), in dry fields. Sta. more openly
branched, many from the same root, covering a circular spot 12 — 20' diam.
Lvs few, 3 — 8 " long, ^ — 2 " wide, Bcssile. Fls. a ^ largri than in No. 3. Oct.
5 P Canad^naia. Stem erect, slender, pubescent, many times forked, with
slender or capillary branches .; lvs. lanceolate, varying to oblanceolate ; th«
Order 22.— PORTULACACE^l
263
•auline opposite, the raminal alternate ; 2 pairs of scarioua, subulate stipules at
eacii fork, whicli aro sliorter than tiib tiower ; stylo none ; utricle equaling the
greenish .sppals. — Hilly woods, Can. to Ga., W. to Ark, Hight 6 — 10 or 18 ,
often nearly smooth. Lvs. 4 — 10 long, somewhat stalked. Fls. J" long, aone-
wliat pedicellate. Seed globular, rosin colored. Jn. — Aug. (Queria, L. Any nia
Ci'pillaL'oa Nutt.)
/3. PUMILA. Dwarf, a few inches (2 — 4') high, the lvs. reduced in proportion,
very pubescent ; stems short-jointed, tufled, lis. sessile, glomerate ; style as
long as the ovary (at least in specimens from Md. sent by Mr. II. Shriver),
forked at apex. (A. dichotoma DC.)
17. SIPHONYCHIA, Torr. and Or. (Gr. oi^nov, a tube, that is, AnycLia
with a tubular calyx,) Sepals linear, petaloid above, coherent into a
tube below, unarmed ; petals 5 setic alternate with tlie stamens ; style
filiform, minutely bifid ; utricle included in the calyx. — ® Procumbent,
diffuse and widely spreading. Fls. in glomerate, terminal cymules.
S. Americana Torr. and Gr. — S. Car. to Fla. Sts. 1 — 2f in length. Lvs.
oltlanceoliite, much shorter than the internodes, 12 — 9 — 6" long, obtuse. Bracts,
like the lvs., very small. Fls. very numerous, 1" or more in length, with hooked
bristles below. Sep. white above. (Uerniaria Nutt.)
18. SCLERANTHUS, L. Knawel. (Gr. (T«A?/p6f, hard, avBo^ ; when
in fruit the floral envelope appears hard and dry.) Sepals 5, united
below into a tube contracted at the orifice; petals 0; stamens 10,
rarely 5 or 2; styles 2, distinct; utricle very smooth, inclosed in the
hardened calyx tnbe. — (£) A prostrate, diffuse little weed, exstipulate.
S. dnnuuB L. Dry fields and roadsides, N. Eng. and Mid. States. Sts. numerous,
branching, decumbent, short (3 — G'), Lvs. linear, acute, short, opposite, partially
united Ht tlieir bases. Fls. very small, green, in axillary fascicles. Jl.
19. MOLLUGO, L. Carpet-weed. Calyx of 6 sepals, inferior, united
at base, colored inside; corolla 0; stamens 5, sometimes 3 or 10; fila-
ments setsiceous, shorter than and opposite to the sepals ; anthers simple ;
capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many seeded ; seeds reniform. — Lvs. at length
apparently verticillate, being clustered in the axils.
M. verticlU^ta L. Lvs. cuneiform, acute ; st. depressed, branched ; pedicels
l-Hower>d, subumbellute ; sta. mostly but 3. — (1) Dry places throughout N.
America. Sts. slender, jointed, branched, lying flat upon the ground, forming a
roundish patch. At every joint is a cluster of wedge-shaped or spatulate lvs. of
unequal gize, usually 5 in number, and a few flowers, eacii on a solitary stalk,
■which is very slender, and shorter than the petioles. Fla. small, white. Jl. — Sept.
4>
f AM
^'
^ '1
1,1
Order XXII. PORTULACACE^. Purslanes.
Tlerhs succulent or fleshy, with entire leaves, no stipules, and regular flowers.
Sifpals 2, united at base, rarely 8 or 5. Petals 6, rarelj 0, more or less imbricated
ixi lestivatiou. Sta. variable in number, but opposite the petals when as many.
Ova. superior. 1 -celled. Sty. several, stigmatous along the inner surface. Fr. a
pyxis, dehiscing by a lid, or a capsuie, loculicidal, with as many valves as stigmas.
Seeils few or many, on long funiculi from the base, or on free central placent«B.
Gentra 27, Hpei-ie.H 260, inhabiting dry places in every quarter of the world. They possess no
jeiiiiirkable properties.
GENERA.
|Si'pal«B. Petals none. Fruit a pyxis Sfsuvicm. 1
I Sepals '2.— Stamens 5, opposite the R petals Clwtonia. S
—Stamens 7 to 80,— hypogynous, capsule 8-valved Talinum. 8
— perlgynous. Pyxis opening by b lid Pobtulaca. 4
■ f
1
'''.I
X.
m
N.
'.^jw
t^
p!|
iM
2U4
OUDKU 22.— I'ORTUL.VCAOK/E.
:*>•
1. SESUYIUM, L. Sea Purslane. Supals o, united below, colore*!
inside; petalsj 0; stjunens few or many, always more than the sepals,
and inserted on them ; capsules (pyxis) few, 3-celled, opening trans-
versely like a lid ; seeds oo minute. — Succulent sea-side herbs, with
opposite Ivs. and axiihii y, solitary lis.
S portulacdstrum Tourn. Lvs. linear-spatulate ; fla. seasile or short-peduiicled ;
stam. oo- — Sea-coast, in sand, X. J. to Fla. St. round, branebing, smooth, thick,
a foot or more in length. Lvs. obtuse, tapering at base to a petiole, very thick
and smooth. Ped. much shorter than tlie leaves. Sep. roae-white inside, exceed-
ing the rose-colored stamens. Jl., Nov.
2. CLAYTbNlA, L. Spring Beautv. Fig. 383, 384. (In memory
of John Clayton, one of the earliest botanists of Virginia.) Sepals 2,
ovate or roundish, petals 5, ©margined or obtuse, stamens 5, inserted
on the claws of the petals; stigmas 3-cleft ; capsule 3-valved, 2 to
5-seeded. — Small, fleshy, early flowering plants, arising from a small
tuber. Stem with 1 — 4 leaves.
1 C. Carolini^na M.K. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate ; sep. and pet. obtuse. — % A dolicnt©
little plant, common in woods and rocky hills, Can. to N. Car. W. to the Mi.ss.
Rt. a compressed, brown tuber, buried at a depth in the ground equal to the
bight of the plant. Root lvs. very few if any, spatulate. St. weak, 2 to 3 iiigh,
with a pair of opposite leaves halfway up, which are 1 to 2' by 4 to 8 , entire,
tapering at base into tiie petiole. Fls. in a terminal cluster, white with a tingo
of red, and beautifully penciled with purple lines. Apr., May.
2 C. Virginica L. Lvs. linear or lance-linear; sep. rattier acute, pet. obovate,
mostly emarginate or retuao ; ped. slender, nodding. — % In low, moist grounds.
Mid. and S. States, W. to Mo., rare in N. ling. Tuber as large as a hazel nnt,
deep in the ground. St. 6 to 10 long, weak, with a pair of opposite, very narrow
iva. 3 to 5' long. Fls. 5 — 10, rose-colored, with deeper colored veins, in a ter-
mimU, finally elongated raceme. Apr , May.
3. TALINUM, Adans. Sepals 2, ovate, concave, deciduous ; petals
5, sessile; stamens 10 to 20, inserted with the petals into the torus ;
style trifid ; capsule subglobous, 3-valvcd, many-seeded.
T. teretifdlium L. St. simple or branched, short and thick; lvs. linear,
crowded at the summit of the stem, on short branches; ped. elongated; ds. in a
dichotomous cyme. — 4 An interesting plant on rocks, Penn. to Ga. and west-
ward. Rhizome or perennial stem tirra and fleshy, with fibrous roots. Branches
1 to 3' long. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, incurved, fleshy. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, min-
ute. Ped. 5 to 8' high, very straight, slender, and smooth. Fla. 8'' lnond,
purple, ephemeral. Stam. about 20. Caps, globular, with 35 seeds. Jn.,
Aug.
4. PORTULACA, Tourn. Purslanes. Sepals 2, the upper portion
deciduoua; petals 5 (4 to 6), equal ; stamens 8 to 20 ; styles 3 to 6-
cleft or parted ; pyxis subglobous, dehiscing near the middle, many-
seeded. — IjOw, herbaceous, fleshy. Fls. expanding only in sunshine.
1 P. oler^cea L. Lvs. cuneate ; fls. seasile. — <T) A prostrate, fleshy weed, more
common in our gardens than desirable. St. thick and succulent, mucli brandiod
wid spreading, smooth. Lvs. fleshy, sessile, rounded at the end. Fls. yellow.
Tiio herbage of the plant is of a reddish-green color. Sometimes used as a pot-
kerb. Jn., Aug. §.
2 P. grandifldra TTook. Sts. ascending, much branched, brandies subcrect,
enlarged upwards; lv.s. linear, acute, the axils villous, with long, woolly hairs;
fla. terminal, sessile, 1 or few together, surrousded by ao irregular circle of leaves
■^-
Ordeb 24.-MALVACE^.
2tt5
and deusu tufta of wool ; pot. obovate; stam about 15. — % A very delieato pUml.
with purple stems and bright purple fl.s. IJ' diam.
P. GillidBii Hook, with short. cyHndncal, blunt Ivs., somewhat flattened,
ascending, branoiied stems, and large, deep purple fl.s., is also popular in house
cultivation. These species ara natives of S. America, f
Order XXIII. ME8EMBRYACE.E. Ice-plants.
Plants flesl)y, of singular and various form, yet beautiful, with opposite, fleshy
leaves. Fls. solitary, axillary and terminal, remarkable for their profusion, brilliant,
iiiid of long duration. Sdpals definite; petals numerous, colored, in many rows.
Sla. indefinite, distinct, arising from tlie calyx (perigynous). Ova. inferior or nearly
superior, many-celled. Stigmas numi^roiis. Caps, many-celled, opening in a stel-
late manner at the apex, or one-celled. Sds. more commonly indefinite, attached to
tlie inner angle of the cells, or to a free central placentic.
(ieiici'ii 5. npecies .S"5. oliii-fly n;itivos of tlie arid, siintly plains of t lie Oa|i« of Oooil Hojie.
Tlie .>i|iecie.s aro iiuicli cultivated for ornuiiient. Lewi.sia rediviva of Ori'u'ori, called Spietluin, i»
highly valued for its farinaceout<, nutritive roots.
MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, L. (Gr. /te<77/jii/3pm, mid-day, avBo^\
flowers expanding at mid-day.) Calyx 5-cleft ; petals very numerous,
linear; stamens QC, perigynous; capsule inferior, fleshy, turbinate;
seeds numerous, either axile or parietal.
1 M. orystallinum L. Ice-plant. Biennial, procumbent ; Ivs. largo, ovate,
acute, wavy, frosted, 3-veiued beneath. — A popular liouso plant, from Greece. It
has a creeping stem, If or more io length, and with the leaves is covered over
with frost-like, warty protuberances, giving the plant a very singular aspect.
Fls. white, appearing all summer, f.
2 M. grandifldrum L. Perennial, procumbent, spreading ; Ivs. petiolate,
opposite, cordate-ovate ; cal. 4-cleft, 2-horned. — % An interesting plant in houso
cultivation, from Cape Good Hope. The whole plant fleshy and succulent, like
others of Its kind. F'.s. pink-colored. Calyx thick, green, the horns op|K)8ite.
Caps, translucent, marked at summit with cruciform linos, f.
j-m
'm
Order XXIV. MALVACE^. Mallows.
Ift-rbs or shrubs with alternate, stipulate Ivs. and regular flowers, with 5 sepals
united at base, valvate in the bud, often subtended by an involucel ; 5 petals hyp>
gyiious, convolute in the bud, with the stamens Qo, monadelphous, hypogynoue,
and 1-celled, reniform anthers. Pistils several, distinct or united, and stigmas vari-
ous. Fruit a several-celled capsule, or a collection of 1 -seeded indehiscent caipela.
Seeds with little or no albumen, and a curved embryo. (Fig. 252, 362.)
Genera 40, specie« IdOO. abundant in tli© tropics, frequent in the temperate zones, entirely
vanting in the frigid. Cotton, one of the most important products of the vejretnhle kingdom, It
the coma of the seeds (§ 5S5) of (io-'*6yi>iuni. Many of the Malvaceae are handsoinu flowerln|5
plants, and are often cultivated as such.
i'/ ojycr«€.v.— Gonerally abounding in mucilage, and destitute of any deleterious qualitiei.
GENERA.
I Calyx naked, i. e., havinj; no Involucel. (b)
I Calyx in volucelate. — Carpels (and styles) more than 5. (a)
—Carpels 3 to & only, — one-seedod. (o)
—3— 00-seeded. (d)
a Involucel of 6 to 9 bractlets. Carpels 1 -seeded Ai,tii.«a. 1
a Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 1 -seeded Malva. 3
a Involucel of 8 united bractlets. Carpels l-seeded Lavatrra. 8
» Involucel of 3 distinct bractlets. Carpels 2-seeded Morioi.a. 4
\u\
V\yv^
J6fl Orueb 24.— MALVACKJi.
b Flowers (lifeclous. Stij^iiiiis lo, liiu-iir Sapma. 5-
b Flowers perfect. Carpels & or more, l-si'ctled Sida. 6
b Flowers perfect. Carpels 5 or many, :< to 9-sueile<l Aiu'TILoh, T
O StiKiniis 10. Carpels .% baccate, united Malvavisoks. 8
C Stigmas 10. Carpels 5, dry, dis;lnct I'avoma. 9
O Stigmas 5. Carpels .\ dry. united Into a iM)d Kostklktzkva. 10
d Involucre of many bractlets. Calyx regular. . , lliBisns. U
d Involucre of many bractlets. Calyx s|^llt on one siile .\iiri,mos<'||i;s. 12
d Involucre of 8 inclsely toothed bractlets Oussyi*il'm. V-i
1. ALTH^A, L. Marsh Mallow. (Gr. akOio, to cure ; the iiiucil- .
aginous root is highly esteetned in medicine), ('alyx surrounded at base
by a 6 to 9-cleft invohicel ; styles oo, with linear stigmas; carpels oo,
1 -seeded, indehiscent, arranged circularly, and at maturity separating
from the axis.
1 A. ofiBcin^lis L. Lvs. soft-downy on both sides, cordate-ovate, dentate, some-
what 3-bbed; ped. much shorter than the leaves, axillary, many-jiowered. — If Me.
to N. Y., borders of salt marshes. St. 3f high, erect, firm, covered with tliiok
woolly down, with alternate, velvet-liko leaves. Fls. large, axillary and terminal,
pale purple. The root as well as the other parts of the plants, abounds in niiici-
lage, and in medicine is often used aa an emollient. Sept.if § Eur.
2 A. rdsea Cav. Hollyhock. St. erect, hairy ; lvs. cordate, 5 to l-angM,
rugous; fls. axillary, sessile. — '^ A tall plant, very commonly cultivated in gar-
d JUS. Numerous varieties have been noticed, with single, double, and .semi-double-
flowers, of various shades of color, as white, rose-coloreil, flesh-colored, dark rod,
and even a purpUsh black, purple, yellow, straw-color, etc. f China? (Aicea
rosea L.)
3 A. ficifdlia Cav. Fig-leaved Hollyhock. St. erect, hairy ; lvs. palmate,
7-lobed beyond the middle, lobas oblong, obtuse, angular-toothed. — '2. St. tall as
the above. Fls. orange-colored, f Levant. (Alcea licifolia L.)
2. MALVA, L. Mallow. (Gr. //aAa;^?/, soft; on account of the soft
mucilaginous properties.) Calyx 5-cleft, the involucel 3-leaved ; petals
obcordato or truncate ; styles oo, with linear stigmas ; carpels oo,
1-celled, l-seeded, indehiscent, arranged circularly, and at maturity sep-
arating from the axis.
§ Leaves orbicular, with 5 to 7 ani;iilar lobes. Carpels obtuse Nos. 1— .3
I Leaves triangular-deltoid, scabrous. Carpels itcutu No. 4
§ Leaves palmately 6 to 7-parted Nos. 5, 6
1 M. rotundifdlia L. Low Mallow. St. prostrate; lvs. roundish, cordate^
obtusely 5-lobed ; ped. in fruit reflexed ; cor. {pale) twice as long as the calyx.— ^
% Common in cultivated grounds. Sts. numerous, a foot or more long. Lvs.
somewhat reniform, crenate, with 5 to 7 shallow lobes, and on long, hairy stalks.
Ped. axillary, aggregate. Petals pale pink, deeply notched. Fr. depressed-glob-
0118, composed of the numerous carpels arranged circularly, not wrinkled. The
child sportively calls them cheeses. Jn. — Oct. § Eur.
2 M. sylv^stris L. High Mallow. St. erect : lvs. 5 to 7-lobed, lobes of the
upper lvs. rather acute; carp, very rugous; pet. (purple) 3 times longer than sep. —
A popular garden flower of the easiest culture, often springing up spontaneously
in fields and road-sides, Mid. and W. States. Height 3f. Fls. reddish-purple,
with veins of a darker hue. The whole plant, especially the root, abounds in
mucilage. Jn. — Oct. § Eur.
3 M. orfspa L. St. erect ; lvs. angular-lohed, dentate, crisped, smooth ; fls.
(white) axillary, sessile. — (D A tall, straight, simple, erect plant from Syria. Gar-
dens, almost naturalized. St. 5 to Gf high. Lvs. large, roundish, margins abun-
dantly crisped and curled. Fls. white, not conspicuous. Jn. — Aug. f §
4 M. trlanguldta Lea v. St. erect, hirsute; lvs. strigous, triangular-deltoid,
lower ones, cordate, all undivided, coarsely crenate ; panicle terminal, diffuse,
ma ly-flowered ; petals purple; carp. 10 to 15, slightly beaked. — Prairies and
Order 24.— MALVACEiE.
267
bottoms, Wis., 111. to Ark. A handsome but rather rough species, 2 to 3f high.
Root fusiform. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2 , on long, hairy petioles, thick. Fls. nearly
as large (1 J' diam.) as those of M. sylvestria Beak of the carpels hori/.outal, a
mere angle. Jl., Aug. (Callirrhoe Gray. M. Houghtonii, Ist ed.)
.5 .M. papdver Gav. Poppy Mallow. Lvs. palmately 3 to 5-parted, on long
petioles, segments oblong or linear, entire or toothed ; fls. on very long peduncles. —
% Ga., Fla. to La. A curious species, strongly reminding one of the poppy
(Papaver Rheas) in the form and size of tiie bright red or purple fls., and the very
long (5 to 8'), upright peduncles. Sts. branclied from the base, .scabrous, asieiid-
ing 12 to 18'. Lvs. variable, the lobes usually quite narrow and open, 2 to 3
lorjg. Petals erose-crenulate. Involucel (rarely wanting) shorter than the calyx.
May — Aug. (Nuttallia, Graham.)
6 M. moBchslta L. Musk Mallow. St. erect; radical lvs. reniform, incised,
cauline ones 5-parted; tlio segments linear-cuneiform, incisely lobed ; pedvudes
shorter than the leaves. — Native of Britain. St. 2f high, branclied. Fls. large
and handsome, rose-colored. The whole herb gives out a musk-like odor in
favorable weather. Jl. f
3. LAVATtRA, L. (Named in honor of tho two Lavaters, physicians
of Zurich.) Calyx subtended by an involucel of 3 united bracteoles ;
stigmas co, filiform ; carpels (X), 1-celled, 1-seeded, indeliiscent, arranged
circularly as in Malva.
1 L. arbdrea L. Tree Mallow. Lvs. 7-anglod, downy, plicati^ ; ped.
1-flowered, clustered in he axils, much shorter than the petiole. — '^2) A splendid
plant for borders or shrubberies, from Europe. Uight about 6f Fls. purple.
Sept.. Oct. f
2 L. Thuringiaca L. Lvs. somewhat downy; lower ones angular, upper
J-lobeil, the middle lobe largest; ped. solitary in. each axil. — 11 From Germany.
Hight 4f. Fls. light-blue. Sept.
3 L. triloba Willd. St. and lvs downy; Iv.s. subcordate, roundisli. obseurely
3-lobed above, crenate; ped. solitary, aggregated at top of stem; scps. acu-
minate, slightly larger than invol. — Gardens. Hight 2 — 3f Via. liglit purple.
Jn., Jl. f Spain.
4. MODIOLA, Moench. (Lat. modiolu,H, a certain measure ; from the
fancied resemblance of the fruit to a basket.) Calyx 5-cleft, with an
involucel of 3 bractlets at base; stigmas 15 — 20, capitate; carpels
same number, 2-i3eeded, transversely 2-celled, 2-valved.— -(T>^ I'rostiate,
with cleft lvs. and small flowers.
M. multffida Moench. St. rooting at the joints ; lvs. roundish, cordate,
3 — 5 cleft, segm. cut-toothed; ped. soon longer than the petioles. — Car.. Ga., and
Fla. Diffusely spreading 1 — 2f, thinly hirsute. Lvs. about 1' broad, on petioles
of similar length. Fls. 5 — 6 " diam., purplish red, opening only in s^unshiue at
midday. Carp, each opening by 2 valves, the valves each tipped with a slender
beak. May — JL
5. NAP^A, Clayt. (Gr. varr?/, a wooded valley between mountains,
where Clayton discovered the plant.) Involucel none ; calyx 5-tooihed ;
fls. dioecious ; styles 6 — 8, with filiform stigmas ; carpels as many,
1-seeded, indehiscent, beakless, circularly arranged. — U Tall, with
large, palmately divided lvs. and small white fls. in leafy panicles.
N. dioica L. A rare plant, in rocky valleys and deep shades, Peim., Va., to 111.
Sts. slender, nearly smooth, 4 — 6f high, supported by other plants. Lvs. rather
rough, 7 — 11 -parted, the segm. linear-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, 3 — 6' long,
acuminate, upper lvs. 5-parted, much smaller. Fls. 4 — 6" diam. Petals twice
longer than the calyx. Aug. (Sida dioica Cav.)
n,
4;
ir ::
i
208
Order 24.— MAIA'ACE^E.
m
■I
6. SIDA, L. Calyx 6-cloft, without an involucel ; tis. perfect; styles
6 or more, with capitate stigmas; ovary 5 to many-celled; capsule of
5 or more l-seeded carpels; radicle superior.
Lihvl!* p.ilmiiti'ly parteil. Fls. rose-white. C'arpel.t, beakol No*. 1, 2
Lcavc'!> iiiKiis i(U>il. Fls. yellow. — C'lirpc'.s 5. No 3
— Curpels 8— 12 ,..N(»s.4— 6
1 S. Napaea Cav. Nearly glabrous; Ivs. palmately S-lobed, lobes oblong, acu-
minate, cuarsely-tuofhed ; pod. inauy-lliiwerod ; carpels 10, acuminate-beaked. —
y In rocky woods, Penn. and Va. (rare, more uominon in gardeihs). yt,a. 2 — 4f
higli. Lobes of the Ivs. 2 — 3 long. Fla. white, twice larger (7 — y' broad) than
in Napica dioica. Petals obovate, twice longer than tlie calyx. Jl. f (Napaja
Levis and herniaphrodita L.)
2 S. alcaeoides Mx. Strigous-pubescent ; Ivs. palmately 5 — 7-parted, the seg-
ments laciniate ; tis. corymbed, terminal; carp. 10, acute. — % In barren Oakland;;,
Tenn., Ky. Sts. 1 — 2f high. Corymbs 3 — 6-flowered. Fls. nearly as large as
those of the inusk mallow, to which plant this bears a general re.semblanco.
(Callirrhoe alcaeoides Gray.)
3 S. spindsa L. St. rigid, branched, minutely pubescent, Iva. ovate-lanceolate,
serrate, witii a spinous tubercle at tiie base of the petiole; stip. setaceous, sltorter
than tlie petioles or axillary peduncles ; carp, birostrate. — '^g) Sandy fields and
roadsides, Mid., S. and W. States. Plant busiiy, 8 — IG' high. Lvs. 9 — 15" long,
^ as wide, mostly obtuse at each end Petals yellow, obovate, of short duration.
Oarp. 5. Jl., Aug.
4 S. hispida Ph. Hispid-pubesrent ; lvs. lanceolate, and rhombic-laucoolate,
dentate-serrate ; stip. subulate, liispiil, longer tlian the petioles or axillary,
solitary or clustered peduncles ; carpels 2-horned, 10 — 12. — 2| Sandy soils,
S. Car. Ga. (Foay). Sts. much branched, 12 — 18' high. Petioles 2 — 3" long,
the peduncles rather longer, jointless. Petals yellow, a little exceeding the
calyx. On tlie young stems the lvs. are rhomboidal. JL, Aug.
5 S. Elli6ttii Torr & Gr. Lvs. linear-oblong and linear, denticulate, obtuse at
base; ped. 1-Howered, a little longer tlian the very short (2— -5") petioles. —
% Sandy plains, S. Car. to Fla. St. slender and widely branched, 2 — 5f high.
Lvs. 1 — 3' long, varying from narrowly linear to oblong (1 — 5" wide). Fls, 1'
broad, orange-yellow, nearly solitary in the axils. Petals emargiuate. Carp,
about 10. May — Aug.
6 S. rhombifdlia L. Lvs. rhombic-oblong, serrate, cuneate and entire at base;
ped. much longer than the petioles, jointed just below tlie flower; caps. 2-beaked.
— Sandy soil, S. Car. to Fla. St. 1 to 2f high, minutely downy. Lvs. 1 to 2'
long, rather obtuse at apex. Fls. yellow, 1 to 9 " broad, the stalks 1 to 2' long.
Cul. angular, witli broad, cuspidate sepals. May — Jl.
7. ABUTILON, Dill. Indian Mallow. Calyx 6-cleft, without an
involucel, often angular ; styles 5 to 20, with capitate stigmas ; carpels
as many, jirranged circularly, each 1-celied, 3 to 6-seeded, and openirig
by 2 valves.
1 A. Avio^nnae. Lvs. roundish, cordate, acuminate, dentate, velvety-tomentous ;
ped shorter than the petiole, solitary; carp, about 15, 3-seeded, inflated, truncate,
li-beaked. — (£> Native in both Indias and naturalized in most of the States, in«
habiting waste places, Ac. St. branched, 3 to 4f high. Lvs. 4 to 6' diam.,
deeply cordate at base, abruptly acuminate at apex, very soft and velvety at sur-
face. Fls. yellow, near 1' broad. Jl. §
2 A. Btridtum Dick. Shrub, with 6-lobed, long-stalked lvs., the lobes acuminate,
dentate ; peduncles long, nodding, with a handsome bell-shaped flower, the column
exserted. — An elegant green-house shrub, flowering at all seasons. Petals
orange-color, with conspicuous purple striae, f Brazil.
8. MALVAVISCUS, Dill. Glue Mallow. (Lat. malva, mallows, vis-
tut^ glne.) Calyx 6-cleft, subtended by an involucre of many bractleta j
*'ih,. jl
Is
Okukb '2-L— MA1jVA.CK.E. 269
petals erect, convolute ; styles 10, with capitate stijjfmas, the inner
longer; carpels 6, baccate, 1-seeded, forming a fleshy fruit. — Half
shrubby plants, with showy, red flowers.
1 M. Druinin6ndii Torn k Gr. Tall, niinutoly toraentous ; Ivs. roundish, cor-
date, augularly-;{-lobi'(l, croiiato; pod. axillary, solitary, shorter than the petioles;
tls. erect , bracteoles 8, liuear-sputuiato. — Texas. Naturalized about N. Orleans
(Ilalu). St. round, branched, 3 to -tf hij^ii. Lvs. 3 to 4' diatn., tlio petioles
half as long. Fls. bell-shapod, scarlet. Uoluran slender, twice longer than the
corolla, f
2 M. Floridina, with loaves ovate-cordate, and fla. pendulous, scarlet, grows
in S. Fla. and sometimes in the green-house
3 M. arbdrea, with lvs. 3 to 5-lobed, acuminate, serrate, and scarlet fls.,
from Jamaica, is cultivated often in the green- house ; and also, M. mollis,
velvety, 3-lobed, sub-ontire Iva
9. PA VON I A, Cav. (The Latin name of the peacock, suggested by
the colors.) Calyx 5-sepalcd, surrounded at the base with an involucol
of 5 — 15 bractlets; petals roundish, obtuse; stigmas 10, linear; car-
pels 5, capsidar, 2-valved, 1-seeded.
P. Lecontii T. & G. Stem shrubby, much branched ; lvs. many, small, sagittate-
oblong, obtuse, with coarse, obtuse teeth, the lower surface hoary-tomentoiis,
veins prominent; upper surface scabrous ; sepals ovate, 3-veined, downy, acunii-
minate, as long as the 5 oval, acute bractlets ; carpels blunt, rugous, scarcely
dehiscent. — Liberty Co., Ga. (Mr. \V. Jones). Stem 4 — 5f high. Lvs. IJ — 2'
long, the floral much smaller. Fls. 1^' diam., rose- white, with a deep purple
center. (Malva Lecontii Buckley?)
10. KOSTELtTZKYA, Presl. (In honor of Kosteletzky, a German
botanist.) Calyx, involucel, styles, etc., as in Hibiscus. Fruit a 5-celled,
depressed capsule, with a single seed in each cell.
K. Virginica PresL Lvs. acuminate, cordate, ovate, serrate, dentate, upper aod
lower ones imdivided, middle ones 3-lobed; ped. axillary, and in terminal racemes ;
fls. nodding, pistils declinate. — % Marshes near the si'a, L. Isl. to Ga. and La.
(Hale). The whole plant scabrous, tomentous, about 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 2 J' by
\\', long-pointed, somo of them somewhat 3-lobed. Fls 2J' diam., red or rose-
color. Column slender, as long as the petals. Caps, hispid, acute-angled. Aug.
(Hibiscus Vii^. L. and Ed. 2d.)
li. HIBISCUS, L. Calyx 5-cleft, subtended by an involucel of many
bractlets, column long with the stamens lateral and the 6 stigmas capi-
tate ; fr. a 6-celled capsule, loculicidal, the valves bearing the partitions
in the middle ; seeds 3 or many in each cell. — Herbs or shrubs. Fls.
large and showy.
* Calyx, Ac, hispid. Leaves palmatoly divided Nos. 1, 2
* Culyx, Ac, tomentous. Lvs. uiiilivided, angularly lobed Nos. 'A, 4
* Calyx, &c., glabrous. — ^Leaves dee|)ly lobed or parted Nos. 6, 6
— Leaves undivided, slightly lobed Nos. 7, 8
1 H. aculeitUB "Walt. Retrorsely scabrous ; lvs. palmately 3 to 5-lobed, repand-
tootlied, bractlets of the involucel linear, forked at the end ; sep. red-veined, acumi-
nate, very hispid. — Damp soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. Tall (3 — 5f) and very
rough. Lvs. 2 to 3' broad, as long as their stalks. Ped. very short (3 to 4"),
jointed at base. Cor. 4J' broad, pale sulphur-yellow, purple in the center.
Styles ^ longer than the stamens. Jn. — Sept. (H. scabra Mx.)
2 H. Tiidnum L. Flower of an Hona Bladder Eetmia. Hispid, with
scattered hairs; lvs. deeply 3-parted, segra lanceolate, middle one very long, all
Binuate-lobed, lower lvs. angular-lobed ; cal. inflated, membranous, veined ; bract-
lets subulate, entire. — (I) A baautiful flower, escaped from gardens and barely
naturalized, branching, 1 to 2f high. Fls. large, numerous, but soon withering.
Petals of a rich, chlorine yellow, the base of a deep brown, f § Italy.
I >q
If
i-r
■.»->- ■■'
''■^^"'
^■•■'
li..-J
270
Order 24.— MALVAOBiB.
3 H. Moschei!ktOB L. Marsh Hibiscus. Simple, erect, hoary-tomentous ; fes
ovate, obtusely dentate, some of them 3-lobed, nearly aniuotb above ; ped. long;
axillary, or contluont with the petiole; caps, smooth; sep. abruptly pointed. — %
A tull, showy plant, in brackish marshes by the sea, or near salt spring and on
wet prairies, U. S. and Can. St. round, downy, 4 to Gf high. Lvs. 4 to 6 by 3
to 4', oflen vith 2 lateral lobes. Fls. larger than those of the hollyhock, rose-
colored, purple in the center. Ped. usually distinct from the petiole, often some
of them united with it, and jointed above the middle. Sty. 1' longer than the
stamens. Aug.
/i. FLAVEscENS. Fls. larger ; pet. (4' long) of a light sulphur yellow, with a
purple base. Marshes, Ind. (II. incanus Wendl.)
4 H. grandifldruB M.x. Hoary-tomentous; lvs. cordate, acuminate, rqaand-den-
iate, the lower often 3-lobed, hoary beneath, coriaceous; coh half expanding;
Sep. gradually pointed; caps, densely clothed with woolly hairs — " Lake sliores,
N. Orleans" (llule), to Ga. Stems branched above, 5 to 7f high. Fls. corymbed,
terminal; petals 4J' long, flesh-colored, red at base, column declined, rather
shorter than the petals. Jl. — Oct.
5 H. milit^ris Car. Glabrous ; lvs. hastately 3-lGbed, lobes acuminate, serrate ;
cor. tubular-campanulate ; caps, smooth, ovoid-acuminate. — Mid. and W. States.
St. 3 to 4f high. Lvs. cordate at base, 4 to 5' long, rendered soracwhut hastate
by a divaricate lobe each side at base. Petals flesh-color, with a purplish base,
2 to 3' long. Ped. with the joint above the middle. Jl., Aug.
6 H. cocclneuB Walt. Very smooth ; lvs. palmate, 5-parted, lobes lanceolate,
acuminate, remotely serrate above; cor. expanding; caps, smooth, ovoid. — 71. A
splendid flower, native of damp soils, in Ga., etc., and is raised from seeds in gar*
den.^, northward. Rt. perennial. St. herbaceous, 5 to 9f high, Segm. of lvs. 6'
long, very acuminate. Fls. of a bright carmine red. Petals slender at the base,
4 to 5 long. Column still longer, slender and terete. Jl. — Oct. f. (H. specio-
BUS Ait.)
7 H. CarolinidnuB MuhL Herbaceous, glabrous; lvs. cordate, ovate, acumi-
nate, some of them obscurely 3-lobed; ped. distinct from the petiole ; petals pubes-
cent inside ; caps, hairy inside ; sds. hispid. — Wilmington Isl. Ga. (Elliott.) A
rare species, apparently lost to modern botanists. Petals purple, 4' long. Caps,
globular.
8 H. SyriacuB L. Tree Hibiscus. Arboreous; lvs. ovate, cuneiform at
imse, 3-lobed, dentate; peduncle scarcely longer than the petiole; involucel
about 8-leaved. — A beautiful, hardy, free-flowering shrub or small tree, 8 to 15f
high. Fls. purple, large. There are varieties with white, red, and striped fls.,
both single and double, f Syria.
12. ABELMOSCHUS, Medik. Okra. (Arabic Ab-el-mosch, grain or
seed of musk ; the seeds smell of musk.) Calyx large, spathaeeous,
i. c, splitting to the base on one side ; involucel, column and fruit as in
Hibiscus.
1 A. Mdnihot Medik. Not prickly ; lvs. palmately divided into b to 1 linear,
acuminate, coarsely dentate lobes ; ped. and involucel hispid ; bracts of the involu-
cel 5 to 1, ovate or lanceolate, acutish, persistent, entire ; cal. split on one side ;
caps, densely hirsute, acuminate. — % Western States. A beautiful herb, 4 to 5f
high. Lvs. oordate, lobes 6 to 10' long, J to IJ' wide, separated to near the base,
about as long as the petioles. Teeth largest near the summit. The fls. are of an
exceedingly rich sulphur yellow, purple in the center. Petals 3 to 4' long. JL,
Aug. (Hibiscus, L.)
2 A. OBCTil^ntUB Medik. Okra. Lvs. cordate, 5-hbed, obtuse, dentate ; petiole
longer than the flower ; involucel about 5-kaved, caducous. — Native of W. Indies.
Plant herbaceous, 2 to 3f high, nearly glabrous. Petiole with a hairy line on the
upper side, nearly If in length. Lamina 8 to 10' broad. Fls. 1 to 2' long, on a
short peduncle. Petals greenish yellow. The large, mucilaginous pods are used
for pickles, or served up with butter. (Hibiscus, L.)
if'-t*?
^
Ordrb 26.— TILIACE^.
271
H
3 A. CollinBidna. Lva. pedakly 5-pa/rted, aegm. linear-oblanceolate, coareelr
tootheil, acuminate, the lowest obtusely 5-lobed; pod. short, involucfi 10 to \'i-
kaved. — Kla., rare. Plant thinly hirsute or hispid. Lvs. 6 to 8' broad. Flu.
much as in No. 2. (ilibiscufl, Nutt.)
13. GOSSVPIUM, L. Cotton Plant. Fijr. 262. (Name said to
be from the Arabic, ffoz, a silky substance.) Calyx obtusely 6-tootbed,
surrounded by an involucel of -3 cordate leaves, deeply and incisely
toothed ; stamens very numerous, lateral ; stigmas 3, rarely 5, clavate ;
seeds Qo, involved in cotton. — FIs. yellow.
G. herbEkceum L. Cotton Plant. Lvs. 3 to 5-lobed, with a single gland
below, lobes mucronate; seeds brownish, cotton white.— ip The .species com-
monly cultivated in the Southern States, and often growing spontaneously. It is
an herbaceous plant, about 6f high, sown in early spring and harvested in
autumn. Sts. hirsute above. Upper lvs. often but 2 or 3-lobed, loboa commonly
acuminate, tipped with a mucro. Petiolee about as long as the lvs., peduncles
shorter. FIs. handsome, 3' broad, light yellow, with a purple eye, changing to
red lish brown. § E. India.
l3 ? Barbadense. Sea Island Cotton. Glands on the back of the leaf (mici-
vein) 3 ; sds. black, cotton white. — (;2) Sown in Sept. and Oct. Cotton long,
with a silk-like texture, f W. India. ChioHy cultivated near the southern
coasts. (G. Barbadense L.)
O. arbdreum is tho Tree Cottci' of E. India, with rod flowers, and G. Ptrt>.
vianum, the Brazil Cotton. The Nankin Cotton is anotlier variety of G. herl)a-
ceum. Plants so extensively cultivated as tho cotton are liable to much varia-
tion. Of tho thirteen species described by Do CandoUo, only tlio tlireo above
named are now regarded as genuine — the others considered aa varieties.
The microscope shows tlie fiber of cotton to consist of a lengthened and generally
flattened cell, thus readily distinguished from tho fiber of silk, which is terete and
solid, or wool, which is irabricate-scaly.
¥m
Order XXV. STERCULIACEJi:. Silk Cottons.
Large trees or shrubs with simple or compound leaves, with flowers similar to
those of the Mallow, except that tho anthers are 2-celled and turned outwards.
Fruit capsular, of 3, rarely 5 carpels.
Genera 24, species 130, nil native of tropical regions. Hero belong the huge Adansonia (Bao*
bill)) of Africa, and tho Bombax (silk-cotton trees) of 8. America, etc.
STERCULIA, L. (StercuUus was the name of a detestable Roman
god ; alluding to the bad odor of some species.) Calyx 6-lobed, sub-
coriaceous ; stamens monadelphous, united into a short, sessile cup ;
anth. adnate, 10, 15, or 20; carpels 5, distinct, follicular, 1-celled,
1 — 00 -seeded. — Trees with axillary panicles or racemes.
S. platanifdlia L. Lvs. cordate at base, palmately 3 — 5-lobed, smooth ; calyx
rotate, reflexed. — Tree from China and Japan, cultivated at Savannah (Feay). A
l»eautiful tree, with branching, axillary clusters of green fls. and leaves resembling
tliose of the Sycamore. Jl. (Firmiana, Mars.)
Order XXVI. TILIACE^. Lindenblgoms.
I^eea or shrubs (rarely }ierbs) with simple, stipulate, alternate, dentate lvs., wfth
fls. axillary, hypogynous, usually perfect and polyadelphous; with the sq^als 4 '-r i,
deciduous, valvate in eestivation, the petals 4 or 6, imbricated; stamens CO, with 2-
celled, versatile anthers. Ovary of 2 to 10 united carpels, a compound stylo, and
'<
'Mm
■A 3*
. .1-
J
■■■ ., w,^-d!
272
Ordbb 26.— TILIACE^.
stigmas us many as carpels. F:\ dry or succulent, many-celled, or 1-celled by abor-
tion. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen. (Fig. 185.)
Genera .SS, Hpecies 360, nativo in all regions, but especially within the tropics. Like the Mal-
lows, the Lindenblooms abound in a wholcsoinu mucilaifinoiis Juice, and a tough, stringy bark.
Of the liber of the European Lindens tlic celebrated Russia inattini; is manufactured, and in
India various species of Corchorus yield a good substitute for hemp, used for fishing-lines, net«,
rice-bags, etc.
1. CORCHORUS, L. Sepals and petals 4 or 5 ; stamens oo, rarely
as few as the petals; style very short, deciduous, stigmas 2 to 6 ; cap-
sule roundish orsiliquosc, 2 to 5-celled, many-seeded, — Herbs or shrubs
with v'^llow flowers.
C. siliquosuB L. Branching, minutely hispid ; Iva. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
equally serrate, 4 times longer than the petioles ; caps, siliquose, linear, 2-valveti.
— About N. Orleans (Hale). St. slender. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, J as wide, the vein-
lets running to the points of the serratures. Fls. 4-raerous, with 12 or 16 sta-
mens. Pud nearly 2' long, the numerous seeds in 2 rows.
2. TILIA, L. Linden or Lime Tree. Calyx of 6, united sepals,
colored ; corolla of 5, oblong, obtuse petals, crenate at apex ; stamens
oo, somewhat polyadelphous, each set (in the N. American species)
"with a ))ctaloid scale (staminodium) attached at base; ovary superior,
6-ct'llod, 2-ovuled; capsules globous, by abortion 1-celled, 1 to 2-seeded.
— Trees. Lvs. cordate. Fls. cymous, with the peduncle adnate to the
vein of i large leaf-like bract.
§ Htnininoilia 5, pctaloid, opposite the petals Nos. 1, 2
§ Staiiiinodia none. 8tamons scarcely cohering No. 8
1 T. Americdna L. Bass-wood. Lvs. broad cordate, unequal at base, mncro-
nato-.sorrate, acuminate, coriaceous, smooth and green, on both sides ; petals tnin-
cuto or obtuse at apex ; sly. as long ay the petals. — A common forest tree in tho
Nortiiern and Mid. States. It often grows to tho height of 80f, the trunk straight,
and naked more than half this hight, and 3 to 4f diam. Lvs. 4 to 5' by 3 to 4',
those of tho young shoots often twice these dimensions. Bracts yellowish, linear-
obiong. Petals yellowish white, larger than the staminodia opposite them.
Fruit woody, greenish, of the size of peas. Jn. — The inner bark is very strong,
and is manufactured into ropci. Tho wood is white, soft, and clear, much used
in cabinet work and in tho paneling of carriages.
,3 Walteri. Lvs. )ubescent (but green) beneath. — A large tree, Va. to Pla.,
low country, in woods and along rivers. It takes the place of tho smooth var-
iety (n), which is common northward and along the Mts. to Ga. (T. pubes-
cens Ait. T. laxiHora Mx. T. Americana Walt).
2 T. heteroph;^lla Vent. White Bass-wood. Lvs. oUiqwly subcordaie,
scarcely acuminate, white and velvety beneath, witli darker veins, glafyrous, shin-
ing, and dark green above, mucrouately serrate ; petals obtuse, crenuiate; stam-
inodia spatulate ; sty. hairy at base, longer than the petals. — Banks of the Ohio
and Mis,s. (Pursh.) Not common. Trees 20 to 50f high. Lvs. very oblique at
base, 3 to 6' diam., well distinguished by tho white surface beneath, contrasted
with tlie purple veins. Bract linear-oblong. Cal. hoary, gradually pointed. Fr.
gk)bular.
/i ALDA. Lvs. whitish and minutely tomentous beneath, serratures fine and
long-mucronate. — Ky. and southward along tiie mts. Tree of great size.
One specimen (Rock Castle Co.) 1 judged to be 90f in hight, with wide-spread
branches, in open space. Reddish hairs in the axils of the veins beneath.
3 T, Buropeea L. LiMii Trfb. Lvs. suborbicular, obliquely cordate,
abruptly acuminate, aerrulati-, twice as long as the petioles, glabrous except a
woolly-tuft in tho axils of ihe veins beneath, — A highly ornamental tree vnth
very dense foliago, cultivated in parka. Bractb ihombic-oblong, f Eur. (T. vai
orophylla, etc,)
ORDER 27.— CAMWLLlAUliili.
273
Order XXVII. CAxMELLlACEyE. Camellias or Tbaworts.
Trees or ahruba with alternate, simple, feuther-veiued, exstipulate leaves. Flowers
regular, polyandrous, hypogynous, cyanic, with sepais and petals imbricated, the
lonuor often unequal in size. Stamens more or less coherent at base into one, three
or five sets. Anthers 2 -celled. Seeds tow, with little or no albumen, cotyledons
large. '
Genera 33, npedeg 130. Beautiful flowering plants, 60 or 70 of them natives of 8. America, 4
of N. America, tlie remainder of (Jliinii and K Indieti. Tlieir properties are stimulating iiinl
sliglilly narcotic. Tlic tea, m> extensively used as a beverage in tiie civilized world is the leaf of
'J or 8 species of Thea. In contains a jjeculiar extractive matter called tlieine, and a stimnlatinc,
essential oil, which becomes narcotic in some hot clinuites. Thea Bohea and T. viridis are the
two species which yield all the varieties of Chinese teas, according to the various methods of
preparing the leaves.
GFNERA.
§ Calyx of many iiiibric.itcd sepals. Stamens monadelphous Camellia. 1
§ Calyx simple.— Stamens united at bjiso inio one set Stuaktia. '1
— Stamens in 5 sets, adhering to the base of the petals Gokdonia. 3
1. CAMELLIA, L. Tea Rose. (In honor of G. J. Kumd., a Jesuit,
author of some botanical works.) Sepals niatiy, iuibncated, the inner
ones larger ; petals somctinies adhering at base ; filaments oo, shorter
than the corolla, united at base ; styles united ; stigmas 3 to 5, acute. —
Ornamental shrubs, native of China and Japan.
C. Japonica L. Japan Rose. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, acutely serrate, glabrous
and shining on both sides, coriaceous and firm, on short petioles ; fls. terminal aiid
mostly solitary ; petals obovate, of a Ann texture ; sta. about 50, mostly (.lianpt d
to petals in cultivation ; stig. unequally 5-cleft. — A lofty tree in Japan, its native
country, a splendid Howering shrub with us, hardy at the South, but requiring
protection at the North. Fls. varying from white to red, resembling the rose, but
wanting its fragrance. Over 300 varieties are enumerated.
2. 9TUARTIA, Catesby. (In honor of John Stuart, the Marquis
of Bute.) Sepals 5 (or 6), ovate or lanceolate ; petals 6 (or G), ob-
ovate, crenulate ; stamens monadelphous at base ; capsule 6-celled, 5 or
10-seeded, seeds ascending. — Shrubs with deciduous leaves and large,
showy, fragrant, axillary, nearly sessile flowers.
1 S. Virginlca Cav. Sep. ovate ; sta. dark purple ; sty. united into one with m
5-lobed stigma. — Woods, middle country, Fla. to Va. A beautiful slirub, 8 to 1 2f
high. Lvs. elliptic-ovato, acuminate at both ends, silky -pubescet\t beneath, slightly
mucronate-serrulate, 2' long, ^ as wide. Petals white, nearly 2' in length, slightly
pubescent beneath, strongly contrasted with the short, dark stamens. May. (S.
.Malaehodendrou L.)
2 S. pentag^na L'Her. Sep. lanceolate; stam. colored like the petals, very
numerous; sty. 5, distinct, as long as the stamens. — Woods along streams in higli-
lands, Ky. (Rock Castle and Madison counties) to 6a. A handsome shrub, 10 lo
15f high. Lvs. thick, glabrous, ovafo^ r.c'.:;ninate, acute at base, obscurely niutio-
nate-serrate, 3 to 4' long, J as wide. Petals as largo as in No. 1, quite silky pu-
bescent beneath, one of them always much the smallest, white (scarcely cream-
colored). Caps. 6-angIed.
3. GORDONIA, Ellis. Loblolly Bay. (In honor of James (ror(/on,
a distinguished nurseryman of London.) Sepals 6, roundisii, strongly
Imbricated ; petals, 5 ; stamens 6-adelphous, one set adhering to each
petal at base; styles united into one; capsule woody, 6-celled; setils
2 or more in each cell, pendulous. Trees with large, white, axillary,
pedunculate flowers.
lb
M
■■•ifl
il
274
Obdbr 28.— AURANTIACEJB.
1 G. LasidnthuB L. Lva. coriaceous, perennial, glabrous, shin'',.g on both eides,
lancs-oblong; peduncles 7iaif as long as the Ivs.; sty. as long as the stamei^d. — ■
Swamps near the coast, Va. to Fla The Loblolly Bay is a large tree 50 to 80r in
height, with a rough bark when old, and light, coarse-grained, mahogany-colored
wood. Lvs. 3 to 4' long, 1 to 2' wide, acute at each end, fascicled at the ends of
the branches. Sep. very silky outside, small. PetfJs white, 1 J' long, silky with-
out at base. May — Aug.
2 O. pub^scens L'Hcr. Lvs. thin, serrate, deciduous, oblong-cuneiform, shining
above, canescent beneath ; fls. on short peduncles ; sep. and pet. silky outside. — A
tree 30 to 50f high in Ga. and Fla., or an ornamental shrub in cultivation at the
North, admired for its large white flowers, with yellow stamens and rich fragrance.
Lvs. membranous, subsessile, with fine, sharp s'^rratures. May — Aug. (PVank-
linia Americana Marsh.)
Order XXVIII. AURANTIACE^. Orangeworts.
Trees or shrubs, glabrous, abounding in little transparent receptacles of volatile
•il, with lvs. nlternate, articulated with the petiole which is frequently winged.
lis. regular, 3 — 5-merous, petals and stamens inserted on a hypogynous disk.
Stamens with flat fllaments, distinct or cohering in one or several sets. Ova. com-
pounded of several united carpels. Sty. 1. Fr. a berry (orange) many-celled,
pulpy, covered with a thick rind. Sds. attached to the inner angle of each carpel.
Albumen, 0. Cotyledon thick. (Pigs. 216, 277.)
Genera 20, specien 95, nearly all natives of tropical Asia, naturalized throughout all tropical
regions, and cultivated in all civilized countries for their beauty and fragrance, both of flowers
and fruit.
Properties. These fruits contain free citric and malic acid, and their pulp Is grateful to the
taste. The rind contains an aromatic, volatile oil, which is tonic and stomacnic. The rind of
the lime yields the oil of Bergamot, and the flower of the orange the oil of Neroli.
\
CITRUS, L. (Gr. Ktrpinv, the citron ; the fruit of one of the species.)
Sepals and petals in 5s ; anthers 20, or some other and higher multiple
of 6, versatile, the connectile articulated to the filament ; filaments
dilated at base, polyadelphous; berry 9 — 18-celled. — A noble genus
of trees and shrubs, all tropical, combining in its species beauty of form,
with shining, evergreen foliage, odoriferous fls., fragrant and delicious
fruit. The articulation of the petiole with the lamina is regarded by
some botanists as indicating a reduced compound leaf.
1 C. Limdnum L. Lemon Tree. Petioles somewhat winged ; sta. 35 ; fr.
oblong-spheroid, with a thin rind and very acid pulp. — A tree about 15f in hight,
which, when laden with its golden fruit suspended among its dark green leaves,
makes a most beautiful appearance. It is a native of tropical regions, and is
easily cultivated in the temperate climates if piotected during winter, f
2 C. Aurdntium L. Sweet Oranoe Tree. Petiole winged ; leaf slightly
oblong, acute, crenulate ; sta. 20; fr, globous, with a thin rind and sweet pulp. —
A raiddlo-sized evergreen tree, with a greenish brown bark. When filled with
its large, round, golden fruit (sometimes to the number of 20,000, Lindley), it is
one of the most beautiful objects in nature. The cultivation of the orange in
Fla. and S. Ga. has been recently checked by severe frosts. It is easily raised in
the green house at the North, f § W- Indies.
3 C. deoumdna L. Shaddock Tree. Petioles broadly winged; obtuse,
emarginate; fr. very large, with a thick rind. — A tree 15f in hight. Wings of
tlie petioles as broad as the leaves. Fr. grows to the diam. of 7 — 8', weighs 14
pounds, and is of a yellowish-green color, f
4 C. Limdta L. Lime Tree. Petioles not at all winged; If. ovate-orbicular,
serrate ; ,stam. 30 ; fr. globous, with a sweet pulp, and a protuberance at top.
This, like most other species, is native of Asia. Hight above 8f, with a crooked
trunk, diflVise branches with prickles. Berry 1^' diam., of a greenish-yellow,
shming surface, f
Obdeb 30.— LINACE-fi. 275
5 C. M6dioa L. Citbon Tbee. Petioles nut at all winged; If. oblong, acute;
stam. 40; tt. oblong-spheroid, rugous, with an acid pulp. — Commonly about 8f
high. Fr. 6' in length, fragrant, f
Oba. In a splendid work entitled "The Natural History of Ofanges," written in French hj
Kisso, of Nice, in 1818, there are described 109 varieties, iin'l 105 of them figured. They ar«
arrarged as sweet oranges, of which there are described 42 varieties ; bitter and sour oranges,
32 ; Dorgainots, S ; Limes, 8 ; Shaddocks, 6 ; Luraes, 12 ; Lemons, 46 ; Citrous, 17. The most
liuccessfiil metliods of cultivation are by cuttings.
Order XXIX. MELIACE^
Trees or shrvis with exstipulate, often pinnate leaves. Ms. 3 — 5-merou3, stamens
6 — 10, coherent into a long tube with sessile anthers. Disk hypogynous, sometimes
cup-like ; style 1. Ovary compound, several-celled, cells 1 — 2, 4-ovuled. Fruit
Stoshy or dry, often 1-celled by abortion. Seeds neither winged nor axillate.
Genera 83, species 150, natives of the hotter parts of the globe.
MELI/V, L. Pride of India. (Gr. ^itXi, honey ; the name wa;
fii'st applied to the Manna Ash.) Sepals small, 5, united ; petals
spreading; stamen tube 10-cleft at summit with 10 anthers in the
throat ; ovary 5-celled, 10-ovuled ; style deciduous ; drupe with a
5-celIed, bony nut, cells 1-seeded. — Trees with bipinnate Ivs. and
panicles of delicate flowers.
M. AzSdarach L. Lvs. deciduous, glabrous, Ifts. obliquely lance-ovat'.^, acuminate,
serrato. — Southern States, common. A large tree 30 — 40f high, with light
foliage and a profusion of lilac-colored fls. Drupes as large as cherries, willi a
poisonous pulp, hanging in clusters through the winter. Tlie bark is esteemed as
a vermifuge, but narcotic. Dwarfed specimens are frequent in green houses at tho
North.
Order XXX. LINACEaE. Flaxworts.
//CT'ts with entire, simple leaves and no stipules; with ^u;era regular, symme-
trical, and perfect, 5-(raroly 3 or 4-)merous. Galyx strongly imbricated in the bud,
corolla convolute, hypogynous; stamens definite, hypogynous, alternate with the
petals ; styles distinct with capitate stigmas, and each cell of the capsule more or
less divided by a false dissepiment into two 1-seeded compartments. Seeds with
little or no albumen, attached to axile placentae.
Genera 8, specien 90. A very important order in the arts. The Linum has a very tenacious
fiber in its bark, which is wrought into thread and cloth, forming the linen of commerce. iSoni*
species are cathartic, and yield from their seedi a fine mucilage. Only one genus neMl be men-
tioned liere, viz.: —
LINUM, L. Flax. (Celtic llin., a thread ; hence Gr. Xivov, Eng. linen,
flax.) Sepals, petals, stamens and styles 6, the latter rarely 3 ; cap-
sules 6-celled ; cells nearly divided by a false dissepiment; seeds 10,
suspended, mucilaginous. — Herbs with a bark of strong fibers, and sim-
ple, sessile lvs.
• Flowers blue (—red. No. 7.). Nos. 1, 2
• Flowers yellow.— Sepals ciliufe. Lvs. linear Nos. 8, 4
—8ei)nls entire. Lvs. lanceolate Nos. 5, 6, 8
1 L. UBitatisaimum L. Gummok Flax. St. branching above ; lvs. alternatci
linear-lanceolate, acute ; panicle corymbous ; sep. ovate, ucute, 3-veiued at the
base, membranous on tlie margin ; petals crenate. — (X) Introduced and some-
what naturalized in fields. St. 1 to 2f high, with 3-veined leaves, and many
large, liandsome, blue flowers. Jn., Jl. — This important plant has been cultivated
from remote antiquity (see Gen. xli. 42), for the strong fibers of the bark, which
are manufactured into linen. The seeds yield linseed oil, so extensively used in
mixing paint, printers' mk, etc. Thoy are also medicinal. § f
i.
wmn
'■^la
4?
276
Orubr 31.— GERANIACK^.
li::
l&
2 L. per^nne L. Perennial Flax. Glabrous, with virgate branches ; Ivs. linear,
acute, scattered; Jis. supra-axillary and terminal; sep. oval, margiua membran-
ous, shorter than the globous capsule ; petals retuse, blue, 3 or 4 times the length
of the sepals. — 4 Native West of the Miss, (perhaps not within tire limits of
this Flora). Not uncommon in gardens. Also native of £urope and Asia.
3 L. rigidum Ph. St. angular; Ivs. erect, rigid, linear, acute; fls. racemed on
the corymbous branches; sep. 3-veincd, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate and, with the
bracts glandularly fringe-serrate, longer than tlie globous capsule ; styles more or
less united at base. — Conn. (Robbins) to Iowa (Cousens), southward and northward ;
not common. Sts. 10 to 16' high, orect as well a.s tlie branches. Lvs. 4 to 8''
long, scabrous on the margins. Fls. sulphur yellow, 8" diam. Jn., Jl. (L.
Boolii Planch.) — The union of the styles appears variable in degree, in specimens
which coincide in all other respects.
4 L. simplex. St. simple, with a small corymb with spreading branches at top ;
Ivy. rigid, erect, linear-subulato, alternate ; lis. few ; sep. lanceo'ate, acute, scabrous
on tlie margins, 3-veined, shorter than the glohous-ovate capsules ; styles distinct, —
La. (Hale). St. slender, 12 to 18' high. Lvs. 4 to 5 " long. Capsules as large
as Coriander.
5 L. Virgini^num L. St. strict, with rather erect, corymbous branches above »
leaves lanceolate to linear, acute; fls. showy (5" diam.), all turned to the upper
side of the branches; sep. ovate-lanceolate, mucronate, about as long as the de-
pressed capsule; sty. distinct. — Woods and hills, U. S. and Can. St. near 2f high,
terete, glabrous. Lvs. 6 to 8" by 1 to 2", with one distinct vein only. Sep.
1 -veined. Jl.
6 L. difiRtsum. St. angular, diffusely paniculate ; branches and veiny, lanceolate
lvs., spreading; fls. alternate, very small (scarcely 2" broad); sep. ovate, abruptly
mucronate, as long as the depressed capsule ; sty. distinct. — Wet prairies, Ind., 0.
'\^ory different in aspect from No. 5, having the stem leaves twice larger (1' by
4"), the branch leaves minute, and tlie flowers 3 times smaller. Jl.
7 L. grandifldrum Desf. Fig. 262. Crimson-colored Flax. Erect, smooth,
branched above ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, the lower
and radical lance-obovato, crowded , petals broadly obovate, bright crimson. —
® Gardens (from seeds lately distributed by the Government). Stem 8 — 10'
high. Flowers 1' diam. f N. Africa.
8 L. trlgynum Sm. Lvs. eUiptical, acute, mucronate, entire ; styles 3 ; caps.
3-celled. Green-house plant with large (1' diam.) yellow flowers. fE. Indies.
Order XXXI. GERANIACE^. Gkrania.
Herbs or shrubs swollen and separable at the joints, with stipulate, palmate-
veined leaves and symmetrical, hypogynous, 5-merous flowers. Sepals imbricated
and petals convolute in te.stivation ; stamens mostly 10, and monadelphous, the alter-
nate ones often abortive ; ovary of 5 sepals, each 2-ovuled, in fruit 1-seeded, coher-
ing to an elongated torus (carpophore) from which they separate, curving upwards
on the persistent style.
Genera 4, fpecies 600. Geranium and Erodiiiin inhabit chiefly the Northern temperate zones,
rchirgoniiim abounds at the Cupo of Good Hope, and occurs in Australia; and in cultivation is
found everywhere.
OENEBA.
Stamens 10,— all perfect. Corolla regular Grraniitm. 1
— 6 jierfect, B alternate imperfect. Cor. rog Erodiu.m. 3
—7 perfect. Corolla irregular. Pblarqonium. t
1. GERANIUM, L. Crane's Bill. (Gr. yipavog^ a crane; the
beaked fruit resembles a crane's bill.) Sepals and petals 6, regular,
stamens 10, all perfect, the 6 alternate ones longer, and each with a
nectariferous gland at its base ; fruit rostrate, at length separating into
5 long-styled, 1-seeded carpels; styles smooth inside, at length recurved
'«li
in
Order 81
PIRANIACP]^.
277
from the base upwards and adhering by tlie point to the summit of the
axis. — Herbaceous, rarely shrubby at the base. Peduncles 1, 2 or
3-tiowered.
Petals entire, twice as long as the awncd sepals Nos. 1, 2
Petals notched or 2-lobed, nut longer than sepals Nos. 3, 4
1 O. macul^tum L. Spotted GERANiuir. St. erect, angular, dichotomous, ro-
trorsely pubescent ; Ivs. palmately 3 — 5-lobed, lobc3 cuneiform and entire at base,
inciaely serrate above, radical onea on long petioles, upper ones opposite, on short
petioles ; petals entire ; sep. mucronate-awned. — 1(. Woods, etc., U. S. and Can.,
but rare in N. Eng. A fine speotes woi thy a place among the parlor " gerani-
ums." St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' diam., cleft f way down, 2 at each fork.
Fls. mostly in pairs, on unequal pedicels, often somowhat umbelcd on tho ends
of the long peduncles. Root powerfully astringent. Apr. — Jn.
2 O. Roberti^num L. Herb IIobkrt. St. diffme, hairy; lvs. pinnately 3-2iarted
to the base, tho segm. pinnatifld, and tho pinuaj ineisely toothed ; sep. mucrunato-
awned, half tho length of tho entire petals. — ^^'2) Smaller than tho preceding, in
dry, rocky places. Can to Va. and Ky. It has a rcddi.«h stem, with long, diffuse,
weak branches. Lvs. on long petioles, somowhat liairy, outline li to 3' diam.,
with pinnatitid segments. Fls. small, pale-purple. Capsules small, rugous, keeled.
Sds. smooth. Tho plant has a strong disagreeable smell. May — Sept.
3 O. puafUum L. St. procumbent ; lvs. reniform or roundish, deeply 5 to T-partcd,
lobes 3-cleft, linear ; sep. hairy, awnless, about as long as tho cmarginato petals. —
CD A delicate, spreading species, growing i.. waste grounds, pastures, etc., L. Isl.
and Western N. Y. (Torr). St. weak, 1 f long, branching, covered with short, de-
flected hairs. Lvs. opposite, divided almost to tho base into 5 or 7 lobes, these
again variously cut Fed. axillary, forked, bearing 2 purplish-red flowers in Jn.
and Jl. § Eur.
4 G. Carolinidnum Ij. St. diffusely branched ; lvs. deeply 5-parted, lobes in-
cisoly toothed ; pod. rather short and clusterLnl on tho ends of tho branches ; sep.
mucronate-awned, as long as the emarginate petals. — (P- Fields and hills, through-
out Can. and U. S. Sts. pubescent, diffuse, 8 to 15' long, swelling at the joints.
Lvs. 9 to 18" diam., hairy. Fls. small, rose-colored, in pairs, and somewhat fas-
ciculate. Sds. minutely reticulated, reddish-brown, 1 iu each hairy, beaked car-
pel. Jl. (G. dissectum L?).
2. ERODIUM, L'Her. Hkron's-bill. (Gr. ^pwdfof, a heron ; from
the resemblance of the beaked fruit to the heron's bill.) Caly.x 6-lcaved ;
petals 5 ; filaments 10, the 5 alternate ones abortive ; fruit rostrate, of
6, aggregated capsules, tipped with the long, spiral style, bearded in-
side. — Fls. umbellate.
E. cicutElrium Sm. Diffuse, hairy ; lvs. pinnately divided, segm. sessile, pinnatifld.
incised, acute ; ped. several-flowered ; petals unequal. — Shores of Oneida Lake,
N. Y. Sts. mostly prostrate. Lvs. oblong in outline, with many segments. Fls,
2 to 3" diam. May — Jn. § Eur. Widely diffused in California.
3. PELARGdNIUM, L'ller. (Gr. TreAapyfi^, a stork; from the re-
semblance of the beaked fruit to a stork's bill.) Sepals 5, the upper
one ending in a nectariferous tube extending down the peduncle with
which it is connected ; petals 6, irregular, longer than the sepals ; fila-
ments 10, 3 of them sterile. — A large genus of shrubby or herbaceous
plants, embracing more than 300 species, and innumerable varieties,
nearly all natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Lower lvs. (in plants
raised from tho seed) opposite, upper ones alternate.
• Aoaulcscont f nearly). Rt. tuberous. Lvs. decompound. Pet. yellowish brown... Nos. 1, 1
* Caulescent.— Htpms lierbaceouSj^ cr somewhat shrubby at baso Nos. JV—ft
—Stems shrubby. — l.v8. neit.ier divided nor angular Nos. 7—9
— Lvs. antrular or with shallow lobes Nos. 10 — 14
— Lvs. divided beyond the middle Nus. 16—18
- ^-
a78
Order 31.— GERANIACEiE.
1 P. fldvum Ait. Carrot-lbated Geranium. St very Bimple ; Ivs. deoony'
pound, laciniate, hairy, segm. linear ; umbel many-flowered, fta. brownish-yellow.
2 P. txiste A. MouRMNO Geranium. Lts. hairy, pinnate ; Ifts. bipinnatifld,
divisions linear, acute ; fls. dark-green, in simple umbels.
3 P. odoratfsaimum A. Nutmeo-scented Geranium. St. velvety, short,
JUshy; Ivs. roundish, cordate, very soft; branches herbaceous, long, diffuse. —
Valued chiefly for the powerful, aromatic smell of the leaves, the flowers being
small, whitish.
4 P. alchemilloideB A. Ladies' mantle Geranium. St. villous; Ivs.
cordate, viUom, 5-lobed, palmate; ped. few-flowered; stig. sessile. — St. 6' high,
diiluso, very hairy, with deflexed bristles. Fls. pink-colored.
5 P. tricolor B. St. suffruticous, erect; Ivs. lanceolate, viUous, cut-dentate, trifld ;
upper pet. glandular at base. — St. IJf high. This species is distinguished for its
beautifully variegated fls. Petals roundish and nearly uniform in shape, but very
different in color; the three lower ones are white, slightly veined, the 2 upper
of a rich purple, almost black at base.
6 P. coriandrifdlium Jac. St. herbaceous, biennial, somewhat downy ; Ivs.
bipinnate, smooth, lobes linear, subpinnatifld. — St. diffuse, If high. Distinguished
by the finely divided leaves and largo fis. The 2 upper petals much the largest,
obovate, veined with purple, the 3 lower, of which the middle one is often
wanting, are narrow and of pure white.
7 P. glaiioum L'ller. Very smooth and glaucous ; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, acu-
minate; ped. 1 — 2-flowered. — Sts. 3f high, shrubby and branched. The plant i.s
remarkabl}' distinguished by its leaves. Ped. axillary, with 1 or 2 elegant flowers.
Petals obovate, of a deUcate blush color with red veins.
8 P. betulinum A. Lvs. ovate, unequally serrate, smoothish ; stip. ovate-
lanceolate ; ped. 2 — i-flowered. — St. shrubby, 3f high. The plant is well named
for its leaves. Fls. pale-pink, with deep red veins.
9 P. acetdsum A. Lvs. very smooth, ohovate, crenate, somewhat fleshy ; ped.
few-flowered ; petals linear. — St. shrubby, 3f high. Named for the acid flavor
of the leaves. Fls. pink.
10 P. zondle L. Horse-shoe Geranium. Lvs. cordate-orbicular, obsoletely
lobed, toothed, marked with a concentric zone. — St. thick, shrubby, 2 — 3f high.
One of the most popular of all the species. The zone upon the leaf is of various
shades. The Jls. are of a bright scarlet, umbeled, on long peduncles. It has many
varieties, of which the most remarkable is
ji. maugimale; silver-edged; the leaves of which are bordered with white.
11 P. inquinans A. Lvs. round, reniform, scarcely divided, crenate, viscid ;
umbels many-flowed; petals obovate, crenate. — Justly admired for the vivid
scarlet of its numerous flowers. The name alludes to the reddish, clammy
moisture wliich stains the fingers in handling the soft, downy branches.
12 P. peltdtum A. Ivy-leaved Geranium. Lvs. b-hhed, entire, fleshy,
smooth, more or less peltate ; umbels few-flowered. — St. climbing, several feet in
length. Whole plant very smooth. A beautiful species, with umbels of very
handsome purplish flawers.
13 P. tetragdnum L'Her. Branches i-cornered, fleshy ; lvs. cordate, blurtly
lobed, somewhat toothed ; pet. 4, the upper ones pale-pink, with crimson veins,
the 2 lower small, white. — Lvs. small, rounded, notched, with scattered hairs.
14 P. Watsdnii Link. Lvs. orbicular, cordate, somewhat lobed, crenato-
dentate, undulate at the margin ; stip. acute, cordate, and somewhat toothed. —
Fls. large, purple, variegated, several together.
15 P. grandiflorum W. Smooth, glaucous; lvs. 5-lobed, palmated, cordate at
base, the lobes dentate toward the end ; petals 3 times as long as the calyx.—
Distinguislied for the size and beauty of tlie^«;ers, which are white, the 2 upper
ones elegantly veined, and tinged with red, larger tlian tlie rest.
16 P. gravdolens A. Rose-scented Geranium. Lvs. palmately 1 -lobed,
lobes oblong, bluntly tootlied, revolute, and very rough at the edge; umbeU
many-flowered, capitate. — Nectary about half as long as calyx. Lvs. very fira-
grrant. Fls. purple.
OBD.K 33.-.zrGOPHYLLACE^.
mth rounded recessf^'Ti!lu P^^-^Baved GEKANinu r
" """""izea World -" ~
OkbkkXXXII. OXALIDACE^ Woon^
Sfems low, herbaceous with an «.-. • • Sorrbls.
-* regular, symmetrical', hy^^yTl '7" '"'^ "^*^™**« ^^^^Pound We« ;^
petals convolute in estivation %"' "''''''''■ ^^^^ peV^istent [mh • ^^'
««e the petals longest. SL 5 "" '^' '"'"^^''^t ^^onLlht ' ^ '''''
triT; ^-"--^St^eHST^ ^^^-^ ---.se^^e::;:^:-
(iXALIS, L. Wood Sorr.:! /p ^^
or united at base: petals inTh i ^ '' ^^""^^ s^"''-) Sepals R a- .■
tfe; capsule ohlonfor sTlr^'' *^^" th« WxTllL f """*
Mostv 2/ wi>]i t^ifvl ^"'^■g'obous ; carpels a i +/ ^, ^' <^ap'-
«"* with a nodl^a Mn£S„'""^'i.'' '»''<«"'•• Pi fc „^'''- P''""'""^
delicately veined wi hT^If ''"^''^''^ P^l'^^hite vf^l^jT "'" '"«(
2 O. -rtoUoea T i , ''"" "■''* plant has an TSJ .^ "'"'' "' "le has?
cent; fl" neddii-ISly?/' '""""'': A« Wii/Z^"'"'/"'' '"'te- Jn:
mens.— An eleS 1? •"' ."'° ""'J-^ fleshy- Z IT ■' f^'^", subpubes.
ff"on1„n,^-^;tirf""^r"^^^^^^^
yellow, appeariS «n{n ^' °''*^*'j^ "^uch longer th J! ;» °°^ ^'«^''«- Um
'"if rainer commob
«i
i'*f )'
/«
/ Is.
'I'lfU
280
0RD3SR 35.— TROP^OLACE^.
•"^Kif
Oenera 9, apeciM 100, generally diffused. The gum resin ffuittcum is derived from the genus
Ouiacum, also that extremely hard and heavy wuud, lignum-vitve.
KALLSTROEMIA, Scop. Sepals 5, persistent; petals 5; stamens
10, with no scale, the 5 opposite the sepals defective, placed inside 5
hypogynous glands; styles united, stigmas 10-lol)ed; fruit at length
separating into 10 1 -seeded cocci. — (L) Prostrate and diffuse, with
interpetiolar stipules and abruptly pinnate leaves.
K. mdzima Torr & Gr. Lils. 3 or 4 pairn, obloDg or oval, slightly falcate, mucro'
iiiite, the terminal pair largest ; cocci gibbous at base, tubcrcled. Waste places,
Savannah. Sts. pubescent, 1 to 2f long. Fis. yellow, axillary, solitary, pedun-
culate. Jn. — Sept. g W. Indies. (Tribulus maximus L.)
Order XXXIV. BALSAMINACE^. Jewel Weeds.
Herbs annual, witli a succulent stem and watery juice. L/vs. simple, without
stipules. Fls. very irregular and unsymmetrical. Sepals 5, deciduous, the 2 upper
connate, the lowest spurred or gibbous. Petals 4, hypogynous, united by pairs, or
rarely 5, distinct. Stamens 5, hypogynous. Filaments subulate. Anth. 2-celled.
Stig. 5-lobed, sessile. Fr. capsular, 5-celled, bursting elasticaliy by 5 valves. Sds.
several in each cell. Embryo straight. (Figures 114, 281, 282.)
Genera 2, n/iecies 110. With reganl to its properties and uses, this order is of no importanoe«
but some of its species are highly ornHmental.
IMPATIENS, L. ToucH-ME-NOT. {Impatient with respect to the
irritable capsules.) Sepals colored, apparently but 4 (the 2 upper be-
ing united), the lowest gibbous and spurred ; petals apparently 2, each
of the lower being united to the 2 lateral ones ; stamens 5, shoit, an-
thers cohering at apex; capsule often 1-celled by the obliteration of
the dissepiments, 6-valved bursting elasticaliy. — Sts. smooth, succulent,
tender, subpellucid, witii tumid joints.
1 I. pdlllda Nutt. Lvs. oblong-ovate, coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth mucro-
nato ; ped. 2 to 4-flowered, elongated ; lower gibbous sepals dilated-couical, broader
than long, with a very short, recurved spur ; fls. pale yellow, sparingly dotted. —
Q) Wet shady places, U. S. and Can. St. 2 to 4f high, branched, Lvs. 2 to 5'
long, J as wide, with large, obtuse teeth, each tipped with a very short mucro.
Fls. large, mostly in pairs. Two outer sepals pale green, callous pointed, the
rest pale yellow, the lower produced into a conic nectary, ending in a spur \' long.
Cap.s. oblong-cylindric 1' long, bursting at the slightest touch when mature, and
scattering the seed. Aug.
2 I. fdlva Nutt. Lvs. rhomhic-ovate, obtusish, coarsely and obtusely serrate, teeth
muoronate ; ped. 2 to 4-flowered, short ; lower gibbous sepal, acutely conical,
longer tliau broad, with an elongated, closely reflexed spur ; fls. deep orange, macu-
late with many brown spots. — 'J) In wet, shady grounds. Can. to Ga., more com-
mon tiian the last, somewhat glaucous. St. IJ — 3f high. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, ^ as
wide, having like the last a few filiform teeth at the base. Fls. about 1' in length,
the recurved spur of the lower sepals ^' long. Caps, as in the last. Aug.
3 I. Balaamina L. Balsamine. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, upper ones alternate ;
ped. clw^tered; spur shorter than the flower. — (D From the K. Indies. It is one of
th« most beautiful of garden annuals, forming a showy pyramid of finely varie-
gated, carnation-like flowers. The prevailing colors of the petals are red and
white, but the former rarics in every possible shade of crimson, scarlet, purple,
pink and flesh color. Fls. often double.
Order XXXV. TROP^OLACE-^. TropHYWORTs.
Plants lierbaceous, smooth, climbing or twining, with a pungent, watery juice.
Lvs. peltate or palmate. Fls. irregular, axillary, perfect. Sepals 3 to 5, colored.
■"•v„;ki:
■11
Ordmr 37.— RUTACEiE.
281
anited, the upper one spurred. Petals 1 — 5, the throo lower ones stalked, the 2
upper inserted on the calyx. Stamens 6 to 10, distinct, unequal, perigynous.
Ovary 3-curpclcd; style 1 ; stigmas 3. Fruit separating into 3 indehiscent, 1-seeded
nuts. Sds. large. Albumen 0.
Oe.nerd 4, apeciex 40, natives of 9. America. They possess the same antiscorbutic properties
M tlio Criicirertc. The fruit of the following species is picklitd and used as a substitute fur
eapers.
1 ■ -
TROP^OLUM, L. Indian Cress. (Lat. tropceum, a trophy ; the
leaf resembles a shield, the flower an empty helmet.) Character essen-
tially the same as of the order.
1 T. mijus L. Nasturtion. Lvs. peltate, roundish, repandon the margin, with
the long petiole inserted a Uttle one side of the center ; pet. obttise, the 2 upper
« =jt'int from the 3 lower, whicli are timbriate at base, and contracted into long
claws. — (D Native of Peru. St. at lengtli climbing by means of its long petioles
several feet. Lvs. a fina example of the peltate form, about 2' diam. Fls. largo
and sliowy, orange-colored, witli blotciies of deeper shade. They are eaten for
salad. Jn. — Oct.
2 T. aduncum Smith. Canary Creeper. Capuchine. St. trailing or climb-
ing ; lvs. peltate, palmately 5-lobed, lobe.s dentate ; petals Uwiniate, the two upper
much larger; sep. eutire, acute. — Admired for its grotesque, orange-colored flow-
ers. Climbing by its prehensive petioles like T. majus. When full grown it will
thrive upon air alone, f From Peru.
Order XXXVI. LIMNANTIIACE^. Limnanths.
Herhs annual, with an acrid, watery juice, alternate, pinnatifid, exstipulate leaves.
Flowers regular, 3 to 5-merous, • perfect. Sepals united at base, persistent, valvate
in aestivation. Petals marescent, hypogynous. Stamens twice as many as petals
and inserted with thom. Fil. opposite to the sep. with a small process outside the
base. Ova. of 2 to 5 carpels. Sty. united. Stig. simple, i^. 2 to 5 achenia,
rather fleshy. Sds. solitary.
Oenera 2, species 3, mostly natives of the temperate parts of N. America.
FLOERKEA, Willd. False Mermaid. (Named in honor of Floerke,
a German botanist.) Sepals 3, longer than the 3 petals ; stamens 6 ;
ovaries 3, tuberculate, style 2-cleft. — (f) Small aquatics, with pinnately
divided leaves.
F. proaerpinacoideB Lindl. Grows in marshes
on rivers and lake shores, Vt. to Penn., W. to
Mo. Sts. decumbent, less than a foot in length,
weak, slender. Lvs. alternate, upper ones or
those above the water, pinnately 5-parted, lower
or submeised ones mostly 3-parted, all on slen-
der petioles 1 to 3' in length. Fls. axillary,
pedunculate ; petals, white, small, about half as
long as the sepals. Achenia large, 2 or 1,
roundish.
Ord. XXXVII. RUTACE^. Rueworts.
Herbs or generally shrubs or trees, with the ex-
stipulate leaves dotted with transparent glands
containing aromatic or acrid oil Flowers regular,
3 to 6-merou8, hypogynous, perfect or polygamou.s.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepala.
€28, Ruta graveolens, leaves, flower,
fruit. 9, Xarxthoxyluni, stamlnato
flower; 680, pistillate flower.
I;"
I
r
I ^
282
Ordeu 37.— RUTACKiB.
*
i
(I
■■tf
■ mi
:-;-&v
'.*;5fe3VM
;il«i'
:i;^l^%,^
Pistils 2 to 6, separate or combined into a compound ovary, with aa many cells, sessile
or raised on a stipe (gynophore) ; styles mostly cohering. Fruit capsular, or separat-
ing into its component 1 or 2-seeded carpels.
Oenera 70, aperieJi 500 or more, generally natives of 9. America and the temperate climei
of other lands, few In N. Ainerieu. Thoy are generally possessed of a strongly aromatic, puu'
gent taste or fottd odor, antispasmodic and tonic properties.
SUBORDERS AND OENERA.
RUTE^iB. Flowers perfect. (Herbs. Stamens 10).
Petals equal, concave. Capsule 5-lobed Ruta 1
Petals unequal, clawed. Capsules separable .... Dictamnfs 8
XANTIIOXYLE^. Flowers 9 9 5. (Trees, shrubs.)
Pistils 3— 5, separate below. Stamens 3— 6. Xantuoxylum 3
Pistils 2, united. Samara 2-seeded Ptelea 4
Pistils 3 to 5, separate. Samara I -seeded.... Ailantiius 6
1. RUTA, L. Rue. Calyx of 4 to 5 sepals, united at base ; petals
4 — 5, concave, obovate, distinct, torus surrounded by 10 nectariferous
pores; stamens 10 ; capsule lobed. — U Herbaceous or shrubby, mostly
European.
R. grav&olens L. Common Rue. Suffruticous, nearly glabrous ; Ivs. 2 to
3-pinnately divided, segments oblong, obtuse, terminal ones obovate-cuneate, all
entire or irregularly cleft; fls. terminal, corymbous; pet. entire. — Native of S.
Europe. St. branched, 3 to 4f high. Lft.s. 6 to 10" by 2 to 4", conspicueusly
dotted. Corolla yellow, 6" diam. Jn. — Sept. X-
2. DICTAMNUS, L. Fraxinella. Calyx of 5, deciduous sepals ;
petals 5, unguiculate, unequal ; filaments 10, declinate, with glandular
dots ; capsules 5, slightly united. — U Herbs native of Germany.
D. dlbua Willd. St. simple ; Ivs. pinnate, the rachis more or less winged ; flj.
in a large, terminal, erect panicle. — In gardens. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Fls. showy,
white, varying to rose-color and purple. The whole plant emits a lemon-sconted,
aromatic, volatile oil, which is, of course, inflammable, but probably does not, as
once affirmed, render the air (about it) inflammable. (D. Fraxinella Link.)
j3 rubra. Fls. purple ; rachis of the leaves winged.
3. XANTHOXYLUM, L. Prickly Ash. (Gr. ^avObg, yellow, ^vAov,
wood,) Sepals 4 or 6 ; petals 4 or 5, or wanting ; stamens as many as
the petals in $, rudimentary in 2 ; pistils 3 to 5, distinct below, with
coherent styles, in fruit crustaceous ; 2-valved, 1 or 2-seeded. — Shrubs
or trees with sharp prickles, pinnate leaves, and small, greenish
flowers.
1 X. Americdnum Miller. Prickly ; l/is. ovate, subentire, sessile, equal at base ;
umbels axillary; sepals 5, petaloid, petals wanting (more properly petals 5, calyx
wanting). — A shrub 10 or 12f high, found in woods in most parts of the U. S
The bruuches are armed with strong, conical, brown prickles,' with a broad base.
Lfls. about 5 pairs, with an odd one, smooth 'above, downy beneath; common
petioles, with or without prickles. Fls. in small, dense umbels, axillary, greenish,
appearing before the leaves ; seeds large, black. The bark is bitter, aromatic, and
stimulant, used for rheumatism and to alleviate the toothache. Apr., May.
2 X. Carolinidnum Lam. Prickly; Ifts. falcate-lanceolate, very inequilateral,
petiolulate; fls. in terminal, umbel-like panicles; sep. minute. — Southern States.
Tree attaining considerable size. Some in woods N. of Montgomery, Ala., are
nearly 40f high, with trunk 10 or 12' diam. Bark light gray, with the prickles
protruding through large, corky cones. Lvs. 6 to 15' long, smooth and shining
both sides. Lfts. 7 to 13, obscurely crenate-serrate, only the odd one equilateral.
Fls. numerous, globular, finally expanded, and the 5 stamens exserted. Bark
>> '
Oa».B 38.-Al,ACABDUCK^.
united carpels • sti "' Ty ^^'^'^ a"J TperS , ."" '^'' ^'^^^^'-^
P. trifolidta L. Lvs ^ fni- * ,^
petals o ; 5 3t ^ * « ^ Sepals 5, more or less unii ,/ "'"
5f in length, mth o to 2nT^ '''^'S^'' ^'"^ a amSSh Ln^'.^™"'^«^«"«' «n'i
panicles, green verv ,n ^^'"^ ^'^ leaflets andTrT^Z. "^'^ ^"''^'- Lvs. 3 to
tenant ofoarpirk8'^^^'-^P''l growth of tlfistrLtfts'oT^^^^^^^ '" ^^--
V '^commendation as a
dot- ^^.teStalT^' "''°"*P^"»-d
-only dioecious, smLr C^'e^^^^*^' --
base, persistent. Peial^^ J ^"^ ^' """^d at
(sometimes 0), imbricated S-/! '""^ ""'"^^'•'
petals, alternate with thl J " ^' "^«"^ a^
'-^nd perigynous. 6^a4 i™',fTr* ^'^ ^°^-<^»t.
"«ually the latter, and 1-seeded ' ^/''^^'''^^^P^'
*i«uo, ij. Sumac /"Tli^ • """" ^'tn a caua-
'-S'fe^KrteSHii.te;;
liH
•«,.
all
•!l
** 'i;
■^il,ri
mi
284 Order 38.— ANACAPDIACEiE.
trees or shrubs. Lvs. alternate, mostly compound. Fis. often, by
abortion, imperfect.
! Leaves simple. Flowers perfect (or all abortive in cultivation) Nos. 9, 10
Leaves compound. Flower polypamous. (a)
a Fis. in clustered spikes preceding tiio trifoliiite leaves No. 8
a FIs. in axillary i)aniclefi, wjY/t the 8— 18-foliato leaves. Poittonous Nor*. T)— 7
a FIs. In terminal thyrses, with the 9— 31-foliato Icoves. (b)
b Common petiole winped between the leaflets No. 4
b Common petiole, not winged Nos. 1—3
1 R. gl&braL. Lvs. and branches glabrous ; Ifts. 11 to 31, lanceolate, acuminate,
acutely serrate, whitish beneatli; fr. red with crimson liairs. — Thickets and waste
ground, U. B. and Can. Shrub, (> to 151' high, consisting ol" many strag-jliiig
branches, smooth, except its fruit. Lfts. sessile, except sometimes the terminal
odd one. FIs. in terminal, tiiyr^oid, dense panicles, grecnisli-red, ? $ . Fertile
ovaries, clothed with grayish down, which in fruit becomes crimson, and con-
tains malic acid (bi-malate of lime. Prof. Rogers), extemely sour to the taste,
J II., J I. The bark of this and other species may be used in tanuiug. The drupes
dye red. In autumn the leaves change to a rich crimBon.
2 R. typhina L. Branches and j)etioles dennthj villous; lfts. 11 to 31, oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath ; (h red, witii crimson
hairs. — A larger shrub than the former, attaining the height of 20fJ in rocky or
low barren places. Can. and U. S. St. with straggling, thick branches. Lvs.
at length 2 to 3f long ; Itts. sessile, except the terminal, odd one. FIs. in ter-
minal, thyrsoid, dense panicles, yellowish-green, often $ J or ? ^ ^ . Drupes
compressed, compact, tlie crimson down very acid. Jn. The wood is aromatic,
of a sulphur-yellow, and used in dyeing.
/3. L.voiNiATA. Lfts. very irregularly coherent and incised; panicles lartly
transformed into gashed leaves. Hanover, N. H. (Rickard).
3 R. pumila Mx. Procumbent, villous-pubescent ; lfts. 9 to 13, oval or oblong,
coarsely toothed ; drupes red, silky-pubescent. — In upper Carolina. Shrub,
creeping extensively, with branches 1 to 2f high, bearing a sub.sessile, terminal,
thyrsoid panicle. Lfts. all sessile, clothed with a velvety pubescence beneath,
the three upper often confluent. This species is very poisonous.
4 R. copallina L. Mountain Sumac. Branches and petioles pubescent; lfts 9.
to 2 1 , oval-lanceolate, mostly entire, unequal at base, common petiole winged ;
fit;, in dense panicles ; drupes red, hairy. A smaller shrub, not half the hight of
Numb. 2, in dry, rocky places, U. S. and Can. Compound petiole about 6' long,
expanding into a lealy margin, between each pair of leaflets. Lfts. 1 to 3' long,
near J as wide, dark-green, and shining on the upper surface. Panicles of fls.
terminal, sessile, thyrsoid, ? J , greenish. Drupes acid. Jl.
ji, Lfts. coarsely and unequally serrate. N. Y. (Barratt.)
5 R. venenata DC. Poison Sumac. Dog Wood. Very gMrous ; Itla. 1 to 13,
oval, abruptly acuminate, very entire ; panicles loose, axillary, pedunculate ;
drupes greenish-yellow, smooth. A shrub or small tree of fine appearance, 10 to
15f high, in swamps, U. S. and Can. Trunk several inches diam., with spread-
ing branches above. Petioles wingless, red, 6 to 10' long. Lfts. about 3' long,
J as wide, sessile, except the odd one. Panicles axillary, $ $ , those of the
barren ones moi 9 diffuse. Fls. very small, green. Drupes as large as peas. Jn.
The whole plant is very poisonous to the taste or touch, and even taints the air
to aome distance around with its pernicious effluvium.
6 R. toxicodendron L. Poison Oak. Poison Ivy. Erect, or decumbent ; lvs.
pubescent ; lfts. 3, broadly oval, acuminate, angular or sinuate-dentate ; fls. in
racemous, axillary, subsessile panicles; drupes smooth, roundish. — Can. to the
uplands of Ga. A small, weak shrub, 1 to 3f high, young branches, and lvs.
beneath downy. Lfts. 2 to 6' long, § as wide, petiolate, the common petiole 4 to
6' long. Fls. small, $ $ . Drupes pale-brown. Poisonous^ but less so than
the last.
7 R. rddicans L. Climbing Ivy. Stems climbing by means of innumerable
radicating tendrils; leaflets ovate, smooth, entire; fls. racemed in axillary
panicles. A vigorous, woody climber, ascending trees and other objects 10 to 40
or 60^ common in damp woods, Can. and U S. The stem beoomM 1' to 2 in
0RDB8 40.-ACEKACEA^
W'lokncss, covered with a £,«„: i, . 285
compound p.nE tT« "''"'T'''"'''cIoudysm^^^^^^ in ti.e dis-
-.«-.. .p.... ,,,,„,,,„;t::;,:^^'''''»«'y albumen. "^^^
I*, tobira Leiand T
6- .Tis. m terniiuai
^XU ACERACE^. m.p.„,
united carpela. ly . dlfw ' """"P^^^^^^ed of 2
-ings, thickened at thettTT^ ^^*' ^'PP««'"^
(must, in Fig.. 22, 2M0MT5lir) ^^'^ ^•
1. ACER, Moench. Maple fTU^
name, meani„ir sharn vi2 ((^^^^"C'ent
^ ^ ? ; calyx 5 JJ^Lor.T^-^ ^'^^^--^
i^"(
i'a'
-084 Saiuttia «f ifapla
286
Order 40.— ACERACE^.
1 I
Hi :i
4m
(4 — 9)-petaled or ; stamens 8 (4 — 12); styles 2 ; samarae 2-winged,
united at base, by abortion 1-seeded. — Lvs. simple, palmately 6-lobed.
Flowers in fascicles, preceding the leaves Nos. 1, 2
Flowers in pendulous corymbs appearing with the leaves Nos. 8, 4
Flowers in racemes, appe-iring with the leaves Nos. 5, 6
1 A. rClbruin L. Red Maple. Swamp Maple. Lvs. cordate at base, acutely
and iacisely toothed, the sinuses acute, glaucous beneath ; pedicels elongated in
fruit; petals-linear oblong; ovaries andfrvAt smooth. — Common in low woods and
swamps throughout the country. It is commonly of smaller dimensions than the
sugar maple, but sometimes far exceeds it. Specimens at Montezuma, Ind., on
the Wabash river, measure about 80f in height with a tnmk 17f in circumference.
Bark rather smooth, becoming dark gray and broken with age. In early spring
it puts forth its deep crimson flowers in dense fascicles (about 5 from each bud).
Stamens 4 times as long as the petals. The fruit has its wings 1' long, at first
incurved, finally divergent, mostly red. The leaves vary greatly in form and
pubescence, sometimes quite woolly beneatli. Curled maple is a variety of the
wood of this species, much prized in cabinet-work.
/3. TRiDENS. Lvs. smaller, 3-lobed, rounded at the base, rather obscurely
toothed; fls. and fr. greenish yellow. — N. J. to La. Probably a distinct
species. Lvs. whitish and rather smooth beneath, 2 to 3' broad. Pr. with
wings nearly straight, diverging at 90°. (A. rubrum i3f T. & Gr.)
2 A. dasycdxpum. Ehrh. "White Maple. Lvs. truncated at base, unequally
and incisely toothed, with rather obtuse sinuses, white and smooth beneath ; fls. in
crowded, simple umbels, with short pedicels and downy ovaries ; petals 0. — This
species much resembles tlie last, but its leaves are larger, more pointed, and
wliiter beneath, and the winged fruit is also larger than that of the red maple or
of any of the following species. It is a tall tree, 60f in height, not uncommon in
the N. Eng. forests. The flowers are of a yellowish-green color, as also the fruit.
The wood is white, softer and less esteemed than that of other species. The sap
yields sugar in smaller proportions than the 8Ugar maple.
3 A. aaccharinum L. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. L\a. subcordate at base ;
acuminate, remotely toothed, with rounded and shallow sinuses, glaucous beneatli ;
fla pedunculate, pendulous. — This fine tree is found throughout U. S., but most
abundant in tlio primitive soils of N. Eng., constituting the greater part of some
of its forest?. Jt is a tree of lofty proportions, 70f in heiglit, with a trunk 3fdiam.
Tlie bark is of a light-gray color, rough and scaly. The branches become numer-
rous and finely ramified in open situations, and in summer are clothed with a foli-
age of uncommon luxuriance and beauty, on which account it is more extensively
cultivated as a shade tree than any other, not even excepting the majestic and
favorite Elm. Maple sugar, perhaps the most delicious of all sweets, is mostly the
product of this species. An ordinary tree will yield 5 to 1 pounds in a season.
The wood is very strong and compact, and makes the best of fuel. It is somi-
times curled like the red maple, but oflener presents that beautiful arrangement
of fibre, called bird's-eye maple, which is highly esteemed in cabinet-work^ The
flowers are exceedingly abundant and suspended on long, thread-like pediceis,
and delicately beautiful. Apr.
4 A. nigrum. Mx. Black Maple. Sugar Tree. Lvs. cordate, with the sinus
closed, lobes divaricate, sinuate-dentate, paler beneath, with the veins beneath, and
the petioles pubescent ; lis. on long, slender pedicels; fr. glabrous, turgid at base,
the wings diverging. — A large tree, in mountainous situations, Vt. to Ind. Re-
sembles the last, but is probably distinct. Trunk 30 to 70f high, with a shaggy
bark. Lvs. 3 to 5' diam., dark green above, the two interior lobes much smaller.
Fls. pendulous, on long peduncles, yellowish. Pr. with wings 1' in length, pale-
yellow, and more diverging than A. sacchariuum. The sap, like the last men-
tioned tree, yields sugar abundantly. Apr.
5 A. Pennsylvdnioum, L. Striped Maple. Wuistle-wood. Lvs. with 3
acuminate lobes, rounded at base, sharply denticulate, smooth ; rac. simple, pendif
lous. — A small tree or shrub 10 to 15f high. Can. to Ga. and Ky., but most abun-
dant in our northern wooda The bark is smooth and beautifully striped length-
wise with greeu and black. Fk large, yellowish-green, succeeded by long clua>
Orukb 41.— SAPINDACE^.
28V
ters of fruit, with pale-green wings. The smaller branches are straight and
emooth, easily separated from the bark in spring, and are often manufactured by
the boys into certain wind instruments. Hence it is called whistle-wood. In Eu-
rope it is prized in ornamental gardening. May. (A. striatum Lam.)
6 A. apic^tum Lam. Mountain Maple Bush. Lvs. acute, dentate, pnbeacerit
beneath ; roc. erect, compound. — A shrub of smaller stature than the last, fuund in
mountain or hilly woods throughout the country. The bark is a light gray. Lvs.
small, rough, divided into 3 or 5 lobe?, which are somewhat pointed, with large,
sharp teeth, and more or less cordate at base. Fls. greenish, numerous and min-
ute, in cylindric, oblong, close clusters, becoming pendulous with the winged
fruit. Jn.
7 A. Pseudo-Pldtanus L. Sycamore. Lvs. cordate, glabrous and glaucous
beneath, segm. or lobes acute, unequally dentate ; fls in long, pendulous racemes ;
samara glabrous. — Native of northern Europe. An ornamental tree, 40 to 50f
high, with very large, dark green leaves. A beautiful variety with striped leaves
is also cultivated. Apr., May. \
8 A. macrophyllum Ph., with large, very deeply 5-lobed lvs., nodding ra-
cemes, and hispid fruit, from Oregon, is occasionally seen in shubberies and parks.
It becomes a large tree, also
9 A. circin^tum Plu, with cordate, 7 to 9-lobed lvs., and pedunculate co-
rymbs of flowers, from Oregon. A beautiful tree.
2. NEGUNDO, Mcench. Box Elder. Ash Maple. Flowers ? S ;
corolla ; $ flowers racemed, $ fascicled ; calyx, stamens and fruit as
in the last genus. — Lvs. compound, pinnately 3 to 5-foliate.
N. aceroides Moench. Lvs. temate and 5-pinnate; Ifts. ovate, acuminate, re-
motely and unequally dentate; ? racemes long and pendulous; barren fls.
corymbous; fr. oblong, with largo wings dUated upwarda — A handsome tree, 20
to 30f high, with irregular, spreading branches, in low grounds, Can. to N. Car.
and Tenn. The trunk is a loot or more in diameter, and when young covered
with a smooth, yellowish green bark. Lfts. serrated above the middle, petiolate,
the terminal one largest, all slightly pubescent. Wings of the samara approxi-
mate, broadest towards the end. Apr. (Acer Negundo L.)
Order XLI. SAPINDACE^. Indian Soapworts.
TVecs, shrubs, or rarely herbs, with simple or compound, alternate or opposite
leaves. Flowers mostly unsymmetrical and irregular, 4 or 5-merou8, with the s^als
and petals both imbricated in the bud, with the stamens 5 to 10, inserted on a hy-
pogynous or perigj'^nous disk; Ovary 2 or 3-celled and lobed with 2 (rarely more)
ovules in each cell. Embryo mostly curved or convoluted, with little or no albu-
men. (Figures 209, 358.)
Oenera 78, species 415, scattered over all countries, and of various qualities (vnd uses. Tho
Order is named from the saponaceous principle contained in the seed of Bapinda Saponaria and
otiior species, which makes a lather with water useful in washing. Tho fruits of the I'uullinia
ftre poisonous, those of Ncphclium delicious and wholesome.
TRIBES AND QENERA.
HIPPOCASTANE.(E. Lvs. opposite. Carpels 2-ovuled. Embryo curved.
Petals unequal. Stamens 7. Leaves digitate iEscui.UB. 1
SAPINDEJB. Leaves alternate. Carpels 1-ovuled. Embryo curved.
Trees. Fruit I to 3 fleshy, connate, globular carpels Sapindus. 2
Herbs, climbing. Fruit an inflated, membranous capsule CAKDiosi'KRMir.M, 3
BTAPIIYLKiE. Lvs. opposite, pinnate. Fruit an inflated capsule Staphvlka. 4
1. .£SCULUS, L. IIoRSE Chestnut. Buckeye. Calyx 5-toothed ;
corolla irregular, 4 or 5-petaled ; stamens 1 (6 to 8), distinct, unequnl,
inserted on a hypogynous disk; style filiform, ovary 3-celled, with 2
ovules in each cell ; fruit coriaceous, 2 to 3-valved, containing but one
fe
\U,
Ji
J ' ^' ' V
I r,
I
288
Ordeb 41.— SAPINDACE^.
Fruit covered with prickles. Petals 4 or 5, spreading Nos. 1, 2
Fruit sinootli. Petals 4, erect, the 2 upper clawed Nos. 3—5
%■'
or very few large, smooth seeds ; cotyledons thick, bulky, inseparauie.— '
Trees or shrubs with opposite, digitate, 5 to 7-foliate Ivs. Fls. pani*
culate, terminal.
I .£8CULU8 DC.
I Pavia DC
1 Si. HippocdBtanum L. Horse Chestnut. Lvs. of 1 obovate Ifts. -,
pet. 5, spreading ; fr. prickly. — A noble tree, justly admired for its majestic pro-
portions, and for the beauty of its foliage and flowers. It is a native of the north
of Asia, but is now known throughout Europe and in this country, and is a fre-
quent ornament of courts and avenues. It is of rapid growth, and attains the
height of 40 or 50f. In June it puts forth numerous pyramidal rac?mes or
thyrsea of flowers of pink and white, finely contrasting with the dark green of
its foliage. The seed is large, mahogany-colored, and eaten only by deer, f
2 St. glabra Willd. Ohio Buckeye. Lfts. 5, oval or oblong, acuminate, serrate,
or serrulate ; fls. in lax thyrsoid panicles ; cor. 4-petaled, spreading, with the
•laws as long as the calyx ; stam. nearly twice longer than the corolla ; fr. echi-
natc. — .V small, ill-scented tree, along the banks of the Ohio and its tributaries.
Lfts. 3 to 6' long, j as wide, subsessile, or often contracted at base to short stalks.
Fls. yellowish-white, small, slightly irregular. Pr. hardly 1' diam. May, Jn.
(Pavia Ohioensis Mx.)
3 iE. flava Ait. Bio Buckkye. Sweet Buckeye. Lfts. 5 to 1, oblong-ovate
or elliptic-ovate, acuminate, serrulate, pubescent beneath ; fls. in thyrsoid, pubes-
cent panicles, about 6 on each division of the peduncle ; cal. campauulate, not
half the length of the corolla ; petals very unequal, connivent, longer than the stam-
ens ; ft. unarmed. — A large tree, 30 to 70f high, common in the Southern and
Western States. (In Columbia co,, Ga., only 4 to 6f high, Elliott.) Lfl;s. 4 to 7'
by 1 to 3'. Fls. pale yellow. Fr. globous, uneven on the surface, but not
prickly, 2' diam., with 1 or 2 large (T diam.), mahogany -colored seeds. Apr.,
May.
4 .ffi. Pavia L. Buckeye. Lfts. 5 to 7. oblong-lanceolate, cuneate at base, shortly
acuminate, finely serrate ; fls. red, very irregular in a lax, thyrsoid raceme ; pet.
4, erect, as long as stamens ; cal. tubular, half as iong as the 2 shorter petals. —
A beautiful shrub, 3 to lOf high, common in the Southern States. Lvs. of a rich
shining gretm, the veins, petioles and twigs purple. Fls. large (1' long), red,
glabrous. Mar. — May. f
5 iB. parvifidra Walt. Lfta 5 to 7, obovate acuminate, serrate, velvety canes-
cent beneath ; petals 4 {white), somewhat similar and spreading, thrice shorter than
the capillary stamens. — A beautiful shrub, 2 to 5f high, in upper Ga. and S. Car.
Fls. very numerous, in a long, slender, racemous thyrse. The upper petals are
rather long*ir, all on slender, exserted claws. Apr., May. {M. macrostachya Mx.)
2. SAPINDUS, L. Soap-berry. (That is, by syncope, Sapo Indicus,
Indian soap.) Sepals 4 or 5 ; petals as many, or one less by abortion,
appendaged inside with a gland, scale or beard ; stamens 8 to 10; in-
serted on the upper surface of the fleshy disk ; stigmas 3 ; fruit 3,
connate, globular, fleshy carpels, often by abortion 2 or 1 ; seed large,
solitary. — Trees with alternate, pinnate, exstipulate leaves.
8. margindtus Willd. Common petioles wingless; lfts. 9 to 18, ovate-lance-
olate, long-pointed, very inequilateral, short-stalked, entire, glabrous, shining
above ; fls. in dense compound panicles, ^ ? or J V ? . — Ga. to Ark. Tree 20
to 40f high, with bright-green foliage and small fls. in large terminal panicles.
The barren panicles Tnuch more dense and compound than the fertile. Filaments
hairy. Berry usually single, rarely triple, reddish-brown, as large as an ounce
bullet, its pulp soapy. Seeds loose, rattling.
3. CARDIOSPERMUM, L. Heart-seed. Balloon-vine. (Or. Kap6ia,
heart, OTripjia, seeds ; the globous seeds marked with a large cordate
hilum.) Sepals 4, the 2 outer smallest ; petalf 4, each with an emar-
Order 42.— (JELASTRACE^.
289
ginato scale above the base ; tlie 2 lower remote from the stamens,
their scales crested ; stamens 8, unequal ; style tritid ; capsule mem-
branous, inflated. — Climbing herbs with biternate Ivs. Lower pair of
pedicels changed to tendrils.
C. Halidcabum L. Plant nearly glabrous ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, incisely lobed nnd
dentate; Ih pyriform-globous, large, bladder-like. — Native oq the Missouri and
its branches, Torn. & Gr. Naturalized in the Western States, Mead. A curious
vii e, 4 to 6f in length, with remarkably, large, intiated, membranous cap-
sules. Jl. §
4. STAPHYLEA, L. Bladder-nut. (A Greek word, meaning a
cluster of grapes ; from the form of tlie fructifieation.) FIs. <? ; calyx
of 5, colored, persistent sepals ; petals and stamens 5 ; styles 3 ; cap-
'gules 2 to 3-celled, thin, and inflated ; seeds not ariled. Shrubs with
opposite, 3 to 7-foliate Ivs. and caducous stipules.
S. trifdlia L. Lvs. ternate ; rac. pendulous ; pet. ciliat3 below ; fr. ovate. — A hand-
some shrub, 6 to 8f high, in moist woods and thickets*, Can. to Car. and Tenn.
Lfta. oval-acuminate, serrate, pale beneath, with scattered iiairs. FIs. white, very
elegant, in a sliort, drooping raceme. The most remarkable feature of the plaut
rs its large, inflated capsules, which are 3-sided, 3-parted at top, 3-colled, cotitain-
iug several hard, small nuts or seeds, witli a bony, smooth and polished testa.
May.
Order XLII. CELASTRACEJi:. Staff Trees.
Shrubs with simple leaves alternate or opposite, with flowers small, regular, 4 or
5-merous, perigynous, sepals and petals botli imbrii-ated in aestivation, stamens alter-
nate with the petals and inserted on a disk which fills up the bottom of the calyx;
carpels 2 to 5, styles unitGd. (Fig. 460.) F>-uit froefromtiio calyx with 2 to 5 cells.
Seeds ariled, few, albuminous.
An order closely related to the last, embracing about 30 (/enera and 200 npeeiex, chiefly lnbab>
Itinj? the temperate zone of each Lemisphero. They possess acrid and bitter properties, soin*-
timoa emetic and stimulant.
1. CELASTRUS, L. Staff-tree. Flowers often imperfect; calyx
flat, of 5 united sepals ; corolla spreading, of 5 sessile petals ; capsule
subglobous, or 3-angled, 3-celled ; seeds with an arillus, 1 to 2 in each
cell. — Climl»ing shrubs, with alternate, deciduous lvs. and minute, de-
ciduous stipules.
C. scdndena L. Unarmed; st. woody, twining; lvs. oblong, acuminate, serrate;
rac. terminal ; fls. dioecious. — A climbing shrub in woods and thickets, the sterna
twining about other trees or each other, ascending to » great height. Lvs. alter-
nate, stipulate, petiolato, smooth. Fls. in small racemes, greenish white. Sds.
covered with a scarlet aril, and contained in a 3-valved capsule, continuing upon
the stem through the winter. Jn.
3. EUONYMUS, Tourn. Spindle Tree. (Gr. ev, good, Svo/m,
name.) Flowers perfect; calyx flat, of 5 (sometimes 4 or G) united
sepals ; corolla flat, inserted on the outer margin of a glandular disk ;
stamens 6, with short filaments ; capsule colored, 6-angled, 6-celled,
6-valved; seeds ariled. — Shrubs erect or trailing, with opposite, ser-
rate lvs.
1 E. atropurpilreuB Jacq. Spindle Tree. Burning Bitsil Branches smooth ;
lvs. cUiptic-ovate, petiolate, acuminate, finely serrate, puberulent beneath; ped,
compressed, many-flowered; fls. usually 4-mcrous; capsule smooth, lobcd. — A
smooth shrub, 4 to lOf high, iu shady woods, U. S., E. of the Miss. Lvs. 2 to 5'
[■rW
iric
i
' ^a
f^m
290
Order 43.— RUAMNACE^.
■ ■ -■I. i.H»
ly-
it
't;.»
:-i:
te
lOQg, i as wide, acute or often rounded at base, on petioles ^ to 1' long. Fed.
opposite, slender, 1 to 2^' long, each with a cyme of 3 to 6 flowers. Cor. dark
purple, 4 to 5" diam. Caps, cnmson, smooth. Sds. covered in a bright red
aril. Jn.
2 E. Americ^nuB L. Burnino Bush. Branches smooth, 4-angled; Ivs. ovai
and elliptic-lanceolate, subentire below, acuminate, acute or obtuse at apex, smooth,
sessile or nearly so; ped. round, about 3-flowered; fls. mostly pentamerous; caps,
verrucous. — Shrub of smaller size than the preceding, with small Ivs, in moist
woods, U. S. and Can. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, J as wide, coriaceous. Ped. slender,
1. 2 or 4-flowered. Tls. a little larger than in No. 1, yellow and pink, the parts
rarely in 3s. Capsule dark red, 'varty. Sds. with a bright- red aril. Jn.
fi. 0B0VATU8 T. Sb G. Trailing and rooting ; lvs. obovate-oval, rather pointed
or obtuse, acute and short-petiolate at base. Ohio, &c. (E. obovatus Nutt.)
3 E. augUBtifdlius Ph. Branches 4-3ided; lvs. linear-lanceolate, inequilateral
and subfalcate, acute at each end, obscurely serrate, almost sessile ; pedicels 1 tO'
^-flowered; fls. 5-merous, pet. distinctly clawed. — Woods near Savannah, Ga. St.
decumbent. Branches regularly opposite, so that the plant appears like a bipin-
nate leaf. Lvs. 2 to 3 long, 3 to 5" wide, sharply acute; fls. as large as in No,
2. Apr., May.
4 E. EuropaeuB L. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous ; ped. compressed,
3-flowered ; fis. usually tetrandrovs. — Native of Europe. A handsome shrub, 4 to
12f high, sometimes found in shrubberies, although certainly not superior in ele-
gance to No. 1. May — Jl. f
Order XLIII. RHAMNACE^ Buckthorns.
Shrubs or small trees, often spiny, with simple, alternate ivs. with ./lowers regular,
sometimes apetalous or otherwise imperfect ; with the stamens perigynous, as many
(4 or 5) as the valvate sepals, alternate with ihem, and opposite to the petals when
they are present. Disk fleshy ; capsule or berry with one albuminous seed in each
cell.
Genera 42, upecien 250, distributed throiighout all countries except those in the frigid zones.
Many aro natives of U. 9. Ceanothus is peculiar to N. America.
Propertiefi. Tiie berries of many species of Rhamnus are violent purgatives. The Zlzyphus
Jiijnba yields the well-known jujube paste of the shops. The leaves of Ceanothus have been
Bsed us a substitute for tea.
GENERA.
Flowers clustered, axillary. Petals as long as sepals or none En amnus 1
Flowers clustered, terminal. Petals on long exserled claws Ckanotuus 2
Flowers paniclod, terminal. Petals as long as the sepals Bkkciiemia 3
Flowers spicate, terminal. Petals very minute Bagebktia 4
1. RHAMNUS, L. Buckthorn. (The Greek name.) Calyx urceo-
late, 4 or 5-cleft ; petals 4 or 6, iiotclied, lobed or entire, or sometimes
wanting ; ovary free, not immersed in the thin torus, 2 to 4 -celled ;
ptyles 2 to 4, more Oi less united ; drupe containing 2 to 4 cartilaginoas
nuts. — Lvs. alternate, rarely opposite. Fls. in axillary clusters.
§ Flowers tctramerous. Leaves with orcuato veins Nos. 1 , 2
§ Flowers pentamerous. Leaves with straightish veinlets Nos. 8, 4
1 R. cathdrticus L. Thorny; lvs. ovate, denticulato-serrate ; fls. fascicled;
polyganio-dicEcious, mostly tetrandrous; sty. 4, at apex distinct and recurved; fr.
globular, 4-seeded. — Cultivated in hedges, and occasionally found wild in N. Eng.
and N. Y. It is a shrub or tree 10 to ]5f high, spreading, with thorns terrain-
nating the short branches. Lvs. somewhat opposite. 1 to 2' long, § as wide, usu-
ally witli an abrupt acumination, and with 5 to 7 arcuate veins. Pedicels 3 to 4 '
long. Fls. greenish. Petals inconspicuous, entire (sometimes ?), narrower than
Ihe lanceolate sepals. Berries black, with a green juice, cathartic, and forminy;
with alum the pigment called sap green.
Order 43.-RHAMNACEiE.
291
2 R. lanceol^tus Ph. Thomltss; Ivs. lanceolate or lance-obloDg, acute at
each end, serrulate, the younger leaves obtuse ; fls. 1 to 3 together ; petals 2-lobed ;
styles 2, <U apex distinct and diverging; drupes 2-seeded. — Shrub 4 to 8f high, on
the rocky banks of rivers, Ind. to Tenu. and Penn. rare. Lvs. about 2' long, on
short, but distinct petioles, often nearly glabrous when old. Fls. yellowish-green,
perfect but often fruitless. Berries small, dark red.
3 R. alnifdliuB L'Her. ' Shrub erect, with unarmed branches ; lvs. oval, acute,
serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath; ped. aggregate, \-flowered; fls. mostly
pentandrous and apetalous ; cal. acut«; sty. 3, united, very short; fr. turbinate,
black, — A shrub 2 to 4f high, in spiiaguous swamps, Penn. to Can. Lvs. 1 to 3'
Ion,', \ aa wide, acute at base. Berries about as large as currants, black, 3-seeded.
May, Jn. (R. franguloides Mx.)
4 R. CarolinidnuB Walt. Shrub erect, unarmed; lvs. oblong-oval, obscurely
serrulate, acute, paler beneath; _fis. perfect, in short, axillary umbels, petals minute;
styles united, stigmas 3; fr. globular, 3-seeded. — A handsome shrub or small tree
on river banks, Long Isl. and southward. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, \ as wide, dark
green and shining above, the petioles 4 to 5" long, veins prominent. Fla. small,
whitish, 3 to 9 in each umbel which is not longer than the petioles. Berries pui'-
ple. May, Jn. (Frangula Caroliniana Gr.)
2. CEANOTHUS, L. Jersey Tea. Red-root. Calyx tnbular-cani-
panulate, 5-cleft, separating transversely after flowering ; petals 5, sac-
cate-arched, with long claws; stamens niofctly exserted ; stylo mostly
3-cleft; capsule obtusely triangular, 3-celled, 3-seeded, surrounded at
base by the persistent tube of the calyx. — Shrubby and thornless. Fls.
small, aggregated at the end of the branches.
1 C. AmericdnuB L. Lvs. ohlong-ovate, or ovate, serrate, 3-veined; flowering
branches leafy or leafless, elongated. — A small shrub with a ;)rofu8ion of white
blossoms, found in woods and groves U. S. and Can. "Very abundant on the bar-
rens at the West. St. 2 to 4f high, slender, with reddish, round, smooth brancliis.
Lvs. nearly twice as long as broad, very down}-, with soft hairs beneath. Fi.?.
minute, white, in crowded panicles from the axils of the upper leaves. Stan' ens
enclosed in the curiously vaulted corolla. The root, which is large and red, is
sometimes used for coloring. The leaves have been used as a substitute for
tea. Jn.
/3. GLABRA. Whole plant very nearly glabrous ; panicles leafless. Woburn,
Mass. (Dr. Rickard.)
2 C. ovdlis Bw. Lvs. oval-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, with glandular scrra-
tures, 3-veined, veins pubescent beneath; thyrse corymbous, abbreviated. — Bur-
lington, Vt. (Robbins), W. to Mich. Shrub 2 to 3f higli. Lv.«. smooth and s-liiu-
ing, 1 to 3' long, \ as wide, mostly acute at each end, crcnatcly serrate, the scr-
ratures tipped with black, glandular points. Thyrse short, almost hemispherical,
V/ diam., the peduncle 1 to 2' long. Fls. while, larger than those of the last.
May.
3 C. microphallus Mx. Diffusely branched, branches very slender; /rs.Tniwufe,
oborato, rigid, glabrous, strigous beneath, clustered ; fls. in a simple, umbellate
cluster at the end of each brauchlet. — Ga. and Fla. in the pine barrens. Small
shrubs with yellowish, striated bark; sts. If or more in length, branching pin-
nately. Lvs. 1 to 2" in length, entire or with few teeth. Fls. white in all their
parts, 3 to 12 in a cluster.
jS, SEDPYLLiFOLius. Sts. more slender, decumbent, branchlcts (pcduricks,
Nutt.) ascending, few-leaved, few-flowered ; lvs. rather larger (2 lo 3 ") oval
or obovate, somewhat serrulate. — Savannah (ProC Pond.). (C. serpyllifolius
Nutt.)
3. BERCHtMIA, Necker. Supple Jack. Calyx 5-parted ; petals 5,
convolute, enclosing the 6 stamens ; ovary half immersed in the disk
but, free from it, 2-celled ; style bifid ; drupe oblong, with a bony, 2 -celled
/,!
rM
|W:
i V
3nj
11
m
fit!
wf •
jK
li»
P
1
if
'p*^
mII
&:
■^v.
a92 Okdeii 44.— VITACE^
mit. — Unarmeu shrubs, erect or climbing. Lvs. pinnate-veined, witk
many veinlcts. Panicles terminal.
B. voliUbilis DC. Climbing, glabrous ; lvs. ovate, straight-veined, repandly sor-
rato ; fls ? J . — Southern States, common in damp, rich soils. St. very supple
and tough, climbing 10 to 20f, with smooth, reddish bark and pendant branches.
Lvd. about 2' long, with 10 to 13 pairs of veinlets, smooth and shining. Pani-
cles small, terminating the branchlets. Drupe dark purple, 3" long, the nut hard
and woody. May, Jn.
4. SAGERbTIA, Brongn. (Named for M. Sageret, a French florist
and veg. physiologist.) Calyx 5-cleft ; petals 5, convolute; s.a-
mens 5 ; ovary partly immersed in the entire disk ; style short and
thick, with a 3-lobed stigma; bdry 3-celIcd. — Shrubs with the slender
brandies often spiny, and the lvs. opposite. Fls. in rigid, mterrupted
spikes.
S. Mich^uzii Brongn. Branches at length spiny ; lvs. ovate or oblong-ovate, sub-
sessile, shining and subentire; fls. very small, in panicled spikes; petals minute,
entire; berry 3-see(led. — Car. to Fla. along the coast. Shrub much branched.
Lvs. 1' or more long, the veinlets few and obscure, shining above. Oct., Nov.
Order XLIV. VITACE^. Vines.
Shrubs with a watery juice, tumid nodes, and usually climbing by tendrils;
flijwers small, regular, racemous, often polygamous or dioecious ; calyx minute,
truncated, the limb obsolete or 6-toothed; petals hypogynous, valvate in ajstivation,
fas many as and opposite to the stamens ; stamens
^\^ ^ inserted on the disk which surrounds the 2-celled,
^yr^-^^r^ 1 -styled ovary. Fruit a berry, usually 4-seeded;
j/_^ aeeefo, bony, albumen hard. (Fig. 449.)
/^(P'^TC^^^ 6'enc>'« 7, specien 260, natives of the warmer parts of
/V '^ /?yiJi\V T^ ^"'** hemispheres. The (rrape fruit is the only important
i '^^4\'\ /fi qfj^aVv f production of this order. Tlie acid of the grape is tartiivic.
-^^^^t^i Vf^Br N ** contains a sugar wliich differs from the common sugar
4i^'**"k«r^ Jr tBJ in containing a smaller quantity of carbon.
' ^'Pxi' ^''^•— 1-> ^^ Flower of V. Labrusea.
(Sv y S\i^^^^< ^' V^TIS, L. Gkape Vines. (Celtic //wyt^,
^ -_^j^£Oyfe^^£^^ ft tree or shrub.) Petals deciduous, coher-
'^ ^ySyBBW^ ^ nt^ "^o ^^ ^^^ ^^P' *^^ distinct and spreading;
'^L^iirflB^j^l ^1 ovary partly enclosed within the torus, 2-
C^^/f^ ytir ^^^^ celled, cells 2-ovuled ; stigma sessile, capi-
'^ V ^w *^^*^ » berry 1 -eel led, 1 to 4-sefcded. Ped.
^ often changed into tendrils.
% Petals cohering at top and falling without expanding.
Leaves hoary or rusty arachnold-tomentous beneath Nos. 1, 2
Leaves glabrous except the veins and green both sides Nos. 8, 4, 7
S Petals free at top, unally expanding and falling.
Leaves simple, angular or not No. 6
Leaves bipinnate or ternutu No. 6
Exotic species No. 7
1 V. labnisca L, Lvs. broad-cordate, angular-hhed, hoary-tomenUms be-
neath; berries large. — This vine is native through the U, S., growing in woods
and groves. Like most of the N. Am species, the flowers are polygamous.
St. woody, rough- barked, ascending trees often to a great height, and hang-
ing like cables suspended from the branches. Lvs. very large, somewhat 3-
lobed, at first white-downy beneath. Fls. small, green, in panicles with a leaf
opposite. Fr. large, purple, often green or red. It is valued in cultivation for
its deep shade in summer arbors, and for its fruit, which is pleasant in tiiste.
The Isabella and Catawba, and other sorts known in gardens and vineyards are
varieties of this species. ^
2 v. aestivdllB L. Lvs. broadly cordate, 3 to 6-lobed or palmate-sinuate, ooars^Ij
Order 45.— POLYGALACE^.
2P;i
aentate, with scattered fe'^ritginous hairs beneath; fertile rac. lonjr, paiiicled,
berries small. — Grows iu woods, by rivera, Sic. Ht. very long, sleuiiL-r, climbiug,
' witli very large leaves, wbicli are soiuetiiuea with deep, rounded sinuses, ilothed
beneath, when young, with arachnoid, rust-colored pubescence. Tendrils from tlio
peduncles which are de;use flowered, and with a leaf opposite. Petals cuheriiig
at summit. Berries deep-blue, well flavored, but small, ripe in Sept. Flowers
in Jun.
3 V. cordifolia Mx. Frost Grape. Lvs. cordate, acuminate, somewhat equally
tootlied, smooth, or pubescent beneath the veins and petioles; rac. loose, many-
flowered ; berries small. — Grows in thickets, by rivers, &c., ascending shrubs and
trees to the height of 10 to 20f. Lvs. large, membranous, often 3-lobed, witli
pubescent veins when young, and with a few acuminate-mucronato teeth.
Berries nearly black, rather small, late, acid but well flavored after the frosts of
November. Jp. (V. riparia Mx.)
4 V. vulpina L. Fox Grape. Scuppernong. Lvs. (small) cordate, slightly
3-angled or lobed, shining on both sides, coarsely tootlied, the teeth fu;i acuminata ;
rac. composed of many capitate umbels. — River banks Va. to Fla. Sts. many
feet in length, straggling or climbing. Lvs. 2 or 3' diatii., shining most on lower
surface, liaving the sinus at ba.so acute, and the terminal tooth rather pointed.
Fr. large, pleasant, few in a cluster. The variety called " Scuppernong" is (juite
common in southern gardens.
6 V. indivisa Willd. Lvs. simple, cordate or truncate at the base, often angu-
lir-lobetl; panicles dichotomous; lis. 5-merou3; berry 1-celled, 1 or 2-see(led —
Swamps, S. States to St. Louis. St. ascending trees many feet. Lvs. 3 to 5' broad,
unequally toothed, pubescent on the veins beneath. Panicles witii spreading
branches, none of them clianged to tendrils. Berry small (hardly 2" diam.),
pale-red, mostly l-seeded. (Cissus Ampelopsis Pers.)
6 V. bipinnelta Torr. & Gr. Lvs. hipinnate, Ifts. incisely serrate, glabrous; fls.
5-merou3. Southern Stales along iv^ers. A species remarkably distinguislied by
ita upright, scarcely twining stem, and its compound leaves. Tho Ifts. are
rhombic-ovate, about 1' in length or less, petiolulato nmcronate. Tendrils none.
Panicles few-flowered. Berry depressed-globoua, the size of a pea, purplish-
black. Jn.. Ti. (Cissus bipinnata. Ell.)
7 V. vinifera L. European Wine Grape. Lvs. cordate, sinuately 6-lobed,
glabrous ; fls. all ^ . — No plant in the vegetable kingdom possesses more inlurest-
ing attributes, is cultivated with greater care, or has been worse perverted and
abused, than tho common vuie. By cultivation it sports into endless varieties,
diftering in the form, color, size and flavor of the fruit, and in respect to th©
hardiness of its constitution.
h<.
2. AMPELOPSIS, Mx. Virginia Creeper. (Gr. duneXog, a vino,
^i/»«f, appearance.) Calyx entire ; petals 5, distinct, spreading; ovary
2-celled, cells 2-ovuled; style very short ; berry 2-celled, cells 1 to
2-seeded. — A shrubby vine. The tendrils attach themselves by an
adhesive foot-like expansion at the end.
A. quinquefdlia Mx. Lvs. quinate, digitate ; Ifta. oblong, acuminate, petiolate,
dentate. A vigorous climber, found vvild in woods and thickets. It luia long
been cultivated as a covering for walls, and is best known by the name of wood-
bine. By means of its foot-like, adhesive tendrils, it supports itself firmly upon
trees or walls, ascending to tho height of flft;y feet. The large quinate leaves
constitute a luxuriant foliage of dark, glossy green, changing to crimson in
autumn. Fls. inconspicuous, greenish, in dichotomous clusters. Berriea dark-
blue, smaller than peas, acid. Jl.
i
Order XLV. POLYGALACE^. Milkworts.
fferhs or shrubs, with the leaves mostly simple and without stipules. Flowera
Irregular, unsymmetrical, hypogynous, perfect. Sepals 5, very unequal, distinct, 3
exterior, 2 (wings) interior larger, petaloid. Petals 3, the anterior (keel) larger
tbiui tho 2 posterior. Stamens 4 to 8, distinct, or cohering iu a tube which Is Rplit
294
Ordeb 46.— POLYGALACK-*.
■'^i
i'. "^v
on tho upper sido. Ovary superior, compound, with suspended ovules, united styles
and stigmas. Fruit a 2-celIed, 2-seeded pod. Seeds pendulous, furnished with a
«arunclo. _
Oenera 20, «pecf«»600. Tho i^'enus Polygala
is very generally distributed. The other genera
are mostlv limited each to a ])articular quarter
of the friobe. Properties generally bitter, acrid
and ualrinj^ent, with a Ui Vy Juice in the root.
Khatany-root, the root of Kraineria, used in
medicine, yields a deep red color and is used
to adulterate port wine. The more active
gpe ;ies of Polygala, as P. Senega, sanguineu,
purpurea, etc., are emetic, purgative and diu-
retic.
POLYGALA, Tourn. Milkwort.
(Gr. TToXv^, much, ydXa, milk ; said
to favor the lacteal secretious of
animals.) Flowers very irregular.
Sepals 6, 2 of them wing-shaped
and petaloid ; petals 3, cohering
by their claws to the filaments,
lower one carinate and often crested
on the back ; stamens 6 or 8, fila-
ments united into a split tube ; an-
thers 1 -celled ; capsule obcorclate,
2-celled, 2-seeded, loculicidal ; seed
appendaged with a various caruncle
at the hilura. — Bitter herbs in the
U. S. and Can. (elsewhere often
shrubby), with simple Ivs. Fls.
often of two forms, the subterra-
nean apetalous.
Leaves alternate. — Fls. purple, solitary, 2 to 4. Perennial -No. 1
— Fls. purple, raccmed, many. Biennial Nos. 2, 8
—Fls. white. Spike slender. Perennial No. 4
— Fls. purple. Spike capitate. — Caruncle double Nos. 5, 7
— Caruncle appears simple. Annual.Nos. S— 16
— Fls.xantbic. — Spikes solitary, large. Biennial Nos. 11, 12
— Spikes numerous, coryuibed, small. Biennial.... Nos. 18,14
Leaves verticillate on the stem.— Spikes acute, slender Nos. 15, 16
— Spikes obtuse, thick Nos. 17, 18
L P. paucifolia L. St. simple, erect, naked below ; Ivs. ovate, acute, smooth ;
terminal fls. large, crested, radical ones apotalous. — A small, handsome plant,
witii a few large (10" long) purple flowers. Woods and ewampa, Brit. Am, to
Ga. St. 3 to 4' high, with its acute Ivs. mostly near the top, 2 to 4 flowers above
them. Cal. of 5 leaves, tlie upper one gibbous at base. Corolla mostly purple,
with a purple crest on its middle lobe. Tho radical fls. are either close to tho
ground or subterraneous, smaller, greenish, wanting the wings of the calyx.
May.
I P. grandifldra Walt. Ascending, pubescent; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate to lance-
linear, acute ; fls. distant, pendulous after blooming, wings large, roundish, cover-
ing the corolla and fruit, Aeei as long as the wings (3"), crestkss. — @/? Common in
dry soils, S. Car., Ga., Fla to La. A pretty plant, 9 to 12' high, remarkable for
its changeable flowers, rose-colored at first, soon becoming green and drooping,
and alone destitute. of a crest, having a yellow callosity instead. Lvs. 9 to 16"
long, 2 to 4" wide, often nearly glabrous. May — Aug.
I P. pol^gama Walt Sis. simple, numerous, glabrous; lvs. linear oblong, mu-
cronate, obtuse ; fla racemod, short-pediceled, those of the stem winged, those
of the root wingless ; keel cristate. — Fields and pastures. Can. to Fla. and La.
Sts. crowded, many from the same root, angular, smooth. Lvs. smooth, lower
6.'i7. Polygala
polygama. a, the
radical flowers.
8, pKucifolift, /. the
I lo'
crest on the lower
petal. 9, The sta-
mens in 2 Nets and the style see" beneath the hooded
lower petal. 640, The ovary and the style. 1. Seed
of P. Ranf^iiinea with its 2-lobed caruncle. 2. Seed
of P. Nuttallii.
Obdeb 45.— POLYGALACEiE.
295
;ir
obovate, tipper sessile. Fls. purple, 2" long, finally drooping. Wings obtuse.
Antb. 8. Bracts small, subulate, caducous. Terminrl racemes witli perfect fls.,
radical racemes prostrate or subterraneous, wingless and nearly apetalous. Jn.,
Jl. Bittei- and tonic. (P. rubella Willd.)
4. P. Senega L. Seneca Snake-root. St. erect, smooth, simple, leafy ; Ivs. alter-
nate, lanceolate, tapering at each end ; fls. slightly crested, in a terminal spike-form,
slender raceme. — Woods, Western States, rare in Eastern. Root ligneous, branched,
contorted, about ^' thick, ash-colored. Sts. 8 to 14' high, several from the same
root. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, J as wide, nunierous, scattered. Fls. white, in a Ali-
form spike, 1 to 2' long. Sep. obtuse, larger than the petals. The root has a
sweetisli, nauseous taste, soon becoming pungent and hot. Jl. A valuable
stimulating expectorant.
fJ. LATiFOLiA T. & G. Lvs. ovate, acuminate at each end. — St. leafy, more
tlian If high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1' or more broad. Ind. (Dr. Plummer.)
5 P. setdcea Mx. Sts. filiform, simple, apparently leafless (lvs. minute, deltoid-
acuminate); spike (small) oblong, acute; wings short-pointed, shorter than the
petals; caruncle enclosing the short stipe of the hairy seed. — If N. Car. to Ga.
and Fla. Sts. about If high. Lvs. 1 " or loss long. Fls. pale roseate, in a spike
about lialf an inch long. Jn., Jl. — Each stem produces several heads during the
season, the next in succession arising from an inferior node after the former has
shed its fruit. Hence the naked footstalk ofte a accompanying the single heail
(Mettauer).
€ P. incarn^ta L. Glaucous ; st. erect, slender, mostly simple ; lvs. few, scat'
tered, linear-subulate ; spike oblong ; wings lanceolate, cuspidate , claws of the
petals united into a long, cleft tube ; caruncle double, covering the short stipe of
the very hairy seed. — (T) Dry soils, N. J., to Fla., W. to Ark. St. 1 to 2f liigli.
Lvs. 4 to 6" long, remote. Spikes 1 to IJ' long. PJs. pale rose-color or flesli-
color. The slender corolla tube erect, nearly twice as long (4') as the wings, tlie
<:eel with a conspicuous crest. Jn., Jl.
7 P. Chapmanii Torr. & Gr. Very slender, simple, or nearly so ; lvs. linear-
subulate ; spike loose ; roundisli oblong, rather acute ; wings obovate, slightly
clawed ; caruncle 2-lobed, covering one side of the thick stipe of the thin-haired
seed.—(X) W. Fla. to La. (Hale). Sts. 12 to IS' high. Lvs. acute, 6 to 8'' long,
not J" wide. Fls. bright rose-color. Heads 5 " thick.
8 P. Nuttdllii Torr. & Gr. St. erect, somewhat fastigiate; lvs. linear; spikes
acute, roundisli-oblong, dense; wings elliptical, attenuate at base; crest minute;
caruncle notched, lateral on the thick seed stipe. — Mass., R. I., to La. St. 6 to 10'
high, the branches overtopping the stem Lva 6 to 8" by 1", acute. Spikes 5
to 7" long, 3 to 4" diam. Wings of the calyx rose-red. Seeds black, pear-shaped.
Aug. (P. sanguinea Nutt.)
9 P. fastigi^ta Nutt. Slender and much branched above; lvs. linear; spikes
roundish, loose-flowered; wings ovate-oblong, distinctly clawed ; caruncle broad,
nearly embracing the small setd-stipe (immature). — N. J. to Fla. in dry soils. St.
8 to 12' high. Lvs. 8 to 12 " long, 1" wide, acute. Spikes about 5" diam., tin;
fls. distinctly pediceled, and of a brighter rose-color than the foregoing. (P.
sanguinea T. & G.)
10 P. sanguinea L. St. branching at top ; lvs. linear and lance-linear, spikes
obloig, obtuse, dense; wiuga oval or ovate, obtuse, subsessilo; caruncle mostlv
simple, nearly as long as the hairy seed. — An erect plant, 6 to 12' high, found in
■neadows and wet grounds, Mass. to La. St. angular, with fastigiate branches,
eo'.7t ending in a smaller spike than that of the main stem, but often overtopping
it. Lvs 1' long, 1 to 2 " wide. Heads about 6" thick. The caruncle is double
in a few of the seeds, with divergent segments. Fls. purple, caducous, Jl.—
Oct. (P. purpurea Nutt.)
11 P. liltea L St. iTdostly simple; root lvs. spatulat obtuse, attenuate at base;
cauline ones lanceolate, acute; rac. ovate-ghboxts, obtuse, dense; fls. pedicillate ;
wings ovate, mucronate, keel with a minute crest. — Sandy plains, N. J. to Fla.
St. 8 to 13' high, generally many ft-om the same root, seldom with a few spi-ead.
ing branches. Fls. orange-yellow, longer than the bracts, aggregated in one te^
minal roundish head which is 8 or 9" thicks A showy plant.
.;i/i
I
li
1
^Hi W
m
^K "
(If
•"^ i' *j
s*
J
1
'^ '"^te.^
"■?.
290
Order 46.— LKUUMINOS^
near 1' thick, dL-jpro-
Apr., May.
spikes loose, oblong.
(I y
12 P. ndna DC. Low, ascending; lv8. obovate and spatulate, mostly radical;
heaib ovale, becoming oblong, dense; wings lance-ovate, cuspidate-acuminate
twice longer than tlie slightly crested keel. — S. States, in pine woods, common.
StH. 3 to 5' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, rosulate. Head often
portiotiately large, the lis. citron-yellow, changing to green.
13 P. ramdsa Ell. Erect, corymboualy branched above ;
numerous, forming one or more dense, level-topped cymes; radical lvs. few
(small), spatulate, cauline oblong-linear ; seed oval, caruncled. — Swamps, Del. to
Fla. and La This and the next are species of singular aspect. St. 1 f high. Lvs.
about 6' long, few at the root. Spikes about 4" diam., the fls. greenisli yellow,
becoming tinally dark green. Fls. podicelled. Jn, — Aug. (P. corymbosa Nutt.)
14 P. cymdsa Walt. Sts. tall, simple, corymbously branched at top ; lvs. mustly
radical, linear, pointed, crowded: stem lvs. very few, linear-subulate ; racemes
spike-like, numerous, forming a dense, fastigiato cyme ; seed globular, naked. — •
Swamps, in the pine woods, N. Car. to Fla. Sts. often many from the same root,
2 to 4 or 5f high. Lvs. grass-like, 2 to 3' long, forming a dense tuft at base.
Fls. pedicelled, greenish yellow, becoming finally greenish-brown. Jn. — Aug.
(P. altenuata Ell. graminifolia Poir. acutifolia T. & G.)
15 P. verticill^ta L. St. branched above, erect ; lvs. linear, verticillate both
on the stem and opposite branches ; snikes slender, stalked ; fls. alternate, crested ;
calyeine wings roundish ; seed oblong, smooth, caruncle hardly half as long. —
Found on dry hills, TJ. S. and Can. St. very slender, square, 6 to 8' high. Lvs.
in whorls of 6 or 6, 4 to 10'' long, 1" wide. Fls. small, greenish-white, in
racemes 3 to 10'' long, which are higher upon the branches than upon the maia
stem. Jl. — Oct.
/•?, AMBiGUA. Branchea filiform, alternate ; lower lvs. verticillate, upper alter-
nate ; spikes elongated, with the fls. scattered ; seed exactly as in a. — Dry
fields and woods, Mass. to Tenn.
16 P. Boykinii Torr. 4; Gr. Sts. erect from an ascending base, simple; lvs.
obovate and lanceolate; whorled, a few of the upper linear and alternate; spike
slender, pointed, dense ; wings, roundish, concave ; caruncle § the length of the very
hairy seed. — Ga. and Fla. Sts. slender, several from the same root, 12 to 18'
high. Lvs. 6 to 12" long, in 3s, 4s, and 5s. Fls. whitish, the wings green, with
white borders. Jn., Aug.
17 P. cruci^ta L. St. erect, somewhat fastigiate, winged at the angles ; Iva.
verticillate in 4s, linear-oblong, punctate, spikes ovate, dense, obtuse, sessile or
nearly so ; seed ovate, smooth, caruncle fully as long ; loings deltoid-ovate, cuspidate.
— In sphagnous swamps and other low grounds, Mass. to Fla. and La. St. 3 to 12'
high, very slender, smooth, slightly winged at the 4 angles. Lvs. 2 to 10'' or
more long, 1 to 2 " wide (upper ones largest), obtuse, tapering to the base, with
small, resinous dots. Spikes capitate, 5" thick. Wings greenish- purple, much
dilated at base, Jl., Aug.
/?. CUSPIDATA. Lvs. linear; heads larger, oblong, squarrous with the elongated
cusps of the wings. This is the more common southern form. (P. cuspidata
Hook.)
18 P. brevifolia Nutt. Slender, branched above ; lvs. linear, short, remote, in
4s, or on the branches scattered ; spike oblong, dense, obtuse, on long peduncles ;
wings ovate-lanceolate, acute, seed just as in No. 17. — N. Y. to Fla. About If
high. Heads 4" thick, 1 to 2' long (as appears from the squarrous rachis). Lvs.
6 to 9 " long. Fls. roseate. Aug., Sept.
P. Baldwinii Nutt, of S. E. Georgia is unknown to the author, unless it be a
rariety of P. ramosa, difiering in its more dense heads of greeniah-wliite flowers.
Order XLVI. LEGUMINOS.f]. Leguminous Plants.
fferbf, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, . usually compound, margins entiro,
Siipvks 2, at the tumid base of the petiole. Stipels commonly 2, Sepals 5, more
or less united, often unequal, the odd one always anterior. Petals 5, cither papilio-
oaoeous or regular, perigynoua, the odd one (wheu present) posterior. Stameiu
i, 1
Ordbb 46.— LEGUMINOSiE.
297
diadelphous, monadelphous or distinct. Anthers versatile. Ova superior, single and
simple. Style and stigma simple. Pr. a legume, either continuous (1 -celled), or
(a loment), joined into l-seeded cells. Sds. solitary or several, destitute of albumen.
Illust. In figs. 99, 16S, 160, 161, 164, 105, 177, ISO, ISl, 1S4, 306, 310, 317, 363, 445, 446, 466.
The genera and species of this vast order were ostiinuted by Mr. BsDthain in 1846, m
follows:
Suborder 1. Pnpllioniicea-, 350 genera, 4800 species.
" 2. t'li'salpinoie, ' ~
" 4. Miuioseo;,
88
29
700
1000
•♦ Total, 407 " 0500
Geography.— The Legtinilnosas are distributod tliioimhout ail lands, with the exception of a
few unimportant islands, from the equator to the frijifid zones. Of Its 6600 species now known,
about 350 are natives of the llDitcd States and Territories.
Properties.— li» family of the vegetable kingdom possesses a higher claim to the attention of
the naturalist than tiie Legiiminosw, wliother we regard them as oldects of ornament or utility.
Of the former, we might mention the splendifl varieties of Cercis, with their purple flowers, tlin
Acacias, with their airy foliage and silken stamens, the I'riiie of India, Colutea and Cii'salpina,
with a host of others, which, like the Sweet Pea, are redolent with perfume. Of the latter, the
beans, peas, lentils, clover and lucerne, are too well known to require recommendation. Among
timber trees, tlie Rosewood (a IJrazilian sjiecies of Mimosa), the Laburnum, whose wood is
durable and of an olive-green color, and the Locust of our own country are preeminent.
The following are a few of the important otiicinal products of this order. In medicine;
liquorice is the product of the root of Giycyrrhiza glabra of S. Europe. The purgative senna
consists of leaves of Cassia Senn.-i, C. acutilb'lia, C. ifethiopica, and other species of Egypt and
Arabia. C. Marilandica is also a cathartie, but more nulil than the former. The sweet pulp
tamiirind, is the product of a large and beautiful tree (Tainarindus Indlca) of the E. and W .
Indies. Resins and Balsams: Giim Senegal is yielded by Acacia Verek of the River Senegal ;
Gum Arabic, by several species of Acacia of Central Africa; Gum Tnigacanth, by Astrngulus
verus, ifec, Persia. Balsam Copaivu is the product of several species of Copaifera, natives of
Brazil and W. Indies; Balsam Tolu of Myospermum toluiferuni of Peru, and Bulstnti I'erit
of M. jieruiferum of the same country. Dyes, &c. : Indigo, the most valuable of all (but a violent
poison), is the product of several southern species of Indigofera, as I. anil of the W. Indies, and
I. argentea of Egypt. Brazil-wood from Ca»salpina Braziiiensis. Log-^cood from Iliematoxylon
Cainpoachiauum, of Campeocby, and Red Sandal-wood from Pterocarpus snutalinus of Egypt,
&c., &c.
SUBORDERS, TRIBES AND GENERA.
% Corolla valvate in restivation, regular. Flowers in dense heads or spikes.
Leaves twice pinnate Subordrr I. (a)
% Corolla imbricate in aestivation, the upper or odd petjil interior or the
flower subregular Suborder II. (b)
§ Corolla imbricate in a'stivation, the upper petal (vexillum) exterior
Flowers papilionaceous Subobokr IIL (.*)
• Stamens 10, all distinct. Trike 1. (c)
♦ Stamens 10, all or 9 united (2)
2 Leaves cirrhous, the raohls ending with a tendril. Tribe 2. (d)
2 Leaves not cirrhous. (3)
3 Pod a loment (§573), of transverse, l-seeded joints. Tribe 3. (e)
3 Pod a legume 1 — 1 — GO-seeded, not in joints. (4)
4 Erect (or, if prostrate, with palmately 8-foliate leaves). Cotyledons thin,
becoming leafy in germination. Tribe 4. (f )
4 Trailing or twining vines with pinnately compound leaves.
Cotyledons thick, not becoming leaves In germination. Tribe 5. (g)
Suborder T. MIMOSEJE.
a Pods flat, composed of one or more l-seeded joints Mimosa. 1
a Pods continuous,— prickly, 4-slded and 4-valved Schrankia. 2
—smooth,— turgid, filled with pulp Vaciielua. 8
—compressed, dry, — Fls. all perfect Desm antiics. 4
— Fls. polygamous. Acaoia. 5
Suborder II. C^SALPINE^.
b Fls dioecious, greenish, stamens 10. A tree unarmed GTMifociADUs. 6
b Fls. polygamous, green, stamens 5. Trees thorny . , Gleditschia. 7
b Fie. perfect, — yellow. — Leaves equally pinni te Cassia. 8
— purple, papilionaceous. Leaves simple CBEOWi t
Suborder III. PAPILIOFACE^.
O 1 FoDALTRiBiB. — Legume flat and thin,8hort-8tiped. Lv». pinnate,
—Legume inflated, stipitate.
Gl'ADASTRIS. 10
Lvs. palmately 1— 8-foliate Baftisia. U
i / n^
rf «|(
J
29b
Obdkr 46.— LEGUMINOSiG.
Im
«'■'
l{.
Si '
i '
ii
: ■■ .e r
d 2. ViciiA— ErACt Tendrils obsoleto. S«e<ls with the linear hilum at end Faba. 12
— Climbing. —Leaflets nerrate. Pods 2-8ecded Ciokr. 1ft
—Leaflets entire. — Style grooved outside, hairy inside Pisuai. 14
— Stylo flattened, hitiry most inside.. ..Lathykvs. 1&
—Style Aliform, hairy most outside V'icia. 16
e 8. IIeoysabbjl
— FIs. yellow.— Loaves palmntely 4-follrtte. Stam. monadolph Zoknia. 17
— Leaves pinnate, 7 to 49-folinte. Stam. diodelphous.. ..i£sciivnumf.nf.. 13
— Leaves pinnately 3-foliato. Pod slender at base Stvlobanthks. ID
— Leaves pinnately 4-foliate. Pod gibbous at base Akachis. 20
— FIb. cyanic. — Lvs. pinnate, 5 to 21-foliate. — Umbels pedunculate Coronilla. 21
— Racemes pedunculate Heuvsakum. 2;j
— Lvs. pinnately 3-follate, — stipellate. Pod 3 to 7-jointed Dksmodium. 23
— exstipellato. Pod 1-jointed Lespeoeza. 24
f4. LOTK^.
—Leaves simple, with yellow flowers. — Keel oblong, straight Oe.sista. 25
— Keel falcate, acuminate Cuutalakia. 2ft
— Leaves palmately 6 to IS-foliato (rarely simple). (Genus 32, or) LrPiNUs. 27
— Leaves palmately 3-foliate. — Tree with yellow flowers Laburnum. 28
— Herbs with straight, small pods Tbifolium. 29
— Herbs with curved or spiral pods '. ...Meuioacjo. 30
—Lvs. pinnately 8-fol.— Pod few-seeded. FIs. (scarlet Gen. 49) wh. or yel.MKLiLOTus. 31
— Pod 1-seoded. — FIs. yellow. — Lvs. resinous-dotted (Gen. 47)
— FIs. cyanic. — Lvs. dark-dotted Psoralf.a. 32
— Lvs. not dotted (in Gen. 24)
—Lvs. pinnate, with no odd leaflet, 15 to 25 pairs. — Pod 1— 2-seeded GLOTTinnrM. 33
— Pod 00-seeded Srshania. 34
—Lvs. odd-pinnate,— dotted with dark glands.— Shrub. FIs. spicato Amorpii a. 35
" —Herb lO-androus Dale a. 36
" — Herb 5-androus Petalo8TE.mon. 37
— dotless. — Legume 2-celled lenathwlso, turgid Astbaoalus. 3S
— Legume half 2-cellod lengthwise Piiaoa. d9
— Leg. 1-celled.— Herbs. Stylo hairy outside. Tepiirosia. 40
— Herbs. Style glabrous Indioofera. 41
— Shrubs or trees. Cyanic Robinia. 42
— Trees with fls. yellow Colutea. 48
g. (V. PHASEOLEiB.
— Lvs. pinnate, 6 to 15-foliate.— Vine shrubby. Keel falcate Wistaria. 44
—Herbs. Keel (straight. Gen. 49) spiral Ai'ios. 45
— Lvs. pinnately 3 (rarely l)-foliate. — Fls. yellow. Legumes 5-8eeded Viona. 46
—Fls. yellow. Legumes 1 to 2-8eeded.KnTNGii08iA. 47
— Fls. cyanic. (*)
* Keel witn stamens and style spirally twisted Piiaseoi-us. 48
* Keel stralghtish. — Fls. scarlet. Erect herbs or treus Erytiikina. 49
— Fls. purplish. — Calyx ebracteolate Ampiiicabp^a. 50
— Calyx bibracteolate, — t-cleft Galactia. 51
— 4-toothed. Doliciios. 52
— 5-cleft, long Clitokia. 5:^
, — 5-cleft, short.CENTBOSEMA. 54
1. MINO^SA, L. Sensitive Plant. (Gr. fiiiiog, a buffoon; the
leaves seem sporting with the hand that touches them.) Flowers ? $ <? .
^ Calyx valvate, 6-toothed ; corolla 0, or 6-toothed, stamens 4 to 15 ;
legume separated into 1-seeded joints; $ like the perfect, but without
ovaries or fruit. — U Herbs and shrubs, natives of tropical America, &c.
1 M Btrigilldsa Torr & Gr. Nearly unarmed, prostrate, diffuse, strigous; stip.
ovate; petioles and peduncles very long; lvs. bipiunate, pinnae 4 to 6 pairs; Ifts.
10 to 15 pairs, oblong-linear; heads oblong; leg. broad, 1 to 3-jointed. — Banks of
the Miss. (Hale) to E. Fia. Sts. several feet in length, reddish and in appearance
smooth. Lfts. 3 to 4" by 1", crowded. Ped. and lvs. 6 to 8' long. Hds. rose-
color, with innumerable spreading stamens. Pods crowded, very hispid. Jl., Aug.
2 M. piidica L. St. prickly, more or less hispid : lvs. digitate-pinnate, pinnae
4, of many (20 or more) pairs of linear lfts. — Native of Brazil St. shrubby, about
Order 46.— LEGUMINOS^
299
a foot high. Lfta about 3" long, very numerous. Fls. small, capitate. It is oe-
oasionally cultivated for the curiosity of its spontaneouH motions ; — the leaves bend*
ing, folding, and apparently shrinking away from the touch of the hand.
2. SCHRAN'KIA, Willd. Sensitive Brier. (In honor of Francis
de Paula Schranky a German botanist.) Flowers ^ $ ; calyx minute,
5-toothed ; petals united into a funnel-sliaped, 5-cleft corolla ; stamens
8 to 10, distinct or monadclphous ; legume long and narrow, echinate,
dry, 1-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. — i^ Prickly herbs. St. procum-
bent. Lvs. sensitive, bipinnate. Fls. in spherical heads, purplish.
S. uncinikta Willd. St. angled, grooved ; pinnae 6 to 8 pairs ; Ills, numerous,
minute, elliptic-oblong or linear; hda. axillary, 1 to 2 together, on ;>edunclos
shorter than the lvs. ; leg. long and slender, very prickly. — Dry soils, Clark Co.,
Mo. (Mead), and Southern States. St. 2 to 4f long, and '^-ith the petioles and pe-
duncles armed with short, sharp prickles turned down varu ■«. Lfts. about 2" by
f . Ped. 2 to 3' long, hds. J to J' diam. Pods 2 to 4' long. May— Jl. (S. an-
gustata T. & G.)
3. YACHEL'LIA, W. and Arn. Sponoe Tree. Stamens very nu-
merous, distinct ; legume cylindrical, turgid, scarcely dehiscent; seeds
in a double row, imbedded in pulp. Otherwise as in Acacia. — Tree
armed with straight, stipular spines. Lvs. bipinnate, with a gland. Fls.
in globular heads, yellow.
V. Famesi^na W. & Am. Pinnae 4 to 8 pairs ; lfts. 15 to 20 pairs, veiny, ob-
long, crowded ; ped. 2 or 3 together. — Growa about N. Orleans (Hale) and along
the Gulf to St. Marks, Fla. Lfts. about 2' long. Pods 2 to 3" long, blackish
when ripe. Said to yield gum.
4. DESMAN THUS, Willd. (Gr. de<7/i^, a bundle, dveog, flower.)
Flowers ^ or 5 ; calyx valvate, campanulatc, 6-toothed ; petals 5,
distinct; stamens 5 or 10, distinct; legume dry, flat, 2-valved, 4 to
6-seeded, smooth. — Herbs with bipinnate lvs. and white fls. in axillary,
pedunculate heads. Stip. setaceous. Petioles with one or more glands.
D. brach^lobua Benth. Erect, smoothish; pinnae 6 to 13 pairs, lfta. minute, 2%
to 30 pairs; fls. all perfect, pentandrous; pods short (1' long), oblong, somewhat
curved, 2 to 4-seeded, and crowded. — TiAlong the Miss, from 111. to La. Sts.
striate, 1 to 3f high. Jn. — Aug. (Darlingtonia brachyloba and glandulosa DC.)
5. ACAXIA, Necker. (Gr. aKa^o), to sharpen ; alluding to the spines.)
Flowers polygamous ; calyx valvate, 4 to 5-toothed ; petals 4 or 5, united
below, rarely distinct ; stamens 8 to 200 ; legume continuous, not
jointed, dry, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Trees, shrubs or herbs, spineless,
or with stipular spines. Lvs. (in the N. Am. species) bipinnate. Fls.
in heads or spiked. (This is a large and ornamental genus of chiefly
tropical plants, much cultivated in the greenhouse. In many of them
the leaflets disappear and phyllodia (§ 307) take their places.)
1 A. liitea Leav. Prostrate, herbaceotis, minutely strigous ; stip. lance-subulate ;
pinncB 3 to 5 pairs, lfts. 12 to 20 pairs, very small (2" long); hds. oblong-cylindric,
the peduncles longer than the leaves ; fls. yellow, decandrous ; pods broad and
flat, obtuse, about 6-seeded, and raised on a slender stipe. — Prairies Fla., La. and
Ala. Its herbage much resembles Mimosa strigillosa, except the stipules. Pods
1 to 2' long, 8" wide, the stipe about 6''. Lvs. ciliate, sensitive, with no glands.
2 A. Julibrdssin Willd. Tree glabrous, unarmed; pinnce 8 to 12 pairs, lfts. 20
to 30, halved, acute, inequilateral ; gland depressed at the base of the petiole ; hds.
pedunculate, forming a terminal panicle ; stam. numerous, long, exserted. — A very
ornamental tree cultivated and sparingly naturalized in the Gulf States. Corollas
white, with purplish stamens. Pods large, pointed at both ends, contracted bo*
tweea the seeds.
; ; ■ .ft.a
%'i'a
300
Order 46.— LEGUMINOS^E.
,t
ly '■
111
1 :;
I
6. GTMNOC'LADUS, Lam. Coffee Tree. (Gr. yt^vof, naked,
KXddog, a bhoot ; for its coarse, naked shoots in winter.) Flowers $ i ,
$ Calyx tubular, 6-cleft, equal ; petals 5, inserted into the summit of
the tube; stamens 10, distinct. $ Calyx and corolla as above; style
1 ; legumes 1 -celled, oblong, very large, pulpy within. — A slender, un-
armed tree, with unequally bipinnate Ivs. Lfts. ovate, acuminate.
G. Canadensis Lam. Grows in Weatem N. Y., Ohio, Ind. S. to Tenn., on tho
borders of lakes and rivers. Height 50^ with a trunk 15' diam., straight and sim-
ple to the height of 25f, covered with a rough, scaly bark, and supporting a rather
small but regular head. The compound Ivs. are 2 to 3f long, and 15 to 20' wide,
being doubly compounded of a great number of dull green leaflets. Single leaf-
lets often occupy the place of some of the pinnae. Fls. greenish- white, in long
racemes, succeeded by very large curved pcds containing each several round,
depressed, brown, polished, and very hard needs. May — Jl
7. GLEDITS'CHIA, L. Honey Locust. (For John G. Gleditsch, a
botanical writer, Leipzig.) Flowers ? ^' Sepals equal, 3 to 6,
united at base ; petals 3 to 5 ; stamens 5 to 5, distinct, opposite the
sepals, sometimes by abortion fewer or 0; style short, often abortive;
legume continuous, compressed, often intercepted between the seeds by
a quantity of sweet pulp. — Trees, with supra-axillary, branched spines.
Lvs. abruptly pinnate and bipinnate, often in the same specimen. Fls.
amall, green, racemous.
1 G. triacdnthus L. Branches armed with stout, triple spines ; lfts. alternate, ob-
long-lanceolate, obtuse; kg. linear-oblong, compressed, many -seeded, intervals
fiUed with sweet pulp. — Penn. to Mo. and La. In favorable circumstances it attair.s
tho height of 70f, undivided half its length, with a diameter of 3 to 4K The
thorns are 2 to 12' long, ligneous, numerously branched, forming horrid masses
along tho trunk. Foliage light and elegant. Lfts. about 18, 1 to 1 J' long, ^ as
wide, 1, 2 or 3 of them frequently transformed, either partly or wholl> , into smaller
leaflets (j? 290). Fls. succeeded by flat, iwisted, hanging pods 12 to 18' long, of
a dull red. Sds. flat, hard, brown, imbedded in a fleshy substance, at first sweet,
but becoming sour. Jn. — The wood is very heavy.
2 G. monosp6rma Walt. "Water Locust. Armed with few, slender, mostly
simple spines; lfts. ovate-oblong; leg. broadly oval, without pulp, one-seeded. —
Swamps, S. Car. to Fla. and La., not common. A tree of smaller dimensions than
the former, with a smoother bark. Pods about 2' long with the stipe, 1' wide.
Fls. greenish, in ament-like racemes like the other. Jn.
8. CAS'SIA, L. Senna. (Hebrew, Katzioth.) Sepals 6, scarcely
united at base, nearly equal ; petals 6, unequal, but not papilionaceous ;
stamens distinct, 10, or by abortion fewer, anthers opening by terminal
pores, the three upper often sterile; legume many-seeded, 1-celled or
many-celled transversely. — Trees, shrubs or herbs. Lvs. simply, abruptly
pinnate.
6 Sttttn. 5 or 10, all perfect Sepnls acute. Lfts. smnll Nos. 1, 3
f Statu. 10, the 8 upper abortive. Sep. obtuse. Lfts. laix*'. (a)
a Olnnd on the petiole at or iieiir tho base Nos. 8, 4
a Olnnd on the inchis betwoon the two lowest leaflets. . . .Nos. 5, <
1 C. ChamaBcrista L. Sensitive Pea. Lfts. % to 12 pairs, oblong-linear,
obtuse, mucronate ; .^, large, pedicillate, 2 or 4 in each fascicle; anth. 10, un-
equal, all fertile. — ^1) An elegant plant in dry soils, Mass., Mid., W. and S. States.
St. i to 2f high, round, pubescent. Lfts. crowded, 4 to 8'' by 1 to 2i", smooth,
subeessile. Fls. 15 to 18 broad. Bracts lance-subulnte, as are afeo the sti-
pules, persistent. Petals bright yellow, the 2 upper ones with a purple spot
Aug. — The leaves possess considerable irritability.
2 C. nfotitans L. Wild Sensitive Plant. Lfts. 6 to 16 pairs, oblong-lineAr,
obtuse, mucrouate, sessile; Jis. small, 2 or 3 in each subsessile fascicle; sta. 6, suh'
\< 1;;,
Order 46.— LEGUMINOS^.
301
eqtMl. — In dry, sandy soils, Mas& to La. St. about If long, slender, branching.
Uta. crowded, 4 to 6" by 1 to 2''. The petiolar gland, ae in No. 1, placed 2 or 3''
below the lowest pair of leaflets. Fls. very small (5'' broad), pale yellow, on
short pedicels. Jl. — The leaves are quite sensitive, closing by night and when
touched.
3 C. Marildndica L. American Senna. Perennial, smooth ; Ifts. 6 to 9 pairs,
oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, an obovoid gland near tlie base of the common petiole ;
fls. in axillary racemes and terminal panicles ; leg. curved, 12 to '2.0-fieedecl. — This
handsome plant is frequently met with in alluvial soils (U. S.) growing in close
masses, 3 to 5f high. St. round, striate, often with scattered hairs. Petioles
channeled above, and distinguished by the pedicelled gland near the base. Lfis.
1 to 2' by 4 to 9". Racemes in the upper axils, forming a leafy panicle. Petals
bright yellow, 3 erect and 2 declined. In medicine it is a mild cathartic. Aug.
4 C. occidentdlis L. A7inual, smooth ; Ifts. 3 to & pairs, ovate or lance-ovate,
shap'y acuminate; an obtuse, sessile gland at the base of the petiole; fls. in axil-
lary, short racemes, and pauicled above; kg. nearly straight, 2h to ^0-seeded. —
Waste grounds, Va. to Ga. (Feay), and La. Stem stout, stilcate, 4 to 6f high.
Lv.s. 7 to 8' long, Ifts. 2 to 3'. blip deciduous. Fls. large, yellow. Pods strongly
margined, rigid, torulous. July. § Cuba.
5 C: obtusifdlia L. Annual, smoolhish ; Ifts. about 6, obovate, obtuse ; stip.
linear-subulate ; leg, very long and narrow, recurved, 20 to 40-sceded ; seeds
longitudinal. — Dry soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. Plant 1 to 3 to 4f high. St.
round, striate. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, half as wide. Pods about 6' long, hardly 2 '
wide, the seeds longest, the same way with the pod, not transversely as in No. 4.
Fls. large, on slender pedicels. Jl. — Oct.
6 C. melanocdrpa Vegel. Shrubby; Ifts. 2 or 3 pairs, narrowly lanceolate,
ratfier acute at each end, coriaceous; gland pedicellate; rac. pedunculate, in the
upper axils, as long as tho leaves. — Ga. Escaped from gardens (Feay). Lfts.
12 to 18" by 4 to 5". Fls. as largo as in C Marilundica. §
9. CERXIS, L, Ji'DAS Tree. Red-bud. (iiv. KEpKlg, a weaver's
shuttle ; sc. the legumes.) Calyx broadly caiiipanulate, 5-toothed ;
petals scarcely papilionaceous, all distinct ; wind's longci' than the vex-
illum and sn\allei* than the keel petals ; stamens 10, distinct ; legumu
compressed, with tho seed-bearing suture winged ; seeds obovate. —
Trees with simple, cordate lvs. and rose-colored tis.
C. Canadensis L. Lvs. broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, villous on the veins
beneath. — A handsome tree, 20 to 30f high, Mid. and W. States. The wood is
finely veined with black and green, and receives a fine polish. Lvs. 3 to 4 by 4
to 5', entire, smooth, 7-veined, on petioles 1 to 2' long. The flowers appear in
advance of tho leaves, in small, lateral clusters, clothing the whole tree in pur-
ple, in early Spring. Tho young twigs will dye wool a nankeen color. The old
author Geraide in compliance with tho popular notion of his time, says "This is
the tree whereon Judaa did hang himself, and not on the elder tree, as it is said."
10. CLADASTRIS, Raf. Yellow-wood. Calyx 5-toothed, teeth
short, obtuse; petals of nearly equal length, those of the keel distinct
and straight like the wings; vex. large, roundish, rcHexed ; stam. 10,
dis'.iinct ; filaments glabrous, incurved, legume flat and thin, short-stiped,
5 or 6-seeded. — A tree with yellow wood, pinnate lvs., and pendulous
clusters of white fls.
C. tinotdria Raf. Hills, in rich soils. W. Ky. and W. Tenn. Tree 20 to 40f
higii, with a smooth greenish bark. Lfts. 7 to 11, stalked, oval, acuminate, 3 to
4' long. Rac. 6 to 10' long, compound, thyrse-like, sliowy, resembling those of
the common locust. Leg. us long as tho leaflets, very narrow. Apr., May.
11. BAPTIS'IA, Vent. Wild Indigo. (Gr. (idnTOi, to dye ; a use
to which some species are applied.) Calyx 4 to 6-cleft half way, per*
'!t.
UiK'
■%.'^ i
ill
' M
■i^j
302
Order 46.— LEGUMINOS^.
1 "
'M I i;
sistent ; petals of about equal length, those of the keel nearly distinct
and straight ; vexillum orbicular, emarginate ; stamens 10, distinct,
deciduous ; legume inflated, stipitate, many (or by abortion few)-
seeded. — U Lvs. palmately 3-foliate, or simple.
I Leaves simple. Flowers yellow Nos. 1 — 3
§ Leaves 3-foliate. — Fls. blue, in few elonguted racemes No. 4
— Fls. white in few elongated racemes, (a)
— Fls. yellow, solitary or in short racemes, (b)
a Stipules leaf-like, longer than the petioles Nos. 5, 6
a Stipules much shorter, or not longer than the petioles Nos. 7, 8
b Pedicels not longer than the calyx. Drying daric Nos. 9, 10
b Pedicels much longer than the caly.\. Dryingbright.Nos.il — 13
1 B. perfolidta R. Br. Glabrotis and glaucous, lvs. oval, orbicular, perfoliate;
fis. solitary, axillary. — S. Car. and Ga. (Savannah, Fcay) iu the pine woods. St.
branching, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. large (2^ by 2), all turned one way, and com-
pletely closed at baao around the stem or branch. Corolla 6" long, on a pedicel
half as long. Pod large, inflated. A remarkable species. May — Jl.
2 B. microph^lla Nutt. "Lvs. simple, sessile, roundish, cuneiform; the upper
somewhat clasping, 5<?pMfcs roMnd«s/t ; lis. axillary; legumes short, subglobous." —
W. Fla. to Ala. St. much branched. Lvs. small (7 to 1^ ' in length), the upper
partially coalescing with the stipules. Described by Mr. . uttall from late fruit-
ing specimens. Not since found ?
3 B. Bimplicifolia Groom. Glabrous ; lvs. broadly ovate, obtuse, sessile ; stip.
none ; racemes terminal, elongated, many-flowered ; bracts ovate, as long as tho
pedicels. — Quincy. Fla. St. furrowed, bivmchii'i^ 9. to 3f high. Lvs. large ('2 to
4' by 1^ to 3'), rather firm, shining above. I'la. S" long, the pedicels shorter.
Leg. ovate, about 6" long. Jn. — Sept.
4 B. auBtrdlia R. Br. Glabrous ; petioles short ; Ifts. obovate or somewhat ob-
long, obtuse ; stip. lanceolate, rather longer than the petioles, distinct at base ;
rac. long, erect; leg. oblong-oval, stipe long as the calyx. — Alluvial soils, Ohio
River to Ga. and La. St. 2 to 3f high, branched. Petioles 1 to 6" long. Lfts.
1 J to 3' by f to 1', sometimes acute. Stip. ^ to 1' long. Fls. indigo blue, large,
very showy. Pod about 2' long. Jn. — Aug.
5 B. leucopheea Nutt. Villous; petioles almost 0; lfts. oblanceolate, varying
to obovate ; stip. and bracts large, triangular-ovate, persistent ; rac. nodding, the
many flowers turned to the upper side on their long pedicels ; leg. ovoid or roundish,
inflated. — Common in wild prairies, W. States and southward. St. 2 to 3f high,
smoothish when old. Lfts. 2 to 3' by J to 1', stipules more than half as large.
Rac. 20 to 60-flowered, inclined horizontally. Pedicels 1 to 2' long. Corollas
very large, ochroleucous. Apr.
6 B. villdsa Ell. Villous-pubescent ; petioles almost o ; !fts. lance-oblong, or
oblanceolate; stip. lance-linear, persistent; rac. long (er!; !"'; ].^mts minute, de-
ciduous; ped. notsecund; leg. oblong. — N. Car. to Ga., rfi!< ''laut of coarse as-
pect, as well as No. 5, 2 to 3f high. Lfts. 2 to 3' long, otnu.-.o, vpering at base,
becoming smoothish when old. Fls. dirty white, nearly 1' ic: , Jn., Jl.
7 B. leucdntha Torr & Gr. Glabrous and glaucous ; lvs. petiolate ; lfts. cunei-
form-obovate, obtuse ; stip, lance-linear about as long as petioles, often caducous ;
rac. elongated, erect ; bracts caducous ; leg. inflated, stipitate. — Conspicuous in
rich soils, prairies, etc., W. States to Ga. and Fla. St. thick, 2 to 4f high,
branched above. Rac. 6 to 24' long, with largo white fls. Lfts. 1 to 2' long.
The whole plant turns bluish-black in drying. May — Jl.
8 B. alba R. Br. Glabrous, fastigiate-branched above; petioles slender; lfts.
elliptic-oblanceolato, acute at base; stip. arid bracts ininute, caducous; rac. erocl
or nodding, on a long peduncle ; pedicels rather longer than calyx. Ip rich soils,
Va. to Fla. Plant 2 to 3f higii. Lfts. about 1' long, a third as wide, the petiole
about iialf as long. Fls. pure white. Plant does not blacken iu drying. Mar. Apr.
9 B. lanoeolita Ell. Much branched, busby; lvs. subsessile; lfts. narrowly
elliptic, varying to oblanceolate, tapering to a petiolule, obtnse; stip. almost
none ; fis. axillary, subsoUtary, short-pedicelled ; leg. ovate-globous. Pino woodai
S. Car. to Fla. and La. About 2f high. Foliage yoUowish-grc^n ; lvs. 2 to 3
Order 46.— LEGUMINOS^.
303
long, coriaceous. Fls. large, dull yellow. Apr., Jm.— Each plant forms a globu-
lar mass which when dry, breaks away and rolls about with the wind frightening
horses ; heuce called horse-devils.
l3. Taller, branches less iiexuous ; Ifls. obovate, very obtuse j fls. solitary and
somewhat '•rioemed at the ends of the branches. — Fla, La.
10 B. tinctdriaR. Br. Glabrous, branching; Ivs. subsessile; Ifts. small, roundish-
obovate, acute at base, very obtuse at apex ; stip. setaceous, caducous ; rac. loose,
terminal; leg. subglobous. — A plant with bluish-greeu foliage, frequent in dry
soils, Can. and U. S. St. very bushy, about 2f high. Lfts. about 7" by 4 to 6 ',
emarginate; petiole 1 to 2" long. Fls. 6 to 12 or more in each raceme. Petals
6" long, yellow. Leg. about as large a.s a pea, on a long stipe, mostly 1 -seeded.
Jl.— Sept.
11 B. Lec6ntii Torr. & Gr. Somewhat pubescent; Ivs. short- petioled; Ifls.
obovate-oblong ; pedicels longer thati the tls., with two bractlets ; bracts per-
sistent; kg. short-stiped ; branches, stipules and racemes aa in No. 10. — Fla. and
S. Ga. Docs not turn black in drying. May.
12 B. megacarpa Chapman. Glabrous, slender; Ivs. petioled; l/(s. oval; rac.
short and short-stalked; stip. and brads minute, caducous; fls. nodding, on pedicels
shorter than tJie corolla; kg. large, globular, and much inflated. — Neai- Quincy,
Fla. Fls. and Ivs. nearly as large as in No. 9. Mature pods IJ' diam. Does not
blacken i,^ drying. May.
13 B. m611iB Mx. Minutely-hoary-pubescent, sparingly branched ; petioles lialt
as long as the cuneiform-oblanceolate Ifls. ; stip. lanceolate, as long as the petioles ;
pedicels as long as the fls., in terminal racemes. — la mountain woods, N. Car.
and Tenn. (Lookout Mt., Chattanooga.) A tine, bright-flowered species, IJf
high. Dries bright. May. (Thermopsis mollis Curt.)
12. FA^BA, Moinch. lIoRSE Bean. Coffee Bean. Flowers as in
Vicia, but the seeds oblong, with a long scar (hiluui) on the narrower end,
and leathery, tumid legumes. — Lvs. equally pinnate, with the tendril
obsolete (in the following species). Peduncle shorter than the flowers.
P. vulgaris Moench. St. rigidly erect, with very short axillary racemes; Ifls.
2 to 4, oval, entire, mucrouate or acute; (tont^rils obsolete by cultivation;) stip.
Si^misagittate, dentate at base. — Native of Kgypt. Frequently found in gardens,
but not so much admired for the table as formerly. Fls. white, with a largo black
spot on each of the alae. Leg. torulous. Sds. very large, with a large hilum at
one end. (Vicia Faba L.)
13. CI'CER arieti'num, the Chick Pea, rarely cultivated may he
readily known by its ise»'rated leaflets, a character quite strange in this
Order.
14. PrSUM, L. Pea. (Celtic pis^ Lat. pisum, Eng. pea, Fr. pols.)
Calyx segments leafy, the upper two shortest ; vexillum large, reflexcd ;
stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1) ; style grooved on the back, villous
and stigmatic on the inner side ; legume oblong, tumid, many-seeded ;
seeds globous, with an orbicular hilum. — Herbaceous, climbing. Lvs.
abruptly pinnate, ending with branching tendrils.
P. sativum L. Lfts. ovate, entire, usually 4 ; stip, ovate, semi-cordate at baa©,
crenate ; ped. several-flowered. — (T) One of the most valuable of leguminous plants,
smooth and glaucous. St. 2 to 5f long, nearly simple, climbing by tendrils. Lfls.
2 to 3' long, § aa wide, obtuse, mucronate, stip. rather larger than the leaflets.
Fls. two or more, on axillary peduncles, large, white. This plant has been cul-
tivated from time immemorial, so that its native country is unknown. There
are many varieties.
15. LATH'YRUS, L. Calyx campanulate, the two upper sepals shortest;
stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1) ; style flat, dilated above, ascending^
i 1
!• t|
1 *
804 Obobb 46.— LEGUMINOS^
bent at a right angle with the ovary, pubescent or villou? along the in-
side next the free stamen ; legume oblong, several-seeded. — Herbaceous,
mostly climbing. Lvs. ab uptly pinnate, of 1 to several pairs of leaflets.
Tctioles produced into ter Jrils. Peduncles axillary.
♦ Leaflets a single pair Southern, No. 1 Exotic, Nos. 6 — S
♦ Leaflets commonly tiiieo jiairs. Poretmial Nos. 2, 3
♦ Leaflets commonly ft pairs. Perennial Nos. 4, 5
1 L. pusilluB Ell. St. winged ; Ifts. 2, linear-lanceolate, acute at each end ; stiy.
conspicuous, lance-falcate, half-sagittate ; ped. long, 1 to 3-flowered. — S. Car, to
La. A weak, scrambling vine. Lfta. 1 J to 2' long, 4 to 6" wide; stip. about a
third as long. Tendrils branching. Fls. purple. Leg. linear-oblong, 15 to 20
seeded. Apr., May.
2 L. ochroleClcua Hook. St. slender ; Ifts. about 3 pairs, broadly ovate ; stip.
serai-cordate, large; ped. 7 to 10-flowered, shorter than the leaves. — A small, delicate
species, rare, in shaJy places and on river banks, N. J. to Wise, N. to Arc.
circle. St. 2 to 3f long, leaning or climbing on other plants. Lfts. 1 to IJ' long.
I as wide, twice larger tlian the stipules. Corolla yellowish-white (ochroleucous).
Jn., Jl. (L. glaucifolius. Beck.)
3 L. paliistris L. St. winged ; stip. semi-sagittate, ovate, mucronato ; lfts. 2 or
3 pairs, oblong-ovate, mucronate ; ped. 3 to 5-Jlowered, longer than the leaves. —
A slender climber, found in v.'et meadows and thickets, N. Eng. to Or. St.
slender, square, broadly winged at the angles, supported by the tendrils. Lvs.
piunate-cirrlious ; lfts. broad, or narrow-ovate. Fls. drooping, rather large, varie-
gated with blue and purple. Jn., Jl.
,d. MYRTiFOLius Gray. St. square, often slightly winged, weak ; lfts. oblong-
lanceolate, ratlier obtuse. — Can. to Md. and Ind. Fls. pale purple. (L.
myrlifolius Muhl.)
4 L. veudsuB Muhl. St. 4-angled; stip. semi-sagittate, lanceolate, very small;
ped. 8 to 16-flowered, shorter than the leaves; l/ts. 4 <o 7 pairs, somewhat alter-
nate, obtusish, mucronate. — In shady grounds. Can. and U. S. St. erect, 2 to 3f
high, mostly smooth. Ped. axillary, 3 to 5' long. Lfts. ovate, IJ to 2' by 1 ,
the veins conspicuous. Fls. rather large and showy, purple. Leg. flat and
narrow. Jn., Jl.
5 L. maritimuB Bw. Beach Pea. St. 4-angled, compressed; petioles flat
above; stip. cordate- hastate, nearly as large as the 8 to 12 ovate leaflets; ped. many-
flowered. — A pale green creeping plant, resembling tiie common pea, found on
sandy shores, N. Y. to Lab., W. to Oreg. St. rigid, 1 to 2f in length. Stip. con-
nate. Lvs. ending in a branching tendril, the lower pairs of leaflets largest.
Fls. large, blue. May — Jl. (Pisura maritimum Ph.)
6 L. latifdliUB L. Everlasting Pea. Ped. many-flowered ; lfts. 2, lanceo-
late; joints membranous, winged. — 11 A very showy plant for gardens and
arbors, native of England. St. 6f long, clinihing, winged between the joints.
Fls. large, pink, clustered on a peduncle 6 to 10' in length. Jl., Aug.
7 L. odor^tus L. Sweet Pea. Ped. 2-flowered; lfts. 2. ovate-oblong; lej-^.
hirsute. — CT) A well known garden flower, native of Sicily. The flowers appear
in June, are large, variegated with red and white. Very fragrant.
8 L. sativuB L. Cuick Pea. Ped. I 'flowered; lfts. 2 to 4; leg. ovate; com-
p.ressed, with two winged margins at the back. — (P Native of S. Europe, where it
has been sometimes cultivated for food ; but it proves to be a slow poison, both
to man and beast, producing ultimately entire helplessness, by rendering the
limbs rigid, but without pain.
16. VIC'IA, L. Vetch. (Celtic gwiff, whence, Gr. Plkiov, Lat. vicia,
Fr. vesce, and Eng. vetch.) Calyx tubular, with the 3 inferior segmetits
straight, and longer than the 2 above ; vexilluni emarginate ; stamens
10, diadelphous (9 and l) ; style filiform, bent at right angles with the
ovary, villous beneath the stigma on the outside (next the keel) ; legun>e
oblong, several-seeded, — Uorbaceous, mostly climbing. Lvs. abruptly
Order 46.— LEGUMINOS^-
306
pinnate, with several paivi of leaflets, and a branching tendril. Peduncles
axillary.
• Leaflets about 4 (3 to 7). Annual Nos. 1, «
• Leaflets about 10 (S to 2i). — Peduncle many (5— 20)-flo\vered Perennial Nos. 3— i^
— Peduncle few (1 — 5)-flowered Nos. fi, 7
1 V. tetraspdrma Loisel. Ped. 1 to 2-jlowered, in jl. shorter {infr. longer) than
the Ivs. ; leg. smooth, 4-seeded ; Ifts. 4 to 6, small, linear, obtuse ; stip. lanceolate,
somi-sagittato. — Slender and delicate plants, banks of streams, &c.. Can. to
Peiin. Sts. almost filiform, 1 to 2f long. Lfta. 6 to 10" by 1", acute or obtuse.
Fls. very small, bluish-white, on filiform peduncles. Leg. 4 to 6" long, 4- some-
times S-seeded. Jl. (V. pusilla Muhl. Ervuni, L.)
2 V. acutifdlia Ell. Lfts. 3 to 6, linear, acute; stip. lance-linear; tendrils mcstly
simple ; rac. 3 to d-Jlowered, longer than the kaves. — da. and Fla. Very slender,
glabrous. St. 3 to 6f long, climbing. Lfts. 6 to 12" long, 1" wide. Fls. small
(3 ' long), bluish white. Calyx teeth shorter than tube. Pods 1' long, about
8-soeded (4 to 10).
3 V. Americana Muhl. Ped. 4 to 8-flowered, shorter than the Ivs. ; stip. semi-
sagittate, deeply dentate; lfts. 10 to 14, elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse, niucronate, veined,
somewhat alternate ; leg. oblong-linear, compressed, reticulated. — N. Y. W. to the
11. Mts. Sts. slender, 1 to 3f long. Lfts. 1' by 5' , subsossilo. Fls. blue or pur-
ple. Lower calyx teeth broad-lanceolate, much longer thau the 2 upper. Style
very hairy at the summit. May.
4 V. Carolini^na Walt, Pod. Q to 10 or \2-floiuered, rather shorter than the
leaves ; fls. loose ; teeth of the calyx shorter than the tube, the two upper very
short; sty. hairy at the summit; stip. lance-linear, entire; lfts. 8 to 12, linear-ob-
long or linear, smoothish ; leg. not reticulated, oblong. — Woods and river banks.
A slender climber, 4 to 6f long. Lfts. 6 to 12" by 1 to ^", mostly alternate. Fls.
3" long, pale blue, the banner tipped with deep purple. May.
5 V. Crdcca L. Tufted Vktcii. Fls. imbricated, 12 to 20 or more in the ru
ceme; lfts. 12 to 24, oblong, puberulent; stip. semi-sagittate, linear-suh late, entire. —
A slender climber, 2 to 3f long, about fences, hedges, thickets, <fec., lat. 39*^ to
Can. St. square, downy. Lvs. of many pairs of downy, nmcronato lfts., witli a
branched tendril at the end of the principal stalk. Lfts. 6 to 8" by 2 to 3' , peti-
olulate. Fls. blue and purple, in a lon<j, dense, one-sided raceme. Jl.
6 V. sativa L. Vetch. Tares. Fls. solitary, or in pairs, suhsessile; lfts. 10
to 12, oblong-obovate, often linear, retuse, mucronate; stip. semisagittate, subden-
tate, dotted ; kg. erect, roundish, reticulated, smooth, — (X'A slender climbing plant,
found in cultivated fields, introduced irom Europe. St. decumbent or climbing,
2 to 3f long. Lfts. 8 to 12" by 1 to 4'', lower ones near the base of the petiole.
Fls. pale purple, half as long as the leaves. Leg. 1 to 2' long. Jn. §
7 V. hirstlta Kooh. Lfta. linear, truncate, mucronate; stip. semisagittate, nar-
row ; ped. 3 to 6-flowered, shorter than leaves ; leg. hirsute, '2-seeded. — A creeping
woi.'d in cultivated fields, N. Y. to S. Car. St. very slender, 1 to 3f long. I ( ,s.
8 to 20, 4 to 8" long, hardly 1" wide, broadest above. Ped. axillary, 3 to 6 flow-
ered. Cal. segm., rather sliorter than the bluish white corolla. Leg. short, with
roundish, compressed brown seeds. Jn. § f (Ervum, L.)
V. micrantha Nutt , with the fls. minute and solitary on the peduncle, and
V. Ludoviciana Nutt. (V. Leavenworthii T. & G., is the same plant witli a
more slender habit) sent from W. La. (Hale) have not yet, to my knowledge, been
found East of the Misa River.
i7. ZOR'NIA, Gmel. (For John Zornc, M.D., of Bavaria.) Calyx
bilabiate, upper lip obtuse, emarginate, lower 3-cleft ; corolla periLcy-
nous, vexillum orbicular, with the sides revolute; stamens moiiadcl-
phous, the alternate anthers different ; legume compressed, of 2 to 5
roundish joints. — Herbs with palmately 2 to 4-foliate lvs. and sagittate
stip., which are enlarged above and supply the place of bracts. (Fig. 1 84.)
Z. tetraph;^lla Mx. Lfts. 4; stip. or bracts oval, acute; log. aculeate, about
3-jointed. — A plant of many singular murks, N, Cur. to Fla. and Tox. Sis. pro**-
%%
} 5I
M
!1
~S
■'f
T
306
Order 46.— LEGUMINOSJS.
trato, slender, 1 to 2f long. Lvs. on long petioles ; Ifts. elliptic-oblong, acute at
each end, tlie lower often obovate, Stip. as such very small (1" long) but as
bracts they are as broad as the leaflets but much shorter. Fls. deep yellow. Leg.
small, adhesive by their retrorsely rougli spines. Jn. — Aug.
18. ^SCHYNOM'ENE, L. (Gr. alaxvvofiai, to be modest ; alluding
to its scnsifve property.) Calyx bilabiate, bibracteolate ; upper lip
bifid, lower t/^i; vexillum roundish; keel petals boat-shaped, distinct
at base ; stamens diadclphoiis, 5 in each set ; legume exserted, com-
posed of several truncated, separable, 1-seeded joints. — Lvs, odd-pinnate.
Stip. semi-sagittate. Rac. axillary.
1 iB. hfapida Willd. St. erect, somewhat scabrous, as well as the petioles, pe-
duncles and legumes; If is. very smooth, 21 to 37 (49, Nutt.), oblong-linear, ob-
tuse; stip. ovate, acuminate; rac. 3 to 5-Jlowered ; bment compressed, 6 to 9-joint-
ed. — D Marshes, Ponn. to Fla, and La. (Hale). St. 2 to 3F high. Lfts. about f'
long. Rac. usually bearing a leaf. Fls. yellow, reddish outside. Leg. 2' long,
sinuate on one side, some of tliem deeply parted. Aug.
2 .ZB. viscidula Mx. Slender, procumbent, viscidly pubescent; lfts. 7 to 11,
obovate; stip. and bracts veiny; ped. filiform, 1 to 2-flowcred; cal. slightly bila-
biate, 3 lower teeth nearly equal ; pod. 2 or Z-jointed, deeply lobed.-Sj) Sandy
fields,, S. Car. (Ell.) to E. Fla. St. diliuse, 1 to 2f long. Lfts. 6" long. Fls. small,
yellow.
19. STYLOS'ANTHES, Swtz. Pencil Flower. (Gr. arvXoq, a pen,
dvdog.) Calyx between 2 bracts, its tube slender and stalk-like, its
limb half 5-cleft, with the corolla inserted on its throat, the whole eai'ly
deciduous leaving the ovary to ripen naked; anth. 10, alternately dif-
ferent, filam. united ; vex. orbicular ; style slender, the lower part form-
ing an uncinate point on the 1-seeded pod. — Lvs. pinnately 3-foliolate.
Stipules sheath-like.
S. eldtior Swartz. Pencil Flower. St. pubescent on one side ; lfts. lanceolate,
smooth, acute at each end ; bracts lanceolate, ciliate ; spikes 3 to 4-flowered ; lo-
ment 1 -seeded (lower joint abortive). — 2^ Dry, gravelly woods, Long Isl. to Fla.
and Ark. St. mostly erect, branched. If in hight, remarkable for being densely
pubescent on that side only which is opposite the insertion of each leaf, while the
other side is smooth. Lvs. on short stalks; lfts. l' or more in length. Bracts
fringed with yellow bristles. Fls. yellow. Jl., Aug.
20 AR'ACHIS, Willd. Pea Nut. (Lat. araco.% used by Pliny to
designate some subterranean plant.) Calyx bilabiate ; corolla reeupin-
ate, stamens monadelphous, legume gibbous at base, coriaceous, veiny,
turgid, and indehiscent, the joints not separating. — A S. American
genus with equally pinnate lvs. and yellow tis.
A. hypogeea Willd. Nearly glabrous ; lfts. 2 pairs, oval or roundish, cune-
ate at base ; stip. entire, lance-subulate, as long as the lfts ; fruit subterranean. —
Cultivated in N. Car. and S. and "W. as easily as the sweet potato, and is very
prolific. The specific name (Ino, yrj, under ground) alludes to the curious habit
of forcing its ovaries, after flowering, into the soil and there ripening them.
21. CORONIL'LA, L. (Lat. corona, a crown ; from the inflores-
cence.) Calyx bilabiate, petals unguiculate ; loment somewhat terete,
jointed ; seeds mostly cylindrical. — Mostly shrubs. Lvs. unequally pin-
nate. Fls. in simple, pedunculate umbels.
1 C. EmeruB L. Scorpion Senna. St. woody, angular; ped. about 3-fU>wered;
claws of the petals about thrice longer than the calyx. — A beautiful, free flower-
ing slirub from France. St. about 3f high, square, with opposite branches. Lfts.
about 7, broadly obcordate. Fls. rose-colored, collected in little tufta on the ends
©f the subaxillary peduncles. Apr., Jn. f
Order 46.— LEGUMINOSiE.
307
2 C vAria L. St. herbaceous, erect, smooth, branching ; Ivs. sessile, smooth ;
Ifls. 11 to 19, all subsessik', oblong, obtuse; umbels long-podunculate, 10 to 15-
Jlowered; fls. palo purple. — An elegant European species, 2 to 4f high, crowned
with many hemispherical umbels V diam. Jl. — Sept. f
22. HEDYS'ARUM, L. (Gr. 7]dv^, sweet, dpwjua, smell.) Calyx
cleft into 5 linear-subulate, subequal segments ; keel obliquely truncate,
longer than the wings; stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), and with the
style abruptly bent near the summit ; legume (loment) of several
1-secdod joints connected by their middle. — ^ Mostly herbaceous.
Lvs. unequally pinnate.
H. bore ale Nutt. Sta. erect; lvs. subsessile, of 6 to 10 pairs of oblong, smooih-
isii Ifts. ; stip. united, sheathing, with subulate points ; rac. spicate, on long ped-
uncles ; fls. numerous, deflexed ; cal. teetli short, the lower longest ; keel longer
than the banner or wings ; joints of the legume 1 to 4, flat, suborbicular, rugoso-
reticulate. — On the precipitous sides of Willoughby Mt., Westmore, Vt. 500f
above tho lake b low, N. to Hudson's Bay. St. rigid, i to 2f high, very leafy.
Lft?. 5 to 8" by 2 to 4", obtuse-mucronulate. Rac. 2 to 4' long, on rigid pedun-
cles 3 to 5'. Fls. largei and handsome, violet- purple. Jn. — Jl.
23. DESMO'DIUW, DC. (Iledysarum L.) Bush Trefoil. (Gr.
dFafxag, a bond ; m reference to the slightly connected joints of the
loment.) Calyx 5-cleft, bilabiate, sometimes bibracteolate at base ;
vexiHum roundish; keel obtuse ; stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), some-
times nionadelphous ; legume (loment) compressed, jointed, constricted
most on the lower (dorsal) suture, the joints 1-seedeu, separable,
mostly aculeate and adhesive. — U Herbaceous or suftVuticous. Lvs.
pinnately trifoliate. Fls. in racemes or panicles, purplish.
§ Legumes distinctly stiped, tho stipes about as long as tho joints (a).
a Stems prostrate, creepinff. Lfts. round or oval Nos. 1, 2
a Steins erect. Lfts. oviite, broadly or (in No. 6) narrowly, (b).
b Calyx teeth shorter than .the tube Nos. 3 — 5
b Calyx teeth longer than the tube, — upper one notched Nos. 6 — S
— upper one entire . .' No, 9
S Legumes subsessile, the stipe.s, if any, not exceeding the caly.x (o).
C Bracts large, covering the flower buds, caducous (d).
c Bracts inconspicuous, smaller than the flower buds (e).
d Stipules large (6 to 9" long), ovate-lanceolate Nos. 10, 11
d Stipules quite small, subulate Nos. 12, 13
e Leaflets large (2 to 3' by 1 to 2'). oblong-ovate. .Nos. 14, 15
6 Li'iiflots small, orbicular or oval Nos. 16 — is
e Leurtets long, linear .'. . .No, 19
1 D. rotuniSifdliuin DC. St. prostrate, haii-y ; lfts. suborbicular, hairy on both
sides ; bracts and stipules broadly ovate, acuminate ; rac. few-flowered ; loment
constricted on both margins nearly alike. — A hairy, prostrate plant, 2 to 3f in
length, found in rocky woods throughout tlio U. S. Lva of 3 roundish lfts., palt?
beneatli, 1 to 2' diam,, on hairy stalks. Stip. cordate, reflexed, hairy. Fls,
purple, in axillary and terminal racemes. Pods about 6-jointed. Aug,
2 D. humifdaum Bock. St. procumbent, striate, nearly smooth ; lfts. oval, sub-
pubescent; stip. lance-ovate; rac. axillary and terminal; lament slightly con-
stricted on the upper margin, of 2 to 4, obtusely 4-angled joints. — Woods, Waltliam,
Mass. (Bigelow), Penn. (Muhl). A species much resembling the last, but tho
wliole plant is much smoother, with smaller and narrower bracts. St. 2 to 3f
long. lifts, oval or ovate, subacute. Aug.
3 D, nudifldrum DC. Lfts. roundish ovate, bluntly acuminate, slightly glaucous
beneath ; scape radical, pauicled, smooth ; joints of the lomeut obtusely iiiangu-
lar. — Common in woods, U. S, and Can. It is remarkably distinguished by ii-av-
ing its leaves and fls, on separate stalks often distant from each other. St. 8 to
10' liigii, with several ternate, long-stalked, smoothish, terminal lvs, S'/ape 2
to .Sf long, glender, Bmooth, leafless, paniclcd, with many small, purple flowers.
Aug,
(m
Is
.if
i
"'/'I
^ "1
308
Obder 46.— LEGUMINOS^
ill)
mi,
I'
4 D. aoumln^tum DC. Plant erect, simple, pubescent, leafy only at top ; Ifts.
ovate, long-acuminate, the odd one round-rhomboidal ; pan. terminal, ou a very
long peduncle. — Common in woody, U. S. and Can. St. 8 to 12' liigh, ending in
a slender panicle 1 or 2f long. Lvs. at the top of the stem and below the panicle ;
terminal 1ft. roundish, 3' diaiii. ; lateral Ills, smaller, all of them covered with
scattered, appressed hairs, and conspicuously pointed. Fls. small, flesh-colored.
Pods of about 3 triangular joints. Jl., Aug.
5 D. paucifldrum DC. St. assurgent, leafy all the way, retrorsely hairy ; Ifts.
membranous, pale beneatli, scabrous-pubescent above, terminal one rhomboidal,
lateral ones inequilateral-ovate, all rather acute or subacuminato ; rac. terminal,
few-flowered; fls. in pairs; petals all distinct, spreading. — Woods, Perm, to Hi.
Rt. creeping, tubercular. Sts. often clustered. If higii.
Petioles 2 to
Log.
8
and La.
;}' long. Lfts. 1 to 3' long, § to f as wide. Fls. 2 to 6, white or purplish.
of 2 to 3 obtusely triangular joints. JL, Aug.
D. panicul^tum DC. Erect, slender, nearly glabrous; lfts. oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse ; slip, subulate, deciduous ; fls. on long (4 to 5") and slender pedicels in
panicled racemes; loment of about 3 triangular joints, — A handsome species,
near 3f in hight, found in woods, U. S. and Can. St. striate, 2 to 3f higli. Lvs.
of 3 smooth, narrow-ovate lfts,, broadest at the base, ending with an obtuse
point, 1 to 3' in length. Pods about 3 to 5-joiuted, large. Pis. purple, numerous.
Jl., Aug,
D, viridifldrum Beck. St. erect, densely pubescent and scabrous above ; lfts.
ovate, mostly obtuse, scabrous above, softly villous beneath ; stip. ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, caducous ; panicles very long, leafless ; lower tooth of the hairy calyx
tlirice longer than the upper; kg. of 3 to 4 triangular joints,— Alluvial soils, N.
Y, to Fla, and La, St, 3 to 4f high, rigid, branched. Lfts. 2 to 3' long. Corolla
violet, turning green in witherirg. Leg. 1 to 2' long,
D. laevig^tum DC. Glabrous ornearly so ; st. simple, erect; lvs. on long pe-
tioles, lfts. ovate, rather obtuse; pan. terminal, nearly simple; fls. in pairs, on
elongateil pedicels ; bracts ovate, very small ; lower calyx tooth twice longer than
the upper. — Woods, N. J., Harper's Ferry, and southward. The smoothest of our
Desmodia, 2 to 3f high. Lfts. rather coriaceous, 1 to 3' long, § as wide. Pedi-
cels 5 to 8" long. Fla. purple. Joints of the loment 2 to 4, half rhombic. Sept,
/3. MOXOPHYLLUM. Dwarf; smaller in all its parts; very smooth; lower lvs.
unifoliate; rac, simple. — Uxbridge, Mass. (Ricard.)
D. glab^llum DC. St. erect, smoothish ; lfts. ovate, small, scabrous-pubescent
both sides ; stip. subulate ; lower tooth of the calyx twice longer than the upper
entire one ; loment nearly straight on the back, with about 4 half rhombic joints.
— In shjides, Car. (Ell. Curtis). Aug., Sept.
10 D. cuspiddtum Torr. & Gr. Erect, smooth ; lfts. obiong-oval, or ovate, sharply
acuminate; stip. lanceolate-subulate; rac. paniculate, terminal, large, with scat-
tered fls. ; bracts deciduous, ovate, acuminate, striate, smooth ; joints of the loment
suboval. — A larger species than either of the preceding, found in woods, U. S. and
Can. St. branching, erect, 4 to 5f high. Lfts. 3' long, widest at base, smooth,
entire, Stip. and bracts 8 or 9" long. Stipels subulate. Fls. large (8" long),
purple. Pods in about 6 joints, long, pendulous, rough. Aug. (D. braeteo-
sum DC.)
11 D. can^Bcens DC. St. striate, scabrous; lfts. ovate, rather obtuse, scabrous on
the upper surface, soft-viUous beneath; stip. large, oblique, acuminate; pan. ter-
minal, very long, densely canesoent, naked; joints of the loment obliquely oval;
upper lip of the calyx nearly entire. — Woods, N. Eng. to Fla. and La. An up-
riglit, branching plant, with very long panicles of flowers, greenish externally,
purple within. St. 3f high, pubescent. Pods about 4-jointed, most constricted
on the lower side. Jl,, Aug, (D. Aikinianum Beck.)
12 D, Canad^nae DC. St. pubescent; lfts. oblong-lanceolate; obtuse, nearly
smooth ; stip. filiform ; bracts ovate, long-acuminate ; fls, racemed ; joints of the
loment obtusely triangular, hispid. — Rather common in woods, Can,, Penn. and
Ind. A handsome plant 3f m height. St. upright striate. Lfts. 2 to 3' long, 1'
wide, with 6 pairs of straightish veina. Fla purple, about as large as in No. 10,
9
Obueu 46.— LEGUMINOS^.
300
In axillary and terminal racemes. Bracts conspicuous before flowering. Pods
about 5-jointed.
13 D. aessilifdlium Torr. k, 6r. St. erect, tomentous-pubescent ; Ivs. sessile,
Ifts. linear or linear-oblong, obtuse at each end, scabrous above, softly tomentous be-
neath ; stip. subulate ; pan. of spicatc racemes, very long ; bracts, minute ; leg.
small, hispid, of 2 to 3 semi-orbicular joints. — Woods, tlie W. States and Tex. St.
2 to 3f high. Lfts. about 2' by ^'. Fls. small, numerous and crowded. Aug.
14 D. DlU^nii Darl. Plant erect, branching, hairy ; lfts. oblong, villous beneath ;
fitip. subulate ; rac. panicled ; joints of tlie loment 3, rhomboidal, reticulate, a little
hairy, connected by a narrow neclc. — Moist soils, N. and W. Stat»'S. St. sulcate.
scabrous, 2 to 3f high. Lfts. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2', smooth above. Panicle large,
terminal, naked. Fls. purple. Jl. (D. Marilandicum DC.)
15 D. rfgidum DC. Erect, branching, scabrous, pubescent; lfts. ovate-oblong,
obtuse, terminal one the longest; petioles short, hairy; stip. ovate-acuminate, cili-
ate, caducous, rac. paniculate, very long; kg. with 2 <o 3 obliquely oval or semi-
obovate joints. — Hills and woods, Mass. to La. St. 2 to 3f higli, often with numer-
ous long, erect, rigid branches. Lfts. 1 to 3' long, ^ as witie, rather coriaceous,
reticulate-veined. Fls. violet-purple. Aug.
16 D. cili^re DC. Erect, slender, scabrous-pubescent ; Ivs. crowded, on short
hairy petioles; lfts. small, ovate, short-stalked, pubescent beneath, ciliate on the
margin ; stip. filiform, caducous ; pan. terminal, lower branches much longer ;
joints of the short stiped loment 2 or 3, obliqudy roundish, hispid, reticulate. —
Woods, N. Eng. to La. Eight 2f. Fls. purple. Aug.
17 D. Marildndicum Boott. Erect, brandling, hairy; lfts. ovate, obtuse, sub-
cordate at base, the lateral ones as long as the petioles ; stip. subulate ; pan. ter-
minal ; loment sHpe as long as calyx, joints 1 or 2, obliquely obovate. — Woods, N.
States to Fla. St. 2 to 3f high. Lfts. 6 to 12" by 4 to 8". Fls. violet-purple,
small. Aug. (D. obtusum DC.)
18 D. line^tum DC. Slender, assurgent ; st finely striate with colored lines j
lfts. small, roundish oval, smoothish, green both sides ; rac. terminal and lateral,
very long and loose; loni'-nt quite sessile in the calyx, joints about 2, roundish
oval. — Dry woods, Can. to . la. and La. Sts. 2 or 3f long. Lvs. on short stalks;
Ifta. 6 to 12" diam., quite obiuse. Fls. and leg. small.
19 D. Btrictum DC. Erect, slender, nearly glabrous ; lvs. petiolate ; lfts. linear,
elongated, coriaceous and reticulately veined, mucronate ; stip. subulate ; pan.
slender, few-flowered ; leg. hispid, incurved, of 1 to 3 lunately triangular joints,
with a filiform isthmus, the stipe shorter than, or about ;\a long as the calyx. —
Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and La. St. about 3f high. Lfts. 2 to 3' by 2 to 3",
longer than the petioles. Fls. small, purple, on slender pedicels. Aug. (D.
teuuifolium T. & G.)
24. LESPEDE^ZA, Mx. (In honor of Lespedez, Governor of Flori-
da, who protected Michaux in his travels tiiere.) Calyx 5-parted, bi-
bracteolate, segments nearly equal ; keel of the corolla very obtuse, on
slender claws ; legume (loment) lenticular, compressed, small, unarmed,
indehiscent, 1 -seeded. — Genus taken from Hedysarum. U Lvs. pin-
nately trifoliate, reticulately veined.
I Flowers all comidete. Caly-x villous, long. Gov. whitish with a pnrple spot Nos. 1, 2
I Fls. partly apetalous. Calyx short. Corolla violet. — Stems upright Nos. 8, 4
— Steins prostrate No. 5
1 L. capitdta Mx. Bush Clover. Lfts. elliptical, silky beneath ; stip. subulate ;
fascicles of fls. ovate, subcapitate, shorter than the leaves, axillary ; loments hairy,
shorter tiian the villous calyx. — An erect, hairy, half shrubby plant, in dry .^oils.
Can. to Car. St. nearly simple, villous, 2 to 4f high. Lvs. numerous, on short
petioles, consisting of 3 coriaceous lfts. Lfts. 1 to 1 J' by 3 to 6", nearly .«mooth
above, covered with silky pubescence beneath. Aug., Sept. (L. fruteacens Ell.)
fi. ANOUSTIFOLIA Ph. Lfts. linear, smooth above. (L. angustifolia Ell.)
2 L. birta Ell. St. villous; Ift-i. roundish oval, pubescent beneath; rac. capitnte,
axillary, oblong, lotiger than the leaves; eor. and loment about as long as the
ii!
-Mi'
1 ^'3
I -"PS
I
310
Order 46.— LEGUMINOS^.
calyx. — Plant 2 to 4f high, found in dry woods, Can. and U. S., erect, branchiniof
and very hairy. Lva. leas numerous than in the last, on very short stalks con-
siatiiig of 3, oval leaflets haiiy beneath. Pud. hairy, becoming longer than the
r.iceme. Fls. reddish-white, crowded. A.ug., Sept.
3 L. Steiivi Nutt. Branched and bushy, tortentotis or pubescent ; Ifts. oval-chovate
or roundish, longer than the petiole ; rac. axillary, capitate or loose, equaling or
exceeding the leaves ; leg. villous-pubescert, ovate-acuminate ; apetalous fls.
few. — Dry soils, Mass. to Ga. and Tex. Sts. assurgent, 2 to 3f higli. Lvs. always
hairy beneath, generally so above. Aug. to Sept. — Quite variable, approaching
the next species.
4 L. violdcea Pers. Erect or diffuse, sj)aringly pahescent ; Ifts. oval, varying to
oblong and linear, obtuse, mucronate, as long as, or a little longer than the petioles ;
rac. axillary, few-flowered, the apetalous one.° generally below and subsessile ;
leg. roundish-ovate, being much longer than the calyx. — Dry woods. Can and U.
S. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Cor. 3 to 4" long. Pods about 2" long. Jl., Aug.— •
Varies gradually into the following diverse extremes.
a. Lfts. large (9 to 12" by 6 to 8 "), not longer than the petioles; fls. few, mostly
complete, and near the upper part of the brandies; rt. strong, creeping; sts.
clustered, slender, diffuse or erect.
/3. SESSILIFLORA T. & G. Lfts. Small (3 to 6 to 8" by 1 to 2"), oblong to linear,
longer tlian the petioles ; fls. mostly apetalous, numerous, in axillary glo-
merules ; st. erect branched. (L. sessiliflora Ph.)
y. RETICULATA. Lfts. all linear (10 to 18" by 2 to 3"), rigid, on short, erect
petioles; fls. fascicled, on short stalks. — Erect, slender; branches short or
none. (L. reticulata Pers.)
6, DIVKRGENS T. k G. Lfts. ovate, the upper peduncles filiform, much longer
than the leaves and mostly unfruitful. (L. divergens Ph.)
5 L. repens Torr. & Gr. St. prostrate, diffuse, sparingly pubescent ; lfts. oval
or obovate-elliptical, smooth above, on very short petioles ; ped. axillary, filiform,
simple, few-flowered, lower ones bearing apetalous flowers; leg. suborbicular,
subpubescent. — Dry soils, Can. and U. S. Sts. very slender, numerous. Lfts.
5 to 9" by 3 to 5", obtuse. Ped. 2 to 5' long. Aug., Sept. (H. repens L.)
/?. PBOCUMBENS. Tomentous-pubescent, varying to pubescent, but the lvs.
always smooth above. (L. procumbens Mx.)
y. FEAYANA. Smoothish ; sts. decumbent and assurgent ; lfts. obovate, twice
longer than the petioles ; upper ped. elongated and bearing apetalous fls. —
Savannah. (Feay.) Appears intermediate between Nos. 3 and 5.
25. GENISTA, L. Dyer's Broom. Woad-waxen. (Celtic, [/en^
Fr., genet ; a small shrub.) Calyx with the upper lip 2-parted and the
lower 3-toothed ; vcxillum obloniif ; keel oblong, scarcely including the
stamens and style ; stigma involute ; stamens monadelphous. — Shrubby
plants, with simple lvs. and yellow fls.
O. tinctdria L. Branches round, striate, unarmed, erect ; lva. lanceolate, smooth ;
leg. smooth. — 11 A naturalized species, in dry, hilly grounds, Mass. Sts. or
branches numerous, ascending or erect, If high, from long, woody, creeping roots.
Lvs. sessile, alternate. Fls. bright-yellow, axillary, sessile or nearly so, solitary.
The whole plant dyes yellow, and, with Woad, green. Aug. § Bur.
26. CROTALA'RIA, L. Battle Pod. (Gr. Kfj6ra?iov, a rattle;
from the rattling of the loose seeds in the horny pod.) Calyx 5-cleft,
somewhat bilabiate ; vexillum cordate, large ; keel acuminate ; stamens
10, monadelphous; fihmicntous sheath cleft on the upper side; legume
pedicellate, turgid. — Herbs or siirubs. Lvs. simple or palmately com-
pound. Fls. yellow.
1 C. sagittalis L. Annual, erect, branching, hairy; lvs. simple, lance-oval to lance-
linear; stp opposite, aruminate, decutrent ; rac. 3-flowered, opposite to the lvs.;
cor. shorter than the cal. — About a foot high, witii a hairy aspect, in woods and
sandy fields, N. H. to Ark. St. herbaceous, rigid. Lva alternate, entire, nearly
Order 46.— LEGUMINOSiE.
311
gessile, rounded at the base. Its most remarkable feature is the opposite, united,
decurreDt stipules, so situated that each pair appears inversely sagittate. Sep.
long, hairy. Cor. small, yellow. Sds. few, rattling in the turgid pod. Jl.
2 C. ov^lis Ph. Perennial, hairy, diffuse; Ivn. simplo, oval and elliptic, on very
short petioles ; stip. few, small or minute, partly decurrent ; pedicels long, 3 to 6-
flowered ; cor. longer tfuin the cal. — In sandy woods, N. Car. to Fla. and La. Rt.
strong, fusiform. Sts. annual, 4 t 10 to 12' long, pro.strato or assurgent ; Ivs.
about r 'ong. Fls. rather showy and remote, with minute, lanceolate bracts.
Pods 1' long, rattling. Ap. — Jn.
3 C. Ftirshii DC. Perennial; slender, assurgent, nearly smooth; Ivs. simple,
oblong-linear or linear, subsessile ; stip. narrowly decurrent through the whole inter-
node ; pedicels long, 5 to 7-flowered; cor. as long as the cal. — In damp shades, S.
Car. to Fla. and La. Sts. 12 to 18' high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Pods much inflated,
black, horny, and rattling like the other species when fully ripe. Apr. Jl.
27. LUPrNUS, Tourn. Lupine. (Lat. liij^ns, a wolf; because it
overruns the field and devours its fertility?) Calyx '?eply bilabiate;
upper lip 2-cleft, lower entire or 3-toothed ; wings united at the sum-
mit ; keel falcate, acuminate ; stamens monadelphous, the filamentous
sheath entire ; anthers alternately oblong and globous ; legume coria-
ceous, compressed. — Herbs, rarely shrubby. Lvs. palmately 5 to 15
foliate, rarely unifoliate.
1 L. villdBUB Willd. Unifoliate, den,sely silky-tomentous ; sts. decumbent-assur-
geiit ; lvs. large, elliptic-oblong, long-petioled ; rac. terminal, long, dense-flowered.
— A very showy plant in the pine barrens, etc., N. C. to Fla. Plant 1 to 2 f high,
remarkably clothed in silky wool, tiie lvs. 3 to 5' long, mostly at the base, and
the numerous (50 to 100), large, violet, and roseate flowers above them. Pods
covered with shaggy wool, oolong, 4 or 5-seeded. Apr., Jn.
fi DiFFbsus T. & G. Somewhat branched at base, and diffuse ; lvs. shorter
(2 to 3'), oval-oblong, obtuse, sofl-silky, but hardly tomentous ; pods very
silky. — Near Savannah, etc. (Feay and Pond.) (L. diffusus Nutt.)
2 L. per^nnis L. Minutely pubescent, 5 to 1 -foliate ; Ifts. oblanceolate, mucron-
ate ; fls. alternate ; calyx without appendages, upper lip emargiuate, lower en-
tire. — 11 In sandy woods and hills, Can. to Fla. It is a beautiful plant, cultivated
in gardens. It is often called sun-dial, from the circumstance of its lvs. turning
to lace the sun from morning till night. St. erect, soft, smoothish, a foot high.
Lvs. soft-downy, on long stalks; Ifts. IJ to 2' by 4 to 6'', lanceolate, broadest
above the mid(Ue. Fls. blue, varying to white in a terminal spike or raceme.
May, Jn.
3 L. polyph;$'llu8 Lindl. Tall, 11 to l5-foliate; Ifts. lanceolate, sericeous
beneath ; fls. alternate, in a very long raceme ; pedicels longer than the lanceo-
late, deciduous bracts ; cal. ebracteolate, both lips subeniire ; leg. densely hairy. —
If A splendid ornament of the garden from Oreg. St. 3 to 5f high. Rac. a foot
or more long. Fls. scattered (subverticillate in /3. grandifolius, Lindl.), white,
purple, or yellow, in different varieties, f
4 L. Nootkat^nsis Donn. Nootka Sound Lupine. St. villous, with
long, spreading hairs, 5 to 9-foliate ; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, attenuate
at base, sericeous beneath ; cal. very hairy, both lips nearly entire ; bracts linear,
hairy, longer taan the calyx. — A handsome species from the N. West Coast, 2
to 3f high, in gardens. Fls. purple, f
5 L. arbdreuB L. Tree Lupine. Shrubby; fls. yellow, in whorls; cal.
appendaged, lip acute, entire. — A handsome exotic shrub, 6f high, with large,
yellow fls. f
Ohs. — Several uiinHal species are occasionally sown in gardens, as L. albub, 'with white fls. ;
L. PIL08U8, with 1 ose-colorcd fls. ; L. lutkus, with yellow fls. ; and L. hikbctcs, with blue fla.
and an appendaged calyx.
28. LABUR'NUM, Benth. Calyx campanulate, bilabiate, upper lip
2, lower 3-toothed ; vexillum ovate, erect, as long as the straight wings',
filaments diadelphous (9 & 1) ; legume continuous, tapering to the
812
Obder 46— LEGUMINOti^
I
Sij
baao, several -seeded. — Oriental, thoniless shrubs or trees. Lvs. pal-
mately trifoliate. Fls. mostly yellow.
1 L. vulgdre L. Golden Chaik. Arborescent ; Ifts. oblong-ovate, acute at
base, a/uminate ; rac. simple, elongated, pendulous ; kg. hirsute. — A small, orna-
mental tree, 15f high, from Switzerland. Fls. numerous, large, in rac. If long,
f (Cytisua Laburnum L.)
2 L. alpinum L. Arborescent; Ij'ts. oblong-ovate, roundtd at base; rac.
lonp, simple, pendulous ; leg. glabrous. — A beautiful tree, 30f high, native of
various Alpine regions of Europe. Like the former it develops numerous bril-
liant, yellow Hs., in long, drooping clusters. There are varieties with ochroleu-
cous, white, and even purple lis.
29. TRIFO'LIUM, Tourn. Clover. (Gr. rpf^vAAov, (three-leaved) ;
Lat. trifolium ; Fr. trejle ; Eng. trefoil.) Calyx tubular or campanu-
late, 6-toothed, persistent ; petals more or less united at the base, with-
ering; vexillum retlexed ; ahu oblong, shorter than the vexillum ;
carina shorter than the aise; stamens 10, diadelphous (9 and 1);
legume short, membranous, mostly indehiscent, covered by and scarcely
longer than th^ calyx, 2 to 4-seeded ; seeds roundish. — Herbs. Lvs.
palmately trifoliate ; Ifts. with straight, scarcely reticulated veins. Fls,
in dense heads or spikes.
§ Flowers yellow, in small, dense, roiindish lieiids Nos. 1, 3
I Flowers cyanic, — pedicellate, Anally deflexed. (a)
— subsessilo, never detlexed. (b)
a Heads small, on stalks some ten times loneer Nos. 8, 4
a Heads large, on stalks two or three times longer Nos. 5, 6
b Calyx teeth plumose, longer than the whitish corolla No. 7
b Calyx teeth shorter t' 'a the purple or roseate corolla.. .Nos. 8— 10
1 T. proclimbena L. Yellow Clov: St. procumbent or ascending; Ifts.
obtuse or retuse, denticulate, terminal on ^ul ,te ; slip, ovate-lanceolate acumin-
ate, rmtch shorter than the petioles ; hds. small, subglobous ; cor. yellow ; sty. 3 or
4 times shorter than the 1-seeded leg. — (p In dry soils, N. H. to Va. Sis. many
from the same root, slender, more or less pubescent, striate, 3 to 10' long, often
suberect. Lfts. 4 to 8" long, ^ to equally as wide, lateral ones placed I to 2 " be-
low the terminal one. lids. 2 to 3" diam., on slender peduncles 1' long. Fls.
at length reflexed. Jn., Jl. § Eur.
2 T. agrdrium L. St. ascending or erect; lfts. often emarginate, denticulate,
all subsesaile ; slip, linear-lanceolate, cohering with and longer than the petiole ; hds.
ovoid-elliptic ; sty. about equaling the 1-seeded leg. — (T) Sandy fields, N. Eng. Sts.
6 to 15' high, branched, minutely pubescent. Lfts. 5 to 10" by 1 to 3". Com-
mon petioles 3 to 10 " long, the upper ones shorter than their stip. Hds. of fls.
twice larger than in the last, on peduncles about 1' long. Fls. at length reflexed.
JL, Aug. § Eur.
3 T. Carolini^num Mx. Slender, diffuse; lfts. cuneate-obovate, the middle
one obcordate; stip. ovate-acuminate, foliaceous ; hds. long-stalked; cal. teeth
thrice longer than its tube; leg. 4-seeded. — (T) Fields, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex.,
almost forming a turf and poor pasturage. Sts. 6 to 12' long, many from one
root. Fls. white or purplish. Ped. 4 to G' long. Mar. — May.
4 T. repena L. White Clover. Shamrock. St. creeping, diffuse ; lfts. obcor-
date, denticulate ; stip. narrow, scarious ; hds. subumbellate, on very long, axil-
lary peduncles; leg. about 4-seeded; cal. teeth shorter than the tube. — % In all
soils, mountainous, meadow or rocky, throughout N. Am. Sts. several from the
same root, extending 6 to 12', rooting at the joints. Ped. angular, much longer
than the lvs. Fls. white. May — Sept. Highly valued for pasturage.
5 T. refl^zum L. Buffalo Clover. Pubescent; ascending or procumbent:
lfts. obovate or oblong-obovate, serrulate, some of them emarginate ; stip. leafy,
semicordate ; hds. umbel-like ; cal. teeth nearly as long as the cor. ; leg. about
4-seeded.— ''2) Prairies and meadows, "W. and S. States. St. 8 to 16 high. Lfta.
subsesaile, 7 to 8'' by 4 to 5" ; petioles 1 to 2' long. Hds. large and handsome
Ped. 1 to 3' long. Fls. rose-red, turning brownish when deflected. Apr. — Jn.
ORDEa 46.-LKGCMINOS^.
<n'3
6 T. •tolonffenim Muhi rn , "*'>
by 5 to 9 '. Fit wh '/ '■'^'^ ''•'^'' «"e head vhioh L , '""J^' '''^^''■«' Aether
very .soft and downy SgIV, ''"*'' "''''• "f white or n i ^1""^' °" «!'"«
i>anvers, Afass. (OakTs) ti 'a '■^'- ^^''''t'' setaceous ' I.f ^"T^'^^'^*- acumi,.-
a border flower and l^oo . ^ ^'"'^ species from /f.Iv ^ ' Pedunculate; q,x\
1 M. lupuifna L " "^nv ' '" ^' '^' ^' * * ^"^« «Piny
2 M. .atlva 1. i„o„„ ^ * "' " '""■''"^- ^V-O^^l
deep rooV.. mZfil^'T'^' ^•^t^^»'ated.--V g ''-aI. i"?'':^'''*^^«^- «/^arS
3 M. aoutelUta L. s.vuis ta „ ^' ^^"^ "s spanugly
stip. ovate, dentate; vediff'oJ'^^- ^"'Pt'cal, denticulate ^^. i
r:^5^^-. «at £-e^''J^!fr-5«i-«eVtlJ'?^^^^^^^^
*<«>.om^^, dentate; 'ioerf ''77:% Z^'^**- eiiiptical, denticulate ^i,. i
♦ M. denuonwta fffllrt n >eseu,bimg »ua,l ,helta. jj
the border ecMnnJ^?^ ^P"'^^' ^^ith 2 or 3 tnrn« a l*° 3-flowered, shorter than
,1
,*'
J
314
OftPER 46.— I,EGUMINOS^.
[f
6 M. maculdta "VVilkl, with Ivs. marked with a purple spot, and pods compactly
spiral, and echinate somewhat like No. 4, said to be naturalized South ; we have
not met with it, unless an imperfect specimen from Potsdam, N. Y., be this plant
Other species of tiiis curious genus are occasionally found in gardens.
3i. MELILOTUS, Tourn. Melilot. (Lat. mel^ honey, and lotus ;
in drying it exhales a sweet odor.) Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, persist-
ent ; corolla deciduous, keel petals completely united, shorter than the
ake or vexillum ; stamens diadelphous (9 <fe 1) ; legume rugous, longer
than the calyx, 1 to few-seeded. — Genus taken from Trifolium. Lvs.
pinnatcly trifoliate, veins of the Ifts. simple or forked. Fls. in racemes.
1 M. officinalis "Willd. St. erect, with spreading branches; Ifts. obovate oblonp:,
obtuse, dentate; rac. spicate, axillary, paniculate, loose; cal. half as long as the
yellow corolla; leg. 2-soedi'(l, ovoid. — Alluvial meadows. St. sulcate, about 3{
higli. Lfts. smooth, with remote, mucronate teeth. Fls. in long, 1-sided, slender
racemes; petals of nearly equal length. The whole plant is sweet- scented. Jn.
§Eur.
2 'M. dlba Liun. Sweet-scented Clover. White Melilot. St. erect, branched,
Ifta ovate-oblong, truncate and nmcronato at the apex, remotely serrate ; slip,
setaceous ; cal. less than half as long as the white cor. ; leg. 2-seeded, ovoid. —
d; A-Uuvial soils. St. robust, very branching, sulcate, 4 to 6f high. Lfts. 1 to 2'
long, more obtuse at the apex than at base, mucrona' ^ly serrate. Fls. numerous,
the racemes more loose and longer tliaii in the last. Petals unequal : banuef
longer than wings or keel. Very fragrant when dried. JL, Aug. § \ Eur.
32. PSORA'LEA. (Gr. ipojpdXtog, leprous or scaly ; alluding to the
glandular dots.) Calyx 6-cleft, campanulate ; segments acuminate, lower
one longest ; stamens diadelphous, rarely somewhat monadelphous ; leg-
umes as long as the caly.v, 1-seeded, iudehiscent. — ^ or ^. Often
glandular-dotted ; stip. cohering with tli'; base of the petiole. . Fls.
cyanic.
• Leaves pdlmtttoly 1 and 3 (rarely 5)-foliate Nos, 1, 2
♦ Leaves pahnately 6, or 5 and 7-foliuto Nos. 3, 4
* Leaves i)iiinately 3 or 1-foliate Nos. 5--3
* Leaves pinnate, 19 to 21-foliate No. 9
1 P. cau^Bcena Mx. Very branching, cancscently pubcscLnit, loiver lvs. 3-foliate,
upper l-foUate, lfts. rou7idish-obovaie, obtuse, tapering at base into a petiolule, dot-
ted. — Sandy woods, N. Car. to Fla. Plant 2f high, excessively branclied, form-
ing a globular bush. Fls. in small clusters at the end of the branchlets ; small,
" blue at first, changing to dull yellow" (Mettauer). Cal, gibbous, almost spurred
at base. May — Jl.
2 P. floribiinda Nutt. Canescent, much branched ; lfts. 3, rarely 5, dotted, ob-
long-obovate, varying to linear ; stip. setaceous ; rac. slender, many -flowered, twice
longer than the leaves; pedicels as long as the flowers, and longer than the small,
ovato-acuminate bracts; vex. roundish; leg. smooth. — Alluvial soils, 111. (Mead),
Ark. W. to the R. Mts. St. 2 to 4f high, branches spreading, Lfts. 1 to 2' by
2 to 4''. Common petiole j to 1' long. Fls. bluish purple, 3" long, 15 to 30 in
the very canescent racemes. Jn.
3 P. subacailliB Torr. & Gray. Nearly acaukscent, hirsute; lvs. 7-foliato on v^ry
long petioles; lfts. obovate-oblong ; fls. in dense, egg-shaped racemes; cal. much
shorter than the cor. — Tenn., near Nashville (Dr. Roam in N. Am. Flora). Lvs.
and flower-stalks almost radical, 6 to 10' long; lfts. about 1' long.
4 P. LupinelluB Mx. St. slender, glabrous; lvs. 5 to 7 -foliate ; lfts. linear-fili-
form ; rac. longer than the lvs., many-flowered ; pod incurved at base, recurved
at apox, so aa to simulate the letter S. — Pine barrens, S. Car. to Fla. Sts. about
2fhigh. Lfts. 2 to 3' long. Fls. as large as in P. floribunda, Mav, Jn.
5 P. virgdta Nutl. Virgate, smootliish ; lvs. l-tbliate, remote ; lfts. linear (the
lower rarely H-foliate and oblong) ; ped. shorter than the lvs. ; spikes rather dena»-
flowered.— Near St. Mary's, Ga. i3t, about 2f high, Lfta. 2 to 4' by 2 to 4 .
Fls. pale violet.
Ohdeb 46.-LfiyuMIx\OS^.
« P. stlpuiata Torr A Gr V I 315
Sts. bLched from ■.h?'hf ''t?"«-*'»"^ oTt ™ofc S <'?'«°' "v'a Jf £3'
Ofae «d clover "'^''"^"- '^"^ '»^ »"?"'- a^tl^j^X '"Jjl"- ««S'
eglandulosaEU.) ^ ^''"^'' i as wide. Ped, 6 to 1^ , *""' ^'•^"ched, erect,
e P. Onobiychis I^ntfc pk °' ^^''y-^^- (P.
S,etr^--aSn:aV^.SX-T:X^ - *--, ..
3 to 5f high. Lftr2 to ! ? """''' ^- States. ^S ri JX i'''^?' t'-'»'«vo',-sely
. 33 GLOTTID'IOM, Desv /fv i -
or 2 —m rJlaK.. "^ '^"%^^'Gds after the outer Imvo J- i ' ^""^''" '»ein-
tall aad ran"? t??onTr7T ''''^^ damp soiLs S ct 1 i/ "'''^•
W. ^l^.abiut^tSP^dS^'L'''^'^'"'^^-^^^^^ St.
S. macroo^rpa AfuhJ tt. u J'^^'owibh
obtuse mucronate; rac abou^T""'' f^^^'^'^'l Jfta 30 to fiO n
than the Ivs— T)..m,. , ^'"^^^red, shorter h„f\i , ^"' oblong-linear
-abrc. SX'<luT.r .""rs- ^"'""hat cTvcJ "at ;r' '""!" '
•*• A. frutiodaa L Nrinri., i u Nos.2,;3
8 » WW. to La. and FJa., W. to R.
316 Order 46.— LEGUMINOSiE.
Mte. Lvs. 3 to 6' long; Ills, about 1 by J', rather remote from each other and
from the stem. Petiolules scarcely 2" long. Spicate rac. terminal, solitary or
fascicled, 3 to 4' long. Vexillura purple, emarginate. May, Jn.
2 A. glabra Desf. Nearly glabrous, shrubby ; Ifts. oblong or elliptical, dotted,
petiolulate, the lowest pair close to the stem ; fls. subsessile ; cal. teeth short, the
2 upper obtuse, the 3 lower longer, or nearly equal, villous; sty. hairy towards the
base. — Near Wilmington and Newberi:, N. Car. Plant 4 to 5f high. Fls. dark
blue. Jl. (v. s. in herb. Curtis.) (A. Caroliniana Groom).
3 A. herbAcea "Walt. Pubescent and somewhat hoary, shrubby; Ifts. 20 to 25
pairs, oblong, obtuse, dotted, the lowest pair close to the stem ; fls. subsessile ;
teeth of the cal. nearly equal, short; cor, whitish. — Pine woods, N. Car. to Fla.
Plant 2 to 4f high, grayish. Lvs. 6 to 7' long; Ifts. 6 to 8" by 3". Petiolules
1 ' long. Spikes many, clustered at top, very downy, 6 to 8' long. Jn., Jl.
4 A. oaniscens Nutt. Suffruticous, and canescently villous, Ifts. small, numerous,
crowdi.'d, ovate-elliptical^ subsessile, mucronaie ; spikes aggregate ; fls. subsessile ;
calyx teeth equal, oval acute; vex. bright blue; leg. 1-seoded. — A beautiful
species?, 2 to 4f high, in dry, sandy soils, "Wia to La. and R. Mts., and is supposed
to prefer localities of lead ore. Lvs. 2 to 3' long; Ifts. coriaceous, 16 to 24 pairs,
obtuse at base, 4 to 6" by 1 to 2". Spikes 2 to 3' long, Jl., Aug.
36. DA^LEA, L. (In honor of Thomas Dale., an English botanist.)
Calyx subequally cleft or toothed ; petals unguiculato, claws of the
wings and keel adnate to the staminate tube half way up ; vexillun)
free, the limb cordate; stamens 10, united into a cleft tube; ovary
2-ovuled ; legume inclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1-seeded. — Mostly
herbaceous and glandular-punctate. Lvs. odd-pinnate. Stipels 0, stij).
minute, setaceous. Spikes mostly dense.
D. alopecuroides Willd. Glabrous and much branched ; Ids. 8 to 14 pairs,
linear-oval, obtuse or refuse, punctate beneath ; spike pedunculate, obloug-cylin-
dric, terminal, silky-villous ; bracts about equaling the acuminate segments oftiio
cal. — d) Prairies and bottoms, III, Mo., Car. Plant about 2f high, bushy and
leafy and pale green. Lfts. not more than 4'' by 1", sessile, and nearly in muturil
contact. Spikes 1 to 2' long. Vexillum white, wings and keel pale violet. (D
Linuaji Mx. Petalostemon Ph.)
37. PETALOSTE'MON, Mx. (Alluding to the union of the petah
and stamens.) Calyx 6-toothed, nearly equal ; petals 6, on filiform
claws, 4 of them nearly equal, alternate witn the stamens and united
with the staminate tube ; stamens 5, monadelphous, tube cleft ; legume
1-secded, indehiscent, included in the calyx. — Mostly ^ . Lvs. un-
equally pinnate, exstipellate. Fls. in dense, pedunculate, terminal
spikes or heads.
§ Petalostemon proper. Calyx teeth short. Heads not Invohicrate. Bracts small (a).
a Bracts arlstate-pointed, longer than the calyx Nos. 1, 2
a Bracts obtuse or acute, not aristate, short Nos. 3, 4
§ KuiiMSTERA, Lam. Calyx toeth verv long, setaceous, pluinous, pappus-like. Hits.
invoiucnito, witli broail, scale-like bracts No. 5
1 P. cdndidum Mx. Glabrous, erect ; lfts. 7 to 9, all sessile, linear-lanceolate,
mucronate, glandular beneath; spikes on long peduncles; bracts setaceous,
longer than the white petals ; vex. broadly cordate, the other pets, ovate. — A fine-
looking plant in dry prairies, S. and W. States. St. 2 to 4f high, sparingly
branched, slender. Lfts. 9 to 18" by 3 to 5", terminal one largest. Fls. small,
white, crowded in dense spikes which are 1 to 3' long. Jl.
2 P. violaceum Mx. Minutely pubescent, erect , lfts. 5, linear, glandular be-
neath ; spikes pedunculate, oblong or oval, bracts shorter than the violet petals ;
vox. cordate, the other petals oblong, obtuse at base. — A beautiful plant, of
similar habits with the last. St. slender, sfriate, subsimpJe, 1^ to 2f high. Lfls.
about 1' by 1'', all sessile. Spikea 1 to 8, very dense, ^ to 1|' long. Petals of a
bright violet-purple. Jl., Aug.
Obdek 46.— LEGUMINOSvE.
317
3 P. Ceirneum Mx. Glabrous, erect ; Ifts. 5 to 7, lance-linear ; apikes oblong, pe-
dunculate ; bracts obovate, somewhat exceeding the short teeth of the glabrous
calyx ; pet. oblong, narrowed at base in the long claws. — Ga. and Fla. Slender,
branching, 1 to 2i high; Ivs. fascicled in the axils. Lfts. acute, 5 to 8" long.
Spikes 1' long. Fls. roseate or white. Aug.
4 P. gracile Nutt. Glabrous, decumbent at base ; lfts. 7, lance-linoar ; spikes
oblong or cylindrical, somewhat sessile; bracts acute, about equaling the sliort,
blunt calyx teeth ; petals ovate ; vex. broadly cordate. — 'X^ W. Fla. and Ala.
nearly simple, 1 to 2f long, leaty to near the top. Lfts. 3 to G" long. Spikes 6
to 12'' long, Fls. white.
5 P. corymbdaum Mx. St. corymbously branched ; spikes capitate, sessile ;
bracts broad, colored, the outer leaf-boaring and flowerless; lfts. linear, 5 to 7. —
A singularly elegant plant of the pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. Sts. 1 to 2f high,
many from one root, each with a corymb at summit. Heads resemble the Cora-
positaj, with red scales and white lanco-oblong petals. Sept., Oct.
38. ASTRAG'ALUS, L. Milk Vetch. Calyx 5-toothe(l ; keel of
the corolla obtuse ; stamens diadelplious (9 ami 1) ; legumes 2-celle(.l by
the introtlexion of tlie lower suture. — Herbaceous or suffruticous, with
unequally pinnate Ivs., and the lis. in spikes or racemes.
§ Logiiiiio.s straight, cylindric. Fiowevs ocliroloncons No. 1
I l-ogiiliU'S curved, iirisiimtic. Fl.s. wliitisli or bluish Nos. '.' — t
§ Legumes gtobuLir, llesliy. Fls. wliitish or blue No. .*)
1 A. Canadensis L. Canescent, erect, dilTuso ; stip. broad-lanceolate, acumi-
nate ; lfts. about 10 pairs, elliptical, obtuse at both ends ; the lowest ovate, ob-
tuse; ped. about as long as the Ivs., wlicn in fruit sliorter; bracts subulate, as
long as the cal. ; fl \ somewhat reflexed ; leg. ovate-oblong, terete, subcrect,
s:nooth, many-seeded, abrupt at the end and tipped witii llie permanent stylo. —
11 River banks, etc., Can. and U. S. St. bushy, about 3f higli, very leaty.
Fls. greenish-yellow, in dense spikes. Pods ^' iu length, leathery. Jl. Aug.
2 A. gldber Mx. Nearly glabrous, erect; stip. minute or 0; lfts. 8 to 11 pair?,
oblong-lancooluto or linear, obtuse or emargiuato ; spikes hose, much longer than
the Ivs. ; bracts subulate, s-arcely lunger than the pedicels; leg. flattened, retiou-
lated. — 2| Pino barrens, N. Car. to Fla. St. 1 to 2f liigli. Fls. greenish white.
Pods distant, IV long, spreading, incurved, acute at each end. Apr.
3 A. obcord^tus Ell. Nearly glabrous, decumbent or assurgent ; stip. lance-
olate ; lfts. 7 to 12 pairs, obcordate or obovate, ped. abou*'. as long ius the Ivs., few-
llowored, fls. pedicellate; ccd. teeth subulate, about as long as the tube; leg. curved,
pointed, stroyigly reticulated. — River banks, N. Car. to Fla. Plant low and leaf\-,
ascending 4 to 8'. Fls. blue and white. Pod 1' in length. Lfts. 3 to 4 " lonu'.
4 A. distortus Torr. & Gr. St. and ped. as in No. 3; stip. ovate; Iva. lon;:-
l)etioled, i/te. o6fo7i(7-o6o!'«/e, mostly eniarginate, 7 to 12 pairs; spikes siiort ; cal.
teeth triangular-acuminate, half as long as the tube ; leg. smooth, declinate, curved. —
Prairies, \V. 111. (Mead) to Ark. Branches ascending 4 to 6'. Lfts. 3 to 5'' by 1
to 2'. Fls. blue, 6 ' long. Pods I'lung, beaked with the coiled stylo. Probably
a variety of the last.
5 A .Mexic^nus A. DC. Low, branches decumbent, glabrous ; Ivs. pedunculate,
lfts. 7 to 10 pairs, obovate, emargiuato; ped. rather longer than the Ivs.; spikes
t^liort, 10 to 15-flowered; leg. globular, obtuse, succulent, sweet-tasted. — Prairies,
111., Mo. to Ark. Plant 3 to 5' liigli. Lfts. 2 to 3" by 1 to 2". Fls. about 9''
long (yellowish white in h. s.), bluish? Fr. as largo as the plum, and "eaten
unripe by travelers, raw or cooked."
39. PHAXA, L. (Gr. (j-aV;;, lentil, from 0ay6), to eat.) Calyx
5-tootlicd, keel obtuse; stamens diadclplious (9 and 1); lepjumc con-
tinuous, turgid, 1-celled ; placenta) tumid, several-seeded. U Lvs, un-
CHjually pinnate. Fls. in axillaiy, pedunculate raceme. (Differs from
Astragalus only in its fruit.)
* Pl«nt densely villous. Flowers prci iiHi yollow No, 1
* rinnt ntarly {Jabtous. Flowns Hhltu or'i)t>r|il<' .Non. ti— 4
m;
'fl
v \i
318
Ordkr 46.— LEGUMINOSiE.
i
1i
1 P. villdBUB Nutt. Low, villoua-hirsute, dscumbent; Ivs. petiolate, Ifks. diB-
tant, 9 to 15, oval or oblong, tlie odd one obovate; ped. rather longer than the
Ivs. ; spikes short, somewhat loose ; cal. teeth longer than the tube ; leg. clothed
with long woolly hairs. — Dry sandy fields and woods, S. Car. to Fla. Sts.
spreading on the sand, 2 to 3' long. Lfts. 3 to 4" by 1 to 2". Fls. 10 to 15 in a
head, 4 to 5" long. Mar., Apr.
2 P. iiegl6cta Torr. & Gr. Erect; lfts. elliptical, 7 to 13 pairs; stip. minute;
roc. many-flowered, rather loose and some longer than the Ivs. ; kg. Jiot stiped,
smooth, roundish ovate, much inflated, with a deep groove at the ventral suture. — By
streams and lakes, W. N. Y. to Wis. Plant resembling Astragalus Canadensis,
but of fairer and finer look. St. 1 to 2f high, terete. Lfts. 9 to 15" by 3 to 5",
minutely puberulent beneath. Fls. white, 10 to 20 in a raceme. Pods about
f long, with many small sds. Jn., Jl.
3 P. Robbfnail Oakcj. Erect; lfts. 5 to 11, elliptical, terminal one largest,
stip. triangular-ovate; ped. twice longer than Ivs.; roc. short, ovate; cor. hori-
zontal, twice as long as the cal. ; kg. stiped, oblong, keekd at the ventral suture,
tipped with the recurved, persistent style. — Ledges by rivers and lakes, northern
Yt., rare. Plant nearly smooth. St. slender, 8 to 14' high. Lvs. remote, 2 to
4' long. Lft;9, 4 to 8" by IJ to 3", petiolulate. Rac. surpassing the stem, on
ped. 6 to 10' long, 12 to 18-flowered. Cor. white, about 6" long. Pods 1' lonft
4 to 8-seeded. May, Jn.
4 P. astragalina DC. Low, ascending or nearly stemless; lfts. 15 to 21, oval;
stip. ovate; ped. at length longer than the lvs.; rac. dense, with 8 or 10 viokt'
colored fls. ; cal. tefth shorter than tube ; leg. pendulous, stiped. — Can. along the
St. Lawrence and northward.
Sts. 1 to 6' high.
40. TEPHRO'SIA, L. Goat's Rue. Cat-gut. (Gr. re^pSf, ash-
colored ; from the color of the foliage.) Calyx with 5, nearly equal,
subulate teeth ; bracteoles ; vexillum large, orbicular ; keel obtuse,
cohering with the wings ; stamens diadelphous (in the following spe-
cies) or monadelphous ; legume linear, much compressed, many- seeded.
— Herbs and shrubs, with unequally pinnate lvs.
§ Flowers large (9 to 10" lonjr), in a leafy, terminal cluster No. 1
§ Flowers small (5 to 6" luug), spicate on long, leafless peduncles Nos. 2 — 4
1 T. Virgini^na Pers. Erect, villous ; lfts. numerous, oblong, mucronate ; rac.
terminal, subsessile among the lvs. ; leg. falcate, villous. — If Plant 1 to 21' high,
in dry, sandy soils. Can., Ind., Ill, S. to Fla. St. simple, very leafy. Lfts. 15 to
27, 10 to 13" by 2 to 3", straight-veined, odd one oblong-obcordate, petiolulcs
1" long. Stip. subulate, deciduous. Fls. as largo as those of the locust, in a
tiliort, crowded cluster. Cal. very villous. Banner white, keel rose-colored, wings
rod. Jl.
2 T. spic^ta Torr A;Gr. Villous with rusty hairs; st. subsimpk; lfts. 9 to 17,
oblong-oval or elliptic, mucronate, obtuse or rotuso ; ped. very long, few-flowered ;
cal. segm. subulate, longer than the tube. — Common in dry soils, S. States. An
unsiglitly plant. Sts. ascending, 1 to 3f long, flexuous, scfTcely branched, tough.
Lvs. few, distant; Iftd. 1' long. Ped. 6 to 12 to 18' long. Fls. purplish rod.
Jn., Aug.
3 T. hispfdula Ph. Minutely hispid or pubescent; sts. dichoiomous, slender, de-
cumbent; lfts. 9 to 19, elliptic-oblong, acute; ped, several, few-flowered; cal
segm. not longer than the tube ; pods falcate. — Dry «olls, S. States. Sts. 1 to 2f
long. Lvs. remote; lfts. 10 to 15" long, mucronate, sometimes nearly linear.
Pod. 3 to 6' long. Fls. reddish purple. May, Aug.
/i. ELEQANS 'T. & G. Very slender, nearly glabrous ; lfts. 11 to 17, narrowly
elliptical, acute; ped. filiform; pods nearly straight. — Savannah (Pond).
(T. elegans Nutt.)
4 T. ohrysoph^lla Ph. Soft-pubescent, prostrate, dichotomous ; lfts. 5 to 9, oval
or ohovate, coriaceor.s, glabrous above, silky pubescent beneath ; ped. longer than
tlie lvs. ; cal. segm, sliortor than the tube.— Ga. (Savannah, Pond) and Fla. St.
If or more long, clothed with a rusty down. Foliage with a lively tinge of yel*
K'i
ii
Order 46.— LEGUMINOS^
310
iC.
to
Jes
a
fg9
He-
W
l2f
|ar.
Id).
low. Lfts. about 9" by 7'', beautifully striate, and wavy at edge. Pods straight
(^ways?) May, Jl.
y3. GKACILIOR. Nearly glabrous, slender; Ifls. few, oblong (9" by 3'.) Plant
3 to 9' long. Pod small (15" long.) Fls. reddish purple as above.— -Coving-
ton, La . (Hale.)
41. INDIGO'FERA, L. Indigo-plant. (Lat. Indirjo, fero, to bear.)
Calyx with 5 acute segments ; vexillum roundish, emarginate ; keel
spurred each side, at length reflexed ; legume 2-valved, 1 to oo-seeded.
Fl
.s.
lfts. 11
pendu-
-Herbs or shrubs. Stip. small, distinct from the petiole,
cyanic.
1 I. Carolinian a Walt. Herb erect, branched ; Ivs. unequally pinnate ;
to 15, oblong-ovate, petiolulate; rac. slender, longer than the Ivs.; le<j.
lous, oblong, rugose, veiny, 2-seeded. — 'll Sandj' woods, N. Car. (Dr. Porcher) to
Fla. St. 3 to 7f high. Lfts. 9 to 12" long, obtuse or rctuse. wm. 3 to 6' long;
fls. pedicellate, yellowish-brown. Calyx pubescent, small, with 5 short, subulate
teeth. Jl., Sept.
2 I. leptOB^pala Nutt. Herbs decumbent, strigous, with ashy hairs ; Ivs. un-
equally pinnate, lfts. 7 to 9, obovate-oblong, subsessile, nearly glabrous above;
rac. longer than the Ivs., fls. nearly sessile ; leg. linear, reflexed, 6 to 9-seeded.—
Ga. to Ark. St. 2 to 3f long. Fls. pale scarlet. Pods 1^' long, pointed.
42. ROBIN'IA, L. Locust. (In memory of John Robin, herbalist
to Louis XIV.) Calyx short, campanulate, 5-cleft, the 2 upper seg-
ments more or less coherent; vexillum large; alae obtuse; stamens
diadelphous (9 & 1); style bearded inside; legume compressed, elon-
gated, many-seeded. — Trees and shrubs with stipular spines. Lvs.
unequally pinnate. Fls. showy, in axillary rac.
1 R. Paeudacdcia L. Common Locust. _ Branches armed with stipular
prickles; lfts. ovate and oblong-ovate ; rac. pendulous, smooth, as well as the le-
gumes. — Native in Penn. and the more Southern and Western States, and abun-
dantly naturalized in N. Eng. Hight 30 to 80f, with a diani. of 1 to 3 or 4f.
The pinnate lvs. have a beautiful symmetry of form, eacli composed of 8 to 12
pairs of lfts., with one at the end. These are oval, thin, nearly sessile, and very
smooth, closing as if in sleep by night. Fls. in numerous, pendulous clusters,
diausing an agreeable fragrance. Pod narrow, flat, with 6 or 6 small, brown
seeds. When young the tree is armed with thorns, which disappear in its matur-
ity. Apr., May. — The wood is very hard and durable.
2 R. viscdsa Vent. Clammy Locust. Stipular spines very short ; branches,
petioles, and leg. glandular-viscid ; lfts. ovate; rac. crowded, erect. — This beautiful
tree is native of the lilts, of N. Car. to Ga., where it attains the hight of 40f. The
fls. numerous, rose-colored, in erect, axillary clusters, with the thick, dark green
foliage, render this tree one o*" the most brilliant ornaments of the park or the
garden. Apr., Jn.
3 R. hispida L. Rose Acacia. Stipular spines almost wanting, shrub mostly
hi^spid; rac. looso, suberect. — A beautiful shrub, native of the Southern States,
much cultivated in gardens for the sake of its numerous, large, deep rose-colored
and very showy fls. Hight 3 to 6 or 8f. Lfts. 5 or 6 pairs, broadly oval. Fls.
inodorous, twice larger than those of the common locust.
43. COLUTEA, L. Bladder Senna. Calyx 5-toothed ; vexillnm
with 2 callosities, expanded, larger than the obtuse carina; stigma
lateral, under the hooked summit of the style, which is longitudinally
bearded on the back side ; legume inflated, scarious. Shrubs with un-
equally pinnate lvs.
C. arbor^scens L. Lfts. elliptical, retuso • vex. shortly gibbous behind. — A
bardy, free-flowerhig shrub, native of Italy, Ac, growing almost alone on the
Bummits of Mt. Vesuvius. Sts. 8 to 12f high. Lfts. noout 9. Fls. large, yellow,
J
849
^ !:,
320
Obdee 46.— LEGUMINOS^.
i.
•f^i
1 1 1
j';
1 1
11
4 'I
with a broadly expanded baoner. In medicine the leares are used instead ot
senna. Jn. — Aug. f
44. WISTA'RIA, Nutt. (In memory of Caspar Wistar, M.JJ.,
President of Am. Phil. Soc.) Calyx bilabiate, upper lip emarginate,
the lower one 3 subequal teeth ; vexillum with 2 callosities ascending
the claw and sepyrating above ; wings and keel falcate, the former ad-
hering at top; legume torulous; seeds many, reniform. — Twining,
shrubby plants, with pinnate Ivs. Rac. large, with large, colored bracts.
Fls. lilac-colorod.
1 W. frut^Bcens DC. Sts, pubescent when young, at length glabrous ; Ifts. 9 to
13, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, subpubesoent ; wings with 2 auricles at
base; ova. glabrous. — An ornamental, vigorous vine, in rich alluvion, S. & W.
States. Sts. several yards long, climbing over bushes, etc. Lfts. 1 to 2' by ^ to
1'. Fls. nearly as large as those of the sweet pea, numerous, in rac. 3 to 6 or 8'
long, sheatiied in very conspicuous bracts. Sds. spotted. Apr., May. \ (Glycine
frutescens L. Thyosanthus Ell.)
2 W. consequana Benth. Lfts. 9 to 13, ovate-lanceolate, silky-pubescent;
rac. terminal, nodding, loosely many-flowered. — A. splendid flowering vine from
Cliina. St. of rapid growth, 12f or more in length. Fls. in long, pendulous
clusters. May, Jn, f
45. A'PIOS, L. Ground Nut. {'Aniog, the pear; from the form of
its tubers.) Calyx campannlate, obscurely bilabiate, the upper lip of 2
very short, rounded teeth, the 2 lateral teeth nearly obsolete, the lower
one acute and elongated; keel falcate, pushing ba^k the broad, plicate
vexillum at top ; ovary sheathed at base. — U Twining, smooth. Root
bearing edible tubers. Lvs. pinnately 5 to 7-foliate.
A. tuberdsa Ph. St. twining'; lvs. pinnate, of 1 ovate-lanceolate lfts. ; rac.
shorter than the lvs. — Thickets and shady woods. Can. and U. S., twining about
other plants. St. round, 2 to 4f in length. Lvs. rather numerous, each consist-
ing of 3 (rarely 2) pairs of leaflets and an odd terminal one. These are ovate,
narrow, more or less pointed, smooth, on short pedicels. Rac. axillary, solitary,
1 to 3' long, crowded. Fls. dark purple. To the root are appended oval, fleshy
tubers, which are very nutritious, and would perhaps be cultivated had wo not
the potato, Jl., Aug. (Glycine Apios L.)
46. VIG'NA, Savi. (In memory of Dominic Vigna, Commentator
on Theophrastus.) Calyx of 4 lobes, the upper twice broader, the
lower longer ; vexillum broad with 2 callosities near the base of the
limb ; keel not twisted ; stigma latei-al ; legume terete ; seeds not com-
pressed. — Twining herbs. Lvs. pinnately trifoliate.
V. hiraillta Feay. Plant hirsute, the stem retrorsely so ; cal. with 1 bractlet at
base, segm. all acute, the lower acuminate ; lfts. ovate-lanceolate, pointed. — Rice
field dams. Savannah (Feay), swamps, N, Orleans (Hale), Sts, scrambling over
bushes, many feet long, slender. Lft,s, 2 to 3' by ^ to 1', with scattered, ap-
preased hairs both .sides, and minute .stipels. Ped, 8 to 12' long, 3 to 6-flowered
aA the top, Fls. pale yellow, the banner 6" long and 9" broad. Pods 2' long,
with 4 to 6 large, black, polyhedral seeds, Oct., Nov. (V. glabra Savi? Doli-
choa liiteolus Ell)
47. RHYNCHO'SIA, DC. (Gr. pvyxo^, a beak ; in reference to the
projecting keel.) Calyx somewhat bilabiate, or 4-parted, with the up-
per segm. 2 cleft ; vexillum without callosities ; keel falcate ; style
glabrous ; legume oblique, short, compressed, 1 to 2-seeded ; seeds
carunculate. — "4 Erect, or twining. Lvs, resinous-dotted beneath, pui«
nately 3-foliate, sometimes reduced to a single leaflet. Fls. yellow.
I at
Ice
}er
lli-
tie
IP-
lie
lu>
Order 4ti.— LEGUMINOS^B.
321
I Rhtnchosia proper. Calyx segments subulate, the lower much the longest, shorter
than the corolla. Fls. in slender racemes No. 1
i Arcyphyllum, Ell. Calyx persistent, leafy, segments nearly equal, as long as the
corollti. Lvs. coriaceous, rugose. Fls. fascicled or racemed Nos. 2 — 4
S PiT<;iiBRiA, Nutt. Calyx segments lance-subulate, the upper rather the longer, shorter
than tbd corolla. Fls. axillary, subsolltary No. 6
1 R. minima DC. Scrambling, puberulent; Ifta. membranous, rhomboidal, acute
with a lari^e angle; rac. much longer than the lvs., about 12-tiowered; fls. small,
remote, retlexed. — Along rivers, S. Car. to Fla. and La. A delicate vine, several
feet iu length. Lfts. not rugose, 6 to 9" square, petiole hardly 1' long. Rac.
axillary, about 6' long. Pods J' long, mucronate.
2 R. voliibilia. Twining, pubescent ; Iv.s. 3-fr liato, Ifls. broadly oval or orbicu-
lar, somewhat rhomboidal, obtuse or acute; rao. few (3 to 10)-tiowered, peduncu-
late; cal. segm. ovaie-lanceolate, cuspidate. — Dry woods, Ga. (Miss Keen), to
La, (Hale). Sta 2 to 4f long, square, especially downy on the angles. Lower
lvs. sometimes? monophyllus; Ifts. smaller than in No. 3. Sep. becoming quite
large in fruit. (R. ditlbrmi.s DC. and R. latilblia Nutt.)
3 R. simplicifdlia. Dwarfish, pubescent, erect ; lvs. reduced to a single leaflet
orbicular or reiiiforui, obtuse. — Dry sandy woods, S. Car. to Fla. and La. Bt
angular, 1 to 3' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' broad, very veiny and rugous. Fls. small,
in one or more dense tufts. Pods ovate-oblong, 7" in length. Apr., May. (R.
tomentosa, a. T. & G.)
4 R. er6cta DC. Tall, erect, velvety-pubescent; lvs. 3-foliale. Iftf,. elliptic or
oval, acute, terminal one sotnetitues roundish ; tis. fiuscicled or racemed, axillary
and terminal; cal. segm. parted almost to tho base, lance-ovate to lance-linear. —
Dry soils, Md. to Fla. Sts. about 6-angled, 2 — 5f high. Tho lowest leaf or Iva
sometimes monophylloui' Lfts. about as large as iu No. 3. Rac. 1 to 3' long.
(3 to 7' Ell. in Glycine moUissima.) — Tiie leaflets are sometimes strikingly varie-
gated with lines of black dots along tho veins above. (R. tomentosa, var. Tor. A
Gr. G. tomentosa, var. Mx.
5 R. galactoides. Erect, rigid, with many simple, angular, pubescent branches ;
lvs. trilbliate. Ills, (small) coriaceous, elliptic or oval, margins reflexed, under sur-
face with numerous resinous atoms; pedicels about equaling tiie petioles, half as
long as the fls.— Ala. aid W. Fla. Sts. 2 to 3f high. Llts. 6 to 9" by 3 to 6",
those of the virgate branches much smaller. Fls. yellow.
48. PHASE'OLUS, L. Kidney Bean. (Lat. phaselus, a little boat ;
from the form of the pods.) Calyx subbilabiate, upper lip 2-toothed,
lower 3-toothed ; keel with the stamens and stylo spirally twisted ;
legume compressed and falcate, or cylindric, many-seeded ; seeds com-
pressed, rcniform. — Herbaceous, twining or trailing. Lvs. pinnately
trifoliate ; lfts. stipellate.
Native species— Fls. racemed. Pods falcate No. 1
— Fls. 1 or few in a head. I'ods st. aight Nos. 2 — t
Exotic— Stems climbing Nos. 5—7
—Stems erect, bushy No. 8
IP. perenniB Walt. Wild Be.vn Vine. Twining, pubescent; rac. paniculate,
mostly in pairs, axillary ; Ifls. ovate, acuminate, 3-veined ; leg. pendulous, fal-
cate, broad- mucronate. — If A slender, twining vine, in dry woods, Can. and U.
S., common. St. 4 to 7f long, somewhat branching. Lfts. IJ to 3^' long, \
to equal width ; terminal one often subcordate, lateral ones unequally enlarged
at base outside, under surface scabrous. Rac. 1 to 3 together, 6 to 12' long,
loose, often unfruitful. Cor. purple and violet. Leg. about 2' long, ^' wide, with
compressed, reniform, dark purple seeds. ,T1., Aug.
2 P. diversifdliuB Pera St. prostrate, diffuse, scabrous with recurved hairs ;
Ifis. angular, 2 to 3-lobed or entire; ped. longer than the leaf) few-flowered,
lower tooth of the calyx longer than the tube ; leg. pubescent, broadly-linear,
cylindric. — (2) A creeping or climbing plant, 3 to 5f long, on sandy shores and
prairies. Can. and U. S. Lfts. 1 to 2' long, f as wide, with scattered hairs
beneath, often variously and very obtusely lobed. Ped. 2 to 8-flowered, 3 to 6'
long. Cor. purplish. Leg. becomes black when ripe, 5 to 7-seeded. Aug. — Oct.
21
^m
•/
i^'A
ii
J. ,r i
V
I
I
322
Orsbb 46.— LEGUMINOS^
3 P. h61volu8 L. St. Blender, twining ; Ifts. between oblong-ovate and lance-wate,
not bbed; ped. slender, several times longer than the Ivs., few-flowered; leg.
straight, cylindric, 8 to 10-seeded. — If Sandj fields, N. Y. to Fla. and La. St.
3 to 5f long. Lfts. 1 to 2' by { to 1'. Ped. 4 to 8' long, 4 to 7-flowered. CaL
with 2 bracts at base. Cor. purplish, vexillum large, roundish. Leg. 2 to 3'
long, very narrow, subfalcate. Aug., Sept. (Strophostylia peduncularis Ell.)
4 P. paucifldruB Benth. St. slender, retrorsely hirsute; lfts. linear-oblong, not
lobea, as long as the petiole, hirsute and reticulated on both surfaces; stip.
subulate ; ped. much longer than the Ivs. ; hds. few-flowered ; leg. hirsute, 5 to
8-seeded. — Prairies, III (Mead). Also Ark. and La. St. 2 to 4f long, prostrate.
Lfta. 1 to 2' by 3 to 5". Pods 1 to IJ' long, straight and slender. Jl., Aug.
(P. leiospermus T. & G.)
5 P. vulgaris L. St. twining ; lfts. ovate-acuminate ; roc. solitary, shorter
than the Ivs. ; pedicels in pairs ; cal. as short as its two bracts at base ; leg. pen-
dulous, long-raucronate ; seed reniform, variously, often brightly colored. — 1)
Native of PJ. Indies. Universally cultivated in gardens, not only for the mature
fruit but for the young pods which constitute that favorite dish, stri7ig beans.
St 3 to 8f long, twining against the sun. Fls. mostly white. Jl.
6 P. inultifldruB L. Scarlet Pole Bean. St. twining ; lfts. ovate-acute ;
rac. solitary, as long as the Ivs. ; pedicels opposite ; cal. longer than the 2 ap-
prossod bracts at base ; leg. pendulous ; seeds reniform. — (1) Native of S. America.
St. 6 to lOf long, twining against the sun. FLs. scarlet, numerous, and very bril-
liant. Fr. not so generally admired as the last. Jl.
7 P. lundtUB L. Lima Bean. St. twining ; lfts. ovale, deltoid, acute ; rac.
shorter than the Ivs. ; ped. in pair? ^ cal. longer than its 2 bracts at base ; leg.
scimetar-shaped, or somewhat Iraate; sds. large, much compressed, purplisb-
whito. — Native of E. Indies. St. 6 to 8f long. Fls. smaU, whitish. Much
valued and cultivated. Jl.
8 P. n^nuB L. Bush Bean. St. smooth, very branching, erect ; lfts. broad-
ovate, acute ; cal. shorter than its 2 bracts at base ; leg. pendulous, compressed,
rugous. — ^^X> Native of India. St. If high. Fls. white. Seeds white, small, but
tliere are many varieties. Much cultivated. Jn.
49. ERYTHRrWA, L. (Gr. epvOpbc;, red ; from the color of the
flower.) Calyx campanulate, tubular, truncate oi lobed ; vexillum
long, lanceolate, with no callosities ; wings and Iceel much smaller ;
stamens straight, nearly as long as the vexillum ; style glabrous ; le-
gume torulous. — Trees, shrubs, or herbs, often pric«ly. Lvs. pinnately
trifoliate. Fls. racemed.
1 E herbdcea L. Glabrous; lfts. rhombic-hastate, with 3 rounded, shallow
lobes, petioles, with here and there a small hooked prickle ; rac. terminal ; cal.
truncate; leg. dehiscent. — In rich soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. A plant of splen-
did hues, arising from a thick subterranean rhizome, 3 to 4f high. Sts. simple,
purple. Lfts. 2 to 3' long, § as wide, the petiole twice as long. Fls. numerous,
slender, the banner 2' long, deep scarlet, the keel and wings very small. Sds.
scarlet, the size of a small bean. Apr., Jn.
2 E. Crista-gdlli L. Cocks-comb. St. arboreous, unarmed ; lfts. ovate or
elliptical, coriaceous, the petiole and midvein armed with strong, hooked prickles;
cal. short, campanulate, vex. strongly curved. — A handsome flowering shrub or
tree, planted at the South. Rac. of many large scarlet flowers, terminal on the
branches. Apr., Jn. From Brazil.
50. AMPHICARPVC'A, Ell. Pea Vine. (Gr. dju0f, Lat. ambo,
both, Kagnbg, fruit ; i. e., two kinds of fructification.) Calyx tubular,
campanulate, with 4 or 6 nearly equal segments ; petals oblong ; vex-
illum with the sides appressed ; stigma capitate ; ovary on a sheathed
stipe ; legume flat, 2 to 4-seeded.— (D Slender, twining. Lvs. piunately
Ordeh 46.— LEGUMINOSA
323
trifoliate. The upper fls. complete, but usually barren, the lower apet-
aloufi and fruitful. s
1 A. monoica Nutt. St. retrorsely pubescent ; Ifta. ovate, tliin; cauline rao.
simple, peuduloua ; cal. segrn. very short, triaugular-acuminate ; bracts minute. —
A very slender viye in woods and thickets, Can. and U. S. St. twining, rough
backwards, 4 to 8f in length. Lfts. very thin, 1 to 3' long, f as wide, lateral
ones oblique at base. Rac. axillary, few-flowered. Pis. pale purple. Cauline
leg. smoothish, witli 3 to 4 dark purple seeds. Radical leg. often subterraneous,
with one largo, compressed, brown seed. Jl, Sept.
2 A. Pitcheri Torr & Gr. St. villous, with ferruginous, spreading hairs ; lfts.
rliombic-ovato ; rac. erect, often ' ached; cal. segm. lance-subulate, a third of the
length of the tube ; bracts broad, conspicuous. — Alluvion about N. Orleans and
"W. La. (Hale). Lfts. rather thick, 2 to 3' by IJ to 2', hirsute both sides. Fls.
a little smaller (6" long) ; fr. a little larger (16 to 18" long) than in No. 1. Sds.
3, compressed, purplish-black.
51. GALACTIA, L. (Gr. ydXa, milk ; some species have a milky
juice.) Calyx bibracteolate, 4-cleft, the segments of nearly equal
length, upper one broadest, entire ; pet. oblong ; vexillum broadest and
incumbent ; keel petsils slightly cohering at top ; legume many-seeded.
— Herbs prostrate or twining, sometimes shrubby. Lvs. pinnatcly
compound. Rac. axillary. Fls. cyanic.
5 Leaves pinnate, 7 to 9-fi)liato. Stems prostrate, twininpt No. 1
I L''iives plnniitely 8-foliate. Stems i)rostrato, twiniiiR. NDs. 2^4
§ Leaves pinnately 8-foliate. Steins erect or ascending N os. 6, 6
1 G. Xillidttii Nutt. Lfts. 7 to 9, coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, obtuse at each
end ; ped. longer than the lvs., few-flowered at the top ; upper sep. (double)
broad, ovate, subulate-mucronate. — Ga. (Feay and Pond). Sts. runninp or climb-
ing many feet. Lfts. 1' or more long, minutely pubescent beneath. Pods vil-
lous, 2' long, 4 to 6-seeded. Corolla white or rose color, 7" long. May — Jl.
2 G. glabella Mx. St. nearly glabrous; lfts. 3, elliptic-oblong, emarginate at
each end, sub-coriaceous, shining above, a little hairy beneath ; rac. pedunculate,
about the length of the lvs., fls. pedicellate. — In arid soils, N. J. to Fla. Sts. 2 to
4f long. Lfts. 10 to 20" by 5 to 10", varying in form from elliptic through ob-
lonqf to ovate. Fls. rather large (7 to 8" long), reddish-purple, greenish exter-
nally. Pods IJ' long (immature), erect, falcate. Aug. — Sept.
3 G. mollis Mx. St. softly pubescent; lfts. oval, obtuse, nearly smooth above,
softly villous and whitish beneath ; rac. longer than the lvs., pedunculate, fascicu-
late ; fls. on very short pedicels ; leg. villous. — Dry .soils, Md. to Ga. St. several
feet long. Lfts. about 1' long, 8 ' wide. Fls. about half as large as in the last.
Aug. — Sept.
4 G. pildsa Nutt. St. retrorsely hirsute; lfts. 3, oval-oblong, retuse at apex,
finely hirsute on both surfaces, paler beneath ; rac, tiuice or thrice longer than the
lvs., with scattered, distant fls. — N. Car. to Fla. and La. Sts. several feet in
length Lfts. 1 to 2' long, half as wide, petioles 1 to Ih' long. Fls. a fourtli
smaller than in No. 2, pale roseate, pedicellate. Pods villous. Jn. — Sept.
5 G. brach^poda Torr. & Gr. St. flexuous, somewhat erect ; lfts. 3, oblong or
linear-oblong, odd one petiolulate, petioles longer than the lfts. or the few-llowered,
stalked rac. — Pine barrens, W, Fla. Sts. leaning, 2 or more f high. Lft8. 12 to
18" by 4 to 6". Fls. purplish, about half as large as in No. 2.
6 G. sessilifldra Torr. &, Gr. St. flexuous, erect ; lfts. oblong-linear or linear,
odd one subsessile ; petioles longer than the lfts. ; rac. very short, sessile. — Ala. and
W. Fla. Sts. two or more together, 1 to 2f high. Lfts. 12 to 20" by 3 to 7",
obtuse or emarginate. Fascicles 3 to 6-flowered. Fls. purple. Pods erect, 6 to
S-eeeded.
52. DOL'ICHOS, L. (Gr. dokixb^, long ; from the great length or
these vines.) Calyx 4-lobed, the upper lobe 2-toothed or entire, vexil-
nt
m
\w$
m
'.u
r
im
|s_
li
m':
' I'-r'*
i^
■-■ii
i:
;
i .'
!
i 1
li
K
Si,
824
Obdeb 47.— rosacea
lum, with 2 or 4 callosities near the base of the limb ; stigma terminal,
legume compressed, with few oval, compressed seeds. — Twining herbs
with pinnately trifoliate Ivs.
D. multifldniB Torr. <k Gr. Lfts. large, rouni-ovate, with a short acuniination ;
rac. about as long as the petioles, dense, many-flowered ; upper segm. of the caL
entire, lower longest, lanceolate; leg. broad, 3 to 5-8eeded. — River banks, Ua. to
La. and Ark. Sts. very Jong, retrorsely pubescent. Lfts. 2 to 4' diam., smooth
when old. Pods 2' long, 8" wide, with an abrupt, incurved beak. yds. brown,
much flattened. Jn., Jl.
li. IIalei. St. minutely pubescent ; Ivs. glabrous ; petif)le8 3 times longer
than the few (5 to 8)-flowered rac. — Near N. Orleans (Hale.)
D. aesquiped^lis W. a vine with very long pods, native of the W. Indies, and
D. Cat-iang W., with two erect pods at top of the peduncle, native of E. Indies,
are occasionally seen in cultivation at the South (Feay).
53. CLITO^RIA, L. Cal3'x bibracteolatc, tubular, 5-toothed, seg-
ments acuminate ; vcxillum large, spreading, roundish, emarginate, not
spurred ; keel smaller than the wings, acute, on long claws ; legume
linear oblong, torulous, several-seeded. — H Mostly twining. Lvs. pin-
nately 3 to 5-foliate. Fls. very large, solitary or several together.
C. Mariana L. Glabrous ; st. suberect or twining, suft'ruticous ; lfts. 3, oblong,
ovate or lanceolate, obtuse, lateral ones petiolulato ; ped. short, 1 to 3-flowered ;
bracteoles and bracts very short ; leg. torulous, 3 to 4-seedeti. — Dry soils, N. J.
to Fla. St. 1 to 3f long, round, slender, branched. Lfts. rather remote, about
1' by 6". Cor. pale purple, 2 to 2J' in length, calyx f , bracteoles 2". JL, Aug.
54. CENTROSE^MA, DC. (Gr. Kivrpov, a spur, ar/jua, a standard;
the vexillum spurred.) Sepals lance-linear, slightly united, the lower
longest, and with 2 broad bracteoles; vex. very large, with a short
spur on the back near the base ; keel and stamens nmch shorter, in-
curved; legume long, linear, margined and long pointed. — U Twining.
Lvs. pinnately 3-foliate. Fls. very large. Bracts, bractlets, and calyx
striated.
C. Virgini^na Benth. St. very slender ; lfts. oblong-ovate to oblong-linear, firm,
very veiny, the veins incurved ; ped. I to 4-flowered bracteoles larger (not
longer) than the cal. ; pod. veined along the margin. — Dry soils, S. States.
Whole plant of firm texture, glabrous and very slonder, several feet in length.
Banner orlncular, 1|' broad, violet blue. Pod 4 to 6' long, 2 to 3" wide. Jl., Aug.
Order XLVII. ROSA''EyE. Roseworts.
Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate, stipulate lvs. and regular flowers. Sej)als 5,
rarely fewer, united, often reenforced by as many bractlets. Petals 5, rarely- 0, dis-
tinct, inserted on the disk which lines the calyx tube. Stamens OO, rarely few,
distinct, inserted with the petals (perigynous). Ovaries 1, 2, 5 or oo, distinct, or
often coherent with each other, or immersed in an excavated receptacle (§ 444).
Fruit a drupe, or achenia, or a dry or juicy eta^rio (§ 565\ or pome. Seeds 1 or few
in each carpel, anatropous, exalbuminous ; embryo straight. (Illustr. in figs. 33, 41,
65, 66, 79, 91, 100, 106, 179, 166, 167, 159, 293, 307, 385, 289, 380, 381, 414, 439,
440, 441, 443, 452, 461, 462.)
Tlws order, as here constituted, includes five suborders, and together 87 genera nnd 1000 «/>e-
cies. A large '^—"'•-tion of these are natives of temperate climates north of the equator.
Propej'tien- -. inghly important order, whether we regard its delirious fruit, its medicinal
products, or the beauty of its flowers. None of its species (exceptint; tiiose of the almond tribe)
are unwholesome. An astringent principle characterizes the family, residing chiefly in the hark
and the roots. The roots of the blackberry have been used in medicine as an astringent ; those
of the Gillenia, as an emetic; Agrlmonia, as a vermifuge. The petals of Rosa damascena yield
uie well known fragrant oil called atta r of rose. The almond, iieaoh, &c aboupd in prussic acid,
Ordeh 47.— ROSACEiE. 325
tk deadly poison, reMding chleflv In the kernels. — Of tho Kosaceie, oa ornamentul tlowerinK Hhrub^
tt Is scarcely necesMary to sjiuiiK, neither of its many (lelicloiiis fruit:!, as the Apple, Pear, Quince,
Apricot, Pooch, Plum, Cherry, Strawberry, blackberry and Raspberry.
SUBORDERS, TRIBES AND GENERA.
$ Si-BOKDER I. SANOl'ISOKBE^. Carpels 1 (rarely 2—4). Petals 0. Herbs, (a)
a Stamens 1 to 4, stylo lateral. Flowers scattered Ai.niK.Mii.i.A, 1
a Stamens 4, style tenniiial. Flowers in dense sjjikes S.vNtirisouuA. 2
a Stamens 00, style terminal, stigma fringed. Fls. splcato I'otkkium 3
8 SuBoiiUER II. CIIKYSOLIALANE.E. rurpoll, style lateral. PetaN 5.
Shrubs . ClIKYSOBALANU.M. 4
§ SuiioRDEB HI. AMYGDALEiE. Carpel 1, style terminal. IVt. 6. Trees, vtc. (b)
b Stone smooth, globular. Fruit smooth but not glaucous Cekasis. 5
b Stone smooth, flattened. Fruit glaucous with bloom, or downy Pkunus 6
b Stone roughened with pits and furrows.— Fruit pulpy Peusica 7
— Fruit dry \.MY(ii)ALUS 8
5 ScnoRDKR IV. POME.E. Carpels 2 to 6, consolidated witli tlie calyx. Fr. a pome, (c)
C < )vary half-superior, 2-carpeled. Leaves very thick, luoitl 1'iiotinia. 9
Ovary inferior, — Petals bearded. Radicle retracted Khvohotky a UI
— Petals smooth, — oblong-spatulate Amel.\n(iiikii 11
— roundish. — Carpels l-sec<Ied CuAT.tcils 12
— Carpels 2-seedeil Pvitt-s 13
— Carpels 00 -seeded Cydo.ma 14
$ SuBOKDEB V. R08E.iE. Carpels 2 to 60, free. In an open or closed caly.\. (*)
♦ Tril)e 1. RosiOKJi. Carp. 1-seeded aclienia inclosed in tho calyx tube, (d)
♦ Tribe 2. Fragarii)E.e. Carp, l-seeded. Achenia dry or pul|)y in an o|icu caly.x. (e)
♦ Tribe 8. Spiride.*. Carpels several-seeded follicles in an open calyx, (f)
d Carpels many, in the fleshy calyx. Fls. often double Rosa. IB
d Carpels 2 only, in the dry, fluted, echinate, calyx V'iuiMoNi a. 16
e Styles persistent on the dry achenia. Petals 8 or 9 Dkyas. 17
e Styles persistent on the dry achenia. Petals 5 Oei'.m. IS
e Styles deciduous. — Calyx bractless. Fr. a heap of pulpy achenia Runus. 19
— Calyx bractless. Ach. dryish. Sepals unequal Dalibarda. 2ii
— Calyx bractless or nunutely bracteoled. Sep. equal. . Waldstkima. 21
— Calyx bracteolate,— Receptacle pulpy, globular, red-FuAQAKiA. 22
■ — Recept. 8pongy,glob.Fls. purple.CoMAiii-\f, 23
— Receptacle dry. — Stamens 00 . .Pote.ntilla. 24
— Stamens 5. . .SiBBALUiA. 25
f Follicles 2 to 10-seeded, Petals obovate, cyanic Spir.ea. 26
f Follicles 2 to 4-8eecle(l. Petals lance-linoar, cyanic Gillenia. 27
f Follicles 1-seeded. Petals multiplied, orange-yellow Kerkia. 2'i
1. ALCHENIL'LA, L. Ladies' Mantle. (The plant is called in
Arabic dlkemebjeh.) Calyx 4-tootlicd, with 4 external bracteoles ; pe-
tals ; stamens 1 to 4, carpels (1 to 4) mostly solitary, with the style
latei al, stij^ma capitate ; seed suspended. — Herbs with palmate-lobed or
incised Ivs. and small green fls.
1 A. arvenais Scop. Parsley Piert. Lvs. incisely 3-lobed or parted, the sep-
ments 2 or .H-cleft, pubescent, cuneate at base; fls. axillary, clustered. — 1) Wa;5to
grounds, E. Va. A \\ orthless weed, so small as to bo easily overlooked.
2 A. alpinua L. Lvs. radical, silky beneath, digitately 5 to t -foliate, segm. ob-
lanceolato, cuneiform at base, incisely serrate at apex; fls. corymbous. — "On tho
peaks of high mts., Vt. and N. II." (Pursh). But the plant has never been re-
discovered there. It is an elegant plant, sometimes cultivated. Common in IJJur.
2. SANGUISOR'BA, L. Burnet. Saxifrage. (Lat. mnguis^ sor-
bere, to absorb blood ; the plant is esteemed a vulnerary.) Calyx tube
4-sided, 2 or 3-bracted at base ; limb 4-parted ; petals ; stamens 4,
opposite the calyx segments ; filaments dilated upward ; style 1, filiform;
acheniiun dry, included in the calyx. — Herbs with unequally pinnate
ivs. Fls. in dense spikes.
m
n
K-9
a.
' ,'4
'i!'
I ,
u
826
Order 47.— ROSACEiE.
|;,
6. Canadensis L. Glabrous ; Ifls. oblong, cordate, obtuse, serrate ; spikea cjlin-
dric, very long; stam. much longer than the cal. — 2( In wet meadows, Brit. Am.
to Ga. along the mts., and cultivated in gardens. St. 2 to 3f high, smooth, striate,
sparingly branched. Stip. leafy, serrate. Lfts. 2 to 4' long, ^ to J as wide, petio-
late, mostly stipellate. Spikes 3 to 6' long, terminating tlio long, naked branches.
Bracteoles 3. Calyx greeuish-white, resembling a corolla. Aug.
3. POTE^RIUM, L. Buknet. (Literally [in Lat.] a drinking ves.scl,
and hence a beverage,) Flowers 8 . Calyx tube contracted at the
mouth, 3-bracteolate, limb 4-parted, petals ; stamens 20 lo 30 ; ovaries
2 ; stigma penicillate ; achenia dry, included in the calyx. Herbs with
unequally pinnate Ivs. Fls. spicate.
P. Sangui86rba L. Herbaceous ; st. unarmed, angular, and with the Ivs., smooth ;
Ifls. 7 to 11, ovate or roundish, deeply serrate ; spikes or heads subglobous, the
lower fls. staminate. — 1(. Occasionally cultivated as a salad, but is now less valued
in medicine than formerly. It is said by Hooker to be native about Lake Huron.
4. CHRYSOBALA^NUS, L. Cocoa Plum. (Gr. xp^<^k, gold, fidka-
voq, acorn ; in reference to the yellow fruit.) Calyx 6-cleft ; petals 6 ;
stamens about 20, in a single series, ovary solitary, sessile, the style aris-
ing from the base ; ovules 2, collateral ; drupe 1-seeded, with thin pulp.
• — Shrubs unarmed, with entire, veiny Ivs., minute stipules, and terminal
panicles.
C. oblonglfdlius Mx. Lvs. oblong, varying to oblanceolate, subsessilo, pedicels
and calyx tomentous-hoary ; filaments and ovary glabrous ; petals sessile ; nucleus
of the fruit not grooved. — Pine barrens, Ga,, Ala. and Fla. A shrub with a slen-
der, prostrate stem or woody rhizome, sending up short branches (8 to 12'), with
smooth, coriaceous, subentire lvs., very glossy above, and very strongly veined,
acute or obtuse. Fls. quite small, white. Fruit oblong, as large as a plum.
May, Jn.
5. CER'ASUS, Juss. Cherry. (Prunus L.) (Name from Cerasus,
a town in Pontus, whence originated the garden cherry.) Calyx 5-
cleft, regular, deciduous; petals much spreading; stamens 15 — 20;
ovary 2-ovuled ; drupe globous, succulent, very smooth, destitute of a
glaucous ! loom ; stone subglobous, smooth, with no border. — Trees or
shrubs. Lvs. conduplicate (folded) in vernation.
8 Leaves evergreen. Racemes axillary, braotless No. 1
§ Leaves deciduous. — Itacemes leafy at base Nos. 2, 3
— Umbels lateral, leafless, — Native Nos. 4, 5
— Exotic Nos. C, 7
1 C. Caroliniina Mx. Cherry Laurel. Lvs. oblong-oblanceolate, acuminate,
on short petioles, entire, coriaceous; fls. small, in numerous, dense racemes
shorter than the lvs. ; drupes persistent. — Along rivers, S. Car. to Fla. and La.,
and much cultivated. A small, beautiful evergreen tree, 30 to 50f high. Lvs.
about 2^' by 1', glabrous, shining above. Drupes black, juiceless, 4" long. They
are considered poisonous as well as the leaves. In gardens this tree is trimmed
into the semblance of walls, domes, arbors, and all manner of fantastic forms.
2 C. serotina DC. Black or Wild Cherry. Lvs. firm, oval-oblong or ellip-
tic, acuminate, smooth, shining above, unequally glandular-serrate; petioles witli
2 to 4 glands ; rac. spreading, elongated. — A large forest tree throughout the U.
S. Trunk 50 to 80f high, of uniform size and undivided to the height of 20 to
30f, 2 to 4f diam. Bark black and rough. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, ^ as wide. In May
and June it puts forth numerous cylindric clusters of white fls. Fruit nearly
black when mature, bitterish, yet pleasant to the taste, and is greedily devoured
by birds. The wood, extensively used in cabinet work, is compact, fine-grained,
and receives a high polish. The bark is tonic, with a strong, bitter taste.
3 C. Virgini^na DC. Choke Cherry. Lvs. smooth, oval or obovate, short-
pointed, thin, not shining, with sharp, s^ibulate serratures, veins bearded on each
Order 47— ROSACE-fi.
827
Bide toward tho base ; petiole with 2 glands ; rac. lax, short, apreadiug ; petals
orbicular. — A small tree or shrub, 5 to 20f high, in woods and hedges. Bark
grayish. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1 to 2' wide, with a short, abrupt acumination. Fls.
appearing in May. Fruit (cherries) abundant, of a dark-red color, very astringent
to the taste, yet on the whole agreeable.
4 C. piimila Mx. Sand Cherry. Lvs. oblanceolate or obovate, acute, subserrate,
smooth, paler beneath ; umbels few-flowered, sessile, drupe ovoid. A small trail-
ing shrub, in gravelly soils. Can. and U. S. Branches ascending, 1 to 2f high.
Lvs. 2 to 3' long, i as wide, very acute at each end. Fls. wiiito, 3, 4 or 6 iu
each umbel, tho pedicels smooth, 1' in length. Fruit small, dark red, acid but
agreeable to the taste. May. (Prunus depressa Ph.)
5 C. Pennsylvdnica Ait. Wild Rku Cueruy. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate,
finely serrate, membranous, smooth; un)bel3 corymbous, with elongated pedicels;
drupe small, ovoid-subglobous. — A small tree, common in woods and thickets in
the Northern States. Tlio trunk rarely exceeds 25f in height, with a diam. of 6
to 8'. Bark smooth, reddish brown. Lvs. 2 to 5' long, \ as wide, the fine teelk
mostly glandular, apex tapering to a long acumination. Fls. white, on long ('Jj )
slender pedicels collected into a sort of umbel. Fruit red, very acid. — This tree
is of rapid growtli, and quickly succeeds a forest clearing, if neglected. May.
(Prunus borealw Ph.)
6 C. A'vlum Mcench. Duke Cherry. Ox-heart. English Cherry.
BiGAREAU, &c. Blanches erect or ascending; lvs. oblong-obovate, acuminate, hcury
beneath; umbels sessile, with rather long pedicels; drupe ovoid globous, .suhcor-
date at base. — Cultivated iu gardens, fields, &c., common. Trunk 20 to 50f in
height, with an oblong or pyramidal head. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, ^ as wide, on peti-
oles 1 to 2' long, often with 2 glands. Fls. expanding with tiie leaves, white.
Drupes various shades of red, firm but juicy. May. — About 75 varieties are pub-
lished in American catalogues. %
7 C. vulgdria Mill. Sour Cherry. Large Red. IIorello, &c. Branches
spreading; lvs, ovate-lanceolate, acute at apex, narroiuedat base, nearly smooOi ; um-
bels subsessile, with short pedicels ; drupes globous. — A smaller tree than the pre-
ceding, much cultivated. Trunk 15 to 20f high, with a roundish, compact head.
Branclies slender. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, § as wide, unequally serrate, on j)etiolos J
as long, with 2 glands. Fls. white, expanding sooner than the leaves, 2 or 3 from
each bud, on pedicels §' long. Fr. large, vai-ious shades of red, acid or subacid.
Apr. — More than 50 varieties are enumerated, if (Prunus Cerasus L.)
6. PRU^NUS, Tonrn. Plum, Apricot. Calyx 6-cleft, regular, ue-
ciduous; petals much spreading; stamens 15 to 30 ; ovary 2-ovuled ;
drupe ovate, fleshy, generally clothed with a glaucous bloom or with a
soft pubescence ; nucleus compressed, smooth. — Small trees or shrubs.
Lvs. convolute in vernation. Fls. white, in simple umbels from lateral
buds, mostly preceding the lvs.
§ Drupe downy ; stone furrowed at edges. Lvs. acuminate Nos. 8, 9
$ Drupe glabrous — umbels 1 or 2-flo\vered. Lvs. acute Nos. 6—7
— umbels 2 to6-flowered. — Lvs. rather acute Nos. 2—4
— Lvs. acuminate No 1
1 P. Axnericdna Marsh. Red Plum. Yellow Plum. Somewhat thorny,
lvs. oblong-oval and obovate, abruptly and strongly acuminate, doubly serrate ;
drupes roundish oval, reddish orange, with a thick, coriaceous skin. — Hedges and
low woods, U. S. and Can., often cultivated for its sweet and pleasant fruit,
which is about the size of the Damson. Shrub 10 to 15f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long,
f as wide, petioles \ to J' long, mostly with 2 glands at the summit. Fls. pre-
ceding the lvs., 3 to 4 in each of the numerous umbels, white. Drupes nearly
destitute of bloom, ripe in Aug. Flowers in May. X (Cerasus nigra Loisel.)
2 P. marftima Wang. Beach Plum. Lvs. oval or obovate, slightly acuminate,
sharply serrate ; petioles with 2 glands; umbels few-flowered; pedicels short, pu-
bescent; fV. nearly round. — A small shrub abundant on the sea-beach, particu-
larly on Plum Island, at the mouth of Merrimac River. Very branching. Lva
1 to 3' long, downy-caneaoent beneatli when young, becoming at length nearly
^ :M
*
S28
Ordek 47.-^-R0SACE^.
smooth. Fls. white, 2 to 5 in each of the numerous umbela Pr, globular, eat-
able, red or purple, little inferior in size to tiie coniTnon garden pium. Ripe in
Aug.. Sept. Fl. in May. (P. littoralis B\v.)
3 P. umbellata Pill. Lvs. lanctolate or lance-ovnl, acute or barely acuminate,
obscurely serrulate ; petioles (jlandk'ss ; wuhels 3 to b-jiowered ; fr. oval, small, glau-
C0U8, rod. — Dry toils, in copses, etc., Savannah (Feay, Pond) to Bainbridge, Ga.
and Fla. A small, bushy tree, scarcely thorny. The flowers bloom and decay
before the lvs. appear. Lvs. small (about 18 ' by 9 "), downy all over or often
glabrous, with 1 or 2 glands, if any, on the margin near the base. Drupes pleas-
antly acid and much used, ripe in Jl. and Aug. Fl. in Mar.
4 P. Chicasa Mx. Chickasaw Plum. Branches spinous; lvs. oblong-lanceo-
late or oblanceoluto, glandular serrulat", with the <jlaiuis 2Jelliicid, not at all anuiti-
nate, nearly smooth; umtiels 2 to 3-Jlou:tred, pedicels siiort, smooth; drupe
globous. — A lino fruit siirub. Del. {Ganby) to III. and southward. Hei!j;lit 8 to
12f, with a bushy head. Lvs. 1 to 2', ^»etiole3 about \, long. Fla. small, white,
expanding with the lvs., in Apr. Fr. red or yelhnvisli-red, tender and succulent,
ri|)o in Jl. There are several varieties. \ (Oerasu.s, DC.)
5 P. spinosa L. Black Thokn. Si.oe. Branches thorny ; fls. solitary ; cal. eam-
piiiiiilate, lobes obtuse, longer than the tube; lvs. pubescent beneath, obovato-
elliptieal, varying to ovate, .«harply and doubly dentate ; drupe globous. — Hedge
rows and cultivated grounds, Penn, (Pursli.) A thorny shrub 12 to 15f high,
native of Europe. ^ — Some botanists regard the next two numbers as varieties
of this, altered by cultivation.
6 P. iusititia L. Wild Bulla ce. Plum. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate or oblanceolate,
tapering to the petiole, acute, serrate, pahesrent-viUous beneath ; branches some-
wliat spiny ; fls. generally in jiairs ; cal. segrn. entire, obtuso ; pet. obovate ; fr.
globular. — Tree 15 to 20f high, sparingly naturulizeil. Lvs. 1 to 1^' long, with
short petioles. Petals white. Fr. black, covered with a yellowish bloom. §.
7 P. dom^stica L. Commox GARr)E>f Plum. Damson Plum. Branches
unarmed; lvs. oval or ovate-lanceolate, acute; pedicels nearly solitary ; drupo
globous, oval, ovoid and oI)ovoid. — This long cultivated tree or shrub is said to
be a native of Italy. It rarely exceeds 15f in height. Lvs. quite variable in form,
1 to 3' long, § as wide, sometimes obtuso, on petioles about 1' in length. Fls.
white, generally but one from a bud, expanding while the lvs, are but half
grown, in Apr. and May. Fr. black, varying through many colors to white,
covered with a rich glaucous bloom, ripo in Aug. About 150 varieties arc pub-
lished in the catalogues of American gardeners. :j:.
8 P. Armeniaca Willd. Apricot. Lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate, sub-
cordate at base, denticulate; slip. p(dniate ; fli^. sessile, subsolitary, preceding the
lvs.; dru^o somewhat compres.sed, subglobous, large. — Occasionally cultivated in
gardens, &c. Tree 10 — 15f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, fas wide, smooth, petioles
nearly 2' long, with several glands. Fls. white. Apr. Fr. purplish-yellow, &o.,
1 to 2' diam. ; ripe Jl. Aug. There are about 20 varieties. :j:
9 P. dasycdrpa Ehrh. Black Apuicot. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, doubly
Bi'rrate; petioles with 1 or 2 glands; fls. pedicellate; drupe subglobous. — Tliis
species is from Siberia. — The tree or shrub is about the size of the last, hardy and
thrifty. Lvs. smooth above, pubescent on the veins beneath, 2 to 3' long, g as
wide, on petioles near 1' long. .F!". white, preceding the lvs., distinctly pedicel-
late. Fr. dark purple when mature, in July. Fls. Apr. | Neither species is
yet common.
7. PER'SICA, Tourn. Peach. Nectar:nk. (Named from Pcrtfia,
Its native country.) Calyx S-deft, tnbuliir-campanulate, deciduous ;
petals 5 ; drupe fleshy, tomentous or smootii ; nucleus somewliat com-
pressed, ovate, acute, rugosely furrowed and perforated on the surface.
— Small trees. Lvs. conduplicato in vernation.
P. vulgaris Mill. Peach. Lvs. lanceolate, eerrate, with all the serraturea
acute ; fla. solitary, subse*<sile, precedhig the lvs. ; drupe iomentous. — Tree or
shrub, 8 to 15f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, ^ as wide, smooth, petiolea phort, witli
f>\\
Obder 47.— ROSACEiE.
329
1 or 2 glands. Fls. rose-color, with the odor of prussio acid. Fr. large, 1 to 2J'
diara., yellowish, tinged with purple, densely toineatous. — About 200 varieties
of this delicious fruit are named ami described in the catalogues of American
nurserymen. The doubie-tlowered peach is a liighly ornamenttil variety, blos-
soming in Apr. and May, but fruitle.ss.
ii. L^vis. Nectarine. Drupe gldlirous. — Closely resembles the peach hi
form, foliage, and fls. The fr. is 1 to 3 diara., smooth, yellow, purple, red,
&c. Of its numerous aVjout 25) subvarietios about a fourth are cUny-stonts —
flesh adhering to tlie stone, and the remainder freestones or clear-t-tones —
flesh free or separating from the stone. X
8. AMYG'DALUS, Willd. Almond. Calyx 5-cleft, carnpanulate,
deciduous ; petals 5 : drupes not fleshy, compressed : nucleus })erforato
and furrowed, ovate, compressed, one edi^e acute, the other broad, ob-
tuse. —Trees or shrubs. Lvs. conduplicato in vernation.
1 A. commtlniB Willd. Lvs. lani ;■/«,'/, sprrate. with the lower scrraturei
glandular; ils. sessile, in pairs, ap; euru;;^ before the lvs. — From Burbary.
Scarcely cultivated in tliis country for :iO IV.iii. which we receive mostly from S.
Europe. A doublo-ttowered variety is uie' 'j ornamental in shrubberies, f
2 A. ndna Ait. Dwarf sixule-ft.oweuinu Almond. Lvs. ovate, attenuate
at base, simply and finely serrate; lis. su s^^ssile, appearing before the lvs. — A
very ornamental shrub from Russia. Height about 3f, branching. Lvs. 3 to 6
long, \ as wide, smooth, acuminate at eacii end. Fls. numeroua Petals oblong,
obtuse, roseate, often double. May, Ji.. f
3 A. pumila Ait. Dwarf dou»le-flowerin(J Almond. Ltts. lanceolate,
douiily serrate; fis. pedicellate. — Nativo of China. A low shrub, highly orna-
mental, common in cultivation. Sts. 2 to 3f higli. brandling. Lvs. 3 to 5' by ^
to r, acut at each end, smooth. Fls. very numerous, clothing the whole shrub
in their roseate hue, wiiQe the lvs. are yet small. May, Jn. f
9. PHOTIN'IA, Lindi. (Gr. (Jjojc, (f)(jJTbg^ light; on account of its
brilliant leaves.) Calyx 5-toothed ; petals retlexed ; ovary villous, 2-
carpelcd, iialf-superior styles glabrous ; fruit included in the fleshy
calyx; testa cartilaginous. — Elegant shrubs or trees, with coriaceous,
persistent lvs. l*a!iiclcs terminal.
1 P. arbutifdlia Lindl. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute, distinctly serrate;
pedicels shorter than thecal. — California. Height 10 to 20f. Lvs. dark, shining
green, very rigid, revolu*e at edge. I'ls. small, numerous, white.
2 . serrulata Lindl. Lvs. oblong, acute, senulate; pedicels longer than
calyx. — Cliinn. Lvs. very smooth and siiiniug. Fla. small, white. Both are
hardy at the South.
10. ERIOBOTRYA, Lindl. Loquat. (Or. epiov, wool, fiiWpvg, a
cluster of grapes ; alluding to its villous flowers.) Calyx woolly, of 5
obtuse teeth ; petals bearded ; stamens erect, as long as the sepals ;
Btylns 5, filiform, included, hairy ; pome 3 to 5-celle<l, closed ; chalaza
Hone ; radicle retracted within the cotyledons. — Shrubs or trees, with
persistent lvs.
B. Jap6nica Lindl. Lvs. lanceolate, wavy, and serrate; fls. in terminal,
woolly racemes, with very short pedicels; fr. oval or roundish. — Cultivated and
hardy at tiie South. Fls. small (3" diam.), white. Fr. about the size of the
goOiW'berry, bright yellow, and agreeable in taste, ripe early, f Japan.
t1. AMELAN'CHIER, Medic. Shad-Floweu. Wild Service. (Fr.
Atiitldncicr^ the })()})ular ntiiue of A. vidgaris.) Calyx 6 cleft, petals
<5, obl(/r)f/-obovate or oblanceolate ; stamens short ; styles 6, somewhat
united at base ; porno 3 to 6-celled, cells partially divided, 2-8eeded. —
Small trees or slirtibs. Lvs. simple, serrate. Fls. racemous, white.
A. Canad^nsla Torr. k Or. Lvh. oval or ol)long-ovato often cordate at ba«€v
■■!■ . i'n
''i.,.
■4t
;i
iV- #^
-f W
j./ii
830
Order 47.— ROSACEA
H ^
acuminate or cuspidate or mucronate, sharply serrate, smooth ; rac. loose, elon>
gated ; segm. of the cal triangular-laaceolate, nearljiras long as the tube ; petals
linear-oblong or oblanceolate ; fr. purplish, globous. — A small tree or ^hrub,
found in woods, U. S. and Brit. Am., rarely exceeding 35f in height. Lva.
2 to 3' long, downy-tomentous when young, at length very sraootli on both
sides, very acute and finely serrate. Fls. large, white, in terminal racemes, ap-
pearing in early spring, rendering the tree quite conspicuous in the yet naked
forest. Fruit pleasant to the taste, ripening in June. (Pyrus Botryapium L. t.)
/3. OBLONGiFoLi.A. T. &. Gr. Shrubby; lv3. oblong-oval, mucronate, and with
small, sharp serratures; rac. and flowers sn.:.ller; pet. obloug-obovate,
thrice longer than the calyx. (A. ovalis Hook.)
y. ROTUNDIFOLIA T. &. Gr. Lvs. broad-oval ; petals linear-oblong. Shrub 10
to 20f high. (Pyrua ovaUs Willd.)
i. ALNiFoLiA T. & Gr. Slirubby or arborescent; lvs. orbicular-oval, rounded or
retuso at each end, serrate only near the apex ; pet. linear-oblong ; stam.
very short. (Aronia alnifolia Nutt.)
(. OLiGOCARPA T. & G. Slirubby; lvs. mostly glabrous from the first, elliptic-
oblong, cuspidate; ras. 2 to 4-flowered, pet. obovate-oblong. — Mountain
swamps, N. H., N. Y. and northward.
12. CRAT^^GUS, L. Thorn. Hawthorn. (Or. Kpdro^, strength ;
on account of the firmness of the wood.) Calyx urceolato, limb 5-oleft ;
petals 5; stamens Qo; ovaries 1 to 5, with as many styles; pome
doshy, containing 1 to 6 bony, 1-seeded carpels, and crowned at tho
summit by the persistent calyx and disk. — Trees or shrubs, armed with
thorns. Lvs. simple, often lobed. Bracts subulate, deciduous, mostly
ghmdulav. Fls. corymbous.
S Corymbs 6 to 30-flowere(l, nppearinp: with the leaves, (a)
a Villous or pubescont. Lvs. plicate or silicate along the veins Nos. ), 2
a rubesccnt. Lvs. ])lain, not at all plicate, cleft or not Nos. 8, 4
a Glabrous throughout. — Lvs. abrupt ut base, lobed, petioled Nos. 5 — 7
—Lvs. attenuate at base, seldom lobed Nos. 8, 9
i Corymbs 1 to 6-flowered,— appearing before tho downy leaves • No. 10
—appearing with tho leaves,— j)ubescent No. 11
— glabrous N os. 12, 13
1 C. tomentdsa L. Black Thorv. Lvs. broad-oiate or oval, abrupt at base, the
nuiargin doubly and sharply serrate or cut Mo many small lobes, villous or pubescent
when young as well as the petioles and compound corymbs of large fls., veins
prominent beneath, sulcate above; fruit ratlier large (8 to 9" diam.) oval or
globular, u-carpeled, 2 to 5-seeded, crimson, tinged yellowish.— Can. to Ky. and
Gar. Mts. A large shrub or tree 15 to 25f high. Lvs. half grown with the hand-
some white fls., finally 2 to 3 by 1 to 2'. Fl. Apr., May. Fr. Jl. Aug.
/J PLICATA. Lvs. smaller, nearly glabrous and strongly plicate. Vt. (T. &G.),
N. H. and N. Y.
y. PYRiFoLi V Ait. Lvs. ovate-elliptic or oval, acute at base, and with the
slender petioles and corymbs thinly pubescent, plicate, sharply toothed and
slightly cut-lobed. Styles mostly 3. — Mich, to Iowa.
6. FLABEf-LATA Bosc. Lvs. roundisli-cunciform or somewhat tanshapcd,
glabrous, dentate and cut-lobed above ; corymbs and bracts pubescent, glan-
dular. — 111., Iowa.
e. MOLLIS Gray. Lvs. largo, softly villous, subcordale, with the margin quite
oonspicuously, many (9 to 13)-lobed; corymbs eantscently villous; fruit
downy when young. — Ohio to Iowa.
S C. punctata Jac(|. Lvs, cuueifarm-obovate, doubly and often incisely serrate,
entire at base, and narrowed in a short, u'inged petiole, veins straight and prominent,
pubescent beneath; corymbs and cal. villous-pubescent ; sty. 3 (1 or 2); ir.
globous, pnnriate. — Borders of woods, U. S. and Can. Tree 12 to 25f high.
Brunches wnle-spreading, crooked, covered with cinerous bark. Thorns f^tout,
sharp, 1 to 2' long, sometimes wanting. Lvs. U to 2/1' long, j as wide, acute or
lAort aeuniinate : petioles \ to 1 long. F'~ white, in somewhat leafv, compound
corymbs of 8 to I't. Fr. 5 to 8 ' dlam., rcv. or yeliowiah, eatable in Sept. Fla.
Apr.— Jb
Order 47.— ROSACEA.
331
3 C. arbor^soens Ell. Unarmed; Ivs. lanceolate, acute at each end, deeplj
. serrate, glabrous above, pubescent in the axles of the veins beneath ; cal. hairy,
segm. subulate, obtuse, entire ; sty. 5. — Fort Argyle, on the Ogeechee R. (Elliott).
■ A tree 20 to 30f high, with spreading branches. Petioles short, with shorter,
linear-lanceolate caducous stipules. Segm. of the cal. reflected. Fr. small, red,
3" diam. Mar., Apr.
4 C. apiifdlia Mx. Pubescent, thorny ; Ivs. deltoid, truncate at base, deeply 5 to 1-
ctU-lobed, lobes incisely toothed at end, petiole slender, often longer than the blade;
sep. lanceolate ; sty. 2 or 3 ; fr. small, red. — In woods, Va to Fla. and La. A
handsome shrub, 8 to 12f high, with rather short, stout thorns, and large, white
or roseate fls. Lvs. small, broader (10 to 18") than long, fascicled, numerous.
Corymbs 10 to 12-flowered. Fr. oval, about 3" long. Mar., Apr.
5 C. Oxycintha L. Hawthorn. English Thorn. Lvs. ohnvate, obtuse, 3 to
5-lobed, serrate, smoothish, shining above, wedge-shaped at base; corymbs
glabrous; sty. 1 to 3; fr. ovoid, small. — Hedges, &c., sparingly naturalized.
Shrub very branching, 8 to 18f high. Thorns slender, very sharp, axillary. Lvs.
1^ to 2' long, nearly as wide, deeply lobed; petioles ^ to 1' long. Fls. white,
varying to roseate. Fr. 2 to 3" diam., usually 1-seeded, purple. Used for hedges
(extensively in Europe). Tiiere are several varieties. § f
6 C. coccinea L. WinTB Thorn. Lvs. broadly ovate, acutely serrate, 7 to 9-
lobed {lobes shallow), thin and smooth, abrupt at base ; petioles long, slender, and
(with the calyx) smooth and subglandular ; sty. 3 to 5. — A thorny slirub or small
tree, 10 to 20f high, in thickets by streams, <fec.. Can. and U. S. Branches
crooked and spreading, branchlets and thorns whitish. Thorns stout, rigid,
sharp, a little recurved, about 1^' long. Lvs. 1^ to 2 J' long, J as wide, lobed, or
(rather) coarsely, doubly acuminate-serrate. Petioles very slender, J as long aa
the lamina. Fls. white, in paniculate, lateral corymbs of about 12. Fr. 5" diam.,
bright purple, eatable in Sept. Fls. May.
7 C. cord^ta Ait. Washington Thorn. Thorny, glabrous and glandless ; lvs.
cordate-ovate, somewhcU deltoid, incisely and often deeply 3 to 5-lobed, serrate,
with long and slender petioles ; sep. short; sty. 6 ; fr. small, globous-depressed
Banks and streams, Va. to Ga., cultivated in the Middle States for hedgerows.
Shrub 15 to 20f high, the branches with very sharp and slender thorns 2 to 3'
long. Lvs. about 2 by 1^', the upper rather cuneato at base, the others truncate
or heart-sliaped. Pomes \' diam., numerous, red. Jn. § \
8 C. Crua-gdlli L. Cock-spur Thorn." Glabrous ; lvs. obovate-cuneiform, or oh-
lanceolate, tapering to a short petiole, serrate, coriaceous, shining above ; spines
very long; corymbs glabrous; sep. lanceolate, subserrato; sty. 1 (2 or 3). — ■
Hedges and thickets, Can. and U. S. Siirub 10 to 20f high, much branched.
Thorns 2 to 3' long, straight, sharp and ratlier slender. Lvs. 1 to 2^' long, a
tliird as wide, tapering and entire at base, mostly obtuse at apex; petioles 1 to
5" long. Fls. white, fragrant, in corymbs of about 15, on very short, lateral
branchlets. Fr. pyriiirm, iluU red, 2 to 3" diam., persistent during winter, unless
eaten by birds. Jn. — \'arie3 with the lvs. somewhat oblong or oval.
9 C. spathulata Mx. Glabrous and glandless ; lvs. small, coriaceous, shininfr,
oblong -spalulate, attenuated to the subsessiln base, crenate above, Honietimes lobed ;
corymbs numerous, lateral, 20 to 25-fiowered; sepals ver}'- short; fr. very small,
scarlet. — Va. to Fla. and Tex. A handsome shrub 10 to 15f high, profusely
flowering. Lvs. mostly 1' in length, much inclined to vary, those on the barren
shoots much larger, becoming rhomboidal and lobed. Fr. 2 to 3" diam. Spines
few and small. Fls. small, white. Apr,, May.
VC. eestivalia Torr. & lir. Apple Haw. Fls. just before the elliptical, repand,
shcirt-petioled lvs., which, when young, are glandular at edge, and clotJied with
a, rusty tomeiituin, at length glabrous above; corymbs glabrous, 2 to 5-(l()wered;
caL segm. short, triangular, glandless; fr. quite large (8 to 9' ), globular, red. —
In the edges of pond?- and rivers, S. Car. to Fla. and La. (Hale). Tree much
branched, 20 to 301' high. Fr. ripe in May, juicy, pleasant flavored, and luudx
used. Fls. in Feb., Mar. (Mespilus tpstivalis Walt.)
lie parvifldra Ait. Thorns straight and slender, U)s. coriaceous, j5«?«,vre7i<,
aiQoate-obovute, subtetsile, ureaate-serrate ; fls. subttolitary , cai. with tlie pedicels
'4]
r< )f
'^M
:S I
,1 W"^
lUtD
d
1'
j
i ■.
I'
332 Order 47.— ROSACEA.
and branchleia villous-tomentotis ; sep. incised, leafy, as long as the pet. ; fty. 5 ? fr,
large, roundish-obovoid, with 5 bony, l-seeded nuts. — Sandy wooiiB, N. J. ifad
Southern States. A much branched shrub, 4 to 'Tf high. Lvs. 1 to 2' by J to
§', the upper surface shining and nearly glabrous when oW. Fr. greenish-yel-
low, near \' diam., eatable when ripe. Apr., May.
ji. I'UBESCENS. Shrubs somewhat larger, with larger, roundish, less downy
ivs. ; petals rather longer than the calyx. Spines very slender. — Ga. (C.
clliptica Ait.)
12. C. fl^va Ait. Summer Haw. Glabrous; thorns straight or arcuate; Iv.s.
membranous, rhombic-obovate, attenuate into a gftoTiduZar pe<iofe, incised, glandular'
toothed and slightly lolled above; corymbs 1 (often 2 or 3)-Jtowered, glabrous;
fis. large ; sty. 4 or 5 ; fr. large, pear-shaped, yellowish. — In dry, shady places,
Va. to Fla. Tree 15 to 25f high. Lvs. when mature, 2 to 3' long; Fr. 9" long,
not well-flavored. Bracts and sepals as well as the petioles glandular. Apr., May.
13 C. vfridis L. Glabrous ; thorns few and short ; lvs. thin, roundish or oval,
acuto at each end, sharply and doubly toothed above ; petioles glandless (always ?) ;
rorymbs 3 to S-floivered; fls. rather large, the bracts very glandular; sep. subu-
late; sty. 2 or 3 (rarely 5?); fr. large, globular, red, tinged with yellow. — Iowa
(Cousciis) to Fla. Shrubs 12 to 18f liigh. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, varying from ellip-
tic-ovate to deltoid-ovate (C. populifolia Ell.) or even cordate, sometimes slightly
lobed, the petioles slender, often as long as the leaf Fr. 4" diam., purplish, eata-
ble. Apr., May. (C. coccinea /i. Torr. & Gr.)
14 C. berberifolia Torr. & Gr., with coriaceous, oblong-cuneiform lvs. and (in
Sept.) large (6' diam.), deep blue pomes sent from Louisburg, La. by Dr. Hale, is
a doubtful member of this difficult genus.
13. PY'RUS, L. Pear, Apple, etc. (Celtic peren ; Anglo-Saxon
perc ; Fr. poire ; Lat. ^jyrMS ; Eng. pear.) Calyx urceolate, limb
5-<rleft ; netals 5, roundish ; styles 6 (2 or 3), often united at base ;
pome closed, 2 to 5 carpeled, fleshy or baccate ; carpels cartilaginous,
2-»<"ed*d. — Trees or shrubs. Lvs. simple or pinnate. Fls. white or
r»)ee-colored, in cyraous corymbs.
il'YRtis. Lvs. simple, glandless; styles distinct; pome pyriform , No. 1
Mams. Lvs. simple, glandless ; styles united below ; fr. globous .Nos. 2— t
VitiisiA. Lvs. simple, glandular on the midvein; styles united, etc No "»
^oKHiiH. Lvs. i»innate ; styles 2 to 5, distinct Nos. <i, 7
1 P. commtiniB L. Pear Tree. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, obscurely crenate,
glabrous and polished above, acute or acuminate ; corymbs racemous ; cal. and
pedicels pubescent ; sty. 5, distinct and villous at base. — Tree usually taller than
the apple, 20 to 35f high. Branches ascending. Lvs. 2 to 3^' long, § as wide ;
petioles 1 t) 2 long. Fls. white. Native in Europe, where in its wild state the
fruit is aiiiall juQd unpalatable. The Romans cultivated 36 varieties (PHny) but,
hke thf apple varieties without end are now raised from the seed of this delictus
fruit. X
2 F M^UB L. Common Applf Tree. Zra. ovate or oblong-ovate, serjate,
not tubed, tknvny, the veins all incurved; corymbs subumbellate ; pedicels and
calyx villous-tomentous ; pet. with short claius ; sty. 5, luiited and villous at base;
pome globous. — Native in Europe, and almost naturalized here. Tree 20 to 25f
high (ill thickets 50 to 60). Branches rigid, crooked, spreading. Lvs. 2 to 3'
long, i; ah wide, petioles ^ to 1' long. Fls. expanding with tho lvs., fragrant,
large, clothing the tree in tiicir light roseate hue, making ample amends for its
roughniiesH and deformity. — 'llio Komans hiid 22 varieti s (I'linj) but the number
is now greatly increased. rrol)ably nearly 1000 varieties are cultivated in the
u. s. X
3 P. coron^ria L. Sweet-scented Crab-tree. Lvs. ovate, rounded at
base, incmeUj serrate, often sublobafe, straight-veined, pubescent when young, at
l«"ngth smoothi-^h, on slender petiole* : pet clawed; pedicels glabrous; sep. subu-
l»te; sty, united aii'i wodlly af tiio base; fr as well 'is fla, yery rragrant, corymb
ous. — Borders ot woods Mid., West, and Souih. States, A small tree 10 to 20f
high, with spreading branches. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, half tis wide, petioles ^ to l'
Orleu 47.— rosace.*.
331',
long-. Fls. very large, rose-colored, in loose corymbs of 5 to 10. Fr. as largo
(1 to 1^' diam.) as a small apple, yellowish, hard aud sour but esteemed lor pro-
serves. May. ^
iJ. loENSis. Lvs. (when young), pedicels and calyx densely tomentous. Lvs.
ovate and oblong, distinctly lobed ; (Ir. not seen). — Sent from Iowa by Dr
Couaens.
4 P. angUBtifdlia Ait. Lvs, lanceolate, acute, or obtuse at base, glabrous, scarcely
veiny, crenute-serrato or almost entire, on short petioles ; corymbs racemous, few
(4 to 7)-flowered; pedicels and calyx outside glabrous; sep. ovale, villous within;
sty. distinct, villous at base. — Penn. to Ga. and La. Tree 20 to HOt high (in
woods near Ogeechee causeway). Lvs. about 4 times longer than wide. Fli.
similar to Xo. 3, rose-purple, large, fine and fragrant. Mar. — T. & G. describe u
variety with the styles glabrous.
5 P. arbutifdlia L. f Choke Bkrry. Lvs. oblong-obovate or oval-lanceolate,
obtuse or acute, crenato serrulate, smooth above, tomentous beneath whtu young,
attenuate at base into a short petiole ; ped. ami cal., when young, tomentous; fr
pyriform or aubglobous, dark red. — Low, moist woodlands, U. S. and Can. A
shrub 5 to 8f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, ^ as wide, often subacuminate, subcoria-
ceous, .serratures small, with a glandular, incurved point; petioles 2 to 4' long.
Fls. white, in compound, terminal corymbs of 12 or more. Fr. astringent, ag
large as a currant. May, Jii. f
ji. MEi.ANOCAUPA Hook. Lvs., cal. and ped. glabrous or nearly so ; fr. blackish-
purple. — Swamps. Height 2 to 4f (P. melanocarpa Willd.)
6 P. Americana DC. Mountain Ash. Lfts. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
mucronately serrate, Smooth, subsessile; cymes compound, with numerous fls.;
pome small, globous; sty. 3 to 5. — A small tree in mountain woods, N. Eng. and
Mid. States. Trunk 15 to 20f high, covered with a reddish brown bark. Lvs. 8
to 12' long, composed of 9 to 15 leaflets; lfts. 2 to 3 J' by \ to 1', subopposite,
often acute, on petioles 1" in length. Fls. small, white, in terminal cymes of 60
to 100 or more. Fr. scarlet, 'i to 3" diam., beautiful. May. f
li. MICROCARPA T. & G. Fr. smaller. (P. microcarpa DC.)
7 P. AucupSria L. English Mountain Ash. Lfts. as in P. Americana,
except that they are always smooth on both sides, and, with the serratures, lees
acute at apex ; fls. corymbous ; fr. globous. — Native of Europe. A tree 20 to
40f high, often cultivated as well as the last species, for its (ornamental clusters
of scarlet berries. It is a tree of larger size and rougher bark than the last, but
is hardly to be distinguished by the foliage, flowers or fruit, f
14. CYOO'NIA, Tourn. Quince. (Named from Cydonia, a town in
Crete, from whence it was brought.) Calyx urceolato, limb 6-cIeft;
petals 5 ; styles 6; pome 6 carpeled, carpels cartilaginous, many-seeded,
seeds covered with mucilaginous pulp. — Trees and shrubs. Lvs. sim-
ple. Fls. mostly solitary.
1 C. vulgaris Pers. Lvs. oblong-ovate, obtuse at base, acute at apex, very
entire, smooth above, tomentous beneath ; ped. solitary, and, with the cal, woolly ;
pome tomentous, obovoid. — Shrub 8 to 12f (rarely 20f) high, with crooked, strag-
gling branches. Lvs. about as large as those of the pear tree. Fls. white, with
a tinge of purple, large, terminal. Fr. large, lengthened at base, clothed with a
soft down, yellow wlien ripe, highly esteemed lor jellies and preserves. Tlw
plant is reared fi-om layers. :J: Eur.
2 C. Jap6nica Pers. Japan Quince. Lvs. glabrous, shining, coriaceous,
ovate-lanceolate, acute at each end, serrulate; stip. renitbrm ; spine short, straight;
fls. axillary, subsessile. — From Japan. A low shrub, beautiftil or even brilliant
when in bloom. Fls. about as large as in No. 1, varying in color from the richest
scarlet to a delicate blush or white. It is hardy and easily reared. Apr. (Pyrua
Japonica L.)
15. ROSA, Toum. Rose. (Celtic rhos, red ; Gr. p66ov ; Lat. rosa ;
Eng. rose.) Calyx tube urceolate, fleshy, contracted at the orifice, limb
S-cleft, the segments Bomewhat imbricated in activation, and mostlj
f
1
.11
t-j. '
%
- ^
Vittt^l
\ hi
334
Oedkr 47.— rosacea.
1^, .
I
I
with a leafy appendage ; petals 5 (greatly multiplied by culture) ;
achenia oo, bony, hispid, included in and attached to the iijside of the
fleshy tube of the calyx. — Shrubby and prickly. Lvs. unequally pin-
nate. Stip. mostly adnate to the petiole.
O'lt. Our innuraerablo varieties of garden Koses have mostly originated with the few specie*
mentioned below. To define these vitrieties in order to their recognition would generally be im-
possible, for their forms are as evanescent as their names are arbitrary. All that the author here
proposes is to aid tlio botanist in tracing l>ack each form to the species whence it sprung. ThU
will be easily done in all cases except with the hybrids.
i Styles cohering in an exserted column. Climbers (a).
Styles not cohering. — (Stipules nearly free and caducous (b).
— itipules adnate to the petiole. — Prickles recurved (c).
— Prickles straight (d).
a Leaflets 8 to 5, mostly 8. Native and cultivated No. 1
a Leaflets 6 to 9. — 8tiitulesand sepals mostly entire Nos. 11, 12
— Stii>ules pectinate. Sepals entire No. H
—Stii)ules entire. 8epals pinnatifld No. 1«
b Penduncle very short, enveloped in bracts. Leaflets 5 to 9 No. 4
b Penduncle elongated, bractless. Leaflets 3 to 5. — Thorny, mostly climbing.. Nos. '2. 19
— Thornless, erect No. "24
C Leaflets not at all glandular. Shrubs erect, — wild No. 8
—cultivated Nos. 13, 14
Leaflets glandular and fragrant beneath Flowers single Nos. 9, 10
— Flowers double No.s. 15—17
d Wild, native Hoses, 1— 3f erect Nos. 5, 6, 7
d Cultivated exotics, climbing (No. 20) or erect Nos. 21—23
1 R. setfgera Mx. Michigan or Prairie Rose. Branches elongated, ascend,
glabrous; spines few, strong, stipular; Ifts. large, 3 to 5, ovate; stip. narrow,
adherent, acuminaie; fls. corymbous; cal. glandular, segm. subentire ; sty. united;
fr. globous. — Tiiis splendid species is a native of Mich, and other States W. and
S. About 20 varieties are enumerated in cultivation, among which is the Balti-
more Belle. They are hardy, of rapid growth, and capable of being trained 1 2 to
20f. Fls. in very large clusters, changeable in hue, nearly scentless, and of short
duration.
2 R. laevigata Mx. Cherokkb Rose. Glabrous and polished ; branche.s long,
trailing, armed with very strong, curved prickles ; Ifta. 3, rarely 6, coriaceous,
evergreen, shining, elliptical, sharply serrate ; stip. free, setaceous, deciduous; fls.
solitary ; cal. bristly, sep. entire. — In hedges, etc., Fla. (Tallahassee), N. to Tenn.,
etc. Sts. very long, numerous, and with their broad, hooked pricks, make the
most impervious of all hedges. Fls. often 3' diam., white. Apr. — Common also
in gardens. § China.
3 R. multifldra Seringe. Many-flowered, or Japan Rose. Branches, ped.
and cal. tomentous ; shoots very long ; prickles slender, scattered ; Ifts. 6 to 7,
ovate-lanceolate, soft and slightly rugous; stip. pectinate, fimbriate; fls. corymb-
ous, often numerous; flower-bud ovoid-globous ; sep. short; sty. exsertcd,
scarcely cohering in an elongated pilous column ; pet. white, varying through
roseate to purple. — Grows in hedges with No. 2, about Tallahassee (Plank road to
Bellair). Shrub with luxuriant shoots, easily trained to the height of 16 to '.?or.
— Among its varieties are the Seven Sisters, Boursault's, etc. § Japar.
4 R. bracteita Linn. M.\cartney Rose. Branches erect, tomentous ; prickles
recurved, often double ; Ifts. 5 to 9, obovate, subserrate, coriaceous, smooth, and
shining; stip. fimbriato-setaceous ; ^•. solitary, terminal, Wi</i i!arye /yracte subtend-
ing the calyx ; pod. and cal. tomentous ; fr. globous, largo, oraugo. — Naturalized
in hedges near N. Orleans (Riddell in T. and G.) Fls. large, white. § China.
Varieties with cream-colored to scarlet fls.
5 R. liicida Ehrh. Shining, or "Wild Rose. St. low ; prickles scattered, seta-
ceous, the stipular largest, straight ; Ifts. 5 to 9, elliptical, simply serrate, smooth
and shining above ; petioles glabrous or subhispid; fls. gens'. ally in pairs (1 to
3); fr. depressed, globous, and with the peduncles, glandular-hispid. — Shrub 1 to
3f high, in dry woods or thickets throughout the U. S., slender, with greenish
branches. Lfts. acute or obtuse, odd one petiolate, tho others sessile. Sep&la
often appendiculate, as long as the large, obcordate, pal&-red petala Fr. small,
red. Jn. Jl. (R. Carolina Mx., nee Bw.)
Obdkr 47.— rosacea
335
:i
p. PARViPLORA. Lfts. oval, mostly very obtuse, paler beneath ; petioles smooth
or pubescent. (R. parviHora Ehrh.)
6 R. nitida Willd. Wild Rose. St. low, densely armed with $traight, slender,
reddish prickles ; lfts. 5 to 9, narrow-lanceolate, smooth and shining, sharply ser-
rate ; stip. narrow, often reaching to the lower lfts. ; Us. solitary ; cal. hispid ; fr.
globous.— In swamps, N. Eng. &N.Y.{C. H. Peck). Sts. 1 to 2f high, reddish
from its dense armor of prickles. Lfts. 1 to IJ' ^ong, subsessile, odd one petio-
lulate. Stip. 5 to 8" long, adnate to the petiole, each side. Fls. with red, obcor-
date petals. Fr. scarlet. Jn.
7 R. bldnda Ait. Bland Rose. Taller ; st. armed with few, scattered, straight,
deciduous prickles; lfts. 5 to 7, oblong, ohtvtse, serrate, smootli, but not shining
above, paler and pubescent on the veins beneath ; petiole unarmed ; stip. dilated ;
fls. mostly in pairs (1 to 3) ; ped. short, and with the cal. smooth and glaucous ;
fr. globous. — Shrub, found on dry, sunny hills, N. and M. States. Sts. 2 to 3f
high, with reddish bark. Fls. ratlier large. Sep. entire, si rter than the reddish,
emarginate petals. Bracts large, downy. Jn.
8 R. Caroliua L. Carolina Rose. Swamp Rose. St. tall, glabrous, with
strong, recurved, stipular prickles ; lfts. 5 to 9, elliptical, acute, sharply and doubly
serrate, glaucous beneath, not shining above, petioles hairy or subaculeate ; fls.
corymbous ; fr. depressed-globous, and with the peduncles hispid. — Swamps and
damp woods, forming thickets. Can. and U. S. Sts. 4 to 8f high, bushy, witli
reddish branches, rrickles mostly 2 at the base of the stipules. Lfts. 1 to 2'
long, J as wide, rather variable in form. Fls. in a leafy corymb of 3 to 7. Petalg
obcordate, large, varying between red and white. Fr. dark red. Jn., Jl.
9 R. rubigindsa L. Eglantine. Sweet Brier. St. glabrous,' armed with
very strong, recurved prickles, with many weaker ones; lfts. 5 to 7, broad-oval,
with feruginous glands beneath ; Jts. mostly solitary ; sep. permanent ; fr. obovoid,
and ped. glandular-hispid. — A stout, prickly shrub, 4 to 8f high, in fields and
roadsides throughout the U. S. The older stems are bushy, much branclied. 1'
diam., the younger shoots nearly simple, decUned at top. Lfts. small, serrate (tlie
glands beneath not always present), when rubbed very fragrant. Fls. liglit-red,
fragrant. Fr. orange red. Jn. There are about 25 cultivated varieties, single
and double. § Eur. (R. suaveolens Ph.)
10 R. micrdntha Smith. Small-flowered Sweet Brier. St. glabrous, armed
with few, equal, strong, recurved prickles ; lfts. 5 to 7, ovate, rusty-glandular be-
neath, fls. solitary, small ; sep. deciduous from the ovate or oblong fruit ; ped.
somewhat hispid. — Roadsides and pastures, N. Eng. A large shrub, 6 to 8f higli,
much resembling the last. Fls. usually white, much smaller (15' diam.) than in
that species. Jn. § Eur.
11 R. sempervirens Ser. Evergreen Rose. St. climbing ; prickles suit-
equal; lfts. persistent, 5 to 7, coriaceous ; fls. subsolitary or corymbous; sep. sub-
entire, elongated ; sty. coherent into an elongated column ; fr. ovoid or subglob-
ous, yellow, and witli the ped. glandular-liispid. — Allied to the following, but its
leaves are coriaceous and evergreen, persistent until January. — Among the varie-
ties of this (or the next ?) species is the Virginia Lass, with blush white fls.
12 R. arv^nsis L. Ayrshire Rose. Shoots very long and flexile ; prickles
unequal, falcate; lfts. 5 to 7, smooth, or with scattered hairs, and glaucous be-
neath, deciduous; fls. solitary or corymbous; sep. subentire, short: st>. coheruig
in a long, glabrous colunm ; fr. ovoid-globous, smoothish. — England. The shoots
grow 15 to 20f in a season, and are very hardy. Fls. white to blush, crim-
son and purple. — Here belong the varieties known as the Adam Tea, Mrs.
Pierce's, etc.
13 R. cinnamdmea L. Cinnamon Rose. St. tall, with ascending branches-,
prickles of the younger stems numerous, scattered, of the branches few, largely
stipular, curved; lfts. 5 to 7, oval-oblong, simply serrate, grayish-pubescent be
neath ; slip, dilated and acuminate above, more or less involute, wavy ; ped. short
and cal. glabrous; sep. entire, as long as the petals ; fr. smooth, globous, crowned
with the connirent calyx lobes. — Native of Eur. Sts. 6 to 12f hign, with red-
dish bark. Fls. mostly double, pink, purple, or red.
i
1
4.
I^Bi
i ''^tlii
t
1
1
m
Ai»
.
»se
Ordek 47.— rosacea
14 R. canlna L. Doo Rose. Pricklee remote, strong, compressed, fal-
cate; Ula, 5 to 9, with acute, incurred, and often double serratures; slip, rather
broad, serrulate ; ped. and cal. smooth or hispid ; aep. after flowering dejtexed and
deciduous ; fr. ovoid, red. — Native of Europe. Shrub 4 to 8f iiigh.
ft. BuRBONiAN'A Ser. Lfts. ovate, subcordate, simply dentate; fls. purple^
double and somidouble ; pet. concave ; s ;i\ entire. — A splendid class of
roses, of which more than 100 varieties .re cultivated. They are hardy,
with ample and j^lossy foliage, 18 other varieties are described by Seringe
in DC.
15 R. centifdlia L. Hundred-leaved or Provens Rose. Prickles nearly
ttraight, scarcely dilated at base ; lits. 5 to 7, ovate, glandular-ciliate on the mar-
gin, subpilou.s beneath ; flower-bud short-ovoid ; sep. spreading (not deflexed) in
tic'ver ; fr. ovoid ; cal. and ped. glandular-hispid, viscid and fragrant. — From S.
Europe. *^!irab '^ to 4f high, very prickly. ¥\s. usually of a pink color, but
varying in hue, form, size, etc., through a hundred known varieties, among
which are the incomparable moss rose, tlio cabbage, etc
16 R. damascdna Ait. Damask Rose. St. branching and bushy, armed
with unequal ."^ines, mostly stipular, cauline ones b/oad, falcate or hooked ; Ifts.
large, broadly elliptical, downy -cane.scent ; sep. reUexed; fr. ovoid, elongated. —
Native of the Levant. Shrub 3 to 4f high. Fls rather numerous, of a delicate,
pale, roseate hue, usually with very numerous petals, and a delicious fragrance.
Among its numerous varieties is the common Monthly, low, blooming at all
seasons.
17 R. ilba L. White Garden Rose. Erect, tall, slightly glaucous :
prickles sleader, recurved, sometimes wanting; Ifts. roundish-ovate, shortly
acuminate; petioles and veins subtomentous, glandular; sep. pinnatijld; pet.
spreading ; fr. ovoid, nearly smooth. — From Germany. Shrub 5 to 8f high. Fls.
large, corymbous, sweet-scented, generally pure white, but often in its numerous
varieties, tinged with the most delicate blush.
18 R. moBchdta L. Muhk Rose. Shoots ascending and climbing ; prickles
cauline, slender, recurved ; Ifts. 5 to 1, lanceolate, acuminate, smoothish, discolored ;
slip, very narrow, acute; fls. often V3ry numerous; ped. and cal. subhispid; sep.
subpinnatifid, elongated and append! ?ulp.te ; fr. ovoid, red. Native of . Sts.
trailing or climbing 10 to 12f. Fls. peculiarly fragrant, rather large, white, pro-
duced in panicles.
19 R. Indica L. Chinese Monthly or Beng.*.t. Rose. Erect or climbing,
purplish, prickles strong, remote; Ifts. 3 <o 5, ovate, acummate, coriaceous, shining,
smooth, serrulate, discolored; slip, very narrow; fls. solitjry or paniculate; ped.
often tiiickened, and, with tlie cal. smooth, or glandular-hispid; sep. mostly entire ;
stam. indexed; fr. turbinate? — Splendid varieties, bloomhig from Apr. to Nov.
Fls. of every hue from pure white to crimson, as the Noisette, Sanyuinea (foliage
as well as fls. blood-red), Youland of Aragon, Giant of battles, Cloth-of-gold (sulplmr
yellow), and the favorite Tea Hoses.
l3. lawrenciana. Miss Lawrence's Rose. St. and branches aculeate,
bristly and subglabrous ; Ifts. ovate, purplish beneath: ped. obovate-acumin-
ate. — A class of varieties with very small flowers, pink to deep purple. (U.
Lawrenciana Lindl. R. Indica acuminata Ser.)
20 R. alpina Ser. Alpine or Boursault Rose. Younger shoots echinate
witli numerous weak prickles, older ones smooth, rarely armed with strono:
prickles; Ifts. 5 to 11, ovate or obovate, sharply and often doubly serrate; stip.
narrow, apex diverging ; ped. deflexed after flowering, and with the cal. hispid
or smooth ; sep. entire, spreading ; fr. ovoid, pendulous, crowned with the con-
nivent calyx. — Hardy, vigorous, climbing, with pink, red or crimson flowers.
21 R. eglant^ria Ser. Yellow Rose. Austrian Eglantine. St. with
a cinorous bark, brandies red, both armed with straight, slender, scattered
prickles ; Ivs. 5 to 7, small, broad-oval or obovate, smooth, shining above, sharply
serrate ; cal. nearly naked and entire ; pet. large, broad-obcordate. — From Ger-
many. Shrub about 3f high, bushy. Fls. numerous of a golden yellow, very
fugacious, of less agreeable fragrance than the leaves. There are many varieties^
both single and double, variegated with red. Jn. (R. lutea Mill.)
Order 47.— ROSACK^.
rni
22 R. Odllica L. Common French Rose. St. and petioles armed with
numerous, tine, scattered prickles; Ifts. mostly 5, elliptical or ovtil, thick; tis.
erect; petals, large, spreading; sep. ovate; fr. ovoid and with tlie pedunclea
hispid. — The common red rose of gardens, from which have originated not less
than 300 varieties, known in cultivation, and registered in catalogues, as the
Velvet, Oar/nine, Carnation, &c. Many of them are beautifully variegated, aa the
Tricolor, York and Lancaster, Nbsetjay, Picotee, &c. The dried p'.'tals are used in
medicine, and from them are extracted tinctures for cooking, uu., Jl.
23 R. pimpinellifolia Ser. Scotch, or Burnet Rose. St. densely armed
with straight, a:;eroso prickles; Ifts. 5 to 9, roundish-obtuse, smooth, simply
serrate ; Hs. small, usually roseate, but changing in the numerous varieties to
white, red or yellow. — Native of Scotland and other parts of Europe. Thes*
shrubs are but 2 to 3f high, with small, delicate leaflets. Fls. numerous,
globular, very fine, of all colors, even yellow. May, Jn. (R. spinosissliuu L.)
24 R. Bdnksia L. Banks' Rose. Smooth ; Ifl?. lanceolate, crowded. 3 to
5, scarcely serrate ; stip. deciduous ; lis. umbellate ; fr. globular, ncai ly black. —
From China. Thornless shrubs, with small, cup-shaped Hs. Xot hardy.
16. AGRINO^NIA, L. Agrimony. (Gr. aypbg, " fleld, fitwoc^ alone,
a Tiaiiie of dignity for its medicinal qualities.) Caly.x tube turbinate;
contracted at the throat, armed with hooked bristles above, limb 5-
cleft, connivent in fruit; petals 5 ; stamens 12 to 15; ovaries 2; styles
terminal; achenia included in the indurated tube of the calyx. — 'U
Lvs. pinnately divided. Fls. yellow, in long, slender racemes.
1 A. Ziupatdria L. Hirsute ; lvs. interruptedly pinnate, upper ones 3-foliate,
Ifts. to 1, lance-oval or obovate, with small ones interposed, coarsely dentate ; stip.
large, dentate ; petals twice longer than the reflexed calyx. — Roadsides, borders
of fields, Can. and U. S., common. St. 1 to 3f high, l)rancliing, leafy. Lfts.
nearly smooth beneaili, 1^ to 3' long, J as wide, sessile, terminal one witli a
petiolule 1 to 3" long. Rae. 6 to 12' long, spicate. Fls. yellow, a))()Ut 4 ' diam.
on very sliort pedicels. Calyx tube curiously fluted with 10 ribs, and sur-
mounted with reddish, hooked bristles. Jl.
/i. HiRSUTA Torr. Smaller and more liair}'.
y. PARViFLoRA Hook. Less hairy; Us. smaUer, on longer pedicels. (A. par-
viflora DC )
2 A. parvifldra Ait. St. and petioles hirsute; lvs. interruptedly pinnate; lfts.
numero'LS (9 to 17), crowded, pubescent beneath, linear-^nceolate, equally and in-
cisely serrate, with small ones interposed: stip. acutely incised; rae. siiicate-
virgate ; fls. small; petals longer than the erect calyx; fr. hispid. — AVoods and
dry meadows, Penn. to S. Car. W. to Iowa and Teim. Sts. 3 to 4f iiigh, tlie
hairs spreading, brownish and glandular. Lfts. 2 to 3' by \ to V, with smaller
ones hitermixed. Petals yellow. The plant has an agreeable balsamic odor.
Aug. (A. suaveolens Ph.)
3 A. incisa Torr. & Gr. Pubescent and hirsute ; lvs. interruptedly pinnate ; lfts.
1 to 11, with smaller ones interposed, oblong, incisely pinnatifid, ca,nesrei,t
beneath; stip. deeply clefl; fls. small, remote, nearly sessile in the slender
racemes. — N. Car. to Fla. (at Macon, Ga.) Fls. rather larger than in Xo. 2. Cal.
seyin. very short. Jl., Aug.
17. DRY^AS, integrifoUa Yahl— On the White Hills of X, II.
Prof. Pick (Pursh), — but never since seen within our limits.
18. GE^UM, L. AvENS. (Gr. yerw, to taste well ; in allusion to the
taste of the roots.) Calyx 5-cleft, with 5 alternate segments or bractlets
smaller and exterior ; petals 5 ; stamens oo ; achenia oo, aggregated on
a dry receptacle, atul caudate with the persistent, mostly jointed, geni-
culate and bearded style. — 4 Lvs. pinnately divided.
22
V^
A
338
Order 47.— U0SACP:.E.
I t
I
II :;
\
" .(■
S style straiffht, Jointless, all of it persistent. Sikvkksia Nos. 1, S
Stylo bunt anil jointed in the middle, hooked or pliiinoso. (a)
a fleud of fruits rai.-sed on a stipe. Fls. yellow or purple Nos. 4—5
a Head of fruits sessile (no stipe). — Fls. yellow Nos. 6. 7
— Flowers white Nos. 8. !>
1 G. trifldnim Pur.sh. Villous ; at. erect, about ^-flowered ; Ivs. mostly radical,
iuterruplodly pinnate, of numerous cuneate, incisely dentate, suboqual Ifls. ;
hrartlets linear, longer than the sepals; sty. pluni'iiw, very long in fruit. — Brit.
Am. and N. W. States, rare in tlie Nortiieru. Sts. ecarcely a foot high, with a
pair of opposite, laciniate Ivs. near the middle, and several bracts at the base of tlio
long, slender petioles. Radical Ivs. u to G' long, the terminal lit. not eulargeil.
Fls. rather large, purplish white. Sty. 2' long in fruii. Ma)', Jn.
2 G. Peckii Pursh. Nearly glabrous ; st. erect, several-flowered, nearly naked ;
radical Ivs. lyrate-pinnate ; the trrminal Ift. very large, truncate at base, the lateral
ones minute; pet. obovate, much lon^rer than the cal. — White Mts. Scape 9 to
15' high, with several .small, incised bracts. Petioles 3 to 5' long, bearing 4 or
5 dentate, lateral Ifts. 1 to 4" long, and ending in a half round lit. 2 to 4' wide,
lobed and dentate. Fls. 8'' diam., yellow, terminal on the elongated branches.
Jl., Aug, Perhaps a variety of the next.
3 G. radi^tum Mx. Very hairy, hispid; st. leafy, 5 to 10-flowered ; rt. Ivs.
lyraie-pinnate, the terminal Ift. very large, broadly reni/onn-cordate, incised, this
lateral ones very small; st. Ivs. sessile, cleft and toothed; petals obcordate; sty.
persistent, much longer than cal. in fruit. — Roan AJi N. Oar. (Curtis). Sts. 1 to
2f high, bearing a spreading panicle of large, yellow lis.
4 G. vernum Torr. A Gr. Slender and slightly pubescent; st. ascending at base ;
radical Ivs. piunately 5 to 9-fbliate, with incised Itts. or often simple and cordate,
incisely lobed and dentate ; cauline Ivs. 3 to 5-lbliate or lobed ; stip. large and
inci.-ed: th. yellow, erect, very small; sep. rejiexed; head of carpels globous, raised
on u sK- r stipe. — Sliades and thickets, Ohi(> to 111. and Tex. St. 8 to 20' high,
striate, ui- or trichomotous at top, few-leaved and few-flowered. Petals yellow
and with the sepals hardly more than 1" in length. Stipe of tlie head of carpels
i' long. Apr. — Jn. (Stylipus vernus Raf.)
5 G rivale. L. Pubescent; st. siibsimple; radical Ivs. lyrate ; slip, ovate, acute;
/Is. noddiwj, 2yurple; ^*e^ as long as the ererf col segm. ; upper joint of the persis-
tent style plumous. — A flue plant, conspicuous among the grass in wet meadows
N. and M. States. Rhizome woody, creeping. St. 1 to 2f high, paniculate at
top. Root Ivs. interruptedly pinnate, inclining to lyrate, 4 to 6' long, terminal
lit. large, roundish, lobed and crenate-dentate. St. Ivs. 1 to 3, 3-foliate or lobed,
subsessile. Fls. subglobous. Cal. purplish-brown. Petals broad-obcordate,
clawed, purplish-yellow, veined. Jn. — The root is aromatic and astringent.
6 G. strfctum Ait. Hirsute; radical Ivs. 'mten\i.^ted\y pinnate ; cauline 3 to 5-
foliate; Ills, obovate and ovate, lobi'd and toothed; stip. large and ere • br-"
lets linear, sliorter than the sep.; pot. roundish, longer than the cal. ; sty. .^ . )ih
upper joint hairy. — Field.'', moist or dry, N. States and lirit. Am. St. hispid at
base, 2 to 3f higli, dichotuinous, and with spreading hairs at summit. Rt. Ivs. 5
to 8' long, inclining to lyrate, the terminal 1ft. largest, obovate and lobed. Fl.s.
numerous, rather large, yellow. Receptacle densely pubescent. Jl., Aug.
7 G. macroph^Uum Willd. Hispid; radical Ivs. interruptedly lyrate-pinnate,
the terminal Ift. much the largest, roundish-cordate, cauline with minute lateral Ifts.,
and a largo, roundish, terminal one, all unequally dentate ; petals longer tlianthe
calyx ; recept. nearly smooth. — White Mts. and Brit. Aui. St. 1 to 2f high,
stout, very hispid and leafy. Terminal 1ft. 3 to 5' diam. Fls. yellow. Jn., Jl.
8 G. album (1 mel. Smoothish or pubescent ; root-lrs. ternate or the very lowest
simple; upper Ivs. simple; Ifts. ovate, lobed and toothed, the lower mostly
obtuse, upper lanceolate; petals as long as calyx; torus eloihed with white
bristles. Thickets, com. 2— 3f. Jl. (G. Virginianum T. & G.)
9 G. Virginidnum L. Hirsute with spreading iiairs, stout ; Ivs. piimnte below,
then ternate, tlie upjter simple; Ifts. incisely lobed, lobes wedge-iaiic('o]atv, very
acme, cut-dei:uate, upper lanceolate; petals shorter than the calyx; ! uus nearly
naked. W* . tliiclicts. 2— 3f. July.
Ori>br 47— rosace.*:. 339
19. RU'BUS, L. Lhamhle. (< ultic rub, red; the rolor ot the fruit
of some species.) Calyx spreaciins^, 5-parted ; petals 5, cle(;ichious ; sta-
mens oc. inserted into the border of tlie disk ; ovaries many, with 2
ovules, one of them ahortivc ; aehenia pulpy, drupaceous, a^grefjated
into a cuinpound herry ; radicle superior, — 11 II;ilf shrubby plants. Sts.
usually '2, and armed with prickles. InHorescenee imperfectly centri'
^ujral. Fr. esculent.
$ Fruit insfpftrnWe from the Juicy, dppidiionn reccptaolo. Ri.ArKnKRKiirs (a)
a steins (mostly) orect, stout, uriiied with stdut, fcctirveil prioivU'S No*, ^.•i
a Stilus* [irocuinlx'iil. tniiliiijr. iiiostiy witii slender, minute priokles N(»». 3 to 5
§S Fruit scparntinir from the iliy, pfi'sistent receptacle. Uaspbekkikh (b)
b Li'iivei simple, lobeil. Not prickly Nos. 6 to ■<
b Leaves coiupuuud. — Stems not prickly, herbaceous No. 9
— Stems prickly, shrubby. — Oorollus »iii;.'le Nos. 1(1 — It
— Corollas double No. l:i
1 R. villosus Ait. ITigh Blackberry. Pubescent, viscid and prickly; st. an-
gular; Iftfi. 3 to 5, ovate, acuminate, serrate, liairy both sides ; petioles prickly; cal.
acuminate, shorter than the petals; rac. leajiess, about 20-Jiowered. — A well known,
thorny shrub, Can. and U. S. f^is. tall and slcudor, branching, rcciirvi d at top,
3 to Gf high. Lfts. 2k to 4' by I , to 2.^', ternuiial one on a long petiolule, the
otliers on sliort ones or none. IVdiccls slender, 1' long. Pctal.'^ white, obovate
or oblong, obtuse. Fr. consisting of about 20 rounchsh. shining, black, fleshy
carpels, closely connicted into an ovate or oblong head, subacid, well-flavored,
ripe in Aug. and Sept.
d. FROJfnoSL'S Torr. Lfls, incisely serrate ; rac. with a few simple Ivs. or leafy
bracts at base; Hs. about 10 in each cluster, tlio terminal one ()i)ening first,
as in all the species, the low«'St next, and tiio iiighest but one last. Fr. more
acid and with fewer cari)el.s. (K. frondosus Bw.)
}. JIUMIFL'SUS T. & G. St. procumbent or trailing; Ivs. smaller; ped. few-
liowered. — Often oi'curs southward with the erect forms, aixl with R. trlvia-
lis, from which it is sometimes hard to bo distinguished.
2 R cuneifdliuB Pii. Sand Llacki!Krrv. St. erect, shrubby, armed v ith rc-
curvi d jjrickks; Ivs. 3-lbliate, and with the young branches and pet. pubescent
beneath ; Ills, cuneate-obovate, entire at base, dentate above, subplicate, tomentous
beneatii ; rac. loose, few-fiowered. — A low shrub, 2 to 3f high, in sandy woods, L. I.
to Fla. Pt'tioles often prickly. Lfts. rarely 5, I to 2' long, | as wide, obtuse,
or with a sUoit acumination. Petals white or roseate, 3 times as long as the cnl.
Fr. black, juicy, well-Havored, ripe in Jl., Aug. Fls. May, Jn.
3 R. hispiduB L. St. slender, reclining or prostrate, hispid with retrorse bristles ;
Ivs. 3-fbliate, rarely quinate, smooth and green botii sides; lfts. coarsely serrate,
obovate, mostly obtuse, thickish. persistent; ped. corymbous, many Howered, with
filiform pedicels and short bracts; fls. and fr. small. — In damp woods. Can. to Car.
Sts. slender, trailing several feet, witii suberect branches 8 to 12' high. Lfts. 1 to
2' long, J as wide, nearly sessile, persistent through the winter. Fls. white. Fr.
dusky-purple, sour. May, Jn. (R. sempervirens Bw.)
p!. SEToSLS T. & G. Lfts. oblanceolate, rather narrow, 1 i to 2|' long, tapertng,
and (like variety a) entire at base, sharply serrate above. Fr. red. (R. seto
sus Bw.)
4 R. Canadensis L. Northerv Dewberry, St. procumbent or trailing, a
little prickly; Ivs. 3-foliate, rarely quinate, lfts. elliptical or rhomboid-oval OA^ute or
acuminate, thin, uneiiually cut-serrate; . ?dicels solitary, elongated, somewhat
corymbed; fr. large, black. — Common i" rv, stony fields. Can. to Va., trailing
several yards upon the ground. Lfts. li; ., green and membranous, nearly sessile,
1 to 1|' long, ^ iis wide. Fls. large, on slender pedicela Petals obovate, white,
twice as long as the calyx. Fr. ^ to 1' dbm.. very sweet and juicy in Jl. and
Aug. Fls. May. (R. trivialis Ph.)
5 R. trivialis Mx. Soctiierk Dewberry. Procumbent, trailing, with root-
ing runners, shrubby, armed with bristles and recurved prickles ; Ivs. 3-foliate and
quinati'. j>ersist«nt, lfts. coriaceoUiS, ovate-obhmg or oval, acute or obtuse, sharply
sorrat-' ; [ted. 1 to 3-flowered; fis. large, jx'i. roundish-obovate ; sep. oblong, obtuse.
¥
m
*f..
I,
!> ; ':
' -?^
1L>*
340
Obdeb 47.— rosacea.
reflexed; fr. large, black. — Md. to Fhi., common. Sts. long, .slcndor, toroto, some
olltie prickles at length recurved. Lfts. sniuli (about 12" by 8'), minutely pubes-
cent. Petiolea slender, much shorter tiiau the slender peduncles. Petals wiiite.
Fr. well-flavored, rlpo in May.
€ R. odorfltus L. Mulberry. St. erect or reclining, unarmed, glandular-pilous;
Ivs. palmately 3 to 5-lobed, middle lobe longest, unequally serrate; Us. large, in ter-
minal corymbs; pet. orbicular, purple. — A flne flowering shrub, 3 to 5f' high, in
upland woods, U. S. and Brit. Am., common. Lvs. 4 to 8' long, nearly as wide,
cordate at base, lobes acuminate, petioles 2 to 3' long, and, with tiie briinches,
calyx and peduncles clotlied with viscid hairs. Fls. nearly 2' diam., not very un-
like A rose, save the (100 to 200) stamens are whitish. Fr. broad and tliin, bright
red, sweet, ripy in Aug. Fls. Ju., JL f
7 R. Nutk^iiUB Mocino. St. shrubby, somewhat pilous, with glandular hairs
above ; lvs. broad 5-lohtd, lobes nearly equal, unequally and coarsely serrate ; pcd.
few-llowered ; sep. long-acuminate, shorter tlian the very large, roimd-oviil. v:hite
petals. — A fine species, Mich., Wis. to Oreg., Ac, with very large, showy, white
fls. It ha-s received some notice in cultivation as a flowering plant.
8 R. Ci>stnaBmdruB L. Cloudberry. Herbaceous, dioecious; st. decumbent
at base, erect, unarmed, \-flowered; lvs. mostly but 2, cordate renilbrm, rugous, with
5-rounded lobes, serrate; scp. obtuse ; pet. obovate, wiiile. — An alpine species with
us, found by Dr. Bobbins (also by the author, 1855) on the White Mts., and by
Mr. Oakes in Me. ; N. to the Arc. Sea. Fr. largo, yellow or amber color, sweet
and juicy, ripe in Sept. Fls. in May, Jn. — This plant may easily be mistaken for
Hydrastis.
9 R. trifldrua Rich, St, shrubby, unarmed, declined; branches herbaceous,
gucen; Ivs. 3 or 5-foliate, lfts. nearly smooth, thin, rhombic-ovate, acute, unequally
cut-dentate, odd one petiolulate ; stip. ovate, entire ; ped. termiual, 1 to G-llow-
ered ; pet. erect, oblong-obovate. — Moist woods and shady hills, Penn. to Brit.
Am. Sts. flexuous, smooth, reddish. Petioles very slender, 1 to 2' long, Ltls
1 to 2' by ^ to 1', lateral ones sessile, oblique or unequally 2-lobed. Pet. wliile,
ratiior longer than the triangular-lanceolate, rellexed sepals. Fr. consisting of a
few large, dark red grains, acid, ripe in Aug. Fls. May. (R. saxatilis Bw.)
10 R. Id^ua L. Garden Raspberry. Hispid or armed with recurved prick-
les; lvs. pinnately 3 or 6-foliato; lfts. broad-ovato or rhomboidal, acuminut'-. un-
equally and incisely serrate, hoary-tomentous beneath, sessile, odd one petiolulate ;
fls. in paniculate corymbs; pet. entire, shorter than the hoary'tonieutous aruviinate
cat. — Many varieties of this plant are cultivated for the delicious fruit. Sts.
shrubby, 3 to 5f high. Lft.s. sinoothish above, 2 to 4' long. § as wide. Fls.
white, in lax, terminal clusters. Fr. red, amber color, or white. — Plants essen-
tially agreeing with the above described were found at Cambridge, Vt., in woods,
also at Colebrook, Ct., by Dr. liobbins.
11 R. BtrigdsuB Mx. Wild Red Raspberry. Si. strongly hispid; lvs. pin-
nately 3 or 5-foliate, lfts, oblong-ovata or oval, obtuse at base, coarsely aii'l un-
equally serrate, canescent-tomentous beneath, odd one often subcordate at base,
lateral ones sessile; cor. cup shaped, about the length of the cal. — In hedges ancl
neglected fields. Can. and X. States, very abundant. St. without prickles, cov-
ered with strong bristles instead. Lfts. IJ to 2^' long, J to $ as wide, terminal
one distinctly petiolulate. Fls. white. Fr. hemispherical, light red, and of a pe-
culiar rich flavor, in Jn. — Aug. Fls. May.
12 R. occident^lis L. Black Raspberry. Thimble Berry. St. glaucous
with bloom, armed with recurved prickles ; lvs. pinnately 3-foliate, lfts. ovate, acu-
minate, sublobate or doubly serrate, hoar^-tomentous beneath, lateral ones .sessile ;
fls. axillary and terminal; fr. black. — A tall, slender bramble, 4 to Bf high, in
thickets, rocky fields, &c. Can. and U. S. St. recurved, often rooting at the end.
lils. 2 to 3' long, ^ to § as wide; common petiole terete, long. Fls. white, lower
ones solitary, upper coryrabous. Fr. roundish, glaucous, of a lively, agreeable
taste, ripe in Jl. Fls. May. J
13 R. roBaefdIius L. Bridal Rose. Erect, branching, armed with nearly
straight prickles ; lvs. pinnately 3 to 7-foliate, lfts. ovate-lanceolate, subplicato,
doubly serrate, smooth beneath, velvety above ; stip. minute, subulate ; sep. spread'
Ordeu 47.— ROSACEiE.
341
I
ts.
p.
Iii-
|e;
liu
Id.
let
ke
Id-
int», long-ncuminato, shorter than the narrow-obovate, cmarjyinate petals ; sty. x • —
A delicate house plant, with snow white double tls. Nativo of Mauritius.
20. DALIBAR'DA, L. False Violet. (Xaniotl by LiniiiLus, in
honor of Dalibard, a French botanist.) Calyx inferior, deeply 5 to
6-|)artcMl, spreadinfj, 3 of the sei^nients larger ; petals 5 ; stamens
numerous ; styles 5 to 8, long, deciduous ; fruit achenia, dry or some-
what drupaceous. — li Low herbs. St. creeping. Lvs. uiulivide(l.
Scapes 1 to 2-Howered.
p. ripens L. Ditfu.se, pubescent, bearing creeping slioots; lv.s. simple, roinid-
ish-conlate, crenate ; stip. linear-setaceous ; cai. spreading in flower, erect in fruit. —
In low woods, Penn. to Can. Creeping stems 1 or 2 to 10 or 12' in length. Lvs.
1 to 2' diam., rounded at apex, cordate at base, villous-pubescent on pi'tiolfs 1,
2 or .3' long. Scapes 1-floweied, about as long as the petioles. I'etals wliite,
obovate, longer than the sepals. Jn.
21. WALDSTEPNIA, Willd. Pkv Strawherry. (In honor of
Franz dc Waldsteni, a German bt)tanist.) Calyx 5-cIeft, with 5 alter-
ate, sometimes min\ite and deciduous bractlets ; petals 5 or more, ses-
sile, deciiluous; stamens numerous, inserted into the calyx ; styles 2 to
6 ; achenia few, dry, on a dry receptacle. — U Acaulescent herl>s, with
lobed or divided radical lvs., and yellow Us.
1 W. fragarioides Traut. Lm. trifoliate; Ifts. broad-cuneiform, iucisely den-
tato-crenato, cilialc ; scapes bracteate, many-tiowered ; cal. tube obeonie. — A
handsome plant, in hilly woods, Can. to Ga., bearing some resemblance to tlio
strawberry. Rhizome thick, scaly, blackish. Petioles 3 to 6' long, slightly pu-
bescent. Lfis. 1 to 2' diam., nearly sessile, dark, shining greyn above, apex
rounded and cut into lobes and teeth. Scape about as high as the lvs., divided
at top, bearing 2 to G flowers J' diam. Petals varying from 5 to 10. Jn.
2 W. lobata Torr. & Gr. Lvs. simple, roundish, cordate, 3 to 5-lobed. intLsoly
crenate; scapes filiform, bracted, 3 to 7-fiowered; cal. tube narrow. — Hills, tla.
(liainbridge, Columbus). Plant hairy, about 6' high, from a slender rliizomc.
Achenia about 2. Petals scarcely as long as the sepals. Apr. — Jn. (Dalibarda
lobata Baldw.)
22. FRAGA^RIA, L. Strawberry. (Lat. fragrans, fragrant.)
Calyx concave, deeply 5-cleft, with an equal number of alternate, ex-
terior segments or bractlets ; petals 5, obcordate, stamens cc ; styles
00 ; lateral, achenia smooth, affixed to a large, pulpy, deciduous recep-
tacle. — 'H- Sts. stoloniferous. Lvs. trifoliate. Fr. red.
§ Rractli'ts entire ; petnls white. Stoinlo.ss, .xtDJoniferons Nos. 1, 2
§ l)uniKSNi.\. Bi'acUets 8-lol»eil ; petals yellow. Stoiiis trailing No. S
1 F. Virginiana Elirh. Pubescent; cal. of the fr. erect, spreading; wh. im-
bedded in pits in the glohous receptacle; ped. commonly shorter than the lvs. —
Fields and woods, U. S. and Brit. Am. Stolons slender, terete, reddish, often If
or more long, rooting at the ends. Petioles radical, 2 to 6' long, with spreading
hairs. Lfls. 3, oval, obtuse, coarsely dentate, subsessile, lateral ones oblique.
Scape less hairy than tiie petioles, cymous at top. Flowers Mar. — May. Fr.
May — Jl., highly fragrant and delicious when ripened in the sun.
2 F. v6sca Linn. Alpine, Wood, or English Strawberry. Pubescent;
cal. of th^ fr. much spreading or refiexed; ach. superficial on the coniral or hemi-
spherical receptacle which is without pits, ped. usually longer than the leaves. — Fields
and woods, N. States, etc. Stolons often creeping several feet. Lvs. pubescent, and
fls. as in F. Virginiana. — Numerous varieties are cultivated in gardens, where the
fruit is sometimes an ounce or more in weight. — Fl. Apr., May. Fr. Jn., Jl.
3 F. Indica Ait. Pubescent, trailing, rooting at the joints ; Ifts. ovate ; obtuse,
incisely crenate-serrate ; stipules lanceolate, free ; pedicels axillary, solitarj-
1-flowered ; bractlets aix)ut equaling the petals, enlarging and leafy in fruit.—
4
rr:
/ ' 'i ■*':
>v,*i
I
342
Obdbb 47.— ROSACEiE.
h
'ij
Jlscaped from cultivation, now common everywhere from Charleston. S. C. to
Tallahassee, etc. The large crimson, oval fruit is quite ornamental but insipid.
Kipc in May and Jo. § ludia. (Duchesnia Indica Smith. Potentilla Durandii
T. & G.)
23. CO'MARUM, L. (Gr. KoiiaQog, tlie strawberry tree, which tliis
plant resembles.) Calyx flat, deeply 5-cleft, with bractlets alternating
with the segments ; petals 5, miieh smaller than the sepals ; stamens
numerous, inserted into the disk ; achenia smooth, crowded upon the
enlarged, ovate, spongy, persistent receptacle. — U Lvs. pinnate. Fls.
purple.
C. palustre L. In aphagnous swamps, N. States, Wise, to the Arc. Circ. Sts.
creepint^ at base, 1 to '2f high, nearly smooth, branching. Lfts. 3, 5 and 7,
crowded, U to 2^' long, ^ as wide, oblong-lanceolate, iioary beneath, obtuse,
sharply serrate, subsessile ; petiole longer than the scarious, woolly, adnate sti-
pules at base. Fls. large. Cal. segm. several times larger ilian the petals. Pet-
nls about 3" long, ovate- lanceolate, and, with the stamens, styles, and upper sur-
face of the sepals, dark purple. I r. permanent. Jn.
24. POTENTIL'LA, L. Cinquefoil. (Lat. potentia, power ; in allu-
sion to its supposed potency in medicine.) Calyx concave, deeply 4 to
6-cleft ; with an equal number of alternate, exterior segments or bract-
lets ; petals 4 to 5, roundish ; stamens oo ; filaments slender ; ovaries
collected into a head on a small, dry receptacle ; styles terminal and
lateral, deciduous; achenia oo. — Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. pin-
n.itely or palmat<;>Iy compound. Fls. solitary or c}mous, mostly yellow.
•^ Leaves palinatc'ly 8-foliate Nos. 1—3
* Leavos iialmately 5-t'oliatc Nos. 4 — 6
♦ Leaves pinnate.— Shrubs witli axillary iie<iicyls No. 7
— Herbs witli axilliiry pedicels Nos. 8, 9
— Herbs witii teriiiliml cymes Nos. I(t, 11
1 P. Norv^gica L. Hirsute ; st. erect, dichotomous above ; lfts. 3, elliptical of
obovate, dentate-serrate, petiolulato ; cymes leafy; cal. exceeding the emarginatt
pettiis. — Old fields and thickets, Arc. Am. to Car. Sts. 1 to 4f high, covered with
silky hairs, terete, at length forked near tiio top. Cauline petioles shorter than
the lvs.. Ills. .] to IJ' by 4 to ^' (lower and radical ones very small), often incised.
Slip, large, ovate, subentiro. fls. many, crowded, with pale yellow petals, shorter
than the lanceolate, acute hairy aopals. Jl. — Sept.
^. HIRSUTA T. & G. Hairs loose, silky; st. slender, erect, subsimple, lower
and middle lvs. equal, long-petiolate, It'ts. roundish-olwvate, sessile, inciaely
dentate ; fls. few ; petals rather conspicuous, nearly as long as the calyx. —
Dry fields. (P. hirsuta Mx.)
2 P. tridentata Ait. Smooth; st. ascending, woody and creeping at base;
l/Ls. 3, obovate-cuneate, evergreen, entire, with 3 large teeth at tfie apex ; oymes
nearly naked; petals white, obovate?. — On the White Mts. and other Alpine sum-
mits in the N. States. Flowering sts. G to 12' high, round, often with minute,
appressed hairs. Petioles mostly lou^rer tlian the loaves. Lfts. sessile, 9 to 18 '
by 4 to G", coriaceous, smooth. Petals twice longer tlian the cal. Carp, and
aeh. with scattered hairs. Jn., .11.
3 P. minima Ilaller. St. 2mhesctmt, ascending, mostly 1 -flowered; lvs. trifoli-
ate, lfts. obovate, obtuse, incisely serrate, with f) to 9 teeth above ; petals yellow,
longer than tlio sop. — Alpine regions of the White Mts. Sts. numerous and
leafy, 1 to 3' high. Lfts. witli the margins and veins beneath hairy. Fls. small.
Petals olxMirilate. Braetlets oval-ol)tuse, narrow at the base. Jn. — Jl.
4 P. Canadensis L. "Villous-pubescent ; st. sarmentous, procumbent and as-
cending; lfts. 5, obovate, silky beneath, cut-dentate towards the apex, entire
and attenuate below ; stip. hairy, oflen cleft ; ped. axillary, solitary ; bractlets
longer than the sepals, and nearly as long as the petals. — Common in fields and
tliiokets, U. S. luid Can. Sts. more or It sa procumbent at base, from a few inclies
ym\
Order 47.— ROSACE^E.
343
to a foot or more in length. Fid. yellow, ou long pedicels. Cal. scgm. lanceolate
or lineur. Apr. — Aug.
3. PUMILA T. & G. Very small and delicate, flowering in Apr. and May,
everywhere ; sts. a few inches long. (P. pumila Ph.)
} siMPLE.x: T. & G. Plant less hirsute ; st. simple, erect or ascending at base ;
Ifts. oval-cuneiform. P'lowering Jn. to Aug. in richer soils. Sts. 8 to l-l
high. Llts. about 1 ' long, § as wide. (P. simplex Mx.)
5 P. argentea L. St. ascending, tomentous, branclied above ; IfU. ohlong-mnei-
foriii, witli a tew, large, incised teeth, smootii abov", silvery canescunt beneaUi.,
sessile ; jh. in a ryniovs rorymb ; petals longer than the obtusisii sep. — A pretty
plant, on dry or rocky hills, Can. and N. States, remarkable for the silvery white-
ness of tlie lower surface of the Ivs. Sts. 6 to 19 , long, at lengtli with slender
branches. Lfts. 5 to 9 ' by 1 to 2", with 2 or 3 slender, spreadii\g teeth each
side; upper ones linear, entire. Fls. small; cal. canescent; petals" yellow. Jn.
Sept.
6 P. recta Willd. Erect, simple, pubescent ; Ills. 5 to 7, oblong or oblanceolato,
coarsely serrate, with large, cleft stipules; fls. in a terminal, expanding cyme;
petals obcordate, longer than the ovate, acute sep. — Cultivated and sparingly
naturalized, N. Eng. to Ohio. St. 1 to 2f high. Fls. light yellow.
V r. fruticdaa I^ St. fruticous, very branching, hirsute, erect; lfts. 5 to 7, lin-
ear-ublong, all sessile, margin entire and revolute ; petals largo, much longer than
the cidyx. — A low, bushy shrub, N. States (Niagara Falls, Willoughby Lake, Vt.
etc.) and Brit. Am. Sts. 1 to 2f high, with a reddish bark. Petioles shorter than
the leaves. Leaf about 1' by 2', acute, crowded, pubescent, Stip. nearly as
long as the petiole.^. Fls. 1' diam., yellow, in terminal clusters. Jn., Aug. (P.
iloribunda, Pli.)
8 P. anserina L. Silver "Weed. Goose Grass. St, slender, creeping, pros-
trate, rooting ; Ivs. initrruptedly pinnate, lfts. many pairs, oblong, deeply serrate,
canescent beneath; ped. solitary, 1-tloweri'd, very long. — A lino speeie.s, on wet
shores and meadows, N. Kng. to Arc. Am. Sts. subterraneous, sending out
reddish stolons 1 to 2f long. Petioles mostly radical, 6 to 10' long. Lfts. 1 to
1^' by 3 to 6", sessile, with several minute pairs interposed. Ped. as long as the
Ivs. Fls. yellow, 1' diam. Jn. — Sept.
9 P. paradoza Nutt. Decumbent at base, jjui'icsren/ ; Ivs. pinnate, lfts. 7 to 9,
obovatc-oblong, incised, tlie upper ones confluent; stip. ovate; ped. solitar}-, ro-
curvod in fruit; petals obovate, about equaling the s p. ; ach. 2-lobed, the lower
portion a thick, starchy appendage. — River banks, Oiiio to Greg., Isl. opposite St.
Louis. St. 8 to 12' long. Lfts. G' long, scarcely larger than the entire stipules.
Jn., Jl. (P. supina Mx.)
10 P. Pennsylvdnica L. Erect, canesciently tomentous or soft-villous ; lfts. 5
to 9, oblong, obtuse, pinnatilid or pectini.te, upper ones crowded or confluent,
larger ; cyme fastiijiate, at Itnglh e.f])andinj ; netals tmarginate, scarcely longer
tlian the acute sepals. — N. Eng. (Pursli.), Can. N. \V. to Siberia. (P. pectinata
Fisch.)
11 P. argdta Ph. Erect, g^mj/w/;, pubescent and villous; radical Iv.s. on lontr
petioles, 7 to 9-foliate, cauline few, 3 to 7-foliate, lfts. broadly ovate, cut-.serrate,
crowded ; jls. in dense terminal cymes. — Along streiims, etc.. Can. and N. States,
W. to tho Rocky Mts. St. 2 to 3f high, stout, terete, striate, and with nearly
the whole plant veiy hairy. Radical ivs. one foot or more long • lfts. 1 to 2' by
8 to 16'', sessile, odd one petiolulato. Fls. about 8'' diam. ; pet. roundish, yel-
lowi?!h white, longer than tho sepals; disk glandular, 5-lobcd ; nntii. blackish,
with a white border. May, Jn. (P. confeitiflora Hitchcock. Booltia sylves-
trisBw.)
25. SIBBAL'DIA procumbens, L. " Mountains of Can. and Vt."
(Pursh) ; but not since found within our limits.
26. SPIR^E^A, L. (Or. arrRipn, a cord or wroatli ; tho flovcrg are
or Jiiay bo used in garlands.) C'alyx 5-oleit, persistent ; ])etals 5, round-
ish ; stamens 10 to 50, cxserted ; carpi's distinct, 3 to 12, follicular,
-If'
344
Order 47.— ROSACEA.
til
i ,'
V t
1-cellcd, 1 to 2-valved, 1 to lO-sceded; styles terminal. — U Unarmed
shrubs or herbs. liranches and Ivs. alternate. Fls. white or rose-
color, never yellow. *
i Shrubs witli lobed or pinniito, Rtipulnte leaves Nos. 1, 2
SliruljS with simple leavt-s :inil im stipules Nns. 3 — 6
Herbs perennial, with interruptedly |)iiinate leaves and perfect fls Nos. T— 9
Herbs perennial, with twice and thrice pinnate-leaves and diiecious Hs No. 10
1 S. opulifdlia L. Ninehark. Nearly glabrous; Ivs. roundish, 3-lobe'l, petio-
lata, doubly serrato ; corymbs pedunculate ; carp. 3 to 5, inflated, and exceeding
the cal. in fruit. — A beautiful shrub, 3 to 5f high, on the banks of streams, dm.,
Ind., Mo., S. to Ga., rare. Bark loose, outer layers deciduous. Lvs. 1 to 2 J'
long, nearly as wide, sometimes cordate at base, with 3 obtuse lolies above;
petioles 6 to 9'' long. Corymbs resembling simple umbels, hemispherical, 2i'
diara. Fls. white, often tinged with purple. Follicles diverging, smooth, shining,
purple, 2-seeded. Jn. f
1^. FERRUGINEA Nutt. Lvs. and branches brownish tomentous. — Ga., Fla.
2 S. Borbifdiia L. Shrub stout, with straggling branches and rough bnrk;
lvs. uneqvxiUy pinnate, Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, the terminal often larger, irregularly
lobed, all acuminate, sessile and doubly serrato ; lis. in thjTsoid panicles, large,
numerous, wiiite. — In shrubberies. Height 4 to 6f. May. \ Siberia.
3 S. tomentosa L. Hardhack. Ferruginous tomentous ; lvs. simple, ovate-
lanceolate, snioothish above, unequally serrate ; rac. short, dense, aggregated in
a dense, slender, terminal panide ; carp. 5. — A stnall slirub, common in pastures
and low grounds, Can. and U. S., particularly eastward. St. very hard, brittle,
consequently troublesome to the scythe of the haymaker. Lvs. dark green
above, rusty-white, with a dense tomcntum beneath, crowded, and on short peti-
■ oles. Fls. small, very numerous, with conspicuous stamens, light purple, Ibrming
a slender, pyramidal cluster of some beauty. The persistent fruit in winter fur-
nishes food for the snow-bird. Jl. Aug.
4 S. salicifolia L. Nearly glabrous ; lvs. oblong, obovate or lanceolate, sharply
serrato; rac. forming a more or less demise, terminal panicle ; carp. 5. — A small
shrub, in meadows, thickets, U. S. and Brit. Am. St. 3 to 4f high, slender, pur-
plisii, brittle. Lvs. smooth, li^ to .3' long, ^ to ^ as wide, acute at each end, petio-
late, often with smaK leaves in the axils. Fls. white, often tinged with red,
small, numerous, with conspicuous stamens, in a more or less spreading panicle.
Jl. Aug. f (S. alba Bw.)
5 S. cor>'m]bdsa Raf. Lvs. ovate or oblong- oval, incisely and unequally serrate
near the apex, whitish, with minute tomentum beneath ; corymbs lanje, terminal,
pedunculate, fastigiate, compound, dense, often leafy; sty. and carp. 3 to 5. — Moim-
tains, Peim., Fauquier Co., Va. (Bobbins), to Ky., S. to Fla. St. slightly pubes-
cent, reddisii, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. nearly smooth above, entire towards the base,
2 to 3' by I to If. Fls. innumerable, white or rose-colored, in a corymb 4 to 6'
broad. May, Jn. f (S. Chama;drifolia Ph.)
6 S. hypericifolia L. Italian May. St. Petkr's Wreath. Lvs. oi'o-
vate-oblang, obtuse, tapering at base to a petiole, entire or slightly dentate, nearly
smooth ; Jh. in lateral, pedunculate corynibs, or sessile umbels ; pedicels smooth or
pubescent; sogni. of the cal. ascending. — Cultivated in gardens and shrubberies.
Shrub 3 to Hf high, nearly smooth in all its parts. Fls. white, in numerous um-
bels, terminating the short, lateral branches. Pedicels as long as the lvs.
May. t
7 S. ulm^rla L. Double Meadow Sweet. Lvs. 3 to T-foliate, with minute
Ifts. interposed, lateral Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, terminal one much larger, palmafely 5
to l-lobed, all doubly tjerrate, and whitish tomentous beneath ; stip. renilbnn, ser-
rate; pan. corymbuo.s, long-pedunculate. — In gardens, where the numerous white
lis are mostly double. Jl. f
8 S. lobdta L. QiiEKN op the Prairie. Lvs. pinnately 3 to 7-foliate, often
with smalkT Ifts. interposed, lateral Ifts. of 3 lanceolate lubes, cuneate at base, ter-
minal one large, pedately 7 to 9-parted, lobes nil doubly serrate; stip. renitiirm;
pan. large, cymously branched; /is. deep rose-color; carp. 6 to 8. — An herb of
Order 48.— CALYCANTHACE^.
845
exquisite beauty in meadows and prairies, Mich., Iowa, to Car. St. 4 to 8f high.
Fls. numerous, and exceedingly delicate. Jn., Jl. f
9 L. filipendula L. Pride of the Meadow. Herbaceous, smooth, Ifls.
pinnatindly serrate, 9 to 21, with many minute ones interposed; ?tip. large, semi-
cordate, serrate ; corymb on a long, terminal peduncle. — A very delicate herb,
often cultivated. Sts. 1 to 31" high. Lvs. 3 to G long; Ifts. 1 or 2' long, linear,
tlie serratures tipped with short bristles. Fls. white, 4 or 5 ' diam., petals oblong-
obovate. Jn.
Other species of tiiis beautifid genus are sometimes cultivated.
10 S. Aruncus L. Go.\t's-beaiuj. Lvs. membranous, tripinnate, Ifts. oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, straiglit-veined, doubly serrate, suboordate, the odd ones
ovate-lanceolate: lis. very numerous, small, whitish, in munenms slender racemes,
forming a hirgo compound paniclo ; carp, disthict, glabrous, 3 to 5. — ChieHy along
the mountains, Catskiil, N. Y. to Ky. aiidOa. Sts. slender, 3 to fif high. Carp.
1" long. Jn., Jl. f Plant more delicate than Astilbe, which see, page 371.
27. GILLE'NIA, MaMich. Indian Physic. {(i\\ y^ldo), to huiirli ;
on aocount of its exhilarnting qualities.) Calyx tubular-cainpamilate,
contracted at the orifice, 5-cleft ; petals 5, linear-lanceolate, very lonu;,
unequal; stamens 10 to 15, very short; carpels 5, connate at base ;
styles terminal; follicles 2-valved, 2 to 4-seei.leJ. — 4 llcrhs with tri-
foliate, (luiibly serrate lvs.
1 G. trifoliata Moench. Lfts. ovate-oblong, acuminate ; stip. linear -setaceous,
entire; tls. on long pedicels, in pedunculate, corymbous panicles. — In wocjds, W.
N. York to Ga. A handsome herb 2 to 3f higii, slender and nearly smooth.
Lower lvs. petiolate ; Ifts. 2 to 4' long, i^ as wide, pubescent beneath, subsessile.
Fls. axillary and terminal. Petals rose color or nearly white. 8 ' by 2". Sds.
brown, bitter. Jn., Jl. Roots said to be emetic, cathartic, or tonic, according to
the (lose.
2 G. Btipul^cea Nutt. Bowman's Root. Lfts. lanceolate, deeply incised ;
radical Iv.s. pinnatitid ; stip. leafy, ovate, doubly incised, claspimj; fls. large, in loose
panicles. — Western N. Y. to Ala. Readily distinguished from tlie former by the
large clasping stipules. Fls. fewer, rose colored. Jn. Properties of the root
like the former.
28. KER'RIA, DC. (In lionor of W)ti. Kerr., a botanical collector,
•who sent plants from China.) Calyx of 5, acuminate, nearly distinct
sepals ; corolla of 5 orbicular petals ; ovaries 5 to 8, smooth, globous,
ovules solitary; styles filiform; achenia globous. — A slender shrub,
native of Japan. Lvs. simple, ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate with
stij>ulcs. Fls. terminal on the branches, solitary or few togethei', orange
vellow.
K. Jap6nica DC. Japan Globe Flower. Common in gardens, etc. Sta.
numerous. 5 to 8f high, with a smooth bark. Iivs. minutely pubescent, 2 to 3'
by 1 to U', with a very sharp, slender point ; petioles 3 to 5" long. Fls. double
in cultivation, abortive, glooous, near 1 diam. f
1-
'I '-.
A:
Order XLVIII. CALYCANTIIACE.E. Calycantiis.
Shrubs with opposite, simple, entire, exstipulate leaves. Flowers solitary, axil-
lary, with the numerous sepals and petals confounded, in several rows, all united
below into a llesliy tube or cup. Stamens indefinite, perigynous, with adnate, ex-
trorse anthers. Seeds with convolute cotyledons, otherwise as in the tribe Rosidae
The order consists of but 2 gcvfrii, Cnlycunthiis, Amorican, and Cliiinonnntlms of .Inpftn.
The spfi'ies iiri' prolmbly but 3. Tliu flowers aro hifilily uroiiintic, f\iul tlio siimc <iiittlity rosidifi
In tlie biirk.
CALYCANTHUS, L. Sweet-scented Shrub. (Gr. kuXv^, calyx,
dvOo^^ n flower; from the character.^ Lobes of the calyx imbricated
i^itaaiWimit^^
346
Order 49.— MYUi'ACKJi.
in many rows, lanceolate, somewhat coriaceous and fleshy, colored ;
stamens unequal, about 12, outer ones fertile; anthers extrorst* ; |>i!»tils
few or many, inclosed in the calyx tube, fruit many times lar^^er than
that of the rose, loosely enclosing the large achenia. — The bark and
Ivs. exhale the odor of camphor. Fls, of a lurid purple.
C. floridus L. L\h. oval, mostly acute or acuininate, tomenlous benratii ;
braaclias spreadiiij,' ; flu. nearly sessile. — Fertile soils, along streams, Va. and all
the S. States. Not uncommon in g.irdens farther north, and valued lor its ex-
quisite, strawberry-like fragrance. Shrub 3 to 7f high. Lvs. 3 to 5 to 7' long.
Fls. on short branches. Fr. rare, of the size and form of a fig, acute at base,
truncate and involute at top, longitudinally veined. (Sent by Prof Pond. )
li. l^evigXtus T. & G. Lvs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or gradually
acute, glabrous or somewhat scabrous above ; branches erect, f (C. laeviga-
tus Willd.)
■y. GLAUCUS T. & Gr. Lvs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, much acuminate, large,
glaucous and glabrous or minutely downy beneath ; branches spreading, f
(C. glaucus WiUd.)
(5. INODORUS T. & Gr. Lvs. lanceolate, scabrous and shining above, smooth be-
low ; branches spreading ; lis. inodorous. (C. iuodorus Ell.)
Order XLIX. MYKTACE.E. MvRTLEnLooMS.
Trees and shrubs, without stipules. Lvs. opposite, entire, punctate, usually with a
vein running close to the margin. Cal. adherent below to the compound ovary,
the limb 4 or 5-cleft, valvate. Petals as many as the segments of the calyx.
Stamens indefinite. Anthers introrse. Style and stigma simple. Fruit with many
seeds. Albumen none.
A fine order of 45 genera and 1300 species, native of warm and torrid countries, especially of
R. America, and the E. Indies.
Properties. — A frajiranl or itiiniErent volatile oil, residinp chiefly in the pellucid dotting of the
leaves, perva<les the odor. The Caryophyllus nrdiiiatieiis, native of Aruliiii, a tree ahoiit liOf in
hei^iit, yields the clove (<7o«, Fr. a " -''\ which i.s the dried flower. C'ajeput oil i.s distilled tVoni
the leaves of the Melaleuca Ciijepiiti ve of the E. Indies. A kind Of gum kino is olitiiincd
from Eucalyptus rcsinifera, also a na. „ if India. The root of tiie I'omegninate yields an e.v-
tract which is an excellent vermifuge. All the genera are exotic with us. Many of them are
highly ornamental in culture.
1. MYR'TUS, Tourn. Mvrtle. (Gr. fivpov, perfume.) Calyx 5-
cleft ; petals 5; berry 2 or 3-celled ; radicle and cotyledons distinct. —
Shrubs with evergreen lvs. marked by a marginal vein.
M. commiiniB L. Lvs. oblong-ovate; fls. solitary; involucre 2-h'aved. —
This popular shrub is a native of S. Europe. In this country it is reared only in
houses and conservatories. Leaves about 1 by 6'. Flowers white. Among the
ancients it was a great favorite for its elegance of form, and its fragrant, ever-
green leaves. It was sacred to Venus. The brows of bloodless victors were
adorned with myrtle wreaths, and at Athens it was an t-inblem of civic au-
thority.
2. PU^NICA, L. Pomegranate. (Lat. pun'ica ; Carthaginian or
of Carthage, where it first grew.) Calyx 5-clcft ; petals 5 ; berry
many-celled, many-seeded, seeds baccate ; placenta parietal. — Deci-
duous trees and siirubs.
1 P. Oran^tum L. Arborescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, vi'ith no marginal vein.
— A tl'.orny bush when wild, from S. Europe, where it is sometimes used fur
hedges like the hawthorn. In i-';a.; iV'' it is a tree 16 to 20f high. Lvs. entire,
smooth, 2 to 3' by 1 to V^ ' m' tugo The . are scarlet, large, and make a fine
appearance. The fr. is large, iiii^nly oniame/ital, and of a fine flavor. Much
care is requisite for "ts culti\''iti.>ii. It r*nii"^s a rich loan), a simiiy situu-
Obdeb 50.— MELASTOMACE.E.
347
tion, protected norlliward by glass. In thia way double flowers of great beauty
muy bo nvodUDid. f
I p. ndna L. Shrubby; Ivs linear-lanceolate, acute. — Native of the "W.
Indies, where it is used aa a hedge plant. Shrub 4 to 6f high, witli araaller
purple ris., often double, f
Order L. MELASTOMAOE^. Melastomes.
Trees, shrubs ob herbs with square branches, and usually exatipulate. Lvs. op-
posite, entire and undivided, witiiout dots and witli several veins. Cal. persistent,
the tube urceolate, cohering witli only the angles of the ovary. Petals as many aa
the f-egments of the calyx (4 to G), twisted iji aestivation. Stamens twice as many
as petals, sometimes the same number, inflexed in aestivation. Anthers before
flowering contained in the cavity between the calyx and the sides of ovary. Fruit
capsular or baccate.
Gentra 118. «/)«•««.>( 1200. Tlie order is representor in tlie U. S. by ft siimlc penu.s, tlio r*-
mnlniier beinij natives cliiefly of India and tropieal America. No plant of tliis order is poisonous.
All are slightly astringent.
RHEX'IA, L. Deer-grass. (Gr. pe^^f, a rupture ; some of the
species are good vulnerarics.) Calyx 4-cleft, swellinjr at the base ;
petals 4 ; stamens 8, 1-celled; style declined; capsule 4-celled, nearly
free from tlie investing calyx tube; placentaj prominent; seeds nu-
merous. — y Lvs. opposite, exstipulate, 3-veined.
S Antliers curved, saccate at ba.se, witli a bristly appendage at the insertion
of the filament. — Stem scjuaro, wiugeil Nos. 1, 2
— r'tem terete or teretish Nos. •'!— 5
§ Anthers straight, torniinal. — Stems simi)le, with purple flowers Nos. »), 7
— Stems brachiate, witli yellow flowers No. 8
1 R. Virginlca L. Meadow Beautt. St. square, the angles narrowly winged ;
lvs. sessile, oval-lanceolate, ciliato-serrulate, and witli the stem clothed with scattered
hairs; cal. hispid. — Grows in wet grounds, Mass. to 111. and La. St. If or more
high, often .3-forked above. Lvs. with 3 (rarely 5 or 7) prominent veins, 1 to 3'
long, about \ aa wide, acute, Fls. large, in corymbous cymes. Petals bright
purple, obovate, hispid beneath, caducous. Anth. long and i)rominent, crooked,
golden yellow above, with a purple line beneath. Sty. somewhat Icnger than the
stamens, a little declined, Jl., Aug,
2 R. Btricta Ph. St. tall, with 4 stron^'ly winged angles, glabrous : lvs. ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, setaceously serrate, glabrous, or slightly hispid above;
cal. glabrutis, the tube very short. — liogs around pine barrens, S. Car. to Ala. and
I''la. St. 3 to 4f high, slightly bearded at the joints. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Fls.
purple, large and fine. Jn., Jl.
3 R. Mariana L. St. nearly terete, covered with bristly hairs ; ivs. lanctolate.
acute, attenuate at base into a very siiort petiole, and, with the calyx clothed with
scattered hairs. — In sandy bogs, N. J, to Flor. The whole plant is hispid, even
tiie petals externally. St. 1 to 2f high, slender, and generally with few branches.
Lvs. olten narrowly oblong, 4 to 6 times longer than wide, serrate-ciliato. I'etuls
large, obovate, purple. Jn. — Scut,
4 R. lanceoldta "Walt. St. much h-anched, hirsute, teretish ; Ics. livear and
lance-linear, attenuate to u short petiole, slightly hispid and ciliute ; fls. veiy pule,
in fastigiato c\mes; cal. glabrous. — Damp soils, N. Car. to J'la. iiiid La. Sts. 1
to 2f higii, ve'y leaiy, growing in dense patches, with numerous white or pala
purpl'i fls, Lvs. 7 or 8 times longer than wide, Jii. — Aug.
5 R. glabella Ph, Glabrous and somewhat glauco'..-); st. simple, teretish; lvs.
lanoeolat(> ; calyx glandular-hispid. — Damp woods, N. Car. to Fla. and La. Si,
, -0 3f high, dividing at top into a few peduncles, Lva, mostly longer tlian the
internodes (I to 2), obscurely serrulat*^, acute, spssilo. Cal, rather funnel foin»
abovi. the ovary. Petals pale purple, large, expanding near 2'. Jn, — Aug.
r\
m
.,.f-' ,'•11
1 1 .
Si"
■ r .lii
Mi
i'^
J3
348
OUUER 51.— LYTUUACE^.
S M
6 R. ciliosa Mx. St, tall (1 to 2f liigli), sqiiarisli, jrlabrous ; Ivs. broad-ovate,
glalirous bonuath, sparsely hispid above, the inar^jiii sorrute-ciliate, with long,
spreading bristles; Ha. ni' y sessile between the upper pair of lv3 ; cal. glabrous,
the lobes acute. — Danip pin woods, N. Car. to Fla. Lvs. nearly 1' long, ij as wide,
acute, on sliort pjtioies (s( .^ ily 1"). Fls. terminal, 1 to 3 together, large, the
pftai.s rouiidisli, 9 ' long, purpie. Jn. — Aug.
7 R. serrulata Nutt. St. low (6 to 8') square, glabrous; lvs. small, roundish-
oval, ^/«^?'«iwf /^c^/t .v/(^;.s, the margui serrulate, ciliate; fls. subsessile, 1 to 3 be-
tween the upper pair of lvs. ; cal. ijlanduUir-hispid, the lobes short, obtme. — Open
swamps, ria., Fla. Mueii like the last, but smaller in all its parts. Lvs. 3 to 6 '
loDg. Fls. large, purple. Jn , Jl.
8 R. Idtea Walt. Sparsely hispid; st. square, brach lately branched; lvs. lance-
liiiear and oblong-linear; cal. much constricted above the ovary, the upper por-
tion campanulale, with cuspidate teeth. — Damp pine woods, N. Car. to Fla. St.
about 18 high. The soft, scattered bristles on all its parts are quite characteristic,
us well us its showy, yellow, paniculate lis. Jn. — Aug.
Order LI. LYTIIKACE.E. Loosestrifes.
Ifirh', rarely shrubs, with mostly opposite, entire, cxstlpulate leaves. Calyx tubu-
lar, the limb 4 to 7-lobed, sometimes with as many iutermediitte teeth. Petals in-
serted Into the calyx between the lobes, very deciduous or 0. Stamens equal in
number to the petals, or 2 to 4 times as many, Inserted Into the calyx. Ovary free,
inclosed In the calyx tube, 2 to 4-celled. Styles united into one. Fruit, cap.sulo
membranous, enveloped In the calyx, usually by abortion 1-celled. Seeds small, CO,
attached to a central placenta. Albumen 0.
Geneiut .35, spev'en .300. Smne of tlio .spccio.s are fonml in tomporate rlitnos, but most of tliom
«re tn>i>\ciil. Lytlirmii snlicariii, imtivu of Kurojie, N. Holland, and U. S., is Ubud for tunniiij$
where it ubuuiid'^. All thu i>])ecie8 are ustriiigutit. •! -^ , . \ m,.
(JKNERA.
J'Piiruli.s witli nuinerou.s .stamens mid (da\ve<l i)etal.s Laijeksthikmia. 1
% lk'rl)s — I'ls. irrejrtilar. Calyx inflated, j:il)lious at ha.se Ctri'iiKA. 2
— I'l.'s. regular — Calyx oylindrlcal. striate, with T) minute liorn.s Lytiikum. 8
— Calyx cumpanulate, — 5 teeth with 5 lon<; horns. . .Nks.ka. 4
— 4 teeth with 4 .short horns. . Ammannia. S
— t teeth. Horns 0, petals O..IIvi>oiiui(;niA. 6
1. LAGERSTRd'MIA, L. Crape Myrtle. (In lienor of Magnus
Lof/erstrofm, a Swedish traveler.) Calyx broadly campanulate, 6-cleft,
with 2 bracts below; petals 6, on claws inserted into the calyx tube;
staineii.s (x ; capsule 3 to 6-cellod ; seeds many, winged. — East Indian
shrubs.
L. In'dica L. Petals crisped, on slender claws; lvs. alternate, roundish ovate,
coriaceous, subpetlolate, glabrous; branches winged ; fls. in terminal panicles. —
A common and beautiful exotic, with large, delicately crisped, bluish purple fls. §
2. CU'PHEA, Jacq. (Gr. KV(f)6g, curved or gibbous; in reference to
the cajtsule.) Calyx tubular, ventricous, with G erect teeth, and often
as )naiiy intermediate processes; [)eta!s 6 or 7, uneqiud ; stamens 11 to
14, rait'ly or 7, une(]ual ; style filiform; capsule menibranou.**, 1 to 2-
t'cllt'ij, i'ew-seeded. — Herbaceous or sutfruticous. Lvs. opposite, entile.
Fls. a.xillary and terminal. ' ''
C viscosissima .Iac(i. Herbaceous, viscid-pubescent ; Iv.s. ovate-lanceolate, |if-
iloliite. sciiliidus ; lis. on short |)edunclus ; cal. gibbous at base on tlie upper side,
rj-vcincd,()-t(Mitiicd,V('ry viscid. —(J) Wetgroiuids, I'ittsticld, Mass. (Hitchcock),
Camliridgc, X. Y. (Stcven.son) to (la. and Ark. St. !) to 18' iiigh, with altermite
braiii'lics. Lvs. .somuwhut repuutl, 1 to 2' long. Fls. solitary, one in each axil.
Order 51.— LYTIIRACE^.
349
C»!yx often purplisli. Petals violet, obovato ; stumeiis included. Capsulo burst-
ing lengthwise before the seeds are ripe. Aug. (Lythruni petiolatuiii L.)
3. LYTHRUM, L. Loosestrife. (Gr. Xv^^pov, Llack blood ; rofer-
riiij; to tlio ct»lor of tho flower) Calyx cylindrical, striate, limb 4 to G-
tootJKMl, with as many intermediate, niimite processes ; ])etals 4 to 6,
equal ; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted in tlio
calyx; style filiform ; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. — Mostly ^1 , with
entire Ivs.
S Stiiiiiens lis many as tho ficttils. Fls. axillary, solitary Nos. 1 — ,3
§ SiaiiU'US twice us muny iis the petals. Fls. spicate or raceriiu<l Ni>s. 4, 5
1 L. hyasopifdlia L. fiUASS-POLY. Glabrous, croct, bninchiiiff ; Iv.s. alteniatp
or opposite, linear or ohlomj-lanceolate, obtuse; fls. solitary, axillary, aubsessilo ;
pet. and stain. 5 or 6. — A slender, weed-like plant, found in low grounds, dry
beds of pond.s, &c., Mass. and N. Y., near tho coast, rare. Plant (> to 10' liigh,
with spreading, square branches. Lvs. s>'ssile, acute at base, pale green, each
with a single small flower, sessile in its axil. I'etals pale purple. Calyx ob-
scurely .striate, with short lobes. Jl.
2 L. alatum Ph. Glabrous, erect, branched ; st. winged below ; lvs. lance-ovate,
acute, sessile, broadest at base, alternate and opposite ; lis. axillary, solitary. —
Damp grounds 3. .and W. States, common. St. 1 to 2f iiigii, striate, tlie winga
narrow. Lv.s. I to 2' long, \ as wide. Calyx tube 1'2-striate, 12 toothed, alter-
nate teelh cornute. Corolla purple, wavy, ti-petaled. Stain. G, included. Jn., J I.
3 L. lineare L. St. sl-nder, somewhat i-angled, branched above; lvs. linear,
mostly opposite and o6<Mst:; fls. nearly .«essilo; petals and stamens tJ.- -Swamps
near the coast, N. J. to Fla. St. 2 to 4f high, the angles sometimes slightly
winged. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 2 to 4", rather Heshy. Fls. small, nearly white.
4 L. Salicaria L. More or less pubescent ; lvs. lanceolate, cordate at base ; fls.
nearly sessile, in a long, somewhat verticellate, interrupted spike ; petals G or 7 ;
stam. twi(!oas many as pet. — An ornamental plant, native in wet meadows. Can.
and X. Kng., rare. St. 2 to 5f high, branching. Lvs. .'5 to 6' long, \ as wide,
gra lually acuminate, entire, on a short petiok', op|)Osito or in vertici.'ls of ;^, upper
one- reduced to sessile bracts. Fls. large, numerous and showy; petals purple.
JL, Aug. t
5 L. virgatum L. St. erect, branched, virgato; lvs. lanceolate, wide each end,
floral ones small; fls. about 3 in each axil of the virgate raccnio; stam. 12. — .V
ttnc species for the garden, native of Austria. St. 3 to Jf high. Fls. purple.
Jn. — Sept. f
4. NES^'A, Juss. Calyx short, broadly campanulatc, with 5 erect
teeth, and 5 eloiiirated, spreading, hornlike processes ; stamens 10 iltcr-
tiate ones veryloiio-; style filiform; capsule globou.s, included, many-
seeded. — U Lvs. opposite or verticillate, entire. Fls. axillary, purple.
N. verticill^ta Kuntli. Swamps, throughout tho U. S. and Can. St. woody at
biisi', ofti'u pnwtrate, and rooting at the summit, 3 to 8f in length, or erect, and
'2 to 3f high, 4 to G-angled. Lvs. opposite, or in whorls of 3, lanceolate, on short
petioles, acute at base, 3 to 5' long, gradually acuminate and acute at apex. Fls.
in axillary, subscssile uml)els of^ 3 or more, aj)parently whorled, constituting a
long, leafy, terminal and showy panicle. Petals 5 or 6, large, and of a tine purple.
Jl., Aug. (l)ecodon vorticiUatuin Ell.)
«. I'UHESCEsa. St. and lvs. beneath pubescent. — R. Island (rare) to La.
^i. LJ^VKiATUM. Glabrous and bright gro««. — Mere common. N. Eng. to 111.
5. AiyiMAN'NIA, L. (To John Awman, of Silxu'ia, profes.sor of l)ot-
any at St. I'ctcrsliurg. ) Calyx caini)anulate, 4 to .^-toothed or lobod.
gencr.iily with as miiny horn-like processi^s, altcniiitin;!,' with tlic lobes ;
petals 4 or 5 j stamens as many, rarely twice as many as the calyx lobes •
; ill'
I. til
"!-
I
-Y-'^Tf"'" '• """
350
Ordeb 62.— U^'AGHACE^.
capsule globular, 2 to 4-celled, many-seeded. — CD In wet places. Sta.
square and Ivs. opposite, entire. Fls. axillary.
1 A. htimilis Mx. St. branched from the base, ascending ; Ivs. linear-obloiig, or
lanceolate, obtuse, tapering at base into a short petiole ; fis. solitary, closely sessile,
all tlie parts in 4s ; sty. verj- sliort. — An obscure and bumble plant in wet places,
Conn, to Ga., W. to Oreg. Sts. square, procumbent at base, 6 to 10' high. Fls.
minute, with 4 purplish, caducous petals. — A variety has the leaves somewhat
dilated iit base, approaching the next species. Aug., Sept. (Amraanniu ranio-
Bior L.)
2 A. latifolia L. (S^/. ere<?<, branching ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, dilated and au-
ricukited at the sessile base ; fls. crowded, and apparently verticillate, upper subsol-
itary and pedunculate ; cal. 4-angled, 4-horned ; Sep., pet., stam. and cells of ca|>
suio 4.— Wot prairies, W. States to La. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvg. 2 to 3' by 2 to 5".
Fla. purpb. Jl. — Sept. (A. ramosior L.)
6. HYPOBRICH'IA, Curtis. Calyx 4-lobed, without accessory teeth ;
petals 6 ; stamens 2 to 4 ; ovary 2-celled; stigma 2-lobed, subsessile;
caj)sule globous, bursting irregularly, many-seeded. — A submersed,
aquatic herb. Lvs. opposite, crowded, linear. Fls. axillary, sessile,
minute. (Didiplis Raf.)
H. ITuttdllii Curt. A little inhabitant of ponds and sluggish streams. 111. (Meid,
Buckley) to N. Car. and La. Its habit is similar to a CaUitriche. St. mostly sub-
mersed, 10 to 20' long. Lvs. 10 to 15" by 1 to 2", very numerous. Ju. — Aug.
(Pcplis diandra Nutt.)
II
Order LII. ONAGRACE^E. Onagbads.
Herbs rarely shrubs, with the flowers 4 (sometimes 2 or 3)-merous, with tlie calyx
tube adhering to the 2 to 4-celled ovary, and teeth valvate in the bud ; tlie petals
convolute in the bud, sometimes obsolete as well as the calyx teeth. Stamens as
many or twice as many as the petals or calyx teeth ; ovary 1 to 2 to 4-eelled, styles
united, and stigmas capitate or 4-lobed ; fruit capsular or baccate, 2 to 4-celled,
seeds with little or no albumen. Illust. in Figs. 116, 311, 403, il7.
Two Suborders nro conipreliondod iiiidiT this Order, viz : — the Onagracea" proper or E[)il()biefe,
and Maloraftea'. The latter are aquatic herbs of low grade, — reduced Epilobes, the flowers l)eing
imperfect or reduced to solitary organs. Both together contain 88 generaaiul 520 xpecien, par-
ticularly abundant thronghout Aineiicn, more rare in tlie Old World.
Tliey ])i)SRcss no reniarkablo propellles. Many of them are ornamental, as the genus Fuchsia,
CJiirkia, etc.
SUBORDERS AND GENERA.
I. EPILOBIE.E. Flowers perfect and complete (sometimes apetalous in Ludwigia) 2-i)arted
or 4-parted. Pollen connected by cobwebs. (♦)
II. IIALOIIAGE^. Flowers incomplete and often imperfect, small and greenish, 1, 3, and
4-parted. Plants aquatic, often submer.sed. (c)
• Stamens 8 (or twice as many as the petals), (a)
♦ Stamens 4 or 2, — as many as the petals or sepals, (b)
a Calyx tube not prolonged beyond the ovary. — Seeds comous. .Epilobiitm. 1
— Seeds glabrous. ..Iussi.ea. 2
a Calyx tube prolonged, the free sunmiit— slender. Seeds oo.. .(Enotiikka.. 3
— slender. Seeds 1 to 4.0aura. 4
—short. Petals clawed. Clarkia. S
— long and enlarged.. ..FuoiieiA.' 6
b Flowers 4-parte(l, perfect, sometimes apetalous. .Ludwigia. 7
b Flowers 2-purted, perfe> and complete Cikc.ea. 8
riowc>rs 3-parted, perfect, apetalous Pkosbrpinac a. 9
Flowers 4-parted, msnoeclous, petals 4 or 0. Submersed Mtriophyllum. 10
C Flowers 1-ported, perfect, apetalou; Hippurii. 11
1. EPILO'BIUM, L. Willow Herb. Rose Bay. ((ir. Itti, upon,
Xoiioc, a pod, lov, a violet; i. e., a violet growing upon a pod.) Calyx
H'S^'^ft^K^
' »«». JJ^ftfJ yfai-Y^^
ORDER o2.-ONAGRACB^.
tube not prolonged bevonr) fj ^^^
petals 4 ; stamens 8, a„Srs fi ^"^'^' ^^^ ^«^P^3' 4-eIeft d • ,
4 spreading Jobe, ? ^'^''''^ "^^r the middle • J ' ^^'''^"""s;
4-vaJved; sfejs <^ '/'^'^ ^"^ ^^^P^ule linear 4. ^'"^^^^«" ^^tJ
violet pu;pi:t.^;r"^"^'^^'^^ ^'"^^ of c^ :;ir;sj^^^^^
I Leaves alternate. Fis sl,„.r. «"S.— 4 ^.Jg^
-*• B. aneu«HrAi.-. -r '«^tasentiie No. 1
inerous and showy all Sn^' * ^' "'''«' a^'uminate vh-h . ^"'"".'^''ed above. ].vs
(^ tod' long) palig? JS,P;;f,;-^^^^^^ P'^*^' ^elpl ia^t'S.^ ^^^^'- ""■
^ B. :;"L^"?'vt "^^-^^ " ""■'■""'"'■ °™'- '"-^»-
C»I«. 2 or 3 io"'":' °;,";'" ? l-ow ...mute tltu "X""""""'- ' '"^""nft
entJy winged along the mid Lk .f' /" ^- ^"^ cin 'st 7 ^'0. f ^^P'^tiolate,
to 12- cin,n ' ; 1'*^^' Pe'-sistent; petals ff.«'^ ^^^'^nd the ovary
the ribs??;!/ "^ '-^^^'^^' <^omSy length' 'Pr^"'^' «t«"'^^"«^
' ''''^' '''y '^""^erot,.. Herbs wYth afc^'l 'P'"'"^' ^^^^-^^'"
^ alternate Ivs. and jellow flj;.
I '1'
4
M't 1
■1
m
n*^
" ' 1
HH^t.
7'J?
aBj
1
V
faftff-t
*#
ir
I'l
! i;
H
y
352
Ohder 52.— (JNAGUACr;^.
1 J. decurrens DC. Glabrous ; Jis. ^-merous ; sts. erect, with slender branches,
and winged by the decurreut Ivs. ; Ivs. lanceolate, sessile ; caps, clavato, 4-angled,
thrice longer than the pedicel, crowned witli the lauce-ovate, acuminate caly.v
lobes. — U In swamps, Va. to Fla. and La., common. Sts. G to 12 to 20' high.
Lvs. 2 to ;{ long. Fls. showy, expandin^r about 9 . Jl. — Sept.
2 J. grandifldra Mx. Iliraule ; Jis. b-merous; st. crcvping at base, erect; lvs.
elliiitical, the lower ppaiulate, acutish, short-potioled ; Jis. large; ova. sleudtr,
sliorter than tiio jicdicels ; sep. lanceolate, acute. — 11 Bogs and ditclu j. S. Car.
Ga. (Savannah, Feayaiid I'ond). Creeping stems several feet long, branches 1 to
2i' high. Ova. with 2 tubercles at base. Fla. expanding nearly 2 . May — Aug.
3 J. leptocarpa Xutt. Hirsute; Jis. mostly &-merous, small; st. ertct; lvs.
lanceolate, subscssile ; caps, linear, much longer than the pedictl, crowned with the
lanc.'Olate, acuminate scp. — T Fla. and La. to Mo. St. nearly simple, 1 to 2f
higli. Caps, nearly 2' long, terete, at length nearly smooth.
4 J. repeiis L. Nearly glabrous; Jis. b-merous, large; st. creeping, ascending:
lvs. lance-oval, mostly obtuse, tapering to a slender jyetiole; cai»s. cylindrical, much
shoru, than the long pedicel, with 2 bracteoles at l>ase. — 11 Ponds, La., Ark.
Sts. lung creeping and lioating. Petioles and j)edicel3 aljout 2 long. Ja. — Aug.
3. (ENOTHE'RA, L. Evening Primrose, (dr. otvor, Aviiic, 07/pao),
to hunt ; tlio root is said to cause a tliir-st for wiiie.) ( 'alyx tube pro-
longed beyond the ovary, deciduou.s, segments 4, retlexed ; petals 4,
equal, obcordate ov obovate, inserted into the top of the calyx tube ;
stamens 8; capsule 4-cellcd, 4-valved ; stigma 4-lobed ; seeds many,
without a coma. — Herbs with alternate lvs. Fls. yellow.
§ Fls. nocturnal (oi)on by night only). Ovary sessile, oblong Nos. " — 3
§ Fls. diurnal. — C.ily.^ tube not longer than the ovary Nos. i, 5
— Calyx tube about twice longer tlian the ovary Nos. (i — S
— Caly .\ tube 3 or 4 times longer than the ovary Nos. 9, ID
1 CE. biennis L. St. erect, hirsute ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, r^jiand-dentictitate ;
lis. sessile, in a terminal, leafy spike; cal. tul)e 2 to H times longer than theovarv;
stam. shorter tiian iXie obcordate or ohtnse petals; ca2)S. oblong, obtusely 4-angk' .. —
(r and ^2) Common in fields and waste places, U. S. and Brit. Am. St. mostly
simple. 2 to 5f higli. Lv.s. 3 to 6' long, roughly pubescent, .slightly toothed, ses-
sile on the stem, radical ones tapering into a petiole. Fls. numerous, largo, open-
ing by niglit and withering i lie next day. Jn. — Aug.
/i. MURK'A r.v, St. nmricata or strigosely hirsute, red ; petals scarcely longer
than the stamens. St. 1 t) 2f higii. ((E. muricata Pli.)
y. GRAKDiFiiOR.\. Petals much longer than the stam, rather decfjly obcordate.
St. branched, f ((E. grandillora Ait.)
c5, PAHViFLr>R.\.. Petals small, about as long as the stamens ; tube of the cal.
elongated. ((E, parviflora L.)
c. CUCCI.\TA. Petals linear-oblong, .shorter than the stamens. (CE. cruciat:i
Xutt,)
f CANKSCENS Torr. & Gr. Petals enlarged; whole plant canescently hairy. —
Iowa, etc.
2 dJ. rhombip6tala Nutt, Tall, erect ; lvs, lance-linear, sessile, acut?, rpread-
iag, lower ones petiolate, becoming somewhat pinnatilid; spike strict, Hs. largo,
longer than the lealy bracts ; cal. tube very slender, 3 or 4 times longer than the
sessile ovary ; petals rhoinbir-elliptical, acute or acuminate ; caps, small, — Wis,
(Dr. Parry) to Ark. (Prot! Robertson.) A lino species, with a profusion of straw-
yellow fis. Jn,
3 CE, ainuata L. St. pubescent, diffusely branched or subsiraple, decumbenJ
and assurgent ; lvs. pubescent, oblong-oval, sinuate-dental, or incised ; fls. axil-
lary, solitary, sessile ; cal. villous, the tube twice longer than the ovary ; caps,
prismatic, — <t) Fields, N, J. to Ga, and La. St. 3 to 8' long. Lvs. often pinnati-
lid, Fls, about 6'' diam., pale yellow, turning roseate in withering,
f-i. MINIMA Nutt. Low, simple, 1-fiowered; lvs. nearly entire. — Pine barrens,
N. J. to Ga. (CE. minima, Ph.)
"■""" ^-'.-U.VAGK.VtJi^
culate; rae h-yfv P^^'!''"'^'^^ <^ hirsute ■ Ivs „//.. ,
n pubescence, form in,!i;l 1 *^"^ ^"^^ slirul)bv) 1 t./'^f- i V ^"l""' ^- i'- to
fvv or juauv, I ' diZ f ' '" ' ^^ ^ ^^ «' , iis iJe ^ I'l^]'' -^vs- variable
C'al- tube longer .nan'tl.'o ov.;;. "•'r"!' '^'^^^^^^'^^^ZZT'''- ''^
'^- AMBiGL-A. Lvs nuMnl.r ' "^ ''^''^^ ^'''^a'l-obeordate v- II /"*" '■"^^''"*-'-
piJi-ploand polish..d- ,, '".'^^P^'a'Ji'ous; stem erect win ^i. ^ ,
denticulate, co Sus 'fll'T''-^'^"''^"^«^^. ^cutSfLt b tl e^t' ^''"^''^*^- ^-^"al'j
nearly twice longed ^^.^ ^'''•^'^'. ^««««J7 «oryml^^ed .tt '?;'"' P*^''"'"^^. ^-Paud-
tJ2J Alcng rivers, S j ?^ vf P^^J^^^Ued ovar/; S daS' '*^"''"^'' •• ^'-^l tube
^ as large as in xVo 6 " 1 handt"^ ^^'^ '^^- ' ^^ ^^n^^ tj^Tr!^ r"^'"^-
8 CB. linearis Mx f/ 'P'^'^'"'"- ^^^^Y' Jn ■^^'- ^ '« -^ Jong. i-is.
i^^s^^^tt^'S ----:"- "nr£F ?--- -
expanding 4 incl ef r.i ^ ^''^ 'nagnitudo of its fls ^7^^^ margins.-Drv
23 ^"''- Fls- Bunjeroua,
m
r
vt;-
I*''"
' ■->
' ':^
( 1
. S'
^i|i
M
^>
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
2.0
us
lit
IL25 mu 11.6
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WIST MAIN STRUT
wnSTH.N.Y. M5M
(ri6)t7a-4503
;V
?
n
854
Ordeb 52.— ONAGRACE^.
t\
J
j
T
J
*
sessile. CaL reddish ; cor. at first rose-color, changing to deep red stig. 4*lobed.
Fr. rarely maturing more than one seed. Aug.
2 G. fHipee Spach. Paniculate and naked above; Ivs. linear-oblong, repand-
deutiite, lo'ver ones almost piimatitid ; branches of the panicle very slender,
naked, with tufted Ivs. at their base ; col. segm. canescent, longer than the tube or
tfit petab) ; fr. obovate-riavate, on a JUiform pedicel — Dry ground, S. and W.
States. St rigid, 3 to 5f higii, leafy just below the panicle. Lva. 1 to 3' long,
2 to 6" wide, tapering at each end. Petals oblong-spatuiute, rose-color or white.
Jl, Aiig.
3 (1-. aiigustifdlia Mx. TTerbaceous, pubescent; Ivs. linear, repand-denticulate,
very acute ; cal. lobes much longer than the tube or the petals ; /;•. sessile, ovate,
with 4 sharp, almost winged angles, and rather obtuse at each end, 1 or 2-8eeded.
— S. Car., Ga. (Mettauer), Fla. (Chapman.) Plant strict and slender, few-
branched. Fls. small, white, in paniculate spikes. Jl., Aug.
5. CLAR'KIA, Pli. (In honor of Gen. Clark, the companion of
Lewis across the Rocky Mts.) Calyx tube slightly prolonged beyond
the ovary, limb 4-parted, deciduous ; petals 4, unguiculate, 3-lobed or
entire, claws wifh 2 minute teeth ; stamens 8 ; style 1, filiform ; stigma
4-lobod ; capsule largest at base, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. —
Qp Herbs (from Oreg. and Cal.) with showy, axillary fls.
1 C. pulch^Ua Ph. Lvs. linear-lanceolate ; petals large, broadly cuneiform,
tapering into a slender claw, with 2 refiexed teeth, limb with 3 spreading lobes ;
alternate stam. abortive ; caps, pedicellate. — Gardens. A handsome annual, with
lilac -purple or white fls., of easy culture, f
2 C. Slogans Lmdl. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, denticulate, on short petioles;
petals undivided, rhombic or triangular ovate, with a toothless claw ; stam. all
fertile, with a hairy scale at the base of each ; stig. hairy ; caps, subsessile, hairy.
— Gardens. Fls. smaller than in the last. Petals and stig. purple. Hairs at
base of stamens red. f
6. FUCH'SIA, L. Ladies' EARnROP. (To Leonard Fuchs ; an
early German botanist of the fifteenth century.) Calyx tubular-infundi-
buliform, colored, deciduous, limb 4-lobed ; petals 4, in the throat of
the calyx, alternate with its segments ; disk glandular, 8-furrowed ;
baccate capsule oblong, obtuse, 4-sided. — Mostly shrubby. South
American plants of great beauty.
1 F. coccinea Ait. Ladies' Earduop. Branches smooth; lvs. opposite,
and in verticils of 3s, ovale, acute, denticulate, on short petioles ; fls. axillary,
nodding; sep. oblong, acute ; petals convolute, half as long as calyx. — Native of
Chili. A very delicate and beautiful greenhouse shrub, 1 to 6t high. Fls. on
long, filiform pedicels. Cal. scarlet, much longer than tlio included, violet-purple
petals. Stam. crimson, much oxserted. Berry purple. There are many varie*
ties. (F. Magellan ica Lam.)
2 F. grdcilia Lindl. St suffruticous, often simple; lvs. opposite, ovnte,
potiolate, slightly acuminate, glandular-deiitato ; fls. oppcsito, solitary, pendulous,
lunger than the lvs., petals nearly as long as the sepals and much broader. —
Chili. A beautiful parlor plant, quite common. St. 2 to 3f high, thick. Fls.
larger, but less elegant than in the former, with a red calyx aad crimson corolla.
I Many varieties.
3 F. fdlgena DC. Lvs. opposite, potiolate, cordate-ovate, acute, denticulate;
pedicels axillary, shorter than the flowers, upper ones racemed ; cal. tube long,
truinpet-ahaped, lobes ovate-lauceolate, scarcely exoeeding tliu petals. — From
Mexico. Fls. bright-rod. .
7. LUDWIG'IA, L. Bastard Loosestrifb. (To C. D. Ludwig,
Prof, of Botany at Leipzic, 1760.) Calyx tube not prolonged beyond
the ovary, limb 4-lobed, mostly persisteut ; petals 4, equal, obcordate,
Obubk 52.— ONaGRACE.E.
355
often minute or none; stamens 4, opposite the sepals; style short;
capsule short, often perforated at top, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded,
and crowned with the persistent calyx lobes. — U Herbs in wet grounds.
Lvs. entire.
§ Leaves alternate, sessile, (a)
a Petals largo, yellow. Fruit pedicellate, short Nos. 1 — ^
a Petals small, yellowish. Fruit se.-isile, elongated, smooth Nos. 4, 5
a Pot. or minute.— Fruit elongated, hii.iry or .smooth Nos. 0, 7
— Fruit 8h»irt, .smooth. — .Stem winged No. 3
— Stem teretisU.— FK a.\illary.Nt«. 9 — II
— Fls. capitate No. 12
• Leaves opposite, petiolate. — Fls. sessile, m -,ly apetalous. . , Nos. 13 — 15
—Fls. pedicellat( , with showy petals No. lO
1 L. alternifolia. L. Seed-Box. Erect, branched, glatnous; lvs. lanceolate,
acute, sessile, pale beneath ; ped. axillary, solitary, 1-Howered, 2-bracte(i above
the middle; putals scarcely ov large as the spreading, acuminate sepals; cups,
large, with 4, winged angles, crowned with the colored calyx. — Shady swatnps.
St. 1 to 3f high, round, with a strong bark, and several branches. Lvs. with
marginal veins, 2 to 3' long, J to 1' wide. Caps, convex at apex, the angles
conspicuously winged. Sep. large, purplish. Petals large, yellow, showy.
Jl;, Aug.
2 L. hirt^lla Raf. Hairy, erect, sparingly branched ; lvs. ovate-oblong, sessile,
obtiise ; Hs. axillary, solitary, pedicellate, v/ith 2 bractlets below it ; sep. nearly
as long as the pet. ; caps, subglobous, 4-angled and winged. — Moist soils, N. J.
to Fla. St. 1 to 31' high. Lvs. numerous, hairy on both sides, ^ to 1 J' by 2 to
8'. Fls. yellow, about ^' diam. Cal. spreading, and, with caps, villous. Jn. —
Sept. (L. hirsuia Ph.)
3 L. virg^ta Ph. Nearly glabrous, erect, virgate; lvs. ohlong, closely sessile,
obtuse, the upper linear; Hs. large, on o. slender pedicel ; petiUs longer than the
leaty calyx lobes; caps, roundish-cubica', with winged angles, and finally as long
as the retlexed cal. lobes. — In dry soils, S. States. Sts. 2 to 31" high. Lvs. 1 t'>
2' long. Pis. spieading 1', on pedicels 6'' long. May — Sent.
4 L. linearis Walt. Glabrous, slender, with angular, erect branches ; lvs. lance-
li)iear, acute at each end; lis. axillary, solitary, sessile; pet obovute-oblong,
slightly longer than the triangular-ovate sep. wliicli aro much shorter than the
elongated, obovoid-clavato, A-sided capsules. — Swan-ps, N. J. and S. States. Plant
1 to 2f high, with the habit of Lythruin alatum, often sending out ruimeri at the
base, with obovalo leaves. Fls. sometimes apetalous. Jl. — Sept. (Lsnaruia DC.)
5 L. linifdlia Poir. Glabrous, mostly simple, creeping at base, then ^rect ;
lvs. spreading, linear, rather acute, tapering to a slender base; fls. closely „ ;ie;
cal.-lobes ovate, acuminate, about the length of the petals and of the ^-long, 4-
sided capsules. — Muddy places, N. Car. to Fla. Plant If high, with much tl>«
habit of Prosorpinaca paluslris. Lvs. 1' long.
6 L. cylindrica Ell. Glabrous, erect, much branched; lvs. lanreolate, acute;
fls minute, 1 to 3 together, apetalous; cal. lobes much shorter than tho rather
slender, cyHtidrical, abrupt capsule. — S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. St. 3f high. ].,vs.
veiny and somewhat denticulate. Capsules 2 to 4 ' in length, I ' wide. Jl. —
Sept. (Isnardia DC.)
7 L. pildsa Walt. Vi lions-pubescent, erect, much branclied; lvs. lanceolate, acute;
Hs. axillary and spiked above ; cal. lobes ovate-acuminate, about as long as tho
oblong, 4-sidod, villous capsule. — Swamp, S. Car. to Fla. and La. Plant 2 to 3f
hi-'h. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, those of the branches much diminished, of the stolons
spatulate. Caps, about 4' by 2 or 3". Jl. — Sept. (Isnardia DC.)
8 L. al^ta Ell. Glabrous, few-branched, erect ; st. winged by the decurrent bases
of the lanceolate lvs.; fls. solitary, apetalous; cal. lobes broadly ovate, nearly as
long as tho small, 4-sided, obconic capsule. — Swamps, S. States. Plant about 2f
high. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, the lower broad-oval. Jl. — Sept (Isnardia DC.)
9 L. BphaBroo^ipa Ell. Erect, smooth, or nearly so ; lvs. lanceolate, acute, at-
tenuate at base ; fls. axillary, subsolitary, on very ehort pedicels ; pet. minute or
wanHng, aa well aa the bractlets ; sep. aa long as \^iQ waoW subglobous caps. — lu
;
."/'
iBI
li
!■
I-
M
u
f fi
366
Order 52.— JNAGRACE^.
water, S. to Ga., partly submerged, or in very wet grounds, rear Boston, MaM.
St. 2 to 3f liigl), blanching, angular. Margin of the Ivs. rough, sometimes re-
motely and obscurely denticulate. Fls. greenish, inconspioious. Jl. — ticpr.
(Isnardia DC.)
10 L. polyc^rpa Short k Peter. Glubrous, erect, mucii branched, and often
stolon iferous ; Ivs. lance-linear, gradually acute at each end; fls. apetalous,
axillary, solitary, with 2 subulate braotlets at biuse ; caps i-angled, truncated
above, tapering below, crowned with the 4-lobt)d stylopodium. — Swamps, \V.
States. St. 1 to 31 high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 2 to 4 ', ten times longer than the
flowers. Aug. — Oct.
11 L. microcdrpa Mx. Glabrous; st. creeping at base, then ascending; k.s.
spafidate-obovate, minutely denticulate; cal. lobes roundish, acuminate, larger thiui
the vei-y small, ohovnie capsule ; stig. sessile. — Wet grounds, S Car. to Fla. iSt.
mostly simple, If high, often with stolons at base. Jl. — Sept. (Isnardia lan-
ceoiata DC.)
12 L. capit^ta Mx. Glabrous, erect, slender; lvs. lance-linear or lance-obloiig,
obtuse at the sessile base, obtuse or very acute at the apex ; Jls. sessile, croivikd
in a terminal bracted head or spike ; cal. lobes shorter than the 4-angled capsule.
— 6. Car. to Fla. Sts. 2 to 3f high, simple, or with few virgate branches. Lvs.
1 to 6 long, the upper linear and taper-pointed. Aug. — Oct. (Isuardia DC.)
13 L. paluBtria KU. Water Purslane. Prostrate and creeping, smooih, and
slightly feucculent ; lvs. opposite, ovate-spatulate, acute, tapering at base into a
petiole; fls. se.«sile, solitary; pet. 0, or very small, flesh color; caps, oblong,
abrupt at both ends, witli 4 green angles ; bractlets 0. — In U. S. and Can., creeping
in muddy places or floating in water. St. round, reddish, 10 to 18 long. Cal.
lobes and sty. very short. Caps. 2 ' long. Jn. — Sept. (Isnardia L.)
14 L. nutans Ell. Cretping w floating, smooth and slightly succulent ; lvs. ob-
long, tapering to a petiole, or the lower snbsessile ; fls. sessile ; cal. lobes triangu-
lar-ovate, acute, as long as the yellow petals ; ova. with 2 conspicuous bracteoles ;
fr. 4-angled, tapering to the base. — Swamps, S. States. Caps, about 4 ' long, at
first top-shaped. Jl. — Oct.
15 L. spatiildta Torr. & Gr. Branched, ascending, downy and not succulent;
lvs. oval, t ipering to a petiole ; fli. very small, apetalous, sessile ; caps, pulescmt,
ovate, somewhat 4-sided, small. — 2f Middle Fla. Plant near If high, dilliisely
branched from the base. Lvs. and margined petiole about 2' long.
16 L. arcuata Walt. Nearly smooth, creeping ; lvs. oblanceolate, tapering to
the sessile base ; fls. solitary, on a slender axillary peduncle, which is twice longer
than the lvs. ; pet;ds bright yellow, longer than tlie lance-linear, spreading sepals ;
cnps. clavate, linally arcuate, as long ns the persistent calyx lobes — Swamps,
Va. to Fla., along the coast. Sts. 3 to 10 long. Lvs. 10" long. Fls. 10" broad.
Ma J' — Jl. (Isnardia pedunculo.sa DO.)
8. CIRC^^A, L. Enchanter's Nightshade. (Circe was siipposctl
to liHVo used tlioso plants in her encliatitinetits.) Calyx sHi>litly pro-
duced above tht ovary, deciduous, limb 2-parted ; petals 2, obooniate ;
stamens 2, opposite the sepals; capsule obovoid, uncinate- hispid or
pubescent, 2-cellcd, 2-seeded ; styles united. — 4 Lvs. opposite.
1 C. Luteti^na L. St. erect, pubescent above; lvs, ovate, suboordate, npuminiite,
slightly repand-dentato, opaqw., longer than the petioles; brncts none; fr. re-
flexed, hispiii uncinate. — Damp shades and thickets, Can. to Car. W. to III. St.
1 to 2f higli, sparingly branched, tumid at the nodes. Lvs. dark green, sniootlj
or slightly pubescent, 2 to 4' long, J as wide; petiole 8 to 15" long. Fls. small,
rose color, in long, terminal, axillary racemes. Fr. olwordate, with conspicuous
hooks. Jn., Jl.
2 C. alpina L. Smooth; .'K ascending at base, weak ; lvs. broad -cordate, mem-
branvus, dentate, as long as the ])etioles ; brcu'Ls setaceous ; caps, pubescent. —
A small, delicate plant, common in wet, rocky woodlands, in mountainous dis-
tricts, N. Eng., Brit. Am., W. to Or. St. diai>hanous, juicy, 6 to 10' high. Lv.s.
Order 62.— ONAGRACE^.
357
1 to 2' long S as wide, acute or acuminate, with small, remote teeth, pale green
and shining. Fls. white, rarely reddish, minute, in terminal racemes. Jl.
9. PROSERPINA'CA, L. Mermaid Weed. (Lat. Proserpina, a
Ruiuan goddess; from some fancied resemblance.) Calyx tube ad-
herent to the ovary, 3-sided, limb 3-parted ; petals none ; stamens 3 ;
stignijis 3 ; fruit 3-angled, 3-celled, bony, crowned with the permanent
calyx. — U Aquatic. Lvs. alternate.
1 P. paluBtris L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate above the water, those
below (if any) pinn.''titid. — Ditches, swamps and ponds, olten partly submerged,
N, Eng., Fla. and La. Rt. creeping. Sts. ascending at base, G to 20 high,
striate, roundish. Lvs. 10 to 16 by 2 to 3", acute at each end, lower ones on
short petioles and, if growing in water pinnatitid with linear segments. Fls.
greenish, sessile, 1 to 3 together, in the axils of the uppjr loaves, succeeded by
a very hard, triangular nut. Jn., Jl.
2 P. pectindcea La.n. Lvs. all pectinate, with linear-subuiato segm. ; fr, obtusely
3-angled. — Sandy swamps, in Mass. (rare) S. to Fla. St. 6 to 10 high, ascending
at base from long, creeping roots. Lvs. all finely and regularly divided into very
narrow segments. Sty. ; stig. attenuate above. Fr. ratlier smaller (less tliau
1" diam.) than in P. palustris, rugous when mature. JL, Aug.
10. MYRIOPHYL'LUM, Yaill. Water Milfoil. (Gr. fivpiog, innu-
merable, (pvXXa, leaves.) Flowers 8 , or frequently ^ ; calyx 4-tootlied
in the ^ and ? flowers, 4-parted in the .t ; petals 4, often inconspicu-
ous or none; stamens 4 to 8; stigmas 4, pubescent, sessile ; fruit of 4,
nut-like carpels, cohering by their inner angles. — U submersed, aquatic
herbs. Submersed lvs. parted into capillary segments. Upper fls. usu-
ally $ , middle ones ^ , lower ? .
§ Stamrns 8. Caipds smooth and even. Leaves wliorled in Ss Nos. 1, 2
§ 8tauieD:j 4. — (,'ar|ii'ls riil^ed on tlie back. Lvs. whorled in 4s and 6s Nos. :S, 4
— Cai-i)els sniuutli and even. Lvs. ultcrnato or wanting Nos. 5, 6
1 M. spic^tum L. Lvs. in verticils of 39, all pinnately parted into capillary seg-
ments; fls. in terminal,, nearly naked spikes; floral lvs. or bracts, ovate, entire,
shorter than tfie fls., lowest ones subserrate and larger; petals broadly ovate ;
stam. 8 ; carp, smooth. — N. Eng. to Ark., in deep water, tlie Hs. only rising al)ove
the surface. St. slender, branched, very long. Lvs. composed of innumirabl*,
hair-like segments, always submerged. Fla greenish, sessile. Jl., Aug.
2 M. verticilldtum L. Lvs. in verticils of 3s, lower onea jiinnately parted into
opposite, capillary or setaceous segments; fls. in terminal, leafy spikes ; floral Irs.
pecfinate-pinnatifld, much longer than the fls. ; petals oblong-obovate ; stiun 8;
carp, smooth. In stagnant wuter. Can. to Fla., W. to Or. St. long, less sleiiiUr
than in the last, only the upper part emerging. Fls. small, green, axillary, with
conspicuous tloral Us. Sep. acute. A nth. oblong. Jl., Aug.
3 M. heteroph;^llum Mx. Lvs. in verticils of 6s, the lower ones pinnately
parted into capillary lobes; spikes terminal, nearly naked; floral kn. ovate-kinreo-
late, serrate, longer than the fls., crowded; petals oblong; stam. 4 to 6; carp,
scabrous, with 2 slight ridges on the back. — In sluggish water. Can. to Fla. and
Tex., rare. St. thick, branching. Lvs. very various, lowcvt floral ones pteti-
nately divided. Petals somewhat persistent. Sepals minute. Brad lets serrulate.
Jn. — Sept.
4 M. Bcabritum Mx. Lvs. pinnatifid in whoria of 4s and 5.s ; fls. verticillate,
axillary, upper fls. $, with 4 stam., lower ones ?; floral lvs. linear, pectinately
toothed; fr. 8-angled, the ridges tuberculate. — Plymouth, Mass. (Oakes), Block
Island (Robbins), S. and W. States. St. 6 to 12 high. Segm. of the lvs. linear-
capillary.
6 M ten^Uum Bw. Erect and almost leafless; floral lvs, or bracts nitcrnate,
minute, entire, obtuse ; fls. S \ petals linear; stam. 4; carp, smooth, not ridged —
About the edges of ponda and rivers, Providence, R. I. (Olney), northern part of
s .l^i
'I'
' m
.' fifl
358
OsDEB 53.— LOASACE^.
n
5
I
I ;
^
N. Y. to N'ewfoundland. Rhizome prostrate, creeping, sending up several stems
or scapes which are simple and 4 to 12 high. Fis. small, purplish white, sessile,
alternate, a little shorter than the bracts, the upper ones $ . Jl.
6 M. ambiguum Nutt. Lvs. many, submersed ones pinnate, with capillary seg-
ments, middle ones pectinate, upper hnear, petiolate, tootlied or entire ; fis. mostly
5 ; petals oblong, somewhat persistent ; stam. 4 ; carpels smootii, not ridged on
tiie back. — In ponds and ditciies, Penn. to Mass. Sts. floating, upper end emerged,
with minute tls. and linear floral lvs. (M. nutans DC.) In otlier situations it varies
as follows.
0. LiMosuM Nutt. St. procumbent and rooting; lvs. all hnear, rigid, often en-
tiro. — Muddy places, where it is a small, creeping and branching plant. (M.
procumbens B\v.)
y. CAPILLACEUM Torr. Lvs. all immersed and capillary. — Ponds.
11. HIPPU'RIS, L. Mare's Tail. (Gr. innog, a horse, ovpd, a tail.)
Calyx with a minute, entire limb crowning the ovary; corolla none;
stamen 1, inserted on the margin of the calyx; anther 2-lobed, com-
pressed ; style 1, longer than the stamen, stigmatic the whole length in
a groove of the anther ; seed 1. — U Aquatic herbs. St. simple. Lvs.
verticillate, entire. Fis. axillary, minute.
H. vulgaris L. Lvs. in verticils of 8 to 12, linear, acute, smooth, entire; fls. soli-
tary, often $ ? ^ . — In the borders of ponds and lakes, Penn. to Arc. Am., very
rare. Riiizome with long, verticillate fibers. St. erect, jointed, 1 to 2f higli.
The flowers are the simplest in structure of all that are called perfect, consisting
merely of I stamen, 1 pistil, 1 seed in a 1-celled ovary, with neither calyx lobes
nor corolla. May, Jn.
Order LIII. LOASACE^E. Loasads.
ITerhs often hispid with stinging hairs, with leaves opposite or alternate and no
■tipules. Flowers axillary, solitary. Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4 or 5-parted,
lobes persistent, equal. Petals 5 or 10, in 2 circles, often cucullato, inserted on the
oalj'x. Stamens indefinite, inserted with the petals, free or cohering in several seta
Ovary 1 -celled, with several parietal placenta), or one central. Style 1. Ovules
pendulous. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.
Genera 18, apecies 70, natives of ADierica.
MENTZE^LIA, L. (In honor of C. Mentzel, physician to the Elector
of Brandenburg.) Calyx tubular, limb 6-parted ; petals 5 to 10, flat,
spreading; stamens oo, 30 to 200; ovary inferior; styles 3, filiform,
coimato, and often spirally twisted ; stigmas simple, minute ; capsule 1-
celled, many-seeded. — Branching herbs. Lvs. alternate.
1 M. oligosp^rma Nutt. Very rough, with barbed hairs ; st. dichotomous ; lvs.
ovate-lanceolate^ tapering to very short petioles, hbed or incisely dentate; petals en-
tire, cuspidate, expanding in sunshine; stam. 20 or more, shorter than the petals;
caps. 3 to b-suded. — % Dry or rocky places, Pike Co., Ill (Mead), and Mo. to Tex.
Rt. tuberous. St. If high, divaricately branched. Lvs. 10 to 15' by 6 to 8 ",
upper ones ovate. Fls. solitary, oi" a deep, golden yellow, 8 to 10" diam., very
fugacious. Caps, cylindric, very small. May — Jl.
2 M. Lfndleyi Torr. & Gr. Golden Baktonia. Hispid ; lvs. ovate-lance-
olate, pinnatijid, lobes often dentate; fls. solitary or nearly so, terminal; petals
broadly obovate, very abniptly acuminate ; filaments filiform, and with the seeds
numerous. — <J) Gardens. St. decumbent, branching, 1 to 3f in length, with golden
yellow fls. 2 to 3' diam., the beauty of which is greatly heightened by innumera*
Ue, thread-like, yellow stameua (Bartonia aurea Lindl.) f California
Order 54 — CACTACE^
369
Order LIV. CACTACE^ Indian Figs.
Stfms succulent and shrubby, usually angular or 2-edged or jointed. Leaves
almost always waatiiig ; prickles numerous and formidable. Flowers solitary, usu-
ally showy and of short duration. Sepals and petals often indefinite and confounded
with each other, tlie sepals from the surface, and the petals from the summit of the
ovary. Stam. Qo ; Jilaments long and filiform ; anth. ovate, versatile. Ovaries in-
ferior, 1-celled, fieshy, with parietal placenta}. Style single, filiform, with several
stijimas in a star-like cluster. F'-. succulent. Seeds numerous, parietal or in the
pulp, exalbuminous. (Illust. in fig. 47, b)
Genera 18, species about 800, all peculiarly American, no one having evor been found in nnv
other quarter of the globe. They abound in the deserts of Now Mexico and (ioutlnvard. Ilia
prickly pear (Opuntia vulgaris) ia the only species found native as far north a^ N. Yorlv. TLiir
aspect is jieculiar, usually distinguishable at eight.
Stigmas*). Calyx tube not prolonged. Berry tubercular, umbillcate Opuntia 1
Stigmas co . Calyx tube prolonircd above the ovary. Berry areolate, Ac Ckkkus 2
Btigmas 5 to 7. — Calyx tube prolonged. Berry .smooth. Axis grooved MKi.ocAOTira 3
— Calyx tube short Berry smooth. Axis mammiforous Mammillaria 4
1. OPUNTIA, Tourn. Prickly Pbab. (OjoMw/iawa was a country
near Phocis, where this was said to be naturalized.) Sepals and petaU
nnmerous, adnate to the ovary, not produced into a tube above it ;
stamens oo, shorter than the petals ; style with numerous, thick, erect
stigmas ; berry umbilicate at apex, tuberculate, cotyledons semiterete.
— Shrubby plants, with articulated branches, the joints usually broad
and flattened, with fascicles of prickles, regularly arranged upon the
surface.
O. vulg£lri8 Mill. Prostrate, creeping ; joints ovate ; prickles numerous in each
fascicle, often with several subulate spines ; Ivs. minute, subulate from a broad
base ; fls. yellow. — A curious, fleshy plant, native in rocky and sandy plaoea,
Mass. to Fla. W. to Iowa. The singular form resembles a series of thick, fleshy
leaves, 4 to 6' long, f as wide, growing from tlie tip or sides of each other, and
armed with orange-colored spines from the edge of the joints, lai ge, brigbt-yellovi,
and succeeded by a smooth, crimson, eatable fruit, f (Cactus opuntia L.)
2. CE^REUS, DC. Sepal* very numerous, imbricated, adnate to ths
base of the ovary and united into a long tube above it, the outer shorter,
the inner petaloid ; stamens indefinite, coherent with the tube, styU
filiform, with many stigmas; berry scaly with the remains of the sep-
als ; cotyledons none ? — Fleshy shrubs, with woody, prismatic axes,
armed with clusters of spines. Fls. from the clusters of spines.
I Stock and branches compressed, somewhat leaf-like Nos. 1 — S
§ Stock and branches angular-cylindrical, creeping Nos. 4, ft
1 C. phylldnthuB DC. Spleenwort. Branches ensiform, compreaaed,
serrate ; fls. with the terete, slender tube much longer tlian the limb of tlie pet-
als. — From S. Am. The articulations of the stem are 2f or more long, 2' wide,
weak, bordered with large, obtuse serratures, and traversed lengthwise by a cen-
tral, cylindrical, woody axis. Fls. white, 9 to 12' long, expanding by night,
fragrant, f
2 C. phyllanthoides DC. Branches ensiform, compressed, obovate, with
spreading, rounded teeth ; fls. arising from the lateral crenaturesof tlie branches;
tube shorter than the limb of the petals — From Mexico. A splendid flowed
with leaf-like, fleshy joints, each 6 to 10' long, 1 to 2' wide. Fls. rose-colored,
4 in length, expanding by day.
3 C. trunodtu* L. Branching; joints short-compressed, serrate, truncate
at the summit ; fls. arising from the summit of the joints ; sty. longer than the
Btam. or reflexed pet. — From Brazil. A very distinct species, a foot or more
high. Joints 2 to 3' long, 1 to 1^' wide, leaf-like. Fls. 2 to 3' long, pink-colored,
t (Cactus L)
it |J
J
k. iil™|
>'■ ••li
iH
flM
If
Ml
1
:^
'^
fii
I $
i i
Ml
iiiiO
(Juunii 53.— GKOtJSULACE-^
4 C. grandifldruB DC. Creeping, rooting ; st. with about 6 angles* : tin.
terminal and hiteral, very large, uuclurnal ; petals spreading, shorler tlum the
linear-lanceolate sepals. — Mexico. West Indies. Sts. cjliudric or piisnu'ic,
branching, the angles not very promnieut Fls. expanding by night, and endur-
ing but a lew hours, 8 to 12 diam. Sepals brown without, yellow within. Pet-
als white. A luagniticent flower, of difficult culture, f
5 C. flRgelliformiB DC. Snake Cactus. St. creeping, with about 10
angles, hispid; lis. k^leral, diurnal; tube slender, Ioniser than the limb of the pet-
als. — From S. Am. S*.. about tiie size of the little linger, cylindric, indistinctly
articulated, 2 to 5f long. Fls. of a lively pink color, smaller tbau those oi the
last, and conimuing in bloom several days, f
3. MELOCACTUS, Bauh. Melon Thistle. Turk's Cap. (Com-
pounded of melon and cactus, from its form.) Calyx tube adherent to
the ovary, lobes 5 to 6, petaloid ; petals as many as sepals, united with
them into a long, cylindric tube ; stamens and style filiform ; stigma 6-
rayed ; berry smooth, crowned with the withered calyx and <;orolla. —
Suliruticous, fleshy, leafless. Spadix simple, crowning the globular,
4eepIy-fuirowed axis. Fls. terminal.
M. commilinia Link. Axis ovate-subgiobotjs, dark green, 12 to 18-angled ;
ribs straight; spines fasciculate, subequal. — Native of the Caribbean Islands.
This remarkable plant appears like a lar^e, green melon, with deep furrows and
prominent ribs, and is full of juice. It is surmounted with a spadix, which
is cylindric, tuberoulate, densely tomeutous, bearing the red flowers at the
summit, f
4. MANNILLA^RIA, Hawarth. (Lat. mammae the breasts : alluding
to the tubercles.) Flowers and fruit simila** to the preceding genus. —
Stock roundish or cylindrical, covered with conical or mamma'I'orm
tubercles, spirally arranged and tipped with a cluster of spines in wool.
Fls. sessile among the tubercles.
M. macrdmeris Engelm. Bright green, with large, pear-shaped tubercles,
each surmounted by a cluster of straight, slender spines, and large (near 3 diam.)
carmine-roseate flowers, f From New Mexico. — Other species are cultivated in
the green-house.
Order LV. GROSSULACE^. Currants.
Low shrubs, often prickly with alternate, palmately lobed leaves. Calyx 5-lobed,
adlierent to the 1-celled ovary, bearing at top the corolla of 5 petals alternating with
tAio 5 sliort stamens. Anth. introrse. Fruit a 1-celled, inferior berry with 2 parietal
placentjc. Styles 2. Seeds oo, embryo minute, in abundant horny albumen. (Figa.
67, 309.)
Genera 1, apeciea 95. The gooseberries and currants are natives of the N. temperate zone o/
both continents, l>nt unlcnown in the tropics or S. heinispliere, except S. Ainericiu
/'rojiertiex Tlie berrie8 contain a sweet, iiuiciloginoua pulp, together with malic or citric
acid. They arc always wholesome, and usually esculent.
1. RFBES, L. Currants. (Named from the Arabic.) Character
the same as that of the Order.
I CunnANTS. Stems unarmed. Lvs. convolute In bud. Fls. yellow No. 1
I CuRBANiB. Stems unarmed. Lvs. plicate in bud.— Fruit hairy No.s. 2—4
— Fruit smooth Nos. S— 7
$ GoosEBRRRiBB. Stems spioescent. Lvs. plicate.— Fruit hispid • >>()!s.8,9
— li'ruit smooth. — Ped. verv f*hoi i.Nos. Id. 11
— Ped. hmg. ...N.>s. 12—14
1 R. ailreum Ph Missouri, or Golden Currant. Plant smooth ; lvs.
3-lobed. lobes divaricate, entire or with a few large teeth ; petioles longer than
the leaves ; bracts linear, as Jong as the pedicels ; rac. lax, with many bright yd-
law fla. ; cal. tubular, longer thaa tlie pedicels, eegm. oblong, obtuse ; petals
Obuer 55.— OROSSULACE^..
861
ereot; cal. segni. spreading; pt-taLs obtusi'ly
than tlie pedicels ; fr. hairy. — Mts. of N. Car.
"W'o liavo seeu iio spocimons of this obscuro
linear ; fr. smooth, oblong or globous, yellow, finally brown. — Mo., T\'. to O. A
beautiful shrub 8 to lOf high, common in cultivation. Fls. numerous, vi-ry fra-
grant. Apr., May. f
2 R. sangufneum Pli. Lvs. canescpnt-tomentous beneath ; glabrous above,
cordate, 3 to 5-lobe('i, ioubly serrate ; rac. lo!ig and loose ; bracts red, spattilatc,
rather longer than tlie pedicels; fin. rose-red; cal. tubuhir-campaiiulate, segm.
spreading, obovate, as long as the spatulato petals; sty. united into 1 ; stig. 2-lobed;
fr. dryish, with spars'.' glandular hairs. — Oregon (Rev. G. Atkiu.son). A beauti-
ful slirub with large showy racemes, f
R, reainosum Ph. Plant clothed throughout with resinous-glandular hairs i
ivs. 3 to 5-lobed, roundish; rac.
rhomboidal; bracts linear, longer
(Parker. iSeo N. Am. Fi p. 550).
species.
R. prostr^tQin L'Her. Mou.vtain Currant. St. reclined ; Zts-. smooth, deeptij
cordate, 5 to l-lobed, doubly serrate, reticulate-rugous; rac. erect, lax, niany-tlow-
ered; cal. rotate; berries globous, glandular-hispid, red. — A small shrub, on moun-
tains and rocky hill«. Penn. to Can., ill-scented and with ill-fiavored bernes —
sonu'times called Skunk Ctirrard. Prostrate stems, with erect, straight branches.
Lvs. about as large as in No, 1, lobes acute. Petioles elongated. Rac. about
8-Howered, becoming erect in fruit. Bracts very short. Fls. marked with pur-
ple. Berries rather large. May. (R. rigens Mx.)
R. rCl'oruin L. Oom>ion Red Currant. Lvs. obtusely ,3 to 5-lobed, smooth
above, pubescent beneath, subcordate at base, margin mucronately serrate ; rac.
nearly smooth, pendulous; cal. short, rotate; bracts much shorter than the pedi-
cels; fr. globous, glabrous, red. — Woods, St. Johnsbury, Vt. (Carey), Wis. (Lap-
ham), N. to the Arc. Ocean. Cultivated universally in gardens.
J. (WHITE (CURRANT). Fr. light ambcr-colored, larger and sweeter.
R. fldridum L'ller. "Wild Black Currant. Lvs. subcordate, 3 to 5-lobed,
sprinkled on both sides with yellowish, resinotis AoXa; rac. many-Howered, pendu-
lous, pubescent ; cal. cylindrical ; bracts linear, longer than the pedicels ; fr. obo-
void. s)iioolh, black. — A handsome shrub in woods and hedges?. Can. to Ky., com-
mon, 3 to 4f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, the width something more, lobes acute,
2 small additional ones ; dots just visible to the
long. Fls. ratiier bell-shaped, greenisli yellow.
witli
to 2'
spreading, .1, sometimes
naked eye. Petioles 1
Fr. insipid. May, Jn,
7 R. nigrum L. Black Currant. Lrs. :i to 5-\ohe(], punctate vith yeUoioish
dots beneath, dentate-serrate, longer than their petioles ; rac. lax, hairy, somewhat
nodding; cal. campanulate; bracts nearly equaling the \)ci\\ce\^; fr. roundish-
ovoid, nearly black. — Native of Europe, etc. Cultivated and esteemed lor its
medicinal jelly. Fls. yellowisii. — This species much resembles R. floridum.
8 R. Cynosbati L. Prickly Gooseherry. St. prickly or not; subaxillary
spines aljout in pairs; lvs. cordate, 3 to 5-lobed, pubescent, lobes incisely den-
tate ; rac. nodding, 2, to 3-flowered ; cal, tube ovatc-cylindric, longer than the
segm. ; pet. obovate, shorter than tho cal. segm. ; sty. united to the top ; berrin
prii'kly. — N. and W. States, about 4f high, in hedges and thickets, mostly with-
out prickles, but armed with 1 to 3 sharp spines just below tliouxil of each leaf.
Petioles downy. Fls. greenish white. Fr. mostly covered with long prickles,
brownish-purple, eatable. May, Jn.
9 R. lacustre Poir. Swamp Gooseberry. St. covered with prickles ; subaxQ-
lary spines several ; lvs. deeply 3 to 5-lobed, cordate at base, lobes deeply incised ;
rac. 5 to 8-flowered, pilous; cal. rotate, sty. 2-clefi; beiries small, hisjnd. — In
swamps, N. States, and Brit. Am, Shrub 3 to 4f high. Sts. reddish from tho
numerous prickles, which differ from the spines only in size. Lvs. shining above,
H to 2V diam. Petioles ciliai^', hispid, longer than tho lvs. Fls. green. Fr.
covered' with long prickles, dark purple, disagreeable. May. — The older stems
are unarmed save with a few spines.
10 R hirt^Uum Mx. St. unarmed, rarely prickly ; svhaxiUnry spines shm-i,
solitary, or nearly so; lvs. roundish, cordate, 3 to 5-lobed, Kwtlied. pubescent be-
neath; ped. short, I to 2-tlowered; cal. tube smooth, campanulate, iiogm. twice
"'■''tI
m
' n
362
Order 57.— PASSIFLORACE^.
it;
•'1
- !i
I;
I
longer than the potiUs; stiim. longer than eitlier; sty. hairy, 2-cleA, ; fr. siriooth.—
In rocky wooda, N. II. and Mass. to Wise. N. to Hudson's Bay. Lvs. 9 to 18"
diam., generally dell half way to the middle. Fls. nodding, greenish. Fr. pu^
pie. May, Jn. (R. triflorum Bw. R. saxosum Hook.)
11 R. ozycanthoides L St. clot/ied with bristly prickles ; suhaxillary spines 3,
often fewer, united at base ; ivs. 5-lobed, roundish, subuordate, eut-dentate ; ped.
about 2-flowered, very short; col. tube cylindric; sty. cleft half way ; fr. smooth. —
Can., in rocky woods. Readily distinguished from No. 10 by its numerous
prickles, but some of its forms are nearly destitute of them. Fr. bluish purple.
12 R. rotundifdlium Mx. Suhaxillary spines mostly solitary, short ; Ivs. round-
ish, smooth, 3 to 5-lobed. incisoly crenate-dentate ; ped. smooth, 1 to .3-flowered ;
ccd. cylindrical, smooth, segm. linear, finally reflexed; ptt. .spatulate, unguiculate;
stam. and 2-parted sty. slender, much exserted. smooth; berries smooth. — In
woods, N. H. to N. Car. and Mo. Shrub .3 to 4f hiyrh. St.s. witli a whitish
bark, the younger oft.'n prickly. (R. Missouriense Nutt.) Lvs. 1 to 2' diam.,
mostly tnmcate at base, siiining above. Petioles ciliate, 1 to 3' long. Petals
yellowish-white. Fr. purple, delicious, re.sembling the garden gooseberry. May.
13 R. grdcile Mx. Pubescent; st. scarcely prickly; suba.xillary spines 1 to 3,
short, very slender ; lvs. roundish, 3-lobed ; ped. 1 to 2-Howcred. long and slen-
der ; cat. tube much shorter than the linear, recurved segm. ; pet. very small ; fr.
smooth. Mts. of Tenn. and Ala Apr. — Probably another variety of No. 12.
14 R. Uva-crlspa L. English, or Garden Gooseberry. St. prickly;
Iva roundish, 3 to 5-lobed, hairy beneath, on short, hairy petioles ; ped. hairy,
l-flowered; cal. campanulate; sty. and ova. hairy; fr. smooth or hairy, globous. —
Gardens. Long cultivated, until there are several hundred varieties, with red,
white, green, and amber fruit, otlen weighing an ounce or more each. Apr. \ Eur.
#1
Order LYI. TURNERACE^.
Herbs with simple, alternate, exstipuUto leaves, with the solitary Flovjers 5-me-
•ous, the petals and stamens inserted on the throat of the calyx. Ovary free, 1-celled,
with 3 parietal placentse ; styles 3, distinct. Fruit a 3-valved capsule ; seeds albumin-
ous, strophiolate.
Genera 2, upecies 60, confined (with one exception) to tropicui America. Properties, toiiio
and aromatic,
TURNERA, Plum. (In memory of Wm. Turner., M.D., author of
•A New Herbal I," London, 1551.) Calyx funnel-form ; petals convo-
lute in aestivation, longer than the imbricated sepals ; styles 3 ; stigmas
flabellate, many-cleft ; capsule dehiscing to the middle. — Fls. showy,
yellow.
T. cistoides L. Plant hirsute, erect ; fls. in the upper axils and terminal ; ped.
bractless, but jointed near the middle ; lvs. lanceolate, obtusely serrate or entire,
subsessile, obtuse, the lower oblong-oval. — 11 Ga. from Savannah, along the rail-
road, westward (Feay, Pond), and Fla. Sts. 12 to 18' high, simple or branched
from the base. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Fls. in a leafy, terminal rac. Ped. 9" long.
Pis. dimorphous (some with the stam. longer, others with the pistils lonsrer). Cor.
1' diam., deep yellow. Caps, globular, downy. Sdg. obovate, sculptured, th«
membranous caruncle lateral Jn. — Sept.
T
r
Order LVII. PASSIFLORACE^. Passionworts.
Plants herbaceous or shrubby, usually climbing, with alternate lvs. and foliaceoua
■tipules. Fls. axillary or terminal, perfect, often with a 3-leaved involucre. Sepait
4 to 5, united below into a tube, the sides and throat of which are crowned with
circles of filamentous processes, which appear to be metamorphosed petals. PetaJa
6, arising from the throat of the calyzi, outside the crown. Stamens 5, monodol-
^^^"
Ordkb 58.— CUCURBITACEiE.
363
phous, surroun ng the stipe ot' the ovary. Ovary superior, on a long stipe, 1 -celled;
etyles 3. Fruit many-seeded. (Illust. in figa. 48, 148, 371, 372.)
Genern 12, Hfifciex 2Ut, chiefly nntlves of tropical Ainoricii, but cultivutfil in many <>t)uT cDim-
trics wi ornitiiivntul flowers. The fruit of the Grannilillu ( i'li-soiflora luultiforinis) i.s oulon in the
"W. Indies, and highly valued as a dessert, but the root is poisouous.
PASSIFLO'RA, L. Passion Flower. (Lat. fos passKntis ; the
several parts of the flower were compared to the iitstruineiits of the
Saviour's passion, viz., the cross, the nailn, and the crown of thorns.)
Calyx colored, deeply 5-parted, the throat with a complex, filamentous
crown ; petals 5 ; sometimes ; stamens 5, connate with the stipe of
the ovary ; anthers large ; stigmas 3, large, clavate, capitate ; fruit a
pulpy berry. — Climbing herbs or shrubs. FIs. largo, of a singular and
wonderful structure. (Fig. 372.)
1 P. cceriilea L. Shrubby; Iva. palmately and deeply ^-parted ; segm. linear-
oblong, entire, lateral ones often 2-lobed; pet. glandular, with a :i-braftcolat»
involucre near the flower; bractlets entire; til. of the crown shorter thiui the cor.
— Native of Brazil, where it grows to the thickness of a man's arm and to the
height of 30C Fls. largo and beautiful, blue externally, white and purple witiiin,
continuing but one day. Fr. ovoid, yellow, f
2 P. incamdta L. Lvs. deeply '3-lobed, lobes oblong, acute, serrate, petioles with
2 glands near the summit; bractlets of the involucre 3, obovate-glandular ; crown
triple. — Va. to Fla. Sts. climbing 20 to 30f. Fls. large and .'showy. Petals
wiiite. Two outer rows of filaments, long, purple, with a whitish band, the inner
row of short rays, flesh-colored. Berry pale yellow, of the size of an apple, eata-
ble. May— JI.
3 P. liitea L. Lvs. glabrous, cordate, 3-lohed, obtuse; jietioles without glands; ped.
mostly in pairs ; pet. narrower and much longer than the sep. — A slender climber,
5 to lOf long, in woods and thickets, Ohio and S. States. Lvs. yellowish green,
nearly as broad as long. Fls. small and greenish yellow. Corona in 3 rows, the
inner row a membranous disk with a fringed border. Fr. dark purple. Ma\ — Jl
Order LVIII. CUCURBITACE.E. Cucurbits.
Herbs succulent, creeping or climbing by tendrils, with alternate leaves. Ploivers
moncEcious or polygamous, never blue. Calyx 5-toothed, adherent. Petals 5, united,
inserted on the calyx, the lobes alternating. Stamens 5, distinct, generally coher-
ing in 3 sets. Anthers very long and wavy or twisted. Ovary inferior, 1 -celled,
with 3 parietal placentje often filling the cells. Fruit a popo or membranous. Seeds
flat, with no albumen, often ariled. (Fig. 442.)
<r«necrt 60, «/?*«■<?« 800, natives of tropical regions, only a few beinp fcund in the tempera**
zones of Europe and America. A highly important order of plants, affording some of tiie most
delicious anti nutritive fruit. A bitter la.\ative principle pervades the group, which is so concen-
trated in II few as to render them actively medicinal. Thi* otHciual colocyiitfi is prejiared from
the |)ulp of Cucumis Colocynthis, a powerful drastic poisuu.
S Co. olla white,— 6-cIeft. Stigmas 2. Fruit echinate EcniNorTSTis. 1
— 6-petalled. Pepo smooth, many-seeded Lagenaria. 2
— 8-parted. Berry smooth, few-seeded Bryonia. 8
— S-Iobe<i. Fruit prickly, i-seeded Sicvos. 4
I Corolla yellow,— 6-lobed. Berry small, smooth, 00-seeded Melothria. &
— «-lobed. Pepolarpre. Seeds thick at edge CccrRBiTA. 6
— 6-cIeft. Pepo large.— Seeds colored, thick -edged Citrulljjs. T
—Seeds white, acute-edged Cucumis. 8
1. ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr. & Gray. (Gr. extvog, sea urchin, kvoti^,
bladder; alluding to the spiny, iniflated fruit.) Flowers moncecioua.
Sterile fl. — Calyx of 6 filiform-subulate segments, shorter than the cor-
olla ; petals 6, united at base into a rotate campanulate corolla ; st*-
or
I >
•I
864
Obdkr oa--CDClTaBITACEJ2.
men: 3, diadelphoi.B. Fertile fls. — Cal. and cor. as above ; abortive
fill. 3, distinct, minute ; style very siiort ; stigmas 2, large ; fiuit round-
kli, intlated, echinatc, 4-seeded. — (X) A climbing herb with branched
teixlrils.
B. lobita Torr. & Gr. A sraoot'iisb. running vino in rich river soils, Can. toPenn.
and Mo. St. deeply furrowed, with long, 3-piirted tendrils placed nearly oppo-
«ito the long petioles. Lvs. membranous, pahnately 5-lobed, cordate at base,
lobes acuminate, denticulate. Fls. siuall, white, the barren ones very numerous,
in axilliry racemes often If lor^; fertile ones solitary or several, situated at tho
base of tho raceme. Fr. 1 to 2' in length, setose-echinate, at length dn* and mem-
branous, with 4 large seeds. Jl. — Sept. (Sicyos Mx. Motnordioa echinata
Muhl.)
2. LAGENA'RIA, Ror. Gourd. (Gr. Xdyijvog, a, flagon or bottle;
f^om the form of the fmit.) Flowers 8 . Caly.x campaimlate, 5-toothed;
petals 5, obovate. i Stamens 5, triadclphous ; anthers very long, con-
torted. ? Stigmas 3. thick, 2-lobed, siibsessile ; pepo ligneous, 1-celled;
seeds ariled, obcorclatc, compressed, margin tumid. — Mostly climbing
by tendrils.
L. vulg?.r*a Spt, Calabash, Bottle Gourd. Softly pubescent ; st. climb-
ing by brnnching tendrils; lvs. roundish-cordate, abruptly acuminate, denticulate,
with 2 glufids beneath at base; fls. axillary, solitary, pedunculate; fr. clavate,
ventrico'js, at length smooth. — T) Gardens. The hard, woody rind of the fruit is
used iis ladles, bottles, &c. Fls. white. Jl., Aug. J Tropical.
3. BRYO'NIA, L. Bryony. (Gr. fipvo), to grow rapidly.) Flow-
ors 6* or ^ $ . Calyx 6-toothed, teeth short ; corolla 6-eleft or parted ;
i stamens 5, triadclphous, with flexuous anthers ; $ style trifid ; berry
small, globular, few seeded. — Fls. greenish white.
B Boykinii Torr. & Gr. Scabrous pubescent ; lvs. deeply 3 to 5-lobed, cordate,
denticulate, acuminate-cuspidate; fls. (small) clustered in the axils, both kinds
together, on short pedicels ; berries oval, 8-seeded. — In wet grounds, along streams,
Ga. to La. (Hale). Sts. 10 to 20f long, climbing over bushes by simple or forked
tendrils. Fr. as large as a small plum, bright crimson, changing to yellow. Th«
seeds with 2 lateral teeth. Jn., Jl.
4. SIC'YOS, L. Single-seed Cucumder. (Gr. aiKvog, the ancient
name of the cucumber.) Flowers 6* . ^ Calyx 5-toothed; corolla rotate,
5-petalcd ; stamens 5, nionadelphous, or at length triadclphous, anthers
contorted. ? Calyx 5 toothed, campanulate ; petals 6, united at base
into a campanulate corolla ; styles 3, united at base ; fruit ovate, mem-
branous, hispid or echinatc, with one large, compressed seed. — CI) Climb-
ing herbs, with compound tendrils. Sterile and fertile fls. in the same
axils.
8 anguldtUB L. St. branching, hairy; Iva. roundish, cordate, with an obtuse
sinus, 5-angled or 5-lobed, lobes acuminate, denticulate; ? much smaller than $.
Can. and U. S. A weak climbing vine, with long, spiral, branching tendrils. Lvs.
3 to 4 broad, alternate, on long stalks. Fls. whitish, marked with green lines,
the barren in long pedunculate rac. Fr. 6' long, ovate, spinous, 8 to 10 together
iu a crowded cluster, each with one large seed. Jl. Sept.
5. MELOTHRIA, L. (Gr. ju^Aov, a melon, Opiov, a certain food.)
Flowers $ ^ ^ or £* . Calyx infundibuliform-campat^ulate, limb in
i subulate segments; petals 5, united into a campanulate corolla.
^ Stamens 5, triadelphous. $ Stigmas 3 ; fruit a berry, ovoid, sn'.all.
many-seeded. — Tendrils simple, filiform.
Obdkb 68.— OUCUHBITACEiE.
8e5
M. p6ndula L. Lvs. roundish, cordate, 6>lobed or angled, pointed, slightly hispid;
fls. axillary, the sterile in small racemes, the fertile solitary, on long peduncles. —
N. Y. to Ga. and La. A delicately slender vine, climbing over other plants.
Lvs. small (1 to 2' diam.) Fls. small, yellowish. Sty short, surrounded by a
cup-shaped disk. Fr. small, oval. Jl.
6. CUCUR'BITA, L. Squash. (A Latin word, signifyino; a vessel ;
from the form of the fruit.) Fls. 3 . Corolla campamilato ; petals
united and coherent with the calyx. $ Calyx 5-tuothed ; stamens 5,
triadelphous, anthers syngeneeious, .straight, parallel. ? Calyx 5-
toothed, upper part deciduous after flowering ; stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed ;
pepo fleshy or ligneous, 3 to 5-cellcd ; seeds thickened at margin, obo
vate, compressed, smooth. — Fls. mostly yellow.
1 C. pdpo L. Pumpkin. Hispid and scabrous; st. procumbent; tendrils
branched; lvs. (very large) cordate, palraately 5-Iobed or angled, denticulate; fls.
axillary, $ long- pedunculate ; /'•. very large, roundish or ollong, smooth, furrowed
and torulous. — p Fields. Long cultivated as a u.<eful kitclien vcgetiible or for
cattie. Fls. large, yellow. Fr. sometimes 3f diain., yellow when mature, yield-
ing sugar abundantly. Jl. X Levant.
2 C. Melop^po L. Flat Squash. Hairy ; st. procumbent, witli branched
tendrils ; lvs. cordate, palmately somewhat 5-lobed, denticulate ; fls. pedunculate ;
fr. depressed-orbicular, tlie margin mostly torulous or tumid, smootli or warty. —
Gardens. Cultivated for its fruit, a well known kitchen vegetable. There are
many varieties in respect to the fruit. | Nativity ?
3 C. verrucdsa L. Warted Squash. Crook-neck Squ.ash. &c. Hairy,
procumbent, lvs. cordate, palmately and deeply 6-lc)bed, denticulate, terminal
lobe narrowed at base ; fls. pedunculate, large ; fr. roundish elliptic or ckivate,
often elongated and incurved at base. — (D Mentioned by Nuttall as long cultivated
by the Indians W. of the Mississippi. Common in our gardens, with numerous
well known varieties of the fruit. Jl. ^
7. CITRUL'LUS, Neck. Watermelon. (Lat. citrns, an orange.)
Calyx deeply 5-cleft, segments linear-lanceolate ; petals 5, united at
base and adnate to the bottom of the calyx ; stamens 5, triadelphous ;
style trifid ; stigmas convex, reniform-cordate ; fruit stibglobous, fle.shy,
the succulent placentae filling the cell ; seeds colored, numerous, trun-
cate at base and obtuse on the margin.
C. vulgaris Schrad. Hirsute,' et. prostrate, slender; Irs. pomewhar 5-Iobed,
the lobes obtusely sinuate-pinnatifid, glaucous beneath ; fls. solitary, pedunculate,
with a single bract; fr. globous or oval, smooth, stellate-maculate. — Extensively
cultivated for its well-known delicious, CL-oling fruit. Fl. Jn. — Aug. Fr. Aug.,
Sept. — A variety is the citron, a smaller fruit with thicker and tinner rind
\ India. Afr.
8. CUXUMIS, L. Cucumber. (Celtic cuce, a hollow vessel ?)
Flowers § or ^ . Calyx tubular-campaimlate, with subulate segments ;
corolla deeply 6-parted. <^ Stamens 5, triadelphous. ? Style short ;
stigmas 3, thick, 2-lobed ; pepo fleshy, indehiscent ; seeds ovate, flat,
acute, and not margined at the edge. — Creeping or climbing by ten-
drils. Fls. axillary, solitary, yellow.
1 C. sativua L. Cucumber. St. prostrate, rough; tendrils simple; lvs.
Bubcordate, broad as long, palmately 5-angled or lobed, lobes subentire, acute,
terminal one longest ; fr. oblong, obtusely prismatic, prickly, on a short peduncle.
— (D First brought to England in 1573. It is now universally cultivated for the
table, either fresh or pickled. Gathered and eaten before maturity. Jn. — Sept.
Many varieties.
2 C. Mdlo L. Musk Melon. St. prostrate, rough, tendrils simple; Iva.
suboordate, roundish, obtuse, palmately 6-angled, lobes rounded, obtuse, obscurely
i
"•^■fTj
4
K
4
m
V
m
IT >i
'n
if i
I '
366
Order 60.— CHASSULAOE.E.
denticulrte ; fls. S 5? ^ , the 9 on short peduncles ; fr. oval or subglobous, smooth,
loHKitudinaliy torulous.— -(D Native of Asia, whence it was first brought to Eng-
huid in 1570. Generally cultivated for the juicy, yellowish, delicately flavored
licsli of the mature fruit. Jn., Jl. Varieties numerous.
3 C. AngCiria L. Prickly Cucumber. St. prostrate, slender, hispid ; ten-
drils simple ; Ivs. palmately and deeply siuuate-lobed, cordate at base ; fr. oval-
ovoid, or subghhous, echinate. — (D Cultivated for the green fruit, which is about
the size of ahun's og^, and used for pickles. Jl., Aug. :j: Jamaica.
4 C. Coloc;^nthi8 L. Colocynth. St. prostrate, subhispid; Ivs. cordate-
ovato, cleft into many obtuse lobes, hairy-carescent beneath; tendrils short; Hs.
axillary, pedunculate ; $ with a globous, hispid cal. tube and carapanulate limb,
with small petals; fr. globous, yellow when ripe, about as large as an orange,
anJ intolerably bitter. — The extiact is the colocynlh of the shops, poisonous, but
medicinal, f From Turkey.
5 C. angtiinus L. Serpent Cucumber, Sts. climbing ; Ivs. 3 to 5-lobed,
repand-dentate ; tendrils foiked ; fr. very long, smooth, cylindrical, coiled. — Culti-
vated for the curiosity of the long, snake-like fruit, f E. Ind.
Order LIX. BEGONIACE^. Begoniads.
Herbs or succulent undershrubs with an acrid juice. Leaves alternate, oblique at
the base, with largo, scarious stipules. Flowers diclinous, pink-colored, cymous-
Oalyx adherent, colored. Sepals of the $ 2 pairs, decussating ; of the 9 5, imbri-
cated, or 8. Stamens OO, distinct or coherent in a column. Anthers clustered.
Ovary inferior, 3-celled, with 3 large placenta? meeting in the axis. Seeds minute,
without albumen. Fruit capsular. (Fig. 270.)
Genera 4, species 160, mostly natives of the Indies and S. America — none N. American. They
are frequently cultivated as curious and ornamental. Projkerties astringent and bitter.
piPLOCLIN'IUM, Lindl. Elephant's Ears. (Gr. dinXoog, double,
K^ivT), couch; alluding to the double plaoontJE.) Fls. 8 . — $ Sepals
orbicular, colored like the petals, but larger ; petals oblong, acute ;
stamens combined in a column; anthers in a globous head. ? Sepals
3, lanceolate, laiger than the 2 petals ; stigma lobes distinct, spiral,
erect ; capsule wings unequal ; placentae double, or 2 in each cell. —
Evergreen, succulent undershrubs,
D. Evansianum Lindl. Glabrous ; st. branched, tumid and colored at the
joints, succulent; Ivs. large, slightly angular, mucronate-serrate, cordate-ovate,
very unequal at base, petiolate, with weak, scattered prickles, and straight, red
veins, the under surface deeolj' reddened ; fls. pink-colored in all their parts,
except the golden yellow anthers and stigmas; 5 larger than the $, and on
peduncles twice as long. From China. (Begonia discolor Willd.) — Many other
species are found in conservatories — too many for our limits.
Order LX. CRASSULACE.^. House-leeks.
Plant$ herbaceous or shrubby, succulent. Lvs. entire or pinnatifid. Slip. 0.
Flowers sessile, usually in cymes and perfectly symmetrical. Sepals 3 to 20, more
or less united at base, persistent. Petals as many as the sepals, distinct, rarely co-
hering. Stamens as many as the petals, and alternating with them, or twice as
many. Ovary as many as the petals and opposite them. Fil. distinct Anth.
2-celled, bursting lengthwise. Fruit, follicles as many as the ovaries, each open-
ing by the ventral suture, many-seeded. (Pigs. 260, 261.)
Gevera 22, spedea 4B0, chiefly natives of the warmer regions of the globe, particularly the
Capo of Good Hope. About 20 are found in N. America. They grow In the thinnest and driest
snil, on naked rocks, sandy deserts, eta They bavo no peculiar property except a nlight acrid
itv Many are highly ornamental.
3
Ordbr 60.— CKASSULACK^. , 867
Tribe 1. CitABSULEiC. Carpels distinct, forming a circle of follicles, (a)
a Flowers all 4-parted. Stamens 4 Till^a. 1
a Flowers all 4-parte(l. Stamens S BRTopuTLLrM. 2
a i'lowers 5-parted, or 4 and 5-parted. Petals distinct, spreading. Seduu. 3
a Flowers 5-parted. Petals united below, erect, coniiivent Eciievbbia. 4
a Flowers 6 to20-parted. Ilypogynous scales laciniate Skmi-kbvivuw. 5
Tbtbb 3. Diamobpiiej:. Carpels united into a many-celled capsule, (b)
b Flowers 4-partcd. Stamens vS Diamobpha. 6
b Flowers 5-parted. Stamens 10 Pkn-^-'orum. 7
1. TILL^^A, Mx. ^IGMY-WEED. (To Michael Amjelo T'dli, an
Italian botanist; died 1740.) Calyx of 3 or 4 sepals united at base;
petals 3 or 4, equal ; stamens 3 or 4 ; capsules 3 or 4, distinct, follicu-
lar, opening by the inner surface, 2 or many-seeded. — (D Very minute,
aquatio herbs. Lvs. opposite.
T simplex Nutt. St. ascending or erect, rooting at the lower joints ; lvs. con-
nate at base, linear-oblong, fleshy : fls. axillary, solitary, subsessile, their parts in
43; pet. oval or oblong; carpels 8 to 10-seedcd. — Near East Rock, New Haven,
Ct. (Dr. Robbin s), and Philadelphia, on muddy banks, rare. St. 1 to 3' high.
Lvs. 2 to 3" long. Fls. as large as a pin's head. Petals oval, flat, acute, twice
as long as the oval, minute calyx, longer than the stamens and fruit, and of a
greenish white color. Jl. Sept.
2. BRYOPHYL'LUM, Salisb. (Gr. /3pj;w, to grow, 0?;AAov, leaf; i. c,
germinating from a leaf.) Calyx inflated, 4-cleft scarcely to the middle ;
corolla monopetalous, the tube long and cylindrical, 4-sided and obtuse
at base ; limb in 4 triangular, acute lobes ; seeds many. — An ever-
green, fleshy, suftVuticous plant, native of E. Indies. Lvs. opposite, un-
equally pinnate, part of them sometimes simple. Fls. greenish purple.
B. calycinum Salisb. Not uncommon in house cultivation, requiring but
little water, in a v/ell-drained pot of rich loam. St. thick, green, about 2f
high. Lvs. 3 to 5-foliate, with thick, oval, crenate Ids. Fls. in a loose, terminal
panicle, pendulous, remarkable for tlio large, inflated calyx, and the long, tubular,
exserted corollas. — This plant is dislinguished in vegetable physiology (see § 532),
producing buds and new plants from the margin of its loaves.
3. SE'DUM, L. Stone Crop. (Lat. «eo?fr^, to sit ; the plants, grow-
ing on bare rocks, look as if sitting there.) Sepals 4 or 5, united at
base ; petals 4 or 5, distinct, spreading ; stamens 8 to 10 ; carpels 4 to
5, distinct, many-seeded, with an entire scale at the base of each. —
Mostly herbaceous. Inflorescence cyinous. Fls. mostly pentamerous.
§ Flower of the branches 4-racrous, central fl. 5-inerous Nos. 1, 2
§ Flowers all jjentamerous. Spikes not Uiubellate Nos. ;^— 5
1 S. tern^tum Mx. Lvs. ternately verticillate, '^ohovate, flat, smooth, entire, the
upper ones scattered, sessile, lanceolate ; cyme in about 3 spikes ; fls. secund, the
central one with 10 stamens, the rest with only 8. — 21 Damp woods, Can. West,
Penu., the Southern and Western States. Sts. 3 to 8' long, branching and de-
cumbent at base, assurgenl above. Cyme with the 3 branches spreading and re-
curved, the white fld. loosely arrranged on their upper side. Jl., Aug. f
2 S. pulch^llum Mx. Sts. branching at base, ascending; Iv^. aaernate, linear,
obtuse, sessile with an auriculato base ; spikes umbellate, spreading, finally erect,
the crowded flowers unilateral, octandroua, the central fl. usually decandrous. —
On rocks and mts., Va. to Ga. and Tex. Sts. 4 to 12' high, very leafy. Fls.
closely sessile, small ; petals rose-color, acute. May, Jn.
3 8. telephloides Mx. Lvs. broadly lanceolate, attenuate at base, subdeniate,
smooth ; cymes dense, corymbous ; sta. 10, the pot., sep. and carp, in 5a. — Found
on rocks, lake and river shores, N. Y., N. J., Harper's Ferry, Va., etc. St. a foot
high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, ^ as wide. Fls. numerous, purple, in a terminal, branch-
ing cyme. Jn. — Aug. — Like the other species, very tenacious of life, and will
grow when pressed and apparently dried io the herbarium.
I\
fl
I
I
'I
1 1 A
'ml
W
m
':)i
1 ' ti
M
I
^1'
1
I' -'t
868
Ordbb 60— CRASSULACE-fi.
4 S. Teldphium L. Commok Orpine. LivE-ronmim. Rt. tuberoun,
fleshy, white; st. erect, very leafy; Ivs. fiattish, ovate, obtuse^ serrate^ scattered;
cyme coryrabous, leafy. — "H Cultivated and nearly naturalized. Sts. simple^
round, smooth, purplish. Lvs. sessile, fleshy. Fls. white and purple, in dense,
terminal, leafy tufts. Aug. f Eur.
5 S. ^cre L. English Moss. Wall Pepper. Procumbent, spreading, bratch-
ing from the base ; lvs. very smaU, somewhat ovate, fleshy, crowded, alternate,
closely sessile, obtuse, nearly erect; cyme few-flowered, trifld, leafy. — In cultiva-
tion it spreads rapidly on walls, borders of flower-beds, etc., densely covering
the surface. Fls. yellow. The whole plant abounds in an acrid, biting juice, f Eur.
4. ECHEYE'RIA, DC. (To JScheveri, a botanical draughtsman.)
Sepals 5, unequal ; petals 5, coherent below, erect, connivent, carinatc ;
stam. 10, shorter than the petals ; carpels 6, tapering into a short, subu-
late style, with 5 short, obtuse, hypogynous scales. — Handsome, herbn-
ceous or shrubby, fleshy plants, from California and Mexico. Fls. scar-
let or yellow.
E. grandifldra Haw. Glaucous rrith bloom, erect ; lvs. fleshy, spatulate, or
obovate, acute, narrowed into a thick petiole ; fls. paniculate, erect. — Greenhouse.
St. about 2f high. Lowest lvs. large, rosulate ; cauliue gradually smaller. Sep.
thick. Cor. urn-shaped, orange-purple, f Mex.
5. SEMPERVrVUM, L. IIouse-leek. (Lat. semper vivere, to live
forever ; for their tenacity of life.) Sepals 6 to 20, slightly cohering at
base ; petals as many as sepals, acuminate; stamens twice as many as
petals ; hypogynous scales lacerated ; carpels as many as the petals. — U
Herbaceous plants or shrubs, propagated by axillary offsets. Lvs. thick,
fleshy.
1 S. Tectdrum L. Lvs. fringed ; offsets spreading. — A well-known plant
of the gardens, with thick, fleshy, mucilaginous lvs. It sends out runners witl'-
offsets, rai-ely flowering. It is so succulent and hardy that it will grow on drj
walls,aud on the roofs of houses (tectorum). It is sometimes placed in the bor-
ders of flower beds.
2 S. arbdreum. St. arborescent, smooth, branched ; lvs. cuneiform, smooth-
ish, bordered with soft, spreading ciliae. — A curious and ornamental evergreen,
from the Levant. St. very tliick and fleshy, branching into a tree-like form, 8 to
lOf high (i to 3f in pots). Fls. yellow, rarely appearing.
6. DIAMOR'PHA, Nutt. (A Greek word signifying deformed ; al-
luding to its singular dehiscence.) Sepals 4, minute, coherent at base ;
pet. 4, oval, concave ; stamens 8, with purple anthers ; carpels 4, united
bel^w the middle, each with, a minute obcordate, hypogynous scale, and
dehiscent by an irregular dorsal valve ; seeds 4 to 8. — A very small,
fleshy, branching herb, with corymbs of white or pink-colored flowers
and purplish herbage.
D. pusflla Nutt. — ($,) On rocks in dry, sunny places, Ga. (Stone Mt. 16m. E. of
Atlanta), N. and S. Car. (Shields). Sts. J to 3' high, caespitous, forming patches.
Lvs. oval, sessile, 1" long, alternate. Fls. numerous. Mar., Apr. — A curiou.s lit-
tle plant.
7. PENTHO'RUM, L. Virginia Stone-crop. (Gr. ttevts, five;
on account ii the 6-parted, angular capsule.) Calyx of 5 sepals united
at base; petals 6 or 0; stamens 10; capsules of 5 united carpels,
6-angled, 6-celled, 5-beaked, dehiscent by an obliquely terminal valve ;
seeds oo, minute. — U Erect (not succulent) herbs, Lvs. alternate.
Fls. yellowish, cymous.
P. sedoides L. St. branched and angular above', lvs. nearly sessile, lanceolate,
"ifir^i
Obdxr 6L— SAXIFBAGACEL^.
36i>
acute at each end. unequally serrate; fla. in unilateral cymous racemes. — A
hardy plant of little beauty, in moist situations, Can. and U. S. St. 10 to 16'
high, with a few short branches. Lvs. 2 to 3' by ^ to 1', membranous, smooth,
sharply and unequally serrate. Rac. several, recurved at first, at length spread-
ing, with the flowers arranged on their upper side, constituting a corymljoua,
scentless, pale, yellowish groen cyme. Petals generally wanting. JL — Sepu
Order LXI. SAXIFRAGACE^. Saxifrages.
Ilerbs or shrubs. Lvs. alternate or opposite, sometimes stipulate. Sepals 4 or 6,
sohering more or less, and partly or wholly adherent. Petals sui many as the sepals,
inserted between the lobes of the calyx. Stamens as many as the petals and al-
ternate with them, or 2 to 10 times as many. Ovary inferior, usually of 2 carpels,
cohering at base, di'jcinct and divergent above. Fruit generally capsular, 1 to 2-
celled. (Slseck small, many, albuminous. (Figs. 270, 298, 310, 393.)
Genera 42, species 640. subdivided into four proups as given below. They are di.stril)Uted in
botli lieinispheres as foi'.'/wj. Tlie Baxifragetu l)elontt to the northern nn(i ulpino repinns. Tlie
Escallonieos to the alpine regions of 8. America. The Philadi-lithea- to the north Temperate
Zone, and the Cunonieie to the E. Indies, Australia and S. AiiUM'ica. Many are cultivated for
their great beauty. Their properties are generally astringent
SUBORDERS AND GENERA.
I. 8AXIFRAGE.1E. Ilerhs. Stipules none or adnate. Petals imbricate, rarely convolute In
the bud. Calyx free or partly adherent, (a)
a Petals wanting. Ovary adherent, 1-celled. Stamens 10 Chrysobplenium. 1
a Petals pinnatifld. Ovary half adherent, l-celled. Stamens 6 or 10 Mitf.i.la 2
a Petals entire.— Stameos 10. — Ovary 1-celled, nearly free Tiabella. .3
—Ovary 2-celled. Fls. perfect. Lvs. simple. . .Saxifbaga. 4
— Ovary 2-celled. Fls. polygamous. Lvs. couip... Astilbe. 6
— Stamens 5.— Ovary 2-celled, adherent. Seed rough Bovkinia. 6
— Ovary 2-celled, free. Seed wing-margined.. Sullivantia. 7
—Ovary 1-celled.— Styles and carpels 2 HEuniF.KA. 8
— Styles and carpels 3. . . .Lepuropetalon. 9
11. ESCALLONIEjE. Shnibs tvitk itlteniate lvs., no stipules and a valvate corolla bud. (b)
b Calyx free from the 2-celled ovary. Stamens 5. Capsule 00 -seeded Itea. 10
b Calyx adherent to the ovary. Stam. 5. Ber. 00 -seeded. (From 8. Am.)..K8CALi,0NiA. 11
Ilf. HYDRANGEiE. Shrubs lolth opposite, simple leaves and no stipules, (c)
C Corolla valvate in the bud. — Cymes radiate. Shrub erect Hvdranoea. 12
—Cymes naked. Shrub climbing DKCtr.MARiA. 13
O Corolla convolute in the bud.— Stamens 20 to 40. Petals 4 PiiiLAi>Kt.PHL'8. 14
—Stamens 10. Petals 5. (Asiatic) Deutzia. 15
1. CHRYSOSPLE^NIUM, Tourn. Water Cahprt. (Gr. A:P^a6?,
gold, an^rjv, the spleen ; on account of the medicinal qualities.) Calyx
adnate to the ovary, 4 to 6-lobed, more or less colored inside ; corolla
; stamens 8 to 10, superior, short ; styles 2 ; capsule obcordatc, com-
pressed, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. — Small aquatic herbs.
C. Amerio^num Schw. Lvs. opposite, roundish, slightly crenntc, tapering to
tlio petiole. — A small plant, in sprinp:3 and streams, spreading upon the muddy
surface. St. square, 3 to 6' long, divided in a dichotomous manner at top. Lvs.
opposite, ^' in length, smooth. Caly.x: 4-cleft, greonish-yellow, with purple lines.
Corolla 0, stamens 8, very short, with orange-colored anthers, which are the only
conspicuous part of the flower. The terminal flower is sometimes decandrous.
Apr., May.
2. MITEL'LA, Tourn. Mitre-wort. (A Lat. diminutive from tnitra,
A mitre. See Tiarella.) Calyx 5-cleft, caujpaimlate, adherent to the
base of the ovary ; petals 5, pectinately pinnatifld, inserted on the
throat of the calyx; stamens 5 or 10, included; styles 2, short; cap-
sule 2-beaked, 1-celled, with two equal valves. — U Fls. small, in a slen-
der raceme or spike.
24
n
ti i*'^!
*
370
Oedbb 61.— SAXIFRAGAOE^.
i^
1 M. diph^Ua L. Lvb. cordate, acute, sublobato, serrate-dentate, radical ones
on loujf petioles, the cauliue 2, opposite, subseasile. — Very commoa in tlie woods
of N. Eng. to Car. and Ky. Si. a foot or more high, bearing the pair ol' leaves
near the midst. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, nearly aa wide, hairy, on the hispid petioles
2 to 6' long. Fla. on short pedicels, arranged in a long, thin spike or raceme,
and most beautifully distinguished by the finely divided white petala Seeds
black and shining. May — Jn. Fig. 298.
2 M. niHda L. Lvs. orbicular-reniform, doubly crenate, with scattered hairs
above ; scape filiform, few-flowered, naked or ivith a single Itaf; pet. pinnatilid
with Aliform segments. — A very delicate species, growing in damp, rich, shady
woodlands, Wayne Co., N. Y. to northern N. Eng. Lvs. and sts. liglit green,
pellucid. Scape 4 to 6' high, terminating in a thin raceme of white fls. with
finely pinnatifid petals. They are erect or prostrate and send out creeping sto-
lons from the base. Lvs. f long and of nearly the same width. Jn.
3. TIAREL'LA, L. Bishop's Cap. (Lat. tiara^ a mitre or some
other head dress ; from the resemblance of the capsule.) Calyx 5-
parted, the lobes obtuse ; petals 5, entire, the claws inserted on the
calyx ; stamens 10, exserted, inserted into the calyx ; styles 2 ; cap-
sule Icelled, 2-valved, one valve much larger. — U Fls. white.
T. cordifdlia L. Lvs. cordate, acutely lobed, raucronate-dentato, pilous ; scape
racemous ; stolons creeping. — Rocky woods, Can. to Macon, Ga. and Eufala, Ala.
Common in N. Eng. and generally associated with Mitolla diphylla, which plant,
in its general aspect, it much resembles. The scape arises from a creeping root-
stock 10 to 2o' high, often bearing a bract. Lvs. 2 to 'i' long, ■* aa wide, hairy,
and on hairy petioles 4 to 6' long. Rac. 1 to 2 J' long; fls. wholly white, with
minute bracelets. May, Jn.
4. SAXIF'RAGA, L. Saxifrage. (Lat. saxum, a rock, f ranker e, to
break; often growing in the clefts of rocks.) Sepals 5, more or less
united, often adnate to the base of the ovary ; petals 5, entire, inserted
on the tube of the calyx; stamens 10; anthers 2-celled, with longi-
tudinal dehiscence ; capsule of 2 connate carpels, opening between the
2 diverging, acuminate beaks (styles) ; seeds oo.— 4
§ Leaves opposite (smiill) on the prostrate stem. Fls. purplish No. 1
I Leaves alteriiato on the ascending stem. Fls. yellow or white Nos. 2, 3, 4
I Leaves rosulate at the base of the mostly leafless scape. Qa)
a Calyx entirely free from the ovary (Inferior) Nos. 5, 6, "
a Calyx adherent to the base of the ovary (half superior) .'.Nos. 8, 9, 10
1 S. oppoaltifdlla L. Lvs. opposite, rather crowded, obovate, carinate, ciliate,
obtuse, punctate, persistent ; fls. solitary ; cal. free from the ova. ; pet. large, ob-
ovate, fi-voined, longer than the stani. — In the same locality as the next species.
Sts. purplish, very branching, dilluse. Lvs. bluish-green, 1 to 2" long. Fls.
light purple, largo and showy. May, Jn. ?
2 S. aizoides L. Oaaspitous, leafy ; lvs. linear-oblong, more or less ciliate, thick,
flat, mcstly persistent ; flov/ering sts, annual ; fls. paniculate, sometimes solitary ;
aep. ovate, slightly coherent with the ova ; pet. oblong, longer than tlie sep. ;
Btig. depressed ; caps rather thick, as long as the styles, — In the clefls of rocks,
at Willoughby Lake, Vt. (500 feet above the v/ater), N. to ihe Arc. Sea, Bar-
ren stems short, with densely crowded lvs. ; flowering stems ascending, 2 to 4'
long, with scattered lvs. Lvs. 4 to 6" long, about 2" wide. Pedicels bracteate.
Fls. yellow, dotted.
8 S. rivuldris L. S . weak, ascending, 3 to D-flowered; radical lvs. petiolaie,
reniform, rrenately lobed, cauliue, lanceolate, subentire ; cal. lobes broad-ovate,
nearly as long us the ovate petals, but much sliorter than the short-beaked cap-
•ule. — White Mts. N. II. (Oakes), N. t. Arc. Am. A very small species, witli
white, brni^teato fls. Sts. about 2 high, annual, with altmiate lvs.
4 S. tricuspidAta Retz. St. thick, erect; lower lvs. crowded, oblong, 3-cuspidafe;
fls. few, large, somewhat corymbed; sep. thick, ovate, shorter than tiio oblong-
1
OBDER 61.-«AXrFRAGACE^.
obovate, yellow, dotted mt ■ n. ' ^"1
«''ores, Can. and n^fhSi ''"'■ °^**«' *'PP«d with the dive.^ne st., r
Penn. to Car. Sca^e 12 to ?«^^ .'T'^ ^ 1°%' «s the a^ '/?""«*« '^'•«"-''^«i
white, or tinged with n,fr2i ■ " ^7 « to 12" Fh ,„ '1 ''Wh' Pubescent
stam'e'ns 8 or Jo exit ; ^ '''''^' ««g^"o»ts ; peJaJs 4 ''' >'^ ^^ ^^'^
i».^' and delu-scitTen '^^ ; ea^rp<^ of the A-'. T'"^^^^^ '
with a loose mnn.K ^ ^? '"^'^•^ ; seeds 1 to A , '"'* soparat-
*»■ 'U ■■esembla,t"o So :,'";"''"'=* »'■ ^ to 6f 1, 1 '^;,^ "- "i Tena, S.
A.-AUJ. ( >oa,), 2^.arpeIeJ fr. are l«Wve L»lr,?f!.?:^ "'""
e-BOVKIN'lA Nuti m ,■ -"""s of m,^,,^,.
pioneer botanist > r.1 ('^^tcatcd to Z>f /?„„/■
ii^^''!
/y
C
«
1'
fc-i'
If^ !'
I
..f'
Bt I'!
I
372
Okdbr 61.— SAXIFRAGACE^
B. aconitifdlia Nutt. St. viscid-glandular; Ivs. smoothish, deeply 6 to 7-lobed
(like those of Aconitum) ; cyme fastigiate, the fis. secund. — Mts. S. W. Ya. and
N. Gar. (Curtis). St. 1 to 2f high. Fls. small, numerous. JL
7. SULLIVAN TIA, Torr. & Gray. (To Wm. S. Sullivant, the di^
tinguished muscologist.) Calyx campanulate, coherent with the base
of the ovary, segments ovate, acute ; petals ovalspatulate, unguicnlate,
inserted on the summit of the calyx tube, and twice as long a8 its lobes ;
stamens 6, inserted with the petala, shorter than the calyx ; capsule 2-
beaked, 2-celled ; seeds Qo, ascending ; testa wing-margined. — 4 Lvs.
mostly radical, palmate-veined. Fls. in a loose panicle, small, white.
S. Ohidnis Torn & Gr. A diffuse, weak-stemmed plant, first discovered in
Highland Co., Ohio, by him whose name it bears. St. annual, very slender, 8 to
16' long, ascending, glandular. Radical lvs. roundish, cordate, lobed and toothed,
1 to 2' diam., on long petioles. Cauline leaves mostly very small, bract-like,
cuneate at base, 3 to 5 -toothed at summit May, Jn.
8. HEUXHERA, L. Alum Root. (To Prof. Jleucher, botanic
author, NVittemberg, Germany.) Calyx 5 cleft, coherent with the ovary
below, segments obtuse ; corolla of 5 small, entire petals, inserted with
the 5 stamens on the throat of the calyx ; capsule 1 -celled, 2-beaked,
dehiscent between the beaks ; seeds many, with a rough, close testa. —
U Lvs. radical, long-petioled, petioles with adnate stipules at base.
§ Fls. small (1 to 2" long), regular; stum, and sty. much exserted Nos. 1—8
§ Fls. larger (3 to 5" long), rather oblique ; stam. and sty. short Nos. 4, 6
1 H. Americana "Willd. Viscid-pubescent ; lvs. roundish, cordate, som-Bwhat 7-
lobod, lobes short and roundish, crenate-dentate, teeth mucronate ; panicle elon-
gated, loose ; pedicels divaricate ; cal. obtuse, short ; pet. spatulate, about as long
as the calyx ; stam. much exserted. — A neat plant, rare in the southern parts of
N. Eng. and l!f. Y., frequent at the W. and S. Lvs. 2 to 3^' diam. Scape 2 to
4f high, paniculate, nearly ^ this length. Fed. 2 to 3-flowered. Cal. more showy
than the purplish-white petals. May, Jn. — Root astringent, hence the common
name. Alum Root.
2 H. villdsa Mx. Villotcs, with rusty, spreading hairs; radical lvs. round-cor-
date, thin, glabrous above, 7 to 9-lobed, lobes short, crenate-mucronate, ciliatc:
panicle loose, with filiform branches and pedicels ; fls. very small ; pet. white,
about as long and as narrow as the filaments. — Mts. Md. to N. Car. and Ky. Scape
1 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 6' diam., petioles sometimes densely villous. — The plant
Taiies much in size. Scipe often with one or more lvs. Jn., Jl.
3 H. caul^BceuB Ph. Nearly glabrous ; lvs, acutely 6 to 7-lobed, cordate, lobea
acutely toothed, ciliato ; panicle loose, slender ; petals white, Unear-spaiulate, 2 or
3 times longer than the sepals. — High Mts. Car., Ky., Tcnn. Scape often bearing
a leaf or two below, and with the petioles soinawhat hairy below. May, Jn.
l3. Quite glabrous ; radical lvs. slightly lobed ; cauline 2, collateral ; branches
of the panicle racemous, elongated, divaricate. — Buncomb Co., N. Car. (H.
Curtisii Gray.)
4 H. pubeacens Ph. Scap'e naked, minutely pubescent above, and with the
long petiole glabrous below; lvs. glabrous, orbicular-cordate, 7 to 9-lobed, lobes
rounded, and with rounded, mucronate, ciliate teeth ; ped, cymous, dichotomous,
joints flexuous, almost geniculate ; fls. largo ; pet. longer than the included stam. ;
sty. exserted. — Mts. Penn,, Md., Va. Scapo 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 3 to 5' diam.,
the veins beneath with a few scattered hairs. Fls. 5 to 6' long, purple. May,
Jn. (H. grandiflora Raf.)
5 H. hfspida Ph. Hispid and scabrous on the upper surface and margin of the
obtusely 6 to 7-lobed lvs., the lobes broadly mucronate-toothed, teeth very short,
almost retuse ; branches of the panicle few-flowered ; pet. spatulate, as long as
the calyx, shorter than the somewhat exserted stamens. — Mts. of Va. and N.
Car., ajid prairies of Ind. to Mo. The petals purple. The prairie form is less
hairy, almost smooth. (tL Richardson! R. Br.)
Ohdkk 61.-SAXlFIiAUACE^.
!•■ spatuldtum Ell Tl p • '
»• HYDRAH'GEA L tt
xT:^.!:5„::; rr —^ ^^S. -—-sSrs
wot, apriujy pK aCC'-Ti^ »uporb'.S L [™ ff'V'"'''"". ">» »te - '
as broad a? Wlst^T, ? °° ouWi-ated. Shrub l /i or , "'^, ^'"- "'"i S. Oa. i„
Oftea oul.iva.e4' Ma' Ji */ '8" broad, wifh orSlk'r CS?" *°*' "'>™'^
«&eri,.to,^4j;'';j_^»- »~fe, abrupt or oordat/a. I:.
1^1 1l'
'it T
f y...
', 1l
374
Ordhb 62,— HAMAMELACEiE.
perfect fla arc central and much smaller. It thrives in large pots of peat mixed
with loam, abundantly watered. The flowers endure several months, f
13. DECUMA^RIA, L. (Lat. decern, ten ; from the 10-parted flowers.)
Fls. all fertile ; calyx 1 to 10-toothed, tube adherent to the 5 to 10-
celled ovary ; petals as many as calyx teeth, oblong-spatulate, valvate in
the bud ; stamens 3 times as many as the petals, in one row, epigynous ;
stigma as many as petals, radiate, capsule urn-shaped, mary-ribbcd,
crowned with the style, oo-seeded. — A shrub creeping or climbing by
rootlets, with opposite Ivs. and cymes of white, fragrant fls.
D. bdrbara L. A beautiful climber, in damp woods, N. Car. to Fla. and La., a.s-
cending trees 15 to 30f. Lvs. ovate or oval, entire or obscurely serrate, acute or
acuminate, very smooth, — tiiose of the young creepers elliptical, irregularly
toothed. Cymes terminal on the divergent branches, with numerous fls. Caps,
persistent, exhibiting in winter their curious structure. May, Jn.
14. PHILADEL'PHUS, L. False Sykinga. (To Philadelphus, king
of Egypt.) Calyx 4 to 5-partcd, half superior, j^ersistent ; corolla 4 to
5-petaled ; style 4-cleft ; stamens 20 to 40, shorter than the petals ;
capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence; seeds many,
arilled. — Handsome flowering shrubs. Lvs. opposite, exstipulate.
1 P. inodorus L. Glabrous; lvs. ovate, acute or somewhat acuminate, triple-
veined, entire, or with few obscure teetli; sep. acute, scarcely longer than the tube;
sty. united. — Va. to Ala. in the upper country (Buckley). Fls. small, several at
the end of each branchlot, inodorous. May, Jn.
2 P. grandiflorus Willd. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, sharply denticulate, 3-veined,
axils of the veins hairy ; sep. acuminate, much longer than the tube ; stig. 4, linear ;
sty. united. — A veiy showy shrub, Gf high, native at tlie South, cultivated in
shrubberies. Branc hes smooth, long and slender. Fls. large, in a terminal um-
bel of 2 or 3, white, nearly inodorous. Jn. — The upper lvs. are often entire and
quite narrow, f
3 P. coronarius L, Mock Orange. Lvs. ovate, subdentate, smooth ; aty.
distinct. — Native of S. Europe. A handsome shrub, often cultivated in our shrub-
beries. The fls. are numerous, cream-colored, showy, resembling those of the
orange both in form and fragrance, but are more powerful in the latter respect.
It grows 5 to 8f high, with opposite, smooth, ovate, stalked lvs. and opposite, red-
dish twigs bearing leafy clusters of flowers, f
15. DEUT'ZIA gracilis and D. scabra, are two handsome shrubs
occasionally cultivated in parks. The genus is readily recognized by
the filaments, which are 3-cuspidate at the top, bearing the anther on
the middle cusp.
D. Bcabra Thunberg, has ovate, acute, sharply serrate, pilous leaves, with
terminal, downy racemes of handsome, bell-shaped, white flowers, each usually
with 3 pistils, f Eastern Asia.
Order LXII. HAMAMELACE^. Witciihazelworts.
Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple leaves and deciduous stipules. Flowers in
heads or spikes, often polygamous or monoecious. Calyx adherent. Petals linear,
valvate or convolute in bud or wanting. Stamens twice as many as petals (the op-
posite sterile and scale-like) or oo. Ovary of 2-carpels, 2-celled and 2-styled, ovulej
1 or OO in each cell. • Fruit a woody capsule, 2-boaked, 2-celled and 2-seeded.
Gfnera 14. apecieft 20, widely (lifTiised. Various spocios of Liqiiidainbar yield the pungent re-
Mn called stot'ox. Otlierwise tlio products of tliis order are unimportant.
TRIBES AND GENERA. '
1. IIamamkle.!:. Flowers dichlamydeous. Ovule solitary In each cell. Calyx
4-part.:d ; petaU ligulaie, ion:;. Shrub Hamamklis
OROKa 63.-UMBii'£LIFER^.
37.5
Pet. curled or twisted g" " '"'« ' "s "■Wo PetiSi ^m™' ""<' 'O '» I2f
to j)r. Fotheraill \ ^\\}' ^^'"^' Pedicated by the v.,
toothed at the nt! ' ^'"^ ^^''npanulate, truncato ! n ] ^J""^^' ^>n^»"'*
in its leaves and !t?'r''^' l-«««ded.--AXu r"^";""^ ^* ^««^' 2-
the leaves in a . ^I^^^^'^^el in its fruit FIs " , . esembhng «„ alder
r. alnifSa V/ sTf ''"" '^"^^ ^^ -"enl" "'''^' «PP-""g be/ore
calvxascaleifa''. r^"'" "^''^"^^' Poljandroul' f^f '^l'''''^'"^"^;
"rtse, to tUorii™' '■«%"*»? N. to Conn td in Wi.TT '""' ''W'"'
pact ball, suspSed bi a Ji'^H *^"'^" «^ *be Rock Ele Fmir ^ff ^ ^''^'d<-^^
-*-ing I Pr 2 se'ed'r J{:^.^^^ ^^^^^ --^^^'^/otnuiTus^ f^^C, S
^ Order LXIII. ITMBELLIPERJ. tt
/S-erJ. with hoUow striate «f ^^^^-^^-E. Umbel worts.
Coiyx adherent to thl ''™^' sheathing petioles nn,^ «
at the point Lh *^.°^^'-:^' «mb entire or 5-toothe7 »?, ^°"'^''' '° "^^^^le.
*^^' 2. distinct or united at their
I :
1
ff I
i
•=3
a^*'
376
Oedeb 63.— UMBELLIPERiE.
thickened bases. Stigmas simple. Fruit a cremocarp (§ 557), consisting^ ot 2 coo
hereut achenia called meriearps which separate along the middle space, which in
called the commissure.
Carpophore, the slender, simple or forked axis attached to and supporting the
mericarps at top, inclosed between them at tho commissure.
Ribs — 5 ridgoa traversing; each mericarp lengthwise, and often 4 intermediate or
secondary ones, some, all, or none of them winged.
Vittrn — little tubular receptacles of colored volatile oil imbedded in tho substance
of tiie pericarp, just beneath the intervals of the ribs, and also sometimes in the
face of the commissure.
Embryo in the base of abundant, horny albumen. (Illust. in figs. 25, 27, 102, 134,
135, 163, 207, 297, 433.)
Genera 270, species 1600 or more. A larpo and well defined natural order, native of damp
places, way.sldes. groves, «&c., in the cool parts of the world. Very few are found in tropical
countritis, except iipoi the mountains.
Properties, aromatic, stimulant and carminative, depending upon a volatile oil residing in the
vittiB of »he fruit, in t'je roots, &c. The herbage is Irequently pervaded by an acrid, narcotic
principle, rendering i'l; very poisonous. Of this nature is tho Coniuni inaculatum (Hemlock),
Cicuta virosa, ^thusa Cynapium (Fool's Parsley), besides many otliers which have at least a
suspicious character. But the fruit is never poisonous, and is usually stimulant and aromatic,
as Caraway, Anise, Dill, Coriander, &c. Even the roots and herbage of other species are whole-
some and nutritive, as the Carrot. Parsnip, Sweet Cicely, Celery, and Arcbangelica. Tlie gum
resin asaafietula exudes from incisions on the Ferula of Persia. Tho Gum Galhanum is the
product of Galbiinum officinale, an Indian species. The genera of the Umbelliferte are often best
defined by characters founded upon tiio number and development of the ribs, the presence or
absence <)f the vittre, and the form of tho albumen, particularly at the commissure. These
parts, therefore, minute as they are, will require the especial attention of the student.
Do Candolle subdivided the Umbelworts into sections, depending upon tlie form of the albu-
men and seed, whether (1.) d.it on the inner face, or (2.) convolute at the sides, or (3.) involut*
at the end*. This arrangement is often impr.tcticable as a step in the
ANALYSIS OF THE GENERA.
§ Flowers in simple umbels, sometimes spicate. Leaves simple, (a)
§ Flowers in capitate umbels, L e., sessile, forming dense heads, (b)
§ Flowers in regularly compound umbels, not sessile in heads. (1)
1 Fruit flattened on the back, the margins only singly winged, (c)
1 Fruit flattened on the back, the margin only doubly winged, (d)
1 Fruit terete or flattened on the sides. — Ribs bristly echinate. (e)
— Ribs smooth. Flowers xanthlc. (f)
— Ribs smooth. Flowers cyanic. (2)
2 Plants exotic, growing In gardens, &c. (1)
2 Plants native or naturalizoJ, growing wild. (3)
3 Fruit slender, thrice longer than wide, often beaked, (g)
3 Fruit short, once to twice as long as wide. — Ribs (6 to 10)-wlnged. (h
— Ribs not winged. (4)
4 Seed furrowed or excavated on the inner face, (i)
4 Seed flat on tho inner face. — Involucre none or almost none, (j)
— Involucre of 2 to 8 bracts, (k)
a Fruit flat, orbicular. Leaves roinid or roundish IIydrocottlb. 1
a Fruit globular. Leaves linear, fleshy phyllodia Ckantzia. 3
b Flowers partly sterile. Fruit densely muricate, few Sanicitla. 8
b Flowers all fertile. Fruit scaly, many in the hea<l Ertnoium. 4
Flowers yellow. Fruit with a thick, corky margin Polyt^bnia. 5
O Flowers yellow. Fruit with a thin margin Pastinaca.
Flowers white, — of two sorts, — the marginal radiant IIbraclei;,m. 7
—all alike. — Lfts. 3 to 9, mostly entire ARcriEMOUA. S
— Lfts. 0, phyllodia linear. Tiedemannia. 9
d Seed adherent to the pericarp, with 6 to S vitta? Anoelica. 10
d Seed not adherent, &c., all covered with vittaj AitciiANOELiOA. 11
6 Involucre of several pinnatifid br.icts DAUOtrs. 12
f Involucels of ovate, entire bracts. Leaves simple Bupmtrum. 13
f Involucels none. Carpels with 5 obtuse ribs Anethum. 14
f Involucels subulate. — Ribs shorp or winired. Leaflets toothed Tiiaspicm. 16
— Ribs not at nil winged. Leaflets entire Zizia. tft
i ^run ovate.-.,, obsc^u': ;;';^ -{j «"-ring. i :::::;• '^'«---'- '"
-clothed with scales r„ ^"""'""^'^ drooping. ^rvptot.k.v,.,. o;
k Cab-x teeth obsolete. Leav/, ? """'^ "'"•'''"'4 ^^^"^•''■*- 2^
*^»'3^x teeth perslste„t.i:Src:;;,^^^^ ^--o.,.,., ,,
» F'o-ors of 2 so . ' '■""'•«- Vitt. e". "nku r""'""''^'^- ■'^''
r UVnn^^ -^'ittoj 8 to 12. '-""''""nM. a5
'• HrDROCOTTLF T t^ JAirrMss
vessel; the concavpll 7 /^^^^'-^ort. rOr "a ^^^'^v^.sr
fr-'. ovate, spreldin?^ '?^" ^'«^^« waterT C^ T^"-' '^^--'^7 a
*a. intemsptauul,! r "^"y- •'"''»=. broader tS i'''
>«, <^W< sXS-S r/"- ^*'««. orbicular „ °'*
to G^ (Mettau-e^^!?! D^f" '" "' base.- vT' ,™;°»te: «fe& <,™,v„,
'*e^sot^ri"2-*^r.^«^7'*^
"«»» or^^^T*™- PeWes afe el'tl*" '?" dfc.'Se.f^f^-p'
II li
./■,
•■X
"It
t >
' T ■? -1 1
jI'i !i|
378
Order 63.— UMBELLIFER^.
2. CRANT'ZIA, Nutt. {To Prof. Crantz, author of a monograph of
the Unibellifera;.) Calyx tube siibglobous, margin obsolete ; petals ob-
tuse ; fruit subglobous, the commissure excavated, with 2 vitta^ ; car-
pels unequal, 5-ribbed, with a vitta in each interval. — Small, creeping
herbs, with linear or filiform, entire Ivs. Umbels simple, invohicrate.
C. linedta Nutt. Lvs. cuueate-linear, sessile, obtuse at apex, and with trans-
vorso veins, shorter than the peduncles. — % Muddy banks of rivers, Mass. to La.
8ts. several inches long, creeping and rooting in the mud. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 1 to
2", often linear and appearing like petioles without laminae. Umbels 4 to 8-flow-
ercfl. Ped. ^ longer than the leaves. Involucre 4 to 6-leaved. Fr. with red
vittie. May — Jl. (Hydrocotyle Mx.)
3. SANIC'ULA, Tourn. Sanicle. (Lat. sanare, to cure; for its
reputed virtues as a vulnerary.) Flowers ? ^ ^; calyx tube echinate,
segments acute, leafy ; petals obovate, erect, with a long, inHected
point ; fruit subglobous, armed with hooked prickles ; carpels without
ribs; vittas numerous. — U Umbel nearly simple. Rays few, with
many-flowered, capitate umbellets. Involucre of few, often cleft leat-
lets, involucel of fieverul entire.
1 S. Marildndica L. Lvs. 5 to 7 -parted, digitate, mostly radical ; Ifls. or seg-
niL'nts oblong, iucisely serrate ; sterile Jls. many, pedicellate, fertile ones sessile ;
cal. segm. entire ; sty. slander, conspicuous, recurved. — Thickets, U. S. and Can,,
common. St. 1 to 2f high, dichotomously branched above, smooth, furrowed.
Radical lvs. on petioles 6 to 12' long, 3-parted to the base, with the lateral segm.
deeply 2-parted ; segm. 2 to 4' long. Cauline lvs. few, nearly sessile. Involucres
6-leaved, serrate. Umbels often proliferous.
2 S. Canadensis L. Lower lvs. 5-parted, upper 3-parted, segm. ovate, mucro-
nate-serrato ; sterile fls. few, much shorter than the fertile ; sty. shorter than the
prickles. — Woods, thickets, N. States to O. and Can., common. About the size
of the preceding, or taller. Umbels more numerous and smaller. Lfts. thin, 1
to 3' long. Jn. — Aug.
4. ERYN'GIUM, Tourn. (Gr. EQvyeXv, to belch ; a supposed remedy
for flatulence.) Fls. sessile, collected in dense heads ; cal. lobes some-
what leafy ; petals connivent, oblong, emarginate with a long, inflexed
point; styles filiform ; fruit scaly or tuberculate, obovate, terete, without
vitta) or ribs. — Herbaceous or suff"ruticous. Fls. blue or white, bracte-
ate ; lower bracts involucrate, the others smaller and paleaceous.
§ Scales or chaff of the heads entire Nos. 1 — 3
§ Scales or chaff of the. heads tricuspidate Nos. 4 — 7
1 E. yuccaefolium Mx. Erect; lvs. broadly linear, parallel-veined, ciliate with
remote soft spines ; bracts tipped with spines, those of the invohicels entire, shorter
than the ovate-globous heads. — 11 Prairies and Pine barrens, W. and S. A re-
markable plant appearing like one of the Endogense. Very glaucous. St. simple,
I to 6f high. Lvs. often 1 to 2f long, \ to 1^' wide. Heads pedunculate, \ to
1' diam. Fls. white, inconspicuous. Jl., Aug, (This name, if allowable as Dr.
Gray suggests, is more appropriate than E. aquaticum L. in part.)
2 B. proBtratum Baldvv? Sts. filiform, prostrate, rooting at the joints; lvs.
(small) of two forms in the same cluster, some ovate, dentate, petiolate, others
3-cleft ivith lanceolate segments, middle segm. largest ; heads on slender peduncles,
axillary, small, ovate ; involucre bracts 4 to 6, linear, rather longer than the head;
scales entire, shorter than the fls. — U In wet places, Ga. and Fla, (Mettauer).
St. 6 to 12' long, many from one root, Lvs, 4 to 7" long. Hds. 3 " long, white,
the fls. blue. Jn.--Oct. (E, gracile Ell.)
p. FOLiosuxi. Lvs. larger, all 3-cleft, irregularly toothed ; bracts of the invoL
leafy, twice longer than the oblong heads. — La. (Hale). (E. prostratum
Nutt.)
3 E. Baldw^fnii Spreng, Sts. filiform, prostrate, clustered ; lowest lvs. oblong,
Ijnmclie.s. Hds Ir r ^"^^^ siniplo or or.„ ^ , ."'^ ?'"« Wrens Sr *'"-'"''•
raucli .ma Jer Uh "^''' ^''^'^"'^ed above T ^^?^- •^- ^ Bolton to O^''"--^""-
^ E. Mettaatrt"- ^^,,f ^"««-- ^l?./'" ' ''^ ^-^'^''- ^,1 p.5o'b'luo Tn "7
«'«^<«fi^ chiefltnJ-\i I' '"'"pJe. erect- /„c ;• ^^
J«, silvery abovo ? ^^'''-owJy winded bin!"' '"'■^^^'■'^. Joi
from tho imtritiv, ''°"'' P'^nemr /r«,
petals bro^tZZl^^^r "^ «.« roitY (m""^.''*" <"• ■■epasf
P;«ed, oval, S?'J'''j « '»"g inflexid p^„ ?7. "".'" «-'<>oti.e ;'
® Kt. fnsform rn»„j ^ y'"®i carpoohor. o ' """"'y obsolete
t*
t. '
/
sao
Ordsb 63.— UMBBLLIPBRiE.
exterior flowers, and apparently deeply 2-cleft ; fruit compressed, flat,
with a broad, flat margin, and 3 obtuse, dorsal ribs to each carpel ; in-
tervals with single vittae ; seeds flat. — Stout herbs with large umbels.
In vol. deciduous. Involucels many-leaved.
H. lan^tum L. Lvs. tern ate, petiolate, tomentoiis beneath, Ifts. petioled, round-
cordate, lobed ; fr. orbicular, — Penn. to Lab., W. to Oregon. A large, coarse-
looking piant in moist cultivated grounds. Sta. about 4f high, thick, furrowed,
branching, with spreading hairs. Lvs. very large, on channeled stalks, L.l;s,
irregularly eut-lobed aud serrated. Its huge umbels are often a foot broad. In-
volucre of lanceolate, deciduous leaflets. Petals deeply heart-shaped, wliite, those
of the outer fis, unequally enlarged (radiate), Jn.
8. ARCHEMO^RA, DC. (A fanciful name from Archemorns, who,
according to mythology, died from swallowing a bee.) Calyx limb
5-toothed ; petals obcordatc with an inflexed point ; fruit oval, lenticu-
lar, compressed on the back ; carpels with 5 ribs, marginal ones broadly
winged ; intervals with single large vittse, commissure with 4 or 6 ;
seeds flat. — U Invol. or few-leaved. Involucels many-leaved.
1 A, rigida DC, "Water Dropwort, Cowbane. St, rigid, striate, smooth ; lvs,
pinnately divided, smooth, Ifts. 3 to 11, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, entire or re-
motely toothed, sessile ; umbels spreading, smooth, — Swamps, Mich, to Fla aud
La. St. 2 to 4f high, slender, terete. Lfts. 2 to 4' by 3 to 9", varying in outline
in the same plant. Umbels 2 to 3, of many slender rays. Petals wliite. Fr
with subequal, greenish ribs, and large purple vittae filling the intervals. Com-
missure white. Sept, — Said to be poisonous. (CEnanthe Nutt.)
/?. AMBiGUA. Lfts. long-linear, mostly entire, (CEnanthe ambigua Nutt,)
2 A. ternata Nutt. Lvs. temately divided, with very long petioles ; segm.
linear. — Margins of swamps in the pine forests, N, to S, Car. Near Newbern
(Nuttall), St. 2 to 3f high, slender. Lvs. and petioles 2f long ; segm. 3" wide.
Fruit as large as th;it of the parsnip.
9. TIEDEMAN'NIA, DC. (To Prof. Tiedemann, of Hiedelburg.)
Calyx limb 5-tootliC(l ; petals roundish ovate ; fruit flattened dorsally,
obovate ; carpels with 5 equal, filiform ribs, the lateral coalescing with
the broad, marginal wings ; intervals with single large vittae, commis-
sure with 2 ; seed flat. — U Smooth, tall, slender. Lvs. reduced to fis-
tular-jointed phyllodia. Involucra subulate, 6 to 6-lvd. Fls. white.
T. teretifdlia DC— Ya, to La. and Fla. St. 3 to 6f high, hollow, round, striate,
Phyllodia 6 to 16' long, tapering, the joints 1' apart, Fr, as large as in parsnip,
disk dark brown, not wider than the yellowish wings. Aug., Sept,
10. ANGEL'ICA, L. (Named for its excellencies.) Calyx teeth ob-
solete ; petals lanceolate, acuminate ; fruit dorsally compressed ; car-
pels 6-ribbed, the 3 dorsal ribs filiform, the 2 marginal winged, inter-
vals with single vitta) ; carpophore 2-partcd ; seed semiterete. — Lvs. bi.
o» triternate, sessile, umbels terminal. Invol. or few-leaved. Involu-
cels many-leaved.
A. Curtfaii Buckley. Lvs. bitemate or with 3 quinate divisions ; lfts. thin, ovate
or lance-ovate, acuminate, sharply and incisely toothed ; bracts of the involuccl
small, subulate; wings of the fruit broad, — 1( Mts. of Ashe Co,, N, Car. (Cur-
tis.) Cheat Mt, Va, (Buckley,) Aug.
11. ARCHANGEL'ICA, Hoftm. Angelica. (Named for its pro-
eminence in size and virtues.) Calyx teeth short ; petals elliptical, en-
tire, lanceolate, acuminate, with the point inflexed ; fruit dorsally com-
pressed, with 3 carinate, thick ribs upon each carpel, and 2 marginal
enes dilated into membranous wings ; seed loose in the ripe carpel.
Ordkh e3.-UUBELUFERJE.
covered with vitta* or t> .- , 881
• inv "'"'"'^ many-leaved. ^' '°^"*^^ ««d ^-parted.
• T ""'v "leaved
Mtot3ir„?'-tifiw^.o3„n,, ,,„,,•
''*'■*-fs.t-IJ:ia.••
divisions quiSteTn. '?"; ■^'- *"•* i)ar»fe /■„,,. ^ "''•»
tlie largest of the Uinh«ii;f- '^' 'nvolucel.s of shf>rf L/ *^ ill visions rliom.
fields at.d meadol^ttnd^ ^S" '^"^^'^ fo*- ^ a^^atif 2? "^^.^^^-An^o^,
s'nooth, hollow, glaucous p!;-^,*'"'?- ^*- ^ to 6f h?^? ??^ o'f'^'' ^"'^'""i«" in
with inflated shelths ^tba^o t^^' ^^'S^' ^^^^^ted, chS 'li *" ^^ '° 'fnekncs"
2 A. hirsata Torr & Or ^7 greenish
1V3. piunately divided in?, i 'i ^"'^""^-V AxGEl^rcA ^/ .^ .^
jninal one aibedr Laths tf"' ''''^,°°''^^^t«. «eutly1trrZ"'*' """"'^' '^'^'"^^ .'
Cultivated in ifirdom. ^ •'''^^ '''"^ saccate— Sa J ^^ k ^'^ «^g«ieuts, tiic tor-
li^vi.ijt siiiglo vitta „'''"' «■■•«'> ""o a single row rf i 7 "'"'"^
voiucro. teds, smaller than in the Carrot ' ^°^«'oped in
■ imfj
I
J'
f*fii
fir*"
"-?
/■
\\h
J!
iiif
382
Obdbr 63.— UMBELLIFER^
13. BUPLEU'RUM, Tourn. Modesty. Thorough-wax. (Gr. (iovg,
an ox, TTkevpbv^ a rib ; from the veined leaves of some of the species.)
Calyx margin obsolete ; petals somewhat orbicular, entire, with a
broad, closely inflexed point ; fruit laterally compressed ; carpels 5-
ribbed, lateral ones marginal ; seed teretely convex ; flattish on the
face. — Herbaceous or shrubby. Lvs. mostly reduced to entire phyllo-
dia. Invol. various. Fls. yellow.
B. rotundifdlium L. Lvs. (phyllodia) roundish-ovate, entire, perfoliate ; invol.
; involucels of 6, ovate, mucronate bracts ; fr. with very slender ribs, intervals
smooth, mostly without vittae. — (1) In cultivated grounds and fields, N. Y., Penn.,
and Ind., rare. St. If or more high, branching. Lvs. 1 to 3' long ; 3^ -^s wide,
rounded at base, acute at apex, very smooth. Umbels 5 to 9-rayed. Involucels
longer than the umbellets. Fr. crowned with the wax-like, shining base of the
styles (stylopodium.) Jl., Aug.
i4. ANETHUM, Tourn. Dill. Fenwel. (Gr. atdo), to burn ; the
plant (its seeds) is very stimulating.) Calyx margin obsolete ; petals
involute, with a broad, retuse apex ; fruit ovate or oblong, laterally sub-
compressed ; carpels with 5 obtuse ribs, the lateral ones marginal ; in-
tervals with single vittae, commissure with 2. — Umbels perfect, with no
invol. or involucels. Fls. yellow.
1 A. gravdolena L. Dill. IV. elliptical, compressed, surrounded by aflat,
dilated inargin ; lvs. tripinnate, segm. capillary; umbels on long stalks. — Native
of S. Europe. The oval, flat, brown seeds are aromatic, pungent, and medici-
nal, t
2 A. Fceniculum L. Fennel. Lvs. biternaiely dissected, segm. linear-subu-
late, elongated; rays of the umbel numerous, unequal, spreadixg; carp, turgid,
ovate-oblong. — Native of England, &c. Cultivated in gardens. St. 3 to 5f high,
t-'rete, branched. Lvs. large and smooth, finely cleft into numerous, very nar-
row segments. Jl. — The seeds are warmly aromatic. \ (Foeniculum vulgare
Gajrt.)
15. THAS'PIUM, Nutt. Golden Alexanders. (From the Isle of
Thaspia, which gave name to the ancient allied genus Thapsia.) Calyx
margin 5-toothed ; petals elliptic, with an inflexed point ; fruit ellip-
tical, compressed laterally and didymous ; carpels convex, with 6 pro-
minent or winged ribs, the lateral margined; intervals with single
vittae. — 21 Umbels without an iavol. Involucels 3-leaved, lateral. Fls.
yellow or dark purple.
§ Leaves 1 or 2-ternate, the radiciil often simple Nos. 1, 2
§ Leaves thrioo terimte; stem often pubescent at the nodes Nos. 8, 4
1 T. aClreum Nutt. Lvs. mostly biternate,lfts. thin, oval-lanceolate; sharply serrate ;
umbellets with short rays ; fr. oblong-oval, 10-winged. — Hills and meadows, U.
S. and Can. Sts. 1 to 2f high, branching above, rather sleudor, erect, hollow,
angular-furrowed, smooth. Lower lvs. on long petiolps, the Ifts. with coarse ser-
ratures, and sometimes quinate, the very lowest one sometimes simple. Umbels
about 2' broad, of 10 to 15 rays, the umbellets dense. Fls. numerous, orange-
yellow. Fr. oval, brown. Rt. black, tufted. Jn.
fi. APTBRUM Gray. Fr. with sharp and prominent ribs, not winged. (Smyr-
nium aureum L. Zizia aureum Koch.)
2 T. cordStum Nutt. Radical lvs. simple, cordate, crenate, cauline ones ternate,
stalked, segm. acute, derrate; umbels terminal; fir. roundish oval, G-winged. —
Shady hills and barrens, U. S. and Can., rare in N. Eng, St. erect, slightly
branched, smooth, 2 to 3f high. Rt. lvs. on long stalks, roundish, heart-shaped,
the rest ternate, becoming only 3-parted above, all light green. Umbels dense,
with yellow tis. Fr. black, oval, with 3 prominent, paler, winged ridges on each
side. May, Jn. (Smyrnium oordatum Mx. Zizia cordatum DC.)
Ordeb 63.-UMBELLIFER^.
oordataKoch). ^''^- ^'•' ^'^^ prominent shI;p*°ri^r"3,iThapsia tri^^^^^^
^"S/KTO^'^'^'euS^ 'ZT Y — . upper
tical, large (3" wVfi ,^^^' ""^^^'^ termiuaUm A " ^?"''*"j^ ^^^ inciselvE
" Rhenish b'otanTst) ^^T" ^'■^'""">^^- (DodioafM , ^ z>
witl. 5 obtuse, equal rih, f,^ "'*'' '^ '""go/tinn f^ ^^ "•""')'
jVal, acute, brSlvHbs "?•»'»««. """'""'to at W^ !! T'"^' '"
deep, bristi;cliann»r ;, r"™'^ "'"'out vitt-r. f ' '^^Pe's with 5
opposite. Invol fewT ^Z"?- '''■'«™a'e'y Zldid '"?;.'''';''° "'"' «
*0- longftSDC T ' '"™'"'=**to7-leaved t "", ""'^"'^
Woods, Can to V„ i , ■"& •^''>™. wartv « ;„,' T ^'"^ "llitc.
^asto. The plant is more
r m
r'=
Cs.
f
■1
ill'
jf-f
J
'.V-
•\'
384
Order 63.— UMBELLIFER-*.
;ii
hairy, and with more deeply cleft divisions in the leaves. Invol. deciduous.
Umbels with long, diverging rays, of which but few prove fertile. Fr. crowned
with short, convergent (not spreading) styles. May, Jn.
19. CH>EROPHYLXUM, L. Calyx limb obsolete; petals obovate,
eraarginate, point inflexetl ; fruit laterally compressed, contracted above
but scarcely beaked ; carpels with 5 obtuse, equal ribs ; intervals with
2 vittaj, commissure deeply sulcate. — Lvs. 2 to 3-pinnately divided,
eegm. incisely cleft or toothed. Invol. 0, or few-leaved ; involucel
many-leaved. Fls. mostly white.
1 C. procumbens Lara. Decumbent or assurgent, nearly glabrous; segm. of
the lvs. pinnatitid, with oblong, obtuse lobes; umbels diffuse, few-flowered, often
simple, sessile or pedunculate ; invol. : involucels of 3 or 4 very small oval Ifts ;
fr. linear-oblong, ticute ; ribs narrower than the intervals. — (ID or (^; Moist woods,
N. Jer. to 111. and southward. Sts. 1 to 2f long, pubescent wh^n young, dif-
fuse, slender. Segm. of the lvs. rather open, al ut 4'' by 1". Rays 1 to 4, 1 to
4-flowered, about 2' long. Apr. May. (Scandix procumbens L.)
2 C. Tainturieri Hook and Am. Decumbent or erect; lvs. tripinnate, segm.
crowded, again pinnalifid or bipinnatifid, ultimate segm. very small, oblong, acuta ;
fr. attenuated to a short beak ; ribs terete, much broader than the intervals. — E.
Ga. (Feay, Pond) to Ala. and La. (Hale), Plant 10 to 20' high, smooth w'len
old. Lvs. very finely dissected, ultimate segm. only 1" long. Fr. nearly 4'
long, brown and smooth when ripe.
20. SELI'NUM, L. Milk Parsley. (Gr. aeXrfVT), the Moon ; the car-
pels are crescent-forin.) Calyx teeth obsolete ; petals obovate, with an
inflected point ; fruit compressed on the back ; carpels with 5-winged
ribs, lateral ones marginal and much the broadest ; intervals with 1 to
3 vittiB, commissure with 4 to 8. — ® Smooth. St. hollow. Lvs. on
very large, inflated petioles. Invol. various ; involucels 5 to 7-leaved.
S. Canadense Torr. and Gr. Lvs. ternately divided, divisions bipinnate, with
oblong-linoar lobes ; invol. 0, or 2 to 3-leaved ; fr. oblong-oval ; vittae solitary in
the dorsal intervals, 2 to 3 in the lateral. — In wet woods. Me. to Wis., but not
common. St. 3 to 5f high. Lvs. much compounded, the ultimate segments pin-
natitid with linear-oblong lobes. Umbels compound. Pet. white, spreading.
Sty. slender, diverging. Fr. about 2" long. Aug. Sept.
21. LIGUS'TICUM, L. Lovage. (One species was said to be native
of Liguria.) Calyx teeth minute or obsolete ; petals obovate, emargin-
ate, with an inflexed point ; fruit nearly terete, or slightly compressed
laterally; carpels sharply 5-ribbed, with numerous vittae. — 11 Lvs. ter-
nately divided. Invol. many-leaved. Fls. white.
1 L. Scdticum L. .Sea Lovaoe. Glabrous; st. lvs. biternate, the upper ones
ternate; lateral Ifts. oblique, cut-dentate, the terminal one rhomboid; b7-acis of
the invol. numerous, linear. — Fr. narrowly oblong. — Sea coast. Rt. thick, tapering,
fee. afoot higli, nearly simple, striate, smooth. Lvs. petiolate. Lfts. 1 to 2 J' long,
dark green, smooth and shining, entire at base, serrate above. Fr. 4 to 6" long.
Jl. § Eur.
2 L. actasfdlium Mx. Anqelico. Glabrous; lvs. triternate, with ovate, deat-
serrate lfts. ; umbels numerous, forming a whorled panicle or a triply compound
umbel ; invol. and involucels of about 3 short, ovate-subulate lvs. — Topsfleld and
Scituate, Mass. (Oakes Russel), on Lookout Mt., Cliattanooga, Tenn. Plant 3 to
6f higli. Lfts. 2 to 3' long, distinct, abrupt at base, rounded or acute at apex,
veiny. Umbels on long, verticillate peds., terminal one abortive. Fr. short, with
the ribs distinctly winged. May— Jl.
22. ERIGENI^A, Nutt. Pepper-and salTo — (Gr. rjptyeveia, daughter
of the early spring ; for its early flowenng.) Calyx limb obsolete ;
petals flat, entire ; fruit contracted at the commissur*? ; carpels 3-ribbed,
385
6
M-Jd chamiellod on 7l,„ • ^^ ""*. * i" the com ,:•' '°"'"»''"" ''"ublo •
»ected Ivs. Col ",'""<"' «'ce.-2t Tall 2? '""■'• "''« "l>solc.to •
»«nate, 3 lo 4f S, ?"''"^ColurabM, Ohio .^.n/ '• "■'"'«•
»«s marginal, in! „als' S^^^'^"'''^'"''•>la " ren:,t^7''-r ''">■
gfoove on tlio face-^fp ■"""" *''««'; seeds wifl""^ "^s, lateral
.^^'' (Eel. 2d and 5tM wT ^^^mlock. M r.r
,^^oad segr„e"^fp;!;^f/ -'known appJitio^^^
.^ous, didy.nous -0^1 °!^^^''^'''^te, tlie points Tnl 5^^,H "margin of 5
"'tervaJs filled with £,'"*^ ^ ^«"'"«^ equal 'ib" 9 ? >' ^'''""^ «"%Jo-
2-Parted ; seeds te^^^r^^^ ^-"^n^issle J X 2 vi^.'^'"'" "^''^'•^"■'^'^I i
P7"d Sterns ho lot"~U^.ir^^'^, Poi«onon her! * f '^''^^^P^«^<^
^'olucels many leaved PI. '^' P"''^««t- I"vol fcvv ll ^r*''"^' ^^n^
^•alyx and styles n /' ^* ^iam, lo-ribbed "^"^'^^'^^'els of 5~f5 l"i?
386
Obdkr 63.— UMBELLIFBILE.
f u
m
Leaves various, those of the stem generally bltemate, of the branches ternate
Leaflets or segments 2 — 4' long, 1 — 4" wide, linear or lance-linear, smooth, with
slender teeth. Bulblets often numerous, opposite, and within the axils of the
bracteate petioles. Umbels terminal. Invol. 0. Umbellets of close, small, white,
fls., and slight involucels. Aug.
26. HELIOSCIAD'IUM, Koch. (Gr. eAof, a marsh, (JKid6iov, an um-
brella or umbel.) Calyx limb obscurely 6-toothed ; petals ovate, en-
tire ; styles short ; fruit laterally compressed, oval, not scaly ; carpels
with 5 filiform ribs, the lateral ribs marginal ; intervals with single vit~
ix ; carpophore free, undivided ; seed plano-convex. — Lvs. various. In-
vol. n)ostly none. Umbels opposite the lvs., mostly sessile. Fls. white.
1 H. nodifldruin Koch. Procumbent, striate ; lvs. pinnate, Ifis. oblong, equally
serrate; umbels sessile or on short peduncles; invol. 0, or of 1, 2 or 3 bracts, in-
volucel 6 to 8-leaved, reflexed. — 'X) Sts. diffuse, 1 to 2f long, in wet places about
Charleston, S. C. Apr. § Eur. (Slum L.)
2 H. leptoph^Uum DC. Erect or difiusely branched ; lvs. ternaiely or sorp^what
pinnaiely divided, with linear segm. ; umbellets pedunculate ; invol. and involucels
none; fr. roundish. — Savannah (Feay. Pond) to La. (Hale). Sts. 6' to 2f high.
Umbels many, sessile, often one, pedunculate. Fr. smal'er than a mustard seed.
Jn., Jl.
27. CRYPTOT^^NIA, DC. Hone-wort. (Gr. KpvnTG)^ to conceal,
Tcuvla, a wreath or border, from the obselete border of calyx.) Margin
of the calyx obsolete ; petals with an inflexed jioint ; fruit linear-oblong
or ovate-oblong, with slender styles ; carpels with 6 obtuse ribs ; carpo-
phore free, 2-parted ; vitt® very narrow, twice as many as the ribs. —
If Lvs. 3 -parted, lobed and toothed. Umbels compound, with very
unequal rays. Invol. 0. Involucels few-leaved. Fls. white.
C. Canadensis DC. Lvs. smooth ; Ifts. or segm. rhomboid-ovate, distinct, en-
tire or 2 to 3-lobed, doubly serrate, lateral ones oblique at base ; umbels numer-
ous, irreguiar, axillary and terminal. — Common in moist woods. St. erect, 1 to
2f high. Lower petioles 2 to 6' long, clasping. Lfts. 3, 2 to 3 long, 1 to 2'
wide, petiolulate. Umbels paniculate, of 3 to 5 very unequal rays. Umbellets
of 4 to 6 unequal pedicels and minute involucels. Fls. small, white. Fr. near 3 '
long, crowned with the straight styles J as long, (Sison, L.)
28. /ETHU^SA, L. Fool's Parsley. (Gr. aiOo), to burn ; on ac-
count of its poisonous acridity.) Calyx margin obsolete ; petals obcor-
datc, with an inflexed point ; fruit globous-ovate ; carpels with 5 acutely
carinated ribs, lateral ones marginal, broader ; intervals acutely angled,
with single vittse, commissure with 2. — (D Poisonous herbs. Invol. 0.
Involucels one-sided. Fls. white.
JB. cynapium L. Lva, bi- or tri-pinnately divided, segm. cuneate, obtuse; invo-
lucels 8-leaved, pendulous, longer than the partial umbels. — In waste grounds,
N. Eng., not common. St. about 2f high, green, striate. Lvs. with numerous,
narrow, wedge-shaped segm., uniform, dark green, fl it. Lfts. of the involucels
linear, long, deflected, and situated on the outside. Jl., Aug. — The plant some-
what resembles parsley, but is distinctly marked by the involucels, and by its dis-
agreeable odor. It is said to be poisonous. § Eur.
2^. LEPTOCAU^LIS, Nutt. (Gr. Xenrog, slender, KavXog, stem.)
Calyx limb obsolete ; petals ovate, entire ; fruit (often scaly) laterally
compressed, ovate, crowned with the short styles ; carpels 6-ribbed, lat-
eral ribs marginal ; intervals with single vittae, commissure with 2 ; car-
pophore 2-c!eft at the tip; seed plano-convex. — (D Herbs slender, smooth,
Ord^K 63_UMflELLlF£R^.
frect. Lvs. finely divided Tr k . ' ^8'
30. OJSCOPIEU-RA nr '^'""°' *™"«"™ B-t. i'nt J '^''- ^°
Fls^ white. ir-beU e„a,pou„d. Bract, „fX7n*^„^lt
w»i. 3 to 6, Mos,fo LfeS'^j! "' procumbent; B,„fe(a .»,„,„
Se.mucl, bmnched, lT'2f'hi<":'"«T'° '"™Ps near tit ^^'^^ '-*• "/'*<
3 D. Nutt^llii DC F f ' "^''" ^^'"'"' ^««^a-
^31. NEUROPHYL'LUM T . ^ ''^' ''^"'" 2 broad
fimt latorallv comnrJf ,°'"'™'<'. Joint i. flexed • ,tvT,Lr '""'=''°l''te.
Umbel, perfect. i„,Tho Tf"' 'T^ '<"«• '"'ea , entir^ l"t'''"\-
J^- SI JM, L. Water P.
genus of aquatic plants rrfi"'- ^^^'*>'« ^^^o' water • fl * •
. -. each „, aboa. ,„ 4' ' ^^^ .a_3_.„^^
I I
liJ tflM
.r;
1 1
*. I'. 1
I
I
/'
ii ^
'i" m
388
Obdb« 63.— UMBELLIFERJ5.
large, 20 to 39-rftyed. Cal. sogm. acute, exceeding tlio broad 5-lobod stylopodiuin.
Ribs of fr not prominent. Jl., Aug.
2 S. lineare Mx. St. angular, sulcate; Ifts. 9 <o 11, linear and lance-linear,
finely fierrate., acute ; cal. teeth obsolete; fr. ribs winged.— -Slore common than the
last, in 3vvamp.s, N. J. to Ind. and Can. St. 2 to 4f high, smooth, with 7 promi-
nent angles. Lfts. 2 to 4' long, 2 to 4" wide, the odd and lower ones petiolulate,
middle pairs sessile. Umbels 1 J to 2 J' broad. Invol. of 5 or 6 linear bracts, j
as long as the 15 to 21 rays. Umbellets with numerous, small, white lis. Fr.
roundish, crowned with tiie broad, yellowish Btylopodium. .11., Aug.
33. CORIAN'DRUM, L. Coriander. (Gr. /con/c. % buf; ; on ac-
count of the ,»niell of the leaves.) Calyx with 5 conspicuous teeth ;
pelals obcordate, inflexed at the point, outer ones radiate, bifid ; fruit
globous ; carpels cohering, with the five depressed, primary ribs, and 4
secondary more prominent ones, seeds concave on the face. — (I) Smooth.
Invol. or 1-leaved. Involucels 3-leaved, unilateral.
C. sativum L. Lvs. bii)irinate, lower ones with broad-cuneate lfts., upper
with linear ones ; carp, hemispherical. — Native of Eur., etc This well-known
plant is cultivated chiefly for the seeds whicli are used as a spice, as a nucleus
for sugar-plums, etc. St, 2f high, Lvs. numerously divided, strong-scented.
Umbels with only the partial involucra. Fls. white. Jl. |
34. PIMPIMEL'LA, L. Anise. Calyx limb obsolete ; petals obcor-
date, a little unequal ; disk ; flowers perfect or diclinous ; styles capil-
lary, as long as fruit; fruit ovate, ribbed, with convex intervals. — Rluro-
pean herbs, mostly y, with pinnately, many-parted lvs., and white fls.
Umbels compound. Invol. 0.
P. Anisum L. Radical lvs, incisely trifid ; cauline ones multifid, with narrow,
linear segments, all glabrous and shining ; umbels large, many -rayed. — Native of
Egypt. The aromatic and carminative properties of tlie fruit are well known. |
35. ^GOPO'DIUM, L. Goutweed. Goats-foot. (Gr. ai^ (alyog),
a goat ; nodiov, a little foot; referring to the form of the leaf,) Calyx
limb obsolete ; fruit compressed laterally, oblong, crowned with the
conical bases of the deflexed styles ; carpels with 5 filiform ridges, with-
out vittae. — 21 Lvs. 1 to 2-ternate. Involucra none. Fls. white.
SI. podagrdria L. St. deeply furrowed, glabrous ; lfts. ovate or lanceolate,
acuminate, unequally toothed, upper merely 3-cleft. — Gardens, Sts. 12 to 18'
high, from strong, tenacious, creeping roots hard to eradicate. Umbels many-
rayed, f
36. ATIUM, L. Celery. (Celtic apon, water ; the plants grow in
watery situations.) Calyx margin obsolete ; petals roundish, with a
Muall inflexed point ; fruit laterally compressed nearly double ; carpels
6-ril»bed, the lateral ribs marginal ; intervals with single vittae. — Eur-
opean herbs. Umbels perfect. Invol. 0, or few-leaved. Fls. white.
1 A. gravdolens L. Lower lvs. pinnately dissected, on very long petioles,
segm, broad-cuneate, incised; upper lvs. 3-parted, segm. cuneate, lobed, and in-
cisely dentate at apex ; invol ; fr. roundish. — ^; Gardens. St. 2 to 3f high,
branching, furrowed. Radical petioles tliick, juicy, If in length. Umbels with
unequal, spreading rays. — The stems when blanched by being buried, are sweet,
crisp, and spicy in flavor, and used as salad Jn. — Aug. :j: Eur.
2 A. petroBelinum Willd. Parsley. Lvs. decompound, segments of the
lower ones cuneate-ovate, terminal ones trifid, all incised, cauline segm. lance-
linear, subentire ; involucels of 3 to 5 subulate brents ; fr. ovate. — ® Gardens. St.
2 to 4f high, branched. Lvs. smooth and shining, with numerous, narrow segm.
Jn. — Cultivation has produced several varieties. Esteemed as a potherb, for soup,
etc. (Petroseliaum sativum Hofibi.) X Sardinia. Greece,
Ordeb 64.— ARALIACE^.
389
37. CA^RUN, L. Caraway. (From Carta, the native country of
the plant, according to Pliny.) Ca'yx margin obsolete ; petJils obo-
vate, eniarginate, the point inliexecl ; styles dilated at base, spreading ;
fruit oval, compressed laterally ;*carpels 5-ribbed, lateral ribs marginal ;
intervals with single vittje, commissure with 2. — Ih-rbs with dissected
Ivs. Umbels perfect. Involucra various. Fls. white.
C. Cdrvi L. Lvs. somewhat bipinnatifld, with num-^rous linear Bcgm. invol.
1-leaved or 0; iavolucels 0. — St. about 2f high, branched, smooth, striate.
Lower lvs. largo, on long petioles, witli tumid, clasping sheaths. Umbels on
long peduncl(3a ; involucrate bracts when present Unear-lanceolato. Jn. — Culti-
vated for its fine aromatic fruit, .'^o well known in domestic economy. | Eur.
H8. TREPOCARPUS iBthusa Nutt. Western La. (Hale).
39. CYNOSCIADIUM digitatum DC— Western La. (Hale).
OhH. Tliese plants, of which we have beautiful siiecimens from Dr. Ilale, may perhaps b«
found E. of the Mississippi.
Order LXIV. ARALIACE^. Araliads.
Trees, shrubs or herbs closely allied to the Umbellifors in the leaves, inflo.-escence
.md flowers, but the styles and cells of the ovary are usually more than 2 (15 to 5)
jells 1-ovuled; fruit baccate or dry, 3 to 5-celled, with 1 albuminous seed in each
cell. Petals never inflected.
Genera 22, Bpeciex 160. They are natives of northern temperate climes of both hemispheres.-^
Several species are well known in medicine, etc., as Ginsensj, Spikenard, Sarsaparilln, etc. The
latter is sometimes substituted for the Sarsaparilla of the shops.
1. ARA^LIA, L. Wild Sarsaparilla, etc. Calyx tube adherent
to the ovary, limb short, o-toothed or entire ; petals 5, spreading, apex
not inflexed ; stamens 5, epigynous ; styles and carjjds 5 ; berry crowned
with the remains of the calyx and styles, mostly 5-celled and 5-seeded. —
Lvs. compound. Fls. in simple, solitary, or raccmous umbels.
§ Plants wholly herbaceous and unarmed Nos. 1, 2
§ Plants blirubby at base or wholly shrubby, prickly Nos. 8, 4
1 A. nudicaCilis L. Nearly steraless ; If. solitary, decompound ; scape naked
shorter than the If., bearing the few umbels. — 11 A well-known j,lant, found in
woods, most abundant in rich and rocky soil, Can. to Car. and Terin. It has a
largo, fleshy root, from which arise a leaf-stalk and a scape, but no proper stem.
The former is long, supporting a single, large, compound leaf, which is either
3-ternate or 3-quiiiate. Lfts. o\al and obovate, acuminate, finely serrate. The
scape is about a foot high, bearing 3 simple umbels of greenish fis. Jn., Jl.
2 A. racemosa L. Pettymorrel. Spikenard. St. herbaceous, smooth; lvs.
decompound ; umbels numerous, small, arranged in a decompound panicle. — % In
rocky woods, Can. to the S. States. St. o to 4f high, dark green or reddish,
arising from a thick, aromatic root. Tho If. -stalks divide into 3 partitions, each of
which bears 3 or 5 large, ovate, serrate lfts. Umbels numerous, arranged in
branching racemes from the ax'ls of the lvs. or branchea The root is pleasant to
,he taste, and highly esteemed aa an ingredient in small beer, etc. Jl.
3 A. hispida L. Wild I'lder. Bristly Aralia. St. shrubby at base, hispid,
with prickles, herbaceous above ; lvs. bipinnate, lfts. ovate, cut-serrate ; umbels on
long ped., forming a terminal corymb. — 2f Common in fields about stumps and
stoneheaps, N. Eng. to Va. St. 1 to 2f high, tlio lower part woody and tliickly
beset with sharp, stiff bristles, the upper part branching, herbaceous. Lfts. many,
ending in a long point, smooth. Umbels many, simple, globous, forming bunches
of dark-colored, nauseous berries. Plant ill scented. Jl., Aug.
4 A. spindsa L. Anqelica Tree. Arborescent ; st. and petioles prickly ; lvs.
bi- and tripinnate, lfts. ovate, acuminate, sessile, glaucous beneath ; umbels nu-
merous, forming a very large panicle ; invol. small, few-leaved. — Damp woods,
Penn. and Ohio to Fla. and La. Shrub 8 to 12f high, with the lvs. all crowded
(' -.1
I
^., >i"
j ■.'♦
m
390
Ordbb 65.— CORNACBiE.
mi
m
UMi
near the summit. In the South it attains the height of 20 to 30f| usually with-
out a branch, imitating the form of the palm (as Elliott remarks) more nearly
than any other tree. Its leaves are there 4 to 6f in length. Fls. white. Aug.— .
Properties emetic and cathartic. ^
2. PA'NAX, L. Ginseng. (Gr. nav, all, aKog, a remedy ; i. e., a
panacea, or universal remedy.) DitBciously polygamous. ^ Calyx
adnate to the ovary, limb short, obsoletely 5-toothed ; petals 6 ; stamens
6, alternate with the petals ; styles and carpels 2 to S ; fruit baccate,
2 to 3-celled ; cells 1-seeded. $ Calyx limb nearly entire ; petals
and stamens 5.— Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. 3 (in the herbaceous species),
palmately compound. Fls. in a solitary, simple umbel.
1 P. trifdlium L. Ground-nut. Dwaup Ginseng. Rt. globous, tuberous ; lvs.
3, vorliciilate, 3 to 5-foliate, l/ts. wedge-lanceolate, serrate subsessile ; sty. 3 ; ber-
ries 3-seocled. — Common in low woods. Can. to S. States. The globular root is
deep in the ground, nearly ^' diam., connected with tlie stem by a short, screw-
like ligament. The st. arises 3 to 6' above the surface, smooth, slender and
simple. At the summit is a whorl of 3 compound lvs. with a central ped. ter-
minating in a little umbel of pure white tis. Lfts. generally 3, nearly or quite
smooth. Barren and fertile fls. on different plants, the latter without stamens,
succeeded by green berries, the former with a single abortive style. May.
2 P. quinquefdlium L. Rt. fusiform; lvs. 3, vertieillate, 5-foliate; lfts. oval,
acuminate, senate, petiolate ; ped. of the umbel rather shorter than the common
petiole. — Not uncommon in rocky or mountainous woods. Can. to S. States.
Rt. whitish, thick and fleshy. St. round, smooth, If high, with a terminal whorl
of 3 compound lvs. and a central ped. bearing a simple umbel. Fls. small, yel-
lowish, on short pedicels, the barren ones borne on separate plants have larger
petals and an entire calyx. Berries bright scarlet. Jn. — Aug. The root.is in
some estimation as a drug.
3. H£D'ERA, L. European Ivy. (Celtic hedra, a cord ; from the
rine-like habit.) Calyx 5-toothed ; petals 6, dilated at the base ; berry
5-seeded, surrounded by the permanent calyx. — European shrubby
plants, climbing or erect, with simple, evergreen lvs. and green fls.
H. Hdliz L. St. and branches long and flexible, attached to the earth or
trees or wall by numerous radicating fibres ; lvs. dark green, smooth, with white
veins, petiolate, lower ones 5-lobed, upper ovate; fls. in numerous umbels, form-
ing a corymb ; berry black, with a mealy pulp. — Native of Britain. There are
several varieties in gardens, f
Order LXV. CORNACE^. Cornels.
Trees and shrubs, seldom herbs, without stipules. Leaves opposite (alternate in
one species), simple, with pinnate veinlets. Flowers 4-merous. Sepals adherent to
the ovary, the limb minute, d-toothed or lobed. Petals 4, disti ct, alternate with
the calyx teeth, valvate in the bud. Stamens same number as petals, inserted on
the margin of tho epigynous disk. Ovary 1 or 2 -celled. Fruit a baccate drupe
crowned with the calyx.
Genera 9, species 40. They are natives throughout the temperate zone of both continents.
Tho Order is distinguished for its bitter and astringont bark. That of Cornns florida is an ex.
eellent tonic similar in its action to the Peruvian bark. Many are beautiful shrubs in cul-
tivation.
1. COR'NUS, L. Dogwood. (Lat. cornu, a horn ; from the hard-
ness of the wood of some species.) Calyx limb of 4 minute segments ;
petals 4, oblong, sessile ; stamens 4 ; style somewhat clubshaped ;
drupe baccate, with a 2 or 3-celled nut.— Trees, shrubs, or perennial
Obdeb 65.-OOKNACii^.
I Byrnes subtendPf! ho- „ ^ i -"drK Dltter. tonii^
— >-» Tca uiiernate
— i^eaves opposite.— Twl,i^w n „" i
—Drupes blue.
■•Nos. 1, g
No. 8
\o. 4
N..S. 6, 6
•Nos. 7, 8
1 C. Canad^nslB. L TnTtrr-^,. -drupes blue. v'"*-?'^
opposite. An umb'ikt > '"■? "' "hich are Wr 2 Jl, "'?• "'*. "nd a
(partiaJly expanded aV A^^^ ^'"^'' ^*'*^'^. "sed ?n mS, •"* '"'^''^ ^^^ compact
alternate, verriipona . ' ^ ^^* ^"^^late, oval apnf« i
and Can abTurtwiiofe-Pr^^^::' «'°bou. -A S.a HZ ^'^^"*'^' branches
smooth even, sprStr^X^f' ^l' "'^ '^'^ ^" ^S woods'' ?, '?' ^^- ^^^^0^
summit Bark greenish Sk' f "P^'^P^'-t of the stenT and' JJ-^ ^'"^"^'^^'^ »'«
along the brancho.. mni "^ ^^^ '^'*'^ ^^arty streaksTva-'^"""^-'* depressed
rather long stalka ' F s ^X llr"' Z'"'^*^' <^ntire veh;ed whif!^"'"'''^^ ^'^atterod
«"""8 uie orancho!
rather long stalks.
4 C. sericea L «r<7«^;" ' ' '" "" ^^^° ''^'mo. Jn -'u«uin, on
tr^^^A-S^T]^^ ^.. ovate.
smooth above 5ith r^th^.f ' ''''^'''^ ^^"^ ov^i""'^? f"^ ^^""^ red shoot;
white, appoaring in J^n'f P^°'^^"^«"^ -"^-s; p^l^:"! f'l' ' /^. J-<;^«^ate, '^'*'-
smooth abovelitt Zr'' ^'a^Jing fron, ovale Jr''''^f' ^^^
White, appoSn^S Se!^ ^^^-^ veins; S^£^^ -'' ^ .1^--,,"-"^
5 C. pauiculita L'Her » . ^' " ^^^^vnIsL
Sor'sSritf ^r^^^^^:i^T''i ^- -te-laneeolate
thicker, N. .aSdW sS ^''^/T^^ ^^werin.' c?mroT"''''t ' ^^"i^^ ''-C-A
8 to lOfin hi"? ' i^h " «;'"'«— A s„Zi^^''k' P"'?^"'. hoar,. b™e«
stems, with erect shoSs m>™ *"''' "Ut from its bar'n^, '';''"' """"'O"!/
^xxiy'T'^'^^rjiir^ut'^r.v '",■ ^'"'« - --ovate
drapes pale blae!X°:"^vP''- ovate-taieSate" IS'""™'' oal. teeth ?„b:
V.« s,e.,e,.p„S4-P. ra^.^^a.^Sbrut1\-AT^^^
. . i
•f. iB
! .„ <!
1*1
Ml
■f
^tWR
Ml!
! !
; 1
'"*w
••': [ 1
' i
'«
' ' sGI
' t^
1^-
1<
302
Order 65.— CORNACE^.
/3. ASPERIFOUA Feay. Lvs. scabrous-pubeacent above, downy beneath,
rather inclined to elliptical; cymes scabrous. — S. and W. States. {G,
asperifolia Mx.)
8 C. circindta L. Branches verrucous ; lvs. orbicular or very broadly ovai, whiU
tomentou-i beneath; cymes spreading, depressed; drupes light blue. — A shrub
some Gf high, Can. to Md., W. to Iiid. St. grayish, upright, with opposite, cylin-
drical, green, spotted or warty branches. Lvs. large, about as broad as long,
opposite, acuminate, crowned with a white, thick down on the under side. Fls.
white. Berries hollowed at base, soft, crowned with the remains of the style. Jn.
2. NYSSA, L. (The name of a nymph or naiad, says Linnaeus.)
TuLEPO, Gum-tree. Fls. dioecious or polygamous. $, Calyx tube very
short, limb truncate; petals 5, oblong; stam. 5 — 12, mostly 10, inserted
outside a glandular disk in the bottom of the calyx ; ovary 0. $ Calyx-
tube oblong, adherent to the 1-celled ovary, limb truncate, a mere rim
as in S\ petals 2 — 5, oblong, often or soon deciduous ; stam. mostly
abortive; style large, stigniatic on one side; drupe oval, 1-seeded. —
Trees with small green, tls. clustered on axillary peduncles, the sterile
more numerous.
IN. multifidra "Wang. Lvs. oblong-obovate, acutish or obtuse at each end, entire ;
the jtetiole, midvein and ma/gin villous; fertile peduncles 3 {2-—b)-flowered ; style
revolute ; nut short, obovate, striate, obtuse.- -Woodlands dry or damp. U. S. A
large tree, 30 to 70f in hight, trunk l~3f diam. witli a light gray hexagonally
broken bark. Lvs. of a firm texture, 2 — 5' long, half as wide. $ Peduncles
6 — 9-flowered, fil. at length slender. Drupe often solitary, blackish blue, 5 — G"
long. "Wood soft, but hard to split. Apr. — Jn. (N. aquatica and biflora, auth.)
2 N. unifldra "^'"alt. Swamp Tulepo. Lvs. green, oblong-ovate or ovate, long-
petiolate, entire or denticulate, pubescent or smoothish beneath; fertile flowers
solitary, 3-bract(:<i; on sknder peduncles ; style nearly straight ; sterile fls. 5 — 10;
drupe large, oblong. — Swamps, S. States, common. A tree of large size, 50 —
80f high. Leaves when young thin, mostly acute at each end, when full grown
large, abrupt or cordate at base, thickish, 3 — 9' long, the petioles 1 — 2'. Fruit
blue, as large as a plum. "Wood soft and white. Apr. May. (N. denticulata,
tomentosa, angulizans Mx., etc.)
3 N. capitdta "Walt. Ogeechee Lime. Lvs. oval or oblong, short-petiolate, entire,
whitened beneath, midvein subviilous, obtuse at apex, acute at base; fertile fls.
solitary, on short peduncles, downy, 3 — 4-bracted, with 5 petals and 10 stamens;
sterile fls. 20 — 30 in each dense globular head ; fruit large, oblong. — On river banks
(especially the Ogeechee!) S. States. Tree 20 — 30f high. Lvs. ample, 5 — 9' long,
2 — 3' broad, usually mucronate; petiole 2 — 6" long. Fruit "dark red" as large
as a small plum, acid. May, Jn^ (N. caudicaus Ph.)
648. Symmetrical flower of Sedum acre. 4, of Senipervivuro.
•^
OaoKB 66.— OAl'UlFOLlAOEiB.
393
Cohort 2, GAMOPETAL^E,
Or Monopetalous Exogens. — Plants having a double peri-
anth, consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter composed
of petals partially or wholly united.
Order LXVI. CAPRIFOLIACE^. Honeysuckles.
Shrubs, rarely herbs, often twining with opposite leaves, no stipules ; Jhivers clu*
tared and often fragrant, 5-parted and often irregular ; corolla monopetalous, tubular
or rotate ; stamens inserted on corolla tube, rarely one leas tlian the lobes ; ovary
adiiorent to the calyx; style 1, stigmas 3 to 5 ; fruit a berry, drupe or capsule.
Embryo small, in fleshy albumen.
Genfra 16, species 220, chiefly natives of the northern temperate regions, and occasionally
Jl)Uii(l in tlio alpine parts of tlie tropical zone.
Properties. The fever-root (Triostuuin perfoHatuin) is a mild cathartic, and In largo doses
emetic ; the dried and roiisted berries arc sometimes substituted for coflfee. The leaves and
bark of the Elder are both emetic and cathartic ; the flowers are sudoriflc, and the berries
laxative. Th« beauty and fragrance of the Honeysuckle in cultivation is well known.
TRIBES AND GENERA.
1. LONICEREiE. Corolla tubular, with a filiform style (a).
a Herbs.— Corolla 5-lobed, the stamens but 4 Linnjea. 1
— Corolla 5-lobed, the stamens 6 Triosteu.m. 2
a Shrubs. — Corolla bell-shaped, regular. Berry 4-celled, 2-seeded SYMPUORiCARPtiS. 8
— Corolla tubular, lobes unequal. Berry 2 to 3-cciled Lonicera. 4
— Corolla funnel-form. Capsule 2-celled, oo-seeded Diervilla. 6
8. SAMBUCE^ Corolla rotate, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas sessile (b).
b Shrubs with pinnate leaves. Berry S-seeded SAMBtrctis. 6
b Shrubs with simple leaves. Drupel-seeded Viburnum. 7
1. LINN>I!^A, Gron. Twin-flower. (Dedicated to Carl Von
Linne, the most renowned of naturalists.) Calyx tube ovate, limb 5-
parted, deciduous ; bractlets at base 2 ; corolla canipaiMiIate, limb sub-
equal, 5-lobed ; stamens 4, 2 longer than the other ; berry dry, 3-
celled, indehiscent, 1-secded (2 cells abortive). — If A trailing, evergreen
herb, widely disseminated throughout the northern temperate zone.
Ped. 2 -flowered.
L. borealis Gron. The only species, native of moist, shady, rocky soils, gener-
' ally in evergreen woods, from lat. 39" to the Arc. Sea. It has long, creeping,
filiform, brownish sts., rooting and branching tlieir whole length, and covering
the ground in large patches. Lvs. small, opposite, petiolate, roundish, with ob-
tuse lobes or teeth, and scattered hairs. Ped. filiform, slightly hairy, about 3'
high (the only erect part of the plant), the lower part leafy, the upper furnished
with a pair of minute, linear, opposite bracts, and terminating with 2 pedicellate,
nodding flowers. The corolla is roae-colored and very fragrant. Jn.
2. TRIOS'TEUM, L. Fever-wort. (Gr. rpeig, three, dariov, a
Done ; from the three bony seeds.) Calyx tube ovoid, limb 6-parted,
segments linear, nearly as long as the corolla ; corolla tubular, gibbous
at base, limb 6-iobed, subequal ; stamens 6, included ; stigma capitate,
lobed; fruit drupaceous, crowned with the calyx, 3-celled, 3-seeded;
11.-7
394 Ordeb 66.-- CAPRIFOLIACE^.
seeds ribbed, bony. — U Herbs coarse, hairy. Lvs. large, connate;
Fls. axillary.
1 T. perfolidtum L. Hirsute ; lvs. oval, acuminate ; fls. verticillato or clustered,
sessile, brownish-purple. — Rocky woods, N. Eng. to Wise. S. along the Mts. St
stout, 3 to if iiigh, covered with soft, clammy liairs. Lva. 6' by 3', entire,
abruptly contracted at base, pubescent beneatli. Fls. in clusters of 6 or 6. Cor.
limb in 5 rounded lobes. Fr. a rather dry drupe, crowned with the long, leafy,
spreading calyx segm., orange-colored when mature. Jn. — Root large, fleshy,
in much repute, having many of the properties of Ipecacuanha.
2 T. angustifdlium L. Hispid; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, scarcely connate;
fls. mostly solitary, skort-stalked, yellowish or straw-colored. — S. States to 111. and
Glen Cove, L. I. (Mr. J. Coles). Plant 2 to 3f high, more slender and rougher
than the other. Lvs. about 4 or 5' by 1', contracted to a narrow base, roughest
on the upper surface. May.
3. SYMPHORICAR'PUS, Dill. Snow-berry. (Gr. aw, together,
0epw, to bear, Kapnog, fruit ; bearing fruit in close clusters.) Calyx
tube globous, limb 4 to 6-toothed ; corolla funnel-shaped or bell-shaped,
the limb in 4 to 5 subequal lobes ; stamens inserted on the corolla, and
as many as its lobes ; stigma capitate ; berry globous, 4celled, 2-seeded
(2 opposite cells abortive). — Small shrubs, with entire, oval lvs., and
small, rose-colored fls.
1 &. racemdauB Mx. Fls. in terminal, loose, interrupted, often leafy rac. ; cor.
campanulate, densely bearded within ; sty. and sta. included ; berries snow-white.
— A smooth, handsome shrub, 2 to 3f high, common in cultivation, and native in
W. N. York, Can , &c. Lvs. oval or oblong, the margin often wavy, nearly or
quite smooth, paler beneath, on short petioles. Cor. rose-color, the throat filled
with hairs. Berries large, round or ovoid, and very ornamental when mature.
JL, Aug.
2 S. occident^lis R. Br. "Wolf-berry. Lvs. ovate, obtusish ; spikes dense,
axillary and terminal, nodding ; cor. somewhat funnel-form, densely bearded in-
side; sta. and bearded style exserted; berries white. — Woods, Midi. t> Wis. and
Can. Shrub 2 to 4f high. Lvs. 1 to 3' by § to 2' ; pubescent or nearly glabrous,
paler beneath. Cor. rather larger and more expanded than in the last, purplish
white. Jl.
3 S. vulgaris Mx. Lvs. roundish-oval; spikes axillary, suhsessik, capitate and
crowded; cor. campanulate, lobes nearly glabrous; sta. and bearded stylo in-
cluded ; berries dark red. — River banks, Ponn to Iowa (Cousens), and S. States.
Shrub 2 to 3f high. Branches purplish and often pubescent. Lvs. 1 to 2' by f
to 1^', somewhat pubescent. Cor. greenish-red. Jl. (Lonicera Symphori-
carpus L.)
4. LONICE'RA, L. Honeysuckle. Woodbine. (In honor of
Adam Loniccr, a physician of Frankfort, in the sixteenth century.)
Calyx 6-toothed, tube subglobous ; corolla infundibuliform or campanu-
late, limb 5-cleft, often labiate ; stamens 5, exserted ; ovaries 2 to 3-
celled ; berry few-seeded ; stigma capitate. — A beautiful genus of
climbing or erect shrubs, with opposite and often connate lvs.
I XYL08TE0N. Shrubs erect. Leaves never connate. Flowers in pairs (a).
a Cofolla gibbous at base, lobes somewhat irregular Nos. 1—3
a Coi olla not gibbous, lobes spreading, equal, roseate No. 4
I CAPRIFOLIUM. Shrubs climbing. Fls. sesaik-, mostly whorleil (b).
b Leavi's all distinct. Corolla ringent. Cultivated exotics ^^Os. 5, 6
b Leaves (the upper pair) connate-perfoliatc (c).
Corolla subequal, both tube and limb scarlet No. 7
Corolla Umb ringent, — tube equal (not gibbous) at base Nos. 8 — 10
—tube gibbous at tlie base Nos. 11, Vi
Order 66.— CAPRIFOLIaCE^.
395
1 L. cilidta MuhL Flt Honeysuckle. Lvs. ovate, subcordate, ciliate; cor.
limb with short and sxibeqiuU lobes ; tube saccate at base ; sty. exserted ; berries
distinct, red. — ^A branching, erect shrub, 3 to 4f high, found in woods. Me. to
Penn.andN.W. Lvs. thin, oblong-ovate, often cordate at the base, somewhat cili-
ate on the margin, and villous beneath when young. Fls. pale straw-yellow, in
pairs at the top of the peduncle, with an obtuse spur turned outwards al the basu.
Berries ovoid, red, in pairs, but not connate, 3 to 5-seeded. May, Jn.
2 L. oblongifolia Hook. Lvs. oblong or oval, velvety -pubescent beneath, cor.
iimb deeply bilabiate; tube gibbous at base; ped. long, filiform, erect; berries
connate or united into one, globous, purple, bi-umbilicate. — A shrub, 3 to 4f higli,
in swamps, N.Y.,W.andN. Lvs. almost sessile, 1 to 2' lonjjc, ped. of equal length.
Cor. hairy, greenish-yellow outside, purplish inside, the lower lip nearly entire,
the upper one 4-lobed, erect. Berries marked with the remains of the two
calyces. Jn.
3 L. ccertllea L. Lvs. oval-oblong, ciliate, obtuse, villous both sides, at length
smoothish ; ped. short, refloxed in fruit ; bracts longer than the ovaries ; cor. gib-
bous at base, lobes short, subequal ; berries connate or united into one, deep blue. —
A low shrub in rocky woods, Mass. and N. Y. nortli to Hudson's Bay. St. 2f
high, with small lvs. and pairs of small, yellow fls., which are longer than their
peduncles. Lvs. ovate, oval, obovate and oblong, ending abruptly. May, Jn.
4 L. Tartdrica L. Tartarian Honeysuckle. Sts. erect, much branched ;
lvs. ovate, cordate, obtuse, smooth, shining, and dark green above, paler beneath,
entire, on short petioles ; ped. axillary, solitary, 2-flowered ; segra. of the cor. ob-
long, obtuse, equal. — An elegant and much admired shrub, from Russia. Grows
firom 4 to 1 Of high. Lvs. 1 to 2' by J to IJ', coriaceous. Fls. small, pale purple,
varying to pure white, fragrant. Apr. — Jn. f
5 L. Japonica L. Chinese Honeysuckle. Sts. soft-pubescent ; lvs. ovate
and oblong, minutely pointed, all distinct, petiolatc.; ped. axillary, 2-bracted and
2-flowered ; cor. limb ringent, tube equal at base, slender, downy ; stam. and
Bty. exserted, — From China. Sts. flexuous, climbing 15f high, bearing a profusion
of orange-colored fls. f South.
6 L. Pericl^menuin Toum. Woodbine. Lva decl-iluous, all distinct,
elliptical, rather acute, on short petioles ; fls. in dense, imbricate, terminal heads ;
cor. ringent. — A wocdy climber, native of Europe, cultivated and nearly natur-
alized. Fla yellow and red, fragrant, succjedod by red berries. Variety querci-
folium has sinuate lvs. May — Jl. f
7 L. sempervirens Ait. Trumpet Honeysuckle. Lvs. obloug, evergreen, the
upper ones counate-perfoliato ; fls. in nearly naked spikes of distant whorls;
cor. trumpet-i^haped, nearly regular, ventricous above. — In moist groves and bor-
ders of swamps, N. Y. (near the city), to Fla. and La. St. woody, twining with
the Bun. The distinct lvs. in the wild plant are elliptical or almost linear ; the
connate, but 1 or 2 pairs. Cor. nearly 2' long, of a lino scarlet without and yel-
low within. Mar, Apr. (S.) — May — Jl. (N.) -j-.
8 L. fldva Sim. Yellow Honeysuckle. Lvs. ovate, glaucous both side.s, upper
pair connate-perfoliate ; spikes terminal, of about 2 close whorls ; cor. smooth,
tube slender, not gibbous at base, limb somewhat ringent ; stam. exserted,
smooth. — Shrub scarcely twining, N. Y. to Ga., W. to Wise. I(V8. deciduous,
abruptly contracted at base, except the upper j)erfoliate pair. Fls. in heads of
about 10, fragrant. Cor. an inch or more in length, the tube much longer than
the lips, bright yellow ; tipper lip much broader than the lower, in 4 sogm. May,
Jit
9 L. grita Ait. Evergreen Howkysucklb. Lvs. evergreen, obovate, smooth,
glaucous benecUh, the upper pair connate-perfoliate ; fils. in Gessilo, terminal and
c^illary whorls ; cor. ringent, tube long, slender, not gibbous at base. — Damp
woe Jlands, N. Y., Penn., and W. States. St. climbing many feet. Lvs. oppo-
site ' in 3s, margin revolute. Fls. largo and very fragrant, 6 or 6 in each whorl.
Cor. \'hiiish, becoming yellowish within, reddish without. Sta. exserted. Ber-
ries rei. Jn. f
10 L. Caprifdlium L. Common or Italian Honeysuckle. Lvs. decidu-
ous, the upper pair perfoliate-connate ; Jls, in a single terminal verticil ; cor. rin-
'E
'iHl'
4
'1
I
i
<M
/
i
Vi
S96
Order 66 CAPRIFOLIACE^
.diri
gent, lips a third the length of the tube, strongly revolute. — Native of Europe.
Greatly admired in cultivation for its beauty and fragrance. ?la. of various
hues, red, yellow and white. Jn. — Aug. f
11 L. parvifldra Lam. Lvs. smooth, nhining above, glaucous beneath, ohlong all
sessile or connate, the upper pair perfoliate ; fls. in hds. of 1 or more approxi-
uiute whorls ; cor. ringent, tube glabrous, short, gibbous at base ; fil. bearded.
A small, smooth, shrubby cUmber, in rocky woo(^. Can. and U. S. St. 8 to lOf
long. Lvs. wavy and revolute on the margin, very glaucous on the underside.
Fls. rather small. Cor. I' in length, yellow, tinged with dull red. gibbous at
base, the short Umb in curved segments. Sta. and sty. exserted. Berries
orange-colored." May, Ju.
(i. Lv.?. large, pubescent beneath, all except the upper pair distinct, the lower
petiolate ; fls. pubescent.— Ohio (SuUivant) and westward. (L. Dougiasii, DC.)
12. L. hirsi!ita Eaton. Lvs. hairy above, soft-vilhus beneath, veiny, broad-oval,
abruptly acuminate, the upper pair connate-perfoliate ; Jls. in verticillate spikes;
cor. ringent; fil. bearded. — A chmber of coarser aspect, in woods N. Eng. to
Micii. and Can., twining about trees to the height of 15 to 20f Tlie whole plant
is more or less hairy. Lvs. pale green, not shining, the edges and the upper side
ciii:ite with scattered hairs, fls. large, numerous, greenish yeUow, in whorled,
axillary and terminal clusters. Limb of cor. spreading. Sty. and sta. exserted,
Jn. (C. pubescens Goldie.)
5. DIERVIL'LA, Toum. Bush Honeysuckle. (In honor of Dier-
ville, a French surgeon, discoverer of the original species.) Calyx tube
oblong, limb 5-eleft; corolla twice as long, funnel-shaped, limb 5-clelt
and nearly regular; stamens 5 ; capsular fruit 2-celled (appavoly
4-eelled from the projecting placentae), many-seeded. — Shrubs, with
opposite, serrate, deciduous lvs.
1 D. trifida Moench. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, on short petioles ; ped. axillary and
terminal, 1 to 'd-ftowered ; caps, attenuate above. — A low shrub not uncommon in
hedges and thickets, Can. to Car. St. about 2f high, branching. Lvs. 2 to 4' by
1 to Ij^', finely serrate, ending in a long, narrow poiut. Ova. slender, 4 to 5"
long, about half the length of the greenish yellow corolla. Sta. and sty. mi.ch
exserted. Stig. capitate. Jn.
2 D. sessilifdlia Buckley. Lvs. glabrous, oblong-ovato or lanceolate, acumi-
nate, sessile or stibamplexicaul ; peduncles 3 to 5-Jlowered, crowded in the axils
above ; caps, cylindiic-oblong, short-beaked, crowned with the subulate-setaceous
calyx teeth. — High mountains of N. Car. (Buckley) Shrub 2 to 4f high. Leaves
2 to 4' long. Flowers sessile or pedicillate. Jn., Jl.
6. SAM'BUCUS, L. Elder. (Lat. sambuca, musical instrument, said
to have been made of the elder.) Caly.x small, 5-parted ; corolla 5-clelt,
segments obtuse; stamens 5; stigma obtuse, small, sessile ; berry glvb-
oiis, pulpy, 3-seeded. — Slirubs or perennial lierl>s, with odd-pinnate or
bij)innatc lvs. Fls. in cymes.
1 S. Canadensis L. St. shrubby ; cymes fastigiaie, 5-rayed ; l/ts. 3 to 5 pairs
with an odd one, oblong-oval, acuminate, smooth. — A common shrub 6 to lOf
high, in thickets and waste grounds, U. S. and Can. St. filled with a light and
porous pith, especially when youujr. Lfls. sorruto, the lower ones often binate or
trifoliate. Petioles smooth. Fls. numerous, in very large ('2f broad in Ind.) level-
topped cymes, white, with a licavy odor. Berries dark purple. May — Jl.
2 8. pClbens Mx. St. shrubby; cymes paniculate and jjyramidai; Ifts. oval-
lanceolate, acuminate, in 2 or 3 pairs, with an odd one, and with the petiole /)w6es-
eent beneath. — A connnon shrub, in hilly pastures and woods, Hudson's Bay to
Car, growing 6f high, more or less. Lvs. simply and unequally pinnate; Ifts.
sharply serrate, very pubescent when young. Fls. in a close, ovoid thyrsus or
panicle. Cor. white. Berries scarlet, small. May, Jn.
f-!. LECCOCAKPA T. & Q. Borries white. Gatakill Mountains. (Mr. J. Hogg;
fide T. & G.)
Order 66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^.
397
7. VIBUR'NUM, L, (Lat. viere, to tie; for the pliancy of the twigs?)
Calyx small, 5 toothed, persistent; corolla rotate, limb 5-lobetl, seg-
ments obtuse ; stamens 5, equal, longer than the corolla; stigmas ses-
sile ; ovary 1 to S-celled, 1-ovuled ; drupe, 1-seeded. — Shrubs or small
trees, with simple, petiolate Ivs., Avhite fl&. in cymes which arc some-
times radiant.
a Cymes radiant, — tho outer flowers sterile jvnd showy Nos. 1, 9
a Cymes not nidiant, tlie flowers nil alike, (b)
b Leaves 8-lobed, palinatcly 3 to 5-voined Nos. i^, 4
b Leaves not lobed, — coarsely tootlied. Cymes stalked N'oa. 5, 6
— sliarply serrate. Cymes sessile. .. . Nos. 7, S
— entire or nearly so.— Species native Nos. S), 10
— Si)ecies e.\otic Nos. 11, 1'i
1 V. lantanoides L. Hobble-bush. Lvs. orbicular, cordate, abruptly acumi-
nate, unequally scrr.ite ; petioles and veins covered with a ferrwjinous down ; cyme
sessile; fr. ovate. — A shrub very ornaraeutal when in flower, common in the
rocky woods of N. Eiig., to Penn. and N. Height about 5f. Branches long and
crooked, often trailing and rooting. Lvs. very large, covered with a rusty pubes-
cence when young, at length becoming green, the dust and down remaiuing only
upon the stalk and veins. The radiant sterile U.S. of tlie cyme are near 1' diam.,
from a greeuisii color becoming white, fiat, with 5-rounded lobes. Inner fls.
much smaller, fertile. May.
2 V. bpulus L. High Cr.\nberry. Smooth; lvs. 3-lobed, 3-veined, broader than
long, rounded at base, lobes divaricate, acuminate, crenately toothed; petioles
glandular; cymes pedunculate. — A handsome shrub, 8 to 12f high, in woods and
borders of fields, N. States and Brit. Am. Sts. several from the same root,
branched above. Lvs. with large, remote blunt teetli, the stalks with 2 or more
glands at base, channeled above. Cymes radiate like the preceding species. Fr.
resembles the common cranberry in flavor, and is sometimes substituted for it. It
is red, very acid, ripens late, remaining upon the bush after the leaves have
fallen. Jn. (V. Oxycoccus Ph.)
/i. uosEUM. Guelder Rose. Snow-ball. Lvs. rather acute at base, longer
than broad, lobes acuminate, with acuminate teeth ; petioles glandular ; fls.
all neutral, in globous cymes. — This variety is the popular shrub so generally
admired and cultivated as a companion of the Lilac, Snowberry, Philadelp'.ms,
&c. Its dense spherical cj mes are wholly made up of barren flowers.
3 V. acerifdlium L. Dockmackie. Lvs. subcordate, acuminate, 3-veined, 3-lobed,
acutelj' dentate ; petioles witliout glands, cymes on long peduncles; stam. eX'
serted. — A slimb 4. to 6f high, with yellowish green bark, growing in woods.
Can. and U. S. Lvs. broad, rounded and sometimes cordate at base, divided into
3 acuminate lobes, with a form not very unlike that of the maple leafj the under
surface as well as the younger branches a little downy. Branches straight, slen-
der, very flexible, nding with a pair of lvs. and a long stemmed, cymous umbel
of wliite fls. Fr. oval, compressed. Jn.
4 v. paucifldrum Pylaie. Nearly smooth in all its parts ; lvs. roundish, with 3
short lobes at sun»mit, serrate, mostly 5-veined from the base ; cymes small and
p.'dunculate, terminating the very sliort lateral branches; stam. much shorter
than the cor. — A small shrub with white fls., Mansfield, Mt., Vt., (Macra)), White
Mta., N. H. (Robbins), N. to Newfoundland.
5 V. dent^tum L. Aruow-wood. Nearly smooth ; lvs. roundish-ovate, coarsely
dimtate-serrate, petiolate, straight- veined ; cymes pedunculate. — A shrub 8 to 12f
higli, not uncommon in damp woods and thickets, Can. to Ga. It is called arrow-
wood from the long, straight, slender branches or young shoots. Lvs. roundish,
2 to 3' diam., tho upper pair oval, the veins beneath prominent, parallel and pu-
bescent in their axils. Fls. white, succeeded by small, roundish, dark blue ber-
ries. Seed concavo-convex. June.
6 V. pubesoeuB Ph. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, coarsely dentate-serrate, straight
veiueil, viiiou.s beneath and somewhat hairy above, on short stalks ; slip. 2, subulate ;
eymos pedunculate, smoothlsh; fr. oblong. — In dry, rocky woods and thickets,
Can. to Ga. A shrub about 6f high. Lvs. each witl) a pair of sltort, hairy, sub*
%..
'KV
It
m
\A
398
ORUKii 67.— KUBIAUE^.
ulate appendages (stipular?) at the base of the very short petiole. Cymes smaH
few-flowered. Fls. rather larger thaa those of the foregoing species, white. Fr,
nearly black. Jn.
f3. MOLLE. Poison Haw. Soft, rusty, tomentous tin oughout the stalks, Ivs.
and cymes; Ivs. rather acute; fls. large. — Tenn. to Ga. (Misses Keen) and
La. (Ha'e). (V. nioUe Mx.)
7 V. Lentigo L. Sweet Viburnum. I/vs. ovate and oval, long-acuminate, acutely
and finely unciuate-serrate ; petiole with undulate margins. — A common tree-hko
shrub, in rocky woods, Can. to Ga. and Ky. Height 10 to I5f Lvs. smooth,
conspicuously acuminate, about 3' long and -^ as wide, their petioles with a curled
or wavy dilated border on each side. Fls. white, in broad, spreading cymes, suc-
ceeded by well-flavored, sweetish berries of a glaucous black. Jn.
8 v. prunifdlium L. Black Haw. Sloe. Lvs. smooth, shining above, round-
ish obovate or ovate, rather obtuse, acutely serrulate, with uncinate teeth ; petioles
slightly and evenly margined ; cymes mostly sessile. — In woods and thickets, N.
Y. to Gu. A shrub or small tree, 10 to 20f high, with handsome, glossy lvs. and
large cymes. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, J to § as wide, jn short petioles, slightly iiiar-
giiiod. Cymes terminal. Fls. white, succeeded by oval, blackish berries which
are sweet and eatable. Jn.
/3. FERRiKJiNEUM. T. k G. Veins and petiole beneath covered with reddish
brown wool ; lvs. narrower. — S. W. Ga. and Mid. Fla. Called 2wssuiri haw,
the black drupes being insipid.
9 V. ntldum L. Smooth ; lvs. oval-oblong, or lance-oval, subnvolute at edge, entire
or suberenulato, not shining, veiny and dotted beneath; petioles not winged ; cymes
on short stalks. — Shrub or small tree, 10 to 20f high, U. S. Lvs. thick, and when
ftilly grown 3 to 4' long, mostly acute or even short acuminate. Cymes large, on
peduncles 1 to 2' in length, naked after losing their caducous bracts. Fls. wliite,
berries dark blue, covered with bloom, sweetish. Apr. — Jn. — Very variable.
(3. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. T. & G. Lvs. oblong- lanceolate, acute or acuminate at
each end, margin obscurely repand-denticulato. — South (Pond, «S:c.)
7. CASSINOIDE8 T. & G. Lvs. oval, obovate or oblong, obtuse, acute or short-
acuminate, margin nearly entire, veins not prominent. — North and South
(V. cassinoides L.). — Anoihcr variety ((5. ovale) has smaller, oval, obtuse, very
entire lvs. (South), &c.
10 V. obovdtum Walt. Lvs. small, obovate, obtuse, entire or nearly so, subses-
$ile, dotted beneath; cj/mcs small, numerous, sew «fe. — Shrub 8 to 15f high, swanii)y
river banks, Va. to Ga. Branches straggling, some virgate ones, all covered with
a profusion of white cymes about \\' diam. Lvs. at flowering time 6 to 8" long,
finally 10 to 18". Fr. black, shining, sweet. .Apr., May.
11 V. Tfnua L. Laurestine. Lvs. coriaceous, larice-ovate, entire, their
veins with hairy tufts beneath.^A fine evergreen shrub, from Europe. Heiulit
4 to 5f. Lvs. acute, thick but veiny, dark, shining green above, paler beneath
Fls. white, tinged with rod, very showy. Degrees of pube£(.'once variable.
12 V. odoratissimum Ker. Smooth; lvs. coriaceous, evergreen, elUptie-
oblong, remotely repand-dentate ; fls, in paniculate cymes, white, very fragrant. —
t From China.
Order LXVII. RUBIACE.E. Madderworts.
Trees, shrubs and herbs. Lvs. opposite, somewhat vorticillate, entire. Stipulet
between the petioles, sometimes resembling the leaves. Calyx tube more or less ad-
herent to the ovary ; limb 4 to 6-cloft. Corolla regular, inserted upon tlie calyx
tube, and of the same number of divisions. Slamen.'i inserted upon the tulje of the
corolla, equal in number and alternate with its segments. Ovarii 2 (rarely more)-
cclled. Style single or partly divided. Fr. various. Seeds one, few, or many in each
ccU. (Fig. 183.)
Genera 830, xperic^ 4100. It Is genornlly divided into two Mibordors, viz,. Stellntcm timl Cii-
«boiiv«, to wliieli 11 tliini, Lo^anieii! (which'liaii few re]>ref*«ntAtivi'8 at the Nortli) i.i appuudad by
b Herbs. FWers ImbSv /'''''"'"'• ''«''"'«■••■ P'nknbva
-?S:;ir£r''''''»*^i~..::; «■""■'- »
a Fiower, v.llow . ™™ "^ *, 6 or S lv« . "'-'^ Wlbswith
•'w.„.,k,,s |;.;^,.wo,,, ,,|^^
linear- flc/ , ^^^0^- BEDSTRAur t^ *'U'thispi,i ■; Nos. 9-11
* »• PU6.um Art .« " *" '■"^-sWtoSe S"
™f £ 1^'f f - -„^: ^s^»^ eSTi '.Kty: '-J -' "^ «™..
simple Tv/''^"* '^'"n lieJS ' "?,'^'^'"^' h'spid.--:Gror '^'*'''' '" P^'^l- di-
"^ like liquorice.
I
i I,
''I t(
I 1
I'
'7 r
- H
'■:4
f i
400
Obi>bb 67 — RUBIACE^.
/8. lanceolXtum Torr. Very smooth; Ivs. lanceolate ; /r. sessile. — A fine va-
riety with larger leaves (2' or more in length). Fla. purple. (C-. Torreyi Bw.)
y. MOXTANUM T. <fc G. Dwarf; Ivs. obovate. — White Mta. (Oakes.) (G. Lit-
telli Oakes.)
4 G. latifdlium Mx. St. erect, smooth; Ivs. in 43, lanceolate, 3 veined, very
acute ; ped. axillary (leafy) and terminal, about twice tricliotoraous ; purple Jls.
and smooth fruit on filiform pedicels. — Mta. E. Tenn. and Va. to Ga. An elegant
species. St. about 2f higli. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Fla. very small, pedicels 2 to 6"
long, divaricate. Jl.
5 G. bore^le L. St. erect, smooth ; lvs. in 4s, linear-lanceolate, rather acute,
3-veined, smootli ; fls. in a terminal pyramidal paniclu. — Grows in rocky, shady
places, N. States and Brit. Am. Sts. If or more high, several together, branched
above Lvs. 12 to 20" by 2 to 9'', tapering to an obtusish point. Fls. numer-
ous, small, white, in a tliyrse-like panicle at top of the stem. Fr. small. Jl. (G.
septentrionale Bw.)
6 G. hispidulum Mx. Diffuse, minutely hispid ; lvs. in 4s, oval, thickish, mostly
acute or mucronato ; ped , axillary, 1 to iJ-flowered ; fr. fleshy and berry-like, lirge,
Wuish-purple. — S. Car to Fla. and La. Sts. sliarply 4 -angled. Lvs. 5 to 7" by 2
to 3", margin somewhat revolute. Pedicels of the fr. about 6" long. May — Oct.
7 G. unifldrum Mx. Glabrous ; sts. coespitous, slender, many, ascending; lvs. in
48. linear, a£ute; ped. a.villary, solitary, bearing 2 to 4 bracts, mostly l-llowered;
fr. oblong, fleshy, smooth, purpiu. — Damp woods, S. Car. to Fla. and La. St.
straigiit, nearly simple, about If high, the lvs. about 1' by 1'', and 1-veined. Fr.
smaller than in No. 6. May.
8 G. triflorum Mx. St. weak, often procumbent, smoothish, shining ; lvs. in 53
and Gs, elliptic and luiceolate, acuminate-cuspidate, J -veined, scarcely ciliate on
the margin ; ped. elongated, axillary, 3 (rarely 2)-flowered at the extremity, olten
twice di- or triehotomous ; fls. pedicellate ; fr. hispid with hooked hairs. — Moist
woods. Can. and U. S. St. 1 to 3f long, slightly branched. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, J
as broad, often obovate. Fl. greenish white, small. Fr. whitish, with its uncinate
clothing. Jl.
9 G. aspr^llum Mx. Rough Cleavers or Clivers. St. diffuse, very branch-
ing, rough backwards; lvs. in 6s, 53, or 4s, lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, mar-
gin and midveiii retrorsely aculeate ; ped. short, in 23 or 33. — Commou in tliicketa
and low grounds, Can. and N. States. St. weak, 2 to 6f long, leaning on other
plants, and closely adhc-' :g to them by its minute, retrorae prickles. Lvs. 6 to
S" by 2 to 3', Fls. white, small and numerous. Fr. minute, smooth, often
slightly hispid when young. Jl.
10 G. trifldum L. Dylu's Cleavers. Goose-grass. St. decumbent, very
branching, roughish with retrorse prickles ; lvs. in 53 and 4s, linear-oblong or ob-
lanceolate, obtuse, rough-edged ; parts of the fls. mostly in 3s. — U In low, wet
grounds. Can. and U. S. It is one of the smallest of the species. Lvs. 3 to 6"
by I to 2", often cuueate at base. Ped. mostly in 33, and axillary. Fla. small,
white. Jl.
li. TiNCToRiUM Torr. St. nearly smooth; lvs. of the st. in 6s, of the branches
in 4s ; ped. 2 or 3-flowered ; parts of tlie fl. in 43. — A somewliat less slen-
. der variety than the lirst. The root is said to dye a permanent red. (G. tinc-
, torium L.)
y. latifoLIUM Torr. Lvs. in 4s, oblanceolate, obtuse ; ped. 3-flowered; parts
of the fl. in 4a.
11 G. concfmium Torr. & Gr. St. decumbent, diffusely branched, retrorsely
scabrous on the angles ; lvs. in 6s. linear, glabrous, 1-veined, scabrous upwards on
the margins; ped. fllifbrm, twice or thrice triehotomous, with short pedicels;
lobes of tlie corolla acute. — Dry woods and hills, Mich., Ky., Ind. Sts. very
slender, 10 to 15 higii. Lva in numerous whorls, 5 to 8" by 1", slightly broader
in the middle. Fls. minute and numerous, white. Jn.
12 G. Aparine L. St. weak, procumbent, retrorsely prickly ; lvs. in 8s, Is, or 6s,
linear-oblanceolate, muoronate, rough on the midvein and margin ; ped. axillary,
1 to 2-flowored.— -d) In wet thickets, Can. and N. States to Ind. (Plummer.) Sts.
several feet long, leaning oa other plants and closely adhering by their hooked
-r-
Order 67.— RITBIACE^.
401
prickles to CTery thing ia their way. Lvs. 12 to 20" by 2 to 3". Fls. numerous,
ffmall, wliite. Fr. rattier large, armed witli hooked prickles, Jn. — The root will
dye red. The herbage ia valued as a domestic remedy. § ?
2. RUSSIA, Tourn. Maddkr. (Lat. ruhra^ red ; from the coloring
matter of its roots.) Calyx tube ovoid, limb 5-toothed or obsolete ;
corolla rotate, 6 parted ; stamens short ; styles 2, united at base ; fruit
twin, roundish, baccate, smooth. — Herbaceous or shrubby. St. 4-angled,
diffuse.
R. tinctdrum L. St. weak, its angles retrorsely aculeate ; lvs. in whorls of 6,
lanceolate, the margins and midveins aculeate; ped. axillary and terminal,
3-forked; cor. 5-parted, brownish yellow, with a callous point. — From Europe.
Cultivated for its roots which yield that valuable coloring matter, madder, Jl.
3. PINCKNE^YA, Mx. (Dedicated to Gen. C. C. Pinckney, of S.
Carolina.) Calyx tube campanulate, limb 5-parted, one segment (A
several of the flowers dilated into a large rose-colored bract ; corolla
tube cylindrical, limb 5-lobed, somewhat imbricated in the bud ; sta-
mens 5, from the base of the corolla, exserted ; style slender ; stigma
2-lobed ; capsule roundish, thinly coriaceous, 2-valved, many-seeded. —
A small tree (or large shrub). Stip. caducous, leaving a strong ridge
between the petioles.
P. piibena Mx. Swamps and aloncr creeks, S. Car. to Fla., common. It is a sin-
gularly beautiful tree, 15 to 25f high in its native woods, with a straight and slen-
der trunk. lu cultivation it has more the character of a shrub, brandling from
the base and flowering wlien but lOf high. Lvs. large, ovate, acute or sub-
acuminate at each end. Young branches and cymes downy. Cor. purple within,
canescent without. Cymes splendidly radiant by tiie largely expanded marginal
calyxes. Capsules aa large as an ounce bullet. May, Jn. — Properties similar to
the Peruvian bark, (Fig. 183.)
4. CEPHALANTHUS, L. Button Bush. (Gr. Ke<j)altl a head,
dvdog, a flower; flowers in heads,) Calyx limb 4-tooili('d; corolla
tubular, slender, 4-cleft ; stamens 4 ; style nmch exserted. — Shrubs
with opposite lvs, and short stip. Fls. in globous heads, without an
involucre.
C. occident^lis L. Lvs, opposite and in 33, oval, acuminate, entire, smooth ;
hds, pedunculate. — A handsome ohrub, frequenting the margins of rivers, ponds
and brooks, U. S. and Can, It ia readily distinguished by its spherical heads of
flowers, which are near 1' diam., resembling the globular inflorescence of the
Sycamore. Heiglit about 6f. Lvs. spreading, entire, 3 to 5' by 2 to 3 . The
fls. are tubular, with long, projecting stylos, and are inserted on all sides of the
round receptacle. Jl.
5. MITCHEL'LA, L. Partridge Berry. (In honor of Dr. John.
Mitchell^ an English resident iu Virginia.) Flowers 2 on each doublo
ovary ; calyx 4-parted ; corolla funnel shaped, hairy within ; stamens 4,
short, inserted on the corolla ; stigmas 4 ; berry composed of the 2
united ovaries, each 4-seeded. — Smooth, evergreen, creeping shrublets.
Leaves opposite. Flowers dimorphous,
M, ripens L. St. creeping; lvs, roundish-ovate, petiolato, — .\ little prostrate
plant found in woods, throughout the U. S. and Can. St. furnisliod with flat,
coriaceous, dark green lvs., and producing small, briglit red berries, remarkably
dislinguialied by tlieir doiible structure, and remaining on the plant tlirough the
winter. The corollas are white or tinged with red, very fragrant, sometimes 5 or
even 6-parted (Mr, Shriver). Fr. well-flavored but dry and full of atony seeda
June. ^^
I n
I I f
r ill
'•^:^.a
.^1
'I'.
r,
,,4
402
Order 67.— RUBIACEiE.
6. DIO^DIA L. (Gr. dig, twico, odovg, tooth, alluding to tlio two
calyx teeth crowning the ovary.) Calyx, corolla, stamens, style and
fruit as in the next genus (Spennacoco) except that the (2 or 3) 1 -seeded,
separable carpels are in both indehiscent ; seeds oval, peltate. — American,
chiefly tropical herbs. Stip. fringed with bristles. Fls. small, white,
axillary, sessile, solitary or few.
1 D. Virginiina L. Procumbent, nearly glabrous or liiraute ; sts. squarish ; It?
lanct'olato, sessile, entire ; bristles of tlio stip. longer than the sheaths ; tis. soli
tury, opposite ; coi-. salver form, tube very slender, thrice larger than the cal.
stam. exserted; style deeply 2-clelt, lobes liliform. — U Damp places, 111. to Ga.
and La. St. 1 to 2f long, somewhat 4-aided. Lvs. 1 to 2 by 3 to 5 ', 1-veined,
often with smaller ones fascicled in the axils. Cor. 6" long, hairy inside. May —
September.
13. has ovato-lancoolate Its. (D. tetragona Walt.)
y. has lance-linear, hairy lvs. ; cor. G" long. May — Sept. (D. hirsuta Ph.)
2 D. tSres Walt. Erect or ascending, hairy or scabrous ; lvs. liuear-lanceolato,
sessile, rough-edged, acute, much longer than the sheaths or fruit ; fls. solitary, or
several in each axil ; cor. funnel-form, with a luide tube, twice huger than the cal. ;
fl. somewhat hairy and 4-8ided. — Sandy fields, N. J. to 111. (Mead) and S. States.
Sts. rather rigid, simple, or branched, 5 to 18' long, brownish. Lvs. about 1' by
2". Cor. reddish white, shorter than the reddish brown bristles. Aug., Sept
(Spormacoce diodina Mx.)
7. SPERMACO'CE, L. (Gr. a-repjua, seed, aKoiKr}, a point ; alluding
to the pointed seeds.) Calyx tube ovoid, limb 2 io 4-parted ; corolla
tubular, limb spreading, 4lobed; stamens 4 ; stigma 2cleft ; fruit dry,
2-celled, crowned with the calyx, separating into 1 open and 1 indehis-
cent carpel ; seeds 2, peltate, furrowed on the face. — Mostly herbaceous
and tropical. Fls. small, in dense, axillary, sessile whorls, or clusters.
1 S. glabra Mx. Glabrous, procumbent at baso ; lvs. lanceolate, entire ; whorls
many-flowered ; cal. 4-toothed (rarely 5) ; cor. funnel-form, short, hairy in the
throat ; anth. included in tlie tube ; stig. subsessile. U River banks, W. States.
St. 1 to 2f long, terete, with 4 prominent lines, branched. Lvs. 2 to 3' by ^ to 1',
tapering to each end. Fls. white, 9 to 20 in a whorl, subtended by the subulate
bracts of the stipulos. Jl., Aug. — Resembles some of the Labiatse.
2 S. Chapm^nii Torr. & Gr, Nearly glabrous ; st. slightly 4-angled ; lvs. ob-
long-lanceolate, attenuate to a petiole ; whorls dense-flowered ; cor. funnel-form,
thrice longer tiian the cal. , atara. and slender sty. exserted. — River banks, Mid.
Fla. (Chapman.)
8. HOUSTO'NIA, L. Bluets. (Dedicated to Dr Wm. Houston,
the friend and correspondent of Miller.) Calyx tube ovoid-globous,
limb 4-toothed or cleft, persistent ; corolla tubular, nuich exceeding the
calyx; limb 4-lobed, spreading; filaments 4, inserted on the corolla;
st\ le 1 ; anthers and stigmas dimorphous, that is, in some plants, the
former exserted and the latter included, in others the style exserted and
at'.thers included ; capsule 2-lobed, the upper half free, cells few (8 to
20)-seeded. — Herbs. Stij). connate with the petiole, entire. Fls. soli-
tary or in cymes, white, purplish, or bluish.
% Corolla salver-form, glabrous.
% Corolla funnel-form.
Peduncles 1-flowereil — terminal Nos 1, 2
—axillary ^«e 8.4
Peiliuicles 00 -flowcrod, cymous.— Leaves lanoe-ovate No. 5
—Leaves lance-linear Nos. 6, 7
1 H. ccBrdlea L. Dwauf Pink. Innocexob. Caespitoug; radical lvs. ovate-
spatulate, petiolate ; sts. erect, numerous, dichotomous ; ped. filiform, I to 2-flow-
ered.— {g^ An elegant little plant found in moist grounds, fields, and road-sides.
Canada and U. S., often in patches, Cauline lvs. very small, opposite, lance-
Oldenlandil, Sy ' "" '^'"*«'-' ^^^"^ &" tide ' t"" a'"'^""= ^ ««--• Cor
(3 to 4 ' vvide)._Tlie r.Lt P^"^' spreading with -i u.iw
patens Ell.) '"*^ ""^''^ c^on^nion form i,fthe " Sta 'es' "T'' '"'■ «'«'*'J''r
2 H serpyiiif5iia j^f . - ^^'^^^ ^ai-, April, (h
"'^'i^^ petiolate; /Is nvili ""'^^"t- c-reopine lp..r. ,
} J
if !i
i'^e einMSi "'"^^^ - ^«o,a S, ,t\T than thrf,
(Hed^^tis HookT ^ ^^^'' ^'"^» deeper colored fSa. in"t,' ^T*'"^^ «" ' v
/^- 'rEsuiFdiiA Sf , , '" ^^^e throat. Jn ti
smaller, m fp. ; -/f- -^^ ^''•''nching ■ Jvs ,, "^^•
cia
6
2 ; capsule wholl„ . f, "'' ' '"""icMs 4 to 3 • .t T ,'"'"=' '""« lono-er
f 'l-'-.v, «l,itc.'^ ^ '" " «"l">'ate points e.nc V,"''*^, "'•'='■'' <»•
1 O .1 ,. . 'si'io. Us. g,„gj|^
1 O
ov
t'lo leafy cai. t,,etii.— a
'Pi
M
'(in
'M
404
Order 68.— VALERIANACE^.
plant varying in size from 1 to 2' to aa many feet, found in ^wamps, Ac, N. Y. to
La. Lvs. ^' in length, apparently connate from the stipules adhering to each
side of the petiole. Stip. 2-clett into narrow, subulate divisions. Cai. in -t deep,
leafy divisions, which are much longer than the white, rotate corolla. Stam.
nearly exserted. Sty. very short. Caps, opening crosswise. Jn. — Sept. (Hed-
yotia Ell.)
2 O. B6acii. St. erect, diffusely branched; Iva. lance-linear, acute, attenuated
to a petiole, 1-veined ; stip. 2-pointed eajii side ; tls. axillary, sessile, 1 to 'i to-
getlier; cor. shorter than the triangular-subulate calyx teeth, which are .shjrter
than the roundish capsule. — 1(. Borders of ponds, Ac, Car, to La. Sts. 6 to 10
high. Lvs. r by 1 to 2". Cor. purplisli. Jl.— Sept. (Hedyotis DC.)
3 O. Hdlaei, with pentamerous Jls., a prostrate, succulent perennial, found by Dr.
Hale on the Red River, La., may yet be found E. of the Miss.
Order LXVIIL— VALERIANACE^ Valerians.
Herbs with opposite leaves and no stipules. Calyx adherent, the limb either mem-
branous or resembling a pappus. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, 4 to 5-lobed,
sometimes spurred at base. Stamens distinct, inserted into the corolla tube, alter-
nate with, and generally fewer than its lobes. Ovary inferior, with one perfect
cell and two abortive ones. Seeds solitary, pendulous, in a dry, indehiscent
pericarp.
Genera 12, spenien 185, widely diflfused In temperate cliinatcs. The true vnhrinn of the
8h(>[i8, used in hy.'.teria, ei>ilei)sy,'&c., is a product of Valeriana officinalis. The roots of several
otht'r species possess a, lieavy odor, and are tonic, antispasmodic, febrifugal, &c. The epikeudrd
(John xii. 8, >tec). of old, valued as a perfume and a stimulant, is from the root of Nardostachys
Jatamansi.
1. VALERIA^NJl, L. Valerian. (To King Valerius^ a patron and
friend of botanists.) Calyx limb at first very small, involute, at length
evolving a plumous pappus; corolla funnel-form, regular, 5-cleft ; stam-
ens 3 ; fruit 1 -celled, 1-seeded. — li Lvs. opposite, mostly pinnately
divided. Fls. in close cymes.
* Leaves and leaflets broad, somewhat ovate Nos. 1, 2
♦ Leaves and leaflets narrow and nearly linear Nos 3, 4
1 V. paucifldra Mx. Glabrous, erect or decumbent, often stoloniferous at base,
radical lvs. ovate, cordate, slightly acuminate, on long petioles, crenate-serrute,
cauline, 3 to 7-parted ; Ifts. ovate, terminal one much the largest ; cyraules few-
flowered, corymbous; corolla tulre long (7 to 8 '), and slender. — Ohio to "Va. and
Tenn. St. mostly simple, 1 to 2r liigh. Lvs. of the succors mostly undivided,
1 to 1|' by f to 1^', petioles 1 to 4' long. Fls. pale purple or white. Jn., JL
2 V. sylvatica L. St. erect, striate, simple; radical lvs. ovate or suhspatidate
(never cordate), undivided ; cauline one pinnately divided ; segm. ovate-lanceolate,
entire or subserrate, tlie terminid one often dentate; cor. short (3 to 4") ; fr.
ovate, compressed, smooth. — St. 1 to 2f high. Swamps, Vt. to Mich., very rare.
Lvs. ciliate with scattered hairs, those of the root petioled, sometimes auriculate
at base, those of the stem with 4 to 8 lateral segm. and a large terminal one.
Fls. numerous, rose-colored, appearing in July.
3 V. ^dulis Nutt. Simple, smooth, and somewhat fleshy ; rt. lvs. linear, spatu-
late, entire, the cauline pinnately cleft into 3 to 7 lance-linear, acute segm., mar-
gins densely and minutely ciliate, mostly attenuated to the base, panicle com-
pound; cor. short (2 to 3"); fr. compressed, 4-ribbed. crowned with the late cal.
limb of! or 12 plumous setae. — Low grounds, Can., Wis., Ohio. Rt. yellowish,
fusiform. St. 1 to 3f high. Rt. lvs. many, 3 to 8' long, segm. 2 to 4" wide.
Fls. white, in a dense panicle which is greatly expanded in fruit. Jn. — The
fleshy root is said to be cooked and eaten by the Indians. (V. ciliata T. & G.)
4 V. officinalis L. Valerian. Lvs. all pinnate; Ifts. lance-linear or lan-
ceolate, the lateral and terminal similar, nearly entire; cor. small, short (2"), in
a crowded, compound cyme. — From Europe. It yields the vcUerian of the shops.
X, ^
■"-G: i td 'eTo:7>- ^'-- *t:i,'^ :''™,''- »»'- fe,.o,d i„
'ti
n
•ti^
400
OliDER 69— DIPSACK.E.
calyv. — '21 Plants st(»ut, prickly. Lvs. ojipositi;, connate (sometimos
distiiH't) at base. Heads oblong, the mitklle zone of florets first ex-
p-.indiiiir. (Kig. 206.)
1 D. sylvestris Mill. Wild Teaskl. Lvs. connato, siniml-e or j;ij»gotl; M\
cvlin Iriciil ; bracts of tlie iuvoluun- loiif^er tlum tlio hoivds of tls., alendor and
puiig.'iit, bent inwards; cJuiff of thii rtcptadH ptimjeat, not liooked. — A tall, thirt-
tle-liko plint, gro.viiijf in hmlge.s and by roa l.sido.s, Mtis-s. to Ind. St. about 4f
iiiirli. angled and pricky, with tlio opposite, lanco-shapiMl Ivs. united around it.
¥1-. bluish, in a largo oval, or cylindrical head whoso bracts arc not hooked, as
in tlie ne.x't species, but straight. Jl. J^ Kur.
2 D. FuUdnum L. Fullkk's Te.vsel. Lvs. connate, entire or serrate ; hd.
cylindrical; bra'ts hooked ; iiivol. sprewU/Kj. — (fardeus. Itt. fle.shy, tapering. St.
erect, furrowed, pricikly, hollow, about 5f high. Lvs. 2 at each node, united at
thuir bases around the stem in sucli a way a-( to hold a quantity of water. Fls.
whitisii, in large oval or ovoid heads. Cultivated for the use of the clothiers
{faUonuiu) who employ tiie heads with their hard, hooked scales to raise the nap
ujion woolen cloths. .11. \ Eur.
2. SCABIO^SA, L. Scauish. (Lat. scabies, lepro.sy ; plants said to
cure cutaneous diseases.) Flowovs in heads ; involucre many-leaved ;
invoiucel nearly cylindrical, with b little excavations ; caly.x limb con-
sisting of 5 sette, sometimes partially abortive. — 2^ Large, mostly Euro-
pean herbs with opposite lvs.
1 S. Buccisa L. Devils'-bit. Rt. premorse ; st. lvs. remotely toothed, lids,
of Hs. nearly globous ; cor. in -4 equal segments. — In gardens, though rarely cul-
tivated. The stem is about If high. Corolla violet, f Eur.
2 S. atropurpiirea L. Mourning Bride. Lvs. pinnatitid and incised, hds>
of Hs. radiant ; receptacle cylindric ; outer crown of the seed short, l(jbed and
creiiate. — A beautiful species, 2 to 4f higli, with dense heads of ' pie tls. f
Native country unknown.
Order LXX. COMPOSITiE. Asterworts.
Plant's herbaceous or shrubby, tvith compound flowers (of tiie old botanists) i. e.,
the flowers in dense heads (capitula) surrounded by an involucre of many brads (scales),
with 5 united anthers and the fruit an acheniuni (cypsela). Leaves Jilternato or oppo-
site, exstipulate, simple, yet oiteu much divided. Fls. (florets) oo, crowded, sessile,
on the receptacle with or without pales (chaff). Cal. adherent, the limb wanting or
divided into bristles, hairs, etc. (pappus). Cor. tubular, of 5 lobes with a marginal
vein, often ligulate or bilabiate. Stain. 5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla,
anthers cohering into a tube. Ov. 1-celled, witii 1 erect ovule; style single with 2
stiu'inas at summit. Fr. a cypsela (§ 557), dry, indehiscent, 1-seeded, often crowned
with a pappus.
Illnstiatc.l in fl^'s. S\ US. 141. 142, 145, 14«, 170, 102, 193, 211, 212, 218, 214, 21.5, 324, 328, 829,
330. m\. *32. 3*3, 864, 379, 41(J, 4;?4.
(rfiK- -a 1000 or more, upefies 9tMX»? the iiio.st extiMi^iive ami tlic most natural of all the Plijrn-
paiiioiis OriliMs. alway.s <listiny;iiiBhe(l at sisiht by tlu- ca|>itato tJowci-.s ami the iinitf(| ahtliL'i's.
It iMiiiprehends nearly oni'-ninth of all the species of Howerini: jtlants. The general biflorcs-
ccni'e is centrifugal, that i.s. tlie central or terminal heads are Hist developed, while the intlor-
esfi'iiee of the heatis is centripetal, the outer tlowers first e\[)an(lin^. In color the flowers are
various; sometimes those of the disk and ray are of ditferent colors, aizain they are all of the
thu -iame, but in the former case the disk florets are almost always yellow.
This immense order is difTused tlirouirhout all countries of the globe, but in very difTercnt
propiirtiuns. .Vccording to Hiimbolt, they constitute about one-sevenih of the I'liaMio^'amoiii
Flora of (lerinany, one-eijrhth. of France, one-fifteenth, of Lapland, one-sixth, of Nortli America
(north of MexicoX and one-half, of Tropical America. In New Holland they are in the propor-
tion of about one-sixteenth, according to Brown, while in the island of Sicily they are one-half.
Tlie Liguliflorie are said to be most abundant in cold regions, and the Tiibulitlorui ii hot regions.
The Labiatittora' are almost exclusively contined to South America. In tlio northern parts of
tile world the ('omposittc are universally herbaceous, but towards the tropics they gradually
become frntescent and even trees. In Chili they are generally shrubs, and on the island of St.
Htlena they aie trees.
Properticx. <§•<•. — The Compositie furnl.sh comparatively few useful products. A bitter prin-
ctple pervades the whole, which, when cumbined wi»h resin and astrlnzent mncUaire, becomes
orubr 70.— com posit .a.
407
tonie finil f>'l)rifii<;;il, as in tlio oliainoMilU-, cnlt'.s-foot, tlionnmliworl >;>>!(li'ii roil, I'te. S»mi' are
»mi.i'li)iiiiiirs I'lnrii the prevalcnro of tho ri-sirious prinfiplo, a.* tiiii-cy, Artfiui.->iii. V'oriii>iii:i.
Others lire uroiiiatic uiul fxtn-iiiely hitter, iin wormwood uikI all the species of Artoinisia. otiier
citei'Ies ari' very acrid, as mayweed. The .Jerusalem artichol^i' O'*'"""'^''""* tuherosiis) llie veire-
tahle oyster (Trii:.'"|>oiroii), the true artichoke (C'yiiara), lettiuu'. dandelion and a low otheis, aro
Hie only species useful t'or I'ooil, Tlie onliT ubound.s tn oruameulal [(lauts.
641, fci>. 1. HelianthiiR head radiate. 2. Vertical section of tlic bead, phowing the sralen of the Involucr*
»nd a siiiK'ie disk-flower remainiiii; upon the convex receptacle. .'. A perfect disk-flower KhowioK every
piirt. 4. Ife.id iradiate) of Solidngo. 5. A pistillate, ligulate flower of tlie ray. 6. A perfect disk fl. 7. A
irKdiant) head of Taraxacum. ^. A perfect, ligulate fl. '.i. Aclieniiim, with its long beak and plumous
piippusi. lU. V (radiant) head of Nabalus altissimu.t. 11. A flower. I'A Lapps major, bead discoid. 1.3. A
flower. 14. One of the hooked scales. I."). A (discoid) head of Eupatoriimi puipureuin. 16. A flower,
i;. Ambrosia (Pigweed). 18. Staminate head eidarged. 11». Pistillate involucre enlarged. 2U. The fettiU
flower.
The following (not conveniently used in Analysis) are De Candolle's
SUBORDERS AND TRIBES.
I. Tl'BULIFLORj;.— Corolla of the perfect fls. tubular, 6-lob(;(l. (A)
Tkibk 1, V'eknoniace,*;. Branches of the style long, slender, terete, and hispid
Si", over. Heads discoid ; flowers all alike perfect Nos. 1 — 8
TiiiBK 2, Eiri'ATOKiACE.«. Branches of the stylu clavate, obtuse, flattened,
minutely pubf>scent. lids, discoid. FIs. all alike, i)erl'ect Nos. 4 — 15
Triuk.*?, A8TEB0iT)E.e. Bfanciies of the style flat, linear, downy above and
opposite the distinct, stiirmatic lines, appendaged at top. Heads discoid
or radiate Nos. 16 — -Sft
TuiBK 4, SENECioNin.K. Branchesof the style linear, fringed at tho top, truncate
or extended into a eonic.tl, hispid appendage Nos. 36 — S7
Tribe 5, Cyxare.*!. Style thickened or node-like at top ; branches not appen-
daged, the stigmatic lines not prominent, reaching the apex Nos. 8S — 97
II. LlOrLIKLOli.E.— Corollas all ligulate (radiant), the flowers all perfect. (B)
Tkibr fi, (^ifiiouACE.fi. Branches of tho style long, obtu.se, pubescent all over ;
»ti:rmatic lines commencing below their middle. Juico milky Nos. 9S — 114
III. LABIATIFLOR.E Corolla of the perfect flowers bilabiate. (C)
Tribe T. Mim.isiaoe.e. Style nearly as in Cyiiarea>, the branches obtuse, very
convex (Mit.side, minutely downy it the top .... No. 115
•'t:il^
f
"" 1
/ '
/ i
i { ^
m
*?•»
1 1^:
'&<'%
408
Obuer 70.— composite.
ARTIFICIAL ANALYSIS OP THE GENERA.
A. Suborder, TUBULIFLOR^.
S Heada discoid, that is, without rays. (1)
1 Receptacle rutked, i. e., wltli no pales or bristles among the flowers. (2)
2 Pappus a circle of 5—2 ) clmtfy scales, (a)
2 Pappus none, or a short, toothed margin, (b)
2 ?ar)pu8 composed of many capillary bristles. (3)
,) Leaves opposite. (Heads homogamous.) (d)
3 Leaves alternate. (4)
4 Heads homogamous, — fls. all perfect, (c)
4 Heads heterogamous, fls. not all perfect. (5)
Q Scales herbaceous, often deciduous, (e)
6 Scales scarious, persistent, often colored, (f)
1 Receptacle chaffy bearing pales among the flowers. (6)
6 Leaves alternate, (g)
e Leaves opposite, (h)
1 Receptacle hearing brisilet, or deeply alveolate (honey-combed). (7)
7 Pappus none, or consisting of scales, (i)
7 Pappus composed of many bristles, (j)
S Heads radiate, i. e., the outer flowers ligulate. (8)
8 Receptacle naked (not chafly), or (in No. 67) deeply honeycomb'Celled, (9)
9 Pappus of 5-i2 scales which are 1-awned or (in No. 61) cleft-bristly, (k)
9 Pappus none, or of a few short awns. (1)
9 Pappus of many capiMary bristlos. (10)
10 Kays cyanic, in a single row. (m)
10 Kays cyanic, in several rows, (n)
10 Kays yellow, in about one row. (11)
11 Pappus double, or of very unequal bristles, (o)
11 Pai)|;us .simple, the bristles all similar. (12)
12 Involucre scales imbricated, the outer shorter, (p)
12 Involucre scales equal, not imbricated, (r)
8 Receptacle chaffy, with pales among the flowers. (13)
13 Disk and ray flowers both fertile, the latter pistillate. (14)
14 Rays yellow (s)
14 Riys cyanic, (t)
13 Disk flov.ers sterile, .ay flowers fertile, (u)
13 Disk flow3r8 fertile, ray flowers sterile. (16)
15 Achenia obcompressed, often beaked, (v)
15 Achenia compressed laterally, or not at all. (x)
a Corolla lobes one-sidetl. Head large, many-flowered .....Stokrsia. 3
a Corolla lobes one-sidod. Heads 4 — 5-flowered, aggregated Elei'iiantopus. 8
a Corolla lobes equal — Leaves opposite. Pappus awned AtiRRATU.vi. 4
—Leaves whorled. Pappus obtuse Sclerolkpis. 5
-Leaves alternate.— Pappus scales 8 — 10 Polvhteris. 68
—Pappus scales 12 — 20 1Iy.\«enopahi'U8. 64
b Loaves o^iposfte. Flowers dioecious, obscure Ambrosia. 45
b Leaves alternate. — Flowers yellow. Disk conical I Matricaria. 73
— Flowers yellow. Disk convex Tanacetum. 75
— Flowers whitish. — Erect, leafless above Adbnooaui.on. 15
— Erect, leafy Artemisia. 78
— Low and depressed Soli v a. 77
Scales of the involucre in one row Flowers cyanic Cacaua. 84
Scales of the Involucre in one row. Flowers yellow Henecio. 8ft
Scales imbricated.— Flowers yellow Bujei.ovia. 27
— Flowers whitish. F.upatoricu 10, and Kitiinia. S
— Flowers purple. — Pappus simple Li \trib. 7
— Pappus double Verno^ia. I
d Achenia lO-striate. Flowers purple Biuokellia. •
d Achealaft-angled.— Receptacle conical. Flowers blue Conocmnipm. 13
— Receptacle flat.— Scales 4 or 5 Mikania. 11
—Scales 8—20 ... .Eupatorium. 10
Ordkb 70.-— COaIPOSIT^.
409
e Shrubs. Flower dioecious, the $ and t in different heads ^ Bacciiaris. •'iS
e Herbs. — Stem winged. Heads spicate Pterucaulon. 30
— Stem wingless.— Heads corymbous, purplish Pluciiea. 84
—Heads paniculate. — Pappus reddish Convza. 32
— Pappus white KRKt;uTiTE!». 83
f Receptacle chaffy except in the center Filago. 80
f Receptacle naked.— Heads diiBciuns. Antbnnari a. 79
—Heads heterogaiuous. — Involucre erect Gnapiialium. 78
—Involucre radiate IIklichuvsum. 82
g Scales dry, fodeless. Pappus of scalc-liko awns Xkrantiiemum. 81
g Scales herbaceous. — Flowers heterucephalouB. Fruit a burr X antuium. 40
— Fls. all perfect.— Pappus of 5 or G scales Marbiialua. 6S
— Papp. of many bristles Carhiikpiioui;'}.
h Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 inversely hispid awns Bioess. 58
h Flowers yellow. Pappus 2 erectly hispid awns Corkoi'SIS. 57
h Flowers whitish,— heterocephalous. Anthers yellowish Ambrosia. 45
— mono-clous. Anthers yellow Iva. 44
— all perfect. Anthers black Melantiiera. 47
i Outer scales of the in vol. leafy. Pappus none Cartiiamus. 93
i Outer scales pectinate or ciliate-fringcd Ckntaukea. 91
i Outer and inner scales obtuse, entire Amberuua. 92
J Paiipus plumous. Achenia obov.ite Cvnara. 88
J Pappus plumous. Achenia oblong €u»ium. 96
j Pappus scabrous, — triple, e.ich row by 10s Cnicus. 94
— simple. — Scales spincscent Onopori)<»n. 95
— Scales hooked Lappa. 97
k leaves opposite. Papp. scales deeply cleft into bristles Dvhooia. CI
k leaves alternate. — Rays fertile Hklrnium. 65
— Rays sterile. — Receptacle naked or fimbriate Gaillardia. 62
— Rt'ceptaclo areolate, Lrptopoda. 6tf
— Itecoptacle deeply-celled Baldwinia. 67
1 waves opposite. Involucre double, outer 8 united Dahlia. 2S
1 Leaves opposite. Involucre single ; scales united Taoetks. 89
} leaves alternate. — Pappus of a few short a«vn3 or bristles Roltonia. 24
— Pappus a membranous margin Matricaria. 73
— Pappus 0. — Rays fertile, disk sterile Calksdula. 90
— Fls. all fort- Invol. scales equal Brllib 22
— Invol. broad, flat LKirrANTiiEMiLW. 72
— Invol. hemispherical.. ...CiiRVSANTnEMUM. 74
Bl Rays neutral sterile, 3—12 ; P inpus simple O alateli a 16
U Rays pistillate, fertile, — about .> Achenia very silky Skrioocarpus. 17
—8—12. Pappus double Diplopappus. 19
—5 — "5. Pappus simple Aster. 18
—41—200, white. Scales equal EuKiEKo.v. 20
n Flowers dioecious, purplish. Leaves all radical NAunosMrA. 14
n Fls. ail fertile. — Outer pappus or very short bristles KBUiERo.i. 20
—Outer pappus a crown of short, pointed scales Calhstepiius. 21
O Flowers of the disk mostly sterile. Ruys 80 — 40 Prionopsis. 29
O Fl». all fertile.— Pappus double in the dit.k, none in the ray. IIeterotiikca. 3*
— Pappus double in both disk and ray Ciirvsopbis. 81
p Heads large, about 20-rayed. Pappus in one row Inula. 83
p Heads very small, 1 — 15-rayed,— Pappus 1 row, shorter than achenia. . .nRAoiiYciiJCTA. 26
— Pappus 1 row, tawny, longer than achenia..IsoPAPPL'8. 28
— Pappus irregularly 2-rowed, white Solidaoo. 26
r Head soU'ary, on a scope with alternate bracts Tussilaog. 18
r Heads corymbed, &c, — Leaves nlternate Seneoio. 86
— Leaves opposite Arnica. 8T
s Shrubby. Pappus 4 toothed, obscure Borpioiiia. 87
■ Herbaceous. — Scales (the 4 outer) united into a cup Tbtraoonotheoa. 60
—Scales distinct.— Achenia 4-an2led. Pappus Heliopris. 49
— Achenia flattened. Pappus AoMBiaA. 59
— Aoh. flat, with a S-awned pappud Vbubuuna. OU
'M
T
410
UiiDiiU 70.— COMPOSITE.
\'
t Leaves (iltfrnatt'. Pappus none. Achenia torete Anthf-mis ()9
t leaves alti^niate. l'u|)pus none. Achenia obcoinpressed Aimiii.lka. 71
t Leaves opposite. — I'appus none E( lipta. 33
—Pappus of fringed scales H<l8.8m. Kay8 5,sm. white. §Eur. Oallnsocja.
— Papp. of the disk a single awn of the ray Zinnia 4S
u Leaves opposite. Rays yellow. Pappus none Polymma. Hd
U Leaves opposite. R:iys voilow. Papp.2or3-toothed..Sii.PHiUM 41. Chuysouonim. 40
u Leaves alternate. — Ra\ -, whitish, very short, 5 only Partiienh- m. 4.3
— Rays yellow. — Auhcnia winged Silhiiicm. 41
—Achenia wingless BKiti.ANDiicuA. 42
V Achenia with erectly hispid awns, or awnless; never rostrate Cokeoi'sis. 57
V Achenia with retrorsely hispid awns, often attenuated above Rn ens. 5S
X Rays white, spreading. Pappus none Makuta. 70
X Rays purple, pendant. Pales sharp, elongated Eohin acka. 61
X Bays yellow. — Pappus none. Achenia quadrangular Rudbecki a. 52
— Pappus none. Achenia compressed Lkpaohys. 53
• — Pappus of 2 deciduous awns. Ach. wingless Heliantiu's. 54
— Pappus of 2 persistent teeth. Ach. winged Helianthella. 55
— Papp. of 2 persistent awns. Ach. broad-winged AoTiNOUEBiSk b6
B. Suborder, LIGULIFLOR-iE.
S§ Pappus none, or consisting of little scales, (a)
§§ Pappus double (of scales and bristles), or simple and plumous. (b)
S§ Pappus composed of capillary bristles, not plumous. (*)
* Achenia terete or angular, not flattened, (c)
* Acheiiia evidently flattened, (d)
a Flowers yellow. Pappus none. Heads paniculate Lampsana. 98
a Flowers yellow. Pappus none. Heads solitary or umbellate Apouon. 99
a Flewers blue. — Pappus of many liitle scales. Recept. naked , Ciouorium 100
— Pappus of 5 scales. Receptacle ehatfy Catananche. 106
b Flowers purple. Feathery pappus on a long filiform beak Trauopogon. 104
b Flowers /ellow. Feathery pappus on a short beak or sessile Leontodon. 103
b Flowers yellow. — Pappus of many bristles with the scales Cynthia. 102
— Pappus of 5 bristles and 5 scales Kkigia. 101
c Flowers whitish or purplish, mostly nodding. Stem leafy Xabai.is. 107
C Flowers rose-purple, erect. (Stem almost leafless.) LvooDKSMiA. Ill
Flowers yellow. — Achenia long-beaked. Pappus white Takaxaoum. 109
— Achenia long-beaked. Pappus reddish Pyrriiopaim'is. 110
— Achenia not beaked. — Pappus dull white or tawny Hieracu-m. 105
—Pappus bright white Troximon. 108
d Achenia Aontracted into a slender beak. Fls. mostly yellow Lactica, 112
d Aciienia scarcely beaked. — Flowers mostly blue Miri.<iGi>u°.M. 1 13
—Flowers yellow. Papp. silky SoNCiirs. 114
C. Suborder, LABTATIFLOR^.
§§$ Head radiate, solitary, nodding in bud. Pappus capillary CHAPXitiA. 115
Suborder I. T U BU L IF L R .«.
Tribe 1. VERNONIACE^.
1. VERNO'NIA, Schreb. Iron Weed. (Named for William Vernon,
an English botanist who traveled in America in searcli of plants.)
Flowers all tubular, perfect ; involucre of ovate, imbricated scales, the
inner longest ; receptacle naked ; pappus double, the exterior chaffy,
the interior capillary. 21 Herbs or shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. pur-
ple (in our species.)
S Scales of the involucre nil obtuse and cUselv appressed No. 1
§ Scales of the invol. (usually all)— with slender, nexuous points Nos. 8,8
—with acHite or mucronat* points Nos. 4, 6, <1
Order 70.— COMPOSITE.
411
1 V. faaciculdta Mx. St. tall, striate or grooved, tomeritous ; Ivs. narrow-laiiceo-
late, tapering to eacli end, serrulate, lower ones petiolate ; hd.-^. numerous, in a
somewhat fastigiate cyme , iuvol. ovoid-campanulate ; scales appressed, mucro-
nate or obtuse. — "Woods and prairies, W. States, very common. A coarse, pur-
plisiigreen weed 3 to lOf high. Lvs. 4 to 8' by 1 to 2', smootli above. Cytnes
coiapact or loose. Heads large or small. Cor. showy, dark purple, twice longer
than the involucre. Jl. — Aug. Variable.
2 V. NoveboracSnsis WilM. Lvs. numerous, lanceolate, serrulate, rough, cyme
fastigiate; scales of invol. filiform at tlie ends. — A tall, showy plant witli tnjmiT-
ous large, dark purple flowers, found in meadows and other moist situations, U. S.
St. branching at top, reddish, 3 to 6f high. Lvs. crowded, paler Deneath, radit-nl
ones often lobed. Cymes terminal. Hat-topped, compound. Sca.os and corolla
deep purple, the former ending in long, threadlike appendages, or in one variety
(V. praealta Less.) partly cuspidate. In another variety (V. tomentosa EU.Hlie
plant becomes tomentoua in the corymbs and under surface of tlio leaves. Sept.
3 V. scab^rrima Nutt. St. simple, corymbed above ; lvs. crotoded below, scssHa,
lanceolate and lance-linear, scabrous above, margins revolute, suhentire : lids ^0 to
30-flowered ; scales lanceolate, ciliate, protracted into long, flexuous point.- ;
piippus whitish, exserted but shorter than the appendagcd scales. — In pine bar-
rens. Height 2 to 3f, Invol. usually green ; cor. purple, Jn. — Aug.
4 v. angustifdlia Mx. Slender, many-leaved ; lvs. linear or lance-linear, the
lowest serrulate, upper entire with revolute margins; cymes corynibous, with
very slender peduncles ; hds. 10 to 15 flowered; scales acute or mucronate, the
lower spreading and more or less filiform-pointed; pappus purplisii, twice longer
than the invol. — N. Car. to Fla. and La, in the pine barrens. About 2f high.
Sept., Oct.
5 V. ovaUfdlia Torr. & Gr. Lvs. lance-oval or lance-oblong, acute, sessile, sharply
serrate, veiny ; cyme loose, fastigiate ; hds. rather large, scales appressed, aciitt.' or
mucronate, much shorter than the pappus. — Mid. Fla. (Chapman). St. 3 to 4f
higli. Hds. about 20-fiowcred, with a purplish pappus.
6 V. oligoph^Ua Mx. St. nearly leafless, slender ; lvs. mostly radical, oblong-
obovate, dentate-serrate, the 2 or 3 cauline lvs. bract-like, Uinceoiate, serrulate ;
cyme loose, somewhat dichotomous, with few heads ; scales witli spreading,
acuminate tips. — Swampy pine woods, N. Car. to Fia. Sts. about 2f high.
Ju., Jl.
2. STOKE'SIA, L'TTer. (In honor of Jonathan Stokes, M. D., an
English botanist.) Flowers all tubular, the marginal larger, ray-like,
irregular; scales of the involucre imbricated, in s(!veral rows, the outer
spinulous and leaf-like ; receptacle naked ; fruit 4-angled ; pappus of 4
or 5 awn-like, rigid, deciduous scales. — U Erect, with a downy stem,
alternate lvs., and terminal, large heads of showy blue fls.
3. c^ama L'ller. A rare and ornamental plant, found in S. Car., Ga.. and La ,
rarely in gardens. It resembles a Centaurea. Height about 2f. Lvs. sessile, en-
tire, glabrous, the bracts spinulous at base, gradually passing into the scales.
Outer corollas with the innercleft deeper, limb spreading, palmate, imitating
rays.
3. ELEPHAN'TOPUS, L. Elephant's-foot. (Gr. f'Af'0a(:, elephant,
Toj'f, foot ; alluding to the form of the leaves in some species.) Heads
:i to 5- Howcred, glomerate into a compound head with leafy bracts;
Howcrs all equal ; involucre compressed, the scales about 8, oblong, dry,
in 2 series ; corolla 5-cleft, one of the clefts deeper than the others, seg-
ments acuminate ; achenia ribbed, hairy ; pappus chatfy-setaoeous. — If
Erect, with alternate subsessile lvs. Cor. violet purple.
1 C CaroHniElnus Willd. St. much branched, leafy, hairy ; lvs. scabrous and
Bomewha-t hairy, ovate or oval-oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, lower oncrt ou
petioles, U[)per oive subsessilo; hds. terminal and subteiminal. — Dry soils, Pcnu.
'J
4 I
^
\
t"
412
Order 70,— COMPOSITE.
Ohio to Fla. and La. St. 20 to 30' high, flexuous, the branches divaricate. Lower
stem Ivs. 5 to 7' by 3 to 5 , upper about 2' by 1^', tlie highest oblong, siuuller,
subtending the glomerules in the form of an invol. Scales 3 ' long. Jl. — SepL
Zj. tomentdsus L. St. hirside, ntarly leafless, simple or dichotomous above;
radical Ivs. large, hirsute-tomentous, oblong-spatulate or obovate, crenato, nar-
rowed to a winged petiole, cauline small and bract-like at the forks, or none ;
bracts thick, broad-ovate, scales rigid. — Del. to Ga., Fla., to La., common in the
pine woods. St. 1 to 2f, often quite simple, with a single, large glomerule at top.
Tlje stiff, acute scales are 5 ' long. JL— -Sept. — Varies with more branches aad
leaves, towards No. 1.
Tribe 2. EUPATORIACE^.
4. AGERATUM L. (Gr. a (privative) and yfjpag, old aj^e ; i. e., fade-
less ; misapplied in tliis case.) Heads oo-flowcred, ^ , discoid ; scales
linear, imbricated, pointed ; receptacle naked ; corollas all tubular ;
fruit (cypsela) 5-angled, narrowed at base ; pappus 5 to 10 chaffy,
awned scales. — 0© Mostly tropical, with opposite, petioled Ivs. and
corymbed heads.
A. conyzoides L. Branching; Ivs. ovate, tooth-crenate, acute or cordate at
base, somewhat rugous ; pappus of 5 subulate, denticulate scales as long as the
cor. but much sliort^r than the conspicuous branches of the style. Near Sa-
vannah (Pond). Sts. 12 to 18' high, downy. Lower petioles lialf as long as th*
leaves. Fls. blue or white. Apr., Jn. § The cultivated variety called A. Mexi-
caua has nearly all its leaves cordate, and flowers always ? blue.
5. SCLEROL'EPIS, Cass. (Gr. OKXrjpog, hard, XeTTig, scale.) Head
Qo-flovvered, <J , discoid ; scales equal, linear, in 2 series ; receptacle
naked ; corolla 5-toothed, enlarged at the throat ; branches of the
style much exerted; achenia 5 angled, crowned with a cup-shaped
pappus of 5 obtuse, horny scales. — 21 Aquatic, glabrous, simple, with 1
to 3 terminal hds. Lvs. verticillato ; fls. purple.
S. verticillita Cass. In shallow water, N. J. to Fla. St. decumbent at base, 1
to 2f liigh. Lvs. in numerous whorls of about 6' linear-setaceous, entire, 1' in
lengtli. Head commonly solitary at the top of the stem. Jl. — Sept. (Sparga-
uopliorus Mx.)
6. CARPHEPH'ORUS, Cass. (Gr. Kap^iog, chaff, </)t>J, to bear; for
its chafiy receptacle.) Heads (about 20-flowered), involucre, flowers
and fruit as in Liatris ; receptacle chaffy ; pales narrow, 3-veined, rigid,
shorter than the flowers. — If Sts. simple, leafy, corymbous at top, with
middle .sized heads of purple flowers. (Liatris, Mx. Ell.)
* Scales of the Involucre acute, downy-toinentous Nos. 1, 2
♦ Sicales of the involucre roumled-obUise, nearly glabrous Nos. 8, 4
1 C. pseudo-liatris Cass. Slender, erect, tomentous-pubescent ; lvs. nearly
glalwoud, linear-subulate, rigid, the cauline gradually shorter, closely appressed to
and covering the stem ; hds. few in a racemous cyme ; scales rigid, ovate-lanceo-
late, appressed. — Gadsden Co., Fla. to Ala. and La. Plant strictly erect, 2f high,
its toinentura grayish. Hds. 15 to 20-flowered. (L. squamosa Nutt.)
2 C. tomentdsus Ton*. & Gr. Erect, downy and corymbous above ; rt. lvs. lanceo-
late, petiolate; cauline lance-ovate, sessile, erect, the upper pubescent; scales lance,
ovate, acute, mostly appressed, glandular toment>"»us. — Swamps, Va to Ga. St
2f liigii, bearing a loose, spreading corymb. Pales linear, pappus purplish,
Sept., Oct. (L. Walteri, Ell.)
3 C. bellidifdllus Torr. & Or. Low, nearly glabrous, tufted; root-lvs. spatulato,
petiolate, obtuae, 3-veined, cauline mostly linear ; branches with 1 to 5 heads;
Order 70.— COMPOSITE.
413
aeales herbaceous, glabrous, oblong and obtaso'. — Sand hills about Wiliuiiigton, X.
Car. Sts. numerous and much branched, 8 to 12' high. Scales Iwity, greeu,
pappus rather plumous than barbellate. Sept. (L. bellidifoUa Mx.)
4 C. corymbdsus Torr. &, Gr. St. single, stout, erect, hairy ; Ivs. nearly smootli*
ohlanceolate, obtuse, tapering to tho base, the upper small, oblong, sessile ; lids,
about 20, 20-flowered, in a dense corymbous cyme ; scales smooth, oblong-oval,
very obtuse, with a broad, scarious margin. — Swamp margins, N! Car. to Fla.
St. about .3f high. Fls. pale purple. Sept., Oct. (L. corymbosa Nutty
7. LIATRIS, L. (Gr, Af, an emphatic prefix, arpoi^, invulnerable ;
used as a vulnerary.) Heads few to many (5 to 60)-flowered ; flowers
all ^ , tubular ; involucre oblonj;, imbricate ; receptacle naked ; pappus
of oo capillary bristles, mostly plumous ; achenia tapering to the slen-
der base, 10-striate; styles much exserted. — If Herbs with simple, erect
stems, alternate, entire Ivs., and haiidsome rose-purple fls. in spicate,
racemcd, or paniculate hds., blooming from Aug. to Nov.
I Heads in ft corymb or thyrse-like panicle. Root flbrous Nos. 1, 2
I Heads in n spike or a simple raceme, lioot a roundisii tuber (a)
a Scales of tho involucre coloreil and putaloid at tlieir lengthened ends No. 3
a Scales not petjiloid, green or sliglitly tinged at tho end (b).
b Pappus evidently plumous. Corollas (13 to 60) hairy within Nos. 4, 5
b Pappus evidently plumous. Corollas (3 to 5) smooth witliin Nos. 6, 7
b Pappus only bai'Dcllato (smooth t() the naked eye) (c).
O Heads 8 to 7-flowored, — in one-sided spikes or racemes Nos. 8. 9
— in a regular spike, raceme (or panicle) Nos. 10, 11
C Heads 20 to 40-flowered, roumlish, with rounded scales .No. 1'3
Heads 7 to 15-flowered. — Scales all similar, obtuse Nos. \'\ 14
— Scales all, or the inner only acute Nos. 15, 16
1 L. odoratfsBima Willd. Vanilla-plant. Deer's-tongub. Glabrous; rt.-
Ivs. obovate-spatulate, obtuse, 5 to 7-veinod, tapering to the base, oaulino oblong,
clasping; hds. about 8-flowered, in many cyraes, constituting a large, loose
corymb; scales all obtuse; fr. smoothish. — Pine barrens (Va. ?) to Fla. and La.,
abundant. Sts. 1 to :jf high. Corymbs leafless. Fls. bright purple. Sept., Oct.
— Tiie fleshy leaves exhale a rich fragrance (compared to Vanilla) oven for years
after they are dry, and are therefore by tho soutliern planters largely mbced with
their cjred tobacco, to impart its fragrance to that nauseous weed.
2 L. paniculdta "Willd. St. simple, virgate, viscid-tomentous ; rt-lvs. spatulate-
lanceolate, ac'ite, tapering tc a petiole, caulino small, appressed, lanceolate-acu-
minate; hds. ..oout 5-(iowered, in an oblong, d",nse, thyrsoid j)anicle. — Damp pino
barrens, (ja., Fla. St. 2 to 3f liigli. Scales fjw, ail obtuse. Fls. pale purple or
white. Sept., Oct.
3 L. Slogans Willd. Villous-eaneacenfc above ; Ivs. glal)rou.s, the radical ohlan-
ceolate, A to 6-veined, cauline linear, tho upper bract-like, spreading ; spike or
raceme dense; hds. obhmg-cylindricul, 4 to5-flowered; scales lance-linear, pro-
longed into a colored, petaloid appendage longer than tiie flowers ; pappus evi-
dently plumous. — A remarkable species, in pino barrens, Va. to Fla. and To.v.
St. 3 or 4f high, ending in a spike G to IG' long. Tlie purple appendaged scales
more showy tlian ihe florets. Aug., Sept.
4 L. squarrdsa Willd. Blazino Star. Smooth or scabrous-pubescent; Ivs.
linear, lower ones attenuated at base; rac. flexuous, leafy; hds. few, 20 to 40-
flowered, sessile or nearly so; invol. ovate-cylindric ; scales large, squarroiis-
spreading, outer larger, leafy, inner mucronate-acuminafe, scarcely colored; fls.
numeroi;s; pappus plumous. — A splendid plant, native N. Y". (I'laton) Penn. to
Fla. and W. States. Sts. 2 to 3f high, thickly beset witii long, linear leaves.
Hds. 5 to 20, with large, brilliant purple florets. Aug. f It varies with the
heads only 12 to 15-flowered (Georgia, Feay), smooth or hairy, Ac.
5 L. cylindrdoea Mx. St. low, slender, and very leafy, smooth and somewhat
hirsute. Ivs. rigid, linear, mostly 1-veined; hds. few, sessile or pedicellate, cylin-
drical. 15 to 20-flowered; scales short, ciliale, dose, rounded or obtuse, and abruptly
mucronaie at apex ; pappus plumous. — Prairies and barrens, Mich, to Towa (Cou-
■cas) and Mo. St. G to 18' high. Lva. 2 to 6' by 2 to 4 ". Heads 1' louft
I
>1
■ T
414
Oruer 70.— COMPOdlT.*:.
rarely solitary, sometimes 10 or 12, mostly about 5. Fls. bright-purple. Jl —
Sept.
6 Ij. Boykinii Torr. and Gr. Slender, erect ; Ivs. linear, punctate, elongated, the
upper shor^ and setaceous; hds. 3 to 5-flowered, sessile, or witti sliort appressed
ped. in a close virgate spike ; accUes few, the outer subulate, short, the inner
lance-linear, margins scarious, tips acuminate, spreading, as long as the plumoua
pappus. — W. Ga. Plant nearly smooth, 1 to 2f high, with pale purple tioreta.
Aug., Sept.
7 L. tenuifdlia Nutt. Smooth, slender, simple; Ivs. narrowly linear (»• filiform,
the lower crowded, very long, diminisliing upwards to setaceous bracts ; hds. 5-
flowered, crowded, on scaly, tlliform ped. forming a long raceme ; stales oblong,
obtxise, raucronulate, outer very short ; pappus piumous, scarcely longer than ilie
villous fruit. — Pine barrens, N. Car. to J?'la. Very elegant, 2 to 4f high. Rt. Ivs.
resembling those of the long-leaved pine^ in a crowded tuft. Rac. of purple Ha.
1 to 2f, ped. 1'. Aug.— Oct.
8 L. sec^nda Ell. Slender, ascending and recurved ; Ivs. linear, shoit. the radi-
Ciil linear-lanceolate; rac. recurved, long, slender, v.'ith the heads all turned to the
upper side (secund); invoL about 10-scaled and 5-Hov\er€d; pappus plumoua
(under a lens). — Dry sand hills. Mid. Car. and Ga. Sts. 1 to 3f high. Beautihilly
distinguished by its long (6 to 12) secund racemes. Aug., Sept.
9 Ii. paucifldra Ph. St. simple, glabrous; Ivs. linear; ^jaw. (composed of simple
racemes ?) virgate, leafy, branches short, with few hds. ; hds. subsessile, secund,
3 to 5-flo\vered ; scales erect, lanceolate, acute, glabrous. — Ga. (Bartram, Pursh.)
A species at present unkrown. Probably a var. of the last.
10 Ii. grdcilis Ph. Pubescent, slender, simple; Ivs. linear, 1-veined. short, the
lower lanceolate, obtuse, all glabrous, ciliate at base; hds. 3 to 5 to 7 -flowered,
on divaricate, slender, hairy pedicels, in a long virgate raceme, rarely paniculate ;
scales few, appresaed, oblong, obtuse, shorter than the purple barbellate pappus.
Dry pine barrens, Ga., Fla., Ala, Plant grayish, 2 to 3f high. Hds. small. Fr.
villous. Sept., Oct.
11 L. pycnoatdchya Mx. Simple, more or less hirsute, very leafy ; Ivs. rigid,
a>scending, straight, lower ones long, lanceolate, veined, obtuse, upper short, nar-
row-linear ; spike dense and thick, long and bracted below ; hds. numerous, rylin-
drical, sessile, 5-flowered; scales appressed, with acute, scarious and colorid
squarrous tips. — Prairies, 111. to Tex. A stout species, distingui,<hed from L.
spicata, chieHy by its acute, squarrous scales, and few-flowered heads. St. 3 to 5f
high. Spikes cylindrical, 10 to 20' long. Aug. Varies with stem and iuvol.
nearly glabrous (L. brachystachya Nutt.)
12 L. scaridsa L. G.vy Feather. Scabrous-pwbescent ; Ivs. lanceolate, lower
on long petioles, upper linear and much smaller; hds. remotely ractituul, 20 ^o-lO-
flowered, globous hemispherical; scales obovate, very obtuse, purplish; fls. numer-
ous ; pappus scabrous. — A beautiful plant. 4 to 5f high, in woods and sandy fields.
Can., Mass. (Ricard) to Ga. and La. St. rather stout, whitish above. Lvs.
numerous, entire, lower 3 to 9' long, upper 1 to 3' by 1 to 3 ', rough-edged.
Hds. 5 to 20, 1' diam., in a long raceme, each 20 to 40-flovvered. Cor. purple.
Aug. t
13 L. spicdta Willd. Lvs. lance-linear, smoothish, punctate, ciliate, lower ones
narrowed at base ; hds. in along, terminal spike, sessile ; scales of the invol. oblong,
obtuse; jls. about 8; pappus scabrous-plumous. — Native from N. J. and Mich, to
Fla. and La. Abundant in prairies. A beautiful species, often cultivated. St.
2 to 5f high. Hds. numerous, with bright purple Ha. Aug. \ — Varies with
smaller, 5 to 7-flowered heads. (L. resinosa Nutt.)
14 L. graminifdlia Willd. Glabrous or with scattered hairs ; st. slender and
simple; lvs. linear, 1-veined; hds. 7 to 12-flowered, mostly pedicellate, spikes or
racemes sometimes paniculate below ; invoL acute at base ; scales many (12 to
18), dbovoie-spatulate, very obtuse, appressed, outer row shorter; ach. hairy. — N.
J. to Ga. and Ala. St. 2 to 3f high. The lower lvs. are lance-linear, 3 to 4'
wide, upper subulate. Hds. generally pedicellate, pedicels 4 to 12" long. Fr.
hairy, shorter than tiie scabrous pappus. Sept., Oct.
ii. uuniA. Inflorescence somelunes compound below, or partly paniculate
Order 70.— COMPOSITE.
41d
hds. ou short pedicels, 1 to 10-flowered ; scales somewhat narrower, ciliate.
— Pine barrens, N. J. to Ga. (Miss Keen.) Approaches L. apicata. (I*
diibia Bart.)
15 L. pildsa Willd. St. simple, pubescent; Ivs. linear, pilous-ciliato ; hds.
loosely raceraed ; scales Unear-ob/ang, rather obtuse; peduncles bracteolato. — In
pine barrens and sandy tields, N. J. to Car. (Pursh.) Seven-mile Mt., "Va. (Road.)
Very rare and obscure.
16 If. heteroph^Ua R. Br. St. simple, glabrous; Ivs. lanceolate, smooth and
glabrous; upper linear-lanceolate, many times smaller; hds. spicate, very short-
pedunculate ; invol. subsquarrous, scales lanceolate, acute, naked (not ciliate). — S,
Car. and Ga. (Bartram.) A doubtful species, variety of L. scariosa?
8. KUH'NIA, L. {To Dr. Adam Kuhn, of Pennsylvania, a pupil of
LinnaBiis.) Heads 10 to 25-flowered, ^ ; scales of the involucre lance-
olate, loosely inobricated ; receptacle naked ; corolla slender, 5-tootlied ;
pappus in a single series, plumous ; achenia cylindrical, striate, pubes-
cent. — U Herb with alternate, resinous-dotted ivs., and coryiiibcd hds.
of pale yellow florets.
K. eupatoroides L. Lvs. lanceolate and lance-ovate, varying to lance-llnear,
usually serrate, petiolate, sprinkled with resinous dots, especially benttitli ;
corymb few or many-Hovvered. — Shady soils, N. J., Penn. and Iowa (Cousons), to
Fla, and La. Sts. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. tiiin, 1 to 4' long, often coarsely and un-
evenly toothed, lower 3-veined, upper 1-veined, and very small. HdH. few, ter-
minal. Pappus very plumous, white or tawny. Aug., Sept.
(i. Lvs. lanoe-linear, mostly entire, sessile ; pan. spreading, many-flowerod ; fla.
and fr. unchanged. — With the other varieties (K. Critouia Willd.)
9. BRICKEL'LIA, Ell. (To Dr. Brichll, of Savannah.) llea.ls
many-flowered, ^ ; scales imbi'icated, lanceolate or linear, striatt? ; re-
ceptacle naked, flat ; corolla tube slightly expanded above, S-toothcd ;
branches of the style clavate ; fr. 10-striate, contracted above ; pappus
setaceous, in one series. — 1i llerbs with tripli-veined leaves and large
heads of purple florets in corymbs.
B. cordifdlia Ell. Pubescent; lvs. all opposite, triangular, truncate or cnrdato at
base, crenate, petioi^te ; corymbs dense, few-flowered; hdd. !^0 to 40-liowercd:
scales obtuse, conspioaously striate, the inner as long as the purple pappus and
corollas, — W, Ga. (Pond) and Fla. A plant of fine appearance, 2 to if high.
Lvs. large, sprinkled with shining dots beneath, 3-veined, the lateral veins mar-
ginal just at the base. Sds. brown, longer than the purple pappus. Aug., Sept.
10. EUPATO'RIUM, Tourn. P.oneset. (To ^m^xj^o/-, Kingof Ton-
tus, who first used the plant in medicine.) Flowers all tubular, ^ ; in-
volucre imbricate, oblong ; style much exserted, deeply cleft ; anthers
inclnded ; receptacle naked, flat ; pappus capillary, simple, scabrous ;
achinia 5-angled. — 21 Herbs, generally with opposite, simple lvs. and
oorymbous hds. Fls. of the cyanic series, that is white, blue, red, etc.,
never yellow.
S Leaves mostly alternate, pinnately dissected. Heads paniculate Nos. 1, 2
I Luuve& mostly opposite or verlicillate, — pinnately dissected No. 3
—undivided. (*)
• Scales imbricated in several rows, the outer gradually shorter, (a)
a Flowers bluiHh. Leaves opposite. Scales strongly striate No. 4
a Flowers purplish. Lvs. whorled. Scales streaked and flesh colored No.s. •'> — T
a Flowers white, — 5 only in each head. Leaves subsessile. (b)
b Leaves acute at base. Scales with acute white points Nos. K, 9
b Leaves acute at ba.se. Scales obtuse, short, downy Nos. 10—13
b Leaves obtuse, roundish or truncate at the base Nos. 14—16
' a Flowers white, 7 to 15 In each head. Leaves various Nos. 1 7—20
• Scales all of equal length, in about 1 row. Leaves petiolate Nos. 21— '28
1 E. fceniouldceum Willd. Doo Fennel. Very branching, nearly glabrous;
lvs. all alternate, the lower oompoundly pinnate with linear filiform segments, the
is
'V
iU<
f
&"i
f^
H;
!(i.
m
I
I!
416
OaoKR 70.— COMPOSITE.
8
upper Retaceous, flimple, fascicled ; hds. small, very numeious, 3 to 5-flowered, on
short pedicels; scales 8 to 10, mucrouate. — A common weed, in fields aud damp
soils, Va. to Fla. St. 3 to lOf high, bearing innumerable tine cut Iva. and a com-
pound pyramidal panicle of innumerable lids. Fls. yellowisii-white, little more
than 1" long. Lvs. often channeled on the upper side. Sept., Oct.
j£i. coronopifdlium Willd. Much branched, pubescent; lvs. mostly alternate
(the lower opposite), the lower twice pinnatifid with lance-linear lobes and segments ;
upper lvs. linear, fascicled; hds. small, very numerous, 5-Howered; scales 10,
with scarious margins and cuspidate points. — In dry, thin soils, N. Car., Ga. to
Fla., common. St. 3 to 5f high. Lvs. and lis. immensely numerous, as in No. 1.
Fla. white, about 2" long. Panicle often 2f long. Sept., Oct. — Distinct from
No. 1 ?
E. pinnatifidum Ell. Pubescent ; lvs. laciniate-pinnatifid, segm. linear, toothed
or entire, the lower whorled in 4s, middle opposite, upper alternate ; hds. small,
numerous, 5 to 9-flowered, in a fastigiate corymb ; scales oblong, raucronate. —
Pine barrens, Car. to Fla. Height 3 to 4£ Hds. about the size of No. 2, to which
this species is evidently related.
E. ivaefclium L. St. terete, branched; lvs. opposite, lanceolate, tapering to
each end, subsessile, subserrate, 3-veined; hds. pedicellate, 15 to 20-flowered ;
scales 20, imbricated, the outer gradually shorter, all erect, obtuse, with 3 to 5 dis-
tinct strioR. — Woods, near N. Orleans. Herb 3 to 6f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long.
Florets light blue, in a few large, corymbed hds. Aug., Sept.
E. purpiireum L. (not of Willd., Ph., nor DC.) St. solid, green, or sometimes
purplish, with a purple band at the joints about 1' wide; lvs. feather-veined, in
whorls of 3s, 43 and 53 (rarely in 2s), ovate, smooth above downy on the veina
beneath, coarselj- serrate. — Dry woods and meadows, con-non. St. 3 to 6f high.
Lvs. large, thin, 8 to 10' by 4 to 5'. Corymb lax, pale purple, varying to whitish.
Aug., Sept. (E. trifoliatum Darl.)
/3. TERNiPOMUM. St. solid, slender, green, with a purple blush ; lvs. in 33,
very thin, lanceolate. — Mountain woods, etc. Height about 3f.
E. macul^tum L. Purple Boneset. St. solid, striate, hispid or pubescent,
greenish and purple, Avitb numerous glands and purple lines, the glands on the
stems and leaves give out aa acrid effluvium in flowering time ; lvs. tripli-veined,
3 to 5 in a whorl, ovate. — Low grounds, U. S. and Can. Herb 4 to 6f high.
Lvs. petiolate, 6 to 7' by 3 to 4', usually pointed, strongly serrate. Fls. purple.
Jl., Sept. (E. purpureum ji. Darl.)
/?. URTiciFOLiUM Barratt. Slender ; lvs. thin, much elongated, — height 4 to 5f.
E. iistuloaum Barratt. Trumpet Weed. St. fistulous, glabrous, glaucous-
purple, striate or fluted; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, in whorls of 5s or 6s, largest in tlio
middle of the stem, rather finely glandular serrate, midvein and veinlets livid-
purple ; corymb globous, with whorled peduncles. — A majestic herb, thickets,
U. S. and Can. Height 6 to lOf, hollow its whole length. Lvs. includuig the 1'
petioles, 8' by 2'. Corymb often If diam. It does not appear to posses the acrid
properties of E. maculatum. Jl. — Sept. (E. purpureum Willd. in part. jS. an-
Kustifolium T. & Gr.) — Intermediate forms occur, rendering the distinctions of
tins species and the two precedhig numbers a gravo question.
E. dlbum L. Scabrous-pubescent ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, strongly serrate, ees-
i-'ilo, 7-atIier acute, obscurely 3-veined ; corymb fastigiate; hds. clustered, oblong,
5-flowered; scales 8 to 14, lance-linear, tipped with a white, scarious aeamination,
longer than the fis. ; cyps. glandular. — Sandy soils, Penn. to La. St. about 2f
high, corymbously divided above. Lvs. 2 to 3' by i to 1', upper ones entire and
alternate. Invol. concealing the fls., and with them copiou.sly sprinkled \n h
resinous dots, whitish. Aug. — Oct. (E. glaudulosum Mx.) — A variety has the
loaves rather obtuse and crenate. (Tenn.)
E. leucdlepis Torr. & Gr. Nearly glabrous ; st. simple ; lvs. linear-lanceolate,
obtuse, closely sessile, serrate, lower ones obscurely tripli-veined ; corymb fasti-
giate, canescent; hds. 5-flowered; scales 8 to 10, scarious and white at the sum-
mit, as long as the yis. — Sandy fields, N. J. to La. St. 2 to 3f Iii:j;h. Lvs. U to
to 2 V by J to J', glaucous-green both wdes, divaricate with tlm stems, upper ones
Order fO.— COMPOSIT.E.
417
linear and entire. Cor. dilated at mouth, with short, obtuse lobes, white. Aug.—
Oct. (E. glaucescens /i. leu-jolepia DC.)
10 E. bysBopifdlium L. L>js. opposite, often verticillate, linear-lanceolate, ob-
scurely tripli-veined, punctate, lower onea aubserrate, upper ones entire ; scales short,
oval, grayish pubescent, very obtuse. — A more delicate species, smooth, or minutely
pubescent, in dry tields, Mass. to Iowa and La St. about 2f high, branching
into a spreading corymb. Htls. 5-flowered, very small, in dense clusters, and 3
long, scales half as long. Aug., Sept. ii. linearifolium is more pubescent, with
the lower Ivs. serrate. — South.
11 E. cuneifdlium Willd. Pubescent ; Ivs. small, glaucous both sides, broadly
oblanceolate or oblomj, obtuse at apex, acute at the subsessile base, slightly serrate
above the middle; hds. small, in a loose corymb, 5-f "ered; scales (2 ' long)
soft-villous, obtuse, much shorter than the fls. — Rich sliady soils, S. Car., Ga. to
Ala. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 8 to 18" long. FIs. white. Aug., Sept.
12 E. parvifldrum Ell. Soft-puberulent, diffusely branched ; lvs. mostly oppo-
site (in 85 below), lanceolate, acute, acutely serrate above the middle, entire be-
low, and tapering to the sessile Ijuse, 3-veined ; hds. sinnll and crowded ; scale*
pubescent, glandular (like the 3 preceding), outer very slwrt, inner linear, obtuse. —
Low grounds, Va. to Fla. and La. Height 1 to 3f Pan. compound, loose. Lvs.
1 to 3' long, the upper scattered. Hds. about 2' long, scales 1|". Aug. — Oct
13 E. altissimuin L. St. pubescent tomentous, tall, corymbous at the summit ;
lvs. lanceolate, remotely and acutely serrate above the middle, pubescent, tapering
to each end, subsessile, conspicuously '3-veined; hds. 5-flowercd; scaks 8 to 12,
elliptical, obtuse, pubescent. — Woods and sandy soils, Penn. and W. States (Plura-
mer). St. round, striate, 3 to 7f high. Lvs. 3 to 4' long, much resembling thoea
of Solidago Canadensis ; small ones often fascicled in the axils. Corymb com-
pound. Cor. whitish, nearly twice as long (5") as the scales. Sept., Oct
(Kuhnia glutinosa DC.)
14 E. teucrifdlium Willd. Lvs. opposite, sessile, ovate, rough, veiny, the lower
ones doubly serrate, upper ones subserrate or entire ; st. paniculate, [)ube8cenl,
with fastigiate, corymbous branches above ; scales elliptical, faintly striate, rather
acute. — Mass. to La. Plant hairy, 2 to 3f high, with a somewhat panicled co-
rymb of white flowers. The upper lvs. are often entire. Invol. 5-flowered, with
twice as many scales in 2 rows. Closely allied to the following, but is much
more rough. Aug. (E. verbenaefolium Mx. E. pubescens Pers.)
15 E. sesBilifdlium L. Lvs. opposite, ampkxicaul, ovate-lanceolate, rounded at
the base, very smooth, serrate ; st. smooth ; inner scales oblong-ohovute, obtuse. —
Plant 2 to 4f high, in rocky woods, Mass. to Ind. and Ga. — St slender, erect,
branching at top into a corymb with white fls. Lvs. large, tapering regularly
from the somewhat truncate base to a long point, with small serratures, paler be-
neath. Flower-stalks downy. Hds. 5-flowered, with twice as many scales in 2
rows. Sept
16 E. rotundifdlium Willd. Hoarhound. Lvs. opposite, sessile, ro dish-
ovate, subcordate at base, '3-veined and veinleted, coarsely serrate, scabrous above,
pubescent beneath ; hds. about 5-flowered ; inner scales acuminate, as long as the
flowers. — A bushy, compact species, in dry fields, N. J. and S. States. St. 2 to 3f
high, roughish. Lvs. I to 2' >y 9 to 20", obtuse or broadly acute. Hds. fastigi-
ate-corymbous. Invol. very pubescent, concealing the white florets. Pappus
longer than cor. Sty. much exserted. Aug. Sept
17 E. pubescens Muhl. St hirsute; lvs. opposite, sessile, distinct, ovate, acute,
obtusely dentate, rough-pubescent; corymb fastigiate; invol. about 8-flowered;
scales lanceolate, acute, rather shorter than the flowers. — A large, rough plant, 3 to
4f high, growing on dry grounds, N. H. to Penn. Distinguished from No. 16 by
its larger lvs. (2 to 3' by 1 J to 2 ), hds., and proportionately siiorter scales, which
are about 12, the outer much the shortest Aug. (E. ovatum Bw.)
18 E. perfoli^tum L. Thorocgh-wort. Boneset. Lvs. connate-perfoliate,
very pubescent. — A common, well-known plant, on low grounds, meadows, U. S.
and Can., abundant. St. 1 to 5f high, round, rough, and hairy. Each pair of
lvs. are so united at the base aa to constitute a single lamina, centrally perforated
by the stem, and placed at right angles to it ; they are rough, rugose, serrate,
27
' K
;^'|l
>^^'.
'K'
'/
\f:
f *>'
IB
li I
418
Okder 70.— composite.
taperiu)^ to a lonf? point, and V)oth combined, are 8 to 14' in length. lids, about
12-flowered, clustered in hirgo, terminal corymba. Cor. white. Aug. — Tiio plant
is bitter, and is used in medicine as a tonic.
19 B. resindsum Torr. St. minutely tomentous; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, closely
sessile, distinct, tapering to a long acutnination, divaricate witii thi* stem, slightly
yiscidly resinous-glandular both sides ; corymb fastigiate, compound: ads. 10 to
15-flovvered; scales obtuse, hoary-tomontous. — Wet, sandy soils, N. J., Penn. 8l
2 to 3f liigh, growing in tufts. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 3 to 6". Aug., Sept. — This sin-
gular species appears to bo nearly conlined to the piuo barrens of N. J., where it
wiis lirst found by Dr. Torrey.
20 E. serdtinum Mx. St. soft-puberulent, diffusely branciiod ; lvs. peliolate,
lance-ovate, acute or acup'.iuate, sharply serrate, triple-veined, nearly glabrous;
corymbs compoun I; hds. 12 to 15-tlowered; scides 9 to 11, marly alike, scarious-
edgod, very pubescent. — Ind. to Iowa (Cousens), and Ga. (Miss Keen). St. 4 to
6f high, somewhat paniculate al)ove. Lvs. 4 to G by ^ to IV, upper ones neaily
entire, scattered ; lower ones opposite, with largo irregular serratureSb Sept., Oct.
21 E. ageratoides L. St. smooth, branched; lvs. on long petioles, subcordate,
ovate, acuminate, dentate, 3-veined, nearly smooth; corymbs compound; invol.
simple, smooth. — Rocky liills and woods. Can. and U. S. St. round, 2 to 4f higli,
and with the whole plant nearly smooth. Lvs. large, 3 to 6' long, 2 to 4' broad
at base, cojirsely toothed, petioles 1 to 2 long. Hds. numerous, in small clusters,
constituting a compound corymb. Invol. scales mostly in a row, contahiing 12
or more flowers of a puie white. Aug., Sept.
22 E. aromdticum L. St. rough, pubescent, corymbous at summit ; lvs. petio-
late, opposite, subcordate, lance-ovate, acute, 3-veined, obtusely serrate, smootliish ;
invol. simple, of about 12 lance-linear pubescent scales. — A handsome species, in
low woods, Mass. to La. Whole plant slightly pubescent, about 2f high. Lvs. 2
to 4 long, J as wide, on petioles less than an ii;ch long. Hds. of the fls. largo,
10 to 15-Howered, white and aromatic, in small corymbs. Scales about equal
Aug., Sept.
23 E. incarn^tum Walt. Minutely scabrous, diffusely branched; lvs. deltoid-
ovate, long-petioled, pointed, coarsely creuate-toothed, truncate or cordate; hda.
on slender ped., about 20-flowered; scales 12 to 15, linear-acuminate, faintly 2-
striate, glabrous; cor. lobes pale-purple. — Damp soils, N. Car. (Shriver) to Fla.
(Chapman) and Te.x;. Height 2 to 3f. Corymbs very loose, paniculate. Sept.,
Nov. Approaches Conocliuium, but readily distinguished by its sliort, blunt styles.
11. MIKA'NIA, WilUl. Climbing Boneset. (In honor of Prof.
Mikan, of Prague.) Flowers all tubular, i^ ; involucre 4-leaved, 4-flow-
cred ; receptacle naked; pappus capillary, simple, scabrous; anthers
partly exserted ; achenia angled. — Mostly climbing herbs. Lvs. opjio-
site.
M. scdiidens Willd. St. smooth ; lvs. cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate, the
lobes divaricate, rather unequal ; hds. in pedunculate, axillary corymbs. — A beau-
tiful climber of wet thickets, Mass. to Ga. (Miss Keen) and La., rather rare. Every
part smooth. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2', on petioles 1 to 2' long, apex tapering to a
long point. Br.inches short, nearly naked, each bearing a small corymb of white
or pink colored fls., almost always 4 in a head. Aug., Sept.
12. CONOCLIN'IUM, DC. (Or. KCovoq. a cone, kXivtj, bed or recepta-
cle.) Heads many-flowered ; receptacle conical, character otherwise as
in Eupatorium. — 2/ Herbaceous or suffruticous. Lvs. opposite, petio-
late, serrate. Fls. blue or purple, in crowded corymbs.
C. ccslestlnum DC. Herbaceotis, nearlv glabrous, much-branched, lvs. deltoid-
ovate, truncate or subcordate at bas, , tapering to an obtusisli apex, crenate-ser-
rate, 3-veined, petiole slender, about half as long as tiie lamina; corymlia numer-
ous, subumbellate , scales numerous, linear. — Hedges, thickets, roadsidas, &c.,
Penn., Soutliern and W. States. St. J to 2^f high, terete, with opposite branches
Ordkii 70.— «J0MP0STT,'K.
410
Lvs. 1 to 2^' long, I as wide. Fls. 20 t(j 50 in a lioa>l, of a beautiful skj bluo,
reddish in Jading. Aug., Sept.
13. TUSSILA'GO, Tourn. Colt's-foot. (Altered from the L.-it
tussi'.s, cough ; coiKsidoreJ a g<»o<l expectorant.) Head radiate, many-
flowered ; flowers of the ray ? , those of the disk S \ invohicre simple ;
njceptacle naked ; 2)appus capillary, — 2^ Lvs. radical. Fls. yellow, with
very nairow rays.
T. farfara L. A low plant in wot places, brooksidcs, N. and M. States, and iji a
ctrtain indication of a clayey soil. Scape scaly, ab<jut 5' high, simple, appearing
with itH single, tenniiial, mauy-raycd, yt^Uow head in March and Apr., long before
a leaf is to bo seen. Lvs. arising after tlio flower is withered, 5 to 8' by 3 to G ,
cordate, angular, dentate, dark green above, ccjvered with a cotton-lika down be-
neath, and on downy petiole.s. § ?
14. NARDOS'MIA, Cass. (Cir. vdp6og, spikenard, oofi/j, smell ; from
the fragrance.) Heals ra<liate, many-flowered, somewhat ? S '■, flowers
of the ray $ , of the o sk ^ , but abortive in the sterile plant; involucre
simple; receptacle flat, naked ; pappus capillary. — 21 Lvs. radical. Fls.
cyanic. The ray floweis of the sterile lieads arc in a single row ; of the
fertile heads in several, but very narrow.
N. palmdta Hook. Scape with a fastigiato thyrse or corymb ; lvs. roundish -cor-
date, 5 — 7-!obed, tomontous beneath, tiie lobes coarsely dentate. — In swainjrs,
Fairhaven, Vt. (Itobbins), Sunderland, Mass. (Hitchcock) W. to R. Mts. Very
rare. A coarse, acaulescent plant, with large, deeply and palinately-lobed leaves,
and a stout scape covered with leaf-scales and 1 — 2f high. The heads are frag-
rant, numerous, with obscure rays, those of the barren plants ahno.st inconspicu-
ou.s. May.
15. ADENOCAU^LON, Hook. (Or. d6rjv, a gland, KavXog, a stem ;
i. c, glands stipitate.) Heads discoi<l, few-flowered; corollas all simi-
lar, tubular; flowersof the margin ?, of the disk $,\ scales of the invo-
lucre equal, in one series ; receptacle naked ; cypsela elavatc, bearing
st;ilked glands above ; pappus none. — 2i Nearly acaulescent, with alter-
nate lvs. and small, paniculate hds., also gland bearing.
A. bicolor Hook. St. leafy below, nearly naked abovo ; lvs. deltoid, cordate, an-
gular-toothed, decurrent on the petioles, glabrous above, arachnoid-pubescent be-
neath.— Shores of L. Superior (Dr. Pitcher, fido T. & G.), to Oreg. (Hook). Sta.
1 to 2f high, slender. Fls. white.
' P'
t
w
2 S MV
jilA
Tribe 3. ASTEROIDE^.
16. GALATEL'LA, Cass. (Lat. diminutive of Galatea, from which
genus this was taken.) Heads many-liowcred ; rays few (3 to 12) ster-
ile, ligulate; disk-flowers $, tubular ; scales closely imbricated, without
green tips ; receptacle alveolate, toothed ; corollas of the disk deeply 5-
cleft; achenia .silky-villous ; pappus sini]»le, copious, capillary, that of
the ray similar. — 21 Herbs corymbed, with alternate lvs. Rays cyanic.
G. hysBopifolia Nees. Glabrous, erect, Iva. lance-linear, acute, 3-veined, en-
tire ; invol. ovoid, half as long as the disk ; interior scales obtuse, membranous,
outer acute, fleshy; rays 3 to 9, longer than the disk. — " Md. Car. and Ga. com-
mon."' (Darby.) Height 1 to 2f. Rays, pale purple. Aug. — Oct.
17. SERICOCAR'PUS, Xecs. White-tipped Astek. (Or. arjpitc6(;.
silken, Kaprrog, fruit.) Heads few-flowered ; ray flowers 4 to 6, * ; disk-
flowers 6 to 10,$; involucre oblong, imbricated; scales appressed,
wliitc, witli green spreading tips; receptacle alveolate ; achonium obconic,
420
Order 70.— COMPOSITE.
very sin;\ , ]);ippus simple. — 21 Herbs with alternate Ivs. an<l close
corymbs. Hays white.
' S. BOlidaglneus Neos. Smooth; Ivs. linear-ohlanceolati', obtuse, entire, sessile,
obsoletuly S-veinod, rough on tho marfifiii ; corymb lastigiate ; hds. nggrejrate,
subsessilo, 5-rayeil; scales obtuse, white, with green tips; pappus white. — In
woods, Can to La. Very ele>?aut. Sts. clustered, slender, simple, about 2f high.
Lvs. smooth, 1 to 2' by 3 to 5". Hda small (3'' long). Invol. oblong. Scales with
conspicuous grot-n tipH. Rays long, white. Jl., Aug. (Aster solidaginoidee Mx.)
2 L. conyzoides Nees. St. somewhat pubescent, simple corymbus at top; lvs-
ovul-laticeolate, smooth beneath, slightly 3-veined, narrowed at base, acute, the
upper ones sessile, nearly entire, the lower narrowed into the petiole, serrate ; in-
vol. cylindrical, tho scales oval, obtuse, appressed, slightly reflexed at summit ;
rays 5, short, pappus msty. — C'ommon in woods and thickets. Mass to Flor.
Stems somewhat 5- angled, 1 — 2f high. Leaves somewhat fleshy. Ray short,
but longer than the disk, white. July, Aug. (Aster Willd. Conyza astor-
oides L.)
3 S. tortifdliUB Nees. Grayish-pubescent, rougiiish, corymbous above ; lvs.
short, obloiig-obovate, sessile, twisted to a vertical position, and both sides alike
minutely scabrous ; scales regularly imbricated in many rows, the green tips
slightly spreading ; pappus white. — Dry woods and barrens, Va. to Fla. and La.
Ileiglit about 2f, often branched below. Lvs. 8 to 12" long, obtuse or acute. Hds.
larger than in tho others, about 5" long. Sept., Oct.
18. AS'TER, L. (Gr. aarfip^ a star ; from the radiated flowers.) lids,
radiate ; involucre oblong, imbricate ; scales loose, often w ith green
tips, the outer spreading; disk flowers tubular, ^ ; ray flowers $ , in one
row, generally few (0 — 100), ligulate, oblong, 3-toothed at apex, finally
revolute ; receptacle flat, alveolate ; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous ;
acheniuni usually compressed. — A large genus of 71 herbs, very abun-
dant in the U. S., flowering in late summer and autumn. Lvs. alter-
nate. Disk fls. yellow, changing to purple, ray flowers blue, puri)ie or
white, never yellow.
§ BioTiA. DC. Scales closely imbric.ited, slightly tipped with green. lids, corymbous,
rays 6 to 15, white or rost-ate. Lvs. cordate, petiolate, serrate, large Nos. 1, 3
$ Cali.iastrum, T. & G. Scales loosely iMil)ricaled, with preen spreading tips. Heads
cnrynibotis or few, largo, rays 12 to "S' . violet. Leaves never cordate, rigid ; pappus
unequal, rigiil, tlie inner sliglitly cli'^ diaped. — Leaves all or the lower serrate N s. '^ — T>
— Leaves entire .Nos. 6, 7
$ AsTF.n i)roper. Scales (variously) imbricated, with green tips or wholly green. lids,
paniculate or racenious. Pappus soft, equal (none club-shaped), (a)
a Leaves clasping with a cordate or auriculatc base, (b)
a Leaves sessile or petiolate. none of them cordate or auricnlate. (c)
a Leaves petiolate, the lower cordate,— evidently serrate Nos. S, ^
—entire or obscurely serrate Nos. 10 — 12
b Leaves entire,— very small (1 to 3" lone), e: ect or reflexed Nos. 13, 14
—middle size (1 to 3' long),— Achenia silky No» 1.':— 17
— .\chenia .smooth No.s. 'M. 35
b Leaves serrate (more or loss).— Scales spreadinir, equal, in 2 rows No. IS
—Scales imhricatcil. in 8 to5 rows Nos. 19—21
e Leaves silky on both sides alike. I*ai>pus tawny Nos. 22, 23
Leaves not silky. — Involm^e closely inibric.ited. (d)
—Involucre squarrous, the scales spreading, (e)
d Leaves all entire.— Scales of the involucre obtuse Nos. ?4, 25
- Scales acute or mucronafe Nos. 2») — 28
d Leaves (lower, sharply serrate.- Iloails larger (4 to 6" long) Nos. 29, 30
—Heads small (2 to 3" long) Nos. 81. 82
e Scales obtuse, in several rows, unequal. Leaves also obtuse. .Nos. 33, 84
e Scales .icute, in several rows, uneqiuil — Pappus tawny Nos. •'iS— 37
—Pappus bright Nos. 38—40
e Scales acute, in one row, equal. Leaver linear. Heads solitary.. .No. 41
S SoARios^. Scales (variously) imbricated, with scarious margins and destitute of
green tips, (fl
t Leaves lanceolate broadly or narrowly. Scales rather obtuse Nos. 42 — 44
Leaves subulate or linear. Scales very acute —Heads large, few Nos. 4.% 4tt
— Heads small, many ... Nos. 47, 4S
Obdkb 70.— composit.-e.
421
^ 1. BIOTIA, DC. CoBVMBEi) Asters.
1 A. CorymbdauB Ait. St. corymbous-f'astigiate, nearly smooth, branches pu-
benceut ; Ivs. thin, ovate-acuminate, serrate, with sharp spreadinj iceth, tho lower
cordate, peliolate, tiie petioles wingle-fs ; inuoi oblong, 6 to d-ray-d, iiubricatw
with close- pressed, acute .scales. — Common in dry woods, X. and Mi J. States.
St. 2f high, often reddish, more or less tluxuous. Lvs. largo, mostly smooth, tlio
upper becoming lanceolate, sessile. lids. 4' long, in a broad, flat, open corymb,
with about 6 oblong, white or roseate ra\ s. Aug. (Eurybia corymliosa Cass.)
2 A. macroph^lluB "Willd. St. rough-pubescent, widely branched ; lis. ovate,
petiolate, serrate with short, depressed teeth, rough, the upper ovatt-lanceolato,
sessile, lovver cordate, petiolate, petioles somewhat winged ; invol. cylindric, closely
imbricate with oblong, acute scales; rays 8 to 15. — Woods N. States and Can.
St. furrowed, 1 to 21" high. Lvs. often very largo (6 to 10' by 3 to 6' ). Rays
white or pale blue. lids. 6 " long. Sept. (Kurj'bia corynibosa Ca.ss.)
§ 2. CALLIASTRUM, Torr. & Or. Yiolet-Flowerei) Astek.s.
3 A. mirabilis Torr. & Gr. Scabrous, simple below; lvs. ovate, serrate, the
lowest petiolate, the others sessile, tlu)se of the brandies roiutdish, small; invol.
hemispherical, shorter than the disk, scales imbricated, in 4 or 5 series succes-
sively shorter, with obtuse, green, recurved tips ; rays about 20. — Columbia, S. Car.
(Prof. Gibbs in N. Am. Flora II., 165). "Wo have not met witii tliis specius.
4 A. rddula Ait. Erect, simple below, angular; ks. lanceohite, acuminate, nar-
rowed to the sessile base, sharply serrate, rugous and rough ; invol. imbricate,
squarroua with the short spreading green tips vf the sa.de->: — Moist groves and
hedges, Me. to Penn. Height I to 8f, remarkable for its straight, smooth stern,
stiff, sharply serrate lvs. Branches nearly leaHess, simple, each bearing a single
large head, rarely more, with 20 pale violet rays spreading l.y. Aug., Sept.
5 A. spectdbilis Ait. Erect, rough-puberulent above; lvs. rougliish, t)ljlong-
lanceolate, sessile, en</re, the lower ob.scurely serrate ; branches corymbeil; invol.
hemispherical, with squarrous, spreading, cliate scales. — A low, handsome Aster,
of pine barrens, Mass. to N. J. and Ky. ^'t. 1 to 2f high, branching aljove into u
nearly simple corymb of 10 — 15 largo and showy heads, each witi» about 20 long
violet blue rays. Sept. — Nov.
6 A. BurculdsuB Mx. Sts. arising from a knotted creeping rhizome, low. slender,
simple or corymbous at top ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, entire or subserrate, upjter
linear, clasping ; hds. 1 to 5 ; scales linear-oblong, ciliate, inner oljtuse, outer with
green spreading tips; rays about 20. — Wet pine barren-s, N. J. to X. Car. and
Tenn. Sts. smoothish, 12 to 18' high. Rt.-lvs. spatulate, 4 to G' long. lids,
large, obconic, with violet-purple rays. Sept.
(3. GR.\ciLi8 Gray. Hds. smaller and more numerous (8 to 12), witii the invol-
ucre more close, and the rays about 12 (A. gracilis Nutt).
7 A paluddsus L. Slender, glabrous; lvs. hmg, linear, rigid, margins scarcely
rough, clasping at base; hds. 1 to 6, hemispherical; scales green, lauce-linear,
somewhat spreading; rays about 30, longer than the (C) involucre. — Swamps in
pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. and La. Sts. 2 to 3f high. Hds. very large, with
violet-blue rays epreading 1 J to 2'. Pappus tawny. Aug. — Oct.
§ 3. ASTER proper. Panicled Asters.
8 A cordifdlius L. St. paniculate, smoothish; lower lvs. cordate, hairy
beneath sharply serrate, acuminate, petiolato; petioles winged; invol. closely
imbricate, the scales with short, green tips. — Common in rocky woods, N. and W.
States. Stem with a handsome panicle of racemes at top of numerous, rather
small flowers. Rays 10—15, pale blue varying to white. Lower leaves large.
Petioles more or less winged, hairy. Above, the leaves are gradually reduced
to small or minute bracts. Sept.
9 A. BagittifoliuB Willd. Arhow-leaved Aster. St. with racemous branches
above, smooth; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, serrate in tlie middle,
radical ones ovate, oblong, cordate-sagittate, serrate, petiolate; inv(d. loosely
imbricate, scales linear-svbulate. — Low woods, N. and W. States and Can. Stem
m
I ) ' j
I'
/I
i if
422
OuDKK 70.— COMP*JSri-<E.
2 — if Iiijrli, divkliaj? into many ascending, rigid branches, with numerous and
erowdod licads, forniiug a compound panicle of leafy racemes. Heads small, each
witli abfiut 12 rays, which are white or with various sliades of blue. Leaves
becoming smuller above, lauceoli-te and even linear. Sept.
10 A. undulatus L. St. paniculate, puberulent ; branches bracted, 1 (or few)-
flowered ; lun. oblnmj-co/date, amplexicau/, entire, hairy, sumewliat undulate or
crcnatf -serrate, lower ones ovate, cordate, subscrrate, with winged petioles;
invol. closely imbricate. — Dry woods, U. S. Plant rough, about 2f high, with
slender branches. Lewer Ivs. on winged petioles, cordate, acuminate, iipper onea
becoming narrow-ovate antl clasping. Fls. pale blue, solitary or somewhat clua-
U'red, forming a loose, riicemous panicle. Au^;., Sept.
i3. DiVKHSiFO)f.u:s. Ver^ .-louder; Ivs. shorter in proportion, ovate and oblong;
branches slender, 1-lluwered. — South (Pond.) (A diversifolius, M.v.)
11 A. azCireus I.indi. Scabrous; st. and racemous-panicu'ate branches slender
but rigid; lus. lance-ovate, cordate, slightly serrate, on slender petioles, yiiddte and
upper one,-i kmceulate u)id linear, acute at etwh end, aes-sile, entire, highest subulate ;
litis, broadly obconic ; scales oblong-linear, acute, appressed. — Woods and prairie.s,
AV. States. St. about 2f high. Lvs. of several fljrms between the lowest cordate
to the small, subulate, nmnerous, floral ones of the slender branches. Rac. pani-
oled, with middle sized heads, sometimes reduced to a single racemo or head!
11 J A. an6malus Eng. Lvs.asinNo.il. Tnvol. witii loose recurved scales. —
Limestone clift's. 111. (J. "Wolf). Iowa (Dr. Cousins), and Mo. Hds. large, handsome.
12 A. Shortii Hook. Slender and nearly glabrous, simple or somewhat branclied
above; lvs. lance-ovate, deeply cordate, petiolate, long-acuminate, entire, upper
ones possilo and obtuse at base; hds. middle-size, racemous or racomous-panicu-
late, rather immerous; invul. broad-campanulato ; ncales scarious, close, green-
tipped, shorter tlian the disk flowers. — A distinct and beautifiil .species, on rocky
b'lnks of streams, Ohio to Ark. Stem a little lloxuous, 2 — if high. Lower leaves
about 5' by 1^', the otiicrs successively diminished upwards to tho flowerd where
they are minute. Rays violet blue.
13 A. squarrdsuB Wijt. Very slender, scabrous, with long, simple branches;
lvs. very small, triangiiar, cordati'-amplexicaul, ?<-;/;?t'.(;etZ-.sv/ZMi?7o«s ; hds. terinitiiil;
invol. obconic, scales imbricated with ovate, green, squarrous points; achenia
pubescent. — N. Car. to Fla, in tiry soil. * very singular Aster, 2f or more high,
rigid, shrubby at base. Lower lvs. remote, 1' long, middle and upper crowded,
stiff, inticrouate, 1 ^o 2' long. Hds. middle size, with near 20 showy blue rays.
Pappus rather tawny. Sept. — Nov.
14 A. adnatUB Nutt. Scabrous ; stems and branches ascending, very slender ;
lvs. oblong-ovate or lanceolate, approximate, erect, and adherent to the stern by the
midwin, tho summit being free. — *. still more curious species, found in Pla. to
La. Sts. shrubby at base, 1 to 4f high. Lvs. as small as in tiio last, hds. and
fls. also similar. Sept. — Nov.
15 A. patena L. St. simple, paniculate above, pubescent ; lvs. ovate-oblong,
acute, cordate-clasping, scabrous on tho margin pubescent; pan. loose; hds. ter-
minal on tho branclilets ; scales imbricate, lanceolate, la.x. 07i/y the points herba-
ceous. — (Jrows in moist grounds, Mass., N. Y., to Ga. (b'eay, I'ond.) S . 2 to ;>t
high, slender, branching above into a loose spreading panicle. Lvs. 1 to 3' long,
J to ,] as wide. Hds. large, with 20 to 30 violet-colored "-ays. Pappus tawny.
Aug. — Nov. — Variable. (A. amp)excaulis Willd.)
it I'iiliOiiiFOLirs. Simple or racemous-paniculate; lvs. lance-ovate, cordate-
nuriculate, very acute, edges ciliate; hds. large, spreading 16'. .Pappus
(ieci)ly tawny. — X. Y. to Ohio.
16 A. Novae Angliae L. J Ids. ternii nal, crotvded,.''omewhat fastigiate; st. hispid.
paniculate; lvs. linwir-laneeolate, amplexicaul, auriculato at base; scales equat
lax. linear-lanceolate, rather longer than tho disk, green their whole length. — A
large and beautiful Aster, in flelds, meadows and siiades, more common in tho M.
will W. States than in N. Kng. St. 4 to Gf high, straight, erect, visi'idly hairy,
•olored. Lvs. very numerous, entire, with 2 auricular apiiendages at base. Fla.
Wge, in ft kind of loose, paniculate corymb. Ray-fls. deeji purple, numerous
(To to 100). Pajipus tlee2)ly tawny. Ach. hairy. Sept. \
OitUKii 70. -CO.Ml'OrilT^.
429
17 A. ameth^Stinua Nutt. ? Clothed with a mitmtt? Iioary tointMituin ; st
racL'tnous-puniculate ; Ivs. liuear-lauceolate, entire, rough, acute, witli .<ouie\vlint
auricul'Ue appendages at the clasping bsse; in vol. broad-bell-shapod ; scales
hispcd-pubescer.t, imbricated, erect, witli acute squarraus, green lips; aoh. silky —
Moist soils, Ms. (Dr. Robbius, etc.) to 111. (Mr. J. Wolf.) lids, with showy blue
r;i7s, expending 1. Dillcrs trom Nuttall's deacr. iu its scales which are wo< of
cijual lengtli. Sept.
18 A. puniceua L. St. hispid, paniculate ; Iv.s. aniploxicaul and more or less
auriculate at base, appressed .serrate, roughisli above ; iuvol. lo:)se, hmger than the
disk, the acaka lintar-lanceoUUe, long and rtivolutt',, nearly equal and L'-iowed. — A
large, handsome aster, conunou in swamps and ditche-s, sonietinies in dry soils,
N. States and Can. St. i to 6f high, generally red (at least on tlie South side),
furrowed, hispid. Lvs. rough-edged and rough bonoath, acuminate, and some nar-
rowed at base. Rays HO — 60, long (5") narrow, pale-purple, aliowy. Aug. — Sept.
^.■l. viMiNKUS. Tali, slender, snioothisli ; hds. few, very large : lvs. narrow.
}. FiliMUS. Low (2 — 3f.) scabrous, stout ; lvs. thick, subent'*' 'Ids, mar, jr.
d. GL.vBER. Low (2f.) simple, snK>()thish ; lvs. narrow, erect ..it'i^- sc. loose,
but not recurved ; rays larire. 20 — ;}0, pale. Swampy thiol ^ts, U; (J. Wolf)
c. CAXDiuui*. Ihe conimon form (a) with w/tt<d rays. N. Y. 'Mr. lUnkenaon.)
19 A. prenanthoides Muhl. St. hairy or pubescent above, oorymbous-panicu-
l.'ite; /rs. oval-lanceolate, .serrate, acuminate, attenuate at Inuse info a lohg winged
petiole which is anricnhite at the insertion ; invol. imbricated wi>h several rows of
linear, green-tippod, spreading scales. — Grows in low woods, N. V. to Ky. Stem
2 — iif high, with a ter.'iiinal, corymhous panicle of largo heads on short pedun-
cles. Hays showy, pale blue. Leaves with the petiole 5 to 10' long. Branch
Itaves smaller, nearly entire. Sept. — Xov.
20 A. laevis L. Very smooth; .st. angular; branches simple, \-floioered ; lvs.
lialt'-elasping, oblong, entire, .sliin.ng, radical subsorrate, lanceolate, upper auri-
eled at base; invol. closely imbricate, the scales broadly linear, rigid, thickened
and liei b I'loous at the ape-ic ; acii. glabrous. — A very smooth and beautiful species,
2 to 3f high, growing in low grounds. St. polished, green, often .somewhat
glaucous; Iv.s. rather fleshy, the lowest tapering to a winged petiole. Fls. large
and showy, with numerous rays of a fuio blue becoming purple. Sept. — Nov.
(.V. mutabilis L. A. amplexicaulis Muhl.)
/i. L.t'.viWATUS. Lvs. long, linear-l.inceolate. (A. lajvigatus Willd.)
y. CY.vxj;r8. St. and lvs. conspieuou.sly glaucous. (.V. eyaneus i'h.) Ileau.
tifui varieties, especially the latter.
21 A. concinuua Willd. not of Nees. St. simple, jmnicnla^e or racemous, pubes-
cent; lvs. lanceolate and lanee-linear, narrowed and clasping at tie base, remotely
s-rrute. upper ones entire. Invol. closely imbricate, scales gre.>-.» at the tip. —
Woods. N. States. A slender si)eeies 1 to 2f high, branches of tho panicle
rather short and remote. Lvs. 'A to 5 long, acuminate, varying from ^ to 1 , ui
width, smooth except tho midvein beneath, branch lvs. few and nmch smaller.
Ibis, middle siz(, \vi. i 10 to 15 bluish-purple ray.s. Sept. — Nov.
22 A »ericeuB Vcui,. Sts. slender, clustered, glabrous below, silky pubescent,
l(raneli»-d aliove ; lvs, clothed on both sides with a dense, appressed, silky-eanes-
cent tomeiitinn, lance-oltlong, entire, aeuto and mucronato, sessik ; tiiLs. large,
7)i(iftly soliturij, teriid/ioi on the short, leafy branclil-ts ; scales laneeoljite, silky-
canesoont like U*g lvs., spreading at tip; ach. smuoth. — .V singularly elegant
Aster, with ahinin/. silvery foliage, prairies and river baMk,s, \Vi.sc. and Iowa to
Mi.ss. St. 1 U) 2f lii/h. Lower Iv.s. 2 to :i' by 9 to 10", the upper nmch smaller.
Rays drep v.^/l>t-bluiv J 'uppus fulvous. Aug. — ^h't. \ (A. argentcus Mx.)
23 A. c6iicolor L. >St. subsimple, erect, pubescent; lvs lance-oblong, entire,
iiiuoron.itt', grayiab, wkh a minuti», silky pubesconeo both .sides, upper ones cu.s-
jii late-aeuminale; rar U^rminal, viryatr, simple or somewhat eomi'ound, elon-
gatcil: scales lanceolate, .-ilky, acute, appressed; a-ch. villon-'i. — Pine barrens, N.
J. to Fla. A slender and virgate plant, 1 to ;jf liigli, sometimes branched below.
Rt. <)f\en tuberous. Lv.s. lyi'V A', reduced in .si/c up".v,n'ds. lids, m a long
r,\(.'. with purple ray.s and u rust-colored pappiia. Aug. — Nov. — Reaomblcs a
LiatrLs.
Am
r4
> I
'isi
''4
424
OUDKii 70.— (JO. \I POSITS.
P.
24 A. turbin^llua Liudl. Smooth or slij^rhtly scabrous; branches and branchleta
very slender; Ivs. ktuceolate, tapering to each end, acute, slightly chwping, eiitiro ;
invol. clavate-turbinate, acute at base, a.s long as the disk Ms. (6 ) ; scales im-
bricated in many rows, linear, obtuse, with short green tips. — Woods and river
bottoms, 111. (Mead.), Mo., etc., to La. Sts. 2f high, somewhat corymbous.
Lower Ivs. 3 to 5' by |j to li', the others gradually reduced upwards to the scales.
Hds. middlj size, with blue rays and brownish pappus. Sept.
25 A. dumdsus L. Smooth or puberulent; brandies racemous-panieled, Iv.i.
numerous, smooth, linear, sessile, entire or the lowest subserrate, those of tlie
branches very short ; i7ivol. ol4iisn at base, closely imbricate ; scales obtuse. —
About 2f high, in dry shades and borders of woods, U. S. St. nmcii brunehed,
very leafy, the lower Ivs. 2 to 3' long, the upper smaller and becoming very minute.
Hds. small, with about 24 purplish-white ray.s. Quito varialjlo in respect to tlio
extent of its branching intlorescence, the acuteness and size of its Ivs., tiie obtuse-
nossof its scales, etc. Rt. Ivs. 1 to 3' long,, st. and branch Ivs. 2 to 12' long. Sept.
/i. cOKiuiFOLius is a starved, attenuate form, vciy slender every way.
26 A. cdrneua L. Smooth ; st. dividing into many straight, paniculate, leafy
branches; Ivs. uniform, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, the lower ones taper-
ing to a sessile base, the upper amplexicaul; scales rather acute, close, much
shorter than the disk. — Moist fields, E. and "W. St. 2 — 3f., often purple. Lvs. 5'
to 5'. Hds. many, middle size. Rays 20 — 30, purple to rose-colored. Sept. —
Oct.
26.^ A. xnutdbiHs Willd. St. smooth, pnniculaie-bmnched from base, dense-
tlowered; lvs. linear-lanceolate, serrulate, thickish, all clasping, upper lance-
obl jng, entire; hds. mclium ; scales loose, lanceolato, much shorter than the
difrlc; rays pale. Wet sf)ils. 111. 2 — 3f Varies, with lvs, serrate, hds. few, etc.
27 A. ericoides L. Smoothish: branches virgate, branchlets secund, 1 -headed;
Iv.s. spatulate, and linear, and subidate: hds. small; so. as long as ihe disk, with
subulate, nmcronate, spr^aading tips. — Rocky lields. Stem 1 — 3f. high.
28 A. racemdsuB Ell. Bough-pubescent, with many erect branches; lvs. linear
and linear-subulate, very acute, margins very .scabrous; hiLt. spicaie-racenied
and crowded on the upper part of ihe branches ; scales very acute, as long as the
disk, somewhat spreading, rays very short. — S. Oar. to Fla. on tlio islands and
coast. St. 2 to 3f high. The very small heads (2'' long) are almost rayless.
Sept., 0(!t.
29 A. simplex Willd. Gkiiibrous; st. corymbous-paniculate above; lvs. lanceolate,
acuminate, entire, the margins .scabrous, lower ones s.'rrate ; scaks looselij ii/ihri-
cated, linear-subulate. — Another variable species in low grounds, I J. S. and (Jan.
St. I to 5f high, somewhat corymbous. Lvs. 2 to -t' by 5 to 10 ', very smooth
both sides, tapering to a slender point; tiiose of the branches and branchlets
proportionately smaller. Hds. rather few, middle size (4 to 5" long), on the
short branchlets. Sept. Sometimes low with smaller hds., again tall with larger.
ii. DIVERGEN8. 13ranches ditt'use, loosely racemous, pubescent in lines; 4 — Gf.
29.^ A. Bubaaper Lindl. ? Pubescent above, racemous branched, branches
short, dense-tiowered; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, attenuate to a short petiole,
rough, apprt'.ssed-serrate, the upper reduced, entire, sessile ; invol. closely imbri-
cated ; rays purple. — Dry, poor soils, ill, scarce, (Mr. J. Wolf.) 8 — K high,
strict. Lvs. (i' — G' . Ditlers from Lindley's in its broader leaves. Sept.
30 A. tenuifdliuB I_ St. smooth, erect, paniculate-branching, with l-ri'nvered
braachlets ; Ids. linear and U near-lanceolate, tapering at eacli end, bng-acuininale,
entire, with roughish margins, the lower ones often serrate in tlie middle : iuvol.
scales very slender, erect, acute, slightly longer than the disk. — Orows in moist
fields, E. and W.. 2— til. Lvs. 5' — 1'. Rays 20 — 30, long, pale purple. Sept.
li. BELLlDlFLoRUS. Lvs. scabrous, subclasping ; scales raliier louse. Western.
y. DiSTlouus. Lvs. and strict branches in 2 rows. Lvs. serrulate. 111. (Mr. J. Wolf.)
31 A. Tradeaodnti L Smooth or smoothish; branches virgate, paniculate;
Iv.s. lance-linear, the lower remotely serrate, sessile; invol. closely iml)ricate;
scales linear-tiliform, scarcely equaling the disk.— A line species, with numeroua
Ordbb 70.— com posit JE.
425
Ivn., growing in fields, Mass to La. St. rigid, brownish, 2 to 3f higli, terete,
witli imiiierous small hds. densely racemed and somewhat 1-sided on the erect-
spreading, slender branches. Lower st. Ivs. 4' long, gradually roducod in size
upwards. Rays pale purple. Aug. — Oct.
ji. FU.\GiLis. Oauline ivs. serrulate or entire, short; hds. mucli scattered on
the brandies. (A. fragilis Willd.)
32 A. miser Ait. T. & G. Starved Aster. St. racomous-paniculate, hairy
or jmhen'-eiit ; Ivs. iOssWe, lanreolate, sharjily snrrale in tlio middle; invol. imbri-
cated with lance-lmear, acutisli scales ; rays short. — A very variable species, com-
mon in old Melds, hedges, U. S. and Can. In heiglit it varies from (3 to 30', and
in luxuriance proportionately to the moisture or fertility of the soil. The st. is
very branching or nearly simple, bearing a large, compound, racemous panicle, or
a few simple racemes. Lvs. narrow-lanceolate, or broad-lanceolate, always ser-
raU'. 1 to 5 in len,.,4h. lids, usually numerous, small, with small, white or pur-
plish rays. Aug. — Oct. (A miser, divergen.s, dilfusus and iiendulus Ait.)
it DIFFUSUS. Branches spreading, dilfuso ; lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, more or
less narrowly so, midvein hairy beneath ; hds. often sessile, Ibrming short,
crowded spikes, or long, virgate ones.
y. HiRsuTic.vri.is. St. hirsute; lvs. long and narrow, midvein hirsute ; hds.
racemuus or spicate, upper ones in short, dense branches ; scales linear. (A.
hirsuticaulis Liiidl.)
33 A. multiflonis L. Grayish, pubescent; st. diffusely hranchtd; lvs. linear,
entire, sessile, obtuse-mucronato, margins subciliato ; hds. small; invol. imbricate,
squarrous, linear or spatulate, with oblong, obtuse, ciliate scales. — A very bushy As-
ter, 1^ with very numerous, small fls. crowded on the racemous branches, — each
with about 12 white rays spreading 6 to 6 '. Lvs. 1 to2' long, obtuse, very narrow,
dimiiiishiug upwards to the scales. Rocks and dry fields, U. S. Variable. Sept.
34 A. grandifldrus L. Rough with stilf hairs ; st. rigid, branched, branches
soiittw/ad <o/yiiil>td and \-Jiowered; lvs. liiiear-spatulato or linear-oblong, small,
c'.t:ise, rigid, subclaspiiiy-; hds. very laryu ; invol. squarrous, of numerous, obtuse,
rellexed scal(^s, the ouii-r li-aly. — Dry, rocky places, Va. to Ga. About 2f high.
Lvs. below 1 to 2' long, diminishing upwards. Rays showy, spreading 18 to 20 ,
blue-purple. Sept. — Nov.
35 A. Carolini^nuB "Walt. Rough-pubescent, divaricately branched; lvs.
lance-ovate or ohlntig, a ute, entire, clasping, the ba.so abruptly produced into
small, auriculate lobes; his. very large, scalterel; sca'es imbricate, with squar-
rous, spreading, green tips. — A sliowr .Vster, Very t .11, but slender, G to l.'Jf high,
in damp tliiekets. S. Car. to Kia. Lv.s. 1 t > 3' long, 3 to 9 ' wide. Rays rose-
purple. nuiiieni\;s. spreading 10 . Sept., Oct.
36 A. oblongifolius Nutt. St. rigid, diflus(}ly branched, hairy; branches
sjii'cadiiig, willi loose and irregular branclilets; Irs. olilouy-lanreolate, acute, iiiu-
en 1 1 ate. j)artly clasping, entir'', rough-ed_'e'l, or the branches and branchlets
gru'i i -111/ passiu'! into the leafy. Lanreolafe. suht/ual. ^preadiny smles. — Prairii'S, &c.,
W. States. Plant 1 to 2f high, oft 'ii glandular- viscid. Caulino lvs. 12 to 20'' by
3 to y" ; those >if the brandies 6'' by 2 , of the branchlets 3 ' by ^", indistiu-
guisiiablc from the .scales. Rays ])urj)le. P;qjpus brownish. Sept., Oct. (A.
obloiigilblius and A. graveolens Nutt.)
37 A. Ellidttii Torr. k (Jr. Glabrous, stout; st. angular; lvs. ample, lanceolatf,
subelasping (ii'U auricled), ,serr,ar,e, with remote, small, appressed teeth; hds.
middle size, eor\'m'>ous-paiii(;ulai ; pi'd. nalind; scales somewhat equal, Uni-ar-at-
Urinate, with spreuiding or r<'urved greenish tips. — River-:^waiiips, N. Car. t > Ga.
A vor3' stout Ast(T, 2 vo 4<'lugii. Lower lvs. f> to 8' long, narrowed to a winged
petiole. Ray^ narrow, bri^'lit parple. Pap[»us tiwny-wliito. Oet,., Nov.
38 A. virsstM Fll
i4la'
St. and branctif-s viryate. strict, raceiwd ; lvs.
imeur-lanceoli*se. 'mttre, hall-dasping, inargina ciliolate-serrulate, tiio upper re-
line 'd, hi.'iHnj)\iiff sulmlate, erect, numerous on the hmnckes and peduncles ; scahs
lance-acuminate, the outer loose-spreading, graduating into the bracts; aclt. gkih-
rofu*. — Gu. to La. Sts. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. below, 3 to 6' by 3 to G' , firm and
phining. Sept., Oct. — Probably passes intot'ie next.
39 A. Novi Bclgii Ii. New York. A.steu. St. terete, stout, iften jflaucous,
■4
''I I' »'
\\
Ktifjt
'•s, .;»-■
It
426
Order 70.— COMPOSITE.
. I
S
the branches pubescent in lines ; Ivs. subclasping, lanceolate and lance-linear, taper-
pointed or very acute, coriaceous, rough-edged, the lower suhserrate ; hd.s. large,
racenied or subcorymbed; scales about 3 rows, subequal, acute, erect, shorter
than the disk ; ach. pubescent. — N. Eng. to Va (I'ursh), more connnon westward
. to Wis. and Iowa. Comprehends many smooth and elegant varieties, which we
vainly try to separate. St. 2 to 4f high. Lower Ivs. 3 to 5' long. Rays blue^
expanding 9 to 12". Aug. — Oct. (A. laxifolius Nees. A. a^stivus Ait.)
(3. L.KTiPLoRUS. Slender ; branches divergent ; lv.«. rigid, long and narrow,
scabrous; rac. loose, the pad. nearly leafless. — Oliio, Wis. Beautiful, with
long, pale purple rays. (A. salicitblius Willd.)
y. PR^ALTUS. Strict, with erect branches, bearing the leafy clusters near the
summit; Ivs. very narrow, elongated, cilio-serrulate on the margin. — N. H.
to Wis. Height 3 to 4f. Hd.s. somewhat smaller. (A. pra'altus Poir.)
40 A. longifdliua Lam. Glabrous; st. very branching, branches spreading,
many-flowered; Ivs. subatnplexicaul, linear-lanceoluto, entire (the lowest rarely
subserrate), very smooth ; scales lanceolato, warly equiding tlie disk, the outer
loosely squarrous-sproading ; arh. smooth. — Fields and thickets, Mass., N. Y., to
Car. St. 3f high. Lvs. pale below, shining above, smooth botli t-ides, the lower
ones 4 to 6' long. ilds. numerous, showy, with 25 to 30, light-blue rays. Ach.
twice longer tlian in the last. Oct., Nov. — Some specimens are minutely puiies-
cent at the tops of tlie branches. Otiiers have the outer scales quite ieat-like,
(A. huvigatus Ph. A. laxus Willd. A. elodes T. & C!.)
41 A. graminifoliua Pii. Subpubescent; st. slender, branches filiform, erect;
lower Ivs. very uumerou.s, narrow-linear; ped. slender, 1 -flowered; scales linear-
subulate, loose, in one or two rows, equal, finally reflexcd. — N. H. (Eddy.) High
clill's, Willoughby Luke. Vt. ; also on an ishind in Wait's River, Bradford, Vt.,
18G0. Branches simple, leafy, naked at tlio end, 1-flowered, somewhat corymb-
ous. Rays 15 to 125, mucli longer than the disk, purple or rose-colored. Jn., Jl.
— llara and interesting, very different in aspect from any of the Ibregoiug.
§ 4. SCARIOSI. White-scaled Asters.
42 A. acumiaatUB ^f -: St. simple, flexnous, angular, branching into a rorynib-
ov^ 2)a Hide ii\)o\-L' : // - >,.■ id-larn-eolate, nurrovcL'd and entire at the base, fcna/e
a7id acununate\ mvitL ■sfvUts lax, linear. — Mts. woods. Can., N. Eng., N. Y. Stem
a toot high, rough, downy. Leaves large, uneiiually and remotel}' serrate above,
and ending in a long, ii»;uminate point. Panicle corymbous, terminal, few-
fiowered, ner.-"ly or q.uite lutked. The leaves are mostly situated just below the
corymb, someti. <e8 scattered. Ileada rather large, with about 15 long, white
rays. Aug.
43 A. nexnordlis Ait. .5ranc7ies '♦f)r?/TOftec? or 0; j)erf. 1-flowered, nearly naked,
filiform ; ios. narrowly uiiceolate, aeii,te at each end, veinlesa, svbeutive ; scales
very acute, loose, shorter lUan the di^k : rays long, about 20. — A handsome plant,
in swampy woods. N. II., Mass. to N. J. Rather rare. Stem slender, 10 — 20'
high. Leaves numerous, 10 — 1- by 2 — t ', rarely snbdentate. Heads large,
few. often but one, terminating the simple aj^is or branches. Rays large, white
or pale purple. Sept.. (Jet.
44 A. pftarmicoides T. & G. St. rorynibnus-fastiffiate above ; Ivs. hnear-lanreo-
late, roii^ri-inarguied, entire, lower ones dentate, attenuated into a short
petioi- ;iy~ skM. — A very distinct Aster, low and leafy, found in rocky soils,
by ijir' - uud lakes, \'t. (RobbinHi to Mo. Rare. Stems clustered, simple, each
l)earinjc a spreading panicle of headvS, which are below the middle size, and fur-
nished with -now-white rays. Juiy — Sept. (Heliastrum, DC.)
45 A. flexnosus Nutt. St. branching, sknder, Jkxuous, very smooth ; Ivs. long
and Hucculeiit, the lower ones sublanceolate-linoar, upper ones subulate; branches
leafy, i -flowered; ywwt scofes lanceolate, acuminate, appressod ; ra?/a numerous,
shorter than the involucre : ach. i»U>pubesrent. — (Irows in salt marshes, Mass. to
Flor. The whole plant very smooth. If high, with large, purple flowers; disk
yellow. Aug. — Oct.
46 A. Cha^vinauii Torr k Crr. Glabrous ; st. strict, slenikr, corymbous at sum-
mit; braiuhcs filiform, I llow.'red; Ivs. linear-subulate, appresaed, numerous;
Order 70.— COMPOSITE.
427
scales in 5 or 6 aeries, closely 'mbricatod; rays longer than the invol. ; ach. glath
rous. — Swamps, Fla. (Chapman.) A curious Aster, very slender, with large hds.,
20 to 30-rayed, spreading 2 , purple.
47 A. linifdliuB L. Sea Aster. St. paniculate, much braached from tho bai!0 ;
Ivs. long, linear, very acute, the uppermost subulate; invol. eylindric, with 8tii)U-
late scaL'S in about 3 rows; rays minute, in two series, scarcely exsertod. — An
annual species, found in salt marshes, Mass. to Car. St. 12 to 18 high, very
smooth, thick, reddish. Lvs. smooth, sessile. The plant is very bruiu'hiiig, with
numerous small hds., almost discoid I'rom the shortness of the rays. Aug.
48 A. aubul^tUB Mx. Annual ; slender, much branched, glabrous ; brarK.'lK)?:
corymbed, slender ; lvs. linear-subulate, scabrous, long-linear below ; scales lance-
linear, acute, in 2 or 3 series ; rays numerous, narrow, longer than the disk, in fjnc
row. — Damp grounds, S. Car. to Fla. Sts. 1 to 3f high. lids, small, witli about
20 blue rays longer than the disk. Sept., Oct. (A. divaricatus Nutt.)
3. 6xiLis. Taller, with fewer branches, corymbed ; hd.s. racomed or solitary.
Rays pale purple. — Columbus, Ga. (A. exilis Ell.) Height 2 to 4f.
19. DIPLOPAP'PUS, Cass. Double-bristled Astkr. (Or. (Si-Xonc.
double, "ndnrrog, pappus ) Heads inany-tloworcd ; ray-tiowcrs about
12, ?; disk-riowers ^ ; invohicre imbricate, scales narrow, destitute uf
green tips ; roceptaele flat, subalveolate ; pappus double, the exterior
very short (about V lonjj;), interior copious, capillary ; aehenia (•(•ni-
pressed. — If Lvs. entire, alternate. Rays cyanic. Disk yellow.
X
Rays violet. Achcnia silky. Bristles of the inner pappii.s alike
Kays whitish. 8ouie of tho longer bristles clavellate.— Aeli. snii>otlii.sli Nc>>. •.'
— Ach. villous No
l
8
4
1 D. linariifolius Hook. St. straight, roughish; branches 1 -flowered, fa^ti.ri-
ate; scales imbricate, carinate, as long astliedisU; Iv.^j. linear, entire, 1 -veined,
mucronate, carinate, rough, rigid, those of the branches recurved. — A handsDiiio
species, in dry woods, along streams, U. S. and Can. Stems subsiniple, purpii.-ih,
about a foot high. Leaves numerous, obtuse, with a sniali. nmeronato point, sliiri-
ing above. Branclilets near tho top, leafv, each with one rati lor large; and showy,
violet-colored head. Aug., Sept. (Aster, L.)
2 D. umbell^tus Hook. St. smooth, straight, simple; hJs. numerous, in a l^vel
corymb; lvs. long, lanceolate, smooth, acuminate at each end, rough on t'.ic mar-
gin ; invol. scales obtusely lanceohile ; ach. liubescent m linct. — Low groiiiids, river
banks, fields, N. Eng. to La. St. 3 to 4f high (in dry fields but 1 to 21) pur-
plish, channeled, branching at tup into a hirge, level-topped, compound corymb.
Lvs. narrow, entire, 4 to C in length, those of the branchlels smaller. Rays alxmt
12, white. Disk yellow. Aug., Sept. (A. amygdaliims Mx. A. umbellatus Ait.)
jS. AMYODALis'us. St. roughish above, green; brauclies of the corymb divari-
cate; lvs. broader. — Lower and le.ss elegant than variet_> a. Common.
3 D. cornifdliuB Less. St. smooth below, scabrous and slightly panieulato
above, few-Jiowered : lvs. elliptical, thi7i, long-acuminate at both ends, entire, with
scattered hairs, rough-edged, invol. scales imbricate, shorter than tho disk, obtuse;
ach. glabrous. — Grows in woods N. and M. States. "Whole plant nearly smooth,
erect, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. paler beneath, on very short stalks or .sessile. Fls. few,
large; outer scales very short. Rays about 10, white. Jl., Aug. (Aster. Muhl.)
4 D. obovatUB Torr. & Gr. ClnereouB-pubescent, coryinbotis above ; lvs. oblotig-
obovate or elliptical, acute, sessile or tho lower or sliort petioles, toinentous h^-
ueath; scales loose, linear-subulate, acute, in about 3 rows, downy, rusty yellow;
ach. ailky-villous. — Damp shades, S. Car. to Fla. Heiglit 2 to 3f Lvs. longer
than tho internodes (2 to 3 ), rarely with a few teetli. Invol. broadly olnonic.
Rays narrow, white, spreading IJ'. Pappus rusty white. Sept., Oct. (Aster, Ell.)
20. ERIG'ERON, L. Flea-bane. "Whitk-wekd. (Gr. //p, the fiprin<r,
yepuw, old man ; because it is soon hoary.) Heads niatiy-tloweretl, siib-
fiemisphericai ; ray-flowers ?, very numerous (40 to 2(J0), narrow, lin-
ear; flowers of the disk ; receptacle flat, naked ; scales of the invo-
4!
'^i
>i,''^ii'
ml
«s
H
' t
4'2S
OUDER 70.— 0(1MI»(")SflMC.
lurro nearly in one row aiul r(|ual •, pappus gcimrally simple. — llcrl)8
with alteniato Ivs. Kays ('vaiiii!. J)isk y«^llow.
S IJays minMti'. sltnrter lli;»n t,hi< cyliiiililr»l involiicTO. I'lippii.s ,s|iii|)li> \on. 1, J
8 KiiVs li.iii:, .sluixvy, :t() to -til. I'liitpiiH ^^im|>l<'. Li'iivcs nil nuliciil No. 8
§ Kiiys liiiii.', f-liowv, ftO to '2(lt>. — l*ii|)|iiis (tiiiiiilc. I.tMvos olii>|iitii; Nos. 4 — ti
— l*ll|)|III.S (lolllllo. Lt'llVO.S M'.S.silt", «tc, No.H. 7 — 9
1 E. Canad^iise L. Invol. oblon^r; rays nutnorous (40 — 50), crowded, mimito;
jiappiis siinplc; st. liairv, jjiiiiiciiliitc; Ivs. laiK't'oliitt), lower ones siibHcrruto. — X
very ooiniiioii amiual ])liiiit of no bejiuty, arrowing by roadsiiles niid in Ik'lds,
tliroujrlioiit N. Am. Sti'in .) — SMI hiijh, Itriuioliiii^;, liairy and I'lirrowod. Leaves
very narrow, witli roii^'li edijes. Flowers wliito, very luimerous, small, of mean
appcaranee, irri'trularly raeemous upon the bratuihes, and con.stitutin^f a lar^je, ol»-
lonjr panicle. Tbo plant varies greatly in size, aceordin.L^ to tlio soil. — A .starvi d
form is K. piisilluin Nutt.
2 E. divaricAtum Mx. Decumbont and dilVusely branc^hed, hirsute; Iv.s. linear
and snitulate; lids, very small, loosely eorymlons; rays miiuito. — Dry soil, \V.
States S. to La. Plant of a j^reyi.sh or bluish .ispeet, ;i — (V high, but at len,gth
spreadiiiir 1 — '1\\ Leaves 4 — 12'' by .} — I". Ua/s purpli.sh. Juno — .\ug.
3 E. uudicaitle Mx. Glabrous; Ivs. obovate or spatulate, radical, rosula<e, en-
tire; one or two sessile, brai't-liko on tliosimplo s((>m or seapo; lids, few, eorynib-
<>us ; invol. hemispherical; rays narrow, ilO or iiKtr*', conspii-uous. — Pine barrens,
Va. to Kla. and J-a. Lvs. jibout 2 long. Scapo IS' hi,i,di, very slender. Hays
wliite. May, .In.
4 E. bellidifdlium Muhlenb. Houins' Plantain. Hirsute; radical Km. obo-
vate. (ibtiisi>, subserrate; at. Ivs, remote, mostly entire, lance-oblong, ac^ule, clasi)iiig;
lids. :i — T, in a eK)se, terminal corymb; rays 50 to GO, nearly twi(;o longer than the
iuvohiere, liiiear-.\p(ttul<ite. — Dry Holds and thickets, U. y. and Can. Stoni erect,
simp'e, sometimes stoloniferous, 1 — 'if high. I,i'aves 2 — .'{' by 6 — 9', mostly
broadest above tho middle. Rays bluish (rarely reddislO-purplo. This i.s our ear-
liest s{)ecios, liowering in May and Juno. Uc8cinl)livs tiio following. (M. pulchel-
lum M.x.)
5 E. Philad^lphicum L. Pubescent or hirsuto; Irs. thin, lower spatulate, ere-
laite-dt nliitc, uppiT t)ljlong-oblanceolate, narrowed to the cljisping (.sometimes cor-
(!ate-aurieuhite) b;use, subserrate; hd.s. few, o.i long, slender pod.; niys 150 to
200, fili/oDii. nioro than twice longer than llio invol. — Woods and pastures
lliroughout N. Am. St. slender, 1 to ;5f hi;,di. Lvs. 2 to 4' by G to 9 ', lower
nnu'h attenuated at base, upper acute. Kays reddish-iiurplo or Uosh-colorod,
nearly as slender as hairs. Jn. — /Vug.
f:!. uuwKDi. Cauline lvs. eordatoovato. Meridon, N. 11. (ilicard).
}. St. stout, with coarsely serrate lvs., approaching the next.
€ E. oiiercifolium Lam. Piibi>scent; rf. lvs. ohlong-ohovate, lyrate-pinnatijul, or
liieply siiiuate-toot/ied, the cauline sharply serrate, clasping; upper entiro ; hda.
small, numerous, coryinbous, with innumerable liliforni rays, twice longer than
the invol. — S. Car. to Fla. and La. Ditlers from the precoding in its smaller and
more numerous lids, as wi'll as its lvs. Rays palo purple. Mar. Jn.
7 E. ^nnuum Pcrs. Common Flkahane. AViiite-wkeh. Hirsute, with scat-
tered hairs, branching; Ivi. coarsely serrdte, the lowest ovate, contracted at bivso
into a winged pi-tiole, stem leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute, tho highost lan-
ceolate: rays very mnnerous and narrow; pappus double. — A common weed, in
lields and waste grounds. Can. to Penn. and Ky. Stem thick. 2 — 4f high, striate,
terminating in a large, dilVuso, coryinbous panicle of larirc heads. Rays white or
purplish, 100 or more, short. Jn. — Aug (I*', hcterophyllum Muhl.)
8 E. Btrigdaum L. Plant, rough, with short, appressed hairs, or nearly smooth ;
lis. lanceolate, tapering to each end, entire, or with a few large teeth in tho middle,
lower ones 3-vcined and petiolate; pan. corymbous ; pappus double. — A rough
weed, in grassy Holds, Can. and U. S. St. about 2f high, slender, furrowed, with
close, short, still' hairs, and bearing a large, loose corymb. Lvs. also with close-
pressed liristles, sessile. Rays very narrow, white, Jn. — Oct.
>i. St. simple, smooth; lvs. entiro, pubescent; fia. coryiubed; rays 100 to 150,
(E. IntcgrlfoHum Bw.)
OiiUER 71.— COMPOSITE.
4'20
9 E. glab^llum Nutt. Lvs. smooth, entire, spatitiate, lovg-tapering at baae. upper
liiii'.Toliite uii(i laiico-linoitr, hushiIu, uuuiainulu; IiiIh. 4 tu ti, uorytubed ; itivuL
licmi.splierical, pnln'HiJerit as vvoll iku llio pL'duiicles ; rayH very nuiuurous, pjile
blue. — Wis. t(; Nobr. 12 to 18 liigh. Lva. loujf utid nnrrow. Kuys 100 or
more. Jl., Aug.
21. CALLIS'TEPHUS, Casa. China Aster. (Gr, KdkXor, beauty,
rTrKf/)or, a crown ; (;lijirH(;ti!risti<; of tlic pappus.) Kay-Howcrs 9 , k.iinier-
(»Ms; ilisk-f1o\vi!rs f^; iiivoliicro licMiiisplieri(;al ; re(;optacl« sulxotivex;
pappus «l<)ul)lo, each in I sitrius, outer series short, chall'y-setaerous, with
the setsi' united into a crown ; inner series of lonj^, filifoiiu, scalrous,
deciduous bristles. — ( j; Jvxoties. Lvs. alternate.
C. Chin6nsiB Ne.ss, St. hispid; bnimrhci divergent, 1 -flowered; lvs. ovate,
cofirsi'ly d(.'ntjite, potiolato, cuuline ones soasiio, cunealo at I)iiho. — Said to be orif?-
iiially t'roiri Cliiua. Stum about 18' liigli, witii long braiicbes, eacli terminated by
a single, largo head. Hays dark purple, Disk yellow. July — Sept. — Cultiva-
tion lias produced many boautilul and even Hplon<lid varieties, double and .seu)i«
double, with white, blue, rod, flaked and mottled rays, f (Aster (.liiuensis L.)
22. BEL'LIS, L. Gakhkn Paisv. (Lat. hdlns, pretty ; a terni
(juite appropriate to the }r<«iiiis.) Heads many-flowered ; rays $ ; disk
^ ; involucre hernispheri(;al, of equal scales; reeeptaele subalveolate,
conical ; pappus none. — Low herbs, either and caulescent or 21 and
acaidtjscent. lids, solitary.
1 B. integrifdlia Mx. Annual, diffusely branched; lvs. entire, ppatulate-ofcovalc,
upper obl(Hig-lanceolat(5, sossilo ; soale.s lance-ovato, sotaeeous-acuminate, with
S'.iarious margins. — Wet prairies, Ky. to Tex. Sts. 6 to I'i'. Kays violet-pur-
ple, in hd.s. .simitar to tho next. Mar. — May.
2 B. per^nnis L. Perennial; root creeping; scape naked, single- flowered ;
lvs. ohovate, crenale. — If Native of England and other parts of Europe, nearly
niituialized in some parts ot' N. Kngland in cultivated grotuids. Scape 3 or 4'
high, with a single white huad which is single, doublo or quilled in the ditl'er-
ent varieties. Blossoms in tho spring and summer months.
23. DAH'LIA, L. (In honor of Andrew Dohl, a Swedish botanist,
pupil of Liiuiujus.) Heads many-flowered, rays ? , disk 0', involucre
double, the outer series of many distinct scales, the inner of 8 scales
united at base; receptacle chaffy; pappus none. — 2i Splendid Mexican
herbs. Lvs. pinnate, opposite.
1 D. viaridbilis Desf. St. greon ; rachii of the lvs. winged ; Ifta. ovate, acumt-
natc, serrate, puberulont or nearly smootii ; outer invol. rcHexed ; ray fls. 5 , sterile
or t'lTtilc. — The.se superb and fashionable plants aro natives of sandy meadows
in Mexico. They have coarse and roughish lvs. resembling those of the com-
mon elder, but tho flowers aro largo and beautiful, sporting into ijinnmerable
varieties, single and double, of every conceivable shade of scarlet, crimson, purple,
retl, rarely yellow, blooming from .Tuly until arrested by frost.
2 D. coccfnea Cav. St. frosty, or hoary, hollow ; lvs. with the rachis naked;
Ifts. roughish beneath ; outer invol. .spreading; rays neuter. — Stems about 41' high.
Foliage rather glaucous. Rays scarlet, saffron-color or yellow, n(ver purple or
white. — Tho Dahlias aro generally cultivated by the divisions of the tuberous roots,
wliicli. as soon as tho frost blackens tho tops, aro to be taken up and prt served
through the winter in a dry place, free from frcst.
24. BOLTO^NIA, L'Her. (To J. B. Bolton, author of "Ferns of
Great Britain," &c., 1788.) Hds. many-flowered ; ray-flowers $ , in a
8inj:jle scries, those of tho disk tubular, ^ ; scales in 2 series, appresscd,
witli nienibranouR mar£jins ; receptacle conic, punctate ; achenia flat, 2
or 3-winged ; pappus of minute seta), 2 (to 4) of them usually length-
a
/it!
f;f ■
liv
, ' ill '
' .1
,1 ^^^1
t
J H
430
obdeii 70— composite*:.
eiied into awns. — 11 Glabrous, branching herbs. Lvs. lanceolate, en.
tire, sessile. Uds. loosely corymbous. Rays purplish-white.
1 B. glastifdlia L'Her. Los. linear-lanceolate, narrowed to the base, the lowest
serrate; hds. in a loose paniculate corymb; fr. obovate, with 2 awns, and several
rjiiiute setae between. — Prairies, &c. West and South. Very slender, 3 — 7f.
high, strict. Lvs. 3 — 6' long. Rays pale, spreading 7 — 9". Jl. — Aug.
2 B. deciirrens. Lvs. oblong, margins decurrent on the winged stout stem ;
bds. corymbous, globular in fruit ; ach. as iu No. 1 ; rays purple. Bottoms W.
3 B. diffiiBa Ell. L/vs. linear-lanceolate and linear-subulate, all entire; hds.
small, in a difiuso panicle with very numerous and slender brauchlets; ach.
obovate, narrowly winged, with 2 awns less than half its length, and several very
minute setJB between.- -Ga. to La., common, A very slender and diSTusely
branched plant, 3 to 7f higti. Rays fiprcadiug about 5". Aug. — Oct.
4 B. asteroides L'Her. Lvs. lanceolate, all entire; hds. in a somewhat con-
densed corymb, on long peduncles; branches leafy; arh. broadly oval, smcK^th,
with 4 to 5 minute seta3, none of them produced into awns. — Margins of swauips,
Penn. to 6a. Plant 1 to 3f high. Bays 13 to 20, spreading 6 to 7". lug.,
Sept.
25. BRACHYCH>ETA, Torr. & Gr. False Solidago. (Gr. Opan;.;?,
short, ;!ta/T7/, hair ; in reference to the pappus.) Heads few-fiowered ;
rays 4 or 5, ? , ligulate ; disk-flowers 4 or 5, ^ , tubular ; involucre
cylindric, imbiicate ; receptacle naked ; pappus a single row of scale-
like bristles short'T than the obconic achenium. — 71 Habit that of a
Solidago. The golden yellow heads arranged in little clusters, forming
one or several unilateral, recurved racemes.
B. cord^ta Torr. & Gr., Woods, E. Ky. (near Cumberland Gap) to Ga., along the
mts. St. 2 to 4f high, simple or with several branches: ubove, pubescent. Lvs.
alternate, cordate, ovate, acute or acuminate, the lower petiolate, more or less cor-
date, serrate, the upper entire, sessile. Heads small (3" long), in 1 (or more)
long, recurved, nearly leafless, interrupted rac. Aug. — Oct.
26. SOLIDAXO, L. Goldenrod. (Lat. solidarij to unite ; from the
vulnerary qualities of the plants.) Flowers of the ray about 5, $ , re-
mote ; of the disk ^ ; involucre oblong, imbricate, with appressed scales ;
receptacle punctate, narrow ; pappus simple, capillary, scabrous. — 2^
Herbs, very abundant in the U. S. St. erect, branching near the top.
Lvs. alternate. Hds. small, with 1 to 15 (very rarely 0) small rays.
Fls. yellow (one species whitish), expanding in the autumnal months.
a Shrub I to 8f high. Kavs 1 to 8. Southern.. No. 1
a Herbaceous ; heads without rayst^liscoid Nud. 'i, 3
a Herbaceous ; heads radiate, rays, 1 to 15, usually small, (b)
b Scales of the involucre with recurved, herbaceous tips Nos. 4, 6
b Scales imbricated, erect, scarious, seldom herbaceous, (c)
Hays white or cream-colored. Clusters axillary and terminal No. 6
liays golden yellow, (d)
d Inflorescence axillary (chiefly), in clusters or short racemes, (e)
e Stt'ms pubescent Nos. 7. S, v
e Stems glabrous Nos. H, 9
d Inflorescence terminal, vlrgate or paniculate, (f )
f Clusters or rac. erect, not sccund. Lvs. feather-veined, (g)
g Heads large, with loose scales. Alpine plants Nos. 10 — 13
g Heads not large. Plants glabrous. Kays 4 to 7 Nos. 18 — 15
g Heads not largo. Plants soft-downy. Kays 9 to 12 Nos. 16, 17
f Clusters or racemes recurved and secund (one-sided), (h)
h Leaves 3 (or l)-veined. Very smootli, salt-marsh herbs Nos. 18, 19
h Leaves evidently 3-veined. Herbs inland, «fec. (k)
k Le.ives entire or very nearly so Nos. 20, 21
k Leaves serrate. Stem 8?nooth and glabrous Nos. 22-24
k Leaves serrate. Stem roughisb-pubescent Nos. 25, 26
h Leaves not veiny, thick, subentire. Herbs inland Nos. 27 — 29
h Leaves evidently feather-reined, mostly serrate, (m)
m Stem hairy or downy. Leaves rough or not Nos. 80—33
m Stom sriabrous. Leaves glabrous or not. Kay;; 2 to 5 Nos. 83 — 31
* m Stem glalirous. Lvs. glabruui er not. Rays '6 to 12. [n)
OUDER 70.— COMPOSITJi.
4:J1
I
n
n Kaceines distant, loosely if at all punicled Nom. :)(!, ■'tT
n KueeiiU's closo, forniiii!/ c<>ni|iact panicles Nos. a^ — U)
d Infloresoeace terminal, in ufn.'stigiute corymb, (o)
O Leaves lanceolate, ample. Stem Bniooth. ^labrouB Nos, 4t, 42
O Leaves lanceolate, ainplo. Stem rough, pubescent Nus. 4:^—40
O Leaves linear. lleu<l.s small, scales close-pressed Nos. 47, 48
1 8. pauciflOBOuldsa Mx. Slirub, much branched, glabrous, glaucous and
somewhat viscid; Ivs. soraewiiat laitceolato and linear, obscurely 3-veined, obtuse,
sessile, entire ; panicle compound, of erect raceraas ; hds. 5 to 7-flowered, with 1
to 3 largo rays. — S. Car. to Fla, barrens near the coast. A low bush, about 2f
high, remarkably distinguished among our Solidagos as a shrub. Lvs. 1 to 2'
long, leatiiery. Ray, usually solitary. Aug. — Oct.
2 S. discoidea (Ell.) Villous-pubescent, hoary ; lvs. ovate, petiolate, coarsely
serrate, the upper ovate-lanceolate ; rac. erect, in a virgate or thyrsoid pan. : hda.
discoid, about l2-Jiowe7'ed ; scales downy-canescent, the acute herbaceous tips
squarrous-spreading. — Ga. and Fla. (uplands), to La. Plant 3 to 4f' high, remark-
able for its rayless fls. and squarrous aster-like involucre. Lower lvs. 3 to 4' long,
gradually reduced upwards. Sept., Oct.
3 S. brachyph^Ua Chapm. Rough-pubescent; lvs. numerous, appressed-ser-
rate, spatulate, oval and ovate, glabrou.s ; rac. secund, in virgate panicles ; scales
erec< (not spreading), obtuse, smooth ; hds. discoid; disk-flowers b to Q. Mid. Fla.,
uplands (Chapman). Tall (4 to Of), with erect leafy branches. St. lvs. 1' long,
diminishing upwaids. (Allied to S. altissima.)
4 S. squarrdsa MiihL St. stout, simple, densely pubescent above ; lvs. smooth,
lower very broad, oval-spatulate, serrate, acute, upper lanceolate-elliptic, highest,
entire; rac. glomerate, rigid and pubescent; scales rigid, oblong, squarrous with
spreading green tips ; hds. many flowered; rays 10 — 12, elongated. — A handsome
species, found on rocky hills, Can. to Penn. Stem 2 — 5f high. Heads very
large, forming a large terminal spike of short, dense, axillary fascicles or racemes.
Sept.
5 S. Bquarruldsa (T. & (r.) Pubescent, striate; lvs. rough, numerous, oval or
lanceolate, the upper entire, the lower serrate, all abruptly contracted at base but
scarcely petiolate ; hds. largo (20 to 25-ttovvered), in a terminal, virgate raceme ;
rays Q to 10 ; scales linear or lance-svJbulate, with» loose herbaceous tips, the outer
spreading, bract-like. — Uplands, N. Car. to Fla. and La. St. 2 to 31 high, often
branched above. Lvb. 1 to 2' long. Aug., Sept. (S. squarrosa Nutt. S. petio-
laris Ait. is the prior name, but inappropriate.)
6 S. bicolor L. Hairy ; st. simple ; lvs. elliptical entire, acute at each end, lower
serrate, short-stalked; rac. short, dense, axillary, paniculate-virgate above ; invoL
scales obtuse; rays about 8, whitish. — Woods and dry liills. Can., N. Mid., & W.
States. Remarkably distinguished among the solidagos by having white or
cream-colored rays. St. 2f high, a little hairy. Lv.s. liairy on both sides, mostly
entire, gradually reduced in size upwards. Axillary clusters approximating above
into a terminal, interrupted spike. Rays short and obscure, Jl., Aug. (Aster
bicola Nees.)
/3. HIRSUTA. Fls. all yellow. — ^Penn. (S. hirsuta, Nutt.)
7. S. Btickleyi Torr. & Gr. Villous-pubescent; lvs. oblong, serrate, acute 3I
eacii end, subsessile ; clusters axillary, loose, much shorter than the lvs. ; ped.
villous; scales glabrous, acutish, rays 4 to 6, disk-floivers 9 to 12 ; ach. compressed,
glabrous. — Interior of Ala. (Buckley). St. 2 to 3f high ? Lvs. as large as in
No. 8, the hds. larger. Oct.
e 3. latifdl^a Muhl. St. somewhat floxuous, angular, smooth below, pubescent
above; lvs. broadly ovate, acuminate at each end, deeply serrate, pubescent be-
neath ; petiolefc margined ; rac. axillary and terminal ; ach. silky pubescent. — A
singular and well-marked species common in dry woods and by rocky streams,
U. S. and Can. St. slender, simple, about 2f high. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 2 to 4', with
acute, often long-acuminate serratures. Clusters very sliort, axillary, the stem
ending with a long terminal one. Hds. fev. Sept. — Varial)le. The clusters are
often long and loose, and exceeding the Ivs. (S. ambigua Ait. S. macrophylla
Bw.)
p. PUBENS. Pubescent, becoming densaly so above, especially the scale*—
Mts. of N. Car. (Curtis)— (S. pubens Curtis.)
i
'I
432
Okdku 70.— composite.
9 S. OflBsia Ait. St. erect, round, smooth and glaucouiii, often flexuous ; Iva.
smooth, linear-lanceulat*;, lower ones serrate ; roc. axillary, erect, ach. minutely
puhejicenf. — A very elegant species, in tliickets and dry woods, Can. and U. S.
Steal 2 to 4f higli, of a bluisli-purple color, terete and slender, soinewliat flexu-
ous, simple or branched. Leaves 2 — 5' long, ending in a long point, sessile,
glaucous beneath. Racemes axillary, numerous, short. Flowers of a deep, rich
yellow. Raj's 3 — 6, once and a half the length of the involucre. Aug. (S.
axillaris. Ph.)
fi. FLKXic.vuLis. St. flexuous, an<,'ular ; Ivs. ovato-lanceolate, longer than the
subcapitate raceni"s. — Leaves about 2' by ^'. Rays pale yellow. (S. flexi-
caulis, Ph. not of L.)
y. CuHTisn. St. tall, strict, striate-augular. — Mts. N. Car. Height 3 to 5f. (S.
Curtisii, T. & (i.)
10 S. thyrsoidea Meyer. St. simple, flexuous, very smooth, pubescent al)ove ;
h)». smootii, ovate, coarsely and sharply serrate, acute, the loivcr on long petioles, the
tipper subsessile, lanceolate; rac. mostly simple, short; hda. large, with con-
spicuous rays. — A coarse showy golden rod, in woods, White Mts., N. H., Wil-
loughby and (Irecn Mts., Vt. It is remarkable for the long slender stalks of the
lower ovate leaves, and for the large hds. wiiich exceed in size most other spe-
cies. St. 1 to 3f high, racemes axillary and terminal, usiially in a tiiyrse-lik«
panicle. Aug. (S. virgaurea, Bw.)
11 S. Virgaiirea L. ,i. alhina (Bw.) St. flexuous, furrowed, pubescent ut top;
St. Ivs. lanceolate, serrate, lower ones oval ; contracted to a petiole, rac. ei< ct,
ray elongated ; /c/v. largu, about SO-Jlowered ; scales very thin, orute. 'i'his is the
only species common to tiio two continents. One of its numerous varieties is
seen scattered here and there on the lower summits of the White Mts., N. II.,
Essex Mts., N. Y.. L. Superior, C. W,, also ? Mts. of N. Car. The hds. are few,
sometimes one only, but largor than tliose of most other species, and of a ricii,
golden yellow, St. often purpli to 3' high, simple, with axillary and ter-
minal flowers. Aug. — (S. glomera » Mx. whose description answers well to the
larger specimens of S. virgaurea.)
12 S. humilis Ph. Glabrous; st. simple, erect; radical Ivs. oblanceolate,
petiolate, ol)tuse and crenate- s't-rrato at apex; the cauline oblanceolate, and lan-
ceolate, acute; rac. simple or paniculate; hds. mi Idle size, about \2-flowered;
Kales oblong, obtuse; rays sljort. — Rocks along mountain streams, Vt., li. II., to
Newfoundland. St. 6 to 12' higii, somewhat glutinous. Rac. slender, strict.
Lv3. of the stem about 2' by 3 to 4", serrulate. Hds. 6 to 8 rayed. Aug., Sept.
0. Taller ; hds. more numerous, in short, glomerate clusters, forming a dense,
slender, interrupted rac. — Near the Willey House, White Mts.
13 S. virgata Mx. Glabrous, strict, virgate, tall, cirnply racemoxis at top ; Ivs.
entire, thicki.sh, oblong-Ianceolate, and oblanceolate, rough edged, the lowest
subserrate, petiolate; hds. about lH-Jloivured; rays 5 to 7 ; ach. pubescent. —
Damp pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. St. 3 to 5f high. Lower Ivs. 3 to 4' long,
gradually reduced above to the bracts of the peduncles 3 of i' in length. Rac.
6' to if long, composed of small clusters. Sept., Oct.
14 S. stricta Ait. Smooth; st. strict, erect, simple; cauline Ivs. lanceolate,
very entire, rough-edged, radical Ivs. serrate, very long; r(ic. paniculate, erect;
ped. smooth ; hds. about 10- rlowp red. — In wet woods, N. States. St. (and every
other part) very smooth, about 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 4 to 8' by i- to ^ to 1', lower
attenuated at base into a long, winged petiole. Pan. terminal, close, composed
of short, dense, appressed racemes. Aug.
15 S. speciosa Nutt. St. smooth, simple; lvs. lanceolate, entire, and scabrous,
on the margin, thick, the radical and lower lvs., subserrate, very broad; rax;, erect,
numerous, forming a terminal, thyreoid panicle ; pedicels shorter than the invol,
pube-pxnt; rays larg3, 6 to 8. — Woods, Mass. to Ohio and 6a. A noble species,
2 to 6f higk St. stout, often purple, furrowed. Lvs. ample, some of them 6' by
3'. Hds. exceedingly numerous, about 15-flowered, witli conspicuous rays of a
rich yellow, in a large, showy, pyramidal panicle. Aug. — Oct.
/?. ERRCi'A. Panicle slender, spicate. — With the other; merely a reduced form.
(S. erecta DC.)
Order 70.— <'0MP0S1T^.
433
16 8. verna Curtis. Iloary pubearti<: , st. few-loaved, branohed nearly niikod,
loosely pauicled ; lower lis. tiiiely serrate, otaie, veiny, on maigiued pttioies, tlio
upper laace-ovato or oblong, entire; scales lanci -linear, smoothish ; rays 10 to
12, disk lis. lli to 20 ; auh. pubescent. — An early tioweriug tsoiidagi). in pine
barrens, N. Car. to Fla., rare. St. 2 to 31" high, erect or Honietiines iufliued and
the rac'.-niea a little recurved. Luwest Ivs. 3' by 2 , 5-veiued, tho others partly
3-veinod. May, Jn.
17 S. pub^rula Nutt. Dusty puberulent, simple strict; Ivs. lanceolate, entire, atti-ti-
uate at base, tho lower oblaiiceolate, subserrato ; pan. spieate, erev.'t, dense but euin-
pound; ped. puljescent; suaU-s linear-lanceolate, acute; ray.s about 10, e! ..gatetl;
disk fla. about 13. — Woods, Me. to Ga. St. straigtit, purplish, 2 to 3f high, ter-
tniuating in a long, thyrsoid spike of dense, appressed racemes. Lvs. very
minutely pubescent botii sides, the lowest on close, winged stalks. Hds. rather
'arge, bright yellow. Aug. — Oct. (Also S. pulverulenta Nutt.)
18 S. sempervirens L. St. smooth; Ivx. lanceolate, somewhat succuh'nt,
smooth, entire, and scabrous on tiie margin, suliaiaplexicaul, obscurely '.i-veiued ;
rac. securid, paniculate; pedicels scalirous-pudesrent ; rays elongated 8 to 10, disk-
11s. 15 to '20. — Marshes along the coast, and river hank.s, witliin tho iiilluenco of
the brackish water. St. 3 to 6f higli, purplish, somewhat glaucous, with nu-
merous long and narrow leaves, lids, largo. Rays .showy. Sept. (S. hevi-
gata Ait.)
19 S. angustifdlia Ell. St. smooth, .strict, branched or simple : lvs. lance-linear,
thick, smooth, entire, sessile, slwrt and erect, l-ieined, the lower lanceolate, taper-
ing at base; pan. dense, erect, virgato; pedicels glabrous, slender ; hd-^. small, 15
to 20-flowered ; rays about 7. — linickish swamps, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. Sts.
2 to 4f high. Lvs, diminisliing upwards, tho itighest subulate. Hds. v^ry nu-
merous, partly inclined to ono side. Scales acute. Sept., Oct.
20 S. nemordlis Ait. Dusty-suhtoinenlous ; lvs. rowjhish, acute, obscurely 3-
veined, attenuate at base, suli-entiro tho lower petiolate; rac. secund. pimifulate ;
hds. small; rays 5 to 6, disk-tls. 3 to 7. — Dry tiu-lds and roadside.-*, Can. and U.
S. A common, starved-looking species, with a grayish, dusty aspect. Height 1
to 2f. Lvs. oltou lascicled in tlie axils. Hds. with conspicuous rays. Pan.
dense, composed t)f many short racemes, inclining to ono side, or often of a
single, terminal recurved one. Again, the stem divides into branches, eaeli bear-
ing a panicle. Sept.
jS. Very slender, minutely puberulent, terminated by a slender spicato (re-
curved) panicle. — In woods. Lvs. as long as in S. cicsia.
21 S. rup^Btris Raf. Sniooth, slender ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, attenuate at both
ends, plainly 'i-veined, entire, or the lower subserrulate ; hds. small, about 15-
llowered, in a simple, slender panicle; rays very short. — Ind., Ky., on river banks.
St. 2 to 3f high, often branched. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, veins wiiitish beneath. Aug.,
Sept. Too near the next.
22 S. Missouri ensis Nutt. Glabrous, low, simple, slender; lvs. lauce-linoar,
tapering to each end, plainly ^-veined, very acute and rough-edged, lower ones
with acute, slender serratures, radical, oblanceolate, petiolate; rac. small, in a
dense, pyramidal, or somewhat corymbotis pan. ; ped. glabrous; scales with greenish
tips; hds. small, 12 to Ib-Jiowered. — A delicate species, 1 to 2f high, in dry
prairies. 111. and Mo. Lvs.. smooth and shining, lower 3 to 4' by 3 to 5' , tho
others gradually reduced upwards to minute bracts. Rays about 8. Jl., Aug.
23 S. serdtina Willd. St. round, striate, smooth ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, slightly serrate, obscurely 'i-veined, veins beneath pubescent : rac, secund, re-
curved, paniculate; ped, pubescent; hds. small, 15 to '20-jio. d. — A smooth
species in meadows and thickets, U. S. and Can. St. 3 to 6f i, very smooth,
often glaucous or purple. Lvs. 3 to 5 to 7' long, smooth; .nargin scabrou.s,
upper entire. Fls. numerous, forming a more or less compact panicle, inclined at
summit. Rays leas than I'' long. Sept. — Variable and scarcely distinct from
the next.
24 S. gigdutea Ait. St. smooth, striate ; lvs. lanceolate, serrate with sharp,
spreading teeth, margins rough-ciliate, strongly 3-veined; rac. axillary and loosely
pauicled; branches pubescent ; ped. and pedicels fiuiry ; hds. 15 tu 2U llowered. —
'. "i
1:^^
\
<..
• r
WHl
1
434
Order 70.— (^OMPOSIT^.
A largo, showy species, in low, open f^rotinda, U. S. and Can. SL unreon, Fome-
times purplinh, 4 to 7f IiIkIi, otlen inuuli branched above. Lvh. 2 to 4 lu 7' long,
acuminate at each end, otien with divergent teeth. Fan. oflon ditl'use, on sprea<l-
ing, leafy branches. Aug. — Oct. — Raya twice longer than the last.
25 S. Canaddusia L. Si. downy ; tv-i. lanceolate, serrate, li-voinod, aruminat^,
rough : rue. paniculate, secund, recurved : rays short, about 8, disk-lls. about 7 ;
scales linear. — (Fig. 118.) Fields, hedges, U. S. and Brit. Am., common. From 18' to
5f high. Stem furrowed, terminated by a copious panicle which inclines to one
side. Lvs. sensiU', 3' long, sometimes nearly entire, and perhaps a littio downy.
Heads almost innumerable, very small, with very obscure, yellow rays. Aug. — Oct.
[3. I'lioOKKA. St. villous; Ivn. rough, villous boiieath; hds. larger, and with
larger rays. — In low grounds, 4 — 7f high. Leaves distinctly 3-veinod. (S.
proctra Ait.)
26 S. Shortii Torr. «t Or. St. minutely rough-downy; lvs. oblong-lanceolate,
sharply serrate, strongly 3-veined, actife, vt^y svmoth ; rac. secund, dense ; pan.
contracted, elotnjated; scalfs linear-oblong, with greenish tips; rays 5 to 7, disk-fls.
6 to 7. — Banks of the Ohio River, Ind. and Ky. Sts. 1 to 2f higli. Readily dis-
tinguished from the last. Jl., Auj.
27 S. pildsa Walt. Ilirsute, tall, si.'ut; lvs. lance-oblong, remotely serrulate,
rough, thick, obsoletely veined, midvein liairy beneath, upper lance-ovate, sessile,
entire; pan. pyramidal; rays 7 to 10, minute, disk-fi.s. 5 or 6. — Pino barrens, N.
J. to Kla., in damp placo.s. St. 4 to 7f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' long below, reduced
up'vards, very numerous, yellowish-green. Pedicels with subulate bracts, simi-
lar to the outer scales. Sept., Oct.
28 S. oddra Ait. St. round, pubescent in lines, slender; lvs. linear lanceolate, acute,
abrupt and sessile at base, very entire, smooth, punctate, vnth pellucid dots, rough-
edged ; rac. paniculate ; rays 2 to 4, disk-fis. 3 or 4. — In dry, fertile woodlands
and sunny hills, U. S, and Can. Stem 2 — 3f high, yellowish-green. Leaves
IJ — 3' by 3 — 5", with a strong, yellowish midvein, but no veinlets. Panicle in-
clined. Racemes 2 — 3' long, spreading, each generally with a leaf at base, and
a simple row of small heads on the upper side. Jl. — Sept, — The only species of
Solidago which has properties generally considered either agreeable or useful.
The leaves are aromatic and yield by distillation a fragrant volatile oil.
p. RKTitOHs.v. Lvs. linear below, subulate above, often twisted; rays 1, 2 or
3 ; St. pubescent all over. S. W. Ga. (Miss Keen). Punctate lvs. acute.
Scale-', iVc, as in a. (S. retrorsa Mx.)
29 S. tortifdlia Kll. St. rough, pubescent; lvs. numerous, linear, subontire,
often twi.-ited at the base, small, scabrous above, not punctate; rac. recurved, in a
pyramidal panicle; scales obtuse; ray and disk-fls. each 3 to 5. — N". Car. to Fla.
and Tex., in dry fields. St. 2 to 3f high, often much branched. Lower lvs. 2 to
3 long, reduced upwards to subulate bracts. (Elliott.) Aug. — Oct. — Is tliis the
same as our z^. No. 28?
30 S. altissima L. St. hairy, tall ; Iva. lanceolate, very veiny, lower ones deeply
serrate, rough and wrinkled. Scales acute ; rays 6 to 8. — A variable species, the
tall, rough varieties of which are common about the borders of fields, in hedges,
U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem rough with hairs, erect, 3 — ,5f high, much branched
at top. Leaves variously toothed or serrate, numerous both upon the stem and
brandies. Branches widely spreading, each terminating in a recurved panicle
with the flowers turning upwards. Scarcely two of the plants look alike. The
branches are very widely spread, or but little diverging, with few and scattered
heads, or with numerous heads ; the loaves are equally or unequally serrate,
hairy or woolly. Aug. — Oct. (S. rugosa Willd.)
31 S. Drummondii Torr. & Gr. St. velvety ; lvs. ovate or broadly omI, acute at
each end, sharply serrate, smooih above, velvety beneath, veiny ; scales oblong, ob-
tuse ; rays 4 or 5. — III. near St. Louis. (Drummond in N. Am. Fl.) St. 1 to 2f
high.
32 S. Rddula Nutt. St. rough-downy, simple ; lvs. oblong-spatulafe, tapering to
the sessile base, serr.ite above, very rough, rigid, the lowest petiolate ; pan. con-
tracted; disk-fls. 3 to 6, rays 5, very short — III. near St. Louis (Kngelman), to
La. Plant slender. 1 to 2f high. Hds. small, crowded, in short, secund racemes.
Sept.
OiiDun 70— COM POSIT J?.
435
33 S. ulmifolia Mulil. St. ylabr<>u,s, with hairy branches ; Ivh. tliin, i>Iliptic-ovate
Hurrate, acutniiiiito, wssilo, tupuring to tlio b.ise, smootli above, villous benouth '•
rac. paniculato, rocurvud-Hproaditi},' ; p«d. villous ; hds. small ; .scaler acute ; ray's
3 or 4, disk-Jia. \\ or 4. — \n woods and low grounds, N. aud W. States. A speeios,
ol'atrikiug form, liko Bracliyclueta, with the sluridor, archod bram^lifs of the Kim.
St. striate, about 31' high, rarely with scattered hairs. Radical Ivs. t!i|)erinR to
winged petioles, and hairy \Mt\\ Bides, with coarse and unequal mrratnres, upper
ones entire, middle ones about 3' by l^ . Uays doi'p yellow. Aug., Sept.
34 S. Boottii Hook. .*?/. glalrrnm, with hairy Itrarichen ; Ivs. ovate or lance-ovnte,
serrate, lower contracted to marginal petioli-s, upper sossilo, acinninato at both
ends ; rac. long, rocui-ved, loosely piiniclod ; hdi midilU: size ; scales obtony, oh-
li(sn ; rays 2 to 5, disk-fls. 8 to 12. — Sandy soils, N. Car. to Fla. and Tex. Plant
2 to 51' high, variable, with the stem smooth, or more or less rough-downy. Aug.
—Oct.
35 S. linoldes Solander. Smooth throughout ; st. slender, simple; Ivs. lanceolnte.
finely serrate and scabrous on the margin, radical ones pntiolate, upper entire ;
hds. small, in short, secund, at length spreafling racemes ; scab's oblong-lineiir,
ohttise, apprcased ; rays 1 to 4, short, disk-Hs. 4 to 5, short. — A small sfK'cies,
near Boston ((Jrecno in N. Am. Flo.) to N. .T. St. 12 to 20' high. Lvs. 1 to 5'
by 3 to 6". Pan. .small, usually turned to one side. Sept., Oct.
36 S. Muhlenb^rgii Torr. & Gr. St. furrowed, glabrous ; lvs. smooth f>oth sides,
strongly and sharply serrate, the radical ovate, pctiolate, caullne, elliptical-lanceo-
late, acuminate at each end; rac. secund, short, remote, axillary, spreading;
pediwls pubescent; hds. If) — 20-Howi'rel; sjale.s linear, obtuse. — In damp woods
and thickets, N. II. to Penn. Stem 2 — :{f lii.;li, generally simple, bearing a long,
open panicle. Leaves largo, notched with very acute or acuminate iceth, feather-
veined. Heads middle size, with G — 8 rather largo rays. Aug. — Oct. (S. ar-
guta Muhl.)
37 S. pdtula. Muhl. St. smooth, angular-striato ; his. elliptic, acute, serrate, very
scabrous above, smooth beneath, lower ones o')l()ug-spatulato ; rac. paniculato,
loosely spreading ; pedicels pubescent; hds. about 12 to lH-Jltwred ; scales much
imbricated, oblong, very obtuse. — In wet places. Can., N. and W. States, not com-
mon. St. 2 to 4f high, virgate, often purple, strongly angled, with leaty branches
at the top. St. lvs. I to 2' long, ^ as wide, radical ones 2 or 3 times larger. Uac.
short, on the ends of the spreading branches. Sept.
38 S. elliptica Ait, PJrect, glabrous throughout, leafy ; lvs. elliptical, acute at
each end, ob.scurely serrate, upp^r ones sessile, entire ; rac. short, recurv(;d, in a
dense pyramidal panicle ; hds. middle size ; rays 5 to 8, very short, disk-As. 6 or
7 ; scales linear-oblong, obtuse. — Salt marshes, R. Isl. (Olney), near N. Y. (T. &
G.), to Ga. St. 3 to 5f high, bearing a close, somewhat leafy pyramidal panicle.
Lvs. 2 to 4' by ^ to If, rough-edged, the serratures appressed atid rather remote.
Rays oblong, rather large, pale yellow. Oct.
,'y. Elijottii. Pan. more widely spreading. — South. (S. EUiottii T. & G.)
39 S. argiita Ait. St. strict, smooth ; lvs. smooth, acutely and unequally serrate,
with diverging teeth, cauline, eUipticcd, sessile, highest entire and small, radical
oblong-ovate, attenuate at base into winged petioles ; rac. secund, dense, in a
spreading, corymbous panicle ; hds. middle size; rays about 10, disk-fls. 9 or 10;
ach. smooth. — In meadows and woods, U S. (from lat. 38 ), N. to the Arc. circle
A smooth, shining plant 3f high, with a large, den.se, corymbous panicle. Rac.
recurved, a finger's length, the compound pedicels roughisli, bra(!ted. Aug., Sept.
li. JUNOE.t. Lvs. lanceolate, Bubserrate, upper entire ; st. brownish, striate ;
rays twice as long as the invol. ; pan. less dense.— Open fields. (S. juncea
Ait. S. ciliaris Muhl.)
40 S. neglecta Torr. &. Gr. St. smooth, striate ; lvs. smooth, acute, serrate, with
divergent teeth, cauline linear-lanceolate, subentire highest linear, sessile, lowest
lanceolate (large), tapering to a long petiole ; ra^. secund, erect, at lengt h recurved,
in an abrupt or oblique panicle ; hds. middle size; rays 6 to 10, disk-fls. 7 to 12;
ach. smooth. — Swamps Hanover, N. H. (Ricard, &c.) to Ind. and southward.
St. 3 to 4fhigh, terete. Rt lvs, 6 to 12' long, feather-veined; upper obscurely
3-veined. Aug., Sept. — A handsome Solid^o, beat knowa by its peculiar panicle.
ir
11 :.
i*w'
'4
436
OuUER 70,— COMPOSITufl.
km
41 S. Ohi^nsis Riddell. Glabrous tliroughout ; lower Ivs. lanceolate, obtuse,
entire or serrulate above, tapering to long petioles, upper oUong-laiiceolate, ab-
ruptly acute, aeaaile, entire; hds. numerous, 15 — 20-fio\vered, rather large, in a
dense, faatigiate corymb. — Meadows and prairies, western N. Y. to Ind. A per-
fectly smooth Solidago, 2 — IJf high. Stem simple, reddish, leafy. Leaves of a
firn texture, the radical 6 — 8' by 1 — l.V, on petioles of equal length, middle <'aul-
ine, about 2' by 5". Heads about 6-rayed. Sept., Oct.
42 S. Riddellii Frank. Stout and nearly glabrous, corymbously branched ; radi-
cal Ivs. very bay, lance-linear, lony-pointed entire, on long, margined, ctwiiiate
petioles, cauline Ivs. clasping at base, arcuate, carinate, naf ow, acute, entire ;
branches lear> ; he's. 20 — 24-flowered, densely clustered in a compound, fa>tigiato
corymb. — Wet praiues Ohio, Wis. to Mo. A well marked species, 15 — 30 high.
Ridical leaves 12 — 18' louir, almost grass-like, cauline 3 — 6' by V, with a strong
miuvein, and generally much recurved. Rays small, 6 — 0. Sept. (S. Mexicana
/3. Hook.)
43 S. corynbo'^a Ell. Stout, glabrous; with the corymbous branches hirsute;
Ivs. sessile, oblong-ianceola.te, thick, rigid, smooth, the lower and radical subdeu-
tate, upper entire, rough-oiliato ; hds. large, in loose racemes, the outer seooid,
forming a fastigiate corymb ; scales pubescent, oblong, obtuse ; rays about ! 0,
disk-fls. about 20 ; acli. glabrous. — Middle Ga. Plant 4 to 6f high, ditVering fiom
S. rigida in its smooth stem and leaves, smaller hds., &c. Sept., Oct.
44 S. Houghtonii Torr. & Gr. Like S. Ohiensis, but smaller, unth a few ve-ry
large hds., — found in Northern Mich, in the State Survey. Aug.
45 S. rigida L. Stout, rough-hairy; Ivs. rigid, ovate-oblong, rougli with minute
hairs, the upper very entire, the lower serrate ; branches corymbous-paniculate,
with close, siiort racemes, the lower somewhat secund ; hds. very large ; scales
obtuse; rays h.rgo, 7 to 10, disk-Hs. 25 or more; ach. glabrous. — A rough plant
hi dry fields and rocky woods, Ct. to Mo. ant' Tex. Abundant in western prai-
ries. St. 3 to 5f high, round, striate, with rigid Ivs., of which the radical ones are
sometimes near a foot long. lid ^ i to 5" long and wide. Rays about 3 ' by 1",
deep-yellow. Aug., Sept.
46 S. spithameba Curt. Villous; Ivs. lance-oval or oblong; thin, smooth ish,
sharply serrate, margin ciliate ; hds. middle size, corymbous; ncaks lanceolite,
acute; rays 6 to 8, disk-Hs, 15 to 20; ach. pubescent. — High Mts. of N. Car.
(Curtis). A low plant, growing in tufts, with hairy stems, branches and corymbs,
and inconspicuous rays. Aug., Sept.
47 S. lanceolata Ait. St. angular, hairy, much branched; Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
entire, 3-veined, rough-margined, slightly hispid on the veins beneath ; corymbs
terminal, fastigiate ; rays minute, about 1", disk-fis. 10. — In woods and meadows.
Can. and U. S. St. 2 to 4f high, witli n\mierous, very long and narrow Ivs. whicii
are distinctly 3 veined and acutely pointed, smaller ones often fascicled in the
axils. Fla. in terminal, crowded, corymbed clusters. Invol. ovate. Tlie whole
plant is fragrant. Sept.
48 S. tenuifdHa Ph. St. angular, smooth, with many fastigiate branches ; Ivs.
narrowly linear, spreading, mostly 1-velned, scabrous on the margin, the axilr.
leafy; corymb terminal, consisting of clustered hds. : rays dhout 10, scarcely as
long as the disk. — Meadows near the sea-coast, Mass. to La. Also Wis. (Lap-
ham.) A very slender species, distinguished from S. lanceolatn, by tiie extreme
narrowness of the leaves and the thinner, more open corymb, which is often re-
duced to a few hds. Aug. — Oct.
27. BIGELO'YIA, DC. (In lioimr of Dr. Jacob B'ujehw, the wo!l-
known author of " Florula Boston ieiisis," ifcc.) Heads discoid, 3 to 4-
flowered, the flowers all tubuhir, ^ ; invohicrc cylindrical, as long; a.s
the flowers ; scales rigid, linear, closely imbricated ; receptach^ pointed
by a scale-like cusp; achenia obconic, hirsute; pappus bristles in one
series. — 11 Glabrous, slender. Lvs. alternate, entire. Hds. fastigiately
corymbous, with yellow fls. and colored scales.
Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 437
B. vlrg^ta DC. Smooth in all its parts ; st. virgately branched from near the
base ; branches corymboua-fastigiate above ; Ivs. narrowly linear, 1-veiued, tlie
cauline liuear-spatulate ; scales glutinous. — Swamps, X. J. to Fla. and Tex. A
plant resembling Solidago teiiuilblia in aspect, 1 to 2f iiigli. Lvs. 2 to :5' by 1 to
2 , rather linn and somewhat remote. Fls. bright yellow, the scales alsu yellow-
ish. Aug. — Oct.
28. ISOPAP'PUS, Ton-. & Or. {dr. hoc, o<inaI ; naTTrog, pappus.)
llo.ids radiate; ray fls. 5 to 12, $, disk-fls. 10 to 20 ^; scales o\' tlic.
involucre laiiceolate-snbulato, closely imbricated ; receptacle alveolate,
achenia terete, silky-villous ; pappus a single row of equal capillary
bristles. — ® Rough-hairy, branching, with alternate lvs. and loose;
panicles. (Ilaplopappus Cass.)
I. divaric£L..U8 T. & Or. Scabrous, with thin, hispid hairs; lvs. lincar-lancoolato,
taper-pointed at each end, sessile, nearly entire; hds. on slender, naked {)odicels ;
rays about 7, longer than tlie invol , disk-Hs. about 12; scales slender-pointed,
shorter than the tawny pappus. — Dry sandy soils, Ga. (Feay) to Fla. and Tex,
Plant 6' to 3f higli. Hds. in a ditluse panicle, invol. 2' long, rays 3 ', brii^ht yel
low, Aug. — Oct.
29. PRIONOP'SIS, Nutt. (Gr, Trpfwv, a saw, oiJHg, resemblance;
alluding to the serrate leaf.) Heads depressed, radiate, many-riowere<l ;
rays in one scries, $ , disk fls. ^ ; scales imbricate, squarrous ; receptacle
alveolate, flat ; ach. glabrous, turgid ; pappus deciduous, of rigiil, scab-
rous, very unequal bristles, the inner row longer than the corolla.^
Leaves alternate. Fls. showy, yellow.
P. Chaptnauii Torr. & Gr. Hairy or downy, strict, erect ; lvs. erect, smooth,
lance-linear, serrate, wit; 1 remote setaceous teeth; hds. tew ; scales cuspidate. — •
2^ Swamps in pine bariens. Mid. Fla. (Chapman). J'l., ,11.
30. HETEROTHEXA, Cass. (Gr. t:rf-:pog, diverse, O/'/zcr/, envel"p.'.)
Heads niany-flowereil ; rays in one series, $ , disk-flowers ^ ; scales im-
bricated, appressed ; recteptacle alveolate, fringed ; achenia minutely
canescent, of the ray witiiout pappus (naked), of the disk with a dtvuble
pappus, the outer very short, scale-like, the inner of capillary bristles.
21 ileros hairy, corymbously branched, with alternate lvs. and yel-
low flowers.
H. sclbra DO. St. erect, flexuous, striate; lvs. oblong-ovate, petiolate, dentate,
scabrous; petioles abruptly winged as if stipulate at base; hds. la.ge, in a loose,
paniculate corymb; rays 15 to 20; pappus tawny-red, the outer wliiu;. — A showy
plant, in dry soils near the coast, S. Car. to Fla. and Te.v. Plant 2 io l'>t' iiigh.
Lvs. 2 to 3' long, diminishing upwards, where they are lance-oblong ami sessile.
The ray aclieni.. are glabrous, with a minute crown, those of the disk silky. Uays
of a rich yellow, expanding 9 . Sept., Oct.
31. CHRYSOP'SIS, Nutt. {(W. ^pvao^, gold, uijug, appearance.)
Heads many-flowered ; ray -flowers $ , disk-flowers ^ ; involucre ind»ri-
cate; receptacle subalveolate, flat ; pappus of the ray and disk similar,
double, the exterior short, interior copious, cajiillary ; achenium hairy,
compressed. — 21 Hairy herbs, with alternate and entiie leaves and yel-
low flowers.
I Leavt'i llneiir, ftrasH-lik*-, achenia linonr Xos. 1—4
I Lcuvoii liince-oblong ; uclieiiin obovato, (.'oinprcs.sod (a\
a Oiitor imppus .scul'.-likc N"'*. \ <"•
a Outor pajipus brlstlo-loni Nos. 7, •<
1 C. graminifdlia Nutt. Canescent with long silky hairs; lvs, lir.ear, erect,
entire, /russ-like, tapering to both ends, the upper numerous and fduced to subu-
*
1
i . ' iili
^4
{:
Rfj; i! ;
m
{\M
138
OuDKEt 70.— COMPOSITE.
late bracts ; hds. coryinbons ; ach. silky-pubescent. — I tel. to I''la., common in <,b9
pine woods. Sts. 1 to 2f high. BruiiclieH usually 1-llovvered. lid.-. 5 to 6" long
and wide. Pappus tawny-white. Jl. — Oct. (C. argentea Nutt.)
2 C. oligantha Chap. Cane-scout with long silky hairs; Ivs. lance-linear and
Imeiir, erect, entire, tapering to both end.s; st. above, nearly naked; hds. few,
large ; pappus white • uc7t. silky-villous. - 8. W. Ga. and Fla., in damp pine
wood.s. Height 1 to 2f. Hds. 1 to 6, a third larger than in No. 1. Rays spread-
iiig 14 to 17' , appearing in Apr. and May.
3 C. pinifdlia Ell. Glabrous, rigid; ks. mvrroiuly linear, rigid, erect, crowded,
tiie upper setaceous; hds. solitary, terminal, coryniboiis; ach. villous; puppvs
reddish-brown, the outer scale-like, vjhitish.— Sandy hills, middle Ga. Ht. 1 to 2f
high. Hds. nearly as large as iu No. 2. Lower Ivs. 3 to 5 long. Sept.. Oct.
4 C. falc^ta Ell. Woolly and villous ; Ivs. sessile, linear. \cry acute, snbjalrate,
spreading, veins pilous on both sides; hds. small, in axilary corymbs; invol. pil-
ous. — A 1 >w, leafy plant, iu dry, sandy soils, near the sea, Mass, to N. J. St.
thick, ieafy, about 8' high. lids, small, bright yellow, in crowded, paniculate
corynib.s. Kays .'J-toothed at the apex. Sept., Oct. (Inula liilcata Ph.)
5 C. Mavi^na Nutt. Silky-arachnoid; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, subentire, smooth
when old; the upper sessile, acute, the lower spatulate and generally obtuse ;
cwymb simple ; scales ncute, viscidly-piibescerd ; rays 15 to 20. — Sandy barren.s,
N. J., Md. to Fla., comu)on. St. and Ivs. clothed with scattered, lon^:. silky, de-
ciduous hairs. Plant about 2 f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Corymbs {•oniewhatum-
beled ; hds. few, large, 16 to 20-rayed, yellow, on viscid-glandular peduncles.
Aug. — Oct. (Inula Mariana L.)
6 C. villosa Nutt. Erect, leafy, villous-pubescent, and strigous ; lvs. entire, ses-
sile, ciliate towards the base, lower ones oblong-spatulate, upper oblong-linear or
liuiceolate; lids, large, solitary, and terminal, somewhat fastigiatcly corynibous;
sc(des linear-subulate, strigous; rai/s 20 to :{0. — Prairies, 111. to Or. St. 1 to 2f
high. Lvs. 1 to 2' by U to 5 ', whitish and rough Rays oblong-linear, entire,
goiden-^-ellow. Jl. — Sept. (Amellus Ph. Biplopappus Hook.)
7 C. gossypina Nutt. Clothed throughout with a cottony tomentum ; lvs. oblong.
obtuse, entire, the lower spatulate, upper sessile; hds. solitary, corymbous; scales
woolly ; pappus tawny, the outer bristle-form, white. — Va, to Fla., in the bar-
rens. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. xld.s. larger than in No. 5, with
aiiuut 25 rays. Aug. — Oct.
8 C. trichoph](rna Nutt. Clothed with long, iveak hairs heUno, nearly glabrous
tt' e; Iv. narrowly oblong^ obtuse. Otherwise a.s iu No. 7. — N. Car. to Fla. and
La., in dry soils. Aug. — Oct.
32. CONY Ik, L. Gnat-u.vne. (Or. kgjvojijj, a gnat; the plant was
supposed to e.xpcl gnats ami fleas.) lids, discoid ; flowers all tubidar,
those of the margin "^ ; of the centre ^ or J;;5 ; scales in »eveial rows ; re-
ceptacle flat or convex ; achenia compressed ; |)appus one row of capil-
lary hristles. — llerhs chiefly tropical. Fls. yellow.
C. siiiudta Ell. Hairy and cineroiis-pubcscent ; lower lvs. sinuate-lobed, ncute,
Diiddle repand-deutate, upper linear, ('Mtiro ; hds. paniculate; Hs. white, all fer-
tile; acii. oblong, almost glabrous. — Charlcstoti, S. C. and Savaiinaii, (Ja. (Pond),
coiiunon — "appearance of an Erigeron," (KUiott.) St. a foot or more high. Lvs.
n.ir'ow, 12 to 18' long. Florets very numerous (100 or more) iu eaclj head.
Pappus pale cinnamon color. Apr. — Jl.
23. IN'ULA, L. Elecampank. (Ancient Lat. name.) Ilends
niaiiy-flowere<l ; involucre imbricate; ray-flowers nmnerous, $ , disk-
fl(»wers$; receptacle naked ; pappus simple, scabrous ; anthers with 2
bristles at base. — 21 Coarse European herbs, with alternate leaves and
vellow flowers.
I. Helenium L. r.r.s. nmplcxi' nul, ovate, rugous, downy beneath ; mvnl. .scales
ovate. — llcrbcoarse-lookinu. in pa.stures and roadsides, N. Knt'. to 111. Stem 4--
Orebu 70.— COMPOSITiE.
439
6f high, furrowed, bmncbiug, and downy above. Railioal Ivs. very laru^e (1 to 3f by
6 to 12), serrate, tliose of the stem claaping. Hds*. large, solitary, terminal.
Ray^ linear, with 2 or 3 teeth at the ead. Esteemed as a toaic and expectorant.
Jl., Aug. §
34. PLU'CHEA, DC, Marsh Flea-bane. Heads many-flowerud,
those of tho margin $ , of the center $ , but sterile; involucre imbri-
cated ; receptacle Hat, naked ; style undivided ; pappus capillary,
simple. — Strong-scented herbs, with alternate Ivs. and corymbs of
purple fls., and copious, reddish pappus.
1 P. camphor^ta DC. Lvs. ovate-lauceolate, somewhat pubescent, acute, ses-
sile or short'pdioled, se)rate, serratures nmcronate ; Jls. in crowded corymbs. — If
A fleshy, strong-scented plant, native of salt marshes, Mass. to Flor. Stem a foot,
high, tliick, downy, witli alternate lvs. and axillary branches. Fls. light purple.
Aug. (Conyza campliorata Muhl. C. Marilaudica Mx.)
2 P. foetida DC. Erect, nearly glabrous, very leafy ; lvs. broadly lanceolate,
acute or acuminate at each end, petiolate, feather-veined, obtusely subaerrate ; hdi).
numerous, in paniculate corymbs ; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute. — A strong-scented
plant, in open, hilly grounds. Western States. St. 1 — 2f high, aubsimple. Lvs.
4 — 7' by 1^ — 3', sprinkled with minute dots; petioles i — 1' long. lids, numer-
ous. Aug. — Oct. (B'lccharis, L. Conyza camphorata Ph.)
3 P. bifroiiB DC. Pubescent, leafy ; lvs. oval-oblong, acute, finely serrate, cor-
date-amplexicaul, veiny ; hds. in compound, corymboua clusters. — Moist, low lands,
S. Car. to Fla. and La. Sts. 1 to 3f high, strict Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1' wide. Fls.
very numerous, as in tho other species, dull purple. Jl. — Sept.
35. BACXHARIS, L. Groundsel Tree. (From Bacchus, wine ;
its fragrance resembling that of wine.) Heads discoid, many-flowered,
diiucious , involucre imbricate, cylindrie, or ovate, with snbcoriaceous,
ovate scales ; sterile flowers with the stamens exserted ; receptacle
naked ; pappus capillary. — Shrubby plants, with alternate lvs. and
white fls.
1 B. halimifdlia L. Glabrous, ivhitish-scurfij ; lvs, ohora't, incisely dentate above,
the highest lanceolate, panicle compound, leafy ; fascidei pedunculate, terminal, in
a dense panicle. — Ct., N. Y. to Ga An elegant slirub, 8 to 12f higli, growing on
sea-coast and river alluvion. Every part is covered with white dust. Tho fertile
hds. growing upon separate plants are in large, loose, terminal panicles, and fur-
nished with very long, slender pappus. Cor. white, 20 in each head. Sept.--
Merits cultivation.
2 B, angUBtifolia Mx. Glabrous, difl'usely branched ; lvs. linear, sessile, entire ;
lids, small, 15 to 20-flowered, cylindrical, axillary, loosely paniculate. — S. Car ,
Fla., and La., in the edge of salt marshes. A tine shrub, G to lOf high, witn
slender, tough branches. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1 to 3" wide, acute, lids, less than
2 ' long, in a dilluse, leafy panicle. Sept., Oct.
3 B. glomerulifldra Pers. Glabrous, minutely scurfy ; lvs. all ohovale tapering
fj) a short patiole, very obtuse, repand-few-toothed ; hds. in sessile glomerules, in the
a.riLs of the upper lvs. — Va. to Fla. and La., along tho coast. St. 3 to 5f high,
pale green tvs well as tho whole plant, Lvs. 1 to 2' long, § as wide. Hda, thrice
larger (3 ' long and wide) than in No. 1. Sept. — Nov.
V
tl!
M :
1
1
lli
'I ^<
»1
' ll
if
Tribe 4. SENECIONID.E.
36. PTEROCAU'LON, Ell. Black-root. (Gr. nr^pov, a wing, KavXov
a stem ; i. f., a winged stem.) Heads many flowered, the fertile flow-
ers $ in several rows, the sterile flowers central ( ! ), mostly ^ ; .scales
imbricated, (caducous with the fruit, ? coroUas 3-toothed, i^ 5-cleft ;
ai'henia angular, hispid ; pappus of ecpial capillary bristles longer than
lli'
w
440
Order 70.— (JO:^POSlTyE.
the involucre. — 21 Rhizome tuberous. Lvs. alternate, very densely
tomentous beneath, decurretit into the wings of the stem. lids, sessile,
densely crowded into a woolly terminal spik-j. (Coiiyzji, Mx)
P. pycnoBtdch3rum Ell. St. simple; Iva lanceolate, finely serrulnte, stnooth
above ; spike continuouH. — Sandy soils, S. Car. to Fla A curiou.s plant, 2 to '^f
high. Lvs. a finger's lengtli, dark green above, creamy- white beneatli, as are also
the wings of the stem. Spike 2 to 3 long. May — Aug.
37. BORRICH'IA, Adans. Se.v O.x-eve. (Dedicated to Olof liorrkh,
a Danish botanist.) Heads radiate, many-flowered; rays $,tertilc';
scales imbricated, the outer leafy ; recepi,acle flat, chaffy, the chatt'
rigid, persistent ; achenia 4 angular, crowned witli a 4-tootlied pappus.
— Shrubby maritime plants with opposite lvs. and solitary, yellow hds.
(Buphthalmum, L.)
B. frutescens DC. Minutely canesccnt downy; lvs. lanceolate and olilanci'olate
obscurely repand- toothed, slightly connate at base, cliatl' of the recept. cuspidate
witli a rigid point. — Va. to Fla. St. 1 to 31" high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, rounded
at the end (with a cuspidate point), varying to linear, tiie upper alternate. Jn. —
Oct.
38. ECLIPTA, L. Head many-flowered ; ray fls. $ numerous nar-
row ; disk ^ tubular, mostly 4-toolhed ; scales 10 — 12, in 2 rows,
leafy, lance-ovate; receptacle flat; chaff bristly ; achenia somewhat
angular or 2-edged ; pappus 0. — ^J) Herbs strigose with rigid liairs, erect
or procumbent. Lvs. opposite. Heads axillary and terminal, solitary.
Fls. white. (Fig. 328.)
E. er^Cta L. St. often decumbent ; lvs. lanceolate or lance-oblong, ta[)ering to
each end, subserrate ; ped. longer than tiie heads ; scalts or kaves of the involucre
acuminate. — Damp soils, Md., Ohio, and 111., S. to Flor. Stem often roolinu- at
the lower joints, 1 — 3f long, with an elastic, thread-like fiber. Leaves 1 to 2'
long, rough, obscurely tripli-vemed. Heads small, with minute flowers and sliort
rays. The juico turns black, and is said to dye woo' black. Ju. — Sept. {K,
procurabens and brachipoda, Mx.)
39. POLYM'NIA, L. Leaf-cup. (The name of one of the ancient
Muses ; why applied to this plant is not obvious.) Heads radiate. In-
volucrc double, outer of 4 or 5 large, leafy scales, inner of about 10
leaflets, concave ; ray-flowers pistillate, few ; disk sterile ; receptacio
chatty; pappus none. — 2X Clammy herbs. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow.
1 P. Canadensis L. Viscid-villous ; lvs. denticulate, petiolate, acuminate, lower
pinnatifid, upper 3-lobed or entire, ra7js shorter than the invol. — A coarse, broad-
leaved, hairy-viscid plant, 3 — 5f high, Can., N. Y. to 111., and the mts. of Car.
Stem with opposite leaves and spreading branches. Flowers light-yellow, the
rays short, surrounded by the concave leaflets of tiie double calyx in such a man.
ner as to tbrm a sort of cup, hence called Leaf-cup. Leaves feather-veined, 3 — 8'
long, and nearly as wide, lobes deeply divided and acuminate. Heads ^ dium.
Judo.
2 P, uveddlia L, Hairy and rough, stout ; lvs. 3-lobed, acute, dccurrent into
tl^e petiole, lobes sinuate-angled; rays 7 to 12, mnch longer than the inrolurre.-^.
In liigiiland woods. Stem 3 — 6f high. Lower leaves very large. Flower.s large,
yellow, the rays oblong, obtuse. Jl. — Neither of these plants has been found in
N. Eng., and they are rare in N. Y., but not unoouimon in the W. and S. W.
States.
40. CHRYSOC'ONUM, L. (Gr.;^pff76c, gold, yovi, 'nee; the golden
flowers at the joints.) Heads many-floweied, rwiiiibj ; rays ;<!.*). ir 5, ? ,
fertile, disk ^ but sterile \ scales in 2 rows of about J '.;acli. t)ic uitef
Ordee 70.-~COMPOSrT.'E. 441
leitfy, the inner chaffy ; receptacle flat, chiiflV ; achenia of the rav ol)-
con^pre^s8etl, obovate, each einbrneetl by a clmir scale; achenia of the
disk abortive; pappus a small, '2 to 3-toothed crown. — 2i A little pros-
trate herb, wiih opposite Ivs. and solitary, peduucuUte, bright yellow
vernal tts.
3. Virgiiiidnum L. — In lioli sliiuly soils, Md. to III., common sontlnvard to the
Giilt; One of tlie caiiiest ncnvors :iC puring. Pluiit tint on tlie gUMii.ii, hirsiiJe,
at lirst acauk'scent, at It-n^'ili uiuioscent and ascei-.dihir. Lvs. ovale, tapiring to
a petiole, creuate. Rays uxptindiug 7 to i) '. Feb. — .Vlay.
41. SILPHIUM, L. RosiN-wEEo. (The ancient name of some
rcsiiKtus plant.) Heads niany-flowercl; ray-flowers iiumcrons, in 2 or
3 rows, fertile, outer row ligulate ; disk-flowers sterile ; involucre cain-
panulate, scales in several series, leafy and spn-adiiij^ at summit ; recep-
tacle small, flat, chall'y ; aclienia broad, flat, obcompressed, crowned
with a 2-toothed pappus. — 2|! Stout, coarse, resinous herbs. Hds. large.
Fls. yellow.
* Stem nearly leafless, .'jcaiie-liko. Lvs. very large, altorimte, inostV Kvlleal Nos. 1 — 8
♦ Stum Iciily. — Loaves vertieillato in wliorl.s of 3s, rarely 4.s. . . Nos. 4, 5 3
— Leaves oppo.sitc, rarel v the hiffliest scattered Nos. 5 — 7
— Leaves alternate (the lowest opposite or vcrtlciilaie Oi alternate) No. 8
— Leaves connate-purl'oliate No. 9
1 S. laciiii^tun. L. Polar Plant. Very rough, with white, h.'spid Jjair.i; lvs.
alternate, piuuately parted, lower petiolate, segments sinuate lobed or entire ;
lids, spicate, distant; scales ovate, appendaged and squarrous at ojjea?.- Western
States to Tex., producing coliuuns of smoke in tlie burning prairies by its co-
pious resin. Stem 3 — lOf I'igli. Lower lvs. 1 — 2 f long, mucli divided, resem-
bling tiioso of some tliistles. Heads 4 — 8, very large, with large, yellow ri;ya.
Jl. — Sept.
2 S. terebinthindceum L. Prairie Burdock. St. and ped. glabrous; Ivt-
mostly radical, ovate and ovate-oblong, cordate, dentate-serrate, olduse, scabrous, on
long petioles ; hds. tew paniculate; scales roundish and oval, ghibrou:, rays ahotU
20. — Prairies, Western and Southern States. Plant exuding resin. Stem 4 — 8f
high, nearly naked and simple. Leaves 1 — 2f lo!ig, 7 — IG' wide. Involucre
globous. Uds. r diam., rays 1 long. Achenia narrowly 2-winged. Jl. — Sept.
fj. PiNNATiFTUUM, Lvs. moro or less deeply lobed or pinnatidd. — Prairies, etc.
with the other form. (S. pinnatitidum Ell.)
3 S. comp68ituin Mx. Glabrous throughout; st. slender, almost naked, glau
eous; /t)s. radical, on long petioles, deeptltj siwmte-pinnatijid, the segments sinuate-
lobed or toothed ; hds. corymbcd, on long peduncles; scales oval, obtuse; ach.
roundish-obovate ; rays about 10. — Barrens, N. Car. to Fla. (Feay). St. '.i to Gf
high. lids. 7 ' diam., about 10-rayeu, rays about as long (4') as the involucre.
June. — Aug.
13, RENiFORME. Lvs. roundish or roniform, cordate, slightly sinuatc-lobed or
toothed. — Upper districts of Ga. and Car.
4 S. trifolidtum L. St. glabrous and often glaucous, teivte or G-sidcd ; cauline
lvs. lanceolate, acute, seabrous above, smooth below, remotely dentate, on very
.short petioles, vei'ticillate /« :Ja' o/- 46' ; upper ones opposite; hds. loosely cymose,
on rather long peduncles; scales broadly ovate, ratlier obtuse, smooth; ach, oral,
with 2 short teeth. — Dry woi)ds and i)rairics, Ohio and Southern States. Stem
4 — Gf liigli. — Leaves 4 — G by 1 — 2' . Rays 12 — IG, expanding about 2^. Ach.
3 to 4" long, 2 to 3" wide, 'iiig., Sept.
5 S. integrifollum Mx. Scabrous ; st. quadrangular, striati?, simple ; (vs. o^f^io-
me, sessile, ovate-lanreohtte, entire or sliglitly dentate; lids, in a close corymb;
scales squarrous ; act' roundish, trvuadly luinged, with 2 long teeth. — Western States
S. to lia. Stem vei/ I'gid, 3 — 7f high. Leaves rigid, broad and eltisjting at
base. Heads middle-sizo, Rays 12 — 20. 1' iu length. Ach. 4 to 6 long, 4'
wide. JL, Aug.
li^lj!
' < 1
,1')!
' . 4«f''fl
!l I
-til
Id %
t
' i(
""■T
442
Order 70.— COMPOSITE.
ji. teRnXtum. St 6-8ided ; Ivs. ternately verticillate. — Prairie?, with tlie com-
mon form ; apparently connecting tliis with S. trifoliatum, from whioli it ia
nevertheless distinct.
6 S. PCab^rrimum Ell. St. hispid ; lis. opposite, rij. , oval somewhat pointed,
serrate, very roughly -lispid on both sides, the lower ''tiolate, upper aubsesaile,
entire ; scales ciliate-serrulaie, squarrous ; ach. large, roundish, broadly winged, with
convergent teeth. — W. Ga. to La. St. 3 — 4f high. lids, nearly 1' diani., rays 20
or more, spreading 2'. Ach. 6" long. Aug., Sept.
7 S. laevigatum Ell. Smooth and glabrous; Ivs. opposite, thick, laneo-oblong,
subserrate, somewhat pointed, the lower petiolate, upper sessile, with an abrupt
base, highest cordate, entire ; scales ovate, obtuse, ciliate-squarrous ; ach. oval,
narrowly winged, the teeth short, divergent. — W. Ga. and Ala. St. 2 to 3f high,
somewhat 4-angled. Hds. small, coryrabed, rays spreading IJ'. Aehenia 4'
long. Aug., Sept.
8 S. AsteriBCUB L. Hispid, often hairy ; st. terete, striate ; Ivs. mostly alter-
nate, lanceolate, crenate-serrate, obtusish, the lower tapering to a petiole, oppo-
site or alternate, upper sessile ; scales squarrous, leafy ; ach. roundish-obovate,
with short divergent teeth.— ^ry soils, Va. to Fla. and La., common. St. 2 to 4f
high, generally purple. Lower Ivs. (rarely wh.orled) 4 to 7' long. Hds. few, 1'
broad, witli 12 to 15 rays, 1' in length. Ach. 3 to 4'' long. Jn. — Aug. — Varia-
ble, being sometimes nearly smooth, the lower Ivs. sometimes sinuate-toothed, etc,
fi. PUMiLUM. Downy or tomentous, low; Ivs. elliptical, obtuse, subserratio,
upper entire ; hds. smaller; ach. with very short teeth or almost truncate.^
Ga. (Feay), (S. pumilum Ph.). The teeth of the ach. are not invariable in
this genus.
9 S. perfoliitum L. Cup-plant. St. square ; Ivs. large, thin, opposite, connato-
perfoliate, ovate, coarsely tootlied, narrowed towards the base; hds. in a triehot-
omous cyme, on a long ped. ; scales ovate, obtuse, squarrous ; ach. broadly
obovate, winged, emarginate. — ALng streams, etc., Mich, to Tenn., plant coarse
and forbidding, 4 to 7f liigh. Lvs. 8 to 14' by 4 to 7', the upper pairs forming a
cup with their connate bases. lids, large, with 12 to 20 rays. Ach. G lung.
Jl., Aug. (Also, S. connatuin L.)
42. BERLANDrERA, DC. (Named for Berhmdier, a botanical col-
lector.) Heads radiate ; ray-Howers $ , fertile, in one series ; disk ^
but sterile ; scales in 3 scries, leafy, subequal ; receptacle cliatiy ;
pales obtuse; aehenia all marginal, in one row, obcoinpressed, wing-
le.ss, obovate, more or less adlierent *d the inner scales of the involucre;
j)appus minute. — U Herbs velvety-canesccut, with alternate, cordate,
petiolate lvs. and hds. with yellow rays.
1 B. tomentdsa Torr. & Gr. Caulescent, whitened with a close, soft tomentum ;
at. simple; lvs. oblong, obtuse, crenate, petiolate, somewhat sinootii and green
above ; hds. in small, dense corymbs. — Barrens, Ga., Fla. and La. St. 1 to 2f
high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1', the upper and low jr surfaces strongly contrasted in
color. Rays 7 to 10, spreading 2'. Apr. — Aug. (Silphium Ph.)
2 B. subacaillliB Nutt. Acaulescent, at length somewhat caulescent, roughiah
canescent; lvs. radical, lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifld, the lobes crenate-toothed;
scapes elongated, bearing a single head. — Ga. and Fla, May, Jn.
43. PARTHE^NIUM, L. (Gr. ixaQOtvot;, a virgin ; from its nu-dici-
nal efficacy.) Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers 5, somewhat ligulatc,
fertile; disk flowers tubular, sterile; involucre hemispherical, scales in
2 series, outer ovate, inner orbicular; receptacle conical, chaffy; aehe-
nia 6, compressed, cohering with 2 contiguous pales. — American herbs
with alternate lvs.
1 P. Integrifdlium L. Si. pubescent, striate, erect ; Iv.?. hispid-scivbrous, lance-
ovate, coarsely dentate-crenate, coriaceous, lower petiolate, upper sessile, hd.s.
many, tomentous, corymbed — If Dry soils. Mid. and W. States. St. rigid, 3 to
Ordbr 70.— composite.
443
5f high. Radical petioles If loug. Lvs. 4 to 12 long, J as wide. Hds. white,
with 5 very short cucuUato rays. Jl. — Sept.
2 P. Hysterdphorus L. Annual, puberulent, decumbent, lower lvs. bipinnatifid,
upper linear ; hds. numerous, very Hmall, in a diffuse panicle. — River banks, Flu.
to La.
44. rVA, L. Marsh Elder. IIighwater Siirib. Heads dis-
coid, monoicious, involucre of 3 to 9 scales, distinct or partly united;
marginal flowers 1 to 5, fertile, the others sterile ; receptacle cliafly ;
achenia obconic, obtuse ; pappus none. — Herbs or shrubs. Lower lvs.
opposite.
1 I. frut^scens L. Shrubliy ; lvs. fleshy, lanceolate, coarsely serrate; upper
lance-linuar, entire ; hds. axillary ; scales 5, distinct, rounded ; ach. 5. — Borders
of salt marshes, Mass, to Fla., common. St. 3 to 8f high, with numerous op-
posite branches and lvs. Hds. small, green, drooping on short stalks, in leafy,
paniculate racemes. Jl. — Sept.
2 I. ciliata Willd. Annual, hairy; lvs. ovate, acuminate, petiolate, coarsely
toothed, upper lance-ovate ; hds. spicule; scales 3, distinct, roundish, ciliate; ach.
3. — Wet grounds, 111. to La. A coarse plant of no beauty, 3 to 7f high. Lvs.
3 to 4' long. Spikes dense, 3 to 5' long, numerous, panielcd, green, like an
Ambrosia. Aug. — Oct.
3 I. imbric^ria "Walt. Herbaceotts, terete, glabrous; lvs. fleshy, linear-lanceo-
late, 3-nerved, tapering to the sessile base ; hds. axillary ; invol. of 6 to 9, Jleshy,
obtuse, rounded scales in 2 rows, their margins scarious, lacerated ; ach. 2 to 4. —
U Sea coast, N. Car. to Fla. Plant 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Hds.
drooping, on short pedicels, in leafy clusters or racemes. Jl. — Oct.
45. AMBRO^SIA, Tourn. Horse-weed. (Gr. du[3po(Jia, food of the
gods ; a term strangely applied). Hds. heterocephalous. Sterile :
involucre of several scales united into a depressed, hemispherical cup,
many-flowered: anthers approximate, but distinct; receptacle naked.
Fertile; involucre 1-leavcd, entire or 5-toothed, 1-flowered ; corolla
(J ; styles 2 ; stamens 0. — Herbaceous plants with mostly opposite lvs.
and unsightly flowers.
§ sterile heads .sessile, densely spicate, chaflfy. Leaves nlternato No. i
§ Sterile lieads pedicellate, raueiiicd, not chaffy. — Leaves opposite No. 1
— Leaves alternate Nos. 2, 8
1 A. trlfida L. Hairy, rough; lvs. 3-lobed, serrate, the lobes oval-lanceolate,
acuminate; fr. with 6 ribs ending below the conical summit. — IJ A very tall,
herbaceous plant, along streams, &c. Can. and U. S., common. Stem 5 — 10/
high, erect, branching, furrowed. Leaves opposite, in 3 large, deep lobes, with
long points and close serratures. Flowers moan and obscure, in slender, leafless,
terminal racemes, the fertUe in axillary glomerules. Aug. — It is greedily oaten
by horses.
3. INTEGRIFOLIA. Lvs. ovate, acuminate, serrate, bristly on both sides, ciliate
at base, often some of them 3-lobed, (A. integrifolia Mulil.)
2 A. artemisiaefoHa L. Hoo-weed. Lvs. twice-pinnatifid, nearly smooth; petioles
ciliate; rac. terminal, panicled; st. virgate. — '.{) A, common and troublesome
weed of the gardens, holds, &c. (Can. to (ia.) far more worthy of its Englisk
than its Latin name. Stem 2 — 3f high, branching, pubescent when young:
Leaves witii segments acute and parallel, larren flowers small, green, in ter-
minal racemes, the fertile ones sessile about the axils of the upper leaves. Aug.,
Sept (A. elatior Ph.)
3 A. psylostachya DC. Wliiti-sh with appressed woolly hairs, branched ; lvs.
crowded, rigid, the lower opposite, bipinnatifid, upper lanceolate, sessile, pin-
natifld ; sterile hds. in spicate racemes, fertile clustered at the base of the sterile
spikes, in the axils of the upper leaves; fr. hairy. — (J) Prairies, "Wis. to Tex.
Stem 1 — 6f high, at length very branching and leafy. Aug., Sept.
m
jiiiij
ill f
li'>-A
mj
1 '
!1
'W
T
444
Ohuku 70.— COMPOSIT.^!:.
4 A. bidentita Mx. Very hirsute; st. branching; branches simple , Ivs. crowded,
mostly altLTuate, closely sessile or partly clasping, undivided, oblong, with a siugle
tootli or short lobe on each side near the base; sterilo hds, densely spicatc, fer-
tile axillary ; fr. i-anyled, acutely pointed, the 4 ribs produced in 4 short spines.
— ^^1; Prairies, 111. to La. Stem 1 — 3f high, with numerous leaves and verydeusOj
terminal spikes. Jl. — Sept.
46. XAN'THIUM, Tourn. Clot-weed. Heads heterocephaloiis.
Sterile, in j^lobous lieads ; scales di.stinct, in one row ; anthers approxi-
mate, but distinct; receptacle chaffy. Fertile: involucre 2-leaved,
clothed with hooked prickles, 1 or 2-beaked, eiiclosing 2 flowers ;
stamens 0. — X) Coarse weeds with alternate Ivs.
1 X. Stnimarium L. Rough, unarmed, branching; Ivg. cordate, lobed, 3-veined,
unequally .serrate; fr. elliptical, armed with uncinate, stitT tliorns, and ending
with 2, spreading, straight horns. — A coarse, rough plant, in old fields, &c., N.
Eiig. and Mid. States. Stem branched, bristly, spotted, 2 — 3f high. Leaves
large, on long stalks, rigid. ^ Fls. few together, terminal, globular, green ; $
in possile, axillary tufls. Fruit a hard, 2-celled burr, near an inch long, covered
with stiff, hooked prickles, which, like tho.se of the common burdock, serve to
disperse the seeds. Aug. — Variable; fruit more than 1', or less than 1' in length ;
thorns very close or somewhat scattered ; horns spreading or incurved. (X.
eehinatura Murray.)
2 X. spindsum L. Wfiitish-downy, armed loith triple, slender, subaxillary spines,
spines at base of the leaves triple, slender ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, cuueate at base,
petit )late, 3-lobed or dentate or entire, under surface and veins above whitish,
twie.' longer than the spines ; invol. oblong, with slender, uncinate thorns. —
Roadsides and fields, Mass. to Penn. and Ga. Plant about If high, very con-
spicuously armed with straw-colored spines ^ — 1' long. Heads sessile, sterile in
the upper, fertile in the lower axils. Sept. — Nov.
47. MELANTHERA, Cass. (Gr. fi^Xa^, black, Lat. anthera, an-
ther.) Heads discoid ; flowers all tubular, ^ ; scales in 2 subequal
series ; receptacle chaflfy, the pales partly investing the flowers ;
acheiiia short, truncate, angular ; pappus a few minute caducous awns
or bristles. — Zf llorbs rough, with square stems, opposite, petioled, 3-
veined Ivs. and long peduncled hds. Cor, white. Anth. black, tip-
ped with a white appendage.
M. hast^ta Mx. Lva liastately 3-lobed, acuminate, dontnte, on slender petioles;
scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pales rigid, cusp-pointed. — Dry soils, S. Oar
to Fla and La. Sts. 3 to (if high, beautifully variegated with purple, the branchea
slender, erect, few-flowered. Lvs. deep groon, very ro\igh, 4 to 6' long, the
upper smaller, lids, near G'' broad, of stiff scales and singularly contrasted,
colors. — Jl. — Sept. , . . ;
48. ZINNIA, L. (To John Godfrey Z/'vn, a German botanist,
loo7.) Heads radiate; rays $, disk tubular, ^ ; scales of the involucre
oval, margined, imbri<!ate ; receptacle chafty, conical ; pappus of the
disk of 1 or 2 erect, flat awns. — (£) American herbs, with apposite,
entire lvs. and solitary terminal hds. Kays bright colored, showy.
Z. multiflora L. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, abrupt at base, scarcely petioled; hda.
on peduncles us long as the lv.s. ; pales obtuse, entire; aeh. of the disk with one
awn. — Fields and waysides, Ga., Fla., to Tex. Sts. 6' to 21' high, simple or
nearly so. Lvs. I to 2 long, rather obtuse. Ped. enlarged upwMds, hollow
Rays aliout 12, oval, scarlet witiiiii, yellowish without. May, .In. §
2 Z. ^legans L. Lvs. ovate, cordate, sessile-amplexicaul ; hds. on ped.
longer than the lvs. ; pales serrated; ach. of the disk with 2 awf s. — Gardens;
Pl.int tall, elegant and showy, with brilliant fls. of varying colors, a.s orange,
BCarlet, crim.son, purple, violet and white. Jl., Aug. f Mexici).
Order 70.— COMPOSITE. 445
3 Z. pauciflorum, with bright yellow flowers 13 somutimoa cultivated.
49. HELIOP'SIS, Pers. Ox-eye, (Gr. i'jAing, the sun, oipii;, appear-
ft'icL'', dowers radiant like the sun.) Hds, radiate; invohiere inibrieate,
with ovate, subequal seales ; rays linear, lari^e, $ ; disk ^ ; rc^ceptacle
cbatfv, eonical, the pales laneeolate ; achenia 4 sided ; pappus 0. — U
Lvs. opposite, lids, larj^e. Fls. yellow. (Helianthus, L.)
H. l^vis Pers. St. smooth ; lvs. ovate-oblong, coarsely serrate, petiolato, 3-
veiuetl, smooth beneatii, upper ones usually lanceolate, lower ones more or lesa
fiuioate at base. — A large, symmetrical plant, in hedges and tliickets, U. S. St.
angular, striate, di- or trichotomously branolied above, 3 to 51' high. Lvs. 2 to
6 by 1 to 4', acute, distinctly 3-veir.ed. Branches thickened at the summit, each
terminating with a large, solitary, yellow head. Rays lanceolate, broad at base
an i obtuse at summit. Ju., Jl.
li. G11.\CILIS. Small and slender; lvs. scabrous, ovate-lauooolate, acute at
base. — 2f high. (11. gracilis, Nutt.)
). SCABRA. St. and lvs. scabrous and yellowisli-green ; lvs. somewhat deltoid,
distinctly truncate at base. — fJf higli. Common in Ind. (II. scabra, Ih^ok.)
50. TETRAGONOTHEXA, Dill. {dr. rerpa, four; yovv, an^rle; 0/y«//,
envelope.) Heads radiate ; involucre double, the outer of 4 Icaly bracts
united at base, the inner of 8 small scales similar to Ihe chati" of the
conical receptacle; achenia smooth, truncate, destitute of pappus. — 21
Herb clothed with viscid hairs, opposite lvs., with yellow-tlowered,
lari^e hds.
T. helianthoidea L. Sandy soils, "V'a. to Fla. and Ala. A stout, coarse, un-
sightly herb, 2f high. Lvs. ovate, sessile, repand-loothed, 3 to 5' long. lids. I
or few, on long peduncles, the rays spreading nearly 3'. Cor. strongly veined.
Apr. — Jn.
51. ECHINACEA, Moench. ' Purple Cone-flovver. ((ir. exlvng,
the hedgehog ; from the character of the pales.) Heads radiate ; invo-
lucre, scales in 2 rows ; ray flowers neutral ; disk flowers ^ ; receptacle
conic, with rigid, niucronato pales; achetiia 4-angled; paj)pus 0. — .21
Lvs. alternate. Rays purple, pendulous. (Rudbeckia, L., Nutt.)
1 E. purpiirea Moench. Very rough; lower lvs. broad-ovate, 5-veined, attenuate
at base, remotely toothed ; cauline lanceolate-ovate, acuminate, nearly entire ; rays
12 to 15, very long, defloxed, bind. — Thickets and barrens, W. and S. States.
Pl«nt showy, 4f higli, branched. Lvs. 4 to 8' l)ng, rough with siiort, still' bristles,
3-veined. Hds. large, solitary, on long pi'd, hisk tliickly licstt with the still"
pointed, brown chaff. Kays 2 to D' )/(i(g, pendulous, rarely varying to white,
t .11.— Sept.
2 E. angustifolia DC. St. hispid, subsimplo, slender, naked above ; lvs. entire,
hispidly pubescent, '6-veined, lower lunreolate, petiulate, upper limce-liin'ar, sessile :
scales in about 2 rows, short ; rays 12 to 15, slender, drooping. — I'rairies and
marshes, 111., Mo. to Tex. Plant of a nxjre slender habit than the last, 2 to 3f
high. Hds. on long, naked ped. Rays 1 to 2' Jong, purple, varving to whito.
Disk brown. May — Ji.
52. RUDBECKI'A, L. (To the celebrated Oloii.s Rudheck, Professor
of Jiotany, at Upsal, Sweden.) Heads radiate ; iiiv<»liiiM-e scales nearly
equal, leafy, in a double row, G in each ; ray-flowers iieiilial ; disk ])er-
fect ; receptacle conic or columnar, with unarmed pales or chaff;
achenia 4-angled ; pappus none, or a lacerate or toothe*! margin. — 21
L\ s. alternate. Hds. large. Rays yellow.
S lliivs liirtco, (li'(io|iin». Disk coluiniiar, iit least in fruit Nos 1, 3
§ ll;iys spreiulinir. Uisic dark inirple, conicii! oiToinided. (♦)
* Leaves deeply lobcil or parted, the upper undivided Nos. .3, 4
* Leaves undivided. — Pales of tlic disk whitish-downy .Nos. 5. (5
— I'ales dark pumlo as well as tlic llowers Nos. 7—9
'f'
I i
/«
I
-T
446
Okder 70.— composite.
1 R. nitida Nutt. Glabrous, shining, subaimple, Ivs. thick, lanooloUe, ricute, the
lower aubderrulate, petiolate, upper sessile or clamping ; hds. few or solitary, with
long, drooping rays ; pappus coroniform, lacerate at summit. — G.a., Fla., to La. A
handsome herb. 3 to 5f liigh, in awauipy thickets. Lva. with prominent veins
and veinlets. Ilda. on long naked peduncles. Raya 9 to 12, nearly 2 long.
Disk dark purple, oblong-ovato or spicate in Iruit Jn., JL
2 R lacini^ta L. Glabrous ; lower Ivs. pinnate, segments 3-lobed, upper onea
ovate ; pappus crenaie. — In the edges of swamps and ditchus, Can. and U. S. A
tall, showy plant, resembling Helianthus, from which, however, it is readily dis-
tinguished by its conical, at length ovate diak. St. round, branching, 6 to 8f
high. Lvs. alternate, ample, rough, upper ones generally ovate, the rest variously
divided, toothed or cut, petiolate. Fls. largo, tonuinaL Rays 1^ to 2 long,
oblauceolate, bright yellow, spreading or drooping. Aug. (R. Itevigata Ph.)
3 R. subtomentdaa Ph. St. branching, tomentous-puhescent ; lvs. petiolate,
hispid-scabrous above, softly subtomentoua beneath, aerrate. the lower deeply 3-
lobed or 3-parted, upper undivided, ovate, acuminate ; hda. corymbous ; scales
numerous, spreading; rays 10 to 15, spreading; disk at length globoua; pales
bearded, shorter than the corollas. — Prairies, &c.. Western and S. W. States. St. 3
to 5f high, angular, marked with brown linos. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, on petioles 1
to 24:" long. Rays orango yellow, about 1' long. JL, Aug.
4 R. triloba L. Hirsute; branches panicled spreading; lower cauline lvs.
mostly 3-k>bed, coarsely serrate, acuminate ; upper ovate lanceolate .somewhat
clasping, serrate or entire ; radical onea ovate or oval, obtuse, crenate-dentate or
incisely lobed, petiolate; hds. rather small, ciis/fc dark purple; at length ovoid;
rays 8, broad-oval, rather longer than the linear, reflexed scales. — Fields, Mid.
and W. States. A handsome species, 2 to 4f high, very branching. Lvs. 2 to
4' long, 3-veinod. Rays deep yellow, 6 to 10" long, | as wide. Chaff cuspi-
date-awned at the summit. Aug., Sept.
5 R. m611is Ell. So/t-ivoolly or tomentous all over; lvs. oblong, sessile or clnsp-
ing; scales hnear lanceolate, reflexed; rays 15 to 20, elongated; disk dark pur-
ple except the canescent pales. W. Ga. An interesting species, contined as yet
to a narrow limit. Plant whitened with down, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. gmalL lids,
large; rays an inch long. Pappus almost none. Aug. — Oct.
6 R. Helidpaidis Torn & Gr. Slightly downy ; lvs. ovate or oval. 5-veined,
mostly obtuse, petiolate; scales obtuse, squarrous; rays 10 to 12 ; disk conical,
dark purple except the downy canescent pales. — Barrens, W. Ga. and Ala. Plant
1 to 2f high. Lva. 2 to 3 long, tho lower on long petioles. Pappus scarcely any.
Aug., Sept.
7 R. hirta L. Very hirsute or hispid ; st. simple or somewhat branched ; ped.
naked ; lvs. ovate-spatulate, 3-veined, petiolate, mostly entire, the upper onea sessile,
ovate-lanceolate; invol. scales numerous, narrow, imbricated in 3-rovvs; rays
spreading, oval ; pales bearded. — A showy plant in dry soils. Can. W. to Fla.,
rarely in N. Eng. Sts. subaimple or branching from tho base, each branch leaf-
less towards the summit, and bearing a large head with 12 to 15 bright yellow
rays. These are an inch long, and surround a broadly conical disk of dark brown
chafT and flowers, f JL, Sept.
8 R. fdlgida Ait. St. hirsute with rigid hairs ; branches slender, naked above ;
lvs. strigous-pubescent, remotely dentate, radical petiolate, ovate, 5-veined. cauline
lance-oblong, tapering to the sessile, aubclasping base ; scales oblong, spreading, as
long as the spreading rays ; pales glabrous, linear-oblong, obtuse. — Mountains,
Peun. to Ohio and Ga. St. 1 to 3f high. Rays 12 to 14, scarcely longer than
the leafy involucre, deep orange-yeUow. JL — Oct. f (R. chrysomela Mx. R.
spatulata Ph.)
9 R, Bpeciosa Wender. St. hiapidly hirsute ; branches slender, elongated, naked
above ; lvs. scabrous-pubescent, strongly dentate acuminate, radical ovate, 5-veined,
oil long petioles, cauline ovate and lanceolate, 3-veined, upper sessile; scales
lance-linear, much shorter than the spreading rays ; pedes linear-oblong, acute. —
Borders of woods. III. (Jenney), Ohio to Penn. A large and very showy species,
2 to 4f high. Lvs. rather thin, radical, 4 to 5' by 3 to 4', the teeth mucronulate •
ii vi'M
Ordsr 70.— composure. 447
petioles 6 to 10' long. Raja about 18, obloug, linear, bright yellow. Aug —
Oct. f
53. LEP'ACHYS, Raf. Heads radiate; involucre in one series of
linear scales ; ray tlowers few, neutral, disk perfect ; receptacle col-
umnar, chafly ; chatF obtuse, and bearded at apex ; pappus ; fer-
tile achenia compressed, 1 to 2-wiiiged. — U Lvs. alternate, pinnately
divided, lids, of fls. yellow, with long, drooping rays.
Ii. pinnata Terr. & Gr. Scabrous; lvs. all pinnate, the divisions 3 to 7,
some of tlie lower ones 2-parted, the rest undivided ; rays elongate.. — In dry
soils, Western N. Y., W. and S. States. St. 2 to 't" higli, slender, turrowed and
hispid. Hds. very showy. Rays yellow, about 2 in length, pendulous, the disit
ovato, purple. Ju. — Sept. (Rudbeckia Mx. Obeliacaria Cass.)
54. HELIANTHUS, L. Sin-flowek. (Or. ijAiog, the sun, drOog,
flower.) Heads radiate, ray-ds. neutral, disk ^ ; scales of the invol-
ucre imbricated in several .'« "ies ; receptable flat or convex, the chaff
persistent, embracing the achenia ; pappus of 2 chaft'y awns, deciduous ;
achenia compressed or 4-sided, not iii.iigined. — Herbs mostly 2^, rough.
Lvs. opposite, the upper often alternate, mostly tripli-veined. Kays
yellow, disk yellow or purple.
I Disk (113 coroHas and pales) dark puvpi . mostly con v. \. (a)
a Herbs annual. Loiives chiofly ail. nate Xos. 1,8
a Herbs p«!rennial. Leaves oppositt- . — Sciilcs iM'irninate N<is. 8—5
— Scales obtuse Nns. 6, 7
§ Disk (its corollas and pales) yellow, (b)
b Leaves chiefly alternate and feather-veined Nos. 8 — 11
b Leaves chiefly op{)osite and 3-veined or tripliveinrd. (c)
C Scales erect, closely imbricated. — Plants preen, rough Nun. 12, 18
— Plants whitisli, downy *S'tis. 14, 16
C Scales loosely spreaflinc. Heads lurfje, 9 to 15-rayed. (d)
d Scales liinci -linear,' longer than disk. Leaves thin Xos. 16, 17
d Scales l:inee-ovate, as long as the disk. Leaves tliick No.s. ls--'il
O Scales loosely spreailinsj. Heads small, 5 to 8-rayed No.'.. 22 -26
1 H. dnnuuB L. Erect, stent; lvs. all cordate, .3-veinod, only the lowest op-
posite; ped. thick; hds. large, nodding; ach. glabrous. — This stately annual is
from S. America. It grows in any soil, but its magnitude is in proportion, vary-
ing from 2f to 10, or even 15f. The enormous size of the flowers with their
broad ra\ -* of brilliant yt;liow are too well known to require description. A
variety occurs with the flowers all radiate. Jl., Aug. — An edible oil has been
expressed from the seeds.
2 H. debilia Nutt. Decumbent, slender; lvs. ovate, serrulate, petiolate, mostly
alternate; hds. small, solitary, pedunculate; scales narrow, slender-pointed; ach.
pubescent. — Fla., La. (Not within our limits ?). Sts. 1 to 2f long. lids, half
an inch diam. Rays about 12.
3 H. Rddula Torr. & Gr. Erect, hirsute, simple, bearing a single head ; Ivt.
sessile or nearly so, roundish obovate or ovate, obtwe, opposite, crowded below ;
scales and pales lanceolate, acuminate, erect, dark purple ; rays 7 to 10, rarely none.
— U Barrens, Ga., Ala., Fla. Sts. often clustered, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. very rough
on the upper surface. Hds. near 1' diam., disk dark purple. Aug., Sept. f
(Rudbeckia, Ph.)
4 H. heteroph^Uus Nutt. Slightly hispid, slender, bearing a single head ; lvs.
opposite, entire, subsessile, the lower oval, upper linear-lanceolate, scales acumi-
nate, erect, dilate; pales acute; rays 12 to 18. — y N. Car. to Fla. and La. St. 1
to 2f high. Hds. 6 diam., rays expanding 2 J'. Aug., Sept.
5 H. angustifdliuB L. Erect, slender, scabrous or hispidly hirsute ; lvs. ses-
sile, lance-linear, tapering to a long point, 1-veined, rigid, opposite, the upper often
alternate, subdenticulate, often revolute ; hds. pedunculate, few ; scales lance-
linear, the long point ^reading ; pales linear, 3-toothed. — Sandy or rocky places,
N. J., Ky., and S. Stares, common. St. 2 to 3f high, 8ubs;mple. Lvs. 2 to 6' by
3 to 6", broadest at the abrupt base. Rays 12 to 18, expanding about 2'. Disk
llowera browu at the summit. Aug. — Oct.
lii
.■nl
m
:ii!"
fi
uv.
M
I ' \:
^.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
5?5^
1.0
1.1
■iS iU 12.2
|45
■ 50
IL25 iU
m
ill
1.6
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
^N
\
•SJ
<^
33 WeST MAIN STRUT
WEBSTIR.N.Y. MSM
(71«)I73-4S03
^^ ^\ '^rN
4
■^^
^
^
448
Okder 70.— COMPOSIT.E.
6 H. rfgidus Deaf. St. rigid, simple or with few brandies, scabrous or smooth*
ish, iici.rly nukod above ; Ivs. lanceolate, tapering to each end, petiolate, mostly
opposite, tripli-veinod, serrulate or entire, rigid, scabrous botli sides ; hds. lew ;
scales in iaany roios ovate, acute, regularly imb'-icato, shorter than the disk ; pale.s
obcUaish. — Prairies, Ac, Wi.s. (Lapiiain), to Mo., La., &c. Plant 2 to If higli.
Lvg. 3 lo 6 by J to 1', very rouffh with papillous hairs, but less so than II. divari-
catus. Rays 12 to 20, expanding 2 to 3", liglit yellow. (11. .«caberriinu.s KU.)
'i H. atrordbens L. .St. with few long, nakrd peduncles above, hirsute below :
Ivs. ovate, or oval, ohttisish, abruptly <!ontracted into wingcMi petioles, subserrate,
rough or hispid, 3-veinod ; scales obovate or oblong, nbliise, 'i-veined, about equaling
tlie disk; pales obtusis'i. — Dry .soils, Va. to Fia. and Ark. St. 2 to 4f high. Lvs.
mostly near the base, large. Hda. small, few, with 12 to 15 rays, 9 to 10 ' long.
Aug. — Oct.
8 H. gigduteus L. St. rough, hairy lvs., alternate (the lowest opposite), lanceo-
late, acuininaie, serrate, scabrous, obscurely 3-veined, tapering at base into short,
ciliate, winged petioles ; scales lanceolate-linear, ciliato ; pappus of 2 short, slightly
fringed scales. — Can. to Oar. and Ky., in low grounds and thickets. Stem 4 — 8f
high, purplish, branching above into a corymbous panicle of large, yellow flowers.
Leaves 2 — 5' by i — 1', opposite or alternate in various degrees. Raya 12 — 20.
Variable.
" i .\MniGUUS. Lv.s. nearly all opposite, sessile and rounded at base." — L. L
(T. k Ct.)
9 H. tomentdsuB Mx. St. stout, pubescent, branched above ; lvs. mostly alter-
nate, acuniiiuite, nearly entire, s<;abrous above, tomentous or nearly glabrous be-
ncatli, lower ones ovate, petiokite, upper long-lanceolate, subsessile ; hds. long-pedun-
culate; scales lance-linear, long-acuminate, villous, squarrous; chatf 3-tootlied,
hirsute at summit. — Dry soils. 111. to Ga. Plant 4 to 8f high, witli ample lvs. and
lis. Lvs. G to 12' by 2 to 6', some of them tripli-veined. Rays elliptical lanceo
late, about 15 ' long. Aug. — Oct. f
3. Lvs. oval, mostly opposite. — Ga. (II. spatulatus Ell;
10 H. groaae-aerrAtUB Martens. St. smooth and glaucous ; lvs. mostly alternate,
lanceolate, or lance-ovate, long-acuminate, sharply serrate, scabrous above, hoary
and softly pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into naked petioles; scales
lance-subulate, loosely imbricated, sparingly ciliate, as long as the disk. — Oliio,
Ind., 111., to La. Allied to IL giganteus. St. 4 to 6f high. Lvs. 6 to 9' by 1 to
2 , broade.-it near the base, lower ones rather coarsely serrate. Rays 15 to 20,
expanding near 3 . Aug., Sept.
11 H. tuberdauB L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Jioct bearing obhng tubers ; Iva
3-veined, rougii, lower ones opposite, cordate-ovate, upper ovate, acuminate,
alternate; petioles ciliato at base. — U Native of lirazil. The plant lias been cul-
tivated for the sake of its tuberous roots, wliich are used tor pickles. It is natu-
ralized in borders of tields, iiedgo.s, &c. Sept. ^ ^
12 H. laetifldrua Pers. St. rougli and branched above ; lvs. oval-lanceolate, acu-
minate, serrate, tripli-voined, veij rough on both sides, on short petioles, ujipor
ones often alternate ; scales ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, appressed, a little shorter than
the di'<k; chalf entire or 3-loothed; rays 12 to 20. — Barrens, &c., Ind., Oliio (Torn
.V Gr.) A rough, but siiowy plant, 3 to 4f high. Lvs. tiiick, 5 to 8' by \\ to
2 , . Rays nearly 2 in length. Disk yellow. Aug. — Oct. f
13 H. ocoideutSlia Riddoll. St. slender, simple, nearly naked above ; lvs. oppo-
.<ite, oval, scabrous, obscurely serrate, contracted at base into long, hairy petioles,
upper oni'S small and few, entire : hds. pedunculate ; scales lance-oval, approased.
Sand prairies, W. States. St. 3 to 6f high, scape-like, slender. Lvs. 3 to 6' by
1 to 2 , upper ones 1 to 2 long. lids, few, middle size. Rays 12 to 15, light
yellow. Jl. — Sept. f
14 H. mdllia Lam. St. villous; lvs. ovate, acuminate, sessile, cordate and clasp'
ing, entire or subserrate, tomentous canescent, opposite, upper ones sometimes
alternate ; scales lanceolate, villous canescent ; pales entire, acute and canescent above.
Prairies and barrens, Ohio, Ind., Mo., common. A hoary and villous species, 2 to
4f high, nearlv simple. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, h to 3 as wide. Rays 16 to 25, ^^ to
1 by ^'. Jl —Sept. (II. canescens Mx.) • .
1 f)
(I
Okubr 70.— compos IT.-E.
449
15 H. cindreoug. /}. Sullivantii Tort. A Gr. Hougli, cinereonK-pubescoiit ; at.
virgato, somewliat naked and bninclied above; /i;s. opposite (the uppi.T otttn
alteruatf), ovutt-obloiig, narrowed to the sessile base, the lower to a winged petiole ;
scales lanceolate, canescent, pales pointed, with 2 lateral teeth. — Ohio (vSiJiivant).
St. 2 to :Jf high. lids, as large as in No. 14.
16 H. decap^taluB L. Lvs. opposite, ovate, acuminate, irregularly tootheil, thin,
;i-veined, scabrous above, smooth or nearly so beneath, on winged petioles : scales
lanceolate-linear, subciliate spreading, nearly equal; rays 9 to 12, pale yellow. —
Copses, along streams. Can., N. Eng. and Middle States. St. 3 to 4f high, pur-
plish. Invol. varying in all degr"«' j of leafiness between the present form and
the variety following. Aug. j
/3. FWNDOSUS. Outer scaLs larger and leaf-like. (IF. frondosus L.)
17 H. tracheliifolius Willd. Lvs. oppf)sito, those of the branches mostly alternate,
thin, scabrous both sides, tripli-veinod, auprcsstd-serrate, acuminate, petiolute,
Icjwer ones ovate, middle lanceovatc, upper lance-linear ; scales lance-linear, atten-
uate-acuminate, longer than the disk, loosely .spreading, ciliate; chalV sligr: tly 3-
toothed; rays 12 to 15. — Tall, Imndsome, in thickets, &c., Ohio to ill. and Tenn.
St. purplish, 3 to 81 high. Lvs. !'> to G' long. lids, middle size, at top of the slen-
der, suberect branches. Rays expanding 2 to 3'.
18 H. doronicoidea Ijam. St. branclied, rough or hirsute above; lvs. opposite,
netiolate, the upper alternate and subsessile, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
tripli-veined, serrate, very scabrous above, smooth and pubescent beneath ; acaka
lance-linear, ciliate, longer than the disk; rays 12 to 15. — W. and S. States. Also
at Poughkeef.sio, N. Y. (W. R. Gerard.) St. 4— 7f. Lvs. 3 to 10' by 1 to 3 ; petioleg
ito 1' long. Raj'S very showy, 15 to 20' by 4 to 6^ . Jl. — Sept.
jJ. piitiNA-FLOBA. ¥\^. all radiate. — Gardens. A handsome flower, somewhat
like a yellow Dahlin. %
19 H. strumdsuB L. St. smooth below, scabrous above; lvs. ovate-lanceolate,
short petioled, all similar, acummate, finely s( rr.-ite, scabrous above, smooth or
tomentous-canescent beneath; hds. few, about 10-rayed; scales ciliate, equalimj
the disk, squarrou8-.sprcading at tip. — 1i Grows in swamps, Ac, Can. and U. S.
St. 3 to 6f high, erect, branching above. Lvs. petiolate, with an acute point and
close serrature.s, the lower surface varying in tiie degree of pubescence. Rays
bright yellow, an inch or more in lengtij. Scales hairy. Jl.
20 H. hiraiitua Raf. St. simple or dichotomous above, scabrous, hirsute ; i"; .
oj)posif,e, petiolate, subserrate, 3-veined, ovate-lanceolate, obtus^e at base, acumi-
nate, very scabrous above, hirsute beneath ; scales ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hir-
sute, as long as the disk; rays 11 — 15. — Dry soils. Western and Soutliern States.
Stem 4 — 7f high, with irregular, alternate branches. Leaves H — 10' by 1 — 3',
petioles Jl — 1' long. Rays very showy, 15 — 18 by 4 — G '. Jl.- -ot. (11. diver-
sifolius Ell.)
p. PUBESCENS. Lvs. tomentous beneath, subsessile. (II. pubescens Hook.)
21 H. divaricdtua L. St. smooth, branching or simpln; Ins. nearly opposite,
sessile, ovate-lanceolate, 3-veined, scabrous above, smooth beneath ; panicle tricho-
tomous, slender, fow-llowered. — Rocky woods, brook-siues, U. S. and Brit. Am.
Stem 5f high, glaucous. Leaves rather abrupt at base, tapering to a long, acute
point, with obtuse serratures. Flowers large, although small for the genus, few,
yellow and showy. The panicle is either 2 or 3-forked. Aug., Sej)t.
/i. SCABERRIMUS. St. subsimple ; lvs. thick, exceedingly rougli and rigid; op-
posite or ternately verticillate. — Barrens, West.
22 H. microc^phalua Torr. & Gr. Si. glabrous; lvs. opposite, thin, oblong-lance-
olate^ acuminate at each end, petiolate, rotighish above, downy beneath ; hds. very
small; scales with slender, spreading points; rays 5 to 7. — Thickets, W. Can.,
W. States, to La. St. 3 to 6f high, fork-branched, or sometimos irregularly. Lvs.
4 to 5' long. lids. 3 to 4 ' diam.. rays spreading 1^'. Jl. — Sept.
23 H. Soh'weinftzii Torr. k Gr. St. pubescent, with appressed, bristly hairs ; lvs.
rough above, densely tomentous-canescent beneath, otherwise as in No. 22. — \. (,'ar.
in the upland counties (Curtis). Similar to II. microeephalu.'*, except in its rough
and downy clothing.
24 H. laevigsituB Torr. 4 Gr. Smooth throughout; st, slender, nearlv simple ;
29
I t;
f ..i,j
A
;><TH
t,; ^i
' 1
fl
>'/
M
^^T
^
450
Oedbb 70 COMPOSITiE.
bds. small, but larger than in No. 22. Character otherwise as in that species. —
Allegliauies of Va. and Oar.
25 H. longifdlius Ph. Very smooth, often clustered; Ivs. chiefly opposite, long-
lance-linear, acute, entire, obscurely 3-veined, sessile, the radical somewhat serrate
and petioled; ocaks ovate, acute, the outer with spreading tips; rays 8 to iO,
short.— Western Ga. St. 4 to 7f high, smooth and dark purple. Hd. not larger
than in No. 22. — A rare species.
55. HELIANTHEL'LA, Torr. & Gr. (Lat. diminutive of Helianthns.)
Involucre, flowers and pales as in Ilelianthus ; achenia compressed, 4-
angled, one or more of its angles slightly winged and produced into a
persistent, awn-like or chaft'y appendage. — H Lvs. scattered.
H. tenuifdlia Torr. A Gr. Rough, slender; lvs. narrowly linear; scales lance-
subulate, spreading, hairy; rays 10 to 12; pales 3-lobcd; ach 2-tootbed at the
summit. Sand hills, Gadsden Co., Fla. (Chapman).
56. ACTINOM'ERIS, Nutt. (Gr. aKTiv, a ray, (iepog, a part ; par-
tially radiate.) Heads many-flowered, ray flowers 4 to 14, rarely 0;
involucre scales foliaceous, subequal, in 1 to 3 series ; receptacle conical
or convex, chaffy ; aclienia compressed, flat, obovate, mostly winged, 2
awned. — 21 Plants tall, with 3 veined, serrate lvs. Hds. corymbous.
Kays when present yellow
• stem winged with the decurrent, alternate leaves Nos. 1 — .S
* Htein nut at all winged, with mostly opposite leaves No. 4
1 A. helianthoides Nutt. St. hirsute, winged except near the base ; lvs. alter-
nate, ovate-lanceolate, decurrent, acuminate, serrate, hirsute and scabrous ; co-
rymb contracted ; rays 6 — 14, long, irregular; scales erect. — In barrens and prai-
ries. Western States. It is a rough plant, with the aspect of a Helianthus. Stem
2 — 4f high. Leaves 2—4' by 6 — 14", grayish. Rays 1' long. Fls. all yellow.
Jn., Jl. (Verbesina Mx.)
2 A. squarrdaa Nutt. St. tall, winged, branching above, somewhat pubescent ;
lvs. alternate, often opposite, oblong-Janceolate, elongated, tapering to each acute
or acuminate end, sciibrous, decurrent ; hds. small ; scales spreading or refloated ;
rays 4: — 8; regular, short; receptacle very small. — Dry, alluvial soils, W. N. Y.
and W. States, common. An unsightly weed, 5 — lOf high. Leaves 6 — 14' by
I — 3', sharply serrate, especially the lower. Rays ^' long. Fls. all yellow. Aug.
— Oct. (Coreopsis alteriiifolia L.)
3 A. alba Torr. & Gr. St. narrowly winged, rarely wingless ; lvs. glabroixs but
rough, narrowly lanceolate, acute at each end, linely serrate ; scales lance-linear,
few, in about 2 rows; rays none; ach. broadly winged, with 2 spreading awns;
cor. white. — S. Car., Ga. to La., common in moist, rich soils. St. 4 to Cf high.
Lvs. 5 to 8' long. Hds. in small corymbs, globular. Aug. — Oct. (A. squarrosa,
p. Nutt.)
4 A. nudicav^lia Nutt. Rough, hairy; st. wingless, naked and branched above;
lvs. olilong, unequally serrate, acute, closely sessile, the upper bract-like ; hds.pani>
culate, corymbed; scales pubescent, in 2 or 3 rows; rays 1 to 12, linear; ach.
broad-obovate, narrowly winged. — Ga. (Peay, Pond), Fla., Ala., in sandy soiL
St. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Ach, 1" long. Awns erect. Fls. all yellow.
Rays 1 to 1 J' long. Sept., Oct.
57. COREOP'SIS, L. Tick-Seed. (Gr. «dptc, a bug, 5i/>tf, appear-
ance ; from the concavo-convex, 2-horned achenia.) Heads many-
flowered, radiate, rays about 8, rarely ; involucre double, each 6 to
1 2-leaved ; receptacle chaflfy ; achenia obcompressed, emarginate, each
commonly with a 2-toothed, upwardly hispid pappus, sometimes with
none. — Lvs. mostly opposite. Rays usually yellow ; disk fls, yellow or
dark purple.
f i
Obdkb 70.— COMPOSITiE.
451
I Corollas uf the disk dark purple, (a)
a Kny tlowers yellow with »pur|ile base. Achcnia Incurved Nos. 1, 2
a Kay dowers wholly yellow. Acheiiia not incurved, 2-awned Nos. 3---5
iCorollsH of the disk yellow. Kays roso-colored. Leave.*- simple Nos. 6, 7
(Jurollas of the disk Hnd ray all yellow (disk brownish in No. 9). (b)
b Leaves sessile, divided often so as to appear verticillute Nos. 8—11
b Leaves petiolate, never serrate, — pinnate with lance-linear segments. Nos. 12, 13
— simple, or rarely auricled below... Nos. 14—1.%
b Leaves petiolate, serrated.— .simple ; acbenia awns ob»<olete Nos. 16—17
—compound. — Kays about 8 Nos. IS— •.'()
— Kays wasting No. 21
1 C. Drummdndii Torr. &, Gr. Pubescent; Ivs. pinnately divided, sometimes
simple, segments {or leaves) oval, entire ; scales lanceolate-acumiaute ; rays un-
equally 5-tooti^d, twice longer than the iuvol. ; ach. obovate, incurved, scarcely
toothed. — I) From Texas. St. 10 to 20' high. Rays large, yellow, with a pur-
ple spot at base f (Calliopsis, Don.)
/i. ATROSANGUINBA. A garden variety with dark orange Hs. f
2 C. tinctoria Nutt. Glabrous ; Ivs. alternate, radical ones subbipinnate, Ifts.
oblong-linear, entire, smooth, cauline subpinnate, Ifts. linear ; rays 3-lobeil at tfie
apex, ach. wingless, toothless. — A handsome border annual, native of the upper
Missouri. St. 1 to 3f high, with light, smooth foliage. Hds. with yellow rays,
beautifully colored with purple at their base. Flowering all summer, f (Calliop-
sis DC.)
3 C. gladi^ta Walt. Glabrous ; st. terete, Ivs. thickish, alternate, some of them
ternately divided, the lower lance-oblong, long-tapering to a clasping petiole, upper
lanee-hnear, acute; outer scales lance-ovate ; ach. fringed with 2 slender awns. —
Moist soils in barrens, X. Car. to Flo. St. 2 to 3f high, slender. Hds. several,
corymbed ; rays 3-toothed at the dilated apex, yellow ; disk purple. Aug., Sept.
4 C. angustifolia Ait. Glabrous ; st. square ; Ivs. opposite, sometimes the lower
alternate, undivided, the lower spatulate, long-petiolate, upper linear, spatulate, ob-
tuse ; outer scales ovate, obtuse ; ach. wing-fringed, the 2 awns very short. — Moist
soils, in barrens, N. Car. to Fla. and La. Sts. ^lender, 2f high. Hds. several,
corymbed, with the rays 3-lobed at the dilated summit. Jn. — Sept.
5 C. CEmleri Ell. Glabrous ; st. angular above ; Ivs. opposite, or the lower
alternate, lance-ovate, narrowed to a clasping petiole, upper lanceolate ; outer
scales oblong, obtuse ; ach. margined, ciliate, the 2 awns very .sdiort. — W. Ga. and
Fla., near the Chattahoochee. Sts. 2f high. Lvs. rather thick, entire, the upper
always opposite. Jl., Aug.
6 C. nuddta Nutt. Glabrous, very slender ; lvs. few, terete, rush-like, alternate,
the lower very long ; hds. lew ; outer scales very short, obtuse, inner ovate,
iicutish ; rays wedge-obovate, unequally crenate-lobed. — U A curious species, in
.'^liady swamps, Ga. and Fla., near Savannali to St. Mary's and Apalachicola. Sts.
2 to 3f high. Lvs. 1 to 10' long. Rays somewhat fan-shaped, rose-purple,
spreading 20". Apr. — Jn.
7 C. rdsea Nutt, St. branched; lvs. opposite, \-veined, linear, ontire, ped. short;
outer scales very short; rays oblong, obscurely tridentate. — U A very delicate
species ir. wet grounds, Mass. (Dr. Robbins), to N. J. St. slender, erect, 8 to IG'
high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, scarcely I" wide, clothing the stem. llda. few, small
Rays rose-color, varying to white. Disk light yellow. Jl., Aug.
8 C. senifdlia Mx. Minutely downy or glabrous ; lvs. opposite, temate, sessile,
appearing in whorls of 6 ; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute, thick ; scales downy,
obtuse ; rays oval-oblong, entire. — Sandy soils, Va., Ky. to Ga., common. St. 1
to 2f high, angular, strict, slender. Rays bright yellow, 1' long. Corollas of
the disk yellow. Jl., Aug
ji. STELLATA. Lfts. lance-Unear, and even linear, mostly glabrous. — Ky. and
Tenn. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. (C. stellata Nutt.)
9 C. delphinifdlia Lam. Glabrous; lvs. opposite, sessile, divided into lfts. which
are each a^ain 2 to 5-parted, segm. linear, entire, acute ; disk corollas brotvn at
summit ; outer scales linear, inner ovate, all obtuse ; rays acute. — Barrens, Va. to
Fla. and Ala. St. 1 to 2f high. Lfts. 1 tu 2' long, 1 to 3 ' broad. Hd& small.
Aug.
10 C. vertioillAta L. Glabrous branched Its. 3-divided, closely sessile, divisions
ii!
)^^
m
I'T
452
OiiUBtt 70.— OOMPOrilT^.
I
ill
pinnaiely or bipitinateiy parted, segments filiform, linear, obtuse; raya acute or (ia
c\iltivation) obtuse aud 2 or 3-toothed; ach. obovate, slightly 2-toothed. — U
Moist places, Md. and Western States. Stem 1 — 3f high. Leatlels appareutlj
verticillate in 6s. Heads with bright yellow rays, near 1' long. Outer scalea
oblong-linear, obtuse, united at base. June — Aug.
11 C. palmita Nutt. Nearly smooth ; st. branched, angled and striate, very
leafy to the sutnn)it ; Ivs. sessile, deeply ^-cleft {to below the middle), rigid, lobeu
linear, acutish, entire or again cleft; raya obovate-oblong ; ach. linear-elliptic, in-
curved. — Dry prairies, W. States. Stem 1 — 2f high, sometimes much branched.
Leaves 1 — 2^' long, some of tliem undivided, lobes 2 — 4" wide. Heads 1 or
several, with yellow raya. Outer scalea linear oblong, obtuse. Ju., Jl. (Calliop-
sis, Sprong.)
12 C. tripteris L. Glabrous; *t si mpfe, ta?i, corymbous at summit ; Ivs. coriace-
ous, opposite, petiolate, 3 — j-divided, divisions linear-lanceolate, entire, acute;
lids, small, on sliort peduncles, rays obiuss. — A tall, smooth, elegant species, in
dry soils, Southern and Western States, common. Stem 4 — 8f high, slender,
terete. Divisions of the leaves 3 — 5' by | — l^. Rays spreading i' long. Outer
scales linear, obtuse, spreading, much smaller than tho inner. Jl. — Oct. (Chry-
sostemma. Loss.)
13 C. grandifldra Nutt. Glabrous ; st. low, simple or branched ; Ivs. petiolate,
lanceolate, mostly pinnately or tematcly divided, segments lance-linear or linear-,
hds. solitary, on long podunrlos, large ; rays 4 to 5-cleft at apex. — Mo. to Ala.
and Tex. Plant If high. Hds. much like No. 14. Jl.— Sept.
14 C. lanceolata L. St. ascending, often branched below; lower Ivs. oh-
lanceolate, peiiolate, tho upper lanceolate, sessile, all entire, with scabrous margins;
hds. solitary, on very long, naked peduncles ; rays 4 — 5-toothed at apex : ach.
suborbicular, with 2 small teeth. — y Native of tho Soutiiern States. Heads
showy. Rays about 8, 1' by ^'. Jn. — Aug. f
15 C. auriculata L. Pubescent; lower Ivs. roundinh-ovate, petiolate, some of
them with 2 srnall, lateral seymente at base (auriculate), the upper oblong, nearly
or quite sessile ; hds. few, on long peduncles ; outer scales oblong-linear. — Dry
soils, Va., Ky. to Ga. and La. Plant 1 to 3f high, variable. At first (Ma\', Jn.)
it has divided Ivs. and very long peduncles. Later (Jl, Aug.), it is tall, the Ivs.
all entire, the lower having perished. Hds. similar to No. 14. May — Aug,
16 C. latifdlia Mx. Very glabrous, tall; Ivs. thin, opposite, ovate, acuminate,
unequally toothed, petiolate, the upper ovate-oblong ; hds. small ; rays 5 to 6. en-
tire ; outer scales 4 to 5, linear, spreading. — Mts., N. Car. to Ga. Plant with am-
ple Ivs. and few large, yellow raya. Aug.
17 C. argClta Ph. Smooth or nearly so ; sts. strict, striate-angled ; Ivs. of tho
stem simple, petiolate, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nmcronate-serrate ;
hds. few, large, on slender, naked peduncles ; outer scales about 8, as long as the
inner; rays 9 to 12, 3-cleft; ach. oblong, awns obsolete. — Car. (Pursh), W. Ga.,
in the upland districts. Differs much from C. aurea. St. 2 to 5f high. Lvs. 1
to 3' long. Rays spreading 1 k'. (Root lvs. not seen). May — Jn.
13 C. ailrea Ait. Nearly glabrous ; lower lvs. pinnately divided, upper ternately,
or simple ; divisions ovate, lanceolate and lanee-linear, acuminate, sliarph' serrate ;
outer scaks about S ; Mnear as long as tho inner ; rays about 8, obtuse; ach. teeth
very short. — '^ Ditches, etc., N. Car. to Fla. and La. An untidy weed, 2 to 4f
high. Hds. small, corymbed. Ach. 2" long. Aug., Oct.
19 C. aristdsa Mx. Sparingly pubescent ; lvs. pinnately 6 to i»-parted, se(pnents
lance-linear, iiicisely serrate or pinnatifid; hds. small, with conspicuous rays; outer
invol. of \0 to 12 linear, green scales longer than the inner, villous at basjo ; awns
slender, spreading, about as long as Die achenium. — '^) Low woods, W. States. St.
obtusely 4-angled, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. thin, 4 to 6' long, petioles ^ to i . Rays
8, orange-yellow, expanding 1|'. (C. involucrata Nutt.)
20 C. trichoBp6rma Mx. St. glabrous, square, dichotoraous ; lvs. pinnately 5 to
1-parted, brieily petiolate, segm. lanceolate, incised or serrate; scales of the outer
invol. ciliate, linear, long as tho inner ; rays entire, large ; ach. narroio-cuneate^
with 2 short, stout awns. — Q^ In wet grounds, N. Y., Mass. to Car. A smooth,
OHb.;R 70.— OOMl'OdlT^.
453
;t.
to
vT
te,
branching plant, I. to 2t high, with a panicle of large, showy, yellow heads. Lva
mostly opposite, thin, the upper 3-cleft, subsessile. Ach. j' long, awns half a|
long, Jl., Aug.
21 C. dlscoidea Torr. & Gr. Glabrous, much braached, erect ; lva. temate, long-
petiolate ; lft«. ovate-lanceolate, strongly dentate, Ms. discoid on slender ptdun«
cles; outer involucre 3 — 5 linear-,spatulate, Itat-liko bracts; ach. linear-oblong,
twice longer than the 2 erect awns which are hispid upward.«,^ 1' Ohio to La,
Stem and branches purplish. Terminal leatiets 3 — 5 by -h — U , lateral niuch
smaller. Ueads small (3" diam,), about 30-flowerecL Jl. — Sept,
58. BrDENS, L. Burr-Marigold, (Lat. bidens, two-toothed; tlio
achenia have two (or more) barbed teeth.) Involucre double ; sciilts
somewhat similar, or the outer foliaceous ; rays 4 to 8 (sometimes
none), neutral; disk-flowers perfect; receptacle chaffy, flat; pappus of
2 to 4 awns rough backwards ; achenia obconipressed, obscurely quad-
rangular. — Lvs. opposite, incised. Fls. yellow.
5 .Vchenin linear, somewhiit 4-anKle(I, H to 4-awtu'<l. IJiij-s few or none Xo. 1
§ Achenia flattened, broadest at top, — Uuys none or very few No;^. 2 — 4
— liays about H, showy, regular No*. 5, 6
1 B. bipinndta L. Spanish Needles. Smooth, lvs. bipiimate, Ills, lanceo-
late, pinnatitid, rays very short or none ; outer invol, the length of the inner ;
ach, slender, elongated,— (X) Grows in waste places Conn,, N, Y,, west to 111,
St. 2 to 4f high, branching, smooth. Lvs, bipinnately dissected, nearly smooth.
Hds, of flowers on long peduncles, each with 3 or 4 (or none) obscure, obo\ ate,
yellow rays. Jl. — Sept.
2 B. fronddsa L. Hds, discoid ; outer invol, 6 times as long as the jioicer,
its leaflets ciliate at btise ; lower lvs. pinnate, upper oius toniate, lanceolate, ser-
rate; ach. 2-awned. — ''£) A common weed, in moist, cultivated flelds throu>:liout
Can, and U. S., often called Beggar-ticks from the 2-honied achenia which ailhero
to every passer-by, St. 2f higli, diffusely branched. Lower lvs, in 2s or 5h.
Fls. in clusters at the end of the branches, without rays, yellow, leafv. Aug.,
Sept,
3 B. connllta Willd. Hds. discoid, smooth; lvs. lanceolate, sen-ale, sWjhtly
connate at base, lower ones mostly tritid ; outer scales longer than the head, leafy ;
ach. with 3 awns. — (1) In swamps and ditches. Can. N. Eng,, to Mo. St. 1 to 3f
high, smooth and 4-f"rrowed, with opposite branches. Lvs. tiiin, taper-pointed,
often all undivided. Hds. scarcely ever with a ray, Aug. (B, tripartita, Bw.)
4 B. c^rnua L. fids, subradiate, cernuous ; outer invol. as long as the flower ; lvs.
all simple, lanceolate, subcounate, dentate. — In swamps and ditches, Can. to Pa.
and Wise. St. 1 to 2f high, purplish, branched, round at base, striate above.
Branches opposite. Lvs, opposite, somewhat connate at base. Fls. yellowish
green, finally drooping, generally with small yeilow rays aljout 8 ira number.
Aug., Oct.
5 B. chrysauthemoides L. Rays 3 times as long as the nearly equal invol. ;
lvs. oblong, attenuate at each end, connate at base, dentate. — .'i) A low plant, with
large, yellow-rayed flowers, in muddy places. Can. and U. S. Stem 6—20' liigh,
round and smooth. Leaves smooth, with few remote teeth, narrow, opiiosite,
with narrow, connate bases. Flowers commonly erect, rays about 8, large,
spreadmg Scarcely distinct from B. cernua. Sept., Oct.
6 B. B^ckii Torr. St. subsimple; submersed lvs. capillaceous-multifid ; evursed
ones lanceolate, connate, acutely serrate or lanciniate; fls. radiate; rays longer
than the involucre. — 4 I" water, N. Y. (Sartwell), ko. Yt. (Chnndler), N. to
Can. Stem 2 — 3f long, simple or with minute, slender branches above. Lower
loaves dissected as in Ranunculus aquatilis; upper 1 — 2' long, i as wide, deeply
serrate. Head solitary, terminal, yellow. July, Aug.
59. ACMELXA, L. (Gr. a«p/, apoint; from the sharp taste of
the foliage?) Heads radiate; involucre shorter than the disk, double,
appressed, pubescent ; receptacle, conical, chaflfy ; pales embra^'ing the
flowers; rays about 12, $, disk ^ ; achenia compressed, those of the
i
"fcn
'I'
i
t'l'l
r.
'. 'W
!,"!
^ lil
464
OiU)KB 70.— COMPOSITyE.
►it
ray angular, mostly awnless. — Qp Herbs with an acrid taste, opposite
Ivs., solitary, yellow beads. Tropical.
A. rdpena Pers. St. decumbent, rooting at the lower joints, diffuse ; Ivs. lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end, petiolate, more or le.«s serrate ; hda.
solitary, ov axillary and terminal peduncles; scales lance-ovate; rays 10 to 12. —
Wet places, S. Car. to Fla. Sept., Oct. (Spilaulhes Nuttallii, T. & G.)
60. VERBESrNA, L. Crown-bkard. Heads few or many-flowered;
rays $ , few or none, disk ^ ; scales in 2 or more series, imbricated,
erect; chaflf concave, or embracing the flowers; acJienia compressed,
2-awned. — U American plants, sometimes shrubby. Lvs. often decur-
rent, serrate or lobed. Hds. solitary or corymbous,
1 V. siegisb^ckia Mx. St. 4-winged ; lvs. opposite, ovate or lance-ovate, serrate,
acuminate, triple-veined, tapering to a winged petiole, hds. radiate, in trichotomous
cymes; rays 1 to 5; ach. wingless; Jts. yellow. — Roadsides and dry fields, W.
and S. States, common. St. 4 to 6f' high. Lvs. 5 to 8' by 3 to 4', thin. Hds.
about 25-liowered, with yellow corollas, and yellow, lanceolate rays, tlie latter
about 9" long. Aug., Sept. (Corjopsis alata Ph. Actinomeris alata Nutt.)
2 V. Virginica L. St. narrowly-winged, pubescent above ; lvs. alternate, lanceo-
late or lance-ovate, subserrate, scabrous, acute or acuminate, tapering to the
sessile base ; lower ones decurrent ; corymbs compound, dense ; rays (oval) and
disk-fls. white; ach. winged. — Dry woods, Penn. to La. Stem 3 — 5f high, and
leaves beneath often more or less tomentous. Heads about 20-flowered, the 3 or
4 rays scarcely J' long. Aug. Sept.
3 V. sinu^ta Ell. St. wingless, striate-angled, pubescent ; lvs. alternate, ovate,
acuminate, contracted to a long, slender base, irregularly repand-toothed and itome
of them sinuate-lohed or pinnatifid ; hds. corymbous ; rays 3 to 5, oval, and with
the disk white ; ach. broadly winged. — Sandy soil, S. Car., Ga. (Feay), Fla. St.
2 to 4f high, with ample, coarse lvs. Hda. similar to the last, about 12-flowered.
Lvs. feather- veined. Sept. — Nov.
61. DYSO^DIA, Cav. False Dog-fknnel. Heads many-flowered ;
fays ? ; disk S ; involucre of a single series of partially united scales,
usually calyculate ; achenia elongated, 4-angled, compressed ; pappus
scales chaff'y, in one series, fimbriatoly and palmately cleft into bristles.
— (D Herbs with large, pellucid glands. Lvs. mostly opposite and
pinnately parted or toothed. Hds. paniculate or corymbous. Fls,
yellow.
D. chrysanthemoidea Lagasca. St. glabrous, much-branched; lvs. pinnatdy
parted, lobes linear, toothed; hds. terminal on the short branchlets ; scales united
at base, scarious, obtuse, with large, oblong glands ; outer scales 7 to 9, Ihiear ;
pappus bristles slender, as long as the involucre. — Prairies and roadsides, IIL,
Mo., to La. An ill-scented plant, about If high, with finely divided lvs. Aug. —
Oct (Tagetes papposa Vent.)
62. GAILLAFi'DIA, Fougeroux. Heads radiate ; rays neutral ; scales
in 2 or 3 series, acute, leafy, spreading, outer largest ; receptacle con-
vex, fimbrillate (naked in the following species) ; rays cuneiform, 3-
cleft; Jichenium villous with long hairs from its base ; pappus of 6 to 10
long awns, which are membranous at base. — Lvs. alternate, entire,
often dotted. Hds. on long, naked peduncles.
1 G. lanceolSta Mx. Pubescent; lvs. lanceolate or liiioar, sessile, the lower
petiolate ; scales as long as the disk ; dLsk-fis. with long, subulate, pubescent
teeth; receptacle mooth, {not fimbrillate!). — @J Barrens, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex.
St. 1 to 2f high, slender, ending in long, naked flower-stalks. Lvs. 1 to 3' iong^
rather oblong. Scales and disk purple. Rays yellow. May — Aug.
2 Q. pulohella Fouger. Pubescent; Iva. lanceolate, the lower sbort-petioled,
Ordeb 70.— composite.
455
toothfcd or incised, upper subcluaping ; scales very hairy, longer than the disk •
disk corollas with subulate teetli ; receptacle fimbriUate, toith skiuier awns. — 1;
La., Tex, and in garden.s. St. branching, lids. 1 to 1^' diuin. Haya 10 to 12,
violet-purple, with yellow teeth.
63. POLYP'TERIS, Nutt. (Gr. troXxx;, many, Trrtpov, a wing ; from
the feather-like pappus.) Heads discoid ; flowers all perfect, tubular
and similar ; scales flat, scarious, in 2 or 3 series, appressed ; receptacle
naked; achenia 4-angled, slender at base; pappus of 6 to 12 mem-
branous, pinnately striate scales. — Lvs. scattered, lanceolate. FIs.
cyanic. (Palafoxia, T. & G.)
P. integrifdlia Nutt. Rough; st. corymbous above; lvs. line.ir-Ianceolate,
entire ; outer scales loose, acut^, inner obtuse ; pappus of 8 to 10 acuminate
squamae with fringed or plumed edges, — Barrens, S. W. (ia. and Mid. Fla.
.Sta. .3 to 5f high, bearing the large, purplish heada in a level-topped corymb.
Aug. — Oct.
64. HYM2N0PAPTUS, L'Her. (Gr. vp'/v, membrane, TraTTTrfof, pap-
pus ; from the character.) Heads many-flowered ; flowers all perfect,
tubular; scales 6 to 12, in 2 series, oval, obtuse, membranaceous,
colored; receptacle small, naked ; anthers exserted ; achenia bro".d at
the summit, attenuate to the base ; pappus of many short, obtuse,
membranous scales in one series. — (g) or U North American, villous
herbs. St. grooved and angled. Lvs. alternate, pinnately divided.
H. BcabiosaeuB L'Her. Hoary -villus, or nearly glabrous; lvs. pinnately or bi
pinnately parted, segments linear or oblong, entire or sparingl.v toothed ; hds.
in simple corymbs; scales obovate, 7 — 11, white, greenish at base, undulate on
the margin, longer thar. the disk ; cor. deeply lobed ; ach. pubescent. — 111. to
Fla. Stem 1 — 2f high, whitish with soft cotton when young, at length purplish
and glabrous. Segments I — H' by 1 — 2 ', rather acute. Hds. whitish, about
21-flowered. Apr., May. (South.) — Aug,
65. HELE^NIUM, L. American Snkezewort. (Xamed for the
celebrated Helen, who is said to have availed herself of its cosmetic
properties.) Involucre double, the outer of leafy, narrow scales, the
inner chaffy ; ray pistillate ; pappus of five, one-awned, chaflfy leaves ;
receptacle globous, naked in the disk, and chaflfy in the ray only ; ray
flowers half 3-cleft ; seed* villous. — Lvs. alternate, decurrent. Rays
yellow.
t Disk globular, its florets with a 5-toothod corolla Nos. 1 — a
I I)i!>k oblong, ita tlurets with a 4-toothcd corolla No. 4
1 H. autumn^le L. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, smooth or slightly pubescent, de-
current ; Jls. loosely corymbotis. — U In damp places. St. 2 to 3f high, branching
strongly, winged by the decurrent lvs. Lvs. tapering to each end, or elliptic-
lanceolate, more or less deeply serrate. Fls. large, numerous, terminal, with
drooping rays, each ending in 3 obtuse teeth, and longer than the large, globous
disk. The plant is very bitter. Aug.
/3. CANALicuLATUM. Rays concave, canaliculate or 3-furrowed. (H. canalicu*
latum Lam.)
2 H. parvifldrum Nutt. Lvs. lanceolate, subentire, smooth, scarcely decwrent ;
hds. solitary, or in small, scattered clusters. — Ga. (Nuttall.) Heads about half as
large as in No. 1. Disk globous. longer than the filiform scales. Rays fiat.
Pappus scales awned, half as long as the corolla Ach. smooth.
3 H. tenuifdlium Nutt. Smoothish; branches numerous, faatigiate, very leafy;
lvs. linear or filiform, entire, <aacicled; scales subulate; disk globous. — Fields,
waysides, 6a. (Feay, Pond) to La. St 1 to 2f high, naked and woody below,
M
I
(if *
i
■\^
f
450
Order 70.— COMPUBIT^.
brauchos uprigbt. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Hds. 4 or 5" diani. Raya about 12,
spreading 9 or 10". Apr. — Nov.
4 H. quadrident^tum Labill. Siuootliish, much brunehed ; lvs. oblong, .'spar-
ingly lobfd or tootliud, the highest lanceolate, entire ; disk oblong, longer than
the rays ; pappus scales obtuse. — riwatiips, Miss., La. to Ark. St. 1 to 3f high.
with solitary, tiTininal, small hds. Lvs. about 4-toolhed or lobed. Disk tla. 4-
toothed. Jn. — Aug.
66. LEPTOP'ODA, Nutt. (Gr. Mito^, slender, novg^ foot ; alluding
to the elongated peduncles.) Heads niany-Howered ; rays neutral, cune-
ate, 3 — 4 cleft ; disk i^ ; scales spreading, numerous, attenuate ; recep-
tacle conical; chaff 0; pappus of 6 — 10-fringed scpumiie. — 21 North
American herbs, with the habit of llelcnium.
§ Ili-ads corymbcfl, on short peduncles. Pappiw ctispidntc-awncd No. 1
§ llcail soliury, on a long iteduncle. Pitppus awnlcss. — Aclienia glabrous Nos. 2, 8
— Aclienia bairy Nos. 4, .5
1 L. brach^poda Torr. & Gr. St. leafy, corymbous at summit ; lvs. decurrcnt,
lanceolate, subentire, the lower toothed, obtuse ; hds. on short peduncles ; scal<;s
lance-linear, about half as long as the 8 — 12 drooping rays ; disk brownish-purple.
— Separated from Helenium only on account of its sterile rays. In damp soil,
from Southern 111. to Tex. and S, States. Stem about 2f high. Heads several or
numerous. Rays broadest at summit, rather deeply and irregularly toothed,
7 — 9'' by 4 — 5". (Helenium quadridentatum Hook.)
2 L. Helenium Nutt. Smooth ; lvs. lanceolate or lance- linear, entire or re-
motely denticulate, mostly slightly decurrent, the lowest tapering to a petiole ;
pappus awnless, laceratc'(l; ach. glabrous; rays 20 or more in one row. — Moist
soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. About 2f high, lealy below, ending in a long, naked
stalk, bearing one hd. Lvs. .3 to 6' long. Disk 5 to 8'' broad. Mar., Apr.
3 L. incisa Torr. & Gr. Glabrous ; lvs. lanceolate, sessile, not decurrent, sinnate-
pinnatifid or incised; pappus awnless, lacerated; rays about 40, in 2 or 3 rwu.v;
ach. glabrous. — Ga. (Le Conte).
4 L. pub^rula Macbr. St. clustered, tomentous or downy ; lvs. lance-linear, oc-
casionally toothed or incLsed, no# decurrent; ach. hairy; pappus scales obtuse. —
N. Car. to Fla. Sts. 1 to 2f high, usually many from one root. Lvs. 2 to 4 long,
half-clasping. Rays 20 to 30, broadly wedge-shaped, spreading l.V to 2 . Apr.,
May. (H. pinnatifida Nutt.)
5 L. brevifdlia Nutt. Nearly glabrotus ; lvs. all entire or nearly so, thi' cauline
decurrent, the lower oblong-spatulate, obtuse, highest lanceolate, acute; ach.
hairy. — N. Car. to Ala. St. 1 to 3f high, occasionally branched, and with mor©
tliau 1 bead. Hd. about as large as in No. 4. May, Jn.
67. BALDWIN 'I A, Nutt. (To Br. William Baldwin, one of our
pioneer botanists.) Involucre scales imbricated in 2 to 4 rows, appres-
scd, shorter than the disk, inner acute or acuminate ; receptacle con-
vox, deeply alveolate with horny walls ; rays 8 to 20, neutral, in one
row, narrow-cuneiform, 3-toolhed ; disk flowers ^ , tube horny below *,
achenia immersed in the cells, silky-villous, crowned with a pappus of
9 to 12 oblong scales. — 21 Herbs simple or corymbed, naked above,
with alternate, linear, punctate lvs. and yellow fls.
1 B. unifldra Nutt. Fitberuknt, simple, \-ftowered; hd. about 20-rayed ; pa[)pu3
9-leaved. — Open swamps, Va. to Fla. and La, near the coast. Plant 1 to 2f high,
striate-angled. Lvs. thick, linear-spatulate below, linear and bract-like above.
Disk 7 to 8" wide, rays narrow, spreading nearly 2'. Cells of the receptacle just
like a honey-comb, 2 to 3" deep. Jl. — Sept.
2 B. multifldra Nutt. Glabrous, much branched, with a corymb of fls. ; lvs. very
numerous, narrowly linear ; rays about 10 ; pappus 12-leaved; ach. marked with
12 rays on its tiat summit. — Sand bills, Ga., Fla. Plant 1 to 3f high, slender.
OaoKii 70.— COMPOSIT.E.
457
tlio Ivs. almost filiform. Ildi iiboiit U' broad, incluiUiig tho rayii. luvol. acjuar-
rous. Aug., Sept. (Actiuospermuiu angustifolium T. k G.)
68. MARSHAL LIA, Schrt'b. False Scauish. {To Humphrey Mar-
ahull of Penii., one of our earliest botanical aiitliors.) Itivoluere siales
la!ico-linear, subequal, erect, in one or two rows ; receptacle convex,
with linear, rig i< I pales; flowers all tubulaf, i;^ ; corolla lobes slender
fjpreadiiii;; achenia 5-angleil ; pappus of 5 or nuiiubranous, awned
scales. — 2^ Driianieiital herbs, simple or branch(;d, with alternate, en-
tire, ;i-veined Ivs., and solitary long-stalked hds. of purplish fls. resetn-
blinix a Scabish.
1 M. latifolia Ph. St. simple, leafy ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ses.sile ;
sr<ilt^ rigid, acute; pales narrowly linear; pappus triangular-aeuminate. — Dry
soils, Va. to Ala. (Shields) along tho mouutains. A smooth, haudsomo plant If
high, with a slender, pui^/le stem. Lvs. about 2' long, conspicuously 3-veined.
.Cf»r. G to 7 ' long, with slender tubes, scales half as long. May, Jn.
2 M. angustifdlia Ph. St. mostly branched, leafy ; lvs. below narrowly lanceo-
late, above narrowly linear, all acute ; scales acute, pales setaceous ; pappus ovate-
acuminate. — Swamps, &c., N. Car., Tenn. to Fla. A beautiful plant. Sts. otlen
clustered at base. If high. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, the lower petiolate, upper shorter,
(Uminished to bristle form bracts. Jn. — Aug.
3 M. lanceol^ta Ph. Simple, leafy below, naked above ; lvs. lanceolate or oh-
lanceolate, mostly obtuse, tapering to a petiole, tho upper sessile; scales oblong,
linear, obtuse; pales spatulate ; acli. pubescent. — Upper districts N. Car. to Ga.
and Ala. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Apr. — Jn.
69. AN'THEMIS, L. Chamomile. Involucre liemispherical, with
nearly equal scales; rays numerous, pistillate; receptacle chafty, con-
vex or conic ; achenia crowned with a slight border. — European herbs
with much divided lvs.
1 A. arv6nai8 L. St. erect, hairy ; lvs. bipiimatifid, hairy and caneacent, segments
linear-lanceolate; acli. crowned with a narrow margin ; pales lanceolate, cuspidate,
longer than the flowers. — (2) Grows in dry, cultivated fielda A pilous, inodorous
plant, somewhat resembling the Mayweed. Stems diffusely branching, 8 — l.'i'
liigh. Heads large, solitary on the leafless, downy summits of the branches.
Disk yellow, rays white. July. § Eur.
2 A. ndbilis L. Si. prostrate, branching from the base, woolly ; lvs. decompound-
pinnatifld, segments linear, subulate; j^afes scarious, lanceolate, scarrrly as long an
the thxoers. — 11 Grows wild occasionally in fields, and is cultivated in gardens.
The strong and agre.eablo scent of the Chamomile is well known, also its tonio
and anodyne qualities, which chiefly reside in tho flowers. July — Sept. § Eur.
70. MARU^TA, Less. May-weed. Involucre hemispherical, imbri-
cated ; rays neutral ; disk perfect; receptacle conical, ehaflfy (at least
at the summit) ; pappus ; achenia smooth. — European herbs, with al-
ternate, much divided leaves. Rays white.
M. cotula DC St. erect, nearly smooth ; lvs. bipinnatifid, segments linear-subu-
late : pales bristly, shorter than the flowers. — (l) Waste places, in hard, dry soils,
especially by roadsidef, in patches of great extent. Stem branching, difl'uso. If
high, with alternate leaves divided and subdivided into a multitude of segments.
Flowers solitary, on terminal, striated stalks. The plant is ill-scented. Linnaeus
says it is grateful to toads, drives away fleas, and is annoying to flies. Jn. —
Sept. § Eur. (Anthemis L.)
71. ACHILLE^A, L. Millfoil. Yarrow. (Named after AchilU^
a disciple of Chiron, who first used the plant.) Involucre ovoid, of un-
equal imbricated scales; rays 6 to 10, short, pistillate ; receptacle flat,
-'li
/ / M
'!jrf
■'f:
I
T
458
Order 70.— COMPOSITE
chaffy; achenia without a pappus. — li European herbs with much di^
vided, alternate Ivs. lids, radiate.
1 A. Millefdlium L. Lvs. bipinnatifid, with linear, dentate, mucronato sofj^*
ments ; st, furrowed, corymbed at top ; scales obiou}f ; mys 4 to 5, short. — Fields,
pastures, Ac, N. Eng. to Or. and Arctic America. St. a foot high brauchiug at
top into a dense, ttat-topped corymb of white or rose-colored Hs. It has an agree-
able, pungent taste and smell. Jn. — Sept. — The variety with rose-purple tlowon
is very pretty in gardens.
2 A. ptdrmica L. Snkezewort. Lvs. linear, acuminate, equally and sharply ser-
rate, sm(X)th. — Found in moist grounds and siiady places, Can. and N. Y. (Piirsii),
Mass. (Nichols). Plant aliout 15' higli, branching at top into a diffuse corymb of
white fls. The lvs. are remarkably distinct from the yarrow. Tiio dried jpowder
of the leaves, used as snuff, provokes sneezing. A variety with doul»lo flowers
occurs which is quite ornamental in pots. Aug. \ g Eur.
72. LEUCANTHEMUM, Tourn. White-weed. (Or. XevKoc^ white,
dvOog, flower ; the heads liave larc^e, coiispicuons rays.) Invohio\;o
broad, depressed, iinbrieated ; rays pistillate, numerous ; receptacle flat,
naked; achenia striate ; pappus none. — Herbs with alternate lvs. lids,
radiate.
L. vulgare Lam. St. erect, simple or few-branched, with solitary heads; lvs.
clasping, lanceolate and oblong, toothed above, cut-pinnatitid at the base^
scales edsfed with brown.— 2f A great annoyance to tiie farmer, in fields and
pastures, U. S. to Aic. Am. St. about 2f. high. Lv.«. comparatively lew and
small. Heads large (13 — 16'' broad). Rays many, ligulate, white. Jl. — Sept.
§ Eur. (Chrysantliemum Leucanthemum, L.)
i3. TUBULiFLoHUM (Tenney). Rnys tubular, elongated, white, deeply cleft
into 5 or 3 lobes. — Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (Mr. W. 11. Gerard.)
73. MATRICA^RIA, Tourn. Fever Few. Involucre scales imbricate,
many-flowered, with membranous margins; receptacle conical or con-
vex, naked ; pappus a membranous margin crowning the achenia, or
none. — Herbs chiefly perennial, with alternate lvs. lids, with or with-
out rays. (Pyrethrum, Smith.)
M. parthdnium L Eds. radiate ; lvs. petiolate, flat, tripinnate, the segm. ovate,
cut; ped. branching, corymbous; st. erect; invol. hetnispherical, pubescent. —
Fields, rare. Several varieties of the Fever-few are cultivated, and are in great
favor with many florists, on account of their fine pyramidal form, surmounted
with a corymb of pure white, double flowers which retain their beauty for several
weeks, f Eur.
2 M. diacoidea DC. Hds. discoid; lvs. sessile, 2 to 3-pinnateIy parted, lobes
small, linear-oblong, acute ; hds. on simple peduncles ; scales equal, oval, obtuse,
with white, scarious margins much shorter than the conical disk. — j) 111- opposite
St. Louis, also in Oregon. Sts. 3 to 8' high. Disk 2 to 3 ' broad and high. Pap-
pus obsolete.
3 M. Balsdmita Willd. English Mint. Pubescent ; hds. discoid ; st. erect;
lvs. ovate, oblong, serrate, the lower petiolate, upper sessile, auriculate at base;
hds. corymbed ; pappus none. — Gardens. St. 1 to 2f high. The plant is yellow-
ish green, clothed with loose, minute tomentum, with the fragrance of spearmint.
74. CHRYSANTHEMUM, (Gr. xpv(T6g, gold, dvdog, flower.) Heads
heterogamous ; involucre imbricate, hemispherical ; the scales with
membranous margins ; receptacle naked ; pappus none. — Ornamental
plants from China and other eastern countries. Lvs. alternate, lobed.
Hds. radiate.
1 C. corou£kriuin L. Annual ; st. branched ; lvs. bipinnatifid broader at the
summit, acute. — Native of S. Europe and N. Africa. The variety with double
Orukb 70.— COMPO.SITi«L 459
flowers is frequently cultivated as a hardy annual. St. about .If hiirh, striat«i,
imootb, erect, with alternate, clasping Iva Fls. large, turniinal, solitury, yellow.
Aug.
2 C. oarindtum Willd. Annual; Iv.i. bipinnate, hcshy, nmooth ; iti\nl. sc-alos
carinutf. — Native of Biirbury. lids, large and beautiful; disk pur[)lf, nivs white,
with u yellow base. A variety has rays entirely yellow. Jl. — Oct. (»' tricolor
Andr.)
3 C. Sin^nse Sabine. Perennial; Ivs. coriaceous, stalked, sinuate-pi nnatijid,
dentate, glaucou-s ; r.ays very long. — A native of (Jhina, where it hua hm^ boeii
cultivated and highly esteemed for its beauty. A groat number of voriotiu.s liiivo
been produced with double, semidouble, and quilled flowers of every pos.<ible
shade of color. It Is of very easy culture in any common soil. The phmts are
propagated by divisions, by suckers, and by cuttings. (Pyrethrum Sinenso DO.)
75. TANACETUM, L. Tanst. (Said to be a corruption o( idavaata
deathless ; for the dur{il)le flowers.) Itivoiucro hemispherical, imbri-
cate, the scales all miimto ; receptacle convex, naked ; pappus a slitjht,
membranous border ; achenia with a lar<;e, epij^ynous disk. — Lvs. alter-
nate, mucli dissected. Fls. yellow, discoid.
T. vulg^re L. Zys. |3jnraa<e/i/ dtyWed, segments oblong-lanceolate, piniuitidd and
incisely serrate; h l^^. fastigiato-eorymboiM, ruy fin. terete, tubular, 'i-toothed. — U
in old fields and roadsides. Stems clustered, 2 — 3f high, branched above into a
handsome corymb of yellow flowers. Aug. — The whole plant has a strong and
aromatic smell and bitter taste. The seeds are anthelmintic. A variety ciillcd
double tansey occurs, with dense and crisped loaves. § Eur.
2 T. Hurou^nse Nutt. Lvs. bipinnaiely divided, lobes oblong, often again pin-
uatitid; hds. large, corymbd; ray fis. flattened, unequally 3 to ^-cleft. — .Shores of
Lake Huron and Mackinaw Strait, to Hudson's Bay. Plant 1 to ;U" hij^h, some-
what tomentous. Hds. larger than In No. 1, citron-yellow.
76. ARTEMIS'IA, L. Wormwood, <fcc. (Probably from ArtntiiSy
one of the names of the goddess Diana.) Involucre ovoid, imbrii-ate,
with dry, connivent scales ; receptacle without pales ; disk-flowers
numerous, ^ , tubular, ray flowers few, often without .stamens and with
a subulate corolla or none ; achenia with a small disk ; pappus 0. —
Jiitter herbs. Lvs. alternate. Cor. yellow or purplish, discoid.
% Receptacle villous or hairy. Flowers all fertile Nos. 1, 9
§ liuuei)tacle naked. — Flowers all fertile. Leaves or segments lanceolate Nos. 8, 4
— Flottvrs all fertile. Leaves or segments linear Nos. fi, 6
— Flowers of the disk sterile. Leaves or segments linear Nos. 7—9
1 A. frigida Willd. Lvs. pinnately parted, silky canescent, Ifts. linear and 3 — 5-
cleft ; heads nodding, globuos, in panieled racemes; scales of the in vol. canescent,
roundish, the inner oblong; corollas glabiou.s. — Rocky hills, Minnesota, Dakota,
and westward. Plant branched Irom base, 6 — 12'. July — Aug.
2 A. AbBinthium L. Commox Wormwood. Lvs. multifld, clothed tvith short,
silky pubescence, both sides ; segments lanceolate ; hds. hemisperical, drooping ; re-
ceptacle hairy. — 2f Grrowing among rubbish, rocks, and by roadsides, N. Eng.,
Can. Stems angular, branched, with erect racemes of nodding, yellow flowers.
The whole plant is proverbially bitter, and of powerful medicinal qualities as a
tonic, stomachic, &c. § Eur.
3 A. Ludovici^na Nutt. Oanescently tomentoiis all over ; lvs. lanceolate, lower
incisely and remotely serrate or subpinnatitid, upper entire ; hds. ovoid, subses-
sile, arranged in a simple, slender, leafy panicle. — U Lake and river shores, Mich,
to Mo. W. to Oreg. Stem 2 — 5f high, simple or branched. Leaves quite vari-
able in size and also in pubescence, sometimes nearly smooth. Heads small aod
crowded.
♦ A. vulgaris L. Muowokt. Lvs. caMscent-tomenUms beneath, cauline ones pin-
natifid, segm. lanceolate, acute, subdentate, floral ones entire^ linear-lanceolate,-
; I , •>♦
"^^.^f-
f!
Tf
Si
'f
ill
•400
Order 70.— COMPOSIT.t:.
hds. erect, ovoid, subaessile ; invol. tomentous. — % Fields, roadsides, bankn of
stroaius, Ac, Vt., K H. ttt. 2 to 3t' liigh, branching into a panicle of spicate
Kicomes. Lvs. very variabli>, but never attenuated to linear, now obtuse, now
acute tiom the same locality (Hanover, N. II. Ricard.) Hds. few-flowered,
purplisi).
3 A. biennis Willd. riant erect, smooth; lvs. bipinnately parted, upper ones
pimialifid, all with linear, acute, and mostly incised lob.'S ; hds. .sessile, arranged
in a close, narrow, leafy panicle of short spikes. — "I; Wester, i States and north-
ward. Also eastward to the Hudson R. (Mr. C. B. Gerard.)
6 A. Abrotanum L. ScurnERNWOOD. St. erect; loivi'r lvs. bipinnale;
uppir ones capillary, pinnate; invol. downy, hemispherical. — 2| A well known
shrubby plant in gardens, about 3f high. Leaves alternate, much divided into
very narrow, linear segments. Flowers numerous, nodding, yellow. Nativo of
S. Europe. \
7 A. borealia Pallas. Oitspitoiis, silky-villous or sraoothish ; st. simple ; lower
lvs. pdiolate, linear-lanceolate, entire towards tho base, ternat(.ly, plnnately, or bi-
pinnately parted above, with linear lobes, upper linear, 3 to 5-cleft or entire ; hds.
hemispherical, spicute or racemou.s-pianlculate. — % Kcweena Pt., Lake Superior
(Houghton, in N. Am. Fl.) St. 6 to 10' high.
8 A. Canadensis Mx. Sea Wormwood. St. erect or decumbent; lvs. pin-
nalijid with linear segments; fls. subglobous, sessile, in a panicle of racemes. — 1(.
Rivers and lake shores, N. Eng. and Can. Shores of the great lake-». St. 2 to 4f
high, much branched, snlcatL-, browni.sh, mostly erect. Hds. 2 ' diam., numer-
ous, forming a large panicle of racemes. Scales with a membranous margin.
Aug.
9 A. oaudata Mx. Glahroit.% simple, densely paniculate ; lvs. bipinnately divi-
ded, upper pinnate, segm. filiform or svtactous, alter uafc; lids, ovoid-globous,
pedicellate, erect. — '$) On the sea-coast, N. H. to Ga. St. 3 to 5f higli, strict.
Lvs. in many tl\read-like and somewhat fleshy segm.; hds. 1%" diam., in a strict,
dense panicle. Outer scales ovate, inner scarious, elliptical. Aug., Sept.
77. SOLTVA Ruiz. «t Pav. (To Sahator Soliva, a Spanish botan-
ist an.l physician.) Invohicre of 5 to 10 to 15 scales in one row; re-
coptacle flat, naked ; fertile flowers in several rows, apetalous ; $ fl.s.
few, interior, Avith a 3 to o-toothed corolla; achenia obcompressed, tip-
ped Avith the persistent st\le and no pappus. — Little depressed herbs
with pinnately divided l\s. and sessile lids.
S. naJturtiifdlia DO. Plant very small, minutely pubescent ; lvs. pinnately 5
to 9- parted, lobes oblong, obtu.so; scales 10 to 15 ; ach. obconic, rugous, crowned
with a dense tull of wool instead of pappus. — S. Car., Ga., near tho cotist, banks
of the Ogeech(^e, growing <vith Sencbiera. Plant Hut on the ground, forming a
dense mat. IjVS. 6 to 10" long, lobes 1". Ild.s. disproportionately largo (2 to 3''
broad), axillary, depressed. Ach. wrinkled transversely. Mar., Apr.
78. GNAPHA^LIUM, I.. Cidweeu. Everlasting. (Gr. ym</)aAoj',
cotton or wool ; from tho soft, cottony surface of tho heibage.) Heads
discoid, heterogamous ; ''nvolucre imbricate with scarious, colored
scales ; marginal flowers luibulate, pi.stillate, mostly in several rows ;
central flowers ^ ; receptacle flat, naked ; i»appus a single row of scab-
rous, hair-like bristles. — Herbs generally clothed with whitish wool.
Lvs. alternate, entire.
• Heads in terir.inftl corymbous clusters Nos. 1 — 3
* llimds in axillary, soniewlint spicute chisters No.^ 4, 6
1 G. decdrrens Ives. Lvs. decurrent, liuear-lanc^olate, very acute, naked above,
white and woolly beneath, Jis. in dense, ioundisli, terminal clusters. — 2^ A stcut
species, covered with a dense, hoary pubescence. It grows in hilly pastures, Ac,
N. H. Yt. to N J. Stem 2f high, with scattered leaves and spreading branches.
Obdbii 70.— composite.
461
Leaves on the upper side green, scabrous and viscid. Scales whitish, with yel
low corollas. Aug.
2 O. polyc^phalam Mx. Erect; Ivs. sessile, linear-lanceolate, acute, scabrous
above, whitiah totnentous beneath, aa well as the paniculate stem ; hds, capitate,
corv'ubous ; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute. — (I) Common in flelua, &c., Can. and U.
S. It is distinguishable by its strong, agreeable odor, and its brownish color
Stem 1 — 2f high, whitish, with a cottony down, much branched. Hds. much
larger than in the next. Involucre with whitish scales and yellow flowers.
Aug.
3 G. uliginoBum L. Cudweed. St. diffusely branched, woolly; Ivs. sessile,
linear-lanceolati. , hds. small (1" wide) in terminal, crowded, leqfy clusters ; scales
obtuse, yellowish or brownish ; ach. smooth. — (I) A small, spreading plant, clothed
witli whitish down, common in sandy places where water occasionally stands, X.,
Mid. and W. Str.tes. Stein 4 — 6' high. Leaves numerous, acute, narrowed at
the base. Scales of the involucre oblong, obtuse, yellowish. Aug.
4 O. purpiireum L. St. erect, simplo or branched from the base, tomentous;
Ivs. linear-spatulate or obovate-spatulate, downy-canescent beneath, grcon above ;
hds. sessile, crowded, terminal and axillary; scales acuminate. — 1' Grows in
sandy fields and pastures, N. H. to Ind. and La. Stem 8 — 12 high, sending out
shoots at the base. Heads with tawny, purplish scales and yellow corollas.
June.
5 G. Bupinum Villars. Gcespitous, woolly; Ivs. linear; hds. few, oblong, in a
spicate raceme or solitary ; scales acute, blown; pistillate fis. in but one row. —
White Mt.s., N. H. (Nuttall.) Sts. 2 to 4' liigh.
79. ANTENNA^RIA, Br. Everlasting. (Name in allusion to the
bristles of the pappus, which resemble antennjc.) Heads dicEcious ; in-
volucre of imbricate, colored scales; pistillate corollas filiform ; recep-
tacle subconvex, alveolate ; pappus a sinj^le row of bristles. — li Tomen-
tous. L\ s. alternate, entire, lids, corymbous, with white or brownish,
never yellow scales. (Gnaphalium L.)
1 A. margariticea Br. St. erect, simple, corymbously branched above ; Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, acute, 3-vein'^d, sessile, woolly beneath, stem woolly ; corymbs fasti-
giate; scales elliptic, obtuse, opaque, white. — IC Fields and pjisturf's, U. S. and
Brit. Am. St. 1 to 2f high, and with its numerous, scattered Us. clothed with
white and cotton-like down. Hds. numerous, hemispherical, fadeless. Fls. yel-
low. Jl. — Named for its dry, imperishable, pearl-white scales.
A. plantaginifdlia Br. Mouse-ear. Everlastino. Stolons procumbent ; st.
aimpk; radical Ivs. oval, obovate or spatulate, mucrouate, 3-veined, silky -canes-
cent, St. Ivs. small, lanceolate; scales ovato, obtuse. — IC Borders of woods, &c.,
U. S. and Brit. Am., flowering in early spring. Whole plant whitish with down.
St. 5 to 8' liigh, often wifh stolons at base. Rt. Ivs. much larger than those of
the stem. St. Ivs. few, bract-like. Hds. in a terminal, dense cluster, purplish
white. Feb. — May. (A. dioica Br.)
80. FILA^GO, Tourn. Cotton Rose. Cudweed. (Apparently
from the Latin Jilum, a thread ; on account of the cottony hairs.)
Heads beterogamous ; involucre of a few villous scales ; marginal
flowers ? ; receptacle columnar, naked at the apex, chaffy at base ;
achenia terete, central ones with a hnvrj pappus. — Downy-canescent
herbs. Lvs. alternate, entire.
P Germdnica L. St. dichotomous or proliferously branched above ; lvs. linear-
lanceolate, acute, crowded, erect ; hds. few-flowered, in dense, capitate clust«,'rs,
terminal and lateral ; scales cuspidate, passing insensibly into the pales of tlie
teceptacle, each with a pistillate flower in the axil. — (T Fields and roadsides,
Mass., N. Y. to Ya St. 6 to 10' high. Scales atraw-oolor, with a green Uoe
outside. Jl. — Oct. § Eur.
ill
i \
■^4
^^ n
n
•4
■I
1
402
Ohi>ku 70.— C0MP0S1T>K.
81. XERAN'THEMUM, (Gr. ^7jp6g, dry, dvi9of ; on account of its dry,
imperishiiblo llowers.) Ucads discoid ; iuvolucre hemispherical, with
radiant, colored, opaque, scarious scales ; receptacla paleaceous ; pappus
paleo-sctaceous. — (i) Native of S. Europe.
X. annuum Willd. Eternal Flower. St. erect, branched ; Ivs. oblong-
luiiceolato, obtusish, iilternate, entire; hds. large, terminal, solitary; scales of
the jnvolucro obtuse, scarious, inner ones of the ray spreading, lanceolate, obtuse.
— A .singular plant, half hardy, of easy culture. Stem 2 — 3f high. The radi-
ant involucre scales are of a rich purple, but there are variuties with red,
white, blue and yellow scales. The flowers retain their beauty for years.
82. HELICHRY^SUM. (Gr. (/olden sun) is another genus of fadeless
flowers, of which several species are occasionally cuiiivated. The
sproaling scales are of various colors. II. bracteosura is the finest
species, having yellow scales, heads on long stalks and lanceolate
leaves.
83. ERECH'TITES, Raf. Fire-weed. (Gr. ^pe;t'^6>, to trouble ; the
species are troublesome weeds.) Flowers all tubular, those of the mar-
gin pistillate, of the disk perfect; involucre cylindrical, simple, slightly
calyculate; receptacle naked; pappus of numerous, fine, capillary
bristles. — (£) Lvs. simple, alternate. Fls. corymbous, whitish.
B. hieracifdlius Raf. St. paniculate, virgate; lvs. oblong, amplexicaul, acute,
unequally and deeply toothed with acute indentures; invol. smooth ; ach. hairy.
— A rank weed, growing in fields (Can. and U. Sj), particularly in 8uc;h as have
been newly cleared and burnt over. St. thick and fleshy, branching, 3f high,
roughish. Lvs. of a light green, large, irregularly cut into many deep and acute
teeth. Fls. terminal, crowded, destitute of rays, white. Invol. large and tumid
at base. Aug., Sept. (Senecio hieracifolius L.)
84. CACATIA, L. Wild Caraway. Tassel Flower. (An an-
cient Gr. name of an uncertain plant.) Flowers all tubular, ^ ; in-
volucre cylindric, oblong, often calyculate witli small scales at the base;
receptacle not chafty ; pappus capillary, scabrous. — Mostly 21 . Smooth.
Lvs. alternate. lids, of fls. corymbed, mostly cyanic.
6 Scales of tho Involucre united, about 12. Flowers 60 to 80, scarlet No. 8
§ Scales of tho involucre distinct, — about 12. Flowers 20 to 80, white No. 1
— 5 only. Flowers 6. — Leaves cordate or lobed. . .Nos. 2—4
— Leaves never cordate Nos. C — 7
1 C. suavSolena L. Glabrous ; st. striate-angular ; lvs. petiolate, hastate-sagit-
tate, serrate, smooth, green on botii sides ; tls. corymbed, erect ; invol. many-
flowered. — U Western N. Y. to Conn. (Robbins), to Ga. and 111. Stems 4 — 6f
high, striate, leafy. Radical leaves on long stalks, pointed ; cauline ones on
winged stalks. Flowers whitish, in a terminal, compound corymb. Scales and
peiluncles smooth, with setaceous bracts beneath the involucre, and beneath the
divisions of the peduncles. Aug.
2 C. renifdnnis Muhl St. sukate-angled ; lvs. palmately veined, nearly smooth,
green both sides, petiolate, lower ones reniform, upper flaheUiform; corymb com-
pou- (1, fastigiate; hds. 6-flowered. — Woods, Ind., Ill, Penn., S. to Car. St. 3 to
6f 1 gh, nearly simple, glabrous. Lvs. 3 to 12' by 6 to 18', repand -dentate, lower
pel oles very long. Scales of involucre 6, obtuse, whitish. Jl.
3 C. atriplicifdlia L. St. terete; lvs. petiolate, smooth, glaucous beneath, palm-
ate-veined, angularly lobed and dentate, the lower subcordate; Hs. corymbed,
erect; invol. 5 -flowered. — N. Y. to Ga. and 111. St. 3 to 5f high, leaty. Lvs.
alternate, the lower ones as largo as the hand, with large, uncqiial teeth or lobes.
Hds. small, ovoid-cylindric, whitisli, looaely corymbous at the top of the branchea
Ji.— Sept.
Obdeb 70.— composite.
463
4 C. diversifdlia Toir. k Gr. Plant not glaucous; st. striate-angUd ; lower Iva.
ovate, obtust, repand-toothed, upper 3 to 5-lobed, somewhat hastate ; hds., corymbs
and fla. as in the preceding (of which it seemd to be a variety). — Swamps along
the Cliattahoochee, Fla. Plant 2 to 3f high. May.
5 C. tuberosa Nutt. St. angular-sulcate ; Ivs. oval or ovate, strongly 5 to 7-
veiued, obtu:iO or subacute, entire or repaud-denticulato, not glacous, lower ones
tapering into long petioles, upper ones on short petioles ; hds. in compound cor-
ymbs. — Marshes, W. States, St. 2 to 5f high, branched above. Lvs. rather thick,
3 to 7' long, § as wide, veins converging to the apex. lids, oblong, 6-loaved and
5-flowered, white. May. — Jl.
6 C. ov^ta Ell. St. terete; lvs. glaucous beneath, 3 to 5-veined, ovate and oval,
entire or undulate-margjned, contracted at base into petioles ; corymb fastigiate. —
Macou, Ga. (Mettauer), Ala., Fla., in moist woods. St. suiooth, glaucous, 3 to 4f
high. Lower lvs. on 'ong petioles, rather obtuse ; upper ones nearly sessile,
rather acite. Scales broad-linear, acute. Jl. — Aug.
7 C. lanceoldta Nutt. St. terete; lvs. glaucous beneath, 3-veined, lanceolate and
lance-linear, entire or with few sharp teeth, lower tapering to petioles, upper
sessile ; .'orymb simple. — Wet grounds, Ga. Fla. St. 4 to 6f high. Lvs. below
4 to 6 long, diminishing upwards. Scales linear, acute. Aug., Sept.
8 C. coccinea Curt. Tassel Flower. Radical lvs. ovato-spatulato, cauHue
amplexicaul crenate ; invol. ovate-cylindric, scales linear, at length reflexed ; ach.
ciliate ; pappus in several rows. — A pretty garden flower, native of the E, Ind.,
&c, St. If or more high. Fls. bright scarlet. Jn. — Sept. A bed or patch sown
thickly makes a fine appearance. (Emilia sagittata, DO.)
85. CINERARIA, Less. (Lat. cinercus, ash-colored ; for its soft,
white down.) — ilds. radiate ; rays pistillate ; iuvol. scales in one row,
sc;iriou8 on the margin; recept. naked, flat; ach. beakless, obcoin-
pressed ; papp. capillary. — Greenhouse shrubs with mostly alternate
leaves.
1 C. amelloldea Willd. Leaves opposite, ovate, smooth; peduncles each
bearing a single head with blue rays. — Shrubby, 2 to 3f liigh. \ S. Africa.
2 C. apeciosa Sciirad. Lvs. alternate, reniform, denticulate, on inllated
petioles ; hds. in a simple raceme terminating tiio simple ste.ii, with yellow rays.
—Shrub 4 to 6f high, f Siberia.
3 discolor Willd, Lvs. alternate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate,
smooth, white beneath; hds. corymbous, with yellow rays. — Shrub 3 to 4f big! i.
f Jamaica.
4 C. lanata "Willd. Lvs. roundish, 7-angled, cordate, woolly beneath ; hds.
solitary on eacli peduncle; rays while within, of a vivid purple outside. — f Ca-
naries. Very beautiful.
5 C. populifolia H. K. Lvs. somewhat angular, cordate, downy beneath, the
petioles appondaged; hds. corymbous; rays red. — The tlorists iiave produced
many hybrids of superior beauty ; as tiie Rosy Morn, Jenny Lind, Vicar of Wake-
field, 4&C.
86. SENEXIO, L. Groundsel. (Lat. senex, an old man; the word
is synonymous with Erigeron.) Involucre of many equal scales or
invested with a few shorter ones at base ; flowers all tubular, ^ , or
usually radiate and rays $ ; receptacle not chafty ; pappua simple, ca]v.
illary and copious. — A vast genus embracing 600 species of herbs and
shrubs. Lvs. alternate. Fls. mostly yellow, exceeding the invol.
Hi'Uils (liscuid. Root Annual No. 1
Ueudfl radiate.— Radical leaves undivided. Achenia glabrous No.<. 2, 8
— Radical leaves undivided. Aclicnia pubescent Nos. 4, 5
— Radical leaves divided, as well as the cauline Nob. Ct—%
1 S. vulgaris L. St. paniculate, erect, angular; lvs. sinuate-pinnatifid, dentate^
amplexicaul. — (J) A weed growing about houses, in waste grounds, rubbish, Ag.
N. Statea St. 18' high, leafy, branching, generally smooth. Lva. alternate, thio^
f':!
■ ]::-i;
m
:u;
m
464
obdeb 70,— composite
bright green, the radical one3 stalked. Fls. without rays, terminal, scattered,
yellow, uppearing all summer. § Eur.
2 8. ai!ireu8 L. Badical Iva. ovate, cordate, crenate-serrate, petiolate, cauline ones
lyrato-pianatifld, dentate, terminal segments lanceolate ; ped. subumbellate, thick ;
rays 8 to 12 ; ach. glabrous. — 2^ Plant with varying forms, in meadows, woods,
(U. S. and Brit. Am,), with golden yellow tls. St. smoothish, striate, erect, 1 to
2f high, simple, or branched above, terminating in a kind of umbellate, simple or
compound corymb. Lower stem Ivs. lyrate, upper ones few and slender. Ped.
more or less thickened upwards. Scales linear, acute, purplish at apex. Rays
spreading about 1', May — Aug,
(3 BALSAMiT.fi. St. villous at base; Ivs, few, small and distant, pubescent*
radical ones oblong-lanceolate ; ped, villous at base. — Rocky hills and pas-
tures. (S. Balsamitae, Muhl.)
y OR.\ciLls. Radical Ivs. orbicular, on long petioles, cauline few, linear-oblong,
incisely dentate ; ped. short, pilous, with small, few-rayed heads, — A slender
state of the species, on rocky shores. (S, gracilis, Ph.)
6 OBOVATUS. Radical Ivs. obovate to oblong-spatulate ; ped, elongated.—
Meadows, &c. (S. obovatus, Willd.)
e LANCKOLATUS. Radical Ivs. lanceolate, acute, cauline lanceolate, pinnatifid
at base. — Shady swamps, &c.
8 S. obovdtus Ell. Tomeutous when young, at length glabrous ; root Ivs. obo-
vate or roundish, crenate, with an attenuated sessile base, cauline few, small, cut-
pinnate; corymb small; rays 10 to 12; ach. glabrous. — Va. to Fla St. a foot
iiigh, nearly leafless. Lvs. mostly radical, near 3' broad and long, often slightly
petioled ; the upper lvs. rapidly diminished. Hays spreading about 1'. May,
4 S, tomentdsus Mx, Clothed with soft, cotton like, nearly persistent tomentum ;
rod lvs. oblong or oblanceolate or ovate, obtuse, tapering to a long, slender petiole,
crenate, the upper sessile; hds. faatigiate, rays 12 to 15; ach. pubescent. — U Va.
to Fia. and La. St, 1 to 2f high, often nearly leafless above. Corymb simple,
subumbellate. Root lvs. with their petioles 6 to 9' long, 1 to 3' wide. Rays
spreading 16", Apr. — Jn. — The leaves are exceedingly variable, A variety (on
Stone Mt., Ga.) is low, dousel}' toraentous, with the lvs, all radical.
5 S, anouymuB. Plant clothed with a white, partly deciduous tomentum ; root lvs.
sm,all, oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate, some of tlieui slightly lobed, tapering to a
petiole, cauline lvs. long and narrow, remotely sinuate-pinnatifid, the seym. cut-den-
tate ; hds. subumbellate, small, ach. pubescent, — U ? Moutgutnery, Ala. St. 16 to
24 liigij. Root lvs, J' wide and with their petioles 2 to 3' long. St. lvs, G' long,
the upper 1', almost bipinnatifid. Rays 8 to 10, spreading about 7''. May., Jn.
6 S. Canad^iisia L. Lvs. glabrous, bipinnate with linear, lobed, obtuse segm.,
the upper few pinnately divided; corymbs compound, fastigiate; rays 9 to 12. —
11 Canada (Kalm, in Willd. Spec, &c.) Upper districts of the S. States, lids,
rather small, Jn. — Possibly our S. anouymus is a variety of this, (S, mille-
folium T. & G,
7 S, lobatUB Pers. Butter-weed. Glabrous or slightly floccous at base ; lvs.
all lyrate-pinnatijid (or the upper pinnatitid), the lobes crenate, distant, odil one
roundisli ; corymbs somewhat compoundly umbeled ; invol. slightly calyculate ;
rays 10 to 12; ach. minutely hispid, — (J) Low, wet grounds, N, Car. to Fla. and
La,, common, St, striate, 2_to 3f high, Lvs, 4 to 6' long, terminal lobe 1' diam,
Rays spreading about 11". Mar, — Jl.
8 S, pseudo-elegans DC, Purple Jacob.£a, Lvs, equal, pinnatifld
pilous-viscid, spreading; ped, somewhat scaly; invol. calyculate with leafy
scales; scales mostly withered at tlie tips. — (T) Native of the Cape of Good Hope.
A beautiful plant in cultivation. Fls. of the disk yellow, of the rays brilliant
purple. A variety has double fls. with colors equally fine. Another variety has
white fls. Jn, — Aug. f (S. elegans L.)
87. AR'NICA, L. Involu-re of equal, lanceolate scales, 1 or 2-rowed ;
ray flowers $ , disk ^ ; receptacle flat, with scattered hairs ; pappua
single, rigid and serrulate. — "H- St. simple. Lvs. opposite. Fls. yellow.
1 A. mollis Hook. Pubescent; ai, leafy ; lvs, becoming nearly glabrous, thin,
Ordbr 70.— COMPOSITiE.
466
Teinj, dentate, ovate-lanceolate and oblong, radical ones stalked, cauline sessile,
hds. few ; invol. hairy, with acuminate scales ; ach. hairy. — Ravines, White Mts.,
N, H., Essex Mts., N. Y. Also Rocky Mts. St. I to 2f high. Lva 2 to 5 in
length, the upper one broad at the base, the lower tapering to a winged petiole,
otlon acute, but not acuminate. Jl.
2 A. nudicaiilis EIL Hirsute ; Ivs. all sessile, subentire, oval or ovate, S to 6-
veined, the veins converging to the apex, cauline small, 1 or 2 pairs ; hds. few,
large, terminal ; rays about 12, 3-tootlied at end; ach. glabroiis. — Wet, eamiy
soils Va. to Fla. St. If high, scape-like. Lvs. mostly radical, resembling f lioso
of the plantains (Pluutago), but smaller (2 to 3' long.) Rays spreading fully 2 .
ApL, May.
Tribe 5. CYNARE^.
88. CYN'ARA, L. (Gr. /tvwv, a dog; the stiff, hard spines of the
invol. resemble a dog's teeth.) Heads discoid, honiogamous ; invol-
ucre dilated, imbricate, scales fleshy, emarginate, pointed ; receptacle
setaceous ; pappus plumous ; achenia not beaked. — Natives of the Old
World.
1 C. Scolymus L. Garden Artichoke. Lvs. subspinose, pinnate and un-
divided; invol. scales ovate. — y Gardens and cultivated grounds. A well known
garden esculent. The parts used are the receptacle, the lower part of the in-
volucre and the upper portion of the stalk. It is cultivated from suckers placed
in rows, 3 feet apart. Aug., Sept. ^ % ^'^'■•
2 C. cardunculuB L. Cardoon. Lvs. spiny, all pinnatifid ; invol. scales ovate.
— U Flowers purple. This plant is blanched or etiolated, by heaping earth
around it, whence its petioles become crisp, tender, and are used like celery.
X J5 Eur.
89. TAGETES, L. Marigold. (For Tages, a Tuscan divinity, son
of Genius and grandson of Jupiter.) Heads heterogamous ; involucre
simple, tubular, of 5 to 10 united scales ; ray flowers 6, persistent; re-
ceptacle naked ; pappus of 5 erect awns. — Q Uerbs of tropical Amer-
ica. Lvs. pinnately divided.
1 T. pdtula L. French Marigold. St. erect, with widely spreading
branches; segra. of the leaves linear-lanceolato ; ped. elongated, subcylindric,
one-flowered; invol. smootli. — Plant about 2f high. Rays orange yellow;
variegated with dark purple, f
2 T. er^cta L. African Marioold. St. stout, erect; segm. of the lvs.
lanceolate, ciliate-sorrate ; ped. 1-tlowered, venlricous and thickened at the sum-
mit; invol. angular. — The hds. are twice larger than in T. patula, and on shorter
peduncles. — These are well known and popular garden flowers with several
varieties, f
90. CALEN'DULA, L. Pot Marigold. (Lat. calenda, the first day
of the month ; some species blossom monthly.) Heads radiate ; in-
volucre of many equal leaves, in about 2 series ; rays ? , fertile, disk
(? , sterile ; receptacle naked ; achonia of the disk membranaceous ;
pappus 0. — An oriental genus of annual herbs. Lvs. alternate.
C. ofiBcinilis L. Viscid-pubescent; st. branched; lvs. oblong, acute, mu-
cronate, sessile, subdentate and scabrous-ciliate on the margin ; hds. terminal,
solitary; ach. carinate, muricate, incurved. — A common and handsome garden
plant, from S. Eurone. It has double, lemon-colored, and other varieties. Flow-
ers large and brilliant, generally orange-colored. Jn.— Sept. f
8i. CENTAU^REA, L. Knap-weed. Bachelor's-button. (The
centaur, Chiron, it is said, cured with these, his foot wounded by Her*
80 -
Iff
' 'T 't
f i\
\i
\
1 .«*f '
:'''i
I
466
Ordbr 70.— composite.
culcs.) Heads discoid ; involucre imbricate ; ray flowers longer than
the rest, sterile, often wanting ; receptacle bristly ; pappus of filiform,
scabrous bristles in several series. — A genus of oriental herbs with
alternate Ivs.
• scales <if the involucre with a fringed or pectinate appendage Nos. 1, 3
* Scales of the invulucre merely ciliate, or tipped with » spine Hoa. 8, 4
1 C. nigra L. St. erect, branched, pubescent above ; lower Ivs. angular-lyrate,
upper lauccolate, dentate, scales ovate, with au erect, capillary, fringed appendage;
ray and disk-fls. jdike. — 2^ A troublesome weed, in meadows and pastures, Mass,
St. about 21" liigli, simple, or oftener divided into elongated branches. Hds. few,
large, terminal, solitary. Fringed appendage of the scales dark brown. Fls. pur-
ple. Jl., Aug. § Eur.
2 C. Americana Nutt. St erect, sulcata, sparingly branched ; lower Ivs. oblong-
o\.ite, repaud-dentiito, upper ones lanceolate, acute, all sessile and glabrous; hds.
lew or solitary, very largo; ped. thickened at sununit; ray fls. twice longer- than
the disk; scales with a pectinate-pinnate, reflexed appendage. — (T) Ark. and La.,
naturaUzed in 111. (Mead.) Cultivated in gardens. St. 2 to 4f high, with largo,
sliowy, pale-purplo hds. Appendages straw-color. •)■
8 C. C^anuB L. BAcnELon's-BUTXON. St. erect, branching, downy ; Ivs. linear,
entire, downy, the lowest subdentate ; scales ciliate-serrate ; ray flowers much en-
larged. — d) Cultivated and sparingly naturalized in old fields. It is a hardy an-
nual, justly popular for its handsome flowers which are very variable in color.
Hds. ovoid, solitary on the ends of the branches. Jl. — Sept. § Eur.
4 C. Calcitrapa L. Star Thistle. St. diffusely branched, hairy; Ivs. sessile,
pinnately lobed, lobes linear, toothed, upper mostly entire ; hds. sessile ; middle
scales tipped v)ith a strong, spreading spine with 1 or 2 minute spines each side ;
pappus 0. — l) ® Va. Fls. purple. § Eur.
92. AMBER'BOA, DC. Sweet Sultan. Heads discoid ; involucre
imbricated ; ray-flowers wanting or larger than the rest, stcriiC ; pappus
of oblong or obovate pales, attenuated to the base, all similar, rarely
small or 0. — Eastern herbs with alternate Ivs.
1 A. inoBchdta Willd. Lvs. lyrate-dentato ; invol. subglobous, smooth ;
scales ovate ; ray-flowers scarcely enlarged, not exceeding the disk ; pappus 0. —
A haudsomo border annual from Persia. Flowers purple. A variety has white
flowers. July — Oct. (Centaurea L.) f
2 A. odordta, a. amboracea. DC. Yellow Sweet Sultan. Lower lvs.
broadly subspatulate, dentate, upper lyrate at base ; hds. globous ; ray-fls. en-
larged upwards, longer than the disk ; pappus chaffy, a little shorter than the
fruit. — From Levant. Leaves scarcely pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, f (Centaurea
Buaveolens Willd.)
/3. OLAUCA. Lvs. often deeply pinnatifid ; flowers purple, f (Centaurea glauca
WUld.)
93. CARTHAMUS, L. Saffron. (Arabic, qorthom^ to paint ; from
its coloring property.) Heads discoid ; involucre imbricated, outer
bracts foliaceous ; flowers all tubular and ^ , filaments smooth ; pappus
; receptacle with setaceous pales ; achenia 4-angled. — Oriental herbs.
C. tinctorluB L. St. smooth ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, sessile, spi nous-denticu-
late. — (D Native of Egypt, but long cultivated in other lands on account of its
orange-colored flowers. Stem branching, striate, 1 — 2f high. Leaves subam-
ploxicaul, smooth and shining. Heads large, terminal, witii numerous long and
slender flowers. The latter are useful in coloring, and as a nursery medicine.
July, f
94. CNIXUS, Yaill. Blessed Thistle. (Gr. Kvi^co, to prick ; well
applied to these herbs.) Heads discoid ; involucre ventricous, imbri-
cate with doubly spinous scales ; ray -flowers sterile ; receptacle very
Ordkh 70.— COMPOSlTiE.
467
hairy; pappus in 3 series, the outer lO-toothed, the 3 inner each
lO-bristlod. — Oriental lierbs.
C. benedictuB L. Lvs. somewhat decurrent ; dentate and spiny ; tavol. doubly
spinous, woolly, bracteatc. — 1) Native of Perr^ia, Tauria an J Greece. About 2f
liigh, with yellow flowers. Sparingly naturalized. June. — It was formerly in
great estimation in medicine, but is now considered worthless. + §
95. ONOPOR'DON, Vaill. Cotton Thistle. Ileads discoid, lionio-
gamous; involucre ventricous, imbricate with spreading, spinous scalus;
receptacle deeply alveolate; pappus copious, capillary, scabrous; aclic-
iiia 4 angled. — Large, branching herbs, with decurrent leaves.
O. acanthium L. Invol. scales spreading, subulate ; lvs. ovate-oblong, decurrent,
sinuate, spinous, woolly on both sides. — @ This tine looking thistle occurs natiir-
alized in waste grounds, and is about 3f in height. The whole plant hasa whiti',
cottony appearance. Stem winged by the decurrent leaves, which are unusually
large. Involucre round, cottony, spinous. Flowers purple. July, Aug. g Eur.
96. CIR SIUN, Tourn. (Cnicus L. Mulil.) Thistle. (Gr. Kifjoor,
a swelling of a vein, which this plant was supposed to heal.) Ileads
discoid, homogamous ; involucre subglobous, of many rows of spi-
nous-pointed, imbricated scales ; receptacle bristly ; style scarcely
divided ; pappus copious, plumous ; achenia compressed, smooth. —
Herbs with alternate lvs., generally armed with spinous prickles. FIs.
cyanic.
♦ Leaves decurrent on the stem more or loss. Scales tipped with spines Noa. 1, 2
• Leaves not decurrent. — Heads involucrato with a whorl of 12 to 20 spiny bracts No. .3
— Heads naked. — Flowers ochroleuccnis. Scales i)rickiy No. 4
— FIs. purple. — Lvs. wliite-toinentous beneath. .Nos, ,"■) — 7
— Lvs. green. — Stem low, simple.. Nos. ^, 9
—Stem tall, branched. "10-12
1 C. lanceolatum Scop. Common Thistle. Lvs. decurrent, pinnatifid, hispid,
the segments divaricate and spinous; hds. several, ovoid, villous; scales lanceolate,
tipped with a spine, spreading. — ® Common in borders of fields, roadsides, N.
Eng. and Mid. States, always distingiiished by the decurrent leaves. St. 3 to 4f
high, winged by the decurrent leaves which are white and woolly beneath,
armed with formidable spines at ail points. FIs. numerous, large, purple. Invol.
scales, webbed, each ending in a spine. Jl. — Sept.
2 C. Lecontii Torr. & Gr. Slender, simple, tvith one head; lvs. linear-lanceolate,
more or less decurrent, with a few spinous teeth, glabrous above, white-floccous
beneath, invol. ovoid, araciinoid when young; scales not spinous, merely muero-
nate or acuminate-pointed. — Ga. to La. St. about 2f high. lid. large, (T or
more diam.) terminal.
3 C. horridulum Mx. Lvs. sessile, pinnatifid, acutely cut, spinous ; hds. invested
with an external invol. of about 12 to 20 ve7-y spinous brads; scales sharp-pointed,
but unarmed. — (g) Found in meadows and hills, N. Eng. to Fla. St, 1 to 3f high,
invested with wool. Lvs. somewhat clasping, woolly and hairy, armed witli stiff
Bpinea Hds. large (1' diani.), with yellowish white corollas, the scales webbed.
Aug.
/3. Elliotth. Corollas purple, 2' long. Bracts about 12. — South (Elliott). Fla.,
near Quincy.
4 C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gr. White-tuiiiontous ; lvs. rigid, pinnately parted, mar-
gins revolute, segm. long, linear, toothed or entire, spinous; hds. axillary; scales
arachnoid, acuminate, tipped with a weak, spreading prickle. — Sandy lake shores,
Mich, and Can. "West. Cor. ochroleucous. Jn., Jl.
5 C. discolor Spreng. Lvs. sefsile, pinnatifid, rough-haired, downy beneath,
segm. 2-lobed, divaricate, spinous; invol, globous, the scales ovate, appreased,
with spreading spines at the tip. — @ A slender thistle 3 to 5f high, much branch-
ed and leafy at the summit, found in tiiickets, N. Eng. to 111. Hds, terminating
the branches, 1' diam., with reddish purple corollas, JJ. Aug.
■[■H
^'■.
\M
n
]'[!
i
r ■ \
ii
u
1
t
1
i -
1
i'^fci
■■'11
4G8
Obdeb 70.— composite
6 C. altlBsimum Spreng. Tall, branched, villous-pubescent, leafy to the top ; hs.
whitish beneath, spiuous-ciliatc, sessile, lanceolate oblong, often sinuate-dentate, lower
undivided or pinnatiiid petiolate, lobes or teeth spinescent. Hds. large, scales
ovate-lanceolate, outer one with a spreading spine at apex. — Fields and barrens,
Penn. and W. States, comraoa St. 3 to 8f high. Lvs. 6 to 8, by 1 to 6'. Hds.
about 1' diatn., with linear-lanceolate bracts at base. Fl. purple or purplish
white. Aug.
7 C. Virgini^num Michx. Slender, mostly simple, and naked above; lvs.
sessile, lanceolate, margin revolute, entire or repand-dentate, teeth spinescent, or
sometimes remotely sinuafe-iobed or piunutifid, upper surface glabrous, under
surface tomentous-canescent ; hds. small; wfoi. subglobous; scales tipped with a
short, spreading prickle. — Woods, Ohio, and S. States. Fiant about the size of the
Canada thistle, clothed with an arachnoid pubescence, with few or many heads
(sometimes but one) which are about ^' diam. Flowers purple. Apr. — Sept.
(Carduus, L. Cnicus, Ph.)
8 C. repdndum Mx. Arachnoid when young ; lvs. crowded to the top, at length
groen both sides, clasping ohlong-linear , undulate, spmous-ciliate ; hds. 1 or 2;
scales, outer ovate-lanceolate, inner subulate-acuminate. — Barrens, N. Car. to Ga.
9 C. pumiluxn Spreng. Hairy; lvs. few above, green on both sides, clasping,
ohhng-lanceolate, pinnatifid, the segm. irregularly lobed, ciliate, spinous ; hds. few,
very large, subtended by 1 to 5 bracts ; invol. round-ovate, spinous. — @ A common,
low, turgid thistle, in roadsides, pastures, N. Eng. and Mid. States. St. 1 to 2f
higii, stout, striate, with 1 to 3 very large heads of fragrant, purple fls. Aug.
(Cnicus odoratus Muhl.)
10 C. mClticuin Mx. Lvs. pinnatifid with divaricate segments ; hds. on
naked peduncles without bracts; invol. ovoid with unarmed, villous-arachnoid,
glutinous scales. — <$) A fine looking thistle found in damp soils. Can. and U. S.
St. branching, 3 to 7f high. Lvs. armed with spines at each angle. Eds. 1' diam.,
with deep purple corollas, the scales webbed and glutinous on the back. Aug.,
Sept.
LI C. glaber Nutt. Tall, slender, nearly glabrous; lvs. lance-linear, rigid, with
spinescent, divaricate segmeuts, the lower slightly decurrent; hds. naked, on leafless
stalks; scales setaceously inucronate, strongly keeled, almost glabrous, the inner
attenuate-acuminate. — N. Jer. to Ga. St. very smooth, angled, 3 to 5f high. L"s.
minutely arachnoid beneath. lids. 6" diam., truncate at base. Fls. purple. Jl.
Sept.
12 C. arv^nse Scop. Canada Thistle, Cursed Thistle. Lvs. sessile, sinuate-
pinnatifid, wavy, spmous; st. panicled; hds. numerous, small, invol. round or
ovate, tvith minute spines, scales close-pressed, ovate-lanceolate. — y Common in
fields, roadsides and waste places, N. Eng. to W. States, very troublesome to the
farmer. Root creeping, long and tenacious of life. St. 3f high, with a branching
panicle at top. Hds. small (4 to 5" diam.) purple, the involucre nearly thornless,
and is the only part of the plant that can be safely handled. JL § Eur.
97. LAPTA, Tourn. Burdock. (Lat. lappa, a burr, from Gr. Xa(3etv^
to lay hold of; a characteristic term.) Heads discoid, homogamous; invo-
lucre globous, the scales imbricated and hooked at the extremity ; re-
ceptacle bristly ; pappus bristly, scabrous, caducous. — (g) Coarse, Euro-
pean herbs. Lvs. alternate, large.
L. m^jor Gaert. Lvs. cordate, unarmed, petioled. — Common in waste and culti-
vated grounds, fields. N. Eng., Mid. and W. States. Each plant is a large, coni-
cal, ill-scented and coarse-looking mass of vegetation, surmounted by a branching,
irregular panicle of ovoid heads with tubular corollas of an exceedingly delicate
pink color. The leaves are very large, with wavy edges. It has a wonderful de-
sign for the dispersion of its seeds. The scales of the involucre all end in a mi-
nute, firm hook, which seizes hold of everything that passes by. JL, Aug. § Eur.
(Arctium Lappa L.)
3. Leaves pinnatifid. — Penn. (Darlington).
Ordbu 70.— C0MP(3SIT^.
409
Suborder II. LIGULIFLOR.^.
98. LAMPSA'NA, Toum. Nipple- wort. (Gr. XaTrrto, to purge;
** Lapsana greatly relaxes the body," says Pliny.) Heads radiant, 8 to
12-flowered ; involucre cylindrical, angular, scales 8, erect, in one row,
with 2 or 3 nninute bractlets at base ; receptacle naked ; achenia gla-
brous ; pappus 0. — Slender, oriental herbs, with small, yellow hds. in
paniculate corymbs.
L. commftnia L. St. branchea, punicled, leafy; Ivs. ovate, petiolato, dentate;
ped. cylindrical; invol. angular in fruit.— ® Waysides, Can. East (Hook). Nea»
Boston (Oakes). §
99. APOXON, Ell. (Gr. a, privative, rrwywr, beard ; as destitute
of pappus.) Heads radiant ; involucre scales ovate, acuminate, about 8,
in 2 rows; receptacle naked; achenia glabrous, oval, longitudinally 12-
striate ; pappu. 0. — (D Herbs glabrous and glaucous, branched from the
base. Lvs. alternate, lanceolate. Hds. small, yellow.
A. hiimilis Ell. S. Car. to Fla. and La. A small, slender, suiooth plant, com-
mon in sandy soils. Sts. 3 to 12' high, trichotomously branched above. Lvs.
varying from lance-linear to linear, and from entire to lyrate-lobed, the radical
tapering to a petiole. Hds. few, small, the fls. spreading about 3'. Mar. — Jn.
(A. lyratum Nutt. A. gracilis DC.)
100. CICHO'RIUM, Toum. Succory. (The Egyptian name chi-
koaryeh, whence Gr. Kix(^pTi, and Eng. succory.) Involucre doul)le, the
outer of 5 leafy scales, the inner of about 8 linear ones ; receptacle
chaffy ; pappus scaly ; achenia not rostrate, obscurely 6-sided. — Orien-
tal herbs with bright blue fls., about 20 in a head.
1 C. intybuB L. Fls. in pairs, axillary, sessile; lower lvs. nincinatc. — U Plant
2 — 3f high, with large, showy, sky-blue flowers, in grass fields, by roadsides, com-
mon in many localities. Stem round, with few long branches, rough. Tiio upper
leaves become cordate acuminate, sessile, inconspicuous, only the radical ones
runcinate. The flowers are 1 — 2' diam., and placed rather remote on the long,
nakedish branches. Corollas flat, 5-toothed. The root is used in France as a
substitute for coflee. July — Sept. § Eur.
2 C. Endivia L. Endive. Ped. axillary, in pairs, one of them elongated
and 1-headed, the other very short, about 4-headed ; hds, capitate. — A hardy an-
nual, esteemed and cultivated for salad. Also a remedy for jaundice, f E. Indies.
101. KRIG'IA, Schreb. Dwarf Dandelion. (To Dr. Daniel Krieg,
a German botanist who traveled in this country.) Involucre man\-
leaved, nearly simple, equal ; receptacle naked ; achenia turbinate, stri-
ate, 6-angled ; pappus double, consisting of 5 broad, membranous scales
alternating with as many slender, scabrous bristles. — (D Acaulescent
herbs. Hds. solitary, with 20 to 30 yellow fls.
1 K. Virginica Willd. Early radical, lvs. round-spatulate, subeutira, the later
lvs. lance-oblong, angular-toothed, or lyrate-pinuiatifid ; heads solitary, on scapes
finally longer than the leaves, glabrous. — Dry, sandy soils, Can. to Ga. Leaves
all radical. Scapes 2 — 10' high, bearing each a small head of deep yellow flowers.
Late flowering specimens show many scapes branched from the base. (K. dicbo-
toma Nutt.) May — Aug.
2 E. Carolinidna Nutt. Lvs. lyrate-pinnatifid, with irregular, oval or angiUar
segments, the terminal one roundish and largest, primary lvs. linear-lanceolate, few-
toothed or entire, scapes always simple, solitary at first, finally several 1 -flowered.
^Dry, sandy soils, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. Scapes 1 to 4' high. Lvs. 1 to a*
long, rosulate. Fls. spreading 4 to 6". Feb.— May.
i I;
■4\ ^\
■ W
' ■*;
^\y
J-
^•H
i: ii
3>
m
470
Obdeb 70.— composite
102. CYNTHIA, Don. (One of the names of Diana; fancifully ap-
plied to this genus.) Involucre nearly simple, of equal, narrow scales ;
receptacle flat, alveolate ; pappus double, the outer minute, scaly, inner
copious, capillary ; achenia short. — 21 Lvs. alternate or all radical. Hds.
with 15 to -0 yellow flowers.
1 C. Virginica Don. St. few-leaved, branched above; lvs. oval and lance-oval,
entire or remotely toothed, rarely sinuate-pinnatifid, the radical on winged petio-
les, cauliue amplexicaul, entire. — In barrens and dry soils, Western N. Y. to 111.
smooth and glaucous. St. 1 to 21" higii, often diehotoiuoualy divided, with 1 to 2
clasping leaves at the forks. Radical lvs. 3 to 5' long. lids, terminal on tlio
bracteato and subuuibellate peduncles, witli deep yellow flowers. Scales united
at nase in a somewhat double series. May — Jl. (Krigia, Nutt.)
2 C. Dandelion DC. Acuulescent ; scapes leafless, simple, l-flowered; Iva. elon-
gated, iance-liuear, entire or remotely toothed, rarely pinnatifid, the primary Iva.
oblong-spatulate. — Low grounds, Md. to Ga. and Tex. Scapes G to 18' high, sev-
eral from the same root. Lvs. some of them nearly as iong as the scapes, more
geuei'ally entire; when pinnatifid, the lobes are 2 or 3 on each aide, triangular.
A variety in the mountainous districts produces at length a short, decumbent
stem. (Hyosiris niontana Mx. C. lyrata Nutt.)
103. LEONTODON, L. Autumnal Hawkbit. (Gr. At'wv, a lion,
66ovg, a tooth ; in reference to the toothed leaves.) Involucre imbri-
cate, the outer scales very short ; receptacle naked ; pappus plumous,
persistent on the somewhat rostrate achenia. — Acaulescent herbs with
yellow fls., many in a head, (.\parcfia, Willd.)
Ii. autunm&lis L. Scape branching; pcd. scaly, lvs. lanceolate, dentate-pinnat-
itid, smootHish. — Connnon iu the eastei-n parts of N. Eng., grass lauds and road-
sides. Fls. simulating tlie dandelion. Rt. large, abrupt, scape round, striate,
hollow, decumbent at base, G to 18 high, with a few branches and scattered
scales. Lvs. spreading, 6' long, with deep, round sinuses, and covered with re-
mote hairs. Uds. I' diam. Jl. — Nov. § Eur.
104. TRAGOPO^GON, L. Vegetable Oyster. (Gr. rpdyog, a goat,
TTG)y(i)v, a beard ; in allusion to the tawny, showy pappus.) Involucre
simple, of many leaves ; receptacle naked ; pappus plumous, achenia
longitudinally striate, contracted into a long, tiliibrm beak. — (g) Euro-
pean herbs, with long, linear, grass-like lvs.
T. porrifdliUB L. Involucre much longer than the corolla ; lvs. long, linear,
undivided, straight; pod. thickened upwards. St. 3 to 4f high. Fls. terminal,
solitary, large, bluish purple. Cultivated in gardens for the root, which is long,
tapering and nutritious. When properly prepared it has a mild, sweetish taste,
which has been compared to that of the oyster. ^ § in W. N. Y.
105. HIERA'CIUM, Tourn. Hawkweed. (Gr. Upa^, a hawk ; sup-
posed to strengthen the vision of birds of prey.) Involucre more or
less imbricated, ovoid, many-flowered ; scales very unequal ; achenia
not rostrate ; pappus a single row of copious, tawny, fragile bristles. —
21 Lvs. alternate, entire or toothed.
• Heads 40 to 50-fl()wero(l. Involucre more or less inibviciitcd Nos. 1,3
* Heada 12 to SO-ttowcred. Involucre simple. — Aelienvi contracted at the top Nos. 3, 4
— Aclienia not contracted upward.s.. .Nos. 5,8
1 H. Canadense Mx. St. erect, subvillous, leafy, many-flowered ; lvs. sessil(\
lanceolate or oblong-ovate, acute, divaricately and acutely dentate, the upper ones
somewhat amplexicaul, with an obtuse lase; panicles axillary and terminal,
corymbous, downy ; invol. strongly imbricated. — In open dry or rocky woods, N.
Eng. to Wis. and Can. Stem stout, 1 — 2f high, more or less pubescent, the pe-
duncles downy but not glandular. Leaves somewhat pubescent or hairy. Heads
large and showy, yellow Involucre sometimes with a few glandular hairs. Aug.
(H. Kalmii Spreng.)
Order 70.— COMPOSITJE.
471
2 H. scabrum Mx. St. leafy, scabrotia ami hispid ; Ivs. elliptic-obovate, soabrntKi
and hirsute, entire or the lower slightly dentate ; ped. thick, anrf wiih the n,vol.
densely gUmduUir-hiapid ; hda. 40 — 50-Ho\vereii. — Dry hilla, borders of woods,
Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem 1 — 3f higli, round, striate, rather stout. Lower
leaves petiolate, upper sessile, subacute, often purplish as well as the stem.
Heads large, with yellow flowers. Achenia obtuse at apex, brigiit red. Aug.
3 H. longipihim Torn Plant demdy piloiis with long, straight, ascending, bristly
hairs; st. strict, simple, sraoothish and nearly leafless above ; Ivs. crowded on
the lower pnrt of the stem, ol)long-lanceolate, attenuated at the base, entire ; lids.
glandular-tomentou!4 or hispid, 20 — liO-liowend, in a small, terminal panit-le. —
Barrens and prairies, W. States. Plant 1 — 2f high, remariiable tor the long (G ')
brownish hairs with which tho lower part is thickly clothed. July — Sept.
4. H. Gronovil L. St. Imfy, hirsute, paniculate; invol. ami pidicels gliuidiilar-
pilous; radical Ivs. ohovaio ov oblancoolato, entire, or denticulate, slrigous. //;^
midvein beneath very villous; upper ones oblong, closely P's.'^ile, ach. 'JO to .'lit,
contracted above. — Dry hills. Can. and U. S. Stem 1 to 3t; furnished witli a tew
leaves below, naked above and bearing a narrow, elongated panicle. l,ower leaves
taj)oring into a long stalk. Flowers yellow, on glandular, slender pedicels. Ache-
nia tapering upwards from tlio middle, but not rostrate. Aug., Sept.
5 H. venosiim L. Scape or st. naked or with a single leaf, smooth, paniculate ;
Ivs. obovate, somewhat acute, entire, a little hairy above, nearly glabrous beneatli,
ciliate on tho margin, veins colored ; invol. glabrous, about 20-flowered ; ach.
linear. — In woods, &c., N. Eng. to W. States. Stem 1 — 2f higii, dark brown,
slender. Panicle diiVuse, several times dichotomous, corymbous. Heads rather
large, ou slender pedicels, with bright yellow tlowers. Jl., Aug.
€ H. panicul&tum L. St. slender, leafy, diffusely pariculate. whitish pubescent
below ; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous, memljranaceous, ac ute, with remote spreading
teeth, or enMre ; panicle ditTuso; ped. very sleudur ; hds. 10 — 20-Jtowered. — A
smooti), slender plant, in damp woods. Can. to Ga. Stem 1 — 3f high, .several
times dichotomous. Leaves thin, 2 — 4' long. Heads small, numerous, with yel-
low flowers. Pedicels long and filiform, forming a very dilluse panicle. Aug. —
It is not easy to determine tiio exact limits of the last three t^pecies. A thorough
revision of tho genus will probably reduce them to one, viz., H. Gronovii.
106. CATANANTHE, L. (Gr. tcard, dvdjKr]^ from necessity ; it
must necessarily be adniirod ?) Involucre imbricated, scariou.s ; recep-
tacle paleaceous ; pappus paleaceous, 5-leaved ; pales awned. — (1) Orien-
tal herbs, Avith alternate, lanceolate Ivs.
C. cceriilea L. Lvs. linear lanceolate, villous, somewhat bipintratifid at base ;
lower scales of the involucre ovate, mucronate. — From S. Europe. A handsome
annual, 2 to 3f high. Hds. solitarj', on long peduncles, with blue spreading,
ligulate corollas toothed at apex. Jl. — Sept. f
107. NAB'ALUS, Cass. Drop Flower. (A barbarous name.) In-
volucre cylindric, of many linear scales in one row, caJycuiate with a
few short, appressed scales at base ; receptacle naked ; pappus Copious,
capillary, brownish, 2-rowed, persistent ; achenia not beaked, smooth,
striate. — Erect herbs with a thick, tuberous, bitter root. lids. 6 to 18,
flowered, not yellow, although often straw-colored. (Prenanthes L.)
f Heads pendulous, glabrous. Leaves variously lobed or sliaped. (a)
a Dwarf species (6 to 10' bigti) native of liigh mountains Nos.l, 8
a Tall (2 to 5f high).— Hds. 5 to 6-rtowered No. 3
— Hds. 8 to 12-Howered. — Pappus tawny No. 4
— Papi>us straw colored Nos. 5, i
{ Heads nodding or erect, hairy. Leaves mostly undivided, (b)
b Heads about 12-flowered. Pappus straw-color Nos. 7, 8
b Heads about 25-flowered. Pai)pus tawny or dusky No. 9
1 N. Boottii DC. St. simple, dwarf; lower lvs. subcordate or hastate-cordate, ob-
tuse, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, mostly entire ; hds. nodding, racemed ;
invoL 10 to 18-flowered, of 10 to 15 obtuse, proper scales calyculate at the base with
iaz linear scales half their length; pappus straw-color, — White Mts., N. H., and
m
f '
Im.'
i
H
472
Ordkr 70.— composite
Essex Mt., N. Y. St. 5 to 8 high, bearing the hda, in a flubsimple raceme. F1&
whitish and odorous. Ji., Aug.
2 N. n^nus DC. St. simple, low, smooth ; Ivs. on slender petioles, the lowest
variously lobed or parted, tlie others successively deltoid-hastate, ovate and iauce-
olato ; hda. in small, axillary and terminal clusters, fornjiug a short, racemoua
panicle; invol. greenish-purple, of about 8 scales and 10 — 12 tiowers; pappus
dingy white. — White Mts., N. 11., witli No. 1, where we find it with the same
sportive character of foliage as appears in other species. Stem 5 — 10' high.
Heads with whitish flowers. Aug. (P. alba. /i. nana Bw.)
3 N. altfssimuB Hook. St. smooth, slender, straight, paniculate above: Ivs.
more or less deeply 3 — 5-clfft, all petiolate, angular, denticulate and rough-edged,
the lobes acuminate ; hds. pendulous; invol. of b scales and about 5-Jiowered. —
Tall, with cylindric, yellowish, nodding fl(3wers, in woods, Newfoundland to N.
Eug. and Ky. Stem 3 — 5f high, bearing a narrow and elongated panicle. Heads
in short, axillary and terminal racemes. Aug.
f3. 0VATU8. Cauline Ivs. nearly all ovate, on slender petioles.
■y. C0RDATU8. Lvs. cordate, on slender petioles. (Prenanthes cordata Willd.)
d. DEiTOiDEUS. Lvs. deltoid, acuminate, acutely denticulate. (P. deltoidea Ell.)
e. DI98ECTUS. Lvs. mostly 3-parted or divided, segments entire or deoply cleft
into 2 Of 3 narrow lobes.
4 N. dlbuB Hook. Lion's-foot. Wiiite Lettuce. St. smooth and somewhat
glaucous, corymbous-paniculato above; radical lvs. angular-hastate, often more
or less deeply lobed ; stem lvs. roundish-ovate, dentate, petioled, the lobes or
leaves obtuse ; hds. pendulous; invol. of 8 scales, 9 — 12-flo\vered; pappus brown.
— Moist woods and shades, N. Eug. to Iowa, and Can. to Car. Stem stout, 2 — 4f
higii, purplisii, often deeply so in spots. Leaves very variable, all irregularly
toothed. Scales purplish. Fls. a dingy white. Aug.
/i. Sebpentabia. Radical lvs. palmate-sinuate, those of the stem on long
petioles,' with the middle segment 3-parted; upper lvs. lanceolate. — Has
the reputation of curing the rattlesnake's bite. (Prenanthes serpentaria Ph.)
5 N. Frdseri DC. St. smooth, corymbously paniculate above; lvs. subscabrous,
hastate or deltoid, often pinnately lobed, on winged petioles, the upper ones lance-
olate, subsessQe ; invol. of about 8 scales, 8 — 12-fiowered ; pappus straw-colored. —
U In dry, hard soils, Conn, and Mid. States (rare) to Fla., common. Stem 2 — 4f
high. Leaves as variable as in other species, sometimes all being lanceolate, with
only irregular indentures instead of lobes. Jlcads drooping, with purplish scales
and cream-colored corollas. It is readily distinguished from N. albus by the more
lively color of the pappus. Aug. (P. rubicaulis Ph.)
6 N. virgdtUB DC. Glabrous and glaucous, slender and simple ; lower lvs. sinuate-
pinnutifid, petiolate, middle ones toothed, sessile, upper entire partly clasping,
gradually reduced to the minute, subulate bracts ; hds. clustered, in a long com-
pound, virgate, somewhat secund raceme; invol. witli about 8 scales and 10 flow-
ers; pappus-straw-colored. — A remarkably slender, wand-like species, in sandy
soils, N. J. to Fla. St. 2 to 4f high, racemous half its length. Lvs. gradually
simplified from the base upward, aa in most of the species. Sept., Oct.
7 N. rdcemosua Hook. Glabrous, simple, slender; lvs. all undivided, lower
oval-lauceolate, sharply denticulate, petiolate, upper ovate-lanceolate, subclasping,
entire ; Jids. in nodding fascicles, arranged in a long, interrupteilly spicate panicle ;
invol. of 8 to 9 scales, witli 9 to ] 2 fls. ; pappus straw-color. — N. J., N. "W. States
and Can. St. 2 to 4f high. rls. pale red-purple.
/?. Lvs. deeply and irregularly pinnatitid,
8 N. daper Torr. & Gr. St. strict, simple, scabrous; lvs. simple, scabrous-pubes-
cent, dentate, lower ones oblong-oval, on margined petioles, upper lance-oblong
and lance-linear, subentire, sessile; hds. erect, in small fascicles, in a slender,
elougoted, compound raceme; invol. strongly hirsute, of 7 to 10 scales and with
11 to 14 fls. ; pappus straw-color. — Dry prairies and barrens, W. States (Dr.
Skinner), common. St. 2 to 4f high, nearly smooth. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, pubea-
cent or glabrous. Rac. 1 to 2f long. Fls. ochroleucous. Sept. (N. lUinoensis
DC.)
9 N. crepidineua DC. Nearly glabrous ; st. tall, stout, corymbously paniculate ;
Order 70.— COMPOSITiE.
47U
Ivs. largo, irregularly toothed, petioles winged, lower ones oblong-ovato, aomewbat
haaitate or deltoid, upper obloug-lauceolaiu ; hda. nodding, iu biiiiUl. peduuculatu
and panicled clusters; invol. fuiiry, of H to li teaks, witli 25 to 3j jLi. ; pappua
tawny. — Fields and thickets, W. States. One of the larjrv.st wperios. Si. 5 to 8f
bigh. Lvs. 4 to 12 by 'ii to 7 , obtuse or acute. Hda. large but not uunioroua,
with brown scales and yellowish fla. Aug. — Oct.
108. TROX'IMON, Nutt. (Gr. rpoj^ifiog, eatable; applied to this
genus with little propriety.) Heads inauy-flowered ; involucre cam-
panulate, scales loosely imbricate, lance-ovate, membranous, in 2 to 3
rows; achenia oblong-linear, compressed, glabrous, not rostrate; pappus
setaceous, copious, white. — U Lvs. all radical. Scape bearing a single,
large, showy hd. with yellow fls.
T. cuspid^ltum Ph. Rt. fusiform ; lvs. linear- lanceolate, acuminate, margins
tomentous, often undulate ; scales acuminato-cuapidate, erect, smooth, in 2 series,
the outer nearly equal to the inner. Prairies, Wise. (Lapham), 111. (Mead.), W.
to the Rocky \lts. (Nuttall). Apr. — Jn. (T. marginatum Nutt.)
109. TARAX'ACUN, Dcsf. Dandelion. (Gr. rapdKTiKo^, cathar-
tic ; from its medicinal properties.) Invohicro double, the outer of
email scales much shorter than the iimer, appressed row ; receptacle
naked ; achenia produced into a long beak crowned with the copious,
white, capillary pappus. — Acaulescent herbs, with runcinate lvs.
T. Dens-lednis Loss. Outer scales of the involucre reflexed; lvs. runcinate,
smooth, dentate. — 2^ In all open situation, blossoming at all seasons except win-
ter. Lvs. all radical, the tueth or lobes bent backwards. After the flower is
closed and decayed, the hollow scape rises higher and bears a head of fruit full
fledged, the airy, globular form of which is very conspicuous iu the tall grass. The
leaves in Spring furnish an excellent pot herb. Apr. — Nov. § Eur. (Leontodon
Taraxacum L.) (Fig. 324.)
110. PYRRHOPAP'PUS,I>C. False Dandelion. (Gr. Trvppof, flame-
colored ; -rraTrTro?", pappus.) Involucre double, the outer row numerous,
loose and spreading ; receptacle naked ; achenia 6-grooved, at length
long-beaked, bearing a copious, soft capillary, reddish pappus. — (T) and
1i Hds. solitary on long peduncles, large, with numerous deep yellow
fls. (Borkhausia, Nutt.)
P. Carolini^nua Dp. St. simple or branched, scape-like; lvs. mostly radical,
lanceolate, acute, sinuate-toothed, lobed, or pinnatitid, some or all of them often
entire. — Fields and pastures, very common. Sts. witli 1 to 3 small lvs., 6 to 20'
high. Outer scales subulate-filiform, inner linear. Ach. oblong, beak filiform,
longer (7') than the showy pappus. Hds. in fiower 18" to 2' broad, turuing lo
the morning sun. Mar. — Jl.
111. LYGODES'MIA, Don. (Gr. Avyof, a wand, deofxo^, a bond ;
alluding to its slender habit.) Involucre, flowers, (fee, as in Nabalus,
except that the pappus is very copious, soft, smooth, whitish, and the
corollas rose-colored. — In habit remarkably different from Nabalus, with
linear-subulate lvs. and erect hds. on long, naked peduncles. (Prenan-
thes, Nutt.)
L. aph^Ua DC. St. scape-like, erect, slender, striate, once or twice forked above;
lvs. Bearly all radical, short, linear-filiform. — Pine woods, Ga., Fla. (Mettauer.)
St. 2f high. Hds. few, cylindrical, the invol. 10 " long; cor. showy, exsertod
about the same length. Root lvs. 6 to 10' long. May.
112. LACTUXA, Tourn. Lettuce. (Lat. lac, milk ; from the milky,
abundant juice.) Involucre few-flowered, scales imbricated in 2 or
more unequal rows ; achenia obcompressed (flattened same way as the
m
:^^
n
vi
474
Okdeh 70.— OOMPOtSlT.-E.
m
scales), glabrous, abruptly narrowed to a long, filiform beak ; pappus
copious, sort, capillary, white, tngacious. — Herb^ with leafy stems and
paniculate lids, of -'arious colors. (I' ig. 333.)
1 L. graminifdlia Mx. St. tereto, simple, strict ; Ivs. long, linear, entire, or the
lower sparingly siuuaco-lobod, the lobes turned backwards ; panicle loose, naked ;
scales 6 to 9; Jls. 20 or more; ach. oval, as long as their beaks (2"). — Dry soils,
y. Car., Ga. to La. St. 2 to 4f high, not very slender, hollow. Lvs. partly clasp-
ing, 3 to 6 to 8' long, 3 to 4'' wide. Cor. purple, varying to white, rarely yellow.
Ajir. — Sept.
2 L. Canadensis L. Trumpet Milkweed. Lvs. smooth and polo beneath, am-
plexicaul, rwicinate-pinnatijid, upper lanctokite, entire, sessile; hds. nicemous-
paniculiite ; scales low ; fls. 1 2 or more. — A comnjon rank plant, growing in
heuge.s, thickets, where the soil is rich and damp. St. hoHow, stout, 3 to 6f
high, often purple, bearing a leatles.s, spreading panicle of numerous hds. of tis.
Lvs. very variable, tho lower 6 to 12' long, commonly deeply r uncinate. Corol-
las yellow, varying to purplish. Achenia oblong, compressed, about the length
of the beak. Jl., Aug.
ji. INTE0UIP0LI.\. Lvg. nearly all undivided, lanceolate, sessile, the lowest
oRen sagittate at base. (L. integrifolia liw. L. sagiltifolia Ell.)
y. SANOumEA. Leaves runcinate, aniploxicaul, mostly pubescent, glaucous
beneath; lis. purple. St. 2 to 3f higii, olten purple. (L. sanguinarea P.w.)
3 L. sativa li. Gauue.^i Lettuce. St. carymhons ; lvs. suborbicular, the
cauline ones cordate. — (I) Cultivated for salad. Pl.iiit with very smooth, yellow-
ish green Ibliage, which in one variety (capitata) is so abundant as to form iieads
like the cabbage. Fls. numerous, small, with yellowish corollas. The milky
juieo contains opium, hence the unpleasant narcotic efl'ects when eaten too
lru..'ly. t
113. MULGE^DIUM, Cass. Wild Lettuce. (Lat. m?/A7<?o, to inilk^
in allusion to the milky juice.) Involucre many-lowered, somewhat
double, the outer series of scales short and imbricated ; receptacle
naked, faveolate ; pappus copious, soft, capillary, crowning the short
beaked achenia, which are compressed contrary to the scales. — Lvs.
mostly spimilous. lids, with many yellow or cyanic fls. (Sonchus,
VVilld. Agathyrsns, Don.) (Fig. 3;]2.)
§ C(»rollas blue. Pappus briglit white Nor. 1, 2
|j t'oroUns creuin-colored, turning purpiisli. I'lippus tiiwny N<>. 8
1 M. acumiudtu.in DC. Lvs. orate, acuviinate, petiolate, dentate, undivided, or
the radical slightly runcinate ; hds. loosely paniculate, on somewhat braeteolate
peduncles; ach. slightly beaked. — In hedges and thickets, N. Y. to Ind. and S.
States. A smooth plant, 3 to Gf high, w ith the stem often purplish. Lvs. 3 to
6 lung, tho lower ones often deltoid-ho,8tato or truncate at base, sinuate-denticu-
late, narrowed at base into a winged petiole, lids, small. Scales dark purple,
with blue corollas. Pappus white ou tho short-boaked, ovate-acuminate achenia.
Aug., Sei)t.
2 M. Floridanum DC. Lvs. runcinatdy pinnate-parted; eegm. few, serrate-
dentate, upper ones triangular, acute or acumiuate ; panicle loose, erect, cora-
))ound ; ach. Bhort-beaked. — W. and S. States, hedges and waste grounds. Plant
svith a terminal panicle of blue (lowora St. 3 to Gf high. Lvs. 4 to 8' long,
variable in form. lids, small. Rays expanding 9 '. Jl. — Sept.
3 M. leucophsbum DC. Lvs. numerous, lyrate-runcinate, coarsely dentate;
hds. paniculate, on squamous-bracteato peduncles ; pappus tawny ; cor. yelloivish. —
Moist thickets, N. and W. States. A tall, leafy plant, nearly smooth. St. 4 to
lOf high. Lvs, 5 to 12' long, irregularly divided, tho segm. repand-toothed, the
radical on long stalks, the upper ones bcssUo, often undivided. lids, small, iu a
long, slender panicle. Aug., Sept.
114. SONXHUS, L. Sow-TiiisTLE. (Tho ancient name.) Invo-
lucre many-llowercd imbricate, of numerous unequal scales, at length
OaoBR 71.— LOBELIACEiE.
475
tumid at base; receptacle naked; pappus of simple, copious, wliit<'-
silky hairs, in many series : achenia compressed, not rostrate. — Lvs.
mostly spinulous. Uds. with matiy yellow Us.
§ Flowers bright yellow, in showy lioads. Achenia angular. Peronninl Xo. 1
§ Flowers pale yellow, iu l.irgu heatls. Achenia Hut. Annual Nos. 2, 3
1 S. arv^nsiB L. Root creeping; t^tom glabrous, erect ; Iv.s. runcinate-pin-
uatilid, spinulou3-dentatc', cordate, clasping at base, witli short and obtuso auri-
cles; panicles umbellato-corymbous ; ped. and invul. hispid; ach. somewhat
4-anglod, ribs transversely rugulous. — Waste jrrounds, naturalized, K. Ma.ss. and
S. N. York, rare. St. angular, about '2f iiigh. lids, large, witli deep yellow
lis. § Eur.
2 S. asper Vill. Lvs. cordate-amplexicaul, ohlong -lanceolate, unduUiU', .spinulous-
dentate ; ped. subuinbellato ; ach. oval-uhovaie, '.i-rihbed on each sitO: — iM)uii(i in
similar situations with the next, but less common, U. S. St. 1 1o 2f hi^li,
smooth except at the summit of the branches where it is often hispid-glandular.
Lvs. with immerous, short, spiny teeth, wavy or .slightly runeiuate, the upper
ones clasping so as to appear perfoliate. Scales with lew scattered hairs. Aug.,
Sept. (8. spinulosus Bw. S. Carolinianus Walt.)
3 S. olerdceus L. Lvs. sagittate-amjilericaul, runcinate-pinnatifid, subspinulous,
dentate ; ped. downy; invol, at lotigtii smooth ; ach. many-striate. — A sordid look-
ing plant, in waste ground, among rubbish, &c. Plant of a glaucous hue. St.
angular, hollow, fragile, 2 to 3f in height. Lvs. apparently clasping, %% ith Inrgo,
retreating lobes at base, wavy and serrated in a runcinate manner, the teeth end-
ing iu weak spines. Invol. dilated at base, with yellow corollas. Sept. § Eur.
SuBouDER in. LABIATIFLOR Ji:.
115. CHAPTAXIA, Vent. (Dedicated by Ventenat to the celebrated
French chemist M. Chaptal.) Heads radiate ; involucre campanu'.atc ;
scales in few series, linear, acute ; receptacle naked ; ray flowers $ ,
ligulate, disk-flowers ^ , but sterile, bilabiate, lips equal, outer 3-, inner
2-parted ; achenia glabrous ; pappus capillary. — li Aeaulescent herbs.
Lvs. all radical, lid. solitary, cyanic.
C. tomeiitdaa Vent. Lvs. oblong-ovate or lance-oval, on a short petiole, re-
trorsely denticulate, clothed with a dense, white tonientum beneath ; scape
loosely tomentous; hd. nodding until iu flower, thonco erect on the slender , sim-
ple scape. — Moist pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. and La. An interefstiug plant,
alone representing the suborder Labiatjcfloras. Lvs 2 to i' long, G to 15 ' v.'ide,
often subsessile, the upper surface at first arachnoid, at length smooth. Scape
6 to 12' high. Rays about 20, rose-red or white. Disk florets pale yellow.
Mar., Apr.
'ill.
f!
■I 14
M
ii! 4i
•■;|
I .f
1* <•• ^j
M
•4.
t fC
Order LXXI. LOBELIACE^. Lobeliadb.
Herbs or shrubs with a milky juice, alternate, cxst'ipulato lvs. and scattered fls.
Calyx 6-lobed or entire. Cor. monopetalous, irregular, split down to the base on
one side. Stamens 6, free from the cor., united into a tube at least by their anthers.
Ovary adlierent to the calyx tube. Style I. Stigma surrounded by a fringe, Fruii
a capsule 2 — 3-(rarely 1-) celled. Seeds numerous, albuminous.
Oenera 29. specien 376, most abundant in countries near the tropics, as W. Indies, Braiili
Bandwicb Islands, but cotnnion alito throughout the teuiperatc zoacs.
Properties. The species of Lobelia are more or less poisonous. The milky juice Is acrid and
narcotio, producing effects similar to those of Tobacco. L. inilata has lonf{ been conBi(U3rod a
remedy for spasmodic asthma, but more recently is adopted in the ro(?ular practice of the "Bot-
anic SchooK' of Medicine a.« nn onu'M<>, expectorant and sudoriflc, applicable in nuinorous di*>
eus<.<«. Lilie Aconite and other medioiual poisona, It is, of course, to be used with caution.
'ȣ
J
476
Order 71.— LOBELIACE^.
1. LOBE^LIA, L. (In honor of Matthias de T^obel, physician and
botanist to James I.) Corolla tubular, irregular, cleft nearly to the base
on the upper side, upper lip of 2 separate lobes, lower 3-lobod ; stamens
with the anthers united abo'e into a curved tube ; stigma 2-lobed ; cap-
sule opening at the summit ; seeds minute. — Herbaceous plants, with
the fls. axillary and solitary, or in terminal, bracted racemes.
^ Corolla bright red or scarlet, large Nos. 1, 2
^ Corolla blue, often pale, or variegated with white. (*)
• Calyx lobes auriculate at base and often denticulate, (a)
a Leaves acute or somewhat acutnintito Nos. 8—5
,a Leaves obtuse or scarcely acute Nos. 6, 7
* Calyx lubea not auricled, entire, (b)
b Leaves cauline, — denticulate. Ftoir simple Nos. 8, 9
— denticulate. 8 em branching.No.s. 10, 11
— entire. Stem very slender Nos. 12, 18
b Loaves radical or nearly so. Stem naked Nos. 14, 15
1 L. cardindlia L. Cardinal Flower. St. simple, glabrous; Iva. oblong-lan-
ceolate, slightly toothed, acute at each end, sessile ; fls. in a terniinal, bracted,
secund raceme ; stam. longer than the corolla. — A tall species frequent in mea-
dows and along streams, Can. to Car.W. to 111. St. 2 to 4f high, often quite glab-
rous as well aa the whole plant. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 8 to 15", usually denticulate.
Fls. on short pedicels, few or numerous, in a superb, nodding raceme. Bracts
linear-subulate, much shorter than the flowers. Cor. deep scarlet, near 2' in
length. Jl., Aug. f — A variety from Potsdam, N. Y., has the leaves all entire.
Another var. from Mass. has white corollas with more narrow segments.
2 L. fulgens Willd. Mexican Cardinal Flower. St. erect, simple, pu-
bescent; lvs. pubescent, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, subentire and revoluto at
edge ; raceme many-flowered ; stam. the length of the corolla. — Cultivated. Even
superior in size and splendor to No. 1. Stems 3 to 5f high, racemes 2 to 3f long,
f Mexico. (Banks of the Mississippi, Pursh. Probably an error.)
3 L. syphilitica L. Blue Cardinal Flower. Sc. erect, simple ; lvs. oblong-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, unequally serrate, somewhat hirsute ; rae. leafy ;
cal. hispidly ciliato, with the siauscs retiexed. — y A showy plant, in wet mea-
dows and along streams, U. S. and Can., more common in the W. States. Stem
erect, 2 — 4f. high, simple, angular. Lvs. acute at each end, hairy. Fls. 1' long,
light blue, showy, each solitary in the axil of a lance-ovate bract. July.
jS. CANDIDUS. Corollas pure white. A singular variety found at Poughkeepsie,
N. Y., by G. M, Wilbur ; also, Wayne Co., by E. L. Uankenson.
4 L. glanduldsa Walt. Pubescent or nearly glabrous, simple ; lvs. linear-lance-
olate, rather acute, sessile, glandular-denticulate ; fls. few, rather large ; cal. tubo
short, hispid or pubescent, lobes lanceolate, cordate or somewhat auriculate at
base, mostly denticulate, half as long as the stamens, tohich are but half the length
of the corolla. — 1[ In damp barrens, Va. to Fla. and La. Sts. 18' to 2f high. Lvs.
1 to ii' long. Fls. 9" long, blue. Pedicels 2 to 3''. Varies nmch in pubescence.
Sept., Oct.
5 L. Ludovici^na. ITispidly pubescent, strict, erect, simple ; lvs. small, crowded,
oblong-linear, sessile, strongly denticulate; fls. subsessile; cal. truncate at bii,«e.
densely hispid, segm. ovate-acuminate, half the length of the corolla, densely Jim-
briate-toothed, — La. (Haie). A plant widely diiferent from the foregoing. Height
1 to 2f. Lvs. loss than 1' long, I to 2" wide, aU similar (radical not seen). Cor.
blue, 8 to 9 " long, hispid.
6 L. leptdstachya A. DC. Glabrous; st. erect, virgate, simple; lvs. oblong-
lanceolate, minutely-denticulate, sessile; _^. subsessile, small, Tjo^Aecwnc^, in a long,
slender spike, cal. segm. lanceolate-acuminate, longer than the tube of the corolla;
bracts lance-linear, denticulate, longer than the pedicels. — Prairies, W. Status to
La. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 4 to 8". Rac. 6 to 12" in length, the
bracts and sepals rather conspicuous. Fls. light-blue, about 4" long. Much re-
sembles L. spicata. Jl.
7 L. pub^rula Mx. Soft puberulent; st. erect, simple; lvs. ovate-oblong or
elliptical, obtuse, sessile, repand-denticulate; rac. spicate, secund; Jis. large; caL
ciliato, the segments shorter than the tube of the coroll:^ — U Wet grounds. Ohio,
Order 71.— LOBELIAOE.^.
477
lor
Ponn. to Ga. and La. St. 12 — 30' high, scarcely furrowed. Lts. covered with a
short, downy or silky pubescence, 1 to 2' in leuyth and half as wide. Fls.
twice larger than in No. 7, on very short pedicels, each solitary in the axil of an
ovate-lanceolate bract, forming a one-sided raceme, leafy below. Cal. liuiry at
base. Cor. of a bright purplish blua Jl.
8 L. amcena Mx. Erect, simple, glab.ous (rarely a little pubescent); Ivs. lanceo'
late, attenuated at each end, the low»ir petiolate, repand-denticulate ; tls. large,
secund ; calyx-tube abrupt at base, very short, lobes subulato nearly as long as
the corolla. — Ditches and damp soils, Va. to" Ga. Sts. 1 to 3f high, with numer-
ous Hs. of a bright, blue. Lvs. 2 to 3' (4 to 6', Nutt.) long. Corolla about 10" long.
Differs from No. 7 in its pointed, smooth lvs., sepals without auricles, &c. I'edicels
very short. Sept., Oct
9 L. spic^ta Lam. Puberulent ; st. erect, simple ; lvs. oblong, sessile, mostly ob-
tuse, obscurely denticulate, radical ones spatulato ; fls. (small) usually crowded, in
a long, slender raceme ; pedicels as long as the flowers, or entire, subulate bracts ;
sep. subulato, as long as the tube of the corolla. — U Fields and prairies, Can. and
U. S. St. li to 2f high, somewhat grooved, few-leaved, ending in a spike-like
raceme 6 to 10' long. Cor. pale blue, 3 to 4 " long, the palate bidentate. Jl. —
Sept. — Differs from No. 6 in its slender pedicels, absence of auricles, ko. (L.
Claytonia Mx.) With a loose fewer-flowered raceme, it is the same as L.
pallida Muhl.
10 L. infldta L. Indian Tobacco. St. hairy, branched, erect ; lvs. ovate-lancoo-
late, sessile, serrate, pilous ; caps, inflated. — (1) In fields and woods, Can. and U.
S. Root fibrous. Stem erect, very rough, angular, simple, becoming branched
in proportion to the luxuriance of the growth, 10 — 15' high. Leaves elliptical,
sessile, liairy and veiny. Flowers in leafy spikes, axillary, peduncled. (,'oi'ollu
small, pale blue, leaving an oval, turgid capsule in the calyx. Jl. — Sept. — This
plant is much renowned in Pharmacy. See remarks under the order.
11 L. Boykinii Torr. & Gr. St. glabrous, branched, branches ei-ect, virgate; lvs-
linear, erect, glandular-denticulate; fls. on slender, flattened pedicels in long,
loose racemes ; cal. turbinate, with lance-linear, acuminate segm. — Wet soils, Ga.
and Flo. We merely saw tiiis species in the herbarium of Dr. Curtis.
12 L. Nuttallii DC. Glabrous ; st. erect, very slender, almost filiform, subsim-
plo ; lvs. few and remote, subentire, radical linear-spatulate, cnuline, rather acute ;
fls. few, remote; pedicels as long as the corolla; calyx-tube almost none. — An ex-
ceedingly slender plant, around sandy swamps, L. Isl. to Car., 1 to 2f high, often
branched. Lvs. 6 to 12" by 1 to IJ". Pedicels 3 to 10 ' long, blue as well as
the flowers. JL, Aug.
13 L. Kalmii L. Glabrous ; st. slender, erect ; radical lvs. spatulate, stem lvs.
linear-lanceolate, obtuse . rac. lax, few-flowered, leafy ; pedicels longer tJian the
floiuer, minutely bracteolate; cal. tube obovate. — A small and delicate species, in-
Bphagnous or rocky banks of streams, Me. (Miss Towle), to Niagara and Wis. St.
6 to 12' high, commonly simple. Lvs. sessile, 1' long and 1 to 2 wide, upper onea
entire, lower with remote, minute teeth. Fls. remote, axillary to bracts. Cor.
pale blue, the 3 lower segments obovate. Aug.
14 L. paluddaa Nutt. Lvs. linear-spatulate, thickish, obtuse, petiolate; scape
with a few small, linear bracts, simple; fls. loosely racemed, pedicels about as
long as the calyx segments. — In bogs Del. to Fla. and La. Scapes 2 to Sf Lvs.
few, near the base, 5 to 10' long, 5 or 6 ' wide, slightly glandular-crcnate. Fls.
pale blue, rather larger than No. 13 (6 " long). Apr. — Jn.
15 L. Dortmdnna L. Lvs. submerged, tufted, linear, entire, hollow with 2 longi-
tudinal cells, short, obtuse ; scape simple, nearly naked ; fls. in a terminal raceme,
remote, pedicellate, nodding. — If A curious aquatic, growing in ponds, N. States
to Ga., the flowers only rising above the water. St. erect, hollow, long, bearing
above the surface a raceme of 3 or 4 remote, pedicillate flowers. Lvs. radical,
erect, recurved at the top, 2' long. Fla. pala blue. Caps, half free, lipped with
tli« style. Jl.
l-i
II
'^««c,.
' »'
■H
1
478 Obdbr 72.— CAMPANULACE^.
16 L. BryntiB L. Glabrous, clender. diflVise; Ivs. toothed, the lower elliptt-
cal, petiolate, the upper lance-linear ; fls. scattered, small ; cor. blue with a
white-palate ; sepals linear. — O S. Africa. Pretty i;i pots, f
1 7 Ij. Douglassii. Glabrous, sparingly branched ; st. slender, angular ; Ivs.
sessile, ovate, 3-veined ; ova. sessile, long-acuminate, triangular, contorted,
much longer than the leaves; cor, blue, with a wliite spot in the middle of
the lower lip. — Native of the Rocky Mts., &c. A beautiful annual, with
bright blue flowers, f (Clintonia, Doug. Downingia elegans, Torr.)
Order LXXII. CAMPANULACE^. Bellworts.
Herbs with a milky juice, alternate leaves, and witliout stipules. Flowers mostly
blue, showy. Calyx superior, generally 5-cleft, persistent. CoroUa regular, cara-
panulate, generally 5-cloft, witliering, valvate in aestivation. Stamens 5, free from
tlie corolla; anthers distinct, 2-celled; pollen spherical. Ovary adherent to the
calyx, 2 or more celled. Style covered with collecting hairs. Capsule crowned
with the remains of the calyx, loculicidal. Seeds many.
Illust. in fig. 31S, 319.
Genera 28, species 600, chiefly abounding In tlie northern tempernto lone and In South
Africa. Of its 500 species, according to Alphonse De Candolle, only 19 inhabit the torrid zone.
Tho CampanulaceaB are interesting chiefly for their beauty, being destitute oi any important
Ivnuvv'u properties.
1. CAMPAN'ULA, Tourn. (Lat. campanula^ a little bell ; from the
form of the flowers.) Calyx mostly 5-cleft ; corolla cair.panulate, or
snbrotate, 5-lobe(J, closed at base by the broad, valve-like bases of the 5
stamens ; stigma 3 to 5-cleft ; capsule 3 to 5-celled, opening by lateral
pores. — Mostly 2J!. Fls. generally in racemes, sometimes spicatc, or
few and axillary.
§ Corolla rotate, flat, deeply 5-lobed, arranged in leafy spikes Nos. 1, 2
§ Corollk campanulate, broadly or narrowly (a)
a Flowers on slender pedicels, solitary or panicled (b).
b Root leaves unlike the stem leaves. Corolla large (6 to 12" broad) Nos. 3, 4
b Root leaves and stem leaves similar. Corolla small (2 to 6" broad) Nos. 5, 6
a Flowers sessile or nearly so. Stem erect. Gardens Nos. 7—9
1 C. Amexio^na L. St. erect; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, uncinately ser-
rate, contracted to a winged petiole, veins often ciliate ; fls. axillary, sessile ; style
exserted, decurved. — A tall, erect, ornamental species in copses, woods, &c.
"Western N. T. and Penn. to 111., common. Also cultivated in gardens. St. 2 to
3f higli, nearly smootli. Lvs. ending in a long point, smooth, with fine teeth.
Fls. blue, flat, on short stalks, or sessile, numerous, solitary, or several in each
upper axil, forming a terminal, leafy raceme. Corolla spreading. Aug. f (C.
acuminata Mx.) C. Illinoensis Frosen (in DC.) is a branching state of the same
plant.
2 C. planifldra DC. Very glabrous; st. simple; lvs. sessile, coriaceous,
shining, radical, crowded, ovate or t Mvate, obtuse, crenulato, caulino linear-lauceo-
late, acute, suberntire ; fls. in a spicate raceme ; cal. lobes ovate, acute, i^ a.s long
as the campanulate-rotate corolla. — Native about Hudson's Bay (Pursb.) A
species with numerous blue fls. Stem about a span high, f (C. nitida Ait.)
3 C. rotundifdlia L. Hark Bell. St. weak, slender; radical lvs. ovate or
reniform-cordate ; cauline, linear, entire ; fls. few, nodding. — Fine and delicate,
with blue, boll-shaped fls. On damp rocks, rocky streams, N. States and Brit.
Am. St. a foot or more high, smooth. The root lvs. generally decay on the
opening of the flowers, so that a specimen with tlieso (7 to 10" by 4 to 7") is
rather rare. Cauline lvs. smooth, linear, 2' long and scarcely a line in width
Fla. terminal, in a loose panicle, drooping. Root creeping, perennial. Jn., Jl.
4 C. peraioifdlia L. St. angular, erect ; lvs. rigid, obscurely crenate-ser-
rate, radical obtong-obovate, cauline lance-linear; fls. large, broadly campanulate.
— A beautiful species, native of Europe, with very large, blue (varying to white)
flowers. Corolla about 1' .broad, f
Okdbb 73.— ERICACB^.
479
! I
5 C. apf rinoides Ph. St. flaccid, slender, branching above, triangular, the
angles inversely aculeate; Ivs. lance-linear, subentire; fls. terminal. — A slender
annual, found in wet meadows, Can. and Wis. to Ga. St. 12 to 18' high, ita 3
angles roHgh backwards, by means of which it supports itself upright among the
grass. Lvs. smooth on the upper surface, 1 to 2' in length. Fls. broad, belU
shaped, 4'' wide, white, on ihread-like, flexuous peduncles at the top of the stem.
Ju. — Aug.
jS. ERlNOiuES. Lvs. elliptical, less than 1' in length; fls. smaller. (C. erinoi-
des Mx.)
6 C. divaric^ta Mx. Glabrous, erect, with slcndor, divaricate, paniculate
branches ; lvs. narrow-lanceolate, pointed at each end, sharply dentate • fls. cain-
panulate, pendulous on the slender branchlots. — Rocky woods, along the Mts.,
Ky., Va. to Ga. Plant about 2f in height. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 2 to 6 '. Corolla
exactly bell-shaped, 4 to 5" broad, its segments revolute. Jl., Aug.
7 C. glomerata L. St. angular, simple, smooth; lvs. scabrous, oblong-lanceo-
late, cordate-sessile, lower petiolato ; ./is. crowded in a dense Jiead ; cat. lobes acum-
inate, half aa long as the funnel-shaptd coroUa. — A European species, cultivated
in gardens, naturalized at Danvers, Vt. (Oakes.) It is a handsome plant, about
2f high, with numerous bell-shaped flowers of an inttnse violet-blue, varying to
pale purple. In cultivation it lias many varieties. § f
8 C. Medium L. Canterbury Bells. St. simple, erect, hispid; lvs.
lanceolate, obtusely serrate, sessile, 3-veined at base ; fls. erect, be'.l-shaped, with
an obtuse base. — <i) An ornamental border flower, from Germany, and of the
easiest culture. Root biennial. Stem several feet in height, undivided, rough
with bristly hairs. Flowers very largo, the base broad, limb reflexed, of a deep
blue. Several varieties occur with double or single flowers, of blue, red, purplo
and white corollas. June — Sopt. f
9 C. lanuginosa, with ovate, crenate, rugous and somewhat woolly lvs. and
'■ather large flowers, acute at base, is sometimes cult., and also a few other specirs.
2. SPECULA^RIA, Heist. (Lat. speculum, a mirror ; alluding to
the flower of S. speculum.) Calyx 6 lobcd, tube elongated; corolla
rotate, 6-lobtd ; stamens 5, distinct, half as long as the corolla, filaments
hai-y, shorter than the anthers; style included, liairy ; stigmas 3 ; cap-
sule prismatic, 3-celled, dehiscing in the upper part. — (D Fls. axillary
and terminal, sessile, erect.
1 S. perfolidia Lam. St. simple, rarely branched, erect; lvs. cordate, crenate,
amplexicaul; fls. sessile, aggregate, axillary. — Plant somewhat hairy, a foot high,
found in flelds and roadsides. The strict, upright stem, is furnished with distant,
short, alternate, heart-reniform, veiny, stem- clasping leaves, containing 1 — 4
crowded flowers in the concavity of their upper surface. Flowers axillary and
terminal, the upper clusters larger. Corolla blue or purple, with spreading seg-
ments, calyx seg. acute, lanceolate. Jn., Jl. (Campanula amplexicaulis Mx.)
2 S. Ludovici^na Torr. St. at length producing rMmarous slender branches ; lvs.
broad-ovate, acute, subentire, sessile or slightly amplexicaul; fls. axillary and ter-
minal on the slender branches. — La. (Hale) and S. Car. (Curtis.) Plant similar in
size and appearance to No. 1, but ita flowers are rather smaller, with quite slen-
der ovaries.
3 S. speculum L. Venus' Lookinq-qlass. St. diffuse, very branching;
lvs. oblong-crenato ; fls. solitary ; scalen at the base of the corolla sometimes
wanting. — A pretty border flower, named from the form of the blue corolla, which
reiembles a little, round, concave mirror (speculum). Aug. f
Order LXXIII. ERICACE^. Heathworts.
Plants shrubby or suRhiticoas, sometimes herbaceous with Lvs. simple, alternate
or opposite, mostly evergreen, without stipules. Corolla regular or somewhat ir-
' i i
l\> M
V '■ i
480
Ordbb 73. — ERICAOBL^.
regular, 4 to 6-cleft, the petals raroly distinct Stamens as many or twice as many
as the petals, tree, bypogynous. Anthers 2-celled, generally open by pores, otlen
appendaged. FoUen (except iu Moiiotropea;) coujpouuded of 4 united grams. Evi>-
bryo straight, lying in the axis of, or iu the end of tleshy albumen, lllust in tigs
38, 45, 110, 203, 320, 345, 350, 355.
Gfriero 66, specien 1086, dispersed throughout all countries, but comparatively rore In the
torrid zone. The true EricacciB (Heaths), are cliiclly natives of the Cai)e of Good Ilojie, tliere
beiii« none in Asia, New Holland, ond but ono or two in America. The Tribe Vaccinete ur«
cliielly natives of \. America.
Properties. — The Ilcathworts are, In general, astringent and diuretic. Some of them yield a
stimulating and aromatic resinous matter. The Bearberry, (Arctostuphylos Uva-ursi) is a well
known remedy in nephritic ccnnplaiiits. An infusion of the leaves is astringent, demulcent
and diuretic. Similar properties .ire also possessed by the Vipsissiwa (Chimaphlia uuibellata).
The s|tecie8 of Rhododendron and Kalniia are pervaded by a narcotic principle, rendering them
(particularly their leaves) often actively poisonous. The lioney collected from their flowers by
the bees appears so have been so to some of the soldiers in the retreat of the immortal ten thou-
sand (Xcnophon's Anabasis). The berries of the VaccinciD (Whortleberries, Blueberries and
Cranberries,) and of Gaultheria procumbens (spicy Wintergreen) are escuic.t and wholt^ume.
The true position of our suborders Cyilleie and Galaclnie is not known. We follow I)e C'an-
dollo in appending them to Ericaccic rather from convenience, as their habit certainly points to
this order.
SUBORDERS A\J) GENERA.
I. VACCINE.iE. Shntba. Calyx adherent. Fruit a berry crowned by the calyx teeth. (♦)
* Erect shrubs with 5-parted flowers and 10-seeded fruit Gaylussacia. 1
* Erect shrubs with 5-parted flowers and oo -seeded fruit. No resinous dots. . Vaccinipm. 2
* Trailing shrubs. CoroHa deeply 4-cleft, — rottexed. Fruit red Oxycoccus. 3
— spreading. Fruit white Chiogenks. 4
II. EEICINE-E. Shrubs or trees. Calyx free. Coroll» and stamens hypogynous. Sds. cX). (a)
a Flowers 4-parted, stamens 8. Capsule 4-celled,— loculicldal Ebica. 6
— septlcidal. (b). (No. 13.)
a Flowers 5-p.arted, petals distinct or very nearly polypotalous. (f)
a Flowers 5-parted, petals united, — monopetalous. (b)
b Corolla saueer-form, holding the anthers in 10 pits Kalmia. 6
b Corolla salver-form, very fragrant. Trailing shrublet Epio.«a. 7
b Corolla funnel- or bell-form, with spreading lobes, (e)
b Corolla urceolate (ovoid, cyllndric or globular), lobes small, (c)
C Fruit fleshy, the matured ovary 5-seeded Abotostaphyios. 8
O Fruit fleshy, the matured e;ilyx oo -seeded GAULT^ERt.^. 9
O Fruit dry, capsular, opening into the cells (loculicldal). (d)
d Shrublet moss-like, with linear leaves. Valves 2-cleft Casbiop'!. 10
d Shrubs with ample leaves. Valves entire Andromeda. 11
d Tree with ample leaves and slender racemes Oxydendrum. 12
O Fruit dry, capsular, opening between the cells Menziesia. 18
e Stamens 5, included. Plant and leaves very small Loiseleubia. 14
e Stamens 5 (rarely more), long-cxserted. Corolla funnel-form . . „ Azalea. 16
e Stamens 10 (rarely fe.ver), exsertec'. Corolla bell-form Kuodourndron. 16
f Corolla very irregular, open before tlio leaves appear Kiiodora. 17
f Corolla regular,— 7-petaled. Stamens 14 Befaria. 18
— 5-petaled. — Capsule 5-celled Ledum. 19
—Capsule 3-celled. — Fls. umbeled Leiopiiyllum. 20
— Fls. racemed Clktiiba. 21
III. CTRILLEyE. Shrubs. Cal. free. Pet. and stam. hypogynous. Cells of caps 1 -seeded, (g)
g Flowers 4-parted, with 8 stamens and a 2-cellcd capsule ELLiorriA. 22
g Flowers 6-parted, — with 5 stamens and a 2-celled capsule Cyrilla. 23
— with 10 stamens. Capsule 3-celled, 2-winged Mvlooariuh. 24
IV. PYROLEiE. Herbs evergreen, woody. Cal, free. Pet. 5, distinct. Testa of sd. loose, (h)
h Flowers racemed, niiny. Horbs nearly acaulescent P yrola. 25
h Flowers solitary (one only) Herb low, acaulescent Monfbes. 26
li Flowers umbel«d, few. Stems ascending. Stylo very short Ciiimapuila. 27
VT OALACINEJ3. Herb evergreen, oMCBnXasiC&nt. Filaments 10, monadelphous,
alternately sterile ; anthers 6, one-celled. Capsule 8-celled, 00 -seeded Galax. 'H
VI. MONOTROPE.1E. irerba leafless, verdurelets, >vith scale-like bracts, (k)
k Corolla polypetalous. Plant white, reddish or tawny Monotropa. 2*
k Corolla monopstalous,- campanulate, in a short spike Schweimtzia. 30
— ovoid, in a looso raceme PTiRoepoBA. 8)
m
Order 73.— ERICACE^.
481
Suborder I. VACCINES. The Bluebeury Tribe.
i. GAYLUSSAXIA, H. B. K. Huckleberry. (In honor of the
distinguished chemist, Gay-Lussac.) Calyx adherent, 5-toothed ; corolla
urceolate or campanulate, 6-cleft or toothed; stamens 10, anthers awn-
h.'ss, the cells produced upwards into tubular beaks opening at the apex;
berry drupe-like, globular, 10-celled, 10-seeded. — Shrubs resembling the
Vaccinia. Lvs, often resinous-dotted beneatli. FIs. in lateral, bracted
rr.cemes, white or reddish, small. Fr. black or dark blue, sweet. (Vao
cinium L.)
* Kacemes axillary. Leaves evergreen, doUoss, very smooth No. 1
* liucemes lateral. Leaves dotted hencatli, — luucroniite, thick No. 2
— not mucronate, thin N js. 3,4
1 G. buzifolia. Box Huckleberry. Very smootli ; lvs. oval and ovate, finely
crcnatt-dentate, tliick and fijm ; rac. dense, axillary and terminal subso-ssile, tlio
pedicels verv short ; cor. short-ovoid ; lilameuts glandular ; berries liglit blue I —
Rocky hills," New Bloomfield, Perry Co., Penn. (Rev. D. 11. Focht), W. Va. {Guv-
tis) and E. Tenn. A handsome little evergreen, If high, with leaves (T — 9'' liy
4 — 5") like those of the Box, and white rls. delicately tinged with red. May.
(V. buxifolium Salisb. V. brachycerum Mx.)
2 G. dumdsa Torr. & Gr. Brjyichlets, lvs. and pedicels sprinkled with minute
bristles and resinous dots; lvs. obovate-oblong, subsessilo subcoriacoous, obtuse,
mucronate, entire or ciliate-serrulate ; rac. with persistent bracts ; pedicels bracteo-
late in the middle ; cor. cylindric-eampanulate, including the stamens and style. —
Swamps and thickets, Uxbridge, Mass. (Robbins), S. to Fla. A small shrub, If
high, with leafy racemes. Lvs. about 16" by 7". FIs. white or purplish, each
from the axil of an oval bract. Berries black, i..sipid, large. Jn. (V. dumo-
Bum Andr.)
(i. HIRTELLA. Plant more or less hairy.
3 G. resindsa Torr. & Gr. Bl.\ck Huckleberry. Branches cinereous-brown,
villous when youug; lvs. c' '.ong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, entire,
petiolate ; rac. lateral, secund ; pedicels short, subbracteolate ; cor. ovoid-conic, at
lengtl), subcampanulato, 6-angled ; berries black, — This common shrub of woods
and pastures (Can. to Va. and Teun.) is about 2f high, very branching. Lvs.
1 to 2' long, rarely acute, shining beneath, with resinous patches and spots.
Petiole 1" in length. FIs. small, drooping. Corollas contracted at the mouth,
greenish or yellowish purple, longer than the stamens but shorter than the stylo.
Berries globous, sweet and eatable, ripe in August. May. (V. resinosum Ait.)
(i. brevifolia. Corolla very short, when open as broad as long. — Quincy, Fla.
4 G. fronddaa Torr. & Gr. Blue Dangles. Higu Blueberry. Lvs. oblong-
obovtite, obtuse, entire, glaucous beneath ; rac. loose, bracteate; pedv^els filiform,
bracteate near the middle ; cor. ovoid-campanulate, including the stamens ; berries
blue. — Grows in open woods, N. Eng. to Fla. and La. A shrub 3 to 5f high, with
round, smooth and slender branches. Lvs. twice as long as wide, the margin
slightly revolute. Rac. lateral (not axillary), the bracts deciduous. Pedicels 5
to 10" in length. FIs. reddisli- white, succeeded by large, globous'-, blue and
sweet berries covered with a glaucous bloom when mature. May, Jn. (V.
frondosum Willd.)
2. VACCIN'IUM, L. Blueberry. Calyx adherent, 6-toothed ; co-
rolla urceolate, campanulate or cylindric, limb 4 to 5-cleft, retiexed ;
stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, generally included ;
anthers with 2 awns on the back, or awnlcss, the 2 cells prolonged into
a tube opening at apex ; berry invested with the calyx 4 or 5 (falsely
8 to 10) -celled, cells many-seeded. — Shrubs or undershrubs with scat-
tered lvs. FIs. solitary or raccmous, white or reddish, small, Fr. gene-
rally eatable. A false partition often divides the cells, each partly into
2. (Fig. 350.) ^^
.'"'V
ii.,-'-i
I '\I:^-M
483
Order 73.-^ERICACE^.
liWi
>M
■iij.
8
''fer
S Anthers 2>awno(l bnck of the 2 horns. Leaves deciduoiu. (a)
a FiliMnents smooth. Fr. 4 to 5-celIed. Low alpine undershrubs Xos. 1, 2
a Filaments hairy. Fruit partly lu-celled. Taller (2 t« 20f high.) Nos. 8, 4
$ Anthers '2-liornfd, without the awnu. Filaments 10, halrv. (b)
b Leaves evergreen. Flowers 4-parted. Fruit 4-ccIled No. 5
b I -eaves evergreen. Flowers 6-parted. Fruit partly 10-celled Nos. 6, 7
b Leaves deciduous. Fruit partly 10-celled. Fls, in short, close racemes, (c)
C Corolla bell-shaped. Leaves hairy both sides, entire No. 3
C Corolla cylindrical. Leaves sinoo"th or nearly so Nos. "^ 1 1
C Corolla ovoid, evidently contracted at the mouth Nos. li— 13
V. uligindsum L. Bilberry. Procu.-nbent ; Ivs. obovate, very obtuse,
enilre. smooth, not shining, glaucous and veiiiy L,^neaMi; fls. mostly solitary,
ii.villary; cor. ovoid-globous, ^-cleft; anth. 8, with 2 slender awns. — A low, alpino
slirub, White-Mts. Sts. with numerous rigid branches. Lvs. 4" by 3", scarcely
l)ctiolate, crowded near the ends of the branches, and of a bluish-green. Fls. half
as long as the leaves, subsessile, sometimes 2 together. Berries oblong, deep blue,
crowned with the style. Jn., Jl.
V. caeBpitdsum Mx. Bilberry. Dwarf, csespitous; lvs. obovate, attenuate
at the base, thin, serrate, reticulate with veins, shining ; ped. subsolitary, 1-flow-
ored; cal. very sliort; cor. oblong., suburceolate, 5-toothed; stara. 10. — White Mts.
(Oakes), N. to Hudson's Bay. St. a few inches higli. Fls. numerous, nodding,
on short pedicels. Anth. with 2 long awns at the back. Berries large, globous,
blue, eatable.
v. staxnineum L. Deerberrt. Lvs. oval-lanceolate, acute, dull, glaucous
beneath; pedicels solitary, axillary, nodding; cor. campanulate-spreading, sogm.
acute, oblong; anth. 10, with the long tubes exserted and 2 awns at their biise. —
Dry woods, Can. to Fla, and La. Shrub 2 to 3f high, very branching. Lvs. 1 to
2' long, mostly rounded at base, and on very short petioles, those on the slender
flowering branches very much smaller. Cor. white. Stam. conspicuously ex-
serted, but shorter than the style. Berries large, greenidh white, bitter. May, Jn.
(V. elevatum Banks.) — Varies with the leaves beneath nearly white to green,
smooth to pubescent, and with smaller flowers.
v. arboreum Mx. Lvs. obovate, acute and short-petioled at base, mucronate
and glandular-serrulate or entire, veiny, shining above, pale green and subpu-
bescent beneath; pedicels axillary to bracts, secund, in leafy racemes ; cor. cy-
lindric-bell-shaped ; anth. 10, included, 2-awned. — Woods, N. Car.- to Fla. Slirub
or small tree, 8 to 20f high, Lvs. usually small, rather thick, 1' to 18' long.
Fls. numerous, elegant, rose-white, half as long as their pedicels. Berries black,
dryish, ripening but few seeds. Alay, Jn. — (V. myrtilloides ? Ell. with tiie bracts
enlarged to lvs. in fruit)
V. Vitis-Idaea L. Decumbent, much branched, smooth, evergreen ; lvs. oval,
t'.iick, margin revolute, obtuse, small, dark green above, pale beneath; ^fls. soli-
tary or in short clusters, 4-parted ; cor. campanulate. — Summits of the White
Mta. N. 11., also rocky hills, E. Mass. and Me. Sts. 3 to 6' long. Lvs. crowded, 4
to 1" long, channeled along the midvein above. Fr. small, mealy, sour. Jn., Jl.
V. Myrsinftes Mx. Erect, much branched; lvs. small, elliptical, acute at each
end, glabrous, serrulate ; fls. in small, lateral clusters of 2 to 5; cor. ovoid, urceo-
late; sty. slightly exserted. — A beautiful little shrub 1 to 2f high, common in
woods, N. Car. to Fla. Branches greenish. Lvs. 3 to 5" long, varying from
elliptic to obovate or roundish, perennial, often purplish. Cal. purple, cor. rose-
colored. Fr. rather large, bluish black, sweet, pulpy, many-seeded. Mar., Apr.
V. myrtifdlium Mx. St. simple, decumbent at base, from long, creeping roots;
bark green, puberulent above ; lvs. cuneate-obovate, or oval, pale and with scat-
tered glandular hairs beneath; fls. in dense, sessile, lateral clusters of Q to \2; cor.
oulong-cylindric; antli. unawned. — S. Car. to Fla. Sts. If high. Lvs. scattered,
1 to 2' long, obtuse or acute, tapering to a short petiole. Berries small, pedicel-
late, globous, black. Mar., Apr.
V. C^ad^nse Rich. Branches reddish-green, pubescent, leafy; lvs. subses-
sile, elliptic-lanceolate or oblong, acute at each end, villous beneath, tomentoxis on
the veins above, entire; rac. fasciculate, sessile, subterminal; cor. campanvlate; cal.
lobes acute. — A shrub 8 to 12' high, not uncommon in rocky fields and thickets.
Can., Me., N. II. to Wis. and the 11. Mts. Lvs. 8 to 12" by 3 to 6 ". Fls. about
Order 1^.—ERICA.CEJE.
483
3" long. Sty. and stara. included. Berries blue and sweet, Bimilar to those of
No. 9. May.
9 V. Pennsylvdnicum Lam. Common Low Blueberry. — Branches green,
with 2 pubescent lines; Ivs. subsessile, crowded, elliptic-oblong, acute at each
end, minutely serrulate, thin, glabrous, and shining, witii the veins beneatli pube-
rulent; fls. in short, bracteate, dense, subterminal racemes; cor. ovoid-oylindrical.
— Thickets and pastures in hard soils. Can. to Penn., common in N. Eng. A low
under-slirub, 6 — 12' high, growing in dense patches. Leaves 8 — 12" by 4 — 6".
Flowers reddish-white, 3 ' long. Bracts mostly colored. Berries large, blue,
sweet and nutritious. May. (V. tenellum Ph.)
/3. NIGRUM. Lvs. dark green ; berries black and shining, destitute of bloom. —
"With variety a. (V. ligustrinum Ph. ?)
y. ALPiNUM. Dwarf; decumbent; lvs. very small (3 to 4" long), narrow-ob-
lanccoJate. — Summits of the White Mts. with No. 5 (V. angustitblium Ait.)
XO v. vacillans Poland. Low, bushy; Iv.s. oval, elliptical or ovate, acute or
mucronate, pale green, dull, glaucoiis beneath, at lengtli glabrous, minutely serru-
late; rac. dense-Howercd, preceding the foil-grown lvs.; lis. a little longer tlmn
the pedicels; cor. ovoid-cylindric, slightly contracted at tlie mouth. — Hilly wood-
lands, N. Eng., N. Y., Penn. to Clinch Mt., Tenn. Shrub 1 to 2K high, with
greenish branches. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, corolla 4", reddish white. Berries
bluish black, sweet. May, Jn.
11 V. corymbdsum L. CosraoN IIigii Blueberry. Tall ; flowering branches
nearly leafless ; lvs. oblong-oval or elliptical-Umceolaie, acute or acv/minate at each
end, entire, pubescent when young, often glaucous beneath ; rac. short, sessile ; cor.
ovoid-cylindrical. — A tall shrub, 5 to lOf high, growing in shady swamps, copses,
hedges, &c. Can. to Fla. Branches green or purplish. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, usu-
ally with a slight pubescence on the veins beneath. Fls. numerous, noddin^r,
generally appearing in advance of tlie leaves. Corolla large for the genus (5"
long) purplish white. Stam. included, sty. often exserted. Berries large, black,
often with a tinge of purple, subacid. Mar. — Jn. — Varies exceedingly. Some
of its more striking varieties are
/3. VIRGATUM. Branches short, entirely naked when in flower ; rac. numerous,
cor. oblong-ovoid, angular, briglit rose-color. — Conmiou southward. Sta. 4
to 6f high (V. virgatum Ph. ?)
y. AMCENUM. Lvs. oblong ; cor. cylindrical, large, reddish white ; style in-
cluded. — Shrub 6 to 1 Of high. Berries black.
6. FUSCATUM. Lvs. serrulate, glabrous; pedicels elongated ; style exserted. —
A smaller shrub witli corollas red and white, striped. Calyx brown.
c. GLABRUM. Plant glabrous throughout. — Not common.
12 V. galezans Mx. Flowering branches leafy; lvs. sessile, cuneate-lanceolate,
subserrato, veiny, glabrous when old; fls. in small, sessile fascicles; cor. uvoid,
much contracted at the mouth ; stylo exserted. — Swampy woods, Va. (Puish) to
Ga. and La. Sts. If to 18' high, green with a reddisli or yellowish tinge. Young
lvs. also reddish. Cor. small, yellowish wliite. Berries small, black. A few lvs.
are sometimes persistent. . i pr., May.
13 V. hiratltuin Buckley. Whole 2)lant, with fls. and fruit, densely hirsute ; rac.
small, axillary and terminal ; lvs. deciduous, ovate, entire, mucronate, sub&ossile,
cor, oblong, nearly closed at throat, with 5 short teeth ; anth. awnless, included ;
fll. and style hrary ; berry globous, oo-seeded. — Mts. N. Car. (Buckley). Bush
much branc^hed. If high.
3. OXYCOCXUS, Pers. Cranberry. (Gr. o^v^, acid, KOKKog,
berry.) Calyx adherent to the ovary, 4-cleft; corolla 4-parted, with
narrow, reflexed segments; stam. 8, convergent; anthers tubular, 2-
parted, opening by oblique pores ; berry globous, 4-celled, many-seeded.
— Shrubs, with alternate lvs. and red and purple berries.
• Stem erect, with membranons, decidous leaves. Berries sweetish No. 1
• Stem pro.strate, slender ; leaves evergreen, small. Berries acid, Nos. 2, 3
1 O. crythroodrpuB Ell. Lvs. oval, acuminate, thin, ciliate-serrulate ; fls. axil-
lary, solitary, the long segments at length r^exed. — Mts. of Va. and Car. St»
}i
'!?
r;;
i:
lif
■'t
Mm]
iryn^
H *■
1,1 " *
484
Order 73.— ERICAOE.E.
with divaricate branches, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. much larger than in the other spe-
cies, veins beueiitli pubescent. Berries globular, scarlet, translucent. Jn.
2 O. palllBtriB Pera. St. filiform, prostrate; lvs. o'. ate, entire, revolute on the
margin; pediouLs terminal, 1-liowered; segments of the corolla ovate. — A pros-
trate under-shrub, found in Alpine bogs, Brit. Am. and N. Statea Stems creep-
iut< extensively, smooth, purple, with erect brandies. Lvs. very small (2 to 3"
long), exiictly ovate. Fls. .several together on the summits of tiie branches.
Pedicels an inch in length, with 2 nearly opposite bracts in the middle. Cor.
light pink. Stamens purple. Fruit smaller than in the next species, crimson,
ripe in Oct. Fls. in June.
3 O. macrocdrpuB Pers. St. creeping, filiform ; lvs. oblong, obtuse at each end,
edges revolute, glaucous beneath; pedicels axillary, elongated, 1 -flowered; seg-
ments of the corolla linear- lanceolate. — Sphagnous swamps Va. to the Arc. Ocean.
Stems 8 — 15' in length, brown, with ascending branches. Lva. numerous, 4 — 6"
by 2 — 3", rounded at each end, on very short petioles, smooth both sidea Fls.
flesii-colored, pedicels 5 — 15" long, .solitary in the axils of the upper leuves. Berry
lar^e, bright scarlet, ripe in Oct. Fls. in June.
4. CHIOG'ENES, 8alisb. (Gr. ;^«6)i^, snow, yftvo^, offspring ; in allu-
sion to its evergreen liabit.) Caly.x 4-cleft, persistent; cor. broadly
cainpaiiulate, limb deeply 4-cleft; stam. 8, included, filaments very
broad and short, anther colls distinct, awnless on the back, bicuspidate
at apex, opening longitudinally ; ovary adherent, except at the summit,
4-celled ; fruit white, 4-celled, many-seeded. — A prostrate, evergreen
undershrub, with alternate leaves. Fls. solitary, axillary. (Fig. 38.)
C. hiBpidula Torr. & Gr. A delicate woody creeper, in old shady woods, moun*
tains, N. Eng. to Newfoundland, W. to the R. Mts. Stems ligneous, slender,
creeping extensively, with numerous brandies, and clothed with short, appressed,
reddidit hairs. Leaves numerous, alternate, and roundish-oval, 4 — 6 by 3 — 4",
abruptly acute, dark evergreen above, paler beneath. Cor. white, its parts in 4s.
The leaves and white berries have an agreeable spicy fiavor like those of Gaul-
theriii procumbens. (Vaccinium L.) May, Jn.
Suborder II. ERICINEJ^:. The Heath Tribe.
W'
5. ERFCA, L. Heath. Heather. (Gr. epeiKCJ, to break ; in allu-
sion to the brittleness of the branches and stems.) Calyx 4-cleft ; cor.
tubular, globous, ovoid, urceolate, campanuhite or hypocrateriform,
limb short, 4-lobed ; stam. 8 ; style filiform ; caps. 4, rarely 8-celled,
4-valved, locnlicidal ; seeds 2 — go in each cell, affixed to the axillary pla-
centae, usually conformed to the smoothish or shining testa. — European,
or cliiefly South African shrubs, branching, mostly brittle. Lvs. linear,
acerous, margin revolute, verticillate, rarely alternate. Fls. axillary,
solitary, verticillate, or terminal, cor}mbous or capitate, mostly nodding.
Cor. of the cyanic series, from purple through red to white, very rarely
orange or yellow.
Obs. Of this vast and beautiful penus, 429 species are described by Mr. Bcntham In the Pro-
drotiius of DO.. Part vii., pp. 613 — ki'JS. All these species have been cultivated in Euru])e, and
many in this country, but their successful culture is attendeii with more care than tliat of most
otlier plants, and they liave never as yet received general attention. To describe so few .spe-
cies as the V.mits of this worli would permit, wlicre so many are rarely and none generally met
With, would be of little satisfaction to the student.
6. KAL'iHIIA, L. American Laurel. (Named by Linnaus in
honor of Peter Kalm, Prof, at Abo, Finland.) Calyx 5-parted, corolla
with 10 prominences beneath and 10 corresponding cavities within, in-
cluding the 10 anthers ; border 5-lobed ; filam. elastic ; capsule 5-celled,
Order 73.— ERICACEJi. 435
many-seeded. — Beautiful shrubs, natives of N. America. Lvs. entire,
evergreen, coriaceous. Fls. in racemous corymbs, white and red.
* Flowers in terminal corymbs. Lvs tliiclc, mostly nciitc Nos. 1, 2
• Flowfi's in luterul corymbs. Leaves obtuse Nns. 8, 4
♦ i'lowersi solitury, axillury. Calyx elongated, deciduous No. 5
1 K. latifdlia L. Calico Bush. Spoon-wood. Lvs. alternate an<i ternate, oval-
lanceolate, acute at each end, smooth and grten on both sidts ; corymbs teruiuial,
viscidly pubescent. — A profui-ely flowering shrub, sonu'times attaining the height
of a small tree. It is found in all the Atlantic States from Maine to Fla., and W.
to Ohio and Ky. in woods. Wood crooked, fine-grained and compact. Lt-aves
2 — 3' long, smooth and shining, acute at each end and entire. Flowers hi splei.-
did corymbs, white or variously tinged with red, abundant. Corolla with a
spreading limb 9 — 10" diam. and a 5-lobed margin. Tiie leaves aic narcotic and
poi-sonous to uomo animals. May, Jn.
2 K. glauca Ait, Swamp Laurel. Branches ancipitous ; lvs. opposite, subses.sile,
lanceolate, polished, glaucous beneath, revolute at the margin ; corymbs terminal,
tfie peduncles and bracts smooth. — A delicate shrub. '2f high, Ibund in swamps, etc.,
Penn., Ky., N. Eng., N. to Arc. Am. Stem slender, the branches distinctly
2-edged by an elevated ridge extending from the base of each opposite leaf to
the ni'xt node below. Lvs. smooth and shining, white underneath, and 1 in
length. Fls. 8 — 10 in each corymb. Corolla about V diam., pale purple. June.
(i. UOSMAUINIFOLIA. Lcaves linear, more revolute, green beneath.
3 K. angustifdlia L. Sheep-poison. Lvs. ternate and opposite, elliptical-lance-
olate, 2>fitiolate, obtuse at each end, smooth; corvnibs lateral ; bracts linear-lance-
olate. — Shnib 2 — -If in height, in marshes and iiy ponds. Can. to Car. W. to Ky.
Leaves with rounded ends entire, smooth, 1 — 2' long, and i as wide, on short
petioles. Flowers deep purple, in small, axillary fascicles ajiparently wliorled,
about half iis large in No. 1. Bracts minute, about 3 at the base of each pedi-
cel Jn. — Said to be poisonous to cattle.
4 K. cunedta Mx. Lvs. scattered, sessile, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, glan-
dular-pubescent beneath ; fls., in sessile, lateral clusters of 4 to G. — Mts. of N. Car.
(Michaux), in swamps, S. Car., near Ueorgetown (Elliot), near Camden (Nuttall).
Shrubs about as large as No. 3. Lvs. about 1' long. Pedicela 1' long, tilitbrm,
with minute bnictlets. Cor. white, red in the center. Jn., Jl.
5 K. hirafita Walt. Very slender, branched, hairy; lvs. scattered, sometimes
opposite, ovate, lanceolate, or linear-oblong, acute, sessile ; pedicels as long as the
leaves ; cal. segm. lance-linear, nearly equaling the corolla limb. — Barrens, S.
Car. to Fla., abundant in wet places. Sts. terete, about If high. Lvs. small (4
to 6" long), edges mostly revolute. Fls. rose-colored, about 7 ' broad. May — Ju.
7. EPIG^^A, L. Trailing Arbutus. May Flower. (Gr. eni,
upon, yrj, the earth ; fr6m its prostrate habit.) CjUn x largo, 5-parted,
with 3 bracts at base ; corolla liypocrateriform, tube villous within,
limb 5-parted, spreading ; stamens 10 ; anthers dehiscent by 2 longi-
tudinal openings; capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. — SutiVuticous trailing.
Lvs. evergreen, cordate, ovate, entire, alternate.
E. repena L. Lvs. cordate-ovate, entire; cor. tube cylindrical. — 1[ Woods, New>
fouudland to Ky. and Penn. This little shrubby plant grows flat upon the
ground, 10 — 15' in length, covered with a hairy pubescence in ;U1 its parts. Lvs,
2 — 2^' by 1|', roundish at the end and abruptly tipped with a very short point
Fls. very fragrant, white or tinged with various shades of red, in small axillary
clusters. C^yx green. The tube of the corolla hairy within, longer than the
calyx, the border in 5, rounded, spreading segments. Apr., May.
8. ARCTOSTAPH'YLOS, Adans. Bear-berry, (Gr. dpKrog, a bear,
aTa(f>v/i'q, a cluster of grapes ; that is Bear-berry.) Calyx 5-parted,
persistent ; corolla ovoid, diaphanous at the base, limb with 6 si .all,
recurved segments ; anthers 10, with 2 long, reflexed awns, opening by
n
H i
1:1'
.^;
I \i
' I )
' h
.'1
i
V^
^^
' fit
f,' Hi
■4l
r :
48C
ORDEfi 73.— ERICACE^.
poros; drupe with a 6-celled putaraen, the cells 1-seeded. — Trailing
shrubs, with alternate Ivs. (Arbutus L.)
1 A. Uva-ursi Spreng. Procumbent; Ivs. entire, obovato, smooth, on short
petioles, evergreen, coriaceous, shiuiug above, paler beneath ; fla. in short, terininul,
drooping clusters ; drupe globular, about us large as a currant, deep red, nearly
insipid, the nucleus consists of 5 bony seeds firmly united together. — Rocky
hills, N. Statesand British America. Stem prostrate except the younger branches,
whit^h arise 3 — 8'. Lvs. about 1' in length, 2 — 3" wide, often spatulate in form;
medicinally they are astringent, and much valued in nephritic coujplaints. May.
2 A. alpina Spreng. Procumbent ; lvs. thin, deciduous, obovate, acute, serrate,
ciliato when young; fls. in short, terminal racemes; bracteoles ovate, broadi
ciliatL'. about equaling the pedicel. — High Mts., in Me. and Can., alpine regions o(
the White Mts. (Robbins). Flowers white. Berries black.
9. GAULTHE^RIA, Kalm. Boxberry. Checkerberry. Winter-
green. (To one Gaulthier (or Gaultier), a French physician jit Que-
bec.) Caly.x 5-cleft, with 2 bracts at the base ; corolla ovoid-tubular,
Mmb with 5 small, revolute lobes ; filaments 10, hirsute ; capsule 6-cclled,
invested by the calyx which becomes a berry. — SuftVuticous, mostly
American plants. Lvs. alternate, evergreen. Pedicels bibracteolate.
G. proci^mbens L. St. with the procumbent branches erect or ascending ;
lvs. obovate, mucronate, denticulate, crowded at the top of stem ; tls. few, droop-
uig, terminal. — A little shrubby plant well-known for its spicy leaves, and its
well-flavored, scarlet berries; common in woods and pastures, Can. to Pcnn. and
Ky. The branches ascend 3' from the prostrate stem or rhizome which is usually
concealed. Lvs. thick, shining, acute at each end. Cor. white, contracted at
the mouth- Fr. consisting of the capsule surrounded by the enlarged calyx
which becomes of a bright scarlet color. Jn. — Sept.
10. CASSIOTE, Don. Moss-plant. (In Grecian mythology Cas-
siope was the mother of Andromeda.) Sepals bractless, imbricated,
ovate ; corolla globular-campanuiate, 4 or 5-lobed ; anthers 8 or 10 pen-
dulous cells opening by a terminal pore, with a long reflexed awn be-
hind ; capsule 4 or 5-celled, valves 4 or 5, 2-parted ; placenta pendulous,
many -seeded. — Small, alpine, moss-like or heath- like shrubs. Fls. soli-
tary, pedicellate.
C. liypnoides Don. St. filiform, spreading; lvs. evergreen, subulate, smooth,
crowded ; ped. solitary, terminal ; fls. 5-partcd. One of the smallest and most
delicate of shrubs, summits of the White Mts., N. H. and Mts. of N. Y. and
Me. Sts. woody, -iaeh branched at base, 2 to 3' high. Lvs. minute, evergreen,
imbricated, concealing the stems. Fls. large in proportion (1^' long) nodding;
ped. 1' long in fruit. Cal. purple. Cor. light-red, twice as long as the calyx,
lobes erect. Stam. included. Jn. (Andromeda, L.)
H. ANDROME^DA, L. [Andromeda of ancient fable, was chained to
a rock near the sea;
the original
species. No. 1, grows near water.)
Calyx 6-parted, persistent, not becoming fleshy in fruit ; corolla urceo-
late, the mouth more or less contracted, 5-toothed ; anthers 10, cells 2,
opening by a terminal pore ; capsule 5-celled, 6-valved, often reinforced
with 5 external valvelets ; seeds numerous, from lateral or suspended
placentae. — Shrubs or small trees, with deciduous or evergreen, entire,
or serrulate, alternate lvs.
Flowers In a terminal, nodding umbel. Anthers 2-awned at apex No. 1
Flowers In racemes or axillary. (•)
• Calyx calyculate, with 2 braotlets at its base, (a)
a Anthers awnless. Racemes leafy. Pericarp double. (Oassajcdea) Nos. 2, 8
a Anthersawned. Racemes leafless. (Lvs. evergreen, No. 7) Lvs. deciduous. Nos. 4»f
• Calyx naked at base ; bracts at the base of the pedicels, (b)
Order 73.— KRICACK^.
48'
b Anther cells cnch 2-awno(l at apex. Cor. boll-shapcil. Paniclo terminal No. 6
b Anthers with 2 roflexed Utrnr awns on the back. Kvercrcfn No*. 7, 8
b Anthers with 'i deflex-spreiuling bristles at the back. Ciipsiile wiili T)
narrow valvelets applied to the sutures. (Piekis) Xus. 9, 10
b Anthers awnless, cells often minutely 2-tootbed nt ui>ex. (C)
Corolla cyllndric, Uacenies sessile. Valvelit^ o. ^LKl^:^>TlI<>K.). .N..s. II— 1.1
Corolla globular. Valvelets of capsule ^, conspicuous (Lyom.v).No.-». 14—10
1 A. polifdlia. Wild Rosemary. Erect ; Ivs. ontiro, linear-lanceolate, cori-
aceous, rovoluto on the margins, glaucous beneatii ; fls. subglobous, in a den.so,
tern)iiml corymb. — A low, smooth, evergreen shrub, 1 to *2f high, growing by tlio
side of puiids and in swamps, N. Eng. to Wis., N. to Are. Am. Lvs. very smootii.
2 to 3' long, on very short petiole.'^, dark green and smooth above, bluish white
bene-iith. Clusters of flowers drooping. C'al. white, tipped with rod. Cor. rose-
colored. Jn.
2 A. calycul^ta L. Leather-leaf. Erect ; lvs. oval-oblong, obUise, obsokiely sfr-
rulate, flat, ferruginous beneath ; rac. terminal, leaty, subsecuud ; lis. short-pedi-
celled, solitary, axillary, forming leafy racemes ; cor. oblong-cylindrical, aj ever-
green shrub, 2 to 4f high, tlowering early in wet situations, Can. and m.'^f u! the
U. S. The lvs. are coriaceous, sliiuing, dotted, about an inch long and half as
wide, those of the raceme not half as largo. Fla. 20 to 30 in each raceme, white.
Cal. double, the outer of 2 bracts, the inner of 5 acute sepals. Apr., May.
3 A. angustifdlia Ph. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, margins revolute, somewhat
ferruginous beneath; rac. terminal, leafy, secund; pedicels short, solitary, axil-
lary ; cal. acuminate ; bractlets minute, acute ; cor. ohlong-oval. — Open swamps,
Car., Ga. Evergreen. Nearly allied to the preceding. Apr., May. (Casdandro,
G. Don.)
4 A. racemdsa L. (Fig. 203.) Lvs. oval-lanceolate, acute or slightly acuminate,
glabrous, serrulate ; rac. terminal, secund, elongated, one-sided, strict, ascending ;
cal. ovate-acuminate, cor. cylindric ; anth. cells each 2-awned at apex ; seeds wing-
less. — Shrub 4 to 6f high, wet woods. Can. to Fla. W. to Ky. It is remarkable
for its naked racemes 2 to 4' in length, each with its 12 to 30 white fls. all turned
downwards. Lvs. 1 to 2' in length, deciduous. Pedicels short, with 2 ovati'-
acuminate bracts at the base of the colored calyx. Jn,, Jl.
5 A. recurva Buckley. Branches and rac. recurved-spreading ; lvs. ovate or
lanceolate, acuminate; cal. segm. ovale; anth. cells each 1-awned ; caps, con-
spicuously lobed ; seeds flat, winged. — Mts. and hills, Va., N. Car. A straggling,
deciduous-leaved shrub, nmch resembling the last. Apr., May.
6 A. specidsa Mx. Lvs. oval, obtuse, mucronate, serrate, reticulate-veiny ;
flowering branches raceme-like, aggregated, leafl^s ; cor. campanulate ; anth. cells
each 2-awned. — Swamps Va. to FJa. An ornamental shrub 3 to 4f high. Lvs.
glabrous, deciduous. Fls. several from each bud, large (4" long), sliorter than
their pedicels, white. Jn. (Zonobia, G. Dixi.)
0. pulverulbnta. Lvs. roundish-ovate, crenau^, and with the branches whit-
ish pulverulent. — Grows with the other form.
7 A. florlbunda Lyon, (Ph.) Lvs. glabrous, thick, evergreen, oblong-ovate, acute
or acuminate, petiolate, serrulate, often ciliato ; rac. dense-flowered, paniL'ulate ;
pedicels bracted, secund ; cal. bractlets minute. — Va. to Ga. along the Mts. Shrub
2 to lOf high, very handsome, with a terminal panicle of numerous white fla.
Anth. each with 2 long, reflexed, white awns. Apr.
8 A. Croomia Torr. Lvs. oval and oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, veiny, serrate
towards the apex, petiolate ; rac. short, in the axils of the upper lvs. ; pedicels
bractless ; cal. naked, sep. triangular-lanceolate, § as long as the ovoid corolla ;
anth. each with 2 long, black, reflexed awns at the back. — Damp woods, Quincy,
Fla. A slender shrub, 1 to 3f high.
9 A. nitida Bartram. Fetter-bush. Lvs. thick, evergreen, ellipticnl, slightly
acuminate at each end, perfectly smooth, with a vein running close to each revolute
margin; fls. in pendulous clusters of 6 to 10, in the axils of divaricate lvs. ; cor.
ovoid-oblong ; valvelets linear. — By streams and in sandy swamps, N. Car. to
Fla. A singularly elegant shrub, 3 to 6f high. Branches sharp-angled. Fls.
Dumerous. Cal. green, tipped with purple, much smaller than the ro3e-cok)rc(i
eorolla. Mar., Apr.
l! :
tii
I. n
m
■Ml
/
Si
' i > I,
J1
488
Order 73.— ERICACE^.
It
/3. RiiOMBiFOLiA. Lvs. roundish-oval, obtuse or abruptly pointed ; cal. lialf as
long as the turgid-ovato corolla. (A. rliornbifolia Pers. ?)
10 A. Mariina L. Stagqerbush. Glabrous; Iva deciduous, oval, subacute
at each end, flat, entire, subcoriaceous, paler beneath ; flowering branches leaf-
less ; pedicels fasciculate ; cal. lobes linear, foliaceous : cor. ovate-cylindric ; stani,
10, fil. villous. — Woods and dry, sandy soils, N. J., Penn. to Fla., common. An
ornamental shrub, 2 to 3f high, with very smooth, deciduous foliage, and largo
(5" long), white or pale red fis. Caps, urn-shaped, the valvelets narrow-linear.
.Seeds angular. Jn., Jl. — After flowering the calyx and corolla sometimes become
very large and erect, as if diseased. (Leucothoe, 6. Don.)
11 A. axillaris Lam. Lvs. oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, or slightly pointed,
petiolatp, spinulous-serrulate, glabrous, or minutely strigous beneath ; fls. in axil-
lary, denso racemes, not drooping, much shorter than the lvs. ; sep. broad-ovate, ob-
tusish ; cor. ovoid-cylindrical. — Banks of streams, Va. to Fla. in the low country,
common. Shnib 2 to 3f high. Lvs. largo (3 to 5' long). Rac. apike-like, inter-
rupted. Feb., Mar. ; again in Sept.
12 A. Catesbsbi Walt, Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, conspicriously acuminate, rounded
at base, petiolate, serrulate, with appresstd, spinulous teeth, thick, strigous be-
neath ; fls. in spicate, drooping race7nes as long as the blade of the leaves ; sop.
ovate-oblong, acute. — Banks of streams, Penn. (Miss Carpenter, Blue Ridge), to
Cra. in the mountainous district. Rac. 2 to 3' in length, on the long, recurved
branches. May. (Leucothoe, Don.)
13 A. acuminata L. Pipe-wood. Lvs. very smooth, rigid, ovate and lanceo-
late, gradually acuminate, entire, on short petioles ; rac. few-flowered ; cor. cylin-
drical ; sep. broad-ovate, acute ; caps, globular, strongly lobed. — Shady swampa,
S. Caj. to Fla. Sts. 3 to lOf high, straight and hollow. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, 1'
wide. Fls. white, abundant and handsome. Apr. — The stems are used by
smokers in pipe-making.
14 A. ligUBtrina Muhl. Pubescent; lvs. deciduous, obovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate-cuspidate, finely serrulate ; fls. somewhat paniculate, in terminal, leafless
racemes; caps. 5-angled by the linear valvelets. — Shrub, 4 to 8f high, in swamps,
&c.. Mid. and S. States. Lvs. abruptly acuminate, paler beneath, 2 to 3' long and
nearly half as wide, on short petioles. Fls. small (1" long), nearly globous, white,
in dense panicles. (Jn.— Jl).
/3 frondosa. Panicle with small lvs. scattered among the fls. (A, frondosa
Muhl.)
15 A. ferruginea Walt. Shrubby ; lvs. evergreen, distant {not crowded), oblan-
ceolate or obovate, obtiuse, tapering to very short petioles, thick, revolute-edged,
rust-scaly Ijeneath ; fls. in axillary umbels ; valvelets of the capsules nearly aa
large as the valves. — Pino woods, Ga. and Fla. Shrub 3 to 5f high. Lvs. 1 to
2' long. Fruit appearing when open as if 10-valved. Jn.
16 A. rigida Ph. Arborescent; branches rigid, erect; lvs. rigid, coriaceous,
crowded, obovate, acute, strongly revolute edged, rust-scaly beneath ; fls. numer-
ous, in axillary umbels, bbssoming in April; fruit as in the last. — Sandy pine
barrens, S. Car. to Fla. A small tree, 10 to 20f high, remarkably rigid and leafy.
Lvs. 1' long, pale or yellowish-green.
17 A. mont^na Buckley. Lvs. evergreen, ovate-lanceolate, minutely serrate or
entire, eiliate ; fls. in largo, terminal and axillary panicles ; pedicels 3-bracted,
bracts subulate, the 2 upper opposite ; ped. pubescent. — High Mts. of N. Car.
Shrub 5 to 6f high. Lvs. 2' by 1', the petiole 6" long. Stem above sprinkled
with mucronate glands.
12. OXYDEN'DRUN, DC. Sorrel-tree. (Gr. d^vf, sour, dt'vdpov,
a tree; the herbage is sour to the taste.) Sepals bractless, valvate in
the early bud ; corolla urceolate, ovoid, 6-toothed ; stamens 10, anthers
linear, erect, awnless, cells opening lengthwise ; capsule oblong, trun-
cate, 5-celled, 5-valved, placentae below, seeds many, ascending. — A
tree, with deciduous, petiolate, oblong-Ianeeolate, acuminate, serrulate
lvs. and terminal panicles of slender, spicate racemes.
Ordek 73.— BRICACE^.
489
O. arboreum DC. Ohio, Penn., along the Alleghany Mts. to Flor. A fine tree,
40 — 50f high, trunk 10 — 15' diam. Bark thick and deeply furrowed. Leaves 4
— 5' by IJ — 2', villous when young, at length smooth, with a distinctly acid taste.
Flowers white, 3" long. Capsule pyramidal, 5-sided. June, July, f
13. MENZIE'SIA, Smith. (To Menzies, the discoverer of the original
species (M. ferruginea) in Oregon.) Calyx deeply 4 or 6-cleft ; corolla
urceolate or campanulate, 4 or 5-lobed ; stamens 8 to 10, anthers open-
ing by terminal pores; capsule 4 to 5-celle(l, the dissepinjents made
by the introflexed margins of the valves ; seeds many. — Low, shrubby
plants, of various habits. Fls. in terminal clusters.
S PiivLi.oDOCE, Salisb. Leaves evergrcon, lieath-like. Flownvs 5-pnrtcrt No. 1
g Mkn/.iesa proper. Leaves deciduous. Flowers 4-partod No. 2
1 M. tazifolia Robbing. Mountain Heath. St. prostrate at base ; Ive. linear,
obtuse, with minute, cariQaginous teeth ; ped. terminal, aggregate, l-Howered ;
Hs. campanulate, decandrous; eal. acute.— -Shores of the " lake" on the White Mts.
N. II., on Mt. Katahdin, Me. It resembles a heatii in its flowers ; and .some of
the fir tribes in ifi leaves and stems. St. decumbt:;^ at b.ise, 6 to 10' long, with
crowded Ivs. above which are 5 to7 ' in length. Fls. drooping, purple, at the top
of the highest branch, the colored ped. 18'' in length. Fr. erect. Jri.
2 M. ferruginea Smith, /i. globulaeis Sims. Branches and pedicels with scat-
tered hairs ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate, ciliate above and on the veins beneath ; apex
tipped with a gland ; fls. in terminal panicles, nodding on the slender pedicels.
— Mts. Penn. to Car. abundant near Winchester, Va. (Pursh). Shrub 4f high.
Fls. greenish purple, small, one on each pedicel which is glandular pubescent,
18" long. Cor. short-urceolate. Jn.
i4. LOISELEU^RIA, Desv. Alpine Azalea. (To Loiselvur Belong-
champs^ a French botanist.) Caly.^ 6-parted, lobes equal ; corolla sub-
campanulate, 5-parted, regular; stamens 6, equal, erect, shorter than
the corolla, anthers dehiscing laterally from the apex ; ovary roundish ;
style straight, included ; capsule 2 to 3-cclled, 2 to 3-valved, many-
seeded. — A little, branching, procumbent shrub, with opposite, petiolate,
evergreen, entire Ivs. Pedicels terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. Cor. rose
color, (Azalea, L.)
L. prociimbens Desv. Summit of the White Mts., N. H. Sts. 3 to 6' long, very
branching and leafy. Lvs. elliptical, th'ck, shining, not more than 3" by 1",
margins strongly revolute. Fls. glabrous, on very short, purple pedicels, in the
midst of the lvs. Jn., Jl.
i5. AZA^LEA, L. Swamp Pi:jk. (Gr. d^aXEO^^ arid ; perhaps the
original species grows in dry places.) Calyx small, 6-parted, corolla
funnel-form, somewhat irregular, with 6 spreading lobes ; stamens 6,
filaments and style long, exserted, declined, anthers opening by pores ;
capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, oo-seeded. — Erect shrubs. Lvs. alternate,
deciduous, oblong or obovate, entire. Fls. in umbeled clusters, termi-
nal, large aud showy, (Rhododendron, Don.)
S Calyx lobes uil (or rarely one excepted) very short or minute Nos. 1, 9
I (Jaly.K lobos all ubloog aud of conspicuous length Nos. 3, 4
1 A. viscdsa L. Eranchlets hispid ; lvs. obovate, oblong or lanceolate, the edges,
midvein and petiole bristly ; fls. appearing with tl\£ adult lvs. very viscid, the tube
much longer than the segments ; stam. exserted ; style much longer. — Moist woods.
Can. to Ga. and Ky. Shrub 4 to 7f high, with spreading branches. Lvs. 1 to 2'
long, often gUmcous. Fls. flragrant, white or rose cobr, with full grown lvs. Cal.
very small. Tube about 1' long, downy and clammy, slender. May — Jl. (A.
glauca Ph.)
(i. nItida. Lvs. shining above, smooth both sides, green, oblanoeolat©.— A
low shrub in mountain swamps. Oal. segm. obsolete.
; '.fi
' 'I
; h '
! '1
>J1
490
Obdbr 73.— ERICACE^.
y. HiSPiDA. Branchlets and Ivs. above very hispid ; Iva lanceolate, glaucoua,
glabrous beneath ; tube shorter. — Mta., N. Y., Penn. (Pursh.)
2 A. nudifldra L. Pinxter-bloom. Young branchlets hairy ; Ivs. oblanceolate
and obovate, downy beneath ; clusters naked, appearing with or he/we the young
leaves ; cal. very small ; cor. slightly viscid, tube downy, scarcely longer than the
segments ; stam. (5 to 7) much exserted. — Frequent in forests throughout the
country, especially southward. St. crooked, much branched, the branchlets often
fh irregular whorls. Pedicels short. Tube nearly 1' long, segm. spreading 1^'.
Stam. twice as long as the tube, style thrice. Its varieties in color are numerous
and splendid, «. g., pink-colored, slightly fragrant ; deep purple ; white variegated
with purple and yellow ; white with a buff-colored center, fragrant ; buff'Cohred all
over, very fragrant. Ap. — Jn.
ii. CALYCOSA. Cal. with one of its segm. subulate, 3 or 4 times longer than
the others (not constantly so even in the same umbel.) — Ga. (Miss Wyman).
(A. bicolor Ph. ?)
y. FOLYANDRA. Stam. 10 to 20; cor. rose-colored (Pursh).
3 A. calendulacea Mx. Flaming Pinxter. Young branchlets pubescent ; Ivs.
oblong, attenuated to tliebase, mucronate, smoothisli or pubescent; corymbs nearly
or quite leafless; cal. lobes oblong; tube of the cor. hirsute, not viscid, she ".r than
the ample lobes. — A splendid flowering shrub, in mountains and woods, enn. to
Ohio and 6a. Fls. very numerous, limb expanding 18 to 20", usually yellow and
bright crimson, showing at distance like flame. — Its varieties are numerous, e. g.,
flame-colored ; brick-red (very rich) ; saffron-yellow. Cultivation has produced
many more. May, Jn.
4 A. arbor^scena Ph. Tree Azalea. Branches smooth, ...;. obovate, both
sides glabrous, glaucous beneath, margins ciliate, veins nearly glabrous ; corymbs
leafy with full grown leaves ; cal. lobes oblong, acute ; cor. tube not viscid, longer
than the lobes ; stam. and sty. exsert. — Rivulets near the Blue Mts., Penn. to (Ma-
con) Ga. Shrubs 10 to 20f higli. Fls. rose color, scales of the flower buds
large, yellowish-brown, with a fringed white border. Sepals fully 2" long. A
very distinct species. May — Jl.
5 A. Pontica L. Lvs. ovate and oblong, pilous-ciliated on the margin, acute
or acuminate ; Jis. with full grown lvs. viscid ; tube funnel form, about as long as
the segments ; stam. very long-exserted. — Cultivated. This splendid shrub comes
from Asia Minor, but is in no wise superior in beauty to our own A. calondu-
laccae (which it much resembles). Varieties of every hue. (R. flavum Don.)
16. RHODODEN 'DRON, L. Rosb Bay. (Gr. p66ov, a rose, dfvdpov,
a tree.) Calyx (small) deeply 5-partetl, persistent ; corolla campanu-
lato, slightly unequal or regular, 6-lobcd ; stam. 10 (rarelv fewer),
mostly declinate, anth. opening by 2 terminal pores; capsn) o-celled,
6 valved, many-seeded. — Shrubs with alternate, entire, eve.:;^: 'en lvs.
Fls. in dense, terminal umbels from large, scaly buds. (Fig. ha.y,''
S Caly.x lobes large, lenf-llkc. Leaves hairy. Stamens 6 to 10 No. T
I Calyx lobes small, scale-like. — Leaves obtuse at each end Nos. 1, 2
— Leaves acute, rusty or silvery beneath Noa. 3,
— Leaves acute, glabrous beneath Nos. 4, 5
1 R. Lappdnioum Wahl. Lapland Rose Bay. Dwarf; lvs. elliptical, obtuse,
very small, roughened with concave rusty scales both sides ; fls. in terminal, leafy
clusters, campanulate, limb spreading, 5-lobed; stam. 5 to 7 to 10, exserted. —
An erect siirub, 8 to 10' liigh, native of higli mts., N. Eng. and N. Y. Branches
numerous, with a rough bark. Lvs. about 5" by 2^'', revoluto, ferruginous be-
neath, crowded. Cor. 7 to 8" diam., deep purple, regular. Jn., Jl.
2 R. Catawbi^nse Mx. Catawba Rose Bay. Lvs. oval, rounded-ohi\\s,Q at
each end, paler beneath, smooth ; cal. lobes oblong, elongated ; cor. broail-cam-
panulato ; stam. 10. — On the higliost suuunits of the Alleghonies, Va. and Car.
Shrub 3 to 6f higli. Fls. bluish purple, without spots, nmch larger than in No.
1. Jn.
3 R. punctdtum L. Lvs. oval-lanceolate, acute at each end, ferruginous and
sprinkled with resinous dots beneath ; cal. teetli very short •, cor. luvrrow, campanur
Order 73.— ERICACE^
401
late or funnel-/orm, segm. wavy. — A handsome slirub 4 to 8f high, on the high-
lands of Car. and Ga. Fls. smaller than in No. 4, pink-red. Jn., Jl.
4 R. mdziinuin L. Lvs. obovate-oblony, acute, smosih, coriaceous, discolored be-
neath, subrevolute on the margin, cal. lobes oval-obtuse ; cor. somewhat campanu-
late, unequal, pet. roundish. — A splendid tiowering shrub, streams and lakes, N.
Eng. to the mts. of Car. Stems crooked, 6 to 20f in height. Lvs. very smooth and
4 to t' long, entire, thick and leathery. Corymbs 15 to 20-flowered, in the midst
of the evergreen lvs. Scales of the flower-bud near an inch long, abruptly acumi-
nate. Cor. pink or rose-colored, varying to white with purple dots, sometimes
dotted with yellow, 1^ to 2' diam. Jl., Aug.
5 R. Ponticum. L, Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, attenuated to each end, smooth and
scarcely paler beneath ; corymbs short, terminal ; cor. campanulate-rotate ; cal. lobes
subacute, very short. — From Asia Minor. Fls. large, often 2' diam., purple, but
in cultivation very variable, f
6 R. arbdreum Smith. St. arborescent; lvs. lanceolate, glabrous, with
silvery spots beneath ; fls. densely corymbed ; cor. lobes with crenulate, curled
margins ; ped. and cal. pubescent. — A most beautiful tree or shrub from llimmaleh
Mts. Fla purple, red, white, cinnamon color, &c. f
7 R. Indicum Sweet. Branchlets, petioles, veins and sepals strigous but
not glandular ; lvs. cuneate-lanceolate, ciliate, acuminate at eacli end ; fls. termi-
nal, 1 to 3 together, on short pedicels. — From Java. Sep. lance-ovate, 5 to 8'
long. Fls. scarlet, purple, crimson, flame-color, &c. In cultivation very bril-
liant, f (Azalea Indica L.)
17. RHODO^RA, Dunham. (Gr. podov, a rose; from the color of the
fls.) Calyx 5-toothed, persistent ; cor. adiiatc to the calyx, clee}>ly
divided into 3 segments, upper one much the broadest, 2 — 3 lobed at
the apex, in aestivation enfolding the 2 lower entire segments; sta. 10,
declinate ; fil. unequal ; anth. opening by 2 pores ; caps. 5-celled, 6-
valved ; cells many-seeded. — Shrub with deciduous, alternate leaves,
and pale purple flowers.
R. Canadensis L. A handsome, flowering shrub, in bogs, mountain or plain,
Can. to Penn., frequent. Stems 2 — 3f high, clothed with a smooth, brown bark,
each dividing at vop into several erect, flowering branches. Each branch, while
yet naked of foliage, bears a terminal cluster of 3 — 5 sessile flowers. Corolla
1' long, about equaling the deflected stamens and style. Leaves obovate-oblong,
downy-canescent beneath. Apr., May.
18. BEFA^RIA, Mut. (So named by Mutis, in honor of Bejar, a
Spanish botanist.) Flowers heptamerous ; calyx 7-toothed, campanu-
late; corolla of 1 distinct petals; stamens 14; capsule 7-celled, 7r
valved, many-seeded. — Small shrubs, often viscid-hairy, with alternate,
entire lvs. and flowers in dense, racemous panicles. (Bojaria, A. Juss.)
B. racemdsa Vent. Branches hispid and glutinous ; lvs. ovate-lanceolato, glab-
rous ; fla. in a terminal, paniculate raceme. — Sandy margins of swamps and
ponds, E. Ga. and Fla., and the adjacent Islands. A handsome evergreen shrub,
3 to 4f high. Lvs. very entire, erect, 1 to 2' long. Fls. on slender pedicels,
white, tinged with red, petals oblong-obovate, spreading near 2'. Jn., Jl.
19. LE^DUM, L. Labrador Tea. (The Gr. name of the Cistus.)
Calyx minute, 4-toothed ; corolla 6-petaled, spreading ; stamens 6 — 10,
exserted ; anthers opening by 2 terminal pores ; capsule 6-celled, 5-
valved ; opening at the base. — Shrubs. Lvs. alternate, evergreen, en-
tire, ferruginous-tomentous beneath, coriaceous. Fls. in terminal co-
rymbs, white.
L. paltistre (and L. latifolium Ait.) Lvs. elliptio-oblong or oblong-linear ; sta.
6 — 10, more or less exserted. — Mountain bogs, Penn. to Lab. and Greenland,
^u
li,
492
Obdbb 73.— ERICACE^.
M
White Mts. 1 Not uncommon. A shrub T — 3f high, readUy known by its leaves
which are smooth above, clotked beneath «rith a dense, ferruginous down, siiid
strongly revolute or replicate at the ma' ^In. Petioles and younger twigs also
downy. Leaves 1 — 2' long, nearly J as wide. Corymbs terminal, of about a
dozen white fla. May— July.
p. ANGUSTiFoLiUM. Lvs. narrower, almost linear; sta. mostly 10.
20. LEIOPHYL'LUM, Pers. Sand Myrtle. (Gr Xelog, smooth,
^vXkov, leaf.) Calyx 5-parted, equaling the length of the capsule;
pet. 5, ovate oblong, spreading ; sts. 10, exserted; fil. subulate; cells
of anthers dehiscing by a lateral cleft ; ovary globous ; sty. filiform ;
caps. 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. — Small, smooth shrubs, with erect
branches. Lvs. alternate, entire, oval, coriaceous. Corymbs terminal.
Fls. white.
Ii. buxifdlium Ell. — Pine barrens, N. .7. to Car. Shrub 8 — 12' high, much
branclied. Leaves 4 — 5" by 2 — 3", very smooth and shining, margin strongly
revolute. Flowers numerous and small. May, June.
21. CLE'THRA, Gaert. Sweet Pepper-bush. (Gr. name of the Al-
der, which these plants somewhat resemble.) Calyx 5-parted, persistent ;
petals 5, distinct, obovate ; stamens 10, exserted, anthers suspended in
the bud, at length erect ; style persistent, stigma 3-cleft ; capsule 3-
celled, 3-valved, oo-seeded, enclosed by the calyx. — Shrubs and trees.
Lvs. alternate, petiolate. Fls. white, in downy-cauescent racemes.
Bracts deciduous.
1 C. alnildlia L. Lvs. cuneiform-obovate, acute, acuminately serrate, green on
botli sides, smooth or slightly pubescent beneath ; fls. in terminal, elongated,
simple or branched racemes ; bracts subulate. — A deciduous shrub 3 to 8f high,
in swamps. E. Can. to Ga. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, ^ as broad above, with a long,
wedge-shaped base, tapering into a short petiole. Rac. 3 to 5' long. Ped. and
cal. hoary-pubescent, tlie former 2" in length, and in the axil of a bract about as
. long. Cor. white, spreading, sweet-scented. Jl, Aug.
13. TOiMENToSA. Lvs. downy or toinentous beneatli ; rac. slender, often some-
what paniculate ; fls. smaller. — Coinmon in the South. Apr. — Jn. (C. to-
mentosa Lam.)
y. SCABRA. Lvs. coarsely serrate, scabrous both sides. — Near Bainbridge, Ga.
Rac. and fls. as in /i. Petals about 2 " long. (C. scabra Pers.)
<J ? PANICULATA. Lvs. cuneate-lanceolate ; rac. collected into a panicle. — S. Car.
(Bartram). We have not seen this plant. (C. paniculata Willd.)
2 C. acuminata Mx. Arborescent ; lvs. glabrous, glaucous, beneath, ovate, acumi-
nate, abruptly acute at base, finely serrate, on slender petioles ; rac. terminal, soli-
tary ; bracts longer than the fls., caducous. — Mts. along streams, Ky., Va., to S.
Car. Shrub or tree, 10 to ISf high. Lv.s. large (4 to G ' long), half as wide, tliin,
Fls. often secund (turned upwards). Anth. dark purple, much exserted. Jl.
Aug.
Suborder UL CYRILLE^. The Cvrillads.
22. ELLIOTTIA, Muhl. (To Stephen Elliott, Esq., of Charleston,
S. C, the well known botanical author.) Calyx small, 4-toothcd;
corolla of 4 petals slightly cohering at base ; stamens 8, anthers sagit-
tate ; style slender, with a capitate, undivided stigma ; capsule 3-celled,
3-seedod. — A shrub with virgato branched alternate, deciduous, lanceo-
late, entire lvs. and terminal racemes of white tls.
XI. raoembsa Muhl. — In up-hviuls, Waynesboro', Gu. {Elliott), and Atlanta (P. ./.
Berckmam.) Shrub 5— 8f. Lvs. pubescent ben^'ath, on short jietioles. Racemes
rather |)anicled, loose. Petals obtuse, 5 — 6". Buds oblong. Mature fruit yet
unknown.
^
Ordkr 73.— ERICACEAE.
493
23. CYRILXA, L. (In honor of Do^ninico Ct/rilli, physician and
botanical author, Naples.) Calyx 6-partcd, minute, petals 5, distinct,
pointed, spreading; stamens 5, hypo^ynous anthers opening length-
wise ; style short, with 2 stigmas ; capsule 2-celled, 2-8eeded, indehis-
cent ; seeds suspended. — A large shrub with the branches irregularly
whorled, with entire, elliptic-oblong, perennial Ivs, and the white fls. in
•lender clustered racemes.
C. racemiflora Walt. — Margins of swamps and streams, in pine barrens, N. Car.
to Fla. Siirub 12 to 18F high, with spreading brandies and a liglit gray bark.
Lvs. varjMng from oval ta narrow-oblong, mostly acute, very smooth, tapering to
a short petiole. Fls. very small, in racemes 4 to 6' long. The racemes and new
branches simultaneously spring from the apex of the preceding years' growth.
Jn.
24. MYLOCA'RIUN, Willd. Buckwheat Tree. (Gr. fxvXr}, a mill,
Kdpvov, a kernel, a fanciful name.) Calyx 5-toothed, minute ; petals 5,
obovate, obtuse ; stamens 10, very short ; pistil with winged angles ; cap-
sule corky, 2 or 3-winged, 3-celled, with 3 subulate seeds. — An ever-
green shrub, with branches irregularly whorled, elliptical lvs., and ter-
minal rac. of white, fragrant fls. (Cliftonia, Banks.)
M. ligUBtrinum "Willd. — Borders of swamps, Ga. and Fla. A perfectly smooth,
elegant shrub, 4 to 8f higii. Lvs. thiclc, rather acute, entire, Hat, veinless, ses-
sile, 1' to 18" long. Fruit drupe-like, pendulous, 2, rarely 3 of the angles pro-
duced into corky wings, suggesting the idea of buckwheat. Apr., May.
Suborder IV. PYROLEJE. The Winteroreen Tribe.
25. PYR'OLA, Salisb. Winteroreen. (Lat. diminutive of Pyrus,
as the leaves (of P. elliptica) resemble those of the pear tree.) Calyx
S-purted ; petals 6, equal ; stamens 10, anthers large, pendulous, fixed
by the apex, 2-horned at base, opening by 2 pores at top ; style thick
as if sheathed ; stigmas 6, appearing as rays or tubercles ; capsule 5-
celled, 5-valved, opening at the angles, many-seeded. — Low, scarcely
guffruticous, evergreen herbs. Lvs. radical or nearly so, entire. Scapes
mostly racemous, from a decumbent stem or rhizome. (Fig. 345.)
S Stamens nnd stj'le straight. Stittinas peltate, 5-rayed Nos. 1, 3
§ Stiiinens ascoiiding. Style declined and curved. Stifrina 6-tubercled. (a)
a Leaves dull (not shining). Petals greenish-white Nos. 8,4
a Leaves thick and shining. Flowers white or rose-colored Nos. 6, 8
1 P. seciinda L. Lvs. broadly ovate, acute, subserrate, longer than the pe-
tiole; rac. secund; cor. oblong. — In dry woods, Can. and Nor. States. Plant 5 to
8' high, bearing one or two fascicles of leaves near the base, Lvs. acute at each
end, with appressed-pointed serratures, appearing creuate, Ped. scape-like, bear-
ing a 1-sided cluster of 10 to 15 greenish-white fls. Petals oblong, shorter than
tlio style. Jn., Jl.
2 P. minor L. Lvs, roundish-ovate, coriaceous, repand-crenulate ; petioles dilated at
base, shorter than the laminse ; rac. subspicate ; bract equaling or exceeding the
very short pedicels ; cal. lobes short, subacute ; sty. included in the globular cor-
olla, — In woods, White Mts,, N. H., and Brit. Am. Scape angular, 6 to 9' higlu
Lvs. mucronuiate at apex. Cor. whit*i, slightly tinged with purple. Jl,
3 P. chlordntha Swartz. Lvs. orbicular, crenulak, half as long as the narrow
petiole ; rac. few-flowered ; segm. of the cal, very short, obtuse ; pet. oblong ;
pores of the anth. conspicuously tubiUar ; stig, projecting beyond the sheath. — ^In
woods, Can. and N. States, common. Lvs. smaller than in either of the follow-
ing, often perfectly orbicular, but more frequently inclining to ovate, J to 1' diam.,
smooth, shining, coriaceous, petioles 1 to 2' long. Scapes erect, angular, 8 to 12'
high, bearing a long open raceme. F1& nodding, large, petals greenish white
Jo., Jl.
!".!
'H
i !
I i
I
ij-
494
Orueh 73.— KHICACE/^:.
4 P. ellfptica Nutt. Lvs. elliptical, membranous, obscurely dentate, longer than
the petioles; scape mostly naked; cal. small, witl» ovate, obtuse segment, pores
of the anth. scarcely tubular. — la woods, Can. and X. St.ites to Wis. Lvs. 1 to 2'
long, more than half as wide, mostly acute, subentire, thin, smooth and light
green. Scape 5 to 9' high, slender, seldom bracteate, bearing short racemes.
FIs. nodding, very fragrant ; pedicels longer than the bracts, bat only half as long
as the declinate, recurved s'yle. Pet. white. Jl.
5 P. rotundifdlia L. Lvs. ^rbicular-ovate, entire or v-renulate, shorter than the
dilated petiole ; scape 3-angled ; segin. of cal. ovate, poret: of anth, distinctly tubu-
lar ; sty. clavate, the 5 stigmas projecting and often distinct. — Common in woods.
Can. to Car., W. to Wis. Lvs. all radical, round or inclining to ovate, nearly 2'
diam., smooth and shining, with conspicuous, reticulate veins, petioles margined,
as long iis, and sometimes longer than the blade. Scape 6 to 12 high, bracteate
at base and in the middle. FIs. drooping, large, fragrant, white, in an oblong,
terminal raceme. .In.. Jl.
ft. ULIOINOSA. Lvs. rather dull, petioles much longer than the blade; fls.
smaller. — Swamps, Galen, N. Y. (Sartwell), &c. (P. uliginosa Torr. i. Gr.)
6 P. aaarifdl5a Mx Lvs. reniform-orbicular, coriaceous, entire or crenulate,
shorter than the dilated petiole; scape angular, furrowed; rac. lax, many -flow-
ered ; segm. of cal. triangular- lanceolate ; anth. not produced into tubes ; sty.
produced beyond the sheatli. — In old woods, Can. and N. States. Lvs. all radical,
1\ to 1|' diam., smooth and shining, conspicuously cordate at base, longer than,
but not twice as long as the margined petioles. Scape 5 to 10' high, purplish,
bracteate at base and near the middle, racemous one half its length. Fls. nod-
ding, remote, largo, deeply tinged with purple iu all their parts. Sty. about the
same length and curvature aa the pedicels. Jn.
26. MONE^SES, Salisb. (Or. fiovog, one, fjoig, delight ; i. e., one
pretty flower.) Calj'X 5-parted; cor. 5-parted, rotate; sta. 10, regular,
2-spiirred at base, opening by 2 tubular pores at apex; sty. rigid ; stig.
peltate, radiately 6-cleft or lobed ; caps. 6-valved, 5-celled, many-seeded.
— 21 Low, simple, smooth. Lvs. at top of the stem roundish, crenu-
late, petiolate, veiny. Peduncle terminal, one-flowered, longer than the
stems. Fls. white.
M. grands, ora Salisb. Woods, among mosses, Bradford, Vt., Keene, N. H.
(Bigelow), Dexter, Jeff. Co., N. Y. (Vasoy), Brit. Am. Root creeping. Stem
ascending, very short. Leaves 7 — 9" diam. Scape or peduncle about 3' higli,
slender, with a bract near the middle. Flower 9" diam. June. (Pyrola uni-
flora L.)
27. CHIMAPH'ILA, Ph. Pipsissiwa. (Gr. ;^;eZjua, winter, 0<Ato), to
love ; equivalent to tlie English name Wintergreen.) Calyx 5-parte<l ;
petals 6, spreading ; stamens 10 ; filaments dilated in the middle ; anth.
cells produced into tubes, opening by a 2-lipped pore at apex ; style
very short, thick ; capsule 6-celled, opening from the summit; seeds oo.
— Small, suflfruticous, evergreen plants, with the habit of Pyrola. Lvs.
cauline, serrate, evergreen, opposite or irregularly verticillate. Fls. ter-
minal. (Fig. 45.)
1 C. umbelldta Nutt. Prince's Pine. Lvs. cuneaie-l nceolaie, serrate, in 4s —
6s; umbel 4 to 7-flowered; bracts linear-subulate; sty. immersed in the ovary.— •
11 In dry woods, flowering in July. A common, little evergreen. Can. and N.
States. Leaves in 2 or more irregular whorls, 2 — 3' long, ^ as wide, remotely
and distinctly serrate, on short petioles, coriaceous, shining, of a uniform dark
green color. Peduncle terminal, erect, H — 4' long, bearing 4 — 7 light purple flow-
ers on nodding pedicels 8" loag. Jl. — Both this and the following species ar«
tonic and diuretic (Bw.)
2 C. maculdta Pursh. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, remotely ser-
. fufe, discolored, opposite or in 3s; ped. 2 — 3-fiotvered; fiL woolly. — Can. to Car.
Order 73.— ERICACE^.
495
and Tenn., in sandy woods. Habit mu^^h like the last, but it is readily distin-
guished by its variegated leaves. Stem 3 — t' high. Leaves 1 — 2' long, ^ as
wide, marked with a whitish streak along the midvein and veiulets. Flowers
purplish- white, on nodding pedicels. Jn,, Jl.
Suborder V. GALACINE^.
28. GA^LAX, L. Beetle-weed. (Gr. ydXa, milk ; referring prob-
ably to its milk-vvliite newel's.) Calyx of 6 distinct^ persistent sepals;
corolla of 5, oblong-obovate, distinct petals ; stamens hypogynous, fila-
ments 10, united into a tube with as many teeth, those opposite the pe-
tals sterile, anthers 5, 1 -celled opening across the top ; capsule 3-celled ;
seeds oo, inclosed in a loose, cellular testa. — 21 Roots tufted, creeping,
d(!ep red, sending up roundish-cordate, long-stalked, glabrous Ivs. and a
scape bearing a dense raceme of white fls.
C. aphylla L. Damp, mountain woods, Md. (Mr. Shriver) to Tenn. (at Cumber-
laud Gap), and S. Car. Lvs. large (2 to 3' diam.), erenate-dentate, often reniform.
Scape 1 to 2f high, naked except a mai-.-j of red scales at the base. Spike several
inches long, milk-white. Jl., Aug.
Suborder VI. M O N O T R O P E ^.
29. MONOT'ROPA, L. Ixdian Pipe. Pine Sap. (Or. fiovog, one,
Tpt'TTw, to turn ; i. e., turned one way.) Calyx of 1 to 5 bract-like se-
pals ; petals 4 to 6, connivent in a bell-shaped corolla, gibbous at base ;
stamens 8 to 10 ; anthers opening transversely at apex ; stigma discoid,
5-rayed ; capsule 4 to 5-celled, 4 to 5-valved ; seeds numerous, minute.
— Low, parasitic herbs, of a white or tawny color, furnished with scale-
like bracts instead of leaves.
§ Sepals (or bracts) 1 to 3. Flower solitary, scentless. Style very short No. 1
§ Sepals 4 or 5. Flowers in a secund raceme, fragrant. Style long No. 2
1 M. uniflora L. Indian Pipe. Bird's Nest. St. short ; scales approximate ;
fl. nodding; fr. erect. — Common in woods, Can. and U. S. A small, succulent
plant, about 6' high, of a dirty white in all its parts. St. furnished with sessile,
lanceolate, semi-transparent lvs. or bracts, and bearing a large, terminal flower,
sessile and nodding on the reflexed top. Common in woods, near the base of
trees on whose roots it is doubtless parasitic. Jn. — Sept. — In the southern plant
the flower is more or less pedunculate.
2 M. Hyp6pytiB L. Pine Sap. Bird's Nest. More or less downy ; pediceli
as long as the flower; caps subglobous. — Woods, N. Y.. Can. to Car. W. to Wise.
The whole plant is of a tawny white or reddish color. Root a tangled ball of
libers. Scape 6 — 10' high, with many concave scales, covered with down. Fls.
7 — 12, in a terminal raceme, drooping at first, becoming erect. Pedicels 1—2"
long, bracts and flowers 3 times as long. Only the terminal flower is generally
decandrous ; the lateral ones have 8 stamens and 4 petals. Aug.
30. SCHWEINIT'ZIA, Ell. Carolina Beech-drops. (To Jiev. Lewit
de Schweinitz, of N. C, a pioneer botanist.) Calyx persistent, of 5 erect,
ovate-acuminate sepals ; corolla persistent, campanulate, limb 6-lobed ;
stamens 10, anthers awnlesa, opening by pores at apex ; style thick,
stigma large, 5-angled, capsule 6-celled, 5-valved ; seeds numerous,
minute. — Plant leafless, brownish. Fls. subsessile, capitate, reddish^
white, with the odor of the violet.
S. odordta Ell. Rich, shady soils, Md. to N. Car. (Curtis). Plant 3 to 4' higl^
with tlie habit of Monotropa. Feb.. Mar.
9
m
'e. . (,
\ '' i
I'f
496
Order 74.— AQUIFOLIACE.E.
31. PTEROS'PORA, Niitt. Albany Beech-drops. — (Gr. Trrepov, a
win^f, OTTopd. H seed ; allii<Jing to the wingetl seeds.) Calyx 5-parte(l ;
corolla urceolate, roundish-ovoid, the limb 5-toothed and refiexed ;
stamens 10, anthers peltate, 2-celled, Pawned, opening lengthwise;
capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ; seeds very numerous, minute, winged at the
apex. — 21 Plant leafles?!, brownish-red. Fls. raeemed, white, resembling
those of Andromeda.
P. androm^dea Nutt. In various parts of N. Y. and Vt., rare. First discoverfd
by Dr. I). S. C. H. Smith, near Niagara Falls, 1816. Scape 12 to 30' high, dark
purple, clothed witii short, viscid wool. Rac. 6 to 12' long, witii 50 or more
nodding fls. Pedicels irregularly scattered, G to 8 " long, axillary to long, linear
bracts. Cor. shorter than the pedicels, somewhat campanulate, open at the throat.
Jl. (Monotropa procera Ea.)
Order LXXIV. AQUIFOLIACE.E. IIollyworts.
Shrubs or trees, with evergreen, alternate or opposite, simple, coriaceous, exstipu-
late leaves. Flowers small, axillary, sometimes dioecious. Sepals 4 to 6, imbricate
in bud, very minute. Cor. regular, 4 — 6-cleft or parted, hypogynous, imbricate in
aestivation. St-a. inserted into the very short tube of the corolla and alternate with
its segments. Anth. adnate. Ova. free from the calyx, 2 — 6-celled, with a solitary,
suspended ovule in each cell. Fr. drupaceous, with 2 — 6 stones or nucules. Albu-
men large, fleshy.
Genera It, speeifs 110, natives of America and S. Af/ica, only one, Ilex the Holly, ne'e aqiii-
foliiiin, which givus nuiiie to the Order, being fuiind in Euro|ie.
PropertieH.—'Vhii baric and leaves of Prinos verticiliatiis (black alder) are eminently astringent
an<l tonic, as well as those of tlie Holly. The berries are eintuic and purgative. The leaves of
Prinos glaber, and Ilex Paraguensis are used for tea, the latter well known as the Mate or Para-
guay Tea.
The idea of nniting the two genera Ilex and Prinos was advanced by Dr. "Wm. Baldwin, in
1SI6 (" Keliquia'," p. 841) in consequence of discovering some of the deciduous species of Ilex
wiiich lie at first mistook for Prinos. The suggestion has since been repeated by several autliors,
and at length Prof. Gray (Manual, p. 26.S) includes both under one name (Ilex). The two groups,
however, »Q.e\r\ to us quite as distinct aa Gaylimmcia and Vaccinium ; and moreover, Nemo-
puuthes is intermediate,
GENERA.
5 Habitually tetramerous. Drupe with 4, bony, eulcate nutlets Ilet. 1
§ Habitually tetramerous. Drupe with 4, horny, smooth nutlets Nrmopanthrs. 2
{ Habitually hexawerous. Berry with 6 (7, S) suioot'i, cartilaginous seeds Pkinos. .3
1. ILEX, L. Holly. (The ancient name of the Holm Oak, tlie
derivation uncertain.) Fls. 4 (rarely 5)-parted, mostly perfect but many
abortive; calyx 4-toothed, persistent; corolla of 4 obtuse petals distinct
or scarcely united at base ; stamens 4 ; stigmas 4, or united into one ;
drupe red, with 4 bony nutlets, ribbed and furrowed on the convex
back. — Lvs. alternate. Fls. small, white, lateral, single or clustered.
I Trees evergreen — the leaves armed with spinous teeth No. 1
I Shrubs evergreen — the leaves unarmed, serrate or entire N(«. '2 — t
I Shrabs deciduous, the leaves thin, serrate or entire Nos. 5—7
1 I. opelca L. American Holly. Arborescent; lvs. oval, acute, with strong,
spinous teeti), coriaoeov.s smooth, and shitiing, fascicles lax, peduncles compound ;
cal. teeth acute ; drupe ovate, nutlets u-ribbed on the back. — A tree of middle
size, quite generally diffused throughout the U. S., from Mass. to Ga and La.
It is cliiefly interesting for its foliage, which is of an exceedingly rich, shining,
perennial green. Pis. in scattered clusters at the base of the new branchlets,
and the fertile ones are succeeded by red berries, which remain until late iu
Autumn. Jn,
/3. Lvs. mostly entire, a few of them with a single spinous tooth towards th»
apex. — Macon, Ga,, &c. Lva. exactly oval, very different from I. Dahoon.
OUDKB 74.— AQUIFOLTACE^.
407
2 I. Dahoon "Walt. Daiioon TIolt.y. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous, smooth
shiniug, ovate or somewhat pointed at each end, beneath pubescent, at least on
the midyein, as well as tlie petioles and pedicels, margin entire or sometimi's sti-
rate, clusters of fls. pedunculate; fls. 4-parted. — A fine shrub, 5 to 12f hi<rh, in
swamps, Va. to Fla. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, a third as wide, pale beneath. Drupi-a
red, the 4 bony nutlets rugous-ribbed, on the convex back. May.
Q. Lvs. larger, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, on very short petioles. — Ga. (Dr. Feay).
y. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, cuneate at base, mostly entire, acute. — Ga. (I. li'iis-
trina Ell.)
3 I. CaSB^na "Walt. Cassena Tea. Lvs. oval, obtuse, crenate, glabrou.s, shining
wiien old; clusters about 3-flowcred, scarcely peduncled ; lis. 4-parted; nutlets
about 3-ribbed on the convex back. — A shining, evergreen, bualiy shrub, common
in S. States, near the coast, 6 to 15f high. Lvs. little more than 1' long. Fertile
fls. nearly sessile, sterile pedicels 2 to 3" long. Drupe scarlet, with 4 bony nut-
lets. Mar., Apr. — Used by the Creek Indians as a tea.
4 I. myrtifdlia "Walt. Lvs. linear-oblong, small, glabrous, a/;ute oi- suhmucronafe,
nearly entire, shining above, branchlets glandular-puberulent ; ped. slender, brac-
teolate, corymbously 3 to 9-flowered, or the fertile 1-flowered ; drupes red. — A
large shrub 12 to 20f high, in the borders of ponds in pine barrens, Md. (Shiiver)
to Fla. Branches crooked, divaricate, witli light gray bark. Lvs. less tlian 1'
in length, shining, rigid, often with a few acute serratures. May. — Varies with
the branchlets smooth ; lvs. obtuse, more or less serrate, Ac.
5. I. decfdua "Walt. Lvs. lanceolate, a-ute or slightly acuminate at both endi, glab-
rous, slightly appressed-serrate ; ped. 1-flowered, short (3" long), the sterile glom-
erate, the fertile solitary ; fls. 4 to 5-parted ; cal. ciliate ; nutlets large, obtusely
ridged. — Shrub 6 to 9f high, with slender branches, in sandy woods, Car. to Fla.,
common. Lvs. tliin, at flowering time H to 2' long, tapering to slender petioles.
Ped. 2 to 3'' long. Apr. (L prinoides L.)
j3. URBANA. Lvs. (2 to 3' long) cuneate-oval. obtuse, crenately appressed-ser-
rate, dark green, attenuate at base. — '111. opposite St. Luuis, &c.
6 I. monticola Gray. Lvs. ovate, obtuse, or subcordate at base, acuminate, glab-
rous, serrate, thin ; fls. on short pedicels, 4-parted ; cfil. ciliate ; nutlets strongly
ridged. — Mountain woods, Cutskill, N. Y. 'o Car. Shrub about 6f high. Lvs.
large, deciduous, 2 to 4' by 1 to 2', at base acute, olituse or subcordate. Pedi-
cela 3 or more in a cluster, 1 to 2" long. (I. ambigua Torr. N. Y. h^)
2. NEMOPANTHES, Raf. (Gr. w>a, a thread, novc, a foot ; dvOor,
a flower; alluding to the slender pedicels.) Calyx 4 to 5-lobed ; pet-
als 4 to 5, distinct, linear or oblong ; stamens 4 to 5 ; ovary hemis-
pherical ; stigmas 4 to 5, sessile ; fruit a subglobous drupe, with 4 to 5
smooth, horny nutlets. — Shrubs with alternate, entire, deciduous lvs.
Fls. on slender pedicels, usually dia'cio-polygamous by abortion. Ber-
ries red. — A genus intermediate between Ilex and Prinos.
1 N. Canadinsis Raf Canadian Holly. Lvs. deciduous, oval, very entire,
smooti), mucronate-pointed ; ped. nearly solitary, long ; /,•. somewhat angular.— t
A shrub, 4 — 6f high, with smooth branches, growing in damp or rocky woods,
Can., N. Eng. to Mich. Leaves oval or ovate-oblong, about 2' Iqng, on petioles
^ as long. Flowers small, greenish-white; ped. 7 to 12 " long. Segments of the
corolla acute, long as the stamens. Ovary of the barren flowers pointed, of the
fertile with a 4-lobed stigma. Berries dry, red. May, Jn. (Ilex, Mx.)
2 N. ambigua. Lvs. oval, entire, mucronate, potiolate, glabrous both sides,
ciliate on the margin when young; sterile fis. 4-parted, on slender, aggregated p»t
duncles; fertile solitary, on very long peduncles. — Slopes near Flint R., Ga.
Shrub 4 to 8f high. Lvs. small, 1 to 2' by 6" to 1'. Sterile pedicels less than 1'
in length, fertile more than 1' when in fruit Berry 4 to 5-seeded, red. Mar.,
Apr. (Prinos ambiguus Mx.)
3. PRFNOS, L. WiNTBR-BERRY. (Gr. rrp/'w, to saw ; alluding to
the serrated leaves.) Flowers small, habitually 6 -parted and perfect,
32
i<
n!il
It
I
%
Pi-
'I
•' ^
)\
w^
m
408
Okueb 75.— STYRACACE.E.
but often abortive; calyx 6-cleft; corolla iiioijopctalous, subrotate, 6-
parted ; stamens 6 (in the sterile flowers rarely fewer, in the fertile
rarely more) ; berry G-seeded, seeds with a smooth, cartilaginous testa.
— Shrubs with alternate Ivs., small white fls., iMid red or black
berries.
J Leaves docidiious, tliln. Berries red Nos. 1, 'i
if Leaves evergreen, thick, shiniug. Berries black , Nos. 8, 4
1 P. verticillStUB L. Black Alder. Lvs. lance-oval, serrate, acuminate, pu-
bescent beneath ; Jls. axillary, the fertile ones aggregate, tlie barren eubumbel-
late. — This shrub is found in moist woods or swamps, Can. and most of the States,
usually growing about 8f high. Leaves narrowed at base into a short petiole,
uncinately serrate, with prominent, pubescent veins beneath. Flowers white,
dioecious, small, the p' dicels scarce more than 1" in length. Berries scarlet, in
little bunches (apparently verticillate;, roundish, 6-celled and 6-seeded, permanent
Jl. (P. Gronovii Mx.)
2 P. laevigdtus Ph. Lvs. lanceolate, appressed-serrulate, glabrous on both sides,
sliining above, minutely pubescent on the veins beneath ; fls. hexamerous, the
fertile axillary, subsessile, $ glomerate, on slender peduncles. — Swamps and
marslies, N. and Mid. States. Shrub 6 to 9f high, with grayish and warty
brandies. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 8 to 12'', pointed at each end ; petioles 6 to 10" long.
Fls. mostly solitary, the sterile on pedicels 6" long, the fertile pedicels scarcely
2 '. Berries large, red. Jn.
(i. LANCEOLATUS. " Sterile fls. triandrotis." Pnrsh. — Dr. Halo sent specimens
from La. labelled P. lanceolatus. The lvs. and berries accord well with our
specimens of No. 3, and also with Pursh's L lanceolatus. The fruit is 6-
seeded.
3 P. glaber L. Ink Berry. Lvs. coriaceous, cuneate-lanceolate, glabrous, shin-
ing, serrate at the end. — A beautiful shrub, 3 to 4f high, found in swamps, Mass.,
\\. I. to N. Y. and Car. Lvs. very smooth, leathery, shining, 1 to \\' by 6 to 7",
broadest above the middle. Pedicels subsoiitary, 1 to 3-flowered. Fls. white,
mostly 6-parted. Berries roundish, black and shining. Jn., JL
4 P. coriaceus Ph. Lvs. obovate, acute at base, short-acuminate, sharply serrate
near the apex, very thick, shining above, minutely black-dotted beneath ; fls.
6 to 8-parted, sterile aggregated, fertile solitary ; berry black, with 6 to 8 smooth
seeds. — .1 shrub 4 to 6f high, in wet woods. Savannah (Pond) to Bainbridge, Ga.
and Fla. Lvs. remarkably thick and leathery, about 2' long and 1' wide, with 2
to 4 mucronate, appressed teeth. Berries large, astringent ; seeds lens-shaped.
May. (P. atomarius Nutt.)
Order LXXV. STYRACACE^.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves, destitute of stipules. Fls. or ra-
cemes solitary, axillaiy, bracteate. Cal. 5-rarely 4-lobod, imbricated in aestivation.
Cor. 5-rarely 4 or 6-lobed, imbricated in aestivation. Sta. definite or oo, unequal in
leii,<j;th, usually cohering. Anth. innate, 2-celled. Ova. adherent, 2 — 5-celled, the
partitions sometimes hardly reaching the center. Fr. drupaceous, generally with
but one fertile cell. Sds. 5 — I.
^cn<!/v(. 6, «yj6(';V»< 115, sparinsly distributed throiiijh tlio tropical and subtropical regions of
lioili continents, ';nly iv few in colder latitudes. Stontx and Benzoin, two fragrant gum resins,
regarded as stimulant and expectorant, arc the products of two species of .Styrax, viz. of S. offici-
ualo, ft Syrian ti'eo, and S, benzo'in, native of Malay and the adjacent islands.
TRIBES AND GENERA.
1, STMPLOCINE.^. Anthers numerous, innate, globular. Calyx S-cleft.
Flowers yellow Stmplooos 1
IL STYBACE.1E. Anthers 8 to 12, linear-oblong, adnate. Calyx mostly truncate.
Flowers white (a).
a Flowers pentamerons. Fruit wingless, 1-seeded Styrax. 3
a Flowers tctramerous. Fruit winjj;cd, !2 to 3-.seeded Ualbsia. 8
I I I) I ,
Order 76.— STVRACACE.E.
4S»i)
1. SYN'PLOCOS, Jacq. (Gr. avfinkoKog, connected; referring to tlie
stamens.) Calyx 5-clett ; corolla 5-j)arte«l, spreading, imbricated in
bud ; stiuuens go, in 5 clusters, one attached to the base of each petal,
filaments slender, anthers globular ; ovary 3-celled, the lower half ad-
herent; drupe dry, with a 3-celled, mostly 1-seeded nut. — Shrubs or
trtres, with axillary clusters or racemes of small ye'low tls.
8 tinctdria L'Hcr. Lva. oval or elliptical, acuminate acute at baso, thick, olv
scurely denticulate, puberuletit beneath; tls. sessile, iti axillary, dense clusters of
6 to 12 ; cal. lobes ovate, obtuse. — Va. to Fla. and La. A small tree 10 to 20f
hif?h. Lvs. mostly evergreen, crowded near the ends of the branches, 3 to 5
long, sweet to the taste, turnin<j yolhjwish in drying, and affording a useful yellow
dye. Pr. oblong-ovoid (5 to G ' long), crowned with the calyx teeth. Mar,, Apr.
2. STY' RAX, Tourn. Calyx campanulatc, truncate or 5-toothed ;
corolla deeply 5-parted, much longer than the calyx ; stamens 10,
joined to the base of the corolla, filaments united into a short tube at
base; anthers linear, erect ; ovary adherent at base; fruit coriaccov. .
1-celled, mostly 1 -seeded. Shrubs with alternate lvs. and axillary
racemes of white, drooping, showy fis.
1 S. pulverul6nta Mx. Branehlets, pedicels, and calyx pulvenilent-downy ;
los. broadly ovcU, oldu-se, glandular-serrulate, rust-downy beneath; ils. a.xillary and
2 or 3 together at the luid of tlie branehlets. — Va. to Fla. Slirub 2 to '.i( high,
growing in clumps, wet places. Brandies virgate. Lvs. small, al)(>ut l' by 8 to
9", nearly sessile. Ped. 2 to 3 ' long. Cal. hoary, with minute, sharp teeth.
Pet. 6 ' long. Mar., Apr.
2 8, Americina Lam. Plaid glabrous ; Irs. oblong or elliptical nnde at each end,
wavy or remotely denticulate at edge ; rac. leafy, iew-tlowered ; pedicels shorter
tlian or about as long as the flower; c.il. turbinate, short. - Shrub with slender,
straggling branches, 4 to 8f high, in swamps, Va, to Fla. and La. Lvs. 1 to 3
long. Rac. 3 to 5-flowered. Fls. 6 to 1" long, axillary, and partly naked. Cal.
1" long. Apr. (S. glabrum Mx.)
/J. LEVE. Lvs. thicker; pedicels shorter than tlie flower; corolla downy.—
Car. to La. The lvs. aro often ovate. (S. leve Walt.)
3 8. grandifdlia Ait. Lvs. ample, broadly obovate, acute at baso, short-acumi
nate or acute, entire or dentate, hoary-tomentous beneath ; rac. tomentous, naked,
longer than the lvs., oo-flowered. — Va. to Fla., common. Shrub 6 to 12f hijjU.
Lvs. 3 to 6' by 2 to 5', the petioles only 3 to 4". Rac. often branched, 5 to 8' ;
cor. imbricated in bud, wide bell-shaped, longer than the pedicels. Apr., May.
iS. GRAN'UiDENTATA (Feay). Lvs. strongly dentate, smaller (2 to 3' by 1 to 2),
pet. nearly as broad as long. — Ga.
3. HALE'SIA, Ellis. Snowdrop Tree. (To the learned and ven-
erable Stephen Hales, D.-D., F.E.S., 1730.) Calyx obconic, briefly
4-lobed ; corolla inserted into the caly.x, campanulate, with a narrow
bisi', 4-clef't or 4-parted ; stamens 8 lo 12, connate into a tube below ;
siyle filiform, pubescent ; fruit dry, 4-winged, wings equal or alternately
smaller ; seeds 1 to 3. — N. Am, shrubs or trees. Lvs. alternate, abruptly
acuminate, finely denticulate or entire. Fls, in advance of the lvs. pen-
dulous, in lateral clusters of 3 to 5, white, showy.
1 H. tetraptera L. Lvs, oblong-ovate; cor. (6" long) petals united more than
half way; sty. much cxserted, twice longer than the 12 stamens; fil. slightly
united ; fr. equally 4-winged. — Va. to Ky. to Fla, Shrulj or small tree 10 to 20f
high. Lvs. downy beneath, at length ample (2 to 5' by 1 to 3 ). Fls. in clusters
of about 3, shorter than the pedicels, Apr., May,
2 H. diptera L, Lvs. oblong-obovate ; cor, (1' long), petiilssliglitly united at base,
oblong-oliovate, style not exsert. as long as the 8 stamens; fil. united halt' way
up; fr. 2-\vinged. — Woods, Car. to Fla., W. to Ark. Small or large tree, usiially
I I
u
' 'J
* J'l
I f
|S
■ H
500
Order 77.— SAPoTACE^.
15 to 20f higli. Prof. Pond describes one on the Ogeechee R., 46f high, trunk
18 diaui. Sir. Buckley one in N. Car., whose trunk measured 17f in circumler-
cnco. Lvs. quite large (4 to 6 or 7 ' by 2 to 3'). FLs. in clusters of 3 to 5, on
ped. 1 to 2' long. The 2-winge(l pods are near 2' long. It begins to bloom sev-
eral weeks later than No. 1 . Apr. (II. parviflora Mx. ?)
Order LXXVI. EBENACE.^^. Eponads.
TVees or shrubs without milky juice and with a heavy wood. Leaves alternate,
''xstipulate, coriaceous, entire. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers by abortion diieci-
oua seldom perfect. Cal. free, 3 to 6-cleft, divisions nearly equal, persistent. Cor-
olla regular 3 to G-cloft, often pubescent, imbricate in ajstivation. Stameris twice or
4 times as many aa the lobes of the corolla. Fr. a fleshy, oval or globous berry.
Seeds large, suapended, albuminous.
Genera 10, speciev 160, mostly native of the Indies and the tropics, one unly being found «g
far Nortli as Is. Y.
J'roperties. — Diospyros is i -^markablo for tlio hardness and darit color of the wood. Ebony is
the wood of 1). Kbcnus, Ebenasi.'r. and otlier specius, natives of Africa. The fruit of the spoeli's
below is eatable wlien fully ripe, ui'i.!>ough extremely bitter and astringent before maturity.
Tue barii is eminently febrifugal und astringent.
DIOSPY'ROS, Dalesch. Persimmon. Fls. S ? . Cal. 4— 6-lobed ;
cor. tubular or cainpaniilate, 4 — 6-cleft, convolute in {Estivation. $
Sta. 8 — 50, mostly 1 6 ; fil. shorter than the anthers ; ova. abortive ; sty.
0. $ Sta. mostly 8, without anthers ; sty. 2 — 4-cleft ; berry ovoid or
globous, 4 — 12- mostly 8-celled, cells 1 -seeded. — A large genus of
shrubs or trees, mostly tropical.
D. Virginidna L. Lvs. elliptic, abruptly acuminate, er smooth, petioles, veins
and margins puberulent ; rac. axillary, 3 to 1-flowered eh shorter than the
flowers; cal. 4-parted ; stam. 8. — In woods, lat. 42°, to xm. and La., frequent. A
shrub or small tree at the North, a tree of large dimensions Soutli and West
Leaves 3 — 5' long, entire, glaucous beneath. Flowers obscure, pale greenish-
yellow, the fertile ones succeeded by a round, orange-red fruit as large as the gar-
den plum, and containing 6 — 8 stony seeds. They are rendered sweet and palata-
ble by the frost. I3ark tonic and astringent. Ju.
Order LXXVII. SAPOTACE^ Soapworts.
lYees or shrubs, mostly with a milky juice, and simple, entire leaves. Flowers
small, regular, perfect, mostly in axillary clusters. Cali/x free, persistent. Corvlla
hypogynous, short, stamens usually as many as its lobes and opposite to them, in-
serted into its tube along with one or more rows of appendages. Anthers extrorse.
Ovary 4 to 12-celled, with a single anatropous ovule in each cell. Seeds large,
usually albuminous.
Genera 21, species 212, chiefly tropical.
SToluftble for their succulent fruit, as the marmalade, star-apple, etc , for their febrifiieral bark,
some species of Achras being used as a substitute for Cinchona, uiid their gum ri'.-«ins, as the
Gutta-Percha obtained from the tree Isonandra Outta.
BUNE'LIA, Swarts. (The Greek name of the Ash.) Caly.x 5-parted
corolla 5-cleft, with a row of 10 narrow appendages on the edges of
the lobes ; stamens 6, opposite the lobes, alternate with 5 petaloid, ster-
ile stamens ; ovary 6-celled ; style filiform ; dcupe ellipsoid, 1 -seeded.
—Shrubs and trees, with a very hard, firm wood. Branchlets often
changed to spines. Lvs. entire, of a firm texture. Fls. aggregated
with the lvs. from buds of the preceding year, white or greenish. Our
species are all more or less spiny.
• Leaves hairy beneath Nos. 1, 2. •* Leaves glabrous b<»th sides Nos. 3, 4
OiiDKU 78.— PRIMULACE^.
5Ul
1 B. tenaz Willd. Clusters and Ivs. beneath silky-ferruginous ; Iva. wedgr-oblong
or obovate, obtuse, attenuated to tlie slender petiule ; dusters 2U to 'ib-jiou\red,
pedicels 3 to 6 times longer than the Howers, lunger than the pi'tiules ; cor. tmd
appendages exceeding the calyx ; dmpe oval. — Dry sandy soils', S. Car. to Fla
and La. Tree 20 to 30t' high, with tough twigs (as all the rtst huvo). Spines
stout, G to 12 long. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, f) to 8 ' wide, shining, rusty or tawny but
glistening beneath. Drupe beautifully corrugated when dry. Jii., Jl.
2 B. lanugindsa Pcrs. Lvs. oval-lancoolato varying to obovate, nieiiibranoofl
woolly ferrugin/ywi beneath, obtuse or rather acute ; fascicles few (6 to \2-jlow-
ered, pedicels short, but a.s long as, or longer than the petiole.^, both v tolly; dnipo
globular. — Wet soils, S. 111. to Car. and La. Shrub 8 to 121" liigh, with sj rending,
spiny branches. Lva 18" to 3' long, woolly, not silky beneath. Pcdic*;lis2 to 4'
long. Jn., Jl. — Variable. (B. tomentosa DC., B. oblongifolia Nutt.)
3 B. lycioides Gaert. Glabrous, or nearly so ; lvs. luedge-dlipt ical, rather a>-vte,
attenuated to the slender petiole ; clusters densely (20 to iiO)-flowered ; puiicils
twice longer than the fls. but rather shorter than tiie pt^tioles ; cor. near t\\ ice longer
than the cal. — Damp soils, Ky., N. Car. to La. A small tree with the branches
nearly straight. Spines on the older branches short, .stout. Lvs. including the
petiole 2 to 3' long, pedicels 3', tt. 1", groenish-while. May, Jn.
4 B. reclinita Vent. Glabrous; branches divaricate; lvs. obovate, obtnse, small,
narrowed, to a short petiole; clusters 15 to 20 flowered ; pedicels slender, half as
long as the leaf; cor. twice as long as the calyx. — Rivers banks, Car. to Fla. A
straggling shrub. Lvs. scarcely 1 long. Jn., Jl.
Order LXXVIII. PRIMULACE^. Primworts.
Herbs low, ' ith the leaves mostly radical or mostly opposite, with the flowers 5-
(rarely 4 to 6j-parted, regular and monopetalous, the stameus 5, inserted on the
corolla tube and opposite to its lobes, the ovary one-celled, with a free centml pla-
centa, style 1, stigma 1, the capstde 1-celled, oo-seeded ; seeds with fleshy albumen.
Genera 30, upeciex 21C, coniinon in tlu> northern teinpernte regions, (trowing in swmiifis. irtoves
by rivulets, ana otten nniung the snow of '* cioud-CApped inuuutuins." Muny are beaiitiiiil und
highly prized in culture. Properties unimportant.
TRIBES AND GENERA.
I. IIoTTONiE.*. Ovary superior. Capsule opening by valves. Leaves pectinate. IIottoma.. 1
II. Primule^. Ovary superior. Capsule opening by valves. Leaves undivided. (*)
• Acaulescent — ("oioila lobes spreading, tube cylindrical Pkimc \. 2
— Corolla lobes spreading, tube ovoid Anduosa. r 3
— Corolla lobes reflexud. — Stamens e.xerted Dodec atueon. 4
— Stamens included Cvolamkn. 6
• Caulescent— Corolla wanting. Leaves oppo.site : Glatx. 6
— Corolla 7-parted. Leaves in one whorl Tuientalis. 7
— Corolla 6-parted. Leaves opposite Naimurkuia. 8
— Corolla 5-partetL Leaves opposite or whorlcd Lvsi.MAriiiA. i
III. Anaoalmuk.*. Ovary superior. Pyxisopening by a lid.— Flowers 5-iiarte<l....ANA(jALi.is. 10
— Flowers4-parted. CENTUNcnuTs. 11
IV. BAHOLEiS. Ovary half inferior. Leaves alt srnate. Flowers .^-parted Sa.moli's. I'i
i. HOTTO'NIA, L. Water-feather. (To Peter Jlotton, professor
in the University of Leyden. Died 1709.) Calyx 6-parted ; corolla
salver-form, with a short tube, and a flat, 5-lobed limb ; stamens in-
serted in the tube of the corolla, included ; stigma globous ; capsulo
globous-acuminate. — 2f Fleshy, aquatic herbs, with pectinate-pinnatifid,
submersed, radical lvs.
H. infldta Ell. "Water-feather. Scape articulate, the intcrnodes and lower
parts inflated ; fls. verticillate, pedunculate. — A curious aquatic plant in swamps
and stagnant waters, Mass., R. I. and Ct., N. Y. to Fla. and La. Stem immersed,
round, thick, spongy, with a whorl of finely pectinate leaves (1 to 2' long) at or
near the surface of th« water. Peduncles or scapes several together arising in a
i-i
. -.^f
iU ''
M
¥
^ - 1
ii'"
•?)'
i'*i»
mm
, i I
:i
kt
502
Order 78.— PIUMULACK.E.
^)rt of tnnbol from tho top of tlie stt'in, 8 — 10' loiij?, iiiflntud botwooii tlio jointH,
Flowoi'H sirmll, wliito, in nuiiu'rous verticilrt, guiierally 4 in oacli, subtoiided by a
laiic«>-liiieur brad. Apr., (Fla.), Jii. (Muss.) (11. palustris Fli., iioo L.)
2. PRIMULA, L. Pkimkose. Aiuirri.A. (Lat. /yr/w/ ma, first ; Ixv
causc its blossoms ;4|>j)i'iir otirliost in spriiiiL;.) ('alyx Hiigiilar, 5-clef't ;
corolhi salvi'i'-slinpiHl or often ratlior fmincl-Hliaix'd, with 5 entire or
noti'lu'il or bitiil l«)bi'8 ; stamens ineiutled, filament!* very short ; cap-
sule ovoiti, o-vaived, valves often bifid, openinijjat the top, oo-seeded. —
Ilerl)s (mostly Kuropean) with the Ivs. all radical and lis. in an in-
voluerate umbel, often showv.
♦ I'l.'ints imtlvt", Willi, (lorollii sulvnr-form, nbrnptly sproiulin^ Nos. 1, 2
♦ I'liiiitMcxKtio, I'liltivatoil. (a^
a Corollii salviT-l'orm. — Tlio lobes iibrii|iMv sprcitdliii; Nos. i\ 4
a (.'oroiia riiiiiu'l'fonn. — Limvos riiuuiis, hairy, tuotlicil Nos. f), ti
— Loavoii plain, siiiootii, ofU'H ontiio No.s. 7, S
1 P. Mistassiliica M\'. Lrs. spatulale, dLMitato or eronate, obtuseor acute, atten-
uate at base, >i;reen botli siiled ; iiivol. 1 — S-fiowered ; braets ;{ times shorter tiiaii
t!u> podioel.s, liucar-aultulate ; eal. uuieh sliorter tiiau tl)o tube of the cort)lla ; eor.
salver-l'onn, lobes obcordate. — Shore.s of Soueca Lake, N. Y. (Dr. Sartwell), Lake
Willowgliby, Vt. ai:d tliroiigiiout Urit Am. A very delicate pl.mt, :{ to 7' high.
Leaves about 5, 5 — 8' by '.i — t ", almost petiolato. Flowera 5 diam., white.
IVdieels 7 ' in length.
2 P. farindsa L. tl Amkuic.vna, Torr. Bikd's-kvI'; ^I{I^^KOSR Lvs. narrow,
veiny, olliptie-laneeolate, obtuse, dentieulato at apex, atteimato at base, under
surface covered with a ydUmush-white, farinaceous dtist ; invol. farinaceous, 3 — 20-
tlowered, shorter than (he podieds; bracts hm<j-acwuiinite; cal. segments lanceo-
late, acute ; eor. salvei-f()rni, lobes obeordate, bilid. oiituso. — Shores of Lakes
Huron and Superior (Nutt., Houghton), N. to lat. G<i°. Scape (5 — 12' high.
Flowers palo purple, yellow in tho center.
3 P. graudifldra Lam. Common Primrose. — Tjvs. obomte, oblong, rwjmis,
vtUiuis bemath, tooihvii ; umbel radical ; ti. stalks as lotig as tho leaves ; cor. flat,
— H Native of lOurope. An interesting garden plaiit, esteemed for its early llow-
ering, and for ita being prolific in variation. In its wild state its flowers are yel-
low and single, but by cultivation they become double, and in the numerous
varieties, rod, pink, white, orange, ])Ui'ple, A'c, and tlie umbels, in numerous in-
stani'cs, are on a scape. .\pr. \ (P. vulgaris IFuds.)
4 P. purpurea Royl. Lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, very smooth, covered beneath
vith yellowish farina, margin undulate, revolute ; scape thick, glabrous, 1 )tiger
than the loaves; invol. OO-liowered, as long as the pedicels, fariiNicous beneath ;
cor. segments obovatc, obtuse, not emarginate. — Native of the mountains of Na-
pau!, Asi.i. Flowers dark purple. |
5 P. ofilciiidlis Jacq. CowsMP Primrose. Lvs. toothed, rugons, liairy
beneath ; umbels jnany-llowereil, flowers all noddiny : eal. angidar ; cor. concave.
— Il Native of Britain. Flowers yellow. Plant smells strongly of anise. Leaves
are usoil as a potherb, and are reeomuKnide I lor foi'ding silk-worms. Its varie-
ties may bo increased by raising from the seinl. Jn. f (P. veris Cam.)
6 P. eldtior Jacq. Ox-i,ii' Primrose. — Lvs. toothed, rugou" hairy on each
side: umbel many-Howered, with t\w otiter flf)wers voddiny ; cor. flat. — 11 Native
of Britain. Flowers yellow, scentless, in a simple umbel elevated upon a scape a
loot high. Apr., May. f
7 P. auricula L. .\uitiriTL.\. Lvs. obcvate, entire or serrate, fleshy; scapo
many-flowereil, central, as long as tho leaves; invol. of short leaves; cal. poto-
dery. — U Native of tlie Alps. A well known favorite of the florist. Tho culti-
vated varieties are iiunimerable, and many of them of e.xquisito beauty and
fragra'jce. May. f
C P. calycina Duby, Lvs. lanceolate, thin, Rmooth, entire, acuto, surrounded
with te white margin ; invol. ;{ — 5-tlowered, as long as tho pedicels ; cod. ivbe ven-
Iriro.i!! ; cor. lobes obeordate, emarginate. — Native of Mta. in Austriu' Flowors
purple, very beautiful, f
Ordkr 78— I'llIMULACK/*:.
603
3. ANDROS'ACE, Touni. ((Jr. uvdpoi;, u nuiirs, ouKor, buckler or
sliield ; from the form of tlie loaf.) Calyx 5-clcft or toothed ; corolla
fimnel-form or salver-form, the 6 lobes entire, tube constrictwd at the
throat, ovate, shorter than the calyx; filaments and style very short",
capsule jj;lobous. — Minute ca;s|)itous In^bs with radical, rosulate Ivs.
A. occidentdlis Pli. Lvh. oltloiiR-sputulate imd ovate, oiiliri', glubrous ; soiip«
solitary, or few, puberuleiit ; bracts oval, pedicols Hlondor; cal. angular, hcj^iu.
acute; cor. lol)«8 loni;, obttimv — (i) Gravelly shores of the Miss., Ill, and W. to
Kan. aiil Ool. Senpes 1 to :{' lii«li.
4. DODECATH'EON, L. Amkkkan Cowhmi'. I'lunK of Ohio.
((Jr. (Jw«^.' /or, twelve, 0^:oi, ^(ula; alludini^ to its curious ilowers whi(;h
are about 12.) Calyx 5-|»!iited, rcHexed ; cor. tube, very short, lind>
rotate, 5-]»artd, sei^m. rciflexed ; sta. 5, inserted into the throat of the
corolla; fil. very short; anth. larufe, acute, connivent at apex; style ex-
serted ; caps, oblotjg-ovoid, 5-valved, many-seeded. — If Hoot fibrous,
with ra<lical, oblong Ivs., an e»<(ct, simple scape, and a terminal und>el
of nodding white flowers and erect fruit.
1 D. Meadia L. Lvs. oval or oblong, obtuso, attonuato at base into a marginal
petiole, f^labrous, entire or repandly dentate ; scape 9 — '20 fluwcre<l ; braets of
the inv'il. ovate, iiuier ones lanceolate; sep. lanceolate, acute, ei; tire; fil. united
into a tube much shorter than the subulate anthers. — A singularly elegant herb,
on prairies, dry or rocky soils, Penn. to Ind., 111., Wise, and throughout the
Western States. Whole plant very smooth. Leaves all radical, 7 — 10' long,
oflon (luito eniiro, iScapos 1 to 2t' high. The nodding Howers with their wing-
like, rellexed petals and i>eak-liku anthers, exhiiiit a very uninuo appearance.
May, Jn. (Fig. 297, 39-t.)
5. CYCLAMEN, L. ((Jr. wt^wAoc, a circle ; on a<M;ount of the coiled
fruit stalks.) Calyx bell-shaped, 5-parted ; corolla tube ovate, short,
hmb 5-parted, reflexed ; anthers 5, included, sessile ; capsule globous,
5-vaived. — Oriental herbs. Kt. a large tuber. Lvs. all radical, ovate;
or rouiidish, cordate. Scapes naked, erect, with one nodding l^"wer,
but in fruit coiling nj), and hiding the capsule in the ground.
1 C. Europsfeum L. Lvs. roiuidish-ronifortn, erenatc; pet. lance-ovate, obtuse.
— Lvs. purple beneath. Fls. roseate, fragrant, f lOur.
2 C. Cdum Mill. Lvs. reniforni orbicular, eiUire; pet. ovate-orbicular, obtuse. —
Lvs. purple beneath. Fls. inodorous, purple. \ Asia Minor.
6. GLAUX, L. Black Saltwort. (Or. yXavKcg, biitish or glau-
cous ; from the hue of the plant.) Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, colored ;
corolla none ; stamens 5 ; capsule roundish, surrounded by the calyx,
u-valved, 5-seeded. — U Maritime, branching, glabrous, with opposite
lvs. and small axillary, solitary fls.
Or. maritima L. A small, fleshy plant, found occasionally on the salt marshes
on the sea coast, Can. to N. J. Stem more or less procumbent at base, 4 to C
!iigh, smooth, brandling and very leafy. Lvs. f in length, roundish-ovate, ob-
tuse, entire, nearly or quite sessile, smooth, fleshy and darkly glaucous. Cal.
whit), tinged with red. Jl.
7. TRIENTA^LIS, L. Chickweed W^nteroreen. (Lat. tricm, the
third part of a foot (4') ; alluding to the height of the plant.) Calyx
and corolla 7 (6 to 8)-parted, spreading ; stamens 7 (6 to 8) ; fruit cap-
sular, somewhat fleshy, QO-seeded. — St. low, simple. Lvs. subverticil-
late. Pedicel 1-Uoworod.
! 1
504 OuuEa 78.— PRIMULACE^.
T. Americana Ph. St. erect, simple, leafless at base ; Ivs. glemerate, few, nar-
row-lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate ; sep. linear, acuminate. — Tliia little plant ia
common in the rocky woods of Can., N. States, southward to Atiilanta, (ia. St.
3 to 6' high, with an irregular whorl of 4 to 8, lanceolate, smootii and shining
Ivs. at tlic top. In the midst of these are 1 to 4 white, star-like fis., borne on
simple, ' liform pedicels. The Ivs. are mostly 3' long and 1' wide. Segm. of cor.
longer tiian the acute cal. Ivs. May, Jn.
8. NAUMBUR'GIA, Mcench. (Dedicated to one Naumbunf, an earlj
German botanist.) Calyx and corolla deeply 5 to 6-parted; petals
linear-lanceolate, spreading, separated by minute intervening teeth ;
stamens 5 to 6, inserted into the base of the corolla, exserted, anthers
cordate ; capsule globous, 5-valved ; seeds few, on a globous placenta,
— 11 with opposite Ivs. FIs. small, in dense, thyrsoid racemes. (Ly-
simachia L.)
N. thyrsifldra Mcench. — An erect, smooth herb, about 2f high, Mass., Yt., N. Y.,
W. to Ohio, N. to Arc. Am. Lvs. many pairs, sessile, lanceolate acute, entire,
punctate, somewhat canescent beneath, 2 to 3' by ^ to 1'. Rac. somewhat
capitate, on filiform, axillary ped. FIs. yellow. Stam. much exserted, united
into a lube at base. Jn.
9. LYSIMACH'IA, L. Loose-strife. (To LyHimaclnts, King of
Sicily, who first used it. Pliny.) Calyx 5-parted, rotate or campanu-
late, tube very short ; stamens 5, inserted into the corolla at base ;
filaments often somewhat connate or with intervening, sterile ones ; cap-
sule globous, 5 to 10-valved, opening at the apex ; seeds few or many.
— Herbs 2^, with opposite or verticillate entire lvs. (FIs. yellow.)
% sterile fllnments 0. Perfect stamens 5. unequul. Leaves and often tiie flowers dotted, (a)
a Floners verticillate, in a terminal, bracted raceme Nos. 1, 2
a Flowers oi)|»osito or verticillate, axillary or |mnicled Nos. 3, 4
§ Sterile filaments 5 short teeth interposed between the perfect stamens Uotless. (b)
b Stem erect. Leaves opposite, acute and taperin;: at base Nos. 5. 6
b Stem erect. Leaves oitposite, obtuse or subcordate at base No 7
b Steni decumbent and trailing. Leaves opposite Nos. 8, 9
1 L. stricta Ait. Simple or branched, erect ; lvs. opposite (rarely) ternate, lan-
ceolate or lance-linear, glabrous, punctate, acute, sessile ; Ms. verticillate, in a long,
lax, terminjil raceme; put. lanceolate spreading. — U In low, wet grounds, Can.,
N. Eng. to Va. and Ohio. Plant smooth, 1 — 2f high, raceme 6 — 8' long. Ped.
1' long, spreading, each with a subulate bract at base. Stamens 2 long and 3
short, united at base. FIs. yellow, streaked with purple. After flowering it
throws out bulblets from the axils of the leaves, which will produce new plants
the following spriug. Jl.
2 L. Herbemonti Ell. Glabrous, simple ; lvs. whorled in As or 5s, sessile, lance-
ovate or ovate, obscurely 3-veined, acuminate, glaucous beneath ; margin revolute^
entire ; fls. verticillate, in a terminal, bracted raceme. — A handsome species, near
Columbus, S. Car. (Herbemont). Plant 2f high. Lvs. becoming more narrow
above, passing into the linear bracts, and with the bright yellow fls., sprinkled
with dots. Stem unequal. Jn., Jl.
3 L. quadrifblia L. Simple, erect ; lvs. verticillate, in 4s, rarely in 5s or 3s. ses-
sile, larccwkite, acuminate, punctate; ped. axillary, l-flowered, in 4s (3s or 5s);
pot. oval, obtuse. — U In low grounds, river banks. Can. to Car. and Ky. Stem
18' high, somewhat hairy, simple, with many whorls of 4 — fj leaves, each bear-
ing a flower-stalk in its axil. Corolla yellow, with purple lines. Stamens un-
equal, united at base into a short tube. Anth. purple. Jii.
4 L. Fr^Beri Puby. Glandular-pubescent and bnmched above ; lvs. opposite,
petiolate, ovate, often cordate, acuminate, glabrous.- Jls, in a compound, terminal,
braoted panicle. — S. Car. (Frazer), Tetu). (Allen). Flowers numerous. Calyx
segments acuminate, the nmigins thickened, brownish, ciliated, Stam. unequal,
2 of them shorter tlian the other 3. stcii'e fij. none.
Order 78.— PRIMULACE^.
505
5 L. longifdlia Ph. Prairie Moneywort. St. slender, 4-angled, fluxuous,
brautrhed above; Ivs. linear-«/itn»n^, rigid, sessile, margin revolute; fls. opposite or
mostly quateroate and terminal on the stem and branches; aep. lauce-linear,
acuminate ; pet. longer than the calyx, rouudish-ovate, erose-dentate, abruptly
acuminate. — Common in low prairies, W. States. The largo yellow flowers arc
very conspicuous among the grasses. Stems 12 — 20' high, purple. Loaves 2 —
3' by 2 — 3", coriaceous, deep green. Flowers numerous, 9" diam., of u brilliant
yellow. Anth. large. Jl. (L. revoluta Nutt.)
6 L. h^brida Mx. Smooth and erect; Ivs. flat, veiny, oblong-lanceolate or lance-
linear, acute at each end (the lower often shortened and obtuse), petioles ciliate,
short ; fls. nodding ; ped. axillary ; stain, united in a very short tube at base,
with intermediate processes. — li Moist meadows and prairies. Can. and U. S.
The fls. resemble those of tlu L. ciliata. St. If to 18' higii, simple or branclied.
Lvs. 1 to 3' by 3 to 8 ', th.' wo upper pairs usually approximate, forming a whorl
of 4, with 4 axillary fls. Jl. (L. angustifolia Lam. L. heteropliylla Mx.)
7 L. cilidta L Subsimple, erect ; lvs. opposite, rarely quaternate, ovate, sub-
coidate or ovate-lanceolate, petioles ciliate upper side ; fls. nodding mostly oppo-
site ; sta. distinct, with i> abortive filaments. — 1( In gravely soils and near streams,
L'. S. and Can. Root creeping. Stem somewhat 4-sided, 2 — 3f high, simple or
with a few opposite branches. Leaves large, pointed, somewhat cordate at base,
on petioles fringed with cileae, the upper ones apparently quaternate. Flowers
large, yellow, axillary. Stamens inserted into a ring. Jl.
ji. ToNSA. Petioles entirely destitute of cileoD ; lvs. smaller. — Mts. E. Tenn.,
near the Cumberland Gap. Plants 6 to 18' high.
8 L. radicana Hook. St. erect at b'xse, glabrous, then decumbent, long, trailing,
branching and rooting at the joints ; lvs. lance-ovate, gradually acute, the long
petioles more or less ciliate ; fls. small, loosely paniculate on the slender branches.
— Wet places, Va. (Aikin) to La. (Hale). Sis. 2 to 4f long. Petioles half as
long (1) as the leaves. Fls. half as largo as in No. 4.
9 L. nummuldrfa L. Moneywort. St. weak, trailing; lvs. roundish, subcor-
date, obtuse, on very short petioles ; fls. opposite, axillary, large, sep. ovate, sub-
cordate, acuminate. — Found at Middlebury, Vt. (ProK Lathrop), and shores of L.
Mich. (Nutt.). Eur.
10. ANAGAL'LIS, L. Scarlet Pimpernel. Poor Man's Weather-
glass. (Gr. avayeAao), to laugh ; it is said to be medicinally effica-
cious in hypochondria.) Calyx 5-parted ; cor. rotate, deeply 5-parted,
lonjjjer than the calyx, tube ; sta. 5, hirsute ; anth. introrse ; caps,
globous, membranaceous, circumscissile. Herbs with square stems and
(mostly) opposite lvs. Ped. axillary, solitary. (Fig. 39.)
A. arv^nsia L. Procumbent, branched ; lvs. broad-ovate, opposite or ternate,
sessile ; ped. longer than the leaves ; sep. linear-lanceolate, about equaling the
petals; pet. crenate-glandular. — (D A trailing plant, in fields, road-sides, &c., U.
S. (except the colder parts of N. Eng.), and in almost all other countries. Stem
6 — 20 long, with elongated branches, or simple. Leaves 6 — 8 ' by 4 — 6''. Fls.
sitiiUl but pretty, with scarlet petals, opening at 8 o'clock, a. m., and closing at 2
p. M., in damp weather not open at all. Ju.— Aug. — Dr. BueL of Killington, Ct.,
sent US specimens with bluie flowers I
11. CENTUM XULUS, L. False Pimpernel. Calyx 4-parted ; cor.
urceolate-rotate, 4-cleft, shorter than the calyx ; sta. 4, beardless, united
at bjise; caps, globous, circumscissile; seeds very minute.— (J) Very
diminutive, with alternate lvs. Fls. axillary, solitary, subsessilc.
C. mfnimuB L. Erect or ascending, branched; lvs. subsessile, ovate or lanoe-
ovate, obtusish, entire, akernato, lower opposite; sep. linear-subulato, equaling
the capsule. — Wet places. 111. (Mead), and Southern States. Plant 1 to 2' high in
111., but 3 to 6' long in La. liCaves about 2 " by 1 ". Flowers reddish 7 JL
:.;?;
;!ii
f!
:';i
am'
,ji\
m
i \
1 I
H 'f
M
ii'^ii
■ r-ttffr-.,
!■ 'I ]: ^
506
Order 70.— PLANTAGINACK^].
r M
12. SAM'OLUS, L. Water Pimpernel. (Celtic saw, salutary, wo»,
a. pig ; a specific for the diseases of swine, says Pliny.) Calyx partly a<!«
lierent, 5-cleft ; cor. hypocrateriform, 5-cleft ; sta. 5, alternating with 5
scales (sterile filaments) ; caps, dehiscent at top by 5 valves, many-seeded.
— Herbs with alternate Ivs. Fls. corymbous or racemous. (Fig. '2l2,)
S. valer^ndi L. /3. americanus (Gray). St. simple or branched ; Ivs. obtu.se,
ovate or obovate, tlio radical petiolate ; fls. in a raceme or panicle of racemes, pe-
dicels with a minute bract near the middle ; pet. longer than the sep. — In wet,
gravelly places, frequent throughout the country. Sts. 6' to If high, simple when
first flowering, becoming often much branched. Lvs. thin, about 1' long. Ped.
less than 1', with small (near 2" diam.) milk white fls. A white spot in the axils
of the branches. Jl. — Sept. (North), A^r. — Jl. (South). (S. floribundus of autb.)
f '.{
Order LXXIX. PLANTAGINACE^. Ribworts.
Herbs rarely shrubby, with radical leaves and the flowers in a .««pike on a scape.
Flowers regular, tetramerous. Stamens 4, alternate with the lobes of the corolla
and inserted on its tube. Anthers versatile, filaments usually slender and exserted.
Fruit a membranous pyxis, with 1, 2, or many albuminous seeds.
Genera 3, ttpecies 200, most abundant in tc-mperate climates, scattered tliroughout all coun-
tries ot'tlip f^iobe. Properties unitiiportant.
PLANTA^GO, L. Plantain. Ribwort. Sepals 4, membranous,
persistent ; corolla raonopetalous ; border 4-toothed, spreading, per-
sistent and withering on the fruit; stamens 4 (rarely 2), the long, slen-
der filaments exserted, or in some of the fls. included ; ovary 2 (-4).
celled ; pyxis membranous, opening below the middle by a lid, when
the loose dissepiment falls out with the seeds. — (Herbs acaulcscent.)
Fls. small, whitish, in a slender spike raised on a scape.
§ stamens uniformly exserted. Corolla lobes spreading. Flowers rcniform. (a)
a 8eed8 7 to 16. Leaves broadly ovate, T- veined. Spike dense \o. 1
a Seeds 4 only. Leaves oblong or cordate, 8 to 7-veined Nos. 5J, 3
a Seeds 2 only. Leaves lanceolate. Scape tall Nos. 4, 6
a Seeds 2 or 4. Leaves linear, fleshy Mo.s. 6, 7
§ Stamens mostly included, wltli short anthers. Flowers diinorplious? (b)
b Seeds 2 only. Corolla lobes roundi.sh, reflexed. Leaves linear So. 8
b Seeds 2, rarely 8 or 4. Corolla lobes erect. Leaves lanceolate No. 9
b Seeds 4 to 20. Leaves linear. Plants very small Nos. l(f, 11
1 P. major L. Common Pl.vntain or Ribwort. Lvs. ovate, smoothish, some-
what tootlied, palmately l-veined, with long, chatmeled footstalks ; scape round ;
fls. densely spiked; seeds 7 to 16. — ll Common always at the door and by the
wayside. The leaves are reputed a good external application for wound.s, &c.
The seeds are eaten by sparrows and otlier small birds. Lvs. broad, flat, with
about 7 veins, each containing a strong fibre wliich may be pulled out. Scape 1
to 3f high, with a very long (5 to 20'), cylindric spike. Fls. white, inconspiL^uous,
appearing in succession all summer. § Eur., &a
2 P. Rugelii Dene. Lvs. oblong or oblong-elliptical, obtuse, 3 to 5-vcined, atten-
uated to a petiole ; ped. slender, terete ; spike cylindrical, more or less loose-flow-
ered ; bracts acutisb, shorter than the smooth sepals. — Hills and waysides Atlan-
tic States. Allied to P. mm'or, perhaps too nearly.
3 P. corddta Lam. Lvs. cordate-ovate, broad, smooth, subpinnately 5 to 7-voined,
obscurely tootlied ; fls. loosely spicate, lower ones scattered, witii ovate, obtuse,
bracts; /)yxj« 4-seeded. — U Can. to Tenn. and Ga., along streams. Our largest
native species, nearly as largo as P. major. Spikes 6 to 8' long, on scapes twice
as high. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, more or less cordate at base. Cor. white, with obo-
vate segments. Pyxis a third longer than the calyx, witli 2 margined seeds in
each eel'. Jn., Jl.
4 P. lanoeolata L. Lvs. lanceolate, tapering at each end, petiole channeled ;
spike ovale or cylindric, dense; scape angular; bracts and cor. lobes acuminate. —
Order 80.— PLUMBAGINACEiE.
507
71 Cnn. to Ga. Common in pastures and grass lauds. Easily known by its longer
Ivs. tapering at the base into a broad stalk, and with from 3 to 5 strong ribs ; by
its shorter spike (1 to 2' long), with dark colored corollas, and whitish, projecting
stamens, and its slender, upright stalk (8 to 15' long) with prominent angles.
Flowering from May to Oct. It is freely eaten by cattle.
5 P. sparaifldra Mx. Lvs. lanceolate or oblong, tapering at eacli end, petiole
flat ; ped. slender, terete, much longer than the lvs. ; sjnke long, reuiotely-flowertd,
or interrupted; bracts, sepals and brown petals obtuse. — Moist pine barrens, S. Car.
and Ga. (Curtis). Plant usually smooth often pubescent below. Flowers all sum-
mer. (P. interrupta Lam.)
6 P. maritima L. Lvs. linear, channeled, nearly entire, woolly at base ; spikes
cylindrical, dense; scape round; posterior sep. concave and crested on the back. —
Grows in salt marslies, along tlie coast. Me. to N. J. It has a large perennial
root sending up a scape varying in height from 3' to If, and numerous, very
fleshy, dark green, linear leaves, deeply grooved on the inside and 6 to 10' long.
Spike slender, of numerous, subimbricate, whitish fls. Aug.
P. juncoides. Lvs. erect, entire, linear, fleshy, attenuated to the subacute
apex, bearded at base ; scapes terete, scarcely longer than the lvs. ; spikes oblong,
nostly loose-flowered ; bracts orbicular-ciliate; sep. not crested. — Salt marshes, N.
J. Plant more slender than the preceding. Jl. (P. maritima ji. Poir.)
8 P. aristdta Mx. Lvs. linear, erect, villous; ped. terete, longer than the leaves;
spikes cylindrical, dense-flowered, villous when young ; bracts attenuated to long,
setaceous, rigid awns; cor. lobes round-cordate, uniformly colored, conspicuous;
seeds large, finely punctate in lines. — Prairies in 111., abundanc at Ouin's Scation.
Lvs. 3 to 4' long. Ped. with spike about 9' high, the latter beset with awns 3 to
6 to 8'' long. Jn., Jl. (P. Patagonica Gray )
9 P. Virginica L. Lesser Plantain. Lvs. obovate-lanceolate, hoary pubos
cent, subdenticulate ; scape angular ; spikes cylindric, pubescent, dense-flowered
above, often loose-flowered below ; seeds rarely more than 2 ; bracts shorter than
the ciliate sep. — A biennial species on sandy or stony hills in tlie southern part oil
N. Eng. and N. Y. to Ga. and La. Much smaller than P. major. The whole
plant is covered with soft, gray pubescence. Scape 4 to 8' high, hairy. Lvs. 2
to 3' long, narrowed at base into petioles, obtuse at the end. Cor. yellowish, with
very acute segments, erect when including tlio stamens.. Jl. (P. purpurascens
Nutt ?)
10 P. hpt^^roph^Ua Nutt. Lvs. linear, entire, and with a few slender teeth or
lobes, attenuate at each end ; ped. many, slender, as long as the lvs ; spikes loose-
flowered; cor. closed upon tho conical fruit, the short lobes crowning it as a crest;
pyxis 10 to 20-seeded. — (Ti® Wet grounds. Md. to La. Small and slender.
Scdpj almost threadlike, 4 to 7' high, lvs. about 3'. (P. pusilla Dene. P. Ludo-
viciana lliddell.)
11 P. pusilla Nutt. Lvs. linear, entire, thin, pubescent ; scapes longer
lvs., very slender, with scattered or approximate fls. ; fr. scarcely longer
calyx, crowned with the cor. lobes, 4-seeded. — (D The smallest
genus, 1 to 6' high, in dry soils, N. Y. to Ga and W. States.
Done.)
llian the
than the
species of the
(P. perpusilla
Order LXXX. rLUMBAGINACE^. Leadwohts.
Herbs or undershrubs with the leaves alternate or all clustered at the root. Flow
ers regular. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, plaited, persistent. Corolla hypocrateriform,
of 5 petals united at base, or sometimes almost distinct. Sta. 5, hypogynous and
opposite the petals or inserted on their claws. Ova. 1 -celled, free from tho calyx.
Styles 5 (seldom 3 or 4). Fr. a utricle, or dehiscent by valves, containing I ana-
tropous seed.
Genera 10, itpecitt 2.S0, mostly seaside or salt marsh plants, found In all latitudes.
Properties.— TUe root of Statlco Llmoniuni is one of tli« best and most powerful of all astrin-
gents. The species of Pliimbapo are acrid and esoharotic, so much so, that the roots of P. Ku-
ropasus are said by Llndley to be employed in £urope by bcggara, to raise blisters on the fuce,
in order to excite compassion.
,' \
/ 31
"'*
'-•lis'
In:
iiti
508 Order 80.— PLUMBAtilNACKufi.
TRIBES AND GENERA.
I. PTATICE^. Styles distinct, at least nbove. Utricle not valvato. (a)
a Stigmas capitate. Style connuted at bu»e. Lvh. acerous. Scape terete.. .ACANTHOLOUOir. t
a Stigmas capitate. Styles distinct at base. Leaves flat. Scape 3-angled. .. .Gomulomon. 4
a Stigmas filiform. — Styles glabrous. Scape branching Statics. 1
— Styles plumous. Scupe capitate Ak.meria. 2
II. PLUM BAG KJS. Styles united to the apex. Perica psubvalvate. (b)
b Corolla hypocrateritorm. Calyx not enlarged in fruit. . PLir.MBAOO. t
1. STAT'ICE, L. Marsh Rosemary. (Or. OTari^io, to stop ; be-
cause used medicinally it stops diarrhcea, siys Pliny.) Calyx funnel-
form, limb scarious, 6-nervcd, 5-partcd; petals scarcely united at base;
filiimeiits 5, adnate to the very base of the corolla; ovary crowned witli
the 5 ijjlabrous, filiform styles, utricle regularly or irregularly circura-
scissile. — 4 Herbs with the scape branching the flowers 3-bracted, ses-
sile on the 3-bracted branchlet.
S. Limdnium L. Very smooth ; Ivs. oblong-elliptical or oblanceolate, acute,
tipped with a bristle, tapering to a long petiole ; scapes terete, fistulous, bracted,
paniculate; spikelets l-Howered (rarely 2), involuerate with 3 brautlets, remotely
secund on the branchlets ; cal. lobes very acute. — Salt marshes along the coast,
from Newfoundland to S. Car. Scape 6 to 12' high. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, the
petioles ratlier longer. The root is large, ligneous, strongly astringent, much
valued in medicine. Jl. — Oct. (S. Carolinianum Walt.) — Differs from the Eu-
ropean varieties which have mostly 2 to 3-flowered spikelets, more close on the
brauchlets, cal. lobes scarcely acute, &c.
2. ARME^RIA, Willd. Thrift. Flowers collected in a dense head ;
involucre 3 to many-leaved ; calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-angled, with
5 shallow lobes, scarious and plaited ; petals, stamens, <fec., as in Statice. —
U Lvs. radical, mostly linear. Scape simple, appendaged above.
A. vulgaris "Willd. Scape terete, smooth ; lvs. linear, flat, obtuse ; outer bracts
of the invol. ovate-acute, shorter tiian the sheathing appendage at their base. — A
neat and elegant plant, nati\"tj near the sea-coast, Brit. Am. (Hook.) Often
cultivated. Lvs. 3 to 4' by 2 to 3", numerous, crowded. Scape about If Iiigh,
bearing a singular sheath at top, formed according to Liadley by tlie adherent
bases of involucral lvs. Fls. rose-colored. Jn. — Aug.
2 A. latifdlia Willd. Scape solitary, tall ; lvs. very broad, oblong, 5 to 7-
veiued ; fls. (rose-red) in a large head fl-om a long sheath ; bracts scarious, the
outer oblong-lanceolate, acuminate-cuspidate. — f Portugal.
3. PLUMBA'GO, Tourn. Leadwort. (Lat. plumbum (lead), a dis-
ease of the eyes, which it was reputed to cure. Pliny.) Calyx herba-
ceous, glandular, 6-lobed, not enlarged after flowering ; corolla salver-
form, tube longer than calyx, limb twisted in aestivation ; anthers 6,
linear ; style 1, stigmas 5, filiform ; utricle membranous, mucronate with
thp persistent style. — Herbs or shrubs. Fls. cyanic, numerous through
tho season.
1 P. Capinsis Thunb. St. shrubby, scarcely climbing ; lvs. oblonjj entire,
glaucous-tubercular beneath, petiolate ; fls. in short, dense, terminal spikes, pal*
blue. — f Cape of Good Hope. Very pretty. Southward it is hardy.
2 P. CGBrillia Kunth. St herbaceous, erect; lvs. ovate-oblong, acuminate,
petiole winged and auriculate at base; fls. in terminal, loose spikes, blue. — 24 f
Peru and Chili.
4 QONIOLdMON speoidBum Boiss. (Statice specioea L.), with whit*
fls., 3 or 4 in each spikelet.
O. Tartdricum Boiss (S. Tartarica L.), with pink fls., 1 or 2 in a spikelei^
both from Russia, are occasionally cultivated. Also
Ordbk 81,— LENTlBULACEiE.
509
5 ACANTHOLOMON caryophyllaceum 13ois^. (S. EcIuqus L.), turty,
with stiff, linear, 3-coraered, needle-shaped, recurved Ivs. and scape, twice as high,
bearing a single spike. — f From Asia.
Order LXXXI. LENTIBULACE^. Butterworts.
Herbs small, growing in water or wet places, with showy, bilabiate fls. on scapes.
Calyx inferior, of 2 or 3 sepals. Corolla irregular, bilabiate, personate, spurred.
Stamens 2, included within the corolla and inserted on its upper lip. Anth. 1-
celled. Ovary 1-celled, witii a free, central placenta. Style 1. Stigma cleft.
Fruit. Capsule many-seeded. Seeds minute. Embryo straight, with no albu-
men.
Gfnera 4, upeeies 175, natives of swamps, pools, and rivulets, diffused throughout nearly aU
countriesi Properties unimportant.
1. PINGUIC'ULA, L. BuTTERWORT. (Lat. pinguis, fat, from the
greasy appearance of the leaves.) Calyx 5-parted, somewhat bilabiate ;
cor. bilabiate or rarely subregular, upper lip bifid or 2-partetl, lower
trifid or 3-parted, spurred at base beneath ; sta. 2, very short ; stig.
sessile, 2-lobed ; caps, erect; seeils go. — li In wet places. Lvs. radi-
cal, rosnlate, entire. Scapes 1-flowered, nodding.
• Flowers blue Nos. 1, 2, 3.
•* Flowers yellow No. 4
1 P vulgaris L. Lvs. ovate or elliptic, obtuse, unctuous-puberulent above, scape
and calyx subpubescent ; cor. lips very UMqual, lobes obtuse, entire ; spur cylin-
drical, shorter than the corolla. — Wet rocks atid tliin, datnp soils, N. Y. (near Ro-
chester, Dewey, Beck.) N. to Arctic Am. {Hooker.) Scape 6 — 8' high, with soli-
tary, nodding fls. Leaves all springing froui the root, fleshy, spatulate or ovate,
with a tapering base, fleshy and unctuous to tlie touch. Corolla with a purple
tube, lined with sort hairs. Flowering early in A pr. and May.
2 P. el^tior Mx. Lvs. ovate-spatulate, scapo villous at base; cal. glandular-
puberulent ; cor. tube ventricous, hairy within, lobes subequal, eniarginate, ; spur
compressed, obtuse, about half as long as the tube. — Wet grounds, S. Car. to Fla.,
more common ir the middle districts. The lvs. are very small proportionately
(scarcely 1' long in our specimens), while the slender and bractless scape is 8 to
14' high. Sep. oblong, obtuse, the 2 lower approximating. Cor. 1' to 15" long,
greenish blue? with purple lines. Mar., Apr.
3 P. ptimila Mx. Dwarf Butterwort. Lvs. roundish-ovate, glabrous ; cor.
tube oblong, lobes emarginate, spur nearly as long as the tube, nearly acute ; caps,
globous. — Gra. and Fla. to La., common in springy places. Lvs. 3 to 4" diam.,
thin. Scapes filiform, 2 to 4' high. Fls. vary in size with the plant, from 3' to
T' long, pale blue. Apr.
4 P. liitea Walt. Lvs. obovate, elliptic; cor. bell-shaped, palate hairy, lobes
subcqual, sinuate-dentate ; spur slender, a third as long as the cor. — Car. to Fla.,
common in the low country in wet grounds. Lvs. 1' long, nearly as wide, soft,
yellowish green, curled, the scape about 6' high. Fls. mucn smaller than in No.
2, bright yellow.- Spur 2 to 3" long. Mar., Apr.
2. UTRICULA^RIA, L. Bladderwort. (Lat. utricula, a little
bottle ; alluding to the air vessels appended to the roots.) Calyx 2-
parted, lips subequal ; corolla irregularly bilabiate, personate, spurred ;
stamens 2 ; stigma bilabiate ; capsule globular, 1-celled. — Herbs aquar
tic, loosely floating, or fixed in the mud. — Lvs. radical, multifid or lin-
ear and entire, mostly furnished with little inflated vescicles as buoys.
Scape erect.
Florttinp. Scape Involucrate, with a whorl of large. Inflated petioles No. I
Flontin)!. Scape naked. Brandies producing bulhlets and bladders (a).
a FlowerH purple. Branohea whorled, aubmcrsMl No. 9
\
5,iJ
m'
v'tl
HI?
n
fl
■ ''1
i f
; i;
^5
610
Order 81.— LKNTIBULACE^.
a Flowers yelloir. Leaves ('2-ranke(l) anil bladders on separate branches No. S
a Flowers yellow. Leaves (cu|>illttceoU!>) bearing the bladders (b).
b Bpur acute or notched, about us Unif^ aa the lips Nos. 4 to 6
b Sr- ir obtuse, short. Flowers of 2 kinds, the llpless down on the steins Xo. 7
b Spur obtuse, short. Pedicels all on the scape,— erect in fruit Nos. 8, 9
— recurved in fruit Nos. 10, 11
U. inflEkta Walt. Upper Ivs. in a whorl of 5 or 6 at the surface of the water;
petiole and midvein inflated, lower Ivs. capillaoeous, dissected, submerged ; i!cape
4 to 5-flowered. — U In ponds, Mo. to Fla. W. to Ohio. The proper stetn (rhiz-
ome) is very long, brandling, suspended in the water by innumerable minute air
bladders, and tiie 5 or 6 involucrate, hollow Ivs., which are many-cleft at the end.
Fls. 4 or 5 together upon a scape 8' in length, pedunculated, with sheatliing
bracts. Spur nearly as long as tl)o corolla, appressed to the lower lip, striate,
emarginate. Cor. yellow, tiie upper lip broad-ovate, entire, lower 3-lobed.
Aug.
2 U. purpi!lrea Walt. St. long, floating, branched; Ivs. submersed, fibrilloua,
vorticillate, pinnately dissected, segments capillary, utriculate; scape assurgent,
2 — 3-flowered upper Up roundish-truncate, lower lip larger, its lateral lobes cucul-
late, smaller than the central ; spur conical, flattened, appressed to and shorter
than the upper lip. — (D Pools, Me. to Fla. W. to Wis. Readily known by the
large, bright, purple fls. Stem 1 — 3f long. Leaves about IJ' long. XJtricles
small Scape 3 — 5' high. Corolla 8" broad, the spur 3", greenish. Aug.
3 U. intermedia Hayne. Lvs. all submersed, in 2 rows, alternate, dichotom-
ously many-parted, segm. rigid, linear-subulatd, ciliate-denticulate ; leafless
branches bearing all tlie bladders and terminal bv'blet!< ; scapes 2 to 3-flowered,
upper lip entire, twice as long as the palate ; "^^ pur conical, acute ; ped. of the
fruit erect. — Swamps, Can. and N. States to Wis. Scape 4 to 8' high. Leafy
stems 3 to 6' long, and the leaves about 3" (in our .specimens). Jn., Jl.
(3? RoBBiNSii. Leaf-segments linear-setaceous, flaccid, entire, 8 to 12" long;
scape tall (7 to 12), 3 to 7-flowered ; spur fusiform, acute, nearly as long as
the lower lip. — Swamps, Uxbridge, Northbridge, Mass. (Robbins), — Quite
unlike the preceding in its leaves and spur.
4 U. striata Le Conte. Lvs. numerously subdivided, submerged, capillary, bear-
ing the bladders, or vesicles ; scape 2 — 6-flowered, with a few scales ; flowers
large, upper lip broad, divided into 3 lobes, the middle lobe striate with red, lower
lip crenatCi sides reflexed, having dark spots upon the palate ; spur .siender, ob-
tuse, with a notch at the end, pressed against the lower lip of the oorolla and
nearly as long. — T) Swamps, L. Isl. to Fla. Root submerged, slightly attached
to the mud. Leaves (radicles ?) few, capillary, appendaged with few Mir vessels.
Scape a foot high, generally with 2 flowers. June.
5 U. longirdstris Ell, Lvs. submersed, dichotomously divided, segm. setace-
ous, bearing the vescicles; scapes 1 to 2-flowered; upper lip slightly 3-lobed,
lower entire ; spur linear- subulate, ascending, emarginate at apex, longer than the
lower lip. — Stagnant pools, S. Car. to Fla. Scape 3 to 5' high. Fls. yellow,
middle size. Jn.
6 U. bifl6ra Lam. Irregularly whorled, capillaceously divided, root-like, bladder-
bearing; scape slender, 2 to 3-flowered, pedicels many times longer than the
bract or calyx ; spur straight, oblong, a^ute, appressed to the corolla, and of equal
length; fr. erect. — Ditches, S. Car. and Ga Scape 3 to 4' high, pedicels 3 to 4".
May, Jn.
7 U. cland^stina Nutt. Lvs. all submersed, capillaceous, raultifid, bladder-
bearing ; fls. 2 or 3 on the slender scape, also solitary on slender, axillary pedi-
cels among the lvs. on the stem, the latter apetalous, fertile ; spur very obtuse,
shorter than the 3-lobed lower lip. — Ponds, Mass. (Robbins) to N. J. Sts. almost
capillary, 6' to 2f long, with manv bladders. Scape 3 to 4' high (seldom seen),
with corollas expanding about 3 . Gauline pedicels 6 to 7" long, the cor. tubu-
lar, never opening. JL
8 U. gibba L. (and Le Conte). Minute, floating, with hair-like lvs. and few
utricles ; scape 1 to 2-flowered, naked ; segm. of the yellow cor. roundish, upptr
Up emarginate, lower subirilobate, middle lobe crenate, subrevolute ; spur gibbous
(that is), very short and obtuse. — 4 ^^ pools, R. I (Oltiey), Ma.ss., N. Y. to
Order 82.— OROBANCHACE^.
511
Car. Submersed stems dichotomous, short and filiform. Scapes 2 to 3 high,
oftea with but 1 email, yellow fl«>wer The Ivs. appear rather like tine radi-
cles. Jl.
9 n. bipdrtita Ell. Lvs. fibrillous-multifid, bearing the bladders ; scape 1 to 3*
flowered; lower lip of the calyx bifid or 2-parted; car. lips entire, the lower twice
as long as the obtuse spur. — X> Ditclies, Ga., Fla., in ootb, muddy places (Elhott),
floating (Le Come). Scape 2 to 3' high. Oct.
10 U. minor L. Lvs. submersed, several times forlced, segm. linear-setaceous,
5/ior<, utriculate ; scapo 3 to 6- flowered; cor. ringent, upper lip ovate, emargiuale,
as long as the palate, lower obovate, flat, much ionger than the obtuse, deti>>\ed
spur. — Pools, Cau. and N. States to Wis. Plan .bout half the size of Nu. 11.
Cor. gaping, pale, yellowish. Fruit nodding, jl.
11 U. vulgaris L. Lvs. capiUaceous, multifid, fibriUous ; vesicles numerous, small ;
St. or rhizoma very long, floating; scape simple, 5 — 11-floweredI spur conical,
obtuse, shorter than the closed cor. lips. — U In stagnant pools, U. S. and Can.
Floating stems several feet long, very branching. Loaves very numerous, 1' in
lengtl). Utricles furnished with a fringed, valvate aperture, usually inflated.
Scapo 5 — 10' high, stotit, arising out of the water. Flowers alternate, sliowy,
yellow, 5 — 6 " long, lower lip larger, with a projecting palate, striped with brown.
Jn., Jl. (U. macrorhiza Lo Conte.)
12 U. reaupin^ta Green. Sts. creeping, fibrinous, rooting; lvs. linear-c.-.piMary,
erect, undivided and entire; scapes numerous, simple, 1 -flowered, with a minute
clasping bract near the top; spur obtuse, cylindric, ascending, shorter than the
elongated tube of the purple cor. — Muddy shores of ponds, Tewksbury (Green),
Plymouth and Uxbridge, Mass. (Robblns). Leaves generally numerous, 6 — 15'
high, the bract 1' below the flower. Corolla light purple, 4 ' long, lips roundish,
entire, remote from the spur. Jl.
13 U. Bubuldta L. Minute; st. flbrillous, rooting, creeping, urticulate; lvs. few
and minute, among the flbrillous roots, entire, linear, petiolate, gland ular-obtusey
sometimes ? scapes few, filiform, 1 to 6-flowered ; bracts ovate, clasping ; pedU
eels 4 to 5 times longer than the ovate, obtuse, veined sepals ; cor. upper lip ovate,
entire, lower 3-lobed; spur acute oppressed to and nearly equaling the lower lip.
— A minute species in springy places. Can. to Fia. and La. Scape 2 to 4' high-
Lvs. 2 to 3" by 1". Fls. yellow, 3 to 4" broad. Jn.
14 U. cornuta Mx. Scape rooting, tall, erect, scaly, witii 2 to 5 subsessile fls. ;
lvs. fugacious or ; lower lip very broad, 3-lobed, its center (palate) very prominent,
sides reflexed, upper lobe much smaller, emarginate; spur subulate, acute, de-
curved away from, the cor., and of equal length. — Can. to Fla. and La., in shallow
waters or mud. St. or scape 9 to 12' high. Pedicels scarcely 2 " long in flower,
3 to 6" in fruit. Spur 4 to 4" long. Fls. large, yellow. Jn. — Aug. (U. per-
sonata Lo Conte.)
H
• ■I-:
.■'<!!
» . t..
ra
Order LXXXII. OROBANCHACE^. Broomrapes.
Herbs fleshy, leafless, growing parasitically upon the roots of other plants. Calyx
4 to 5-toothed, inferior, persistent. Corolla irregular, persistent, imbricate in aesti-
vation. Stamens 4, didynamous. Anthers 2-celled, cells distinct, parallel, often
bearded, at base. Ovary 1 -celled, free from the calyx, with 2 or 4 parietal placen-
tae. Capsule enclosed within tlie withered corolla, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds very
numerous and minute, with albumen.
Genera 12, species 116, mostly natives of the northern temperate rone. Properties astringent
ftud bitter.
GENERA.
• Flowers polyiramous, on spkate branches ; sterile above, fertile below EpiPHKors. 1
* Flowers i)erfect, — in a dense, thick spike. Calyx 3-bracted Conopholis. 3
—on naked, terminal peduncles. Calyx bractless Aphyllun 3
1. EPIPHE^GUS, Nutt. Beechdrops. (Gr. ktt/, upon, <priy6g, the
beech ; being parasitic on the roots of that tree.) Monoeciously polyg-
M !■: tif
iff
'V , i
II
Ul
!'i'i
612
Order 83.— BIGNONIACEiE.
aiuou§, the upper flowers complete but sterile, the lower imperfect, fer-
tile ; Calyx S-toothed : $ corolla tubular, compressed, curved, upper lip
emargiiiate ; stamens barely included ; $ corolla 4-toothed, short,
deciduous, without expanding ; stamens imperfect ; capsule, 2-valved,
opening on the upper side. — Parasite on the roots of the beech. Branches
simple, spicato, floriferous their whole length.
E. Virginidna Burt. — In Beech woods, Cnn. to Ga. and Ky. Root a ball of rij^d,
short, brittle radicles. Plant If high, leaHess, of a dull, rod c-olor, glabrous,
branching and flower-bearing its whole length. Fls. alternate, sub30ssile, brown-
ish white, the sterile, 4 to 5" long. Aug., Sept.
2. CONOPH'OLIS, Wallroth. Squaw Root. (Gr. /cwvo^, a cone, (/)oA/'c,
a scale; from its resemblance.) Flowers perfect, crowded, spicate ; calyx
with 2 bractlcts at the base, unequally 5-cleft ; corolla ringent, 2 lipped,
tube curved, upper lip 2-lobcd, lower 3-parted ; anthers sagittate 2-celled,
cells acute at base ; capsule with 2 placentae on each valve. — Stem
short, thick, simple, covered with ovate-lanceolate, acute, imbricated
scales, the upper with the fls. subsessile in their axils.
1 C. Americana Wallr, Very smooth ; stem very thick ; scales oval-lanceolate ;
calyx more deeply cleft on the lower side ; cor. ventricous ; stam. exserted. — Old
woods, Can. to Ga. and La. Stem 4 — 7' high, and near 1' thick, of a brownish
yellow, covered with pale, polished scales regularly imbricated as in a Pine cone.
July, (Orobanche, L.)
2 C. Ludovici^a. Glandular pubescent ; stem rather thick, very short ; soalea
ovate; cal. subequally and deeply clefl; cor. tubular, much longer than the
bracts; stam. included. — Alluvial soil, 111. (Hall, fide Gray), to Nebraska. St.
3 to 4' high. Fls. very numerous and crowded. Cal. segm. linear, acute. Cor.
purple. Oct. (Orobanche, Nutt. Phelipsea, Don.)
3. APHYL'LON, Mitchell. (Orobanche, L.) Naked Broomrapb.
(rJr. d, privative, 0i;AAov, a leaf; alluding to its leafless character.)
Flowers perfect, solitary, on long bractless peduncles or scapes ; calyx
regularly 5-cleft, campanulate ; corolla tube elongated, curved, border
spreading, subequally 6-lobcd ; anthers included, cells distinct, mucron-
ate ; capsule with 4, equidistant placentae. Plants glandular, pubes-
cent. St. very short, producing at the summit, 1, 2,' or jnany flower
stalks, and few if any scales.
1 A. unifldra Torn & Gr. Fed. in pairs or simple, naked, each 1-flowered. — A
small, leafless plant, with the general aspect of a Monotropa, found in woods and
thickets. Can. and U. S. St. not exceeding ^' in length. This divides at its
top generally into 2, scape like, erect, round, simple, naked peduncles 4 to 5' high,
downy, purplish white, with a nodding flower at the top, of the same hue. Jn., Jl.
2 A. faaciculata Torr. & Gr. Fed. many, nearly terminal, about the length of
tlie stem ; scales few, ovate ; cor. lobes short, rounded. — Islands in Lake Huron,
^'ich.. 111., and westward, to Nebraska. Stem arising 2 to 3' out of the ground.
Ted. 6 or more, same length. Fls. pale purple. May.
Order LXXXIII. BIGNONIACE^E. Tritmpet Flowers.
Trees, shrubs, or rarely he'ios, often climbing or twining, with opposite, exstipu-
late leaves. Flowers monopetalous, irregular, 6-merous, showy. Stamens 5, 1 or 3
sterile, didynamoua, or diandrous. Anthers 2-celled. Ovary 2-celled, seated iu »
fleshy disk. Style I. Stigma of 2 plates. Capsule coriaceous, 1 to 2-celled,
2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds generally winged, destitute of aloumen.
Order 83.— BKJNONIACE^. 5iy
Oenera 44, tpedes 45(l. mostly South American. Others are diffused in all eountriea. par-
ttcularly within the tropics. iiSuvfrul of the Uriuiiiiin .s|Ma-u'!i of Bignoniaatfurd a valuable lim-
ber. But this order is best known lor the beauty i>( its (lowers. (Figs. 2lU, 'iM, '.^85. -<!TU )
* Leaves compound. Valves of the pod parallel with the partition . . . . Biononia. I
* Leaves coiilpound. Valves of the pod contrary to the partition Tecoma. S
* Leaves sLuiple. Pod straight, cylindric. Partition subcyliudric Catalpa. 3
1. BIGNO'NIA, Tourn. (Named for the Abbe Bignou, Librarian to
Louis XIV.) Calyx margin 5-toothed or entire ; corolla somewhat
bilabiate, 5-clefit, funnel-shaped ; stamens didynamous, 4 fertile, 1 a ster-
ile filament ; capsule long and narrow ; valves flat or scarcely convex,
parallel with the partition. — Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers, often
with tendrils.
B. capreol&ta L. Cross-vine. Climbing, gl&brous ; Ivs. binate, cirrhous, leaf-
lets 2, lauce-ovate, cordate, acuminate, entire, a branciied tendril between ; ped.
l-flowered, 2 to 3 togetlier, axillary; calyx nearly entire. — Woods, Va. andTenn.
(Misa Dana), to Flii. and La. A vine with smooth, reddish bro\vn bark, 30 to
60f long, very slender, over shruba, up tall trees. Fls. large, red, oninge witliin.
Pods 7 or 8' long, J' wide, curved, Hut, with many broad-winged seeds both sides
of the broad partition. Mar. — May.
2. TECO^KA, Juss. (Bignonia L.) Trumpet Flower. Calyx cam-
panulate, 6-toothed ; corolla tube short, throat dilated, limb 5-lobed,
subbilabiate or equal ; stamens 4, didynamous, with the rudinients of a
fifth, anther-cells 2, diverging; capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, the valves
contrary to the partition ; seeds winged. — Trees or slirubs, often climb-
ing. Lvs. opposite, digitate, or unequally piimate.
1 T. radicans Juss. Climbing by radicating tendrils ; lvs. unequally pinnate, Ifl.s.
4 or 5 pairs, ovate, acuminate, dentate-serrate, puberulent beneath along the
veins ; corymbs terminals ; cor. tube thrice longer than the cal. ; stam. included. —
A splendid chmbur in woods and thickets, along rivers, Ponn. to Fla., W. to 111.
St. 20 to 80f in length, ascending trees. Lvs. 10 to 15' long, Ills. 2 to 3' by 1 to
2'. Fls. 2 J' long, of a bright scarlet. Pods 6' long, curved. A transverse sec-
tion showing a cross. Seeds very numerous. Jn. — Aug. f
2 T. Cap^nsia Lindl. Glabrous ; lvs. unequally pinnate, Ifts. 3 to 4 pair.«,
roundish-ovate, acuminate, serrate, bearded in the axils of the veins beueaih; ra-
cemes pedunculate, dense-flowered ; cor. long, tubular, incurved ; stam. and sty. ex-
serted. — Cultivated. Cor. 2' long, yellow scarlet. The style far projecting, f
Cape of Good Hope.
3 T. grandiflora Delaun. Cuinese Trumpet Flower. Climbing, glabrous ;
lvs, unequally pinnate, Ifta. 3 to 5 pairs, ovate-acmninato, dentate-serrate ; pani-
cle terminal ; pedicels nodding, biglandidar ; cor. tube .scarcely bmger than the b-ckft
calyx. — Fls. of a rich scarlet, shorter and broader than iu T. radicans. f China
and Japan.
3. CATALTA, Scop. Catalpa. (The Indian name.) Calyx
2-parted ; corolla campanulate, 4 or 5-cleft, the tube inflated ; stamens
2 fertile, 2 or 3 sterile; stigma 2-lipped ; capsule 2-celled, long, cylin-
dric. — Trees. Lvs. opposite or tornate-verticillate, simple, petiolate.
Fls. in large, showy, terminal panicles.
C. bignonioides Walt. Lvs. membranous, ovate-cordate, pubescent beneath,
acuminate, subentire ; branches of the panicle di-trichotomous ; cal. lips mucro-
nate. — A fine, wide spreading tree, native in the Southern States, but cultivated
at the Nortli for ornament and shade. In favorable circumstances it attains tto
height of 50£ with a diam. of nearly 2f. Lvs. beautifully heart-shaped, with a
silky luster, often a foot in length. It blossoms in great profusion. Cor. cam-
panulate, white, with yellow and violet spots. Caps, cylindric near a foot in
length; deed winged. May — Jl. (See Figs. 210; 284, 5; 403.)
33
"1':
i..i
H
"i.
ftl4
OlU>iui 85.— LOGANIACE^
U
U
I
Order LXXXIV. PEDALIACEJE. Pbdaliads.
Herbs mostly stiong-sceuted and glandular-hirsute. Stipules 0. Flowers axillarj,
■olitary, large, tnonupetaluus, didyaainuus, 5-merous, irregular. Ovary 1 to 2-celled,
of 2 Carpels. Style 1. Stigma divided. Fruit becoming 4 or 6-celled by the diverg-
ing lobes of the 2 placentae. Seeds few or many, large, wingless.
Oeneni 14, tpei-ien 2S, natives •t tropical America, etc. Some of them have been introduced
lato the United Htatea.
TRIBES AND GENERA.
I. PEDALINE^. Fruit drupe-like, fleshy without, produced into ft beaii Martthia. 1
II. HESAMEiE. Fruit capsular, dry, dehiscent, never beaked Sksamum. 2
1. MARTYN'IA, L. Unicorn Plant. (In honor of John Martyn,
botanical author and profossor, Cambridge, Eng., 1760.) Calyx 6-cleft,
2 to 3-bracteolate at base ; cor. cainpanulate, tube gibbous at base, limb
6-Iobed, unequal ; sta. 5, one rudimentary and sterile, 4 didynamous ;
caps, coriaceous, ligneous, 4-celled, 2-valved, each valve terminating in
» long, hooked beak. — (D Chiefly southern, branching, viscid-pilous.
Lvs. opposite, petiolate, subcordate, roundish.
1 M. proboacidea Glox. Branches mostly decumbent ; lvs. cordate, entire, sub-
orbicular, villous, upper ones alternate ; fls. on long, axillary peduncles ; beaks
much longer than the capsule. — A coarse, strong-scented plant, along rivers, fields,
etc., S. and W. States. Stem 1 — 2f long. Leaves paler beneath. Corolla pale,
dull yellow, very large, the limb nearly as broad as the leaves, spotted with
brownish-purple. Sta. bright yellow, e.Kserted. The curious pods are furnished
with an incurved born (2 when the valves separate) abruptly bent at the end into
a very sharp grappling hook.
2 M. lilitea Lindl. With yellow fls. and horns longer than the pod, is some-
times cultivated, also M. diaudra, with pink fls. spotted with purple, and horns
shorter than the pod.
2. SES'AMUM, L. Oil-seed. Calyx 5-parted ; corolla campanu-
late, 3-cleft, the lower lobes the longest; stamens 4, didynamous;
stigma lanceolate; capsule 2-celled, the cells divided by the inflexed
edges of the valves.- - D Of India. Lvs. petiolate, the lower opposite,
upper alternate.
S. Indicum DC. Lvs. lanceolate-ovate, lower ones 3-lobed, upper ones un-
divided serrate. — Native of E. India. Stem erect, about 18' high. Leaves alter-
nate, entire. Flowers axillary, subsessile. Corolla pale purple. The seeds
yield an excellent oil which will keep several years without injury. It is used
in cookery for all the purposes of sweet oil. Five pounds of the seeds yield
about one pound of oil. The leaves are emollient
Order LXXXV. LOGANIACE.E.
Herhs or shrubs with opposite leaves, with stipules between the petioles, some-
times reduced to an elevated line or ridge. Flowers 4 or 5-parted, monopetalous,
regular, aestivatiou various. Ovary superior, style simple, stigmas as many as the
cells of the ovary. Fruit capsular or baccate, 2-celled, many-seeded, or a 1 to 2-
seeded drupe. Seeds albuminous, mostly winged or peltate. (Fig. 221, 302.)
Oenera 26, species 200, chiefly tropical.
Properties. — Generally poisonous, often possessed of the highest degree of venom. The
pervading poisonous principle is strychnia, especially abundant and fatal in the seeds of Stryeh-
Dos Nux-voinica, an East Indian tree, with small, greenish flowers. 8. toxifera, of Guiana fur-
nishes the terrible Woorali, poison for arrows, likewise 8. cogens of Central America, 8. Ticute
•f Java, yields the celebrated Upas. The species of Spigella, under the name of Pink-root, are
used as a vermifuge, but are dnngi'rous.
(?/(.«(.— This order his been appended to Kubiacen, but its free ovary is a decisive mark of dir
tinetion, although otherwise nearly related.
Ohi)£B 85.— LOGANIACE^ 515
OENERA.
5 C«roIU tubular, lobes b, ralvkte in bud. Seeds wingless, (a)
a Styles wliolly united Into one. Corolla tube long Spioilia. 1
a sjtyles distinct, witti tiiu sliguius united. Cor. tubesliort....MiTBKuLA. '2
^ Corolla cainpanulute, lobes 4 or 5, iint)ricute lu bud. (b)
b Fio'vers 4-itarted. Ditt'u!>o h jrbs Pulvpremum. 8
b Flowers 6-i>iirted. Twininjf slirubs Uf.lhemium. 4
1. SPIGE^LIA. L. Pink-root. (To Adrian Spiyelius, Piofessor of
Anat. and Surg, at Padua, 1578 — 1625.) Calyx 5-parted, seginetits
linear-subulate ; corolla narrowly funnel-form, limb 5-cleft, equal ; sta-
mens 5 ; anthers convergent ; capsule didymous, 2-celled, few-seeded.
— Herbaceous or sutfrutescent. Lvs. opposite. Slip, small, interpetiolar,
Fls. sessile, in terminal spikes.
S. Maril^ndica L. Erect, simple, nearly glabrous ; st. square ; Ivg. sessile,
ovate-laueeolate, acute, or acuminate, uuirgin and veins scabrous-pilous ; spiltes 3
to 8-Ho\vere(i ; cor. tube 4 times longer tlian tlie cal. ; anth. exserted ; lobes of the
cor. lauceolali;; caps, glabrous, shorter than tiie cal. — H In woods, Penn. to 111.,
S. to Fla. An elegant dark green herb, a foot high. Lvs. 3 to 4' by 1 J to 2 J',
entire, often ovate-acuminate, the stipules scarcely perceptible. Fls. l| to 2' long,
somewhat club-shaped, scarlet witiiout, yellow within. Sty. exserted. Jn. —
A celebrated anthelmintic.
2. MITRE'OLA, L. (Lat. mitreola, a little mitre ; from the form of
the ciipsule.) Calyx 5-parted ; corolla tubular, short, 5-cleft, hairy in
the throat, lobes valvate in bud ; sta nens 5, on the corolla tube, in-
cluded ; ovary 2-celled, styles 2, united at the top with one stigma,
separate below, as well as the 2 horns of the oo-seeded capsule. — (J)
Glabrous herbs. Stipules minute. Fls. small, white, in scorpoid racemes,
forming a terminal, stalked cyme.
1 M. petioldta Torr, & Gr. Erect, branched; lvs. lanceolate or oblong-ovate,
acute, tapering at the base into a petiole; fls. somewliat distant in the racemes. — A
plant of singular aspect, in damp shades, Va. to Fla. and La. St. 1 to 2f high,
Lv.s. thin, about 2' long, including the short petiole. Cymes about twice trichote-
mous, the small fls. all on the upper side of the racemes. Capsules mitre-form.
Jn. — Sept. (Ophiorhiza Mitreola, L.)
2 M. aessilifdlia Torr. & Gr. Erect, nearly simple ; lvs. broad-oval, or ovate, ses-
sile, acute, much shorter than the iuternodes ; fls. contiguous in the racemes, —
Damp soil, S. Car. to Fla. and La. More slender than the other, 10 to 18' high.
Lvs. thickiah, not veiny, 6 to 8" by 4 to 6". Cymes small, compact. Fls. about
half as large as in No. 1. Jn. — Aug. (Anonymus, Walt.) ji. angustifolia,
Torr. & Gr. has lance-elliptical leaves ; at Quincy, Fla.
3. POLYPRE'MUM, L. (Gr. rroAvf, many, Trpe/zvov, stem ; a charac-
teristic of the plant.) Calyx 4-parted, segm. subulate, membranous-
margined at base ; cor. broadly campanulate, 4-parted, lobes slighly un-
equal, obtuse ; throat bearded ; stam. 4, adherent to the corolla tube,
included, anth. globular ; stig. entire, subsessile ; caps, ovoid, 2-celled,
2-valved, loculicidal, oo-seeded. — (D Herb glabrous, diffusely much
branched from the base, with opposite, linear-subulate lvs. connected at
base by a slight stipular membrane. Fls. sessile, cymous, small, white.
P. prociimbenB L. Dry fields, Va to Fla. and La. Plant forming roundish
patches, with somewhat the aspect of Scleranthus, its numerous stems procum-
bent or ascending, 6 to 12' long. Lvs. hardly 1' long, rigid. Cal. persistent, its
pointed sepals exceeding the capsule. May — Sept. — Bentham refers this genus
to Serophulariacese. Torr. &, Gr., hither.
4. GELSE^MIUM, Juss. Yellow Jessamine. (Ital. gelsemioy the
516
Ordeb 86.— aCROPHULAKlACK.-E.
common name of the Jessamine.) Calyx d-parted, lobes oblong ; cor-
olla funnel-form, with 5, short, rounded lobes, quincuncial in bud;
filaments 5, on the corolla; ovary smooth, short-stiped ; style tiliforni ;
stigmas 2, each 2-parted, and with the anthers dimorpkoun, i. e., m
some plants the stamens exceed the stigmas, in others the istigmas ex-
ceed the stamens, as in Houstonia; capsule twin, compressed, with a very
narrow dissepiment (or ?), valves each 2-cleftat top, cells few (4 to 6)-
seeded, seeds w:;;ged. — Shrub slender, smooth, climbing, with evergreen
Ivs. and large, showy yellow fls. Stip. reduced to a raised rim.
G. sempervirens Ait Woods and banks of streams, Va. to Ala. and Fla., vt^y
abundant. A slender vine, twining and overrunrjinpf busbes and low trees, iiud
profusely flowering. Lvs. coriaceous, shining, revoljite at edge, lanceolate, acute
at each end, short-petioled. Cor. tube 1' long, of a rich golden yellow. In ono
variety the stamens equal the corolla and the stylo but half as long ; in the other
vice versa (a fact first pointed out to the author by Professor Pond, March, 1857).
Fla. in Mar. — May.
Order LXXXVI. SCROPHULARIACE^. Figworts.
Herbs chiefly, without fragrance, the leaves and inflorescence various. Flowerf
irregular, 5-raerous, didynamous or diandrous (rarely pentandrous). Calyx free from
the ovary, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, imbricated in bud. Stamens inserted
in the tube of the corolla, 1 or 3 of them usually rudimentary. Ovary free, 2-celled,
with 1 style, a 2-Jobed stigma, and becoming in fruit a 2-celled, many-seeded cap-
sule, with axi)9 placentae. Seeds albuminous. (Fig. 204, 32G, 362, 399, 427, 463.)
Genera IfiC, species 1800, abnndnnt in every part of the world, from the equator to the
regions of purpctuiil frost. Tliey constitute itbout 1-36 of the Phrenofsamia of N. America.
Properties. — Generally acrid, bitter and deleterious jilants. The most remarkable offlcinul
species of the tribe is the Foxglove ''Dig, talis), wliich exorcises a wonderful control over the
ttctioii of the heart, in regulating its pulsations. It is also employed in cases of dropsy, liernor-
rhage, &c. Taken in excess it speedily causes death. The Veronica VIrginica (Culver's I'hymc)
and Linaria vulgaris ( Toad-tlax) are purgative and emetic. Numerous sueuies ai'u cultivated for
ornament. Many are parasitic and turn black in drying.
SUBORDERS, TRIBES \ND GENERA.
^ Leaves alternate (in one smrdon plant mostly opposite, No. 6.) (*)
* Inflorescence compouad, centrifugal, (Showy garden exotics.) (Tribe 1.)
• Inflor. simple, centripetal. — Stamens 6. Corolla rotate, (Tribe 8.)
— Stam. 4. Corolla spurred or saccate at base. (Tribe 4, a)
— Stam. 4. Climbing vinos, in gardens. (Tribe 4, b)
— Stain. 4 or 2. Herbs small, creeping, leaves linear. (Tribe 7)
— Stam. 4 or 2. Herbs erect. Cor. not galeate, (Tribe S)
—Stan' 4. Cor, upper lip galeate, vaulteil. (Tribe 12, n)
^ Leuves opposite (or in one southern species, scattered No. 29). (2)
2 Stamens 2, included. Corolla 2-lol)e(l, the lower inflated. (Tribe 2)
2 Stamens 2, included. Corolla tubular, labiate, (i'ribe 6, f)
2 Stamens 2, exscrted. Corolla rotate or salver-form. (Tribe 9)
2 Stamens 4, perfect, the fifth rudiment about as large, conspicuoi's. (Tribe 5, o)
2 Stamens 4, perfect, the fifth rudiment minute or none. (3)
3 Inflorescence compound, in panicles or verticillasters. (Tribe S, d)
3 Inflorescence simple. — Corolla labiate, not g ileatc. (Tribe 6, e)
— Corolla labiate, and galeate. (Tribe 12, o)
— Corolla salver-form. Anthers 1-celled. (Tribe 10)
—Corolla bell or funnel-form, ifec. Anthers 2-celle(l. (Tribe 11)
I. SALPIGLOSSIDE.^. (Corolla in bud plicate at tl o clefts. Inflorescence centrifugal.)
TuiuE 1. SALPiuLOBSKiB. — Stamens 2. Corolla dcoply cleft SnirKANTHUS. 1
— Stamens 4. Corollasalver-forrn, tube long Bkowai.i.ia. 2
II. ANTIRRIIINIDE.<E. (Corolla in bud Imbricate, rpper lip covering the lowerV
Tribk 2. (!Ai,cK3t.ABiR-«. InJoresoence Compound. Calyx 4-cleft CAi.rKoi.AuiA. .3
TiiiiiK H. VKttii.vsc'F.jc. liitloreituiinco blmi)lu, centripetal. Cor. rotate ViiKiiAstuM, 4
Order 86.— SCROPHULARIACE^.
Tbibr 4. Antibbhinbjs. — a Corolla spurred at the base LiyAHiA. 9
— a Corolla saccate at tbu base, lai'gt; Antikeuinum. 6
— b Corolla gibbous at base, large Maurandia. T
— b Corolla equal at base, large LupiiospEBurM. 3
Tbibb 6. CuBLONBJB. — Sterilo fliauient a scale. Fls. small, lurid Sckufiiulakia. 9
— Sterilo fil. shorter than the rest. Seeds winged Ciielone. 10
— C Sterile fll. equaling the rest. Sds. wingless Pentstkmon. 11
— d Corolla bilabiate. Herbs Collinsia. 12
— d Corolla tubular, bell-1'orin. Tree Paitlownia. Vi
Tbibb 6. Gratiole^. — e Calyx prismatic, 5-angled. Corolla long Mimulus. 14
— e Calyx 5-parted, equal. (Lvs. uiany-cleft) Conobea. 15
— e Calyx 5-parted, unequal. (Leaves DudiTided).'. -Hekprstis. 1('>
— ^f Calyx 5-parted. Sterile fil. short or Gratiola. 17
— ^f Calyx 5-parted. Sterile 111. exserted Ii.ysanthks. 18
— f Calyx 4-lobed. Sterile fil. 0. Fls. minute Micrantii. 1<)
III. KITINANTIIIDE^. (Corolla in bud imbricate, the lower or latertU lobes exterior.)
Tribe 7. Sibthobpe-e. — Stamens 2. Corolla 4-cleft AMPiir.tNTiiTS. 20
— Stamens 4. Corolla 5-cleft Limusella. 'iil
Tbibb o. Dioitalejb. — Stamens 2. Calyx 4-parted. Flower Jiniil! Synthiuis. 2'i
— Stamens 4. Calyx S-parted. Flowers Hlv Uiuitalis 23
Tribe 9. VERONiCEiE. — Stamens divergent. Upper lvs. often alternau Vekonioa. 24
Tribe 10. Buciihere^ — Stam. approximate by pairs. Upper lvs. alternatii..BirriiNERA. 25
Tbibb 11. GERABDiSi^. — Stamens long-exserted. Corolla tubular .Maorantiieka. 26
— Stam. short. — Cor. yellow, tube short i • limb Seymeria. 27
— Cor. yellow, tube elonaated Dasystoma. 28
— Cor. purple. Lvs. very slender Gf.rabuia. 29
Tbibb 12. EnpuBASiK*. — n Anther-cells unequal, separated Castillkja. 30
— r. Anther-cells equal. — Calyx 10-ribbed Sen walbea. 31
— Calyx not ribbed Pedioulakis. .32
— O Col. inflated. Sds. mony, winged RiiiNANTiirs. 3.3
— O Cal. not infl. — Sds. many, wingless Eti'iirasia. 34
— Sds. 1 to 4, oblong Melampyrum. 35
1. SCHIZAN'THUS, Ruiz & Pavon. ((jir. ct;^/<^u), to cut, avdog '. the
cor. is much divided.) Corolla irregular, the upper lip 5-cleft, external
in aestivation, lower much smaller, 3-parted ; filarnents 4, 2 of them
sterile; capsule 2-celled.— (J) from Chili. Lvs. pinnatitid, alternate.
Cymes supra axillary.
S. pinn^tUB Ruiz & Pavon. Lvs. 1 — 2-pinnat.ely cleft; cor. tube shorter than tlie
calyx, middle segment of the posterior lip, 2-lobed, rucullate, lateral segment
falcate-apatulate, middle segment of the anterior lip emf»';nnate, laioral 4-lobed;
sta. exserted. — Plant 1 — 2f high, with delicate and buautiful tiowcrs in clusters
opposite the leaves. Cai. and ped. viscid-pubescout. Cor. purple and yellow,
with a dark spot in the midst, f
2. BRO«VAL'LIA, L. (Named for Bishop BrowalUus, a friend of
Linnaeus, and defender of his system.) Corolla salver-form, with along
tube, and oblique, 6-lobed limb ; anthers of the two posterior stamens
hnlvcd, sub- 1 -celled ; lobes of the stigma broad, divaricjate ; capsule
membranous, valves bifid. — South American herb.-,, with alternate, en-
tire lvs. and cyanic fls.
1 B demissa L. Lvs. petiolate, ovate ; lower fls. axillary, upper in a raceme ;
calyx /, liiy. — St. ) to 2f high, with spreading branches. Cor. tube Hleudcr, U"
long, limo blue or violet, f Brazil, &c. (B. elata L. is the same.)
2 B. grandifldra Grab. Upper lvs. seaeile, subcordato; fls. loosely ra-
ceintni ; cu). Wvi" nearly as long as the tube. — Oor. limb broader than in tiio
other, palo blue. * Peru.
3. CALCEOLA'RIA, L. {\ j&i. calreolui^^ a slipper; alluding to the
shape of the corolla.) C^alyx 4-parted, valvato in the bud ; coiolla
sligntly adhering to the <«lyx, the tube very short, limb 2-lobed, lobes
:!JM»u. i>
m
u
u
§18 Order «J6.— SCROPHULARIACE^.
entire, concave or spur-like, the lower inflated, and in tliQ bud slightly
coveied by the smaller upper lobe ; stam. 2, lateral, with no rudiments,
capsules ovoid-conical, valves bifid, seeds striate. — Herbs rarely shrubby,
from 8. America and N. Zealand. Lvs. opposite or verticillate. Fls.
of all colors, endlessly variegated in cultivation, very curious.
1 C. corymbosa Ruiz & Pa v. Somewhat shrubby, erect; root lvs. ovato,
crfnate-dentate, cauline iew, opposite, ovate or oblong, sessile; corymb loose ; cor.
upper lip shorter than calyx, lower broadly ovate, obtuse, coulracted at base,
open beyond the middle. — Yellow, f Chili.
2 C. augUBtiflora Ruiz & Pav. Half-shrubby, very branching ; lvs. often
whorkd in 'is, lance-ovate, acute, sharply serrate, pube.scent : panicle oblong ; cor.
upper lip very short, lower ovate, acutish, incurved -spreading, with a long, con-
tracteii, narrow base, open beyond the middle. — Yellow, f S. Am. — Mr. Beu-
thaui enumerates 114 species of Calceolaria, many of which have found their
way into our greenhouses. We must omit further notice of them.
4. YERBASCUM, L. Mullein. (Lat. barba, beard ; a name sig-
nificant of the beard with which the plant is covered.) Corolla rotate,
5-lobed, unequal ; stamens 5, declinate, all perfect; capsule ovoid-glo-
bous, 2-valved. — iT) rarely 2i or suffruticous. Lvs. alternate. Fls. in
spikes or paniculate racemes.
1 V. thapsuB L. Common Mullein. Lvs. decurrent, densely tomenUms on both
sides ; roc. spi/itd, dense ; three of the stamens downy, two of them smooth. —
The tall, dense, club-shaped spikes of the common mullein are very conspicuous
in every slovenly field and by all roadsides, U. S. and Can. Stem erect, 3 — 5f
high, woolly, itH angles winged by the decurrent base of the leaves, generally
simple, occasionally with one or two branches above. Flowers rotate, of a golden
yellow, nearly sessile. Jn, — Aug. § Eur.
2 V. Blattaria L. Moth Mulleiv. Lvs. clasping, oblong, smooth, serrate ; ped.
1-Howered, solitary, racemous. — 1) Grows in waste grounds, roadsides, N. Eng.
to Ind. and S. states. Stem 3f high, branching above, bearing a terminal, leafy
raceme 2 — 4 loDar. Lower leaves oblong, obovate ; upper ones cordate-ovate, all
coarsely and doubly serrate. Flowers on pedicels near an inch in length. Corolla
yellow or white, marked with brown at the back. Stamens unequal, purplish,
the filaments all hairy. Jn., Jl. § Eur.
3 V. L;^chziitia L. Wiiitk Mullein. Whitish subtomentous ; st. and panicu-
late branches angular ; lvs. green above, crenate, lower petioled, narrowed to the
base, upper ones sessile ; panicle pyramidal, fascicles loosely viany-flowered ; caL
small, with lance-subulate segments; fil. with white wool. — Sandy fields near
Oneida Lake, S. to Ga., rare. Leaves very canescent beneath. Flowers pale
yellow. § KuT. \
5. LINA'RIA, Juss. ToAD-FLAX. (Lat. linnm, flax; from the re-
resemblance of the leaves of some of the species.) Calyx 5-parted ;
corolla personate, upper lip bifid, reflexed, lower 3-cleft ; throat closed
by the prcmiiui-nt palate ; tube inflated, with a spur behind ; capsule 2-
celled, bursting at the summit. — Herbs. Lower lvs. generally o[)posite,
upper alternate. Fls. solitary, axillary, often forming terminal, leafy
racejnes.
§ Pnistratf, witli Imstate lonvrs. nnd capsulo oppninpf by 2 lids No. 1
§ Erect, with iiurniw leaves. < 'a|>.sule with valve.s. — Wihl jilantM Nog. 2, 3
— Cultivatt'd Nos. 4, 6
1 L. El^tine L. Procumbent, hairy; lvs. alternate, hastate, entire; ped, soli-
tary, very long. — 'X^ Fieldn. Can. to Car. A small, cree"^" - species. St. 1 to 2f
in lonRth. Lvs. 6 to 8 by 3 to 4", with a conspicuouH avtu'lo each aide at base.
Cor. yellow, the up[ier lip bright purple beneath, oa long stalks. Cul. Lair^r, ai
well as the whole plant. Jn. — Sept.
Ordek 86.— SCROPHULARIACBiE.
519
2 L. Canad^nsia Duraont. Lvs. scattered, erect, linear, obtuse; fls. racemed,
St. simple ; scions procuinbeut ; Jts. blue. — (.1) A small species iu road-sides, tields,
Can. and U. S. St. very slender, nearly simple, 6 to 12' high, smooth, furnished
with small, remote Iva A few leafy, prostrate or ascending shoots are given off
from the base of the stem, having roundish, opposite or whorled lvs. Fls. small
in a loose raceme. Throat closed by the light blue palate. Spur tililbrm, as long
the corolla, but in the very slender Southern variety much shorter or 0. Jn. —
Sept.
3 L. vulgdiis Mill. Common Toad-flax. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, crowded ; spikes
terminal, fls. dense, imbricate; cal. smooth, shorter than the spur. — 2^ A very
showy plant, common by roadsides, N. Eng. to Ky. and Ga. St. erect, smoothish,
1 to 2f. high, very leafy, and with numerous short, leafy branches. Cor. yel-
low, with a long spur, mouth closed with a prominent orange-colored palate.
Jl.— Aug.^ § Eur.
/3. Pelobia. Cor. regular or nearly so, ventricous, with 5 spurs and 5 stamens,
or with 3 spurs. Poughkeepsie(W. S. Gerard), Chester Co., Pa. (Darlington.)
4 L. triornith6phoruin Willd. Three-birds. Erect, spreading, smooth
and glaucous ; lvs. all vtrticillate in 38 or 4s, broad-lanceolate, acute ; fls. interrupt-
edly raceinous, generally verticillate, on long pedicels. — y A sliowy plant, 2
to 4f hizh, remarkable for the form and hue of the corolla, which resembles three
little birds seated iu the spur. \ Eur.
5 L. bipdrtita Willd. Glabrous, erect; lvs. Unear, alternate; pedicels much
longer than the cal. ; sep. lance-linear, acute, membranous at the margin ; cor
upper lip deeply 2-parted ; spur slender, arcuate. — A beautiful annual. Cor. 8 to
10" long, violet-blue, palate orange, f Barbary.
6. ANTIRRHTNUM, L. Snap-dragon. (Gr. avr/, like, p/v, a nose;
from a fancied resemblance.) C^alyx S-scpaled; corolla gibbous (not
spurred) at base, the upj)er lip bifid, reflexed, lower trifid, closed by the
prominent palate; caps, valveless, dehiscent by 3 pores. — European
herbs with the lower lvs. opposite, the upper alternate. Inflorescence
as iu Linaria.
1 A. Majus L. Lvs. lanceolate, opposite ; fls. racemed ; sep. glandular-hairy,
lanceolate, obtuse, short. — U An elegant and popular garden flower, 1 or 2f high.
Flowers large, pink-colored, the lower lip wiute and the mouth yellow, with a
gibbous prominence at base beneath. There are varieties with scarlet, scarlet
and white, and double flowers, f
2 A. Ordntium, fl grandiflobum Chav. — Glabrous or hairy above, spread-
ing; lvs. oblong-lanceolate; fls. remote, subsessile, upper ones subracemous;
eal. segments equaling the corolla, and ovoid and very oblique capsule. — @ A
sliowy garden plant, 1 — 21' high, i.'or. G" long, roso-color or white, witli purple
spots and veins, f
7. MAURAN'DIA, Ort. (Named for the lady of Dr. Mmirandy of
CarthaiX'-na.) Calyx 5-parted ; cfwol la tubular, gibbous at base ; palate
priitniiieTit or with 2 folds ; capsule ovoid-globous, base oblique, cells
opening by many valve-like teeth. — Zf Mexican herbs, with long, flex-
uous bi-anches, climbing or twining.
1 M. semperfibrenB Ort. Glabrous; lvs. cwdate-hastate, angular; ped.
axiliuiy, l-Hoaercd ; cul. segm. lanceolate, glabrous. — An evergreen climber with
Lu-^i paie, violet-purplo fls Cor, 1^' loug, the throat open, f
2 M. Barklayana Lin 11. Glabrous except the cal ; lvs. broadly triangu-
litr-ctTtiatc. or hastatt) ; ral. segm. hnear-lanreolate, clothed with long, glandular
huirif. — A beautiful climber, CoroUa purple, oblique, rather larger than in No, 1.
8. LOPHOSPER'VHUM, T>on. {dr. X^ocpog., a crest, arcfipfia., seed;
from the character.) Calyx 5-parted, leafy ; corolla tube dilated up-
warvk, throat open, between 2 hairy lines ; capsule globular, subequal,
>"'i r
«' ) A
i
il
'i:
620 OilUEii 80.— S0110PIIULARIACE.E.
opening irregularly by a rift below the apex. — 21 Mexican, climbing by
their petioles. Lvs. mostly alternate. Ped. long, flexuous, axillary.
1 L. erub6acens Zucc. Lvs. triangular-cordate, coarsely dentate or angular*
lobed, pubescent; cal. segm. ovate, Iiirsuto; oor. pubescent, limb at length widu-
Bpread. — A. hairy climber, with soft, rugous lvs. 2 to 4' broad. Cor. of a rich red,
2^ to 3' long, with an ample border.
2 L. scandens Don. Lvs. cordate-ovate, acuminate, coarsely dentate, mi-
nutely puberulent; cal. segm. ovate-lanceolato ; cor. glabrous, limb erect-spread-
ing. — Less hairy and with smaller flowers. Fls. scarlet.
9. SCROFHULA'RIA, L. Figwort. (So named from the resem-
blance of the roots to scrofulous tumors.) Calyx in 5 acute segments ;
corolla subglobous, limb contracted, sub-bilabiate, lip with an internal,
intermediate scale (sterile filament) ; capsule 2-celled ; valves with 2
inflated margins. — Herbs or suffruticous, often foetid. Lvs. opposite.
Cymes in simple or compound terminal, thyrsoid panicles.
S. noddsa L. Glabrous ; st. angled ; lvs. ovate, ovate-oblong, or the upper lan-
ceolate, acute, serrate or subincised, base broadly cordate or rounded or acutish ;
thyrse oblong, leafless or scarcely leafy at base ; cymes pedunculate, loosely many-
flowered; cal. segments broadly ovate, obtuse, slightly margined; sterile anth.
a roundish, green scale on the corolla. — U In woods and hedges, Can., and U. S.
Rare in N. Eng. Stem 4 — 6f high, with paniculate, opposite branches above.
Leaves 3 — 7' long, smooth, thin, often long-acuminate. Fls. ovoid, 3 — 4' long.
Limb very small, Ol a dull olive color. July — Oct. (S. Marilandica L, and lance-
olata Ph.)
10. CHELO'NE, L. Turtle-head. Snake-head. (Gr. x^^^'^Vi ^
tortoise ; fnom the appearance of the flower.) Calyx deeply 5-parted,
with 3 bracrs at base ; corolla inflated, bilabiate, the fifth filament abor-
tive, smootii jU)Ove, shorter than the rest; anthers woolly ; caps, valves
entire ; seeds broadly membranaceous, winged. — U with opposite lvs.,
distinguished from Pentstemon chiefly by the seeds.
1 C. fi^lskbra L. Smootli ; lvs. .subsessile, oblong-lanceolaie, acuminnte, serrate; fls.
den ely spilceo. — A plant of brooks and wet places (Can. and U. S.), with flowers
shaped mucli like the head of a snake, the mouth open and tongue extended.
Stem mostly simple, 2f high, erect. Lvs. of a dark and shining green above, with
irregular serratures, sessile or nearly so. Fls. large, in a short, terminal, dense
spike. Cor white, often tinged with red, inflated, contracted at the mouth, with
short tfapiue lips. Aug., Sept.
fJ. HUHPUREA. Lvs. dit«tinctly petiolate, acuminate; cor. rose-purple. — This
variety prevails m the Wentern States. It is larger in its leaves and flowers.
Petioles A — 1' long. Flowers very flne. (C. purpurea Mill.?)
2 C. Iiydm Ph. Smoo^i ; lvs. ovate, acuminate, petiolate, serrate, the lower cur-
dais; flu. m a dense spike. — N. Car. to Ga., along the Mts. Stem 1 — 2f high.
Leaves 3 — >ti' long, 2—4 wide, veins very prominent beneatb. Fls. purple, 1' in
JitQgth, similar to No. 1. The spike as in that species, often branches, becoming
•omewiiat capitate. J!. — Sept.
11. PENTSTE'NOH, L. Beard-tongue. (Gr. TrtVre, five, ar/y/zov,
s stamen ; on acconnt of tlu; fifth large abortive stamen.) Cal^'x deeply
S-i-lfft ; corolhi elongated, otien ventricous, lower lip 3-lobed, spreading ;
the fifth filament sterile, bearded, longer than the rest or about as long;
anthers smooth ; seeds oo, angular, not margined. — 21 rarely 'p, of N.
America, branching, paniculate. Lvs. opposite. Fls. showy, red, violet,
blue or white.
* Loaves dissecied. Sterilo fllnraent, bonrded at the npex No. 1
* L«AV«fi undivided.— Sterile fllament glabrous or nearly so No». '2, 8, 9
— HUuriJa tiktinnat bearded. — Lower lip bearded inside N>>s. 8, 7
. — Lowor lij) not bearded No8. 4, 6, 4
Ordkr 86.— SCROPliULARIACEJi:.
021
1 P. disaectus EU. Minutely puberulent; Iva. piimately parted, segm. linear,
entire or few-lobed ; pauicle loose, with long, few-flowered peduncles ; cor. some-
what bell-shaped, sterile filament bearded at the apex. — In Middle Ga. St. near
2f higli. Leaf-segm. distant, rather obtuse, margins rovolute. Cor 9 to 10" long,
purple, resembling that of G-erardia^ but curved. Jn., Jl. — Blackens in drying.
2 P. grandifldruB Fraser, Erect, glabrous and glaucous; radical Ivs. potiolate,
ohovato-ohloag, cauline broadly ovate or orbicular, sessile or clasping, all entire;
panicle long, slender and racemous, interrupted ; cor. broadly campanulate ; ster-
ile lil. dilated and puberulent at apex. — 111., near Prairie du Chien (Riddel!) and
westward. St. 3f high. Fls. 1 to 3 together in the upper axila Cor. 15 ' long,
Viiriouslj'' shaded with blue and purple.
3 P. pubescens Soland. More or less pubescent; radical Ivs. ovate or oblong,
petiolate, cauline lanceolate-oblong or lance-ovate, serrulate, sessile; panicle
loose ; cor. tube gradually dilated, lower lip plaited and bearded inside, upper lip
shorter ; sterile stam. longitudinally bearded. — River banks, bluffs, hills and bar-
rens. Can. to Fla. (rare in N. Eng.). A handsome plant, 1 to 2f high. St. round,
smooth below, supporting a loose, oppositely branched panicle of bluish-purplo
fls. Cor. r in length; tiie barren fil. broadest at end. Jn.
/3. L.EVIGATU8. Nearly or quite glabrous ; Ivs. clasping; sterile fil. shorter.
4 P. gracilis Nutt. Glabrous ; radical Ivs. petiolate, elliptic-oblong or lance-
oblong, cauline linear lanceolate, amplexical, entire or remotely serrulate ; panicle
pubescent, slender; pod. erect; cal. segm. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; cor. tube
long and narrow, scarcely dilated upwards, smooth inside ; sterile stam. longitudi-
nally bearded. — River bottom.s, near Chicago, 111. (Mead), also Mo. and Can. W.
Plant simple, glaucous, 2f high. Ped. 3 to 7-flowered. Fls. nodding, 9 to 10"
long, pale blue. Jn.
5 P. digitdlis Nutt. Glabrous; radical Ivs. petiolate, oval-elliptic or oblong,
cauline lanceolate, amplexicaul, serrate, or raroly entire; pauicle loose; ped.
erect, spreading; cor. tube abruptly campanulate-dilated, beardless, upper lip
shorter than the lower ; sterile sta. longitudinally bearded. Rich soils, Ohio, Ind.
to Ga. and La. St. about 3f high. Lvs. 4 to 6' long, often dilated at base. Fls.
numerous. Cor. 12 to 15" long, bluish-purple, varying to white. Jn., Jl.
6 P. campanulatiis Willd. Glabrous; lvs. acutely serrate, lance-linear or
lance-ovate, long-acuminate, often dilated at base ; panicle long, loose and secund ;
cor. tube ventricov^ above, lobes subequal ; sterile fil. bearded. — A very variable spe-
cies, 2 to 3f high, with large flowers, varying from liglit purple to dark red or
purple. \ Mexico.
7 P. barb^tUB Nutt. Scarlet Pent. Glabrous and glaucous; lvs. entire,
lower oblong, upper lance-linear ; panicle long and loose; cor. tube long, scarcely
dilated upwards ; lower lip and sterile fil. densely bearded. — Height 2 to 4f. Cor.
scarlet, 13'' long, f Mexico.
8 P. speciosus Doug. Erect, glabrous, glaucous; radical lvs. petiolate,
oblong-spatulute, cauline sessile, lanceolate; panicle elongated, slender, virgate, se-
cund ; cal. segm. ovate-oblong, acuminate, margin membranous ; cor. tube en-
larged upwards ; sterile fil. filiforra, glabrous. — Height 3 to 4f. Fls. 1^' long,
blue, f Oregon.
9 P. gentianoides, with tho panicle long, leafy at base; fls. 15 to 18" long,
violet, scarlet, &c., and a few other species are rarely found in gardens.
12. COLLIN 'SI A, Nutt. Innocence. (In honor of Z. Co/Z/ris, Esq.,
of riiiladelpliia.) Calyx 6-cleft ; corolla bilabiate, orifice closed, upper
lip bifid, lower trifid, with tho middle segment carinately saccate and
closed over the declinate style and stamens ; capsule ovoid or globous,
with 2 membranous, bifid valves ; seeds large, concavo-convex. — (J) With
verticillate or opposite lvs., axillary and terminal inflorescence.
1 C. v6rna Nutt. (Pig. 362.) Minutely puberulent ; lowest lvs. ovate or oblong,
petiolate, middle and upper sessile, ovate-lanceolate, cordate-ample xicaul, dentate,
floral ones lance-linear, entire ; verticillastors 2 to 6-flowered ; cor. 2 or 3 tiinea
shorter than the pedicels, twice longer than the calyx. — Banks of streaias, shaded or
M.,i.
:;r ■:. 1
"#■'
\
,
I
I
t
V i. I
1 !'
y ■ i
I
''K.,
.4'
A22
Order 86.— SCROPHULARIACE^
open, N. T. near Utica (Gray) to 111. A tender herb 8 to 1 8' high, branched from
the base. Lvs. 1 to 2' by ^ to 1', dilated at base. Pedicels 1 to H' long. Cor.
6" long, variegated with blue and white, singular and pretty. May, Jn.
2 C. parvifldra Dougl. Lower lvs. ovate, petiolate, upper oblong ur lanceolate^
few-toothed, the floral lanceolate, entire ; verticillasters 2 to 6-tiowered ; car. litUt
shorter than the pedicels, scarcely longer than the calyx. — Shores of Lake Superior
to Or. (Pitcher). A smaller plant, with smaller, blue fls.
3 C. bfcolor Benth. Lower Iva. ovate, petiolate, upper ovate-lanceolate,
sessile, crenate, the floral entire, lanceolate; verticillasters 6 to Id-flowered; pedi-
cels shorter than the hairy calyx. — Taller than C. verna, 2f high, with larger,
showy fls. Cor. 8 to 10 ' long, rose-violet, upper lip white, f California.
13. PAULOW'NIA, Siebold. Calyx deeply 5.cleft, fleshy ; corolla tube
long, declinate, enlarged above, limb oblique, with rounded segments;
stamens 4, arched downwards, with no rudiment of a fifth ; capsule lig-
neous, acuminate, valves septiferous in the middle ; seeds oo, winged.
— Tree, native of Japan.
P. imperiilis Sieb. — A splendid tree, in parks, with the habit of Catalpa.
Branches crooked, nearly horizontal. Lvs. 7 to 12' by 4 to 9', opposite, petiolate,
broad-cordate, above entire or somewhat trilobate, villous-canescent both sides^
smoothish above when full grown. Panicles very large, terminal, mnny-flowered.
Cor. 1^ to 2' long, between violet and rose-color, striped and spottt'd within, f
14. MIM'ULUS, L. Monkey Flower. (Gr. jutjuw, an ape ; from
the resemblance of the ringent or grinning corolla.) Calyx tubular, 5-
angled, 6-toothed; corolla ringent, the upper lip reflected at the sides,
palate of the lower lip prominent; capsule 2-celled, many-seeded ; stig-
ma thick, bifid. — Herbs prostrate or erect, with square stems and oppo-
site lvs. Ped. axillary, solitary, 1 -flowered.
§ Leftvcs pinnate-veined. Flowers blue (wild) or yellow (cultivated) Nos. 1. 2, 8
§ Leaves i»alniate-veined. Flowers yellow or scarlet Nos. 3, 4. 5
1 M. ringens L. Lvs. sessile, smooth, lanceolate, acuminate; ped. axillary,
longer than the flowers. — U A common inhabitant of ditches and mud soils. Can.
and U. S., with large, blue, ringent flowers. Stem erect, square, smooth, about
2f high. Leaves sessile, opposite, serrate, acute, lanceolate. Peduncles about as
long as the leaves, square, curved upwards, axillary and opposite. Calyx tubu-
lar, 5-angled and 5-toothed. Corolla pale blue, yellow within. Jl., Aug.
2 M. aldtua. Lvs. petiolate, smooth, ovate, acuminate ; ped. axillary, shorter
than the flowers ; st. winged at the i corners. — !(. In N. Y. to Ir.d. (Plummer), and
S. States. This, like the last species, inhabits ditches and other wet places,
and grows to nearly the same height. The square stem, erect, smooth and
winged at the 4 angles, affords an adequate distinction. Leaves stalked, ovate.
Flowers ringent, on short stalks, light purple. Calyx teeth rounded, mucronute.
Aug.
3 M. Jamdsii Torr. St. decumbent, rooting at the lower joints ; lvs. subentire,
roundish-reniform, the lower on long petioles, 5 to 7 -veined ; ped. about as long
as the leaf; cal. ovate, upper tooth largest ; cor. tube scarcely exserted. — Shores
of L. Superior, Min., Nebr. Pis. small, yellow.
4 M. IClteuB L. Ascending or erect; lvs. orbicular-ovate or oblong, Zower
long-petiolate, sublyrate, upper sessile or clasping, many-veined ; ped. longer than
the lvs. ; cal. tube ovoid, upper tooth largest ; cor ttibe broad, twice bngei- than
the calyx. — % Fls. yellow, often spotted with rose or purple, large and very
showy, f California. — Varies greatly.
5 M. Cardin^lis Dougl. Erect, branched, villous ; lvs. ovate, erose-dentate,
narrowed and ampkxieaul at base, many-veiiied ; ped. longer than the lvs. ; caL
tube large, inflated ; cor. lobes reflexed. — % St. loosely branched, 2 to 3f high.
Gor. scarlet, the tube hardly longer than the calyx, limb large and brilliant.
f California.
OaDBR 86.— SCROPHULARIACE^.
5'JU
6 M. mOBchdtus Doug. Musk Plant. Decumbent, hairy and viscid, Ivs.
ovate, acute, dentate, feather-veined ; ped. about as locg aa the leaf; cal. teeth
lanceolate, acuminate, unequal. — % llei-b rooting at the joints, a foot long. Cor.
tube exceeding the calyx, yellow. The plant exhales the odor of niysk.
f Oregon,
15. CONO'BEA, Aublet. Calyx 5-parted, equal ; upper lip of tlie
corolla 2-lobe(l, lower lip 3-parted ; fertile sta. 4 ; anth. approximjiting
by pairs, cells parallel ; caps, globous, ovoiil, valves breaking away
froui the placentiferous dissepiment ; seeds oo, ovoid. — American
branching herbs, with opposite Ivs. Ped. axillary, solitary or in pairs,
1-flowered, 2 bracteoles near apex.
C multifida Benth. Low, diffusely branched, puborulent; Ivs. petiolate, piii-
nately dissected ; segments linear or cuneate, lobed or entire, obtuse ; cor lobts
entire ; caps, ovoid, valves at length 2-parted. — d) Sandy banks of rivers, om-
mon. Ohio to La. A plant 4 — 6' high, with finely divided leaves, and of a gray-
ish aspect. Leaves 1 long, in 5 or 7 segments, the petiole as long as the flowers.
Corolla greenish, hardly exceeding the calyx. Capsule IJ' long. Jl. (Cap-
raria, Mx.)
16. HERPESTIS, Ga^rt. (Gr. t^Trr/ary/f, a creeper.) Calyx 5-parted,
unequal ; co)'. subbilabiate, upper lip emarginate or 2-lobed, lower H-
lobed; sta. 4, didynamous, parallel; caps. 2-furrowed, 2-celled, valves
parallel with the dissepiment, the margins inflexed ; seeds oo, small. —
Obscure weeds with opposite Ivs. Ped. 1-tiowered, axillary, or subrace-
mous, often with 2 bracteoles near the calyx.
§ Flowers yellow, corolla 4-clc'ft, upper segment (lip) entire. Plant erect No. 1
§ Flowers blue. — Corolla 4-clol't, ujJiK'r segment (lii>) einiirginate Nos. if, 3
— Corolla 6-cleft, lobes nearly equal . Leaves crenatc No. 4
1 H. nigrescens Benth. Tall ; Ivs. oblong, crenate-serrate, cuneate at base, ob-
tuse or acute; ped. bractless, equaling or exceeding the loaves- the posterior
lobe of the calyx obloug-obtusish. — % Car. to Fla. and La Wet. Plant 1 to 2f
Ligh, often branched. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, thick, obscurely feather-veined, the up'
per shorter than the (1') pedicels. Cor. yellow, rather longer (5") than tiio calyx
(4"). Aug., Sept. (Gratiola acuminata Wall.) — Blackens in drying.
2 H. rotundifolia Ph. St. mostly glabrous, creeping ; lvs. orhicular-ohovatu, en-
tire, glabrous, mauy-veinel ; pedicels ebracteate, 1 — 3-together, 2 or 3 timea longer
than the calyx; lower cal. seg. ovate; cor. ^ longer than the calyx. — If A prostrate
mud plant, in ponds. 111. (Mead) to La. (Hale.) Stem If in length. Leaves 6 —
12" diam., about 9-veined, sessile. Peduncles thick, half as long as tlie loaves.
Calyx 2 — 3" in length. Flowers blue. Aug.
3 H. amplezicaillliB Ph. St. floating, woolly; lvs. amplexiraul, ovate, obtuse,
entire, many-veined, glabrous above; ped. solitary, shorter than the calyx; cal.
lower segm. cordate; cor. -J^ longer tlian the calyx; hypogynous disk long, 10-
toothed at apex. — Swamps and ditches, N. J. to La. (llalo.) A few niches in
length, with leaves 6 to 8" long. Fls. nearly 5" long. Sty. dilated at tha end.
Aug.
4 H. Monnidra Humboldt. Glabrous, fleshy, prostrate ; lvs. cuneate-obovate,
obscurely crenate or entire, 1 to 3-veined ; ped. as long as the lvs. ; cal. sub-
tended by 2 linear bractlots, its 3 outer segm. ovate. — % An obscure weed, on
inundated banks, Penn. to Ga. and La. Lvs. 6 to 8 ' long, obscurely veined, ses-
sile, or the lower contracted to a short petiole. Fls. few, cor. spreading 3 to 4'',
pale blue, on ped. 6 to 12" long. Aug. (IL cuneifolia Ph.)
17. GRATFOLA, Hedge Hyssop. (Lat. gratia, favor; alluding to
its medicinal virtues.) Calyx 6-parted, subequal ; cor. upper lip entire
or slightly bifid, lower trifid, the palate not prominent ; sta. 2, fertile,
mostly with 3 sterile filaments; caps. 2-celled, 4-valved, valves infiexed
524
Order 86.— SOROPHULARIACE^.
\'.>:.'i
at margin. — Herbs with opposite Ivs. Peel, axillary, 1-flowered, usu-
ally bibracteolate near the calyx.
i Flowers Hcsxile. Cells of anthers vertical. Plants rljzid, bristly-bairy Nos. 7, 8
I Flowers peilunculato. Anther cells transversa, i'latits smooth or viscid (a).
a Bterilu tilanu'nts none, or very minute and pointed Nos. 1 — S
a Sterile tituments thread-like, tipped with a small head Nos. 4 — 8
1 O. Virgini^na L. 5^. ascending, branched ; 2«;«. lanceolate, sparingly toothed;
ped. as long or longer than the leaves ; cor. twice longer than the calyx; sterile JiL
none. — U U. S. and Can. Stem 4 — 8' high, more or less pubescent, round, de-
clining, and branching at base. Leaves 1 — 2' long, and ^ as wide, smooth, lan-
ceolate, sessile, 'lentato or nearly entire near the ends, subconnate or amplexicauL
Cor. white or pale-yr'low, twice longei than the calyx or the 2 bracts. Jl.
2 G. Florid^na Nutt. iSi. erect, branched ; Ivs. lanceolate, few-toothed ; ped.
longer than the leaves ; cor. 4 times longer than the calyx ; sterile fil. none ? — z$
Dry soils, fields, Ac, Ala. and Fla. Plant 6 to 9' high, with the appraranco of G.
Virginlana, but smaller Ivs. and larger fls. Lvs. hardly 1' long. Ped 1' to 18"
long. Bractlets scarcely as long as sepals. Cor. 7" long, tube yellow within,
limb rose color.
3 G. sphaerocdrpa Ell. Glabrous, ascending, branched ; Ivc. lanceolate-ovate,
attenuate to the base, sparingly toothed ; ved. scarcely longer than the calyx. — Low
grounds. Western States to Ga. Plant a few inches high, differing from the last
cliiefly in the short peduncles, round capsules, broader leaves, &c. Flowers
whitish, v> — 6 ' long. Jn. (G. Caroliniensis Le Conte.)
4 G. aiSirea Muhl. Smooth ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, suhentira, clasping ; ped. as
long as, or longer than the leaves ; cor. yelloio ; sterile fil. 2, short. — A small,
perennial herb, 6 to 8' high, in muddy places, Mass.. to Fla. St. declining and
rooting at tlie base, quadrangular, simple or branching. Lvs. sessile, a little
clasping, smooth, punctate, acute or nearly so, often with a few teeth near the
end. Fls. golden yellow, axillary, alternate, on slender stalks. Fil. 4, adhering
to tlie corolla, 2 of them minute, sterile. Aug.
5 G. viscdsa Schwein. Viscid-pubescent, ascending ; lvs. lance-ovate or oblong,
clasping, acute, 3-veined, acutely serrate; ped. longer than the leaves; bractktis
(2) and sepals (5) twice shori'M- than the (white) corolla tube, twice longer than
capsule. — 11 Wet places, N. Car., Ky., to Fla. and La. St. simple, obtusely
angled, 9 to 12' long. Lvs. 6 to 9 ' long, teeth slender. Ped. 1' Cor. white,
tube yellow within. (G, Drummondii Benth.)
f:i. DuuMMONDii. Sepals and bractlets subulate, thrice longer than tho capsule.
—La, (Hale.)
6 G. ramoaa Walt. Glabrous or viscid-puberulent ; st. ascending from a pros-
trate base, terete ; lvs. linear-acute, iviih few teeth near the summit ; bractlets min-
ute or none; sepals linear; sterile fil. filiform. — 2( Muddy shores, S. Car. to Fla.
Sts. simple or branched from tlie creeping base. Lvs. 6 to 9 ' long, 1 to 2" wide,
with 2 or 4 teeth. Ped. nearly equaling the leaves. Cor. white, yellow within.
May — Jl. (G. quadridentata Mx.)
7 G. pildsa Mx. Erect, hispid; Ivi. ovate, few-toothed, clasping, rugous; cor-
tube scarcely longer thiin the calyx. — %■ Car. to Fla. and La, in wet places.
Plant If high, rough with stifi", wliite hairs. Lvs. 6 to 8" long, 3 to 5' broad,
irregularly 3-veined. Fls. sessile, shorter than the leaves, white. Jl. — Sept.
8 G. subul&ta Baldw. Erect, hispid ; lvs. V;iear or lunce-liiiear, margins revo-
luie, entire ; cor, tube slender, thrice longer than the calyx. — % Damp sandy places,
Ga. (Feay, Pond), Fla. (Mettauer, Chapman, &c'.) Plant generally much branched,
6 to 8' high. Lvs. 5 to 8" long, rigid, distant, or often densely imbricated.
Cor. tube 4' long, persistent and recurved after fiowering. Sept., Oct.
i8. ILYSANTHES, Raf. (Gr. IXvc, mnd, avBo^, flower.) Calyx 5-
parted ; cor. upper lip short, erect, bifid, lower lip larger, spreading, trifid;
8ta. 2 fertile ; 2 sterile fil. forked, one of the divisions glandular, obtuse,
the other acute, or rarely with half an anther ; caps, orate or oblong,
about equaling the calyx. — With opposite lvs., and axillary, 1-flowered
ped., resembling Gratiola in habit. (Lindernia, L.)
Ohdbb 86.— SCKOPHULARIACEiE.
525
1 I. gratioloidea Benth. Glabrous, wcending, mtich branched; Iv?. ovate or
oblong, obtusish, subdentate, lower attenuated to a petiole; cor. erect, twice
longer than the calyx, on bractless peduncles ; sterile til. bearing the glabrous,
acute lobe below the middle. — S) ^'an. and U. S. in wet places. A low, incon-
spicuous plant, 3 — 6 or 8' high. Leaves 5 — 8'' long, sometimes mostly sessile,
commonly the lower distinctly petiolate. Corolla bluish- white, much exserted, 6"
long. Jl., Aug. — (L. dilatata and attenuata Muhl.)
2 I. refrdcta Benth. Slender, smooth, erect; leaves subradical, oval-oblong iod
spatulate, cauline few, small and remote, lance-linear ; ped. tilitbrm, subterniinal,
few, deflected after flowering ; cor. tube 4 times longer than the linear sepals. — U
Damp pine-woods, N. Car. to Ga. (Mettauer, near Macon). St. 6 to 10' high,
sparingly branched. Lower Ivs. 7 to 9 " long, cauline 1 to 5 ". Fls. 5" long,
light blue. Jn.
3 I. grandifldra Benth. Smooth, creeping, diffuse; Ivs. thick, orbicular, entire,
subclasping, veinless ; ped. very hairy ; sterile lil. 2 ; partly exserted, lobe-bear-
ing in the middle, thickened at the end. — U Ga. (between Savannah and Au-
gusta, Nutt.) in sandy swamps. Lva. 3 to 4" diam. Ped. 1' long, cor. 6 , violet
blue.
19. MICRAN'THEMUM, Rich. (Gr. jUf wpdf, small, av0of, flowei , such
is its character.) Calyx 4-toothcd or cleft ; corolla upper lip shorter,
entire, lower trifid ; stamens 2 fertile, a glandular scale at the base of
each, sterile filament none ; style short, apex clavate or spatulate, en-
tire ; capsule 2-valved. — Q Slender, glabrous, creeping, with opposite
Ivs. and minute flowers.
§ Calyx deeply cleft, segments longer than the unequal corolla lips No. 1
§ Calyx merely toothed', segments shorter than the very unequal corolla lips No. 2
1 M orbiculdtuxn Mx. Lvs. orbicular or roundisli-obovate, obscurely 3-veined,
entire, contracted to a very short petiole; fls. solitary, axillary, much shorter than
the leaves and on pedicels siiorter than the calyx. — N. Car. to Fla. and La., com-
mon, in mud or shallow water. Sts. diffuse, fliform. Lvs. often crowded, 2 to 4''
long, 2 to 3' wide. Fls. globular, less than 1 " long, white. All summer. (M.
emarginatum Ell.)
2 M. micrdntha. Lvs. roundish, ovate, crowded, sessile, obscurely 3-veined ; fls.
sessile, axillary, very minute. — Inundated banks of rivers, Delaware to the Ogee-
chee, probably not common. Plant a few inches long, branc'ied. Fls. white, the
middle segm. of the lower lip largest and spreading. Sept., Oct. (Herpestia
micrantha Ell. Ilemianthus micranthemoides Nutt.)
20. AMPHIANTHUS, Torr. (Gr. ajit^w, both or twain, avBog', allu>
ding to its two-fold inflorescence.) Calyx 5-parted ; corolla small, fun-
nel form, limb 4-lobed, lower lobe larger, stamens 2, included ; antheia
2-celled ; style lightly bifld, lobes acute ; capsule obcordate, compressed,
valves septiferous in the middle ; seedi^ numerous. — (D Acaulescent,
minute, with fls. both sessile and on scapes.
A. pusilluB Torr. On wet rocks, Newton Co., Ga. (Leavenworth). A minute
herb, with the lvs. nearly radical, linear, obtuse, entire, 1 to 2" long. Fls. white,
hardly 1" long, some sessile among the leaves, others on simple, filiform pedun-
cles r long. Mar., Apr.
2i. LINOSEL'LA, L. Mudwort. (Lat. Umus, mud ; its locality.)
Calyx 6-cleft ; corolla shortly campanu late, 5-cleft, equal ; stamens ap-
proximating in pairs ; capsule partly 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. —
Minute aquatic herbs. Scape 1-flowered.
L. tenuifdlia Nutt. Acaulesceut ; lvs. linear, scarcely distinct from the petiole j
scape as long as the leaves ; cor. segments oval-oblong, shorter than the calyx.—
CD R. I., Mass., N. Y., Penn. A minute plant, an inch in height, growing oa
the muddy banks of rivers. Iieavea and flower-stalka radical Flowers verj
amall, blue and white. Aug.
#
> '•■*
;?•>■
!
If
Hi
,M
A2e
Order 86.— SCROPHULARlACEiE.
22. SYNTHY'RIS, Benth. (Gr. avv, together, Ovpig, a door; sc.
valves closed.) Calyx 4-parted ; corolla subcampaimlate, segments 4,
ereot-speaditig or ; stamens 2, inserted into the tube of the corolla,
exserted ; anther cells parallel, distinct ; capsule coiripressed, obtuse or
emarginate, loculicidal, seeds plano-convex. — H N. Amcrioan, witli a
thick root. Radical Ivs. petiolate, cauline bract- like, on the scape-like
stem, alternato. FIs. racemed or spicate.
S. Houghtonidna Bcnth. Hirsute, radical Ivs. ovate, subcordato at base, cronu-
late, obtuse ; scape erect, clothed with foliaceous bracts, dense-flowered above ;
cor. as long as the calyx, upper segment longer than the other very short ones. —
Dry liilis, Wis. (Lapham). Lvs. 2 to 3' by ]J to 2', on petioles about an inch
long, some of the leaves often suborbicular. Bra»_ts much smaller, ovate and
ovate-lanceolate, clasping. Suape 9 to 12' high. Spike elongated in fruit.
23. DIGITA'LIS, L. Fox-glove. (Lat. dif/itabulum, a thimble.)
Calyx 5-parted ; corolla caiiipanulate, ventricous, upper lip reflexed,
spreading, middle segment of the lower lip broadest ; capsule ovate, 2-
celled, 2-valved, with a double dissepiment. — Herbs or shrubs of Europe
and Asia. Lower lvs. crowded, j)otiolate, upper alternate. FIs. in
showy racemes. Poisonous and medicinal.
§ Corrtlla tube subglobous, scarcely loiitrer thun the lower lip. . . ., Nos. 1, 2, 7
I Corolla tube cainpaniiliitc, twice longer than the lower li(i Nos. .S, 4, 6
% Corolla tube subeylindric, twice longer thau the lower lip >>'o. 5
1 D. orientalis Lam. St. and lance-linear lvs. glabrous ; spike interrupted,
glandular-vlUous ; pedic '< very short; ccd. segments ovate-lanceolate, acute; cor.
pubescent, lower segm ^a oblong, obtuse. — U Bythinia. Height 8f. Corolla
purplish, spotted.
2 D. ferruginea. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, very smooth ; rac. many-flowered ; cal.
segments aoal-elliptical, obtuse ; cor. limb subglobous, woolly, lower segment ovate.
— !( in Greece, Armenia and Circassia. Corolla rust-colored, IG " long, lower lip
longest, densely bearded, f
3 D. purpurea L. Lvs. ohlong, rugous, petiolate, crenate ; cal. segm. ovate ob-
long; cor. obtuse, upper lip entire; ped. as long as the calyx. — iT) Plant 2 to 3f
high, with large, rough, downy lvs. FIs. numerous, in a long, simple spike,
large, crimson, often white, with eye-like spots within. Jl. \ f Eur.
4 D. grandifiora Allioni. Lvs. ovate or oblong-lanceolate, veiny, serrulate,
amplezicaul ; rac. tomentous, lax ; cal. segments lanceolate, acute ; cor. ventricous-
eampanulate, segments broader than long, lowest twice broader than the lateral.
21 in Europe. Plant 2 — 3f hign. i-'Iowers 14' long, yellow, varying to brown-
ish or orange, f
5 D, lutea L. Very smooth ; lvs. oblong or lanceolate, denticulate ; rac.
aecund, many-flowered ; cal. segments lanceolate, acute; cor. glabrous, tube sub-
ventricous, lower segment half as long again as the rest. — 7\. J^]urope. Stem
3f high. Flowers 8 — 10" long, yellow, varying to while, f
6 D. Thdpsi, with mullein-like lvs. all radical and flat on the ground.
7 D. leucophsa, with very large, dense, leafy racemes of dusky white fls.,
and a few other species may be found in gardens. There are also many hybrids,
diflflcult of course, to determine.
24. VERON'ICA, L. Speedwell. (Perhaps naraea for <S/. Veronica.)
Calyx 4-parted ; corolla subrotatc, deeply 4-cleft, lower segments mostly
narrow; stamens 2, inserted into the tube, exserted ; sterile fil. ; cap-
sule compressed, 2-sulcate, often obcordate, 2-celled, few-seeded. —
Herbs or shrubs (the following species herbs). Lvs. opposite. Fls. sol-
itary, axillary or in racemes, blue, flesh-colored or white.
Tall, erect (18' to 4f ). Fls. i' dense, terminal spikes. Corolla tube elongated No«. 1, 13
Low, w«ak (8 to 120- Leav js opposite (at base). Cerolla tube rery short, (a)
Order BC — SCROPIIULARIACE^.
5*iV
a Racfmes oppoMto, axillary, f'apsule roiiinlisli. emar^fate Nos. 2, S
a Bacetnes iiltuniate, axillary. Capsiiio not roim'lfil, vt'r.\ llat Nos. 4, R
a Kn<*i'nie8 terminal, or the flowers axillary ami not raceiiic"!. (b)
L Floral leaves like the rest, iiol longer than tlu- recurved pi'duncles Nos. 6 — S
b Floral leaves britctlike, longer than tb(! erect peduncle!*, (c)
O Perennial. Pedtincleij equalin;; or excoedinir tlie caly.\ Nos. 9, 10, 14
C Annual. Peduncles shorter than the calyx or none. . .■ Not. II, Vi
1. V. Virginica L. Culver's PtiYSic. Erect, tall, glubrous ; Ivs. nrticillate in
4s, 5s, or 6s, larice-ovato to lance-linear; spikea mostly at-veral, p.niculate. — U
WootLs, thickets and barren.^, Can. to Ga., W. to Iowa. A eonspicuouH plant
arising 2 — 5f. Stem simple, straight, smooth, with whorls of "eliminate, tinely
serrate leaves which are subpetiolate and glaucous beneatli. Flowers numerou-s,
nearly sessilo, in spikes 3 to 10' long. Corolla white, tubular, pu lescent inside.
Stamens and style twice as long aa the corolla. Jl. (Leptandra Virginica
Nutt.)
3 V. Anagallis L. Cilabrous erect ; Ivs. sessile, clasping and suhcor (lute, lanctolate,
acutish, entire or serrulate ; rac. in opposite uxila ; caps, orbicular, slifrhtly notchetL
— y A smooth, fleshy plant, frequenting the borders of brooks antl p(K)ls, Can.
and U. S. Stem about If higli. Leaves 2 — 3' by 5 — 7 . Racemes (somo-
times but I at a node) longer than the leaves, loose, pedicels (2 — 3 ") scarcely
longer than tiie bracts. Flowers bluish-purple, small. Jn., Jl.
3 v. Americana Schwenitz. Buooklisie. G.ibrou.s, decumbent at base, erect,
above; Ivs. orate or ovate-obbn<j, aculo or obtusi.sh; serrate, petioktte, abrupt at
base; rac. opposite, loose; caps, roundish, turgid, emarginate. — % In brooks and
cL'ar waters. Can. and U. S. Kant rather fleshy, very smooth, 12 — 18' long,
more or less decumbent and rooting at base. Leaves 1 — 2' long, petioles mar-
gined. Racemes longer than the leaves. Pedicels (3 — 5") twice longer than the
bracts. Flowers blue or bluish-purple. Jn., Jl. — (V. Beccabunga Am. authors.)
4 V. scutell^ta L. Skull-cap. Speedwell. Glabrous, ascending, weak ; Ivs.
linear or lance-linear, sessile, acute, remotely denticulate ; rac. in alternate axils
very loose ; pedicels divaricate ; capsule flat, broader than long, cordate at both
ends. — 11 Slender and weak, in swamps and marshes, N. Eng. and "W. States, and
Brit. Am., common. tSt. 10 to 16' high. Lvs. (2 to 3' by 2 to 3 ") much longer
tiian the internode^. Ped. and pedicels filiform, the latter (G to 9'') six timea
longer than the bracts. Fla. rather large, flesh-color, with purple lines, Jn. —
Aug.
5 V. offlcinalis L. Officinal Speedwell. Roughish-pubescent ; St. prostrate,
branched; lvs. briefly petiolnte, and subse.ssilo, obovate-elliptic oroblori'/, obtuse, ser-
rate, mostly nan'owed to the base ; rac. dense, many-flowered ; pedicels Bhorter
than the calyx ; caps, puberulent, obovate-triangular, slightly emarginate. — U
In dry woods and open fields, Can. to Ga., rare. Plant trailing, 6 to 12 long,
with ascending branches. Lvs. 1' to 18" by 6 to 9". Fls. pale blue, forming
rather long, axillary, erect, pediuiculate spikes. May — Jl. § Eur.
6 V. Buzbaumii Tenore. Prostrate, hairy; lvs. roundish-ovato, coarsely cro-
nate-serrate, the floral similar, all on short petioles ; ped. longer than the lvs. ; caps,
triangular-obcordate, broader than long. — Rare in waste grounds, 1']. States. Plant
7 to 12' long, lvs. nearly 1' long. Cal. spreading 4 to 6". Cor. larger than the
calyx, blue. Caps, co-seeded.
7 V. agristis L. Neckweed. St . procumbent, diffusely branching ; lvs. cordate-
ovate, deeply crenate-serrate, floral similar, all petiolate ; ped. as long as the leaven ;
caps, roundish, acutely notched, Oo-seeded. — (1) In cultivated fields. Can. and At-
lantic States, not common. A small, pflous plant, 2 to 8' long, branching mostly
at base. The lvs. are roundish -ovate, the lower e. ~ 'cr than their petioles, the
upper alternate. Fls. small, ligiit blue, veined, tl stalks recurved in fruit
Segm. of the cal. fringed, ovate, equal. May — Sept § Eur.
8 V. hederaefolia L. Prostrate, pilous ; lvs. petiolate, cordate, roundish, coarsely
3 to 5-toothed or lobed; ped. scarcely longer than the lvs. ; .-ep. triangular, subcor-
date, a£ute, closed in fruit ; caps, turgid, i-seeded. — Dry or rocky soils, L. IsL to
Del., rare. St. diffusely branched. Lvs. rather fleshy, 6 to 12" diam., tiie upiup
larger and alternate. Cal. segm. ciliata Cor. smaller than the calyx, blue. Mar.,
May. § Eur.
'•! !
'■ 11
'i
i <i-li
■'I'p^
/■ f
%
528
Ordbr 86.— SCROPHULARlACKiE.
liU
% -'t
'-(■■'
1'^
9 V. serpyllifdlia L. Subglabrous, much branched below; sta. ascending; Iv^
oval, subcrenato, obluse, lower roundish and petiolate, upper sessile, passing
abruptly into oblong, entire, alternate bracts; p^. longer tkan the ovate sepals;
caps, obcordate, broader than long. — U Meadows and mountain valleys, in grass,
etc., U. S. and Can. Plant varying in height from 3' to 12'. Leaves rather
floshy, 3-voined, 4 — 12" long, petioles — 2 ". Racemes bracted, rather close in
flower, elongating in fruit to 2 — 5'. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx, blue
and white, penciled with purple lines. Ma^ — Aug.
10 V. alplna L. Branched at base, ascending; Ivs. roundish-oval, subentire,
very obtuse, short-petioled, upper elliptical and much smaller ; rac. hairy, few-
flowered, usually dense ; pjd about as long as tiie calyx ; stam. shorter than the
corolla; caps, obovate, emarginato. — White Mts., N. H. and Rocky Mts. Plant 1
to 5' long. Lvs. about 4 ' by 5'. Fls. small, blue. — Scarcely distinguishable
from dwarf specimens of No. 9.
11 V. peregrina L. Ascending, suhgldbrous; lvs. petiolate, oblong, few-toothed,
obtuse, upper sessile, oblong, obtuse, serrate or entire, floral oblong-linear, entire,
longer than the subsess;"(e flowers ; caps, suborbicular, slightly notched, the lobes
rounded. — OD Throughout N. Am., in fields or clayey soils. Plant often branched
from iJM base, 4 to 10' high. Lvs. rather fleshy, the upper cauline, 6 to 11 " long,
floral nmcth smaller. Sopals oblong, longer than the pale blue or white corolla.
Caps, hardly broader than long. May, Jn. (V. Marilaudica Willd.)
12 V. arv6nsiB L. Corn Speedwell. PM&«rttfew<-pilous, simple or branched,
erect or assurgent ; lvs. ovale or roundish, subcordate, incisely crenate, lower ones
petiolate, upper and floral alternate, lanceolate, crenate, sessile ; ped. shorter than
the calyx. — Frequent in dry fleld.s, N. 11. to Ga. and La A small, pubescent,
pale-green plant, 2 to 6' high. St. nearly erect, branching from the base, the
leaves assurgent. Cor. shorter than the cal., pale blue, penciled with purple
lines. May, Jn. §
/?. RENiFORMis. Lvs. sessile, reniform, entire. (V. reniformis Raf )
13 V. spic^ta L. Spiked Speedwell. Erect, tall ; lvs. petiolate, ovate-
oblong or lanceolate, lower ones obtuse, crenate, upper acute, crenate-serrate, entire
at apex ; rac. mostly solitary ; pedicels much shorter than the sepals ; cal. mostly
hoary-pubescent. — y Europe and Asia. A beautiful garden species with numer-
ous varieties. Flowers blue, roseate, etc. f
14 V. gentianoides Vahl. St. caespitous ; flowering branches erect, simple ;
lvs. thick, entire, or sparingly crenate ; bwest croivded, obovate or oblong, the rest
remote, oblong or lanceolate, the floral bract-like ; rac. loosely many-flowered,
pubescent; ped. many times longer than the calyx. — Fls. rather large, blue.
f Asia.
25. BUCHNE^RA, L. Blue-hearts. (In honor oft/. G. Buchner, a
German botanist, 1743.) Calyx 5-toothed ; corolla salver form, tube
slender, limb flat, in 6, obovate-oblong, subequal lobes ; stamens 4, in-
cluded, anthers halved, i. e., with but one cell ; capsule 2-valved. — Herbs,
with the lower lvs. opposite, the upper alternate. Fls. in a terminal
spike.
B. Americana L. Tall, slender, hispid, very rough ; lvs. oblong-lanc«olate, few-
toothed, obtuse, 3-veined, the lowest oblong-obovate ; highest linear ; spike long-
peduncled; fls. dense, becoming remote in fruit; cor. tube slender, pubescent,
twice as long as the hispid, tubular calyx, or the deep bl'.e cor. lobes. — N. Y. to
Ga. and La. Sts. 2 to 3f high, simple or few-branched, the upper half naked or
with bracts only. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Fls. 6 to 12 in the spike, G to 1" long. Jn.
— Aug. (B. elongata Sw. ? (Darby) is the same plant). Blackens in drying.
26. MACRANTHERA, Torr. (Gr. fiaKQog, great, Lat. anthera, an-
thers ; a mongrel word.) Calyx tube campanulate, lobes 5, long and
narrow ; corolla tubular, limb oblique, segments short, entire, stamens
4, long, (ixserted, subequal ; style long, filiform ; capsule ovate, acumi*
ORDKR 86.— scrophulariai:e^
5 -J I)
naie. — "21 Herbs tall, with opposite, pinnatifid Ivs., long, dccurved pe-
duncles, and cylindraceous, yellow fls.
1 M. fuohsioideB Torr. Cal. segm. but little shorter than the corolla. — Alii., La.
Plant 2 to 3f high. Lvs. lanccolutc, 2' long, with lanceolate segments. Ilaa
long, loose, secund. Cor 1' long.
2 M. Leo6iitii Torr. Cal. segm. entire, linear-lanceolate, scarcely one-third the
length of the corolla. — Dry piue woods, Ua., Fla. Lvs. etc., as in the other.
27. SEYME'RIA, Ph. (In memory of Hennj Set/mer, Esq., an
English naturalist.) Calyx deeply 5-cleft; cor. tube short, dilated,
6-lobed, lobes ovate or oblong, entire, equaling or longer than the tube ;
Bta. 4, subequal ; valves of the capsule loculicidal, entire; seeds qd. —
Herbs erect, branching. Cauline lvs. mostly opposite and incised. Fls,
yellow.
$ Tube of the corolla broadly campanulatc, incurved, as long as the limb No. 1
\ Tube of the corolla much shorter than the subrotate limb Nos. 2, 8
1 S. macroph^lla Nutt. Erect, tall, sparingly pubescent ; lvs. large, the lower
deeply pinnatifid, segments lauee-obloiig, incised, terminal one the largest, upper
lanceolate, serrate or entire ; cor. tube incurved, scarcely longer than the limb ;
sty. short, dilated and slightly bifid at apex; caps, ovate-acuminate. — U In
woods, White River Valley, Ind., Ohi(j (Clark) to Ark. Height 4 — 6^ with tho
habit of Dasy stoma. Lower leaves (5 — 7' by 2 — 3') lance-ovate in outline, floral
(2 — 3) mostly opposite. Corolla \' long, very woolly within. July.
2 S. pectin^ta Ph. Viscid-pubescent, profusely branched ; lvs. oblong, half-pin-
natifid or cleft half way to the midvein, segm. few, entire, short, linear, obtuse,
upper lvs. merely toothed ; caps, pubescent, acute with the style, at length ob-
tuse. — N. Car. to Fla. and Tex., in the upper districts. Plant 2 to 4f high, tlio
numerous branches opposite. Lvs. small, an inch (or less) long, the rachis ob-
lanceolate. Sep. oblong- linear, longer than the pedicel Cor. subrotate, 5 to 6 '
broad. Aug. — Oct.
3 S. tenuifdlia Ph. Minutely puberulent, much branched ; lvs. setaceously bi-
pinnatifid, rachis and segments all equally attenuated ; caps, globular, rostrate. —
"Wet pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla. and La. Plant 2 to Sf high, quite slender and
nearly smooth. Lvs. 6" and less long, only the lower segments dissected, upper
entire. Cor. lobes oblong, spreading about 4". Ped. twice longer than thoc^yx.
Aug., Sept.
28. DASYSTOMA, Raf. (Gerardia, L.) Yellow Foxglove. (Gr.
daavg, hairy, arofia, mouth ; alluding to the corolla.) Calyx cumpanu-
late, half 5-cleft, imbricate in aestivation ; corolla tube dilated, longer
than the 6 entire lobes, woolly within ; stamens didynamous, scarcely
included, woolly ; anthers all equal, awned at base ; capsule ovate,
acute, 2 valves bearing a septum in the middle ; seeds many. — 21 Herbs
tall, erect. Lower lvs. opposite, upper generally alternate. Cor. large,
yellow. All blacken in drying.
* Segments of the calyx entire. Plants pubescent (No. 1) or glabrous Nos. 2, 3
* Segments of the calyx toothed or pinnatifid. Plants pubescent Nos. 4,6
1 D. fl^va. Pkmt pubescent, subsimple ; lvs. nearly sessile, oblong-lanceolate, en-
tire or toothed, the lower pinnatifid or incised ; cal. hbea oblong, obtvae, rather
shorter than its tube ; ped. ve^-y short. — A showy plant, 2 to 4f high, in woods
throughout tiie U. S. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, tapering to tho subseasile base or petiole,
the upper mostly entire. Cor. about 18' long. Aug., Sept (D. pubescena
Benth. G. flava L.)
2 D. integrifdlia. Plant glabrous, subsimple ; lvs. lanceolate, acute, entire, or
the lowest somewhat toothed ; ped. shorter than the calyx. — Woods, S. E. Ohio to
111. and Tenn. Sts. often much branched, 1 to 2f high. Lva 1 to 3' long, petio-
late. Fla. smaller, the cor. about 1' long. Not at all glaucous like the next. Aug.
(D quercifolia i3. ? Benth. G. integrifolia Gray.)
'\
P^i
if
tm
II
'M
!'l
630
Order 86.— SCROPH QLARIACE^E.
3 D. quercifolia Bcntli. Plant glabrous and glaucotis, paniculate-branched; Iva
paler benentli, petiolate, lower ample, biplunatilid, upper oblong lanceolate, pi;i-
natifid or entire ; ped. as long as the calyx ; segin. of the cal. lance-acwninate, longef
than its tube. — Woods and thickets, N. Eng. to Ga. and Mich., coinmon. St. tall,
purplisli, covered with a glaucous bloom, 3 to 5f high. Lvs. 4 to 8' lor.g, sinuate
or incised. Fls. large, and of a brilliant yellow, opposite and axillary^ near tlie
top of the stem, forming a loose spike. Cor. trumpet-shaped, near 2' long. Aug.
(G. quercifolia Ph. G. glauca Eddy.)
4 D. pedicul^ria Benth. Pubescent or nearly glabrous, branched ; lvs. ovate
lanceolate, pinnatifld, with toothed or incised segments ; pedicels longer than the
hairy calyx, segm. tooth or incised, 'equaling the top-sliaped calyx tube. — Dry
hilly woods, Can. to Ga. and Ky., common. St. busliy, very leafy, 2 to 3f high,
sprinlrled with a woollj' pubescence. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, divided like those of the
Louse-w -rt. Cor. rather bell-shaped, 15" long, the cal. 5". Aug. (G. pedicu-
laria L.)
5 D. pectindta Benth. Very hirsute; lvs. lanceolate, pectinate-pinnatifld, segm.
subdeutato or incised; ped. shorter than the hairy ca/i/x, segm. toothed, longiT
than tiio cal. tube. — Pine woods, Car. and Ga. i'ls. as large as in the last, Jl.,
Aug. (G. pectinata Torr.)
29. GERAR'DIA, L. (In honor of John Gerard, an Er^Hsh botan-
ist of the 16th century.) Calyx campanulatc, briefly or narrowly
S-toothed ; cor. tubular, ventricous or subcampanulate, tube longer than
the 5 broad, entire unequal lobes ; sta. didynanious, in pairs, shortei'
than the corolla, length unequal ; caps, obtuse, or briefly acuminate ;
Reeds oo. — American herbs, rarely suffruticous. Lvs. opposite. Fls.
axillary, solitary, pui'plo or rose-color.
1. Otopiiylla. Calyx seo;ments lonirer than its tube, 2 anthers much smaller No. 1
2. Gi'.iiAKDiA proper. Calyx segments short, equal. Anthers all equal. (§)
Corolla bilabiate, upper lip very short, erect. Peduncles lonKer than corolla. No. 'i
tloroUa lobes subequal, all spreading, throat usually hairy, (a)
a Leaves almost none, opposite scales instead. Flowers large No. 3
a Leaves all alternate, filiform. Flowers large, long-stalked No. -1
a Leaves opposite. — reduncles not longer than the calyx Nos. 5, 6
— Peduncles much longer. — Flowers iarpe (about 9" long.) Nos. 7, S
— Flowers small (about C" long).. .Nos. 9, 10
1 G. aiTriculdta Mx. Scabrous, hirsute, subsimplo ; \vs. ovate-lanceolate, mostly
entire, upper auriculato at baso; fls. nearly sessile. — (£) Penu. to Iowa and La.,
in low grounds. A rough, rigid plant, 12 to 18' high. Lvs. 1' to IS " long, ses-
sile, the floral with an oblong lobe on each side at base. Cor. dilated and spread-
ing at mouth ; lobes entire, rounded, purple, rarely white. Short stamens similar,
but twice smaller. Aug., Sept.
2 O. MettaCieri. Glabrous, slender, diffusely branched ; lvs. linear-fllitbrm,
scarcely rough-edged; ped. filiform many times longer than the calyx which has
short, triangular teeth ; cor. distinctly bilabiate, upper lip very short, omargiuate,
straight, vaulted, fringo-ciliate, lower lip of 3 broad, spreading lobes. — ( I; Wet
Bandy places, Middle Fla. (Dr. Mettauer). Sts. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 6 to 12" long.
Ped. 6 to 12" long. Fls. purple, with 2 yellow stripes in tlio spotted tube.
(i ? CL.4.USA. Cor. tube dorsally compressed, throat closed by the inflexed upper
lip. — With tlie others. Fls, light purjile.
y ? NUDA. Lvs. (except a few at the base) reduced to minute bracta, scarcely
I" long; fls. all terminal, rather smaller (5' long,) light purple.
3 G. aphyila Nutt. Erect, with slender brandies, leafless, with few, remote,
scarious scales or short bristle-like l\s; ped. bracteolato ; cal. truncate, with
minute, gland-like teeth ; caps, globular, exceeding the calyx. — (I) N. Car. to
Fhu and J^a. in wet places, coastward. Plant 2 to 3f higli, often simple, witli few
llowers, or diflusely few-brancliod with many flowers. Fls. deep purple, liiiddlo
eize, lobes subequal, pedicels short, t. e., the bractlets are near the flowers. Jn., JL
4 G. Slifdlia Nutt. St. terete, diffusely branched; lvs. filiform, terete, alternate
ami much fascicled; ped. alternate, much longer than the lvs.; cal. teeth shdrt,
bttaceously acute; cor. ample, smooth. — St. Mary's, G;i. to jVpalachicola, Fla.
..lU
Order 86.— SCROPKULARIACE^.
631
PI int rigid, 2 to 3f liigli. Lvs. never an inch long, always scattered. Ped. 1 to
2' long. Fls. numerous, large. Aug. — Oct.
5 G. maritima Raf. St. angular ; lvs. linear, fleshy, short, rather obtu.^o ; jls.
small; pud. srarcdy as long as the truncate caly.t; lobes of tlie cor. spreading, 2
upper trimjed. — [gi Salt marshes, along the Atlantic coast. Plant branclicd, 4 to
10' high. Lvs. 6 to 8" long, subtcrete and quite tieshy. Fla. about G' long, in-
clined to be terminal. Caps, globular. Jl. — Sept.
€ G. purpurea L. St. angular, branched; lvs. linear, acute, scabrous on (he
margin; pod. shorter than the caly.x wliieh has a truncate tubo with short t-eta-
ceously acute teeth. Cor. ample, smooth or pubescent. — Qj Wet grounds, N. Eiig.
to Fla. and La. Plant of varying form according to situation, 1 to 2f high (2 to
4f South). Lvs. 1 to 2' long, often with snialler ones fascicled in the axils. Fls.
large, (1' long), purple, the ped. 1", rarely 2 ' long. Aug. (G. Plukenetii Ell?)
]i. FASCicuLATA. Tall, witii fascicles of smaller lvs. in the axils; cor. pubes'
cent, lobes ciliate. — S. States, common ((1. fasciculata Ell.).
7 G. dspera Doug. Sparingly branched ; lvs. scabro\is, long and narrowly linear,
the floral exceechng the calyx ; ped. twice longer than the caly.c ; cal. teeth laa-
ooclate, acute, 'o^tarly as long as its tube ; cor. ample, smooth. (\ 111. to Iowa
(Loasens), &c. Closei/ allied to G. purpurea. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 18 " to 2
long, rigid, rough. Cor. deep purple, about 1' long, not always smooth. Ped.
3 to 5". Aug.
8 G. linifolia Nutt. St. terete, virgate, inclined, subsimple, several from the
same base ; lvs. opposite, smooth, thick, long, lance-linear, and linear, erect, the upper
reduced to bracts; ped. many times longer than tho calyx which is truncate, ivith
scarcely any teelh. — N. Car. to Fla., in wet pino barrens. Sts. 2 to 3f high, ti rcte.
Lvs. 2 to 3' by 2 to 3". Cor. large, pubescent, its lower lip spotted, Aug. — Sejit
9 G. tenuifolia Vahl. Paniculate, much-branched; sts. angular; lvs. lint-vr ;
ped. axillary, longer than the flowers, about equaling the lvs. ; caps, globidar. —
(I) A slender and delicate species, usually very branching, in fields and woods, U.
S. and Can. St. 6 to 12' high. Lvs, about an inch long, very narrow (1' iu
widtlj) entire, rough-edged, often coiled. Fls. oi)posite, axillary, on slender stalks,
an inch or less in length. Cor. purple, spotted within, border much spreading,
smooth and nearly equal. Cal. teeth short and acute. Aug. — Sept.
10 G. Skinneri^na Wood. St. erect, sparinijh/ branched, slender, 4-angles mar-
gined ; Irs. remote, linear or setaceous, acute at each end, the floral (jnes '2 or 3
time* shorter than tho viry Ioikj peduttcles ; cal. teeth very short, acute ; cor. lobes
short, spreading; cups, roundish ovoid, scarcely exceeding the calyx.— (l) S. and
A\ . States, dry grounds. Plant 12 to 18 high, the stem and few branches (piitc
slender and rouij,h on tiie slightly winged angles. Lvs. 5 to 10 " long, few and
tar between, Ped. 1 to U' long. Cor. (.'i to (i ") gluhrcus, light purple or rose-
cobr. Jl., Aug. (,G. parvifolia Chapm.) — Scarcely blackens in drying.
30. CAST!LLE'JA, L. (Enchroma, Nutt.) Painted Cup. (Named
for one Castillijo, a Spanish botanist.) Calyx tubular, 2 — 4-clet't ; cor.
galea (tipper lip) linear, very long, carinate-concavc, lower Rhort, 3-lobed ;
Bt a. beneath the galea, di<lynamous; anth. oblong-linear, with unequal
lobes, cohering in tho Ibrni ot' an oblong disk, the exterior fixed by the
middle, interior pendulous. — Ilerbaeeous or suffruticous. Lvs. alternate,
the floral often colored at tho apex. Fls. subsessile, in terminal, leafy
bracts.
1 C. coccinea Sprong. Lvs. sessile, pinnaUfid, with linear and divaricate seg-
I'unts; brads about 3-cleft and colored at the summit, longer than the corolla:
cal. 2-cleft, nearly ".quuling the corolla, segments retuso and emarginate. — If ^\vt
meadows, Can. and U. S., rare in N. ling.., remarkable for its large, i)ri>iht. .scailt t
(or bright yellow 1) bracts. Stem angular, 8hni)le, 8—12' high. Leaves with
about 2, loiig, linear segnionts on each side. Bracts crowded near tiie summit
of t'.ie stem, each with a dull yellow tlowor iu ila uii', iusiii showy thiui itaolil
May, .In.
in
' k
'■.■mi. i
'J-
I
582
2
Order 86.— SGROPHULARIACE^.
C. aeBSilifldra Ph. Pilose-pubescent; Ivs. sessile, clasping, oblong-linear,
mostly trifid with the lobes divaricate ; cal. senaile, elongated ; spikes dense •, cor.
long, exserted, arched, segments of the lower lip acuminate. — H Prairies, Wis.
(Lapham) and westward. Stem 8 — 14' high, several from the same root, simple,
leafy. Leaves grayish, 2 — 2^' long. Flowers crowded. Corolla tube slender,
2 — 3' in length, greenish- white, witli a sliglit tinge of purple. Style and stamens
enfolded by the upper lip, and a little exserted. May. (E. grandiflora Nutt.)
3 C. septentrionalis Lindl. Lvs. linear, undivided, the upper lanceolate, the
floral subovate, subdentate at the end, all 3-veined ; cal. with acute teeth, shorter
than the corolla. — If A hardy inhabitant of Alpine and high northern regions,
AMiite Mts., N. H. to Hudson's Bay. St. a foot high, simple. Lvs. sessile,
smootiiish, becoming lanceolate towards the upper part of the stem, and near 2'
long. Tuft of fls. at top of the stem. Bracts broader and shorter than the leaves,
& to 7-veined, of a pale straw color tipped with purple. Fls. straw-colored, nearly
C( ncealed by the bracts. Aug. (Bartsia pallida Ph.)
31. SCHWAL'BEA, L. Chaff-seed. (In honor of ^cAM'a/ie, a German
botanist.) Calyx tube lO-ribbed, inflated, obliquely 4-cleft, upper divi-
sion small, lower large, emarginate or 2-toothed ; corolla ringent, upper
lip entire, arched, lower 3-lobcd ; capsule oblong ; seeds many, chafiy. —
2f With alternate leaves and flowers in a terminal spike.
S. Americana L. In sandy barrens and marshes, N. Y. to Fla. and La. Stem 1 —
2f high, pubescent, stout, simple. Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
3-vcined, 1 to 20" long, with a ciliate margin. Bracts ovate, acuminate, dimin-
ishing upwards. Flowers on simple, alternate, very short pedicels, in a long
spike. Corolla dull purple or brownish-yellow, twice as long (1 — 1\') as the per-
manent, strongly-ribbed calyx. Jn.
32. PEDICULA^RIS, L. Lousewort. (Lat. pediculus, a louse ; prob-
ably from its eflBcacy in destroying that insect.) Calyx ventricous, 2 to
5-cleft, the segments leafy, or sometimes obliquely truncate ; corolla
vaulted, upper lip compressed, emai'ginate ; lower lip spreading, 3-Iobed ;
capsule 2-celled, oblique, mucronate; seeds angular. — Herbs. Lvs.
alternate, rarely subopposite, often piunatifid. Fls. spicate.
1 P. Canadensis L. Hirsute ; st. simple; lvs. alternate, petiolato, lance-oblong,
pinuatifid, lobes oblong-ovate, crenate-dentato ; spike short, dense, leafy; caL
truncate downwards; cor. galea abruptly incurved, ivith 2 seiaceoiis teeth; caps,
ending m a prolonged ensiform beak. — If Pastures and low grounds, U. S. and
Can. St. erect, If high. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 1 to 2', chiefly radical. Spike short,
hair}', with a few small leaves at the base. Cor. yellowish and purple, the upper
lip long, erect, forming a galea or holii.et, cut square off at tiie end, with a bristle-
like tooth at eacii corner. Beak of the capsule often near 1' in length. May —
Jl. (P. gladiata Mx.)
2 P. lanceol^ta Mx. Nearly glabrous; st. branched; lvs. subopposite, briefly
petiolate or sessile, oblong-lanceolate, doubly incised crenate ; spike rather dense ;
cal. 2-lol}ed ; cor. galea as iong as the lip, incurved over it and closing the throat;
caps, short, ovoid. — U In alluvial woods, N. Y. to Wis. (Lapham), S. to Va. St.
1 to 2f high, smooth, with pubescant lines, nearly opposite lvs., and p. few axillary
branches. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 1 to 1^'. Spike 1 to 8' in length, with ovate-lanceolate
bracts. CiiL and cor. smooth, the latter greenish yellow, 1' long. Stylo a little
exserted. Sept. (P. pallida Ph.)
33. RHINANTHUS, L. Yellow Rattle. (Or. ^iv, nose, dvdog ;
alluding to the singular appearance of the compressed galea.) Calyx
4-toothnd, ventricous ; corolla tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx,
limb ringent, galea appendaged, compressed, lip broader, deeply divided
into 3 obtuse segments ; capsule 2-valved, compressed, obtuse. — CD Erect,
with opposite Iva.
Order 87.— ACANTHACE^.
.533
■::. !
R. Crista-gdlli L. Mostly glabrous; Iva. obloiif? or lanceolate; cor. scarcely a
third longer than the calyx ; appetidagea of the galea transversely ovate, broader
than long. — Meadows, Plymouth, Mass. to Arc. Am. St. a foot high, smooth,
branching. Lvs. opposite, nearly sessile, cordate -lanceolate, acutely serrate,
rough. Fls. axillary, crowded into a leafy spike. Cal. inflated, contracted at the
mouth, with 4 nearly equal teeth, and much shorter than the yellow, ringent
corolla, but becoming very large and inflated iu fruit, rattling with the ripe seeds.
Jl. § Eur.
34. EUPHRASIA, L. Eyebright. (Named for Euphrosine, one of
the Graces, meaning cheerfiilness.) Calyx 4-cleft ; upper lip of the cor-
olla galeate, concave, apex 2-lobed, the lobes broad and spreading, lowei
lip spreading, trifid, palate not folded ; stamens didynamous, ascending
beneath the galea ; capsule oblong, compressed, co-seeded. — Herbs with
opposite lvs. and the fls. in spikes.
E. ofBcinalia L. Lvs. ovate or oblong, the cauline obtuse, crenato, floral (or
bracts) acute, cut-serrate with cuspidate teetii ; cal. lobes subequal ; lower lip of
cor. with its lobes deeply emarginate. — (T)' A dimiimtivo tenant of the White Mts.
and Can., rare (common in Europe). Plant branched, slender, 2 to 6' high. Lvs.
1 to 3'' long. Pis. bluish white, 3" long.
35. MELAMPY^RUM, L, Cow Wheat. (Gr. /zsAa^, black, nvpog,
wheat ; the seeds blacken the flour of wheat if ground with it.) Calyx
4-cleft ; upper lip of the corolla compressed ; the margin folded back ;
lower lip grooved, trifid ; capsule 2-celled, oblique, opening laterally ;
seeds 1 to 4, cylindric-oblong, smooth. — Herbs with opposite lvs. Fls.
solitary in the upper axils.
M. prat^nse L. Lvs. linear and lanceolate, petiolate, glabrous, tiie upper goner-
ally broader and toothed at base; fls. axillary, distinct; cal. teeth slender, half
as long as the corolla. — (J) Inhabits woods. Can. to (in. W. to Ky. St. with oppo-
site branches, 8 to 10' high, round, erect. Lvs. opposite, 1 to IV by 3 to 5", the
floral ones broader, with (or without) setaceous teeth at l)ase and tapering to an
obtuse point. Fls. in the axils of the upper leaves, yellowish, slender, the corolla
twice the length of tlie calyx. Jl. (M. Americanum Mx. dilleriiig from the
European variety in its more slender corolla.)
Order LXXXVII. ACANTHACE^. Acanthads.
Jleros or shrubs with opposite, simple leaves and regular, bracted flowers. Calyx
pentamerous, equal or unequal, imbricated in the bud. Corolla 5-merous, tubular
below, limb more or less bilabiate, convolute in bud. Stamens didynamous or dian-
dious, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Fruit a 2-celled, 4 to 12-seeded capsule.
Seeds supported by hooks or cup-shaped processes of tlio placontaj, exalbuminous.
Genera 155, species 1450, chiefly tropical, a few only, cxtendin;; into tlic United States. They
lire mostly destitute of (ictivc properties, and in aspect mere weeds. Yet uinons; them arc many
romarkablo for their beauty. Acantlius mollis is celebrated as Loving, by its leaves, suggested
the style of the Corinthian capital in architecture.
SUBORDERS AND GENERA.
I. ANF:CMATACANTHE.<E. Seeds destitute of hooked supports, (a)
a Corolla regular. Seeds few, adnato to a cup instead of a hook TiiuNnEROiA. 1
a Corolla bilabiate. Seeds many, with papilhe instead of hooks Elvtkakia. 2
II. EC1IMATACANTIIE..E. Scola subtended by hooked processes, (b)
b Corolla funnel-form, subregular stamens didynamous. (Kukllik,*.) (c)
O Anthers 2-Kpurrod at base. Cajmule 4-8eedod in the middle Calophanm. 8
Anthers not spurred. Capsule 2 to 16-8eoded from the middle I)ii>TRUA(;ANTiii;8. 4
Anthers not spurred. Capsule 12 to 16-seeded froni the base Ckvimiiacanthus. 6
b Corolla bilabiate, ringent. Stamens 4. Capsule oo-seedod from the base. IIvouoimiii.a. 6
b Corolla bilabiate. Stamens 2. — Corolla resuplnata, upper lip !?-t(iothed Dicmptkua. T
— Corolla straight, lower lip8-toothed. Wild.UnYTmi.ossA. 8
—Corolla htrnight, lower lii> 3-parted. Cult.CvuTANTUKRA. 9
'4^:
«:U
Order 87.— ACANTHACE^.
i 5!
«^.
\. THUNBER'GIA, L. (In honor of C. P. Thunherg, Piof, of Bot. ai
Ul)s;il). Calyx short, truncate or niuny-toothed, subtended by 2 bract-
lots ; corolla funnel-bell-forni, throat inflated, limb 5-cleft, subregular ;
st'iniens 4, didynauious ; anthers cells parallel, ciliate, one of them awned
at bas(; ; ca{)sule globular, 3 to 4-sceded. — Shrubs or climbing herbs of
the Old World.
1 T. grandiflora lloxb. Climbing; Ivs. cordate, angluil, acuminate, hispid;
cal. limb truiicati', tntire. — In cultivation, a hardy perennial climber, clothed all
over with lino reversed hairs, with largo blue liowers 1^' deep and 3' broad, f E.
Ind. Variable.
2 T. alata Bojer. Twining, silky-villous ; Ivs. cordate-sagittate, acute, on
winge<l petioles; cal. 12-cli'ft, braetooles repand. — In cultivation, perennial, the
whole 2)lant soit-villous. Lvs. re[)and, and 5-veined. Fls. large, yellow, with a
purple base, l.J' deep, campanulato with a curved tube, f E, Africa. Variable.
2. ELYTRA'RIA, Vahl. (Gr. t^vrpov, an envelope or bract; from
the bracted inflorescence.) Calyx 5 or 4 parted, segments unequal ;
corolla bilabiate lower lip of 3 bifid segments; stamens 2 fertile, 2
sterile, included; anther cells parallel; capsule 8-seeded from the
base, without hooks. — Herbs acaulescent, with radical lvs. Scape cov-
(Tcd with a{)pressed leaf-like, clasping scales. Fls. small, one beneath
eai h bract of the terminal spike.
1 E. virgata Mx. Scapes several, slender, terete, glabrous, erect, covered with
ovate, clasping, cuspidate, alternate scales; lvs. radical, narrow -oblong, tapering
long to the petiole, repand or wavy ; Hs. in a dense, imbricated spike, each tlower
covered by a broadly ovate, coriaceous, cuspidate, ciliate scale ; cal. with 2 linear
bractlets which are villous-ciliato as well as tlio segments ; cor. white, with its 5
segm. nearly equal. — Wet plains 8. Car. to Fla. (Mettauer). Scapes 11" high.
Lvs. 3 to ()' long, 5 to 8" wide. Els, 4" broad. Summer. (Anouymus Caroli-
nensis AValt.)
3. CALOPH'ANES, Don. (Or. KaXoc,. •, <patvio, to appear.) Calyx
segments setaceous, much longer than tue tube ; corolla funnel-form,
limb subregular, 6-lobed; stamens 4 ; anther cells spurred or mucion-
atc at base, parallel; capsule lanceolate, empty below, 4-see(l(d in the
middle ; flowers axillary, opposite, mostly solitary, with narrow bracts
and bractlets. — Low, pubescent herbs with blue corollas spotted in the
throat.
1 C. oblongifdliuB Don. Densely pubescent, ascending from a procumbent or
creeping base ; lvs. obovate, obtuse, obscurely denticulate, narrowed to the sub-
sessile ijase; fls. solitary, 8ub.sessile, opposite, with oblong bractlets equaling the
deeply parted calyx and the corolla tube. — If Pino barrens and gravelly phuns,
Ga. and Ela. common. Herb G to 12', brr iched at base, Bim[)le above. Lvs.
1' long, rarely rather acute. Cor. showy, a littlo exceeding the lvs., tjurplish
blue, with deeper purplo spots. Apr. (Uuellia oblongifolia Mx. P!i.)
2 C. humistratuB Shutt. Smooth, prostrate, diiruso; lvs. oblong, oval, rather
obtuse, entire, narrowed to a petiole ; fls. axillary, subsessilo, solitary or 2 or 3
together; bracts oblong-spatulate, shorter than the strict, setaceous calyx segm.— >
71 S. Car. to Ela., in ricii soils. Lvs. distinctly potiolate. (^il. segm. very slender,
scabrous, membranous edged below, 5 " long, etiualiug tiio 4-seeded capsule
(RuoUia humistrata, Mx.)
4. DIPTERACAN'THUS, Noes. (Gr.rf/'r" r,..r- two-wingod, a/rni «oc,
Acar*thus.) Calyx deeply 5-cleft; crnilln funiiv.l torn), limb subequally
6-lobed; stamens 4, iiM-hided; anther eel's >ar;*il<.l, \u i awncd ; cap-
sule compressed and empty at h\>\ 2 to 12seeiie 1 r.bo^ ,;; seeds orbic-
ular, compressed, with hooked, abrupt proc»fvseF.,— Mostly herbs with
Ohdbr 87.— ACANTHACE^.
535
FIs
opposite, solitary or fascicU^d flowers, liracts leafy, often stalked.
Wge, showy, blue or piuple.
*. D. BtrSpens Neen. Herb erect •• Iva. ovato or obovate-oblong, soinowhat repand,
cuneate at bane and petiolaie, siiiootfiwifi or thinly downy; ped. axillary, vory short,
about 3 (1 to 4)-Ho\vcn,M| ; liracllets lanoo-oval, equalin^j or oxceediiig the calyx;
aep. lanco-liucar, ciliatL', a liltit shorter i/um the tube of the long-fumiel-tbrui corolla.
I)ry soilH, Mid. W. and H. Htates, common. Plant variable, 9 to 16' higli, otten
branched, nearly smootli. Jas. large, 2 to 3' long, the tis. half or two-thirds as
long. Caps, oblaiiceolate, G-seedod or by abortion fewer. Hooks grooved. Jn. —
Sept. (Kuellia strepeus L.)
2 D. cilicsuB Nees. Herb erect, hoary -hirsute ; Ivs. ovate, the lower obovale,
upper oi.)long, all oblusish at apex and abrupt at base, fmbsessilt ; tin. stibscssilc,
with oblong or lanceolate bracts not longer th;ui caly.x ; sep. setaceous, hairy, not
half as long as the long tube of the corolla. — Rich soils AV. and S. States. Plant If
or more liigh. Lvs. 18 to 30" long, the fls. nearly as long. A variety has smaller
leaves almost dentate. (Ruellia ciliosa Ph.)
l3. HYBRIDUS. Low, decumbent, very hirsute. — Near Savnimah (Feay). Stems
2 to 4' long, with short internodes. Fls. sometimes shortened.
3 D. UOCtifldniB Nees. — Cal. segm. linear-lanceolate, thrice shorter than the very
long corolla tube. Otherwise as in D. ciliosus. — Ga. (near Savannah, Lo Conte)
and Fla. (Ruellia tubitlora Le Conte.)
5. CRYPHIACAN'THUS, Noes. (Or. Kpycfuoq, clandestine, aKavOo^.)
Calyx deeply 5-parted, spreading in fruit ; corolla bcll-funnei-forni,
limb equal ; stamens 4, included ; anthers sagittate ; stigma simple ;
capsule oblong, terete, 12 to 16-sccded from the base ; seeds roundish,
cordate, compresscl, silky, subtended with hooks. — Herbs villous, with
corm-like base and fasciculate roots. P'ed. 3-tlowcred.
C. Barbadense Nees. Caulescent; lvs. ovato, cuneato at base and petiolate,
entire or undulate-dentate, smoothish or hairy ; ped. somewhat cymous, longer
than the jietiolo or even than the leaves ; cal. segm. subulate-acuminate, glandu-
lar, hirsute ; cor. tube shorter than the limb. — 11 A low, leafy plant, Va. to Fla.,
Tex. Mex. &e. (Nees). (Ruellia tuberosa and clandestina L.)
6. HYGROPH'ILA, R. lir. (Cr. iypr/, waters, ^tAea), to love.)
Calyx tubuiar, about half 5-cleft, with tiarrow, equal segmetits ; corolla
bilabiate, ringent, lower lip convex and rugulous in the mid.st, tritid ;
stamens 4, didynamous, not exsertcd; anther cells divergent-sagittate,
violet-colored ; stigma simple, subulate ; capsule 6-striate, Gc-seeded
from the base ; seeds small. — Herbs in swamps, ttc, stoloniferous,
4-angled. Fls. clustered in the axils.
H. lacuBtris Nees. Frect, subsimplo, minutely pubescent ; lvs. lanceolato,
narrowed to both ends, sesblie, subentiro ; verticils many-flowered ; cal. smooth-
ish. — Borders of lakes near N. Orleans. (Hale). Stems 1 to 2f high above the
water, very straight and simple. Fls. white. (Ruellia justiciu^flora Hook.)
7. DICLIP'TERA, Juss. (Gr. 6l^, double, kXeiu), to shut ; referring
to the 2-valvcd capsule.) Calyx 5-paited, equal, sessile, in a bracted
head ; corolla resupinate, bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothed ; stamens 2 ;
anther cells straight, placed one above the other ; capsule 4-seeded ;
dissepiment and v.alls separating from the ba<'k of the valves and curv-
'ng upwards; seeds discoid, on liooks. — Herbs with the small flowers
in axillary, invohicrate, finally terminal heads.
D. brachi^ta. ''pr. St. G-angled, braehiate-branehed. glabrous ; lvs. ovate-oblong,
Bubentire, obtusely aoiminate, contracted at base to a l<>ng petiole; \\i\». few-
flowered, sessile or the 1ow(T on a leafy peduncle, the upper ;jt li.'ngth spieato;
involuerate lvs. very unequal ; oapsulo oval the valves lirsi curving ba^tkward^
m
\
636
Order 88.— VERBL^NACE^
then each splitting from the dorsal rib and curving upwards from tlie baae.^
Roanoke R., N. Car. (Purah) to Ga. (Pond ud La. (Hale). Plant 2 to 3f high,
Ivs. 2 to 3' long, on stalks half as long. ¥\ purple, 5 or 6" long.
8. RHYTIGLOS'SA, Nees. (Gr. ^f rtc,, a wrinkle, yAwaaa, tongue ;
referring to the wrinkled palate.) Calyx 4 or 5-parted ; corolla bilabi-
ate, upper lip narrow, lower 3-lobed, with a rugous, veiny palate ; stam-
ens 2 ; anther cells more or less distinct, subtransverse, placed one
above the other ; capsule compressed, 4-seeded from the middle up-
wards; seeds tuberculate, with hooks. — Herbs, loose-leaved, with axil-
lary or spicate, bracted tiowers.
1 R. pedunculdsa Nees. Erect, angular, very smooth ; Ivs. long-lanceolate,
scarely oblique or ensilbrm, obscurely crenato or wav}', subpotiolato ; spikes axil-
lary, subcapitate, on very long peduncles opposite or alternate ; bracts and sepals
lanciolate, subequal. half as long (3") as the ringent corolla ; lower half of the cap-
sule empty, valvcj recurved when ripe. — River banks, Niagara to Tex. and Ga.
Plant 2 to 3f, Ivs. 2 to 4' by 6 to 12", Corollas 6" long, violet-purple. Caps,
same length. Jn. Jl. (Dianthera Americana L. Justicia peduuculosa Mx.)
2 R. ensiformiB. Decumbent at base, then erect, very slender, 4-angled, smooth •,
Ivs. linear, oblique or ensiform, very entire, thick, sessile ; peduncles subterminal,
very long ; spikes at length loose-flowered ; bracts half as long as the linear sub-
ulate sepals which are a third as long as the showy corollas. — E. Ga. to Apalaclii-
cola, Fla. St. 1 to 2f high, in bogs. Lvs. 3 to 6' by 2 to 3". Ped. twice as
long. Cor. purple, 1' or more long, resembling those of Arethusa. Confounded
with the preceding hitherto, but very different. (.Justicia ensiformis Walt. ?)
3 R. humilis Nees. 61'>,brous, ascending, 4-angled ; lvs. oblong or lanceolate, or
the lower oval, obtusish, subcrenate, attenuate at base to a short petiole ; spikes
simple, axillaiy, pedunculate; Jls. loose, mostly secund; bractlets much shorter than
the subulate calyx lobes, wY'-<th equal tlio tube of the small corolla; caps, acumi-
nate, the lower half empty and stalk-like. — S. Car. to Fla. and La. Plant 1 to 2f
high, often much lower. Lvs. 2 or 3' long, the spikes at lengtli exceeding them,
5 to 10-flowered. Cor. 5" long, light purple? (Justicia humilis Mx.)
9. CYRTAN'THERA, Noes. {KvpTog, curved, avOi]pa) Calyx 5-cloft
or parted, equal ; corolla ringent, upper lip falcate, lower in 3 narrow
segments; stamens 2, recn, ed at apex, anthers short, nodding, capsule
4-seeded ? — Herbs from tropical America, with showy clusters of flowers.
C. carnea. Stem stout, tall, half-shrubby ; lvs. ample, ovate, subdeltoid or oval-
oblong, long-cuneato at base, petiolate; bracts and bractlets lanceolate, acu-
minate, ciliate, larger than the calyx ; fls. in a dense, thyrso-like, terminal head,
light purple or flesh-colored, large, many in bloom at once. — In the greenhouse. |
(justicia caruea Hook. C. magnitica Nees.) ' >
Order LXXXVIII. VERBENACE^. Vervains.
Herbs (or generally shrubs and trees) with opposite, exstlpulate leaves. Flowers
with a bilabiate or more or less irregular monapetalous corolla. Stamens 4, didyna-
mous, rarely equal, sometimes only 2. Style 1. Fruit dry or drupaceous, 2 to
4-celled (1 -celled in Phryma) forming as many 1-seeded nutlets. Seeds erect or
pendulous, with little or no albumen.
Oenerd .50, upe'iea 7(H), the lierbs chiefly natives of temperate regions, the sliriibs and treos of
warm and tropical regions, wliero in some instances they are very large. The Teak-tree (Tec-
toria grandis) of India, justly styled the " Oak of the East" is a timber tree of great size, ul'tcii
li:() feet in heiuht. The wood isgreatly durable, and contains silex. Medicinal properties un-
imi)ortant. The order affords many fine ornaments for th" garden.
GENERA.
I Herbs. Fruit dry,- of 4 1-seeded carpels, Corolla 6-parted Veubrna. 1
— of 2 one-seeded carpels. Corolla 4-p:irte(l Lipi'ia. 3
— of 1 one-seeded nutlet. Corolla bilabiate rnRYMA. 8
'•S
Ordbr 88.— VERBENACE^.
687
1
a
8
I Shroba. Fruit fleshy.— Flowers 4-parted, axillary. Drupe 4-seedcd Calucarpa. 4
— Flowers 4-|>ai ted, axillary. Dnii)0 i-seeilcd Lantana. 5
—Flowers 4-i>arte(l, terminal. Drupe 2-seeded Alovsia. 6
— Flowers 5-parted. — Seeds 4. Leaves .simple Clkkokk.nukum. 7
— Seed 1. Leaves compound... ViiK.x. 8
1. YERBE^NA, L. Vervain. (Celtic fer-fmn^ to expel stone ; hence
Eng. vervairij Lat. verbena.) Calyx 6-toothed, with one of the teeth
often shorter ; corolla funnel-form, limb somewhat unequally fi-lobed ;
stamens 4, included, the upper pair sometimes abortive ; drupe splitting
into 4, 1-seeded, indehiscent carpels. — Herbs or undershrubs. Lvs. op-
posite. Fls. sessile, mostly in spikes or lids.
• Spicatc ; the open corollas lateral in slender spikes, (a)
a Stem .simple (mostly) bearing a single spike. Leaves oblong No.s. 1, j!
a Stem branched, with many spikes. — Leaves mostly simple Nos. 8---6
— Leaves much divided Nos. 6 — 8
• Coryriibeil ; the open corollas forming a terminal (spike) corymb Nos. 9 — 1 1
1 V. angUBtifdlia Mx. Erect, mostly simple ; lvs. ohlong-linear, tapering to the
base, remotely serrate, with furrowed veins; spikes tilitbrm, solitary, axillary avid
terminal ; cor. blue; bracts as long as calyx. A small, hairy species found on rocky
hills and other dry soils, N. Y. to Va., W. to the Miss. St. not more tlian a foot
high, with narrow (2 to 3' by 3 to 5"), rough lvs. and slender spikes of deep
blue fls. Jl. (V. rugosa Willd.)
2 V. Caroliniana L. Assurgent subsimple, scabrous-puberulent ; lvs. oblong-
obovate, obtuse or bluntly acute, crenate-dentate, sessile; fls. in a loose terminal
spike ; cor. large, rose-colored ; brads minute, half as long as the calyx ; carp. 4,
not separating. — If Dry soils, P. States, common. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 18" to
3', varying to oval, and in some specimens decidedly hastate I often acute. Spike
6 to 12' long. Fls. showy, 6" long, cal. 2". May— Jl.
3 V. hastdta L. Common Vervain. Erect; lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, incisely
serrate, petiolate, the lower ones lobed or hastate; spikes erect, dense, slender,
panicled; fls. imbricated. — If Frequently by roadsides and in low (grounds,
mostly throughout the U. S. and Can. St. 3 to 6f high, with paniculate, opposite
branches above. Lva rough and rugous, 2 to 4' long, variously toothed. Fls.
small, blue, arranged in long, close, imbricated spikes which are erect and parallel-
Jl. — Sept. §Eur. (V. panlculata Lam.) — Varies with the lvs. incised or piunali'
lid, and spikes loose-flowered ; — evidently hybrids. (Engelm.)
4 V. urticaefdlia L. Erect, subpubescent ; lvs. ovate and ovate-lanceolate, serrate,
acute, petiolate; spikes axillary and terminal, loose filiform ; fls. separate; bracts
shorter than tiio calyx. — li About roadsides and rubbish. A weed of uninviting
appearance, 2 to 3f high, with lvs. resembling those of the nettle. It has long,
slender, weak, green divergent spikes remotely filled with small, white, distinct
flowers. Seeds 4. Jl., Aug. § Eur.
5 V. stricta Vent. Mullein-leaved Vervain. Hirsute and hoary ; si. thick
rigidly erect, branched above ; lvs. oval or obovate, unequally dentate, sessile, acute,
rugous; spikes erect, strict, imbricate and dense-flowered. — If An erect, rigid,
and rather handsome species, in dry fields, W. States, common. Very hirsute, I
to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2', numerous, veiny and whitish beneath. Cor.
, blue, thrice larger (4 ' broad) than in V. lia.stata. Jl.
6 V. bractidsa ^Lx. Decumbent, branched, divaricate, very hairy ; lvs. laciniate,
rugous ; spikes terminal, thick, many-flowered ; bracts lance-linear, longer than the
fis., thrice longer than the calyx. — If Dry fields and roadsides. Mid. W. and S.
States. Whole plant hairy and hoary, 8 to 16' long, remarkable for its squarrous,
bracted spikes. Lvs. 1 to 2' long. Fls. small, blue. Jn. — Sept. (Zapania, Lam.)
7 V. spCiria L. Assurgent, divaricately branching, hairy ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, Z-cleft,
laciniately lobed and toothed; spikes slender, loose; bracts a little longer than the
calyx. — U Conn., Md. to Oa. An unsightly plant, with a square stem, I to 2f
high, half erect, di- and trichotomoua above. Lvs. attenuate and subpetiolate at
base. Spikes 3 to 6' long, dense before flowering, loose afl;er. Cal. 1' long, cor.
2 ', blue. Aug., Sept. — Diflers from V. oflQcinalia of Europe in its petiolate lv.s.
and longer bracts.
¥r
Hii
#1
1 •- im
i 'i;
f!H
If
538
Ordkr 88.— VEllBKNAO«.E.
8 V. strigdaa Hook. Erect, rigid, strigouH-pubescent, hoary, branched ; Ivs. oh-
long, ^-parted to the hose, incisely lobed and toothed, sessile ; fls. iu loose, strict
spikes; cor. large; bracts as long as the calyx; carp. 4, not separating. — N. Or-
leans (Hale). St. hollow, 2 to 3f high, acutely 4-angled. Lf. lobes all acute,
very veiny. Cor. purple? 4 to 5' long.
9 V. Aubletia L. Weak, assurgent, rather hairy ; Ivs. ovate-oblong, ^-parted,
pinnatifid or incisely lobed and toothed, acute at base and petiolato ; spikes soli-
tary, pedunculate ; bracts half cr«s loytg as the cylindrical calyx ; corollas siiowy,
corymbed, segm. emarginate. — T) Va. to 111. (Lapham), La. and Fla. in dry soils,
also in gardens where its beautiful flowers present every variety of color. Apr.,
May.
10 V. chamaedrifdlia Smith. Ascending, hispid ; Ivs. oblong, acute, serrate,
lower .soinewliat lohod, upper subentire ; spike long-peduncled ; bracts a third as
long as the long-cylindric calyx; cor. showy, corymbed ; segm. emarginate. — "K
Many of tlie pretty garden Verbenas are varieties of this species from Buenoe
Ayres.
11 V. BOroria Don ? Prostrate, somewhat hairy ; hs. muUifid, with narrow,
ciliate segments ; spikes pedunculate, short ; bracts half as long as the Hleiuler
calyx ; cor. small, lobes emarginate. — Garden "Verbenas, with much smaller llow-
ers, usually pure white, j- Asia.
2. LIP'PIA, L. Fog-fruit. (To Augustus Lippi, a French pliysi
ciaii.) Calyx 2-pai'tt'(l, coinpressed, erect, membranous, shorter than
the tube of the corolla; corolla fiumel-shaped, limb sublabiate, tipper
lip entire or emarg. lower 3-lobcd ; stani. didynamous, included ; drupe
dry, thin, enclosed in the calyx, 2-seeded. — Shrubs or prostrate herbs,
with opposite Ivs. lids, of fls. on axillary peduncles. (Zapania, Juss.)
L. nodifldra Mx. Glabrous, procumbent ; st. 4-angled, geniculate, simple, Ivs.
lanceolate, varying to oblaiiceolate, obtuse or acute, cuneate at base, petioiate,
shorter than the peduncles. — If On river banks, Penn. to Ind., 111. and La. Sts.
If or more long. Lvs. with conspicuous veins, 1 to 2' long, ^ to ^ as wide, pe-
tioles 3 to 6". Ped. 2 to 3'. lids, ovoid or roundish, at length cylindric-oblong.
Fls. small, purplish white. Jl., Aug. (Z. iiodiflora and lanceolata Ph. &c.)
3. PHRY^MA, L. Lop-seed. Calyx cylindric, bilabiate, upper lip
longer, 3-clotk\ lower li[) 2-toothed ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip emargi-
nate, much Einaller than the 3-lobed lower one ; stamens included ;
fruit dry, oblong, striate, 1 -celled, 1-secdcd. — If Herbs with opposite
lvs. Fls. opposite, spicate, deflexed in fruit.
P. leptostaohya L. Rocky woods, Can. and U. S. Stem 2 — 3f high. Loaves
large (3 — G' long), tliiti and coarsely ti;olhed. on short stalks. Fls. small, oppo-
site, light purple, iu very long and slender spikes, of which one is terminal, the
rest oppt)site and axillary, each often with a pair of bracts bdow. After flower-
ing the calyx closes upou the fruit and becomes reflexed baekwards clo.so to the
stem. Jl.
4. CALLICAR'PA, L. French Mulrerry. (Gi. KaXXog, beautiful,
va^TTO^, fruit ; for its abundant purple berries.) Calyx 4-toothed, bell-
shaped ; corolla short-bell-shaped, limb of 4 obtuse segments ; stamens
4, unequal, exserted ; stigma capitate, 2-lobed; drupe juicy, enclosing 4
nutlets. — Shrubs with opposite lvs. and axillary, subumbcllate fls.
C. Amerioana L. Branches and lvs. beneath downy ; h- '. ovate, acuminate at
each end, crenate-dentate, smooth above; clusters cynK)>..s eoiii|)oimd, shorter
than the petioles; fruit forming dense verticils. — Light soils. S. States common.
Shrub nmch branched, 3 to 5f high. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 2 d 3' di.scolored beneath.
FiS. small, purple. Berries abundant, as large as in Bldef, sweetish. May — JL
5. LANTA'NA, L. (An ancient name for the Viburnum ; from the
resemblance.) Calyx membranous, minute, obsoletely 4-toothed ; cor.
Order 89.— LABIATE
53 !>
funnel-form, the tube long-exsertcd ; limb oblique, sublabiute, uj)per lip
bifid or entire, lower trifid ; stam. didynamous, included, inserted in tli(,
cor. tube; drupe fleshy, double, the parts separable, 1 -seeded. — Tropi-
cal shrubs with square stems, opposite leaves, and capitate, showy
flowers.
1 L. Cdmara L. Branches and ped. scabrous-pubescent, often aculeate; lv3.
ovate and ovate-oblong, or sv.bcordate, short-petiolate, serrate ; reticulate-rugous,
scabrous; ped. many, deiise-t lowered, subuiubellate, as long as the leaves; bracts
lance-linear, half as long as the corolla. — S. Ga., Fla. to La., and S. to Brazil.
Shrub 2 to 6F high. Fls. at first goldeti yellow, sotiu becoming orange and linally
red. Drupes small, blue. Jn. — Aug. (L. Barlramii Baldw.) f
2 L. mixta L. Plant ^)ifous-/tirs«<e, with widu-aprcad bratiehoa, mostly armed
with reversed prickles ; 1\^j. shaped as in No. 1; ped. longer than the leaves ; bracts
linear-lanceolate, hairy, the outer as long as the corolla. — (Jreenhou.so shrub
3 to 4f high. Fls. at tirst whitish, then yellow, nex , orange, lastly red. f
6. ALOYS'IA, Ortega & Palan. (To Mary Louisa, queen of Spain,
mother of Ferdinand.) Calyx deeply 4-clet't ; corolla tubular, litnh 4-
lobed, oblique; stam. didynamous, included; capsule double, parts 1-
seeded; stig. emarginate. — Shrubs with the small fls. in a panicle of
spikes or racemes. From S. Am. (Lippia, Schauer.)
A. citrioddra Kunth. Lsmon-scented Alotsia. Smooth or the branches
roughish ; Ivs. verticil, in 39 and 4s, linear-lanceolate, short-petioled, acute at
each end, mostly entire, glandular-punctate beneath, coriaceous, with divaricate,
straight veinlets : panicle terminal, naked or leafy below. — Gardens, cult, for its
delightful fragrance which is exhaled by the numerous small fls. as well as the
bruised leaves, f Paraguay.
7. CLERODEN'DRUM, L. (Gr. KAr^po?-, chance, (JKVfJpov, a tree ; re-
ferring to its doubtful medicinal effects.) Cal. bell-slmped, 5-toothod ;
cor. salver-form, tube often elongated, limb subcqually 5-cleft ; drupe
baccate, 4-carpeled, carpels, 1 -seeded. — Tropical shrubs or trees, witli
opposite leaves and fls. in cymes.
1 C. paniculatum L. Lvs. long-petioled, cordate-hastate, 5 to 7-lobcd, lobes
acute; panicle of cymes terminal, large, pyramidal; cor. tube slender, 4 times
longer than the calyx. — Shrub with ample leaves and scarlet (6'' long) corollas.
f Asia.
2 C. squamitum Vahl. T,v«. rotuidish, deeply n-ni form -cordate, lobes acimii-
nate, repand-dentate ; pyramiilnl panicle terminal, loose, wholly colored. — Shrub
8 to lOf high. Fls. scarlet. Stam. long-exserted. Cor. limb rovoluto. f .FapaiL
— Other species are rarely cult.
8. VITEX, L. Chastk-thee. Calyx S-toothcd ; cor, cup-shaped,
limb 5-lobed; bilabiate; stam. didyiuimous, ascending, exscrtcil; drupe
entire, 4-celIed, 4-seeded, — Shrubs with opposite, mostly digitate leaves,
and paniculate cymes.
1 V. Negundo, Leaves long-petiolate, digitately ternate or qiiinate, Ifts. ob-
long, acuminate, serrate ; panicle compound. — Shrub 4f high. Cor. purple, pulver-
ulent. Stam. little exserted. \ Mauritius.
2 V AgnuB-c^stuB L. Lvs. long-petioled, 5 — 7-foliate; Ifts. lanceolate,
acuminate, e .itire ; panicles terminal and axillary, interrupted; cymes subsea-
sile. — Shrub Gf high. Cor, pale, lilac. Stam. Joijg exserted. f S, I'jur.
i
1' 1
llM
I
Order LXXXIX. LABIAT^E. Labiate Plants.
Herha with square stems and opposite, aromatic, exstipulate leaves. Flowers
axillary, in verticillasters, Bometimes as if spiked or ia heada Corolla labiate
.
Mil
640
Order 89.— LABIAT^E.
(rarely regular), upper lip 2-cleft or eutiro, archod or almost wanting, overlapprtiii
in bud the lower 3-cleft, usually larger lip. Stamens 4, didytiuuious, or ouiy 2.
Anthers 2-celled, cells often separat*?*!. Ovary free, deeply 4-lobed, tho single style
arising from the base of the lubes. Fruit compotied of 4, or by abortion fewer, sep-
arable, 1 -seeded nuts or acheaia.
Illustrations in Figs. 75, 86, 117, 325, 273, 351.
Genera 125, «necie«2350, chiofly natives of temperate regions, being most abundant between
latitudes 40° and 50° of tho nortiiern hemisphere.
Properties. — This well Itnown ffiniily is universally pervaded by an ammatic, volatile oil, and
a bitter principle ; the former rendering them eminently tonic, cordial, and stomaebie ; the lat-
ter, where it prevails, fobrifugal. Tlie Pennyroynl, 'Lavender, 3(i(fe, Hoarhound, Thyme,
Spearmint, Peppermint, //orxeiiiint, Rosetnary, dec, tic, plants whose qualities are too well
known to require particular mention here, are all members of this useful family. Not one 6p«>
oiefl ia poisonous or even suspicious.
TRIBES AND OENERJL
{ Stamens 2, perfect,— ascending beneath the galea ; onthers 1-celled. (Tribe IV.)
— exscrtiil, distant; anthers "i-celled (d).
$ Stamens 4, perfect,— all declined towards the lower Up. (Tribe I.)
—erect, or ascending towards the upper lip (2).
2 Stamens of equal length, corolla almost regular, 4 to 5-lobed ('c).
2 Stamens, the upper pair longer than the lower (outer) and calyx 13 to IC-veined. (Trlba V.J
2 Stamens, the lower pair longer than the upper (interior) pair (3).
3 Stamens divergent, apart, mostly straight and cxserted (e).
3 Stamens parallel, ascending and long-exserted from the upper side (b).
3 Stamens parallel, ascending in pairs beneath the upper lip (4).
4 Calyx 13-veined, 6-toothed, and somewhat 2-llpped (f).
4 Calyx 5 to 10-veined, or irregularly netted (5).
5 Calyx strongly 2-lipped, upper lip truncate, closed in fruit (h).
5 Calyx not 2-lippcd, 3 or 4-lobed, open in fruit (k).
5 Calyx fciibequally 5-toothed, teeth not spincscent (m).
6 Calyx subequally 5-toothed, teeth spinescent (n).
5 Calyx unequally 9 to 10-toothed (o).
L OCIMOIDE.^.— Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower entire, flattish OofMUM. I
— Corolla upper lip 4-lobed, lower saccate, deflexed 11 yptis. 3
— Corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed Lavandula. S
II. AJUGOIDE.iE. — b Stamens exserted through a fl.ssuro in the tube .Teucrium. 4
b Stamens very long, involute, arching the corolla., .. .Tricuobtemma. S
*C Corolla limb equally 5-lobed. Stamens short Isantuus. 6
III. SATUBEJE.^ — (Stamens diverging or ascending, 2-celled. Cor. lobes flattish, spreading.)
♦c Corolla limb 4-Iobod, upper lobo broadest Mentha. 7
d Corolla nearly regular, 4-lobed. Calyx naked in the throat Lycopus. 8
d Corolla bilabiate, — cyanic, throat naked. Stamens straight Cunila. 9
—cyanic, throat naked. Stamens ascending Hedeoma. 10
— yellow, throat with a hairy ring inside Collinsonia. 1 1
9 Calyx 15- veined. Stamens exserted, divergent Hvssoi'us. 12
e Calyx 10-veined, the veins obscured by hairs. Cor. yellow, fringed Collin80nia. 11
e Calyx 10 to 18-veinod,— throat naked. — Stamens straight, divergent Pycnantiirmum. 13
—Stamens ascending, anth. 8purles8..SATUBEJA. 14
— Stamens ascending, anth. spurred. Dickka.ndka. 15
— throat hairy- Bracts roundish, largo Origanlm. 16
— Bracts narrow, minute Tutmits. 17
f Tube of the corolla straight. Leaves small, subcrenate or entire Calamintiia. 18
f Tube of the uoroUa curved upwards. Leaves large, coarse-crenate Membra. 19
IV. MONABDE.JL — Conncctile long, transverse, distancing the anther cells Salvia. 20
— Connectile continuous with fll. toothed ot the juncture Rosmarinus. 21
— Connectile inconRpicuous— Calyx subequally toothed Monabda. 22
—Calyx bilabiate, aristate Blepiitllia. 28
V. NEPETEiB.— Stamens distant, exserted. Flowers in terminal spikes Lopiiantiiub. 24
— Stamens all ascending. — Anther cells divergent, much Nepkta . 26
—Anther cells divergent, little.. .Dracocrpiiai.u.m. 26
—Anther cells parallel. Fls. large.. .Cedronklla. 27
TL STACHTDE^ (Stamens parallel, ascending. Cor. upper lip galeate. Cal.6 to 10-veined.)
h Calyx lipg toothed, upper 3 teeth minute, lower 2 large Bbiinblla. 28
ORDKit 8a.— LABIATE. 641
h C»lyx lips entire, upixT with nn iiiipon i:ice on the back Sri-rrtXAKi.v. "JO
k Calyx 3-lubc(i. Authors uli <li!<tiiioi. Flowertt piirpiH tstroaketl Mai iikikka. :{|
k C:ilyx 4-lobc(l. AntlitTS, tile lligile^t pair coiiniite Syn.vnuua. 81
ni Corolla lubo inflated in the niulst, whitish. Lips small I'livso.vifciiiA. u'i
m Corolla tube inflated ut the throat, purple. Lower II |( loiii; La.>iium. SA
m Corolla inflated in the broad, 'oiicavi! upper lip, purple or yellow Piilo.mis. ."U
m Corolla not inflated, .il;ort.—<'ulyx sal vor-forui, l()-ribbe<l H.m.i.ota. i55
(aly.x broad-bell-1'orm, netted Moi.i.i t f.i.i.A :!rt
n Anthers opening transversely, ciliate IVinired. Lvs. notched Oai.ki>i'sih. ;t7
n Anthers opening lengthwise. — Achcnia rounded ut the toji Staciivs. Hi
— Aclit^nla truncate, S-anjiled ;it l'>p Lk.oni'ki's. .10
O Corolla white, upper lip llatti.sh. !?tylo equally bifid MAiiKfiinM. 4i»
O Corolla white, upper lip concave. Style unetpially bifid I^ktcas. 41
O Corolla scarlet, exserted. Calyx upper tooth lonire.st Leonotis. I'i
1. O'CIMUM, L. Sweet Bakil. (Or. 0(^(0, to smell ; tlio phiiits arc
strongly aromatic.) lJ[)p(M' lip of calyx orhicular, lower 4-ti<l ; corolla
rosupiiiate, one lip 4-cleft, tlic other undivided ; stamens 4, dci-Iiiicil,
the lower pair longer, tin; u] per often with a process at their base. —
Verticels 6-tlowered, in terminal, interrupted racemes.
O. basilicum L. Lvs. smooth, ovato oblong, subdcntate, petiolatr ; c;il. tili-
ato. — {'£) Plant 6 to 12' hi li, with pocn'iarly smooth and soft leave;- variously
colored, exhaling a deligi f'ul odor. Si. retrorsely pubescent above, branched.
St;un. exserted. Fls. white or bluish. Jl., Aug. \ E. India. Cultivated ii.s a
culinary herb.
2. HYP'TIS, L. (Gr. vTTfoc:, supine ; from the apparently rcsupiii-
ate corolla.) Calyx 5-toothcd, teeth acute or subulate ; corolla tube
cylindric, limb 5-iobed, the lower abruptly detlexed, contracted at its
base, the 4 otiiers flat, erect or spreading; stamens 4, declinate ; ach-
enia ovoid or oblong. — In our species the flowers are capitate.
1 H. radiata Wdld. llorbaoeous; lvs. ylabrous, lance-ovate, unequally crenate-
sorrate, n.irrowed to a petiole; hds. globular, long-pedunculate; brarfs lance-
ohlrmg, obtuse, forming an involucre, longer than the calyx, as if radiate; cal. tectli
.i.iitely sul>ulate, rigid. — U In damp fields, Car. to Fla. and La., comtnon. St.
18 to 3f higli, s(iuaro and hollow. Lvs. with their stalks 3 to 5' long. lids,
hemispherical in Ilower, in fruit globular. Invol. about 12-leaved. Jl. — Sept.
2 H. spicSta Poit. Branches aculeate-scabrous on the angles ; lvs. ovate, un-
equally serrate, acute, petiolate, lohitish puberulent beneath; hds. loosely racemed,
semi-oval, scarcely as long as their peduncles; racemes panicled; bracts ovate,
much sltorter than the calyx. — If In Fla. Plant 1 to 2f high. Hds. 4 to 7-flowercd.
Cal. inflated at base, truncate, with short, setaceous teeth. Cor. violet-blue.
3. LAYAN'DULA, L. Lavender. (Lat. lavare, to wash. Used in
perfumery.) Calyx ovoid-cylindric, with 5 short teeth, the upper one
often largest; corolla upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, lobes all nearly
equal ; tube exserted ; stamens included. — U .
L. spica L. Lvs. lincar-oblanceolate, tapering to the base, sessile, revolutc
at the edge, the upper ones linear-lanceolate, the highest shorter than the calyx ;
spike interrupted; bracts subulate. — Plant 12 — 18' high, sutfruticous, branching
from the base. Leaves crowded at the base of the branches, clothed with a whit-
ish down. Calyx villous. Cor. much exserted, lilac-colored. Jl. J — The plant
is delightfully fragrant, and by distillation yields the well known oil of lavender.
4. TEUXRIUM, L. Germandeu. {Teucer, the founder of Troy, is
said by Pliny to have first employed it medicinally.) Calyx subcani-
pullulate and subregular, in 6 acute segmfints; corolla with the 4 upper
lobes nearly equal, the lowest largest, roundish ; stamens 4, exserted
from the deep cleft in tlie upper side of the tube.
I 'i
:k
^'
,;;i^
/ 1.
■' ill
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
1.1
l^|28 |25
Ui 122 12.2
MS. 12.0
us
L25 III 1.4
I
1.6
6"
Photographic
Sciences
Corporatton
•SJ
i;
\
^v
33 WIST MAIN STMET
WnSTM.N.Y. 14510
(716) S73-4S03
'^^U%
I
Il
u
542
Order 89.— LABIATE.
T. CanadSnse L. Plant erect, hoary-pubescent; Ivs. lanceolate, acute, serrate,
petiolate ; bracts linear-lanceolate, about as long as the calyx ; spike long, of
ni^vny crowded verticils of tiowera ; upper teeth of calyx broader. — 21 Can. and
U. S., fields and road-sides. St. about 2f high, usually simple, square, with con-
cave sides. Lvs. 3 tiiu.'S as long as wide, somewhat rounded at base, green
above, more or less lioarj- beneatli. Fls. disposed in a terminal spike. Cor. pur-
plish, apparently without the upper lip, instead of which is a fissure through
which the stamens arf- exserted. Jl.
(3. '\''ii{QiNic'jjr. Lvs. ovate-oblong, crowded, large, subsesbde. (T. Virgini-
cum L.) — A well marked variety.
5. TRICHOSTE'MA, L. Blue Curls. (Gr. 9p/|, hair, OTrjfiay
stamen ; for its long, hair-like filaments.) Calyx very oblique, veiny,
unequally 5-toothed, lower lip of 2 short teeth, upper twice as long, of
3 teeth, all acute; corolla tube slender, short, limb obliquely 5-lobed;
stamens 4, filaments very long, exserted and curved ; anther cells divari-
cate. — (D Cymes loose, the central, that is, terminal fls. incurved, or re-
supinate by the continued growth of the stem. Cor. blue.
1 T. dioh6toma L. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, attenuate at base, obtuse, entire pu-
bescent, as well as the stem and branches. — Dry or rocky soils, Mass. to Ga., La.,
111. An interesting plant a foot high. St. obtusely 4-angled, hairy, busliy.
Branches opposite and dichotomous. Lvs. slightly petiolate, 1' to 18" long, 4 to
7" wide. Fls. axillary and terminal, becoming inverted by the bending of the
pedicel. Cor. purple. Stam. slender, of a delicate, purplish hue, gracefully bend-
ing from the lower lip of the corolla to the upper, forming an archi. Aug.
2 T. lineAre Nutt. Lvs. linear, nearly smooth ; st. and branches puberwlent. — •
Dry soils, N. Y. (at Salem) to Ga. and La. Very slender, a foot high, branched
above, or often its whole length. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, 2" rarely 3" wide, Cal.
very veiny, the short triangular teeth setaceously acuminate. Fls. as in the other,
about 4" long. Jl., Aug.
6. ISAN'THUS, Mx. False Pennyroyal. (Gr. laog, equal, dvdoc,
the flowers being regular ; a character very rare among the Labiatae.)
Caiyx subcampanulate, equally 5-toothed, throat naked; corolla 5-parted,
tube straight and narrow, segments of the border ovate and equal ; sta-
mens subequal, incurved, ascending, longer than the corolla. — U Herb
viscid pubescent, with lance-elliptic, entire lvs. acute at each end. Fls.
axillary.
I. ccerdleus Mx. — Branching, leafy, in dry fields, N. and W. States, with the as-
pect of Peimyroyal. St. rounded, slender, 12 — 18' high, witli branches and lvs.
opposite. Lvs. an inch or less in length, and a fourth as wide, distinctly tripli-
veined. Fls. numerous, 1 or 2 in each axil, blue. Csilyx loaves lanceolate,
longer than the tube. Jl.
7. MENTHA, L. Mint. [Miutha., the daughter of Cocytus, is fabled
to have been changed into one of these plants.) Calyx equally 5-toothed ;
corolla nearly regular, tube scarcely exserted, border 4-cleft, the broad-
est segment emarginate ; stamens 4, straight, distant ; anther cells par-
allel ; filaments naked. — 11 Strong scented herbs. Fls. in dense ver-
ticils.
JVorticils approxiinntln^, forminr; a terminal, loafless spike Nos. 1, 2
Verticils reuoie, axillaiy. Calyx naked in the throat Nog. 8, 4
1 M. viridis L. Spearmint. Lvs. subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, acute, inoisely
serrate ; bracts s(.t;ieeous, and, with the teeth of the calyx, somewhat hairy ; spikea
slender, interrupted, attenuate above. — H. Can. and U. S. Plant highly esteemed
for its agreeable, aromatic properties. In wet soils, rapidly spreading by its creep-
ing roots, with erect, brancbing, 4-angled stalks, 1 — 2f high. Spikes composed of
Order 89.— LABIATiE.
543
distinct, axillary cymes, apparently whoried, a little remote from each other.
Peduncles smooth, round, shining. Corollas pale purple. .11., Aug. § Eur.
2 M. piperita Smith. Peppermint. Lvs. smootli, ovate, and lanceolate, serrate,
petiokUe; bracts lanceolate ; eai. quite smootli at base, punctate; spiken vbUmg or
cylindric, obtuse. — Wet places, and cultivated in gaixleus. It has a more pene-
trating taste and stronger smell than the other species, pimgent to the tongue,
followed by a sensation of coldness. The plant has a purplish stem, 2 to 3f high,
with scattered, deflexed hairs. Lvs. sharply serrate, dark -green. Spikes seldom
more than 1' in length. Cor. purplish. Jl. g Eur.
3 M. arv^nsis L. Corn Mint. Field Mi.nt. St. ascending, much branched,
retrorsely hirsute; lvs. ovate, serrate, petiolate, w ite, rounded or abrupt at base;
verticils axillary; pedioels smooth; cal. hirsute. — Penn., Ohio, rare. St. stout,
often erect, about If in height. Lva. var5ring to oblong or- ovate-lanceolate, some-
times nearly smooth, about twice longer (1 to 2') than wide, several times longer
than the petioles. Fls. rmall, numerous, pale purple. The plant smells like diy
cayed cheese. Jl. § Eur.
4 M. Canadensis L. Horsemint. Ascending, soft-pubesc«nt with spreading
hairs; lvs. petiolate, lanceolate, serrate, acute at each end; fls. in axillary cymes;
stam. generally exsertcd. — Can. to Ky. and Penn. An herbaceous, grayish plant,
1 to 2f high, growing in muddy situations. St. square, u.sually branched and
beset with spreading hairs. Lvs. serrate, on opposite, downy footstalks. Fls.
apparently in whorls, pale purple. Calyx hairy. Aromatic hke Pennyroyal but
less so. Jn., Jl.
/i. BOREALis. Plant nearly smooth. (M. borealis Mx.)
8. LYC'OPUS, L. Water Hoarhound. (Gr. Xvko^, a wolf, Trotf, a
foot; a fanciful name.) Calyx tubular, 4 — 5-clcft; cor. subregular, 4-
cleft, the tube as long as the calyx, upper segment broadest, emargi-
natc; sta. 2 distant, diverging, simple ; ity. straight, as long as the
st.imens ; ach. 4, obliquely truncate at apex. — li Bog herbs, with the
very small fls. in axillary, dense clusters.
1 L. Virgfnicus L. Bugle Weed. Lvs. broad-lanceolate, serrate, tapering and
entire at both ends; cal. teeth 4, obtuse, spineless, shorter than the achonia. — Can.
and U. S., in wet soils. St. smooth, obtusely 4-angk'd, with the sides concave,
12 to 18' high, usually simple, bearing small whorls of minute purplish fls. Lvs.
with remote, teeth-liko serratures, petiolate or very slender at base. The whole
plant often changes to purple. It olleu sends out long slender runners from the
base. Jl., Aug.
2 L. sinuatus Ell. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate or lance ovate, petiolate, acute.
sinuate-toothed or lobed, the lower incised ; calyx teeth 6, acutn inate-spinescent, longer
than the smooth achenia. — A plant in wet places, widely ditl'used and excf'cdingly
variable, scarcely two specimens similar. St. I to 2f high, sharply angled rarely
stolonife>xm8. Lvs. 1 to 2 to 4' long, the segments quite uno(iual. Clusters very
small. Aug. (L. sinuatus Ell., Benth., &c.) — It dyes a permanent black.
3 L. rubellUB Mcench. Stolons creeping; stems sub-erect, minutely puberulent;
lv8. lanoe-ovate to lance-oblong, acuminate, serrate or deeply toothed, petiolate,
puberulent ; calyx teeth acuminate, nearly as long as the corolla ; sterile stamens
minute. — Ohio to Va. and La. Stems 6—20', often reddened. Lvs. 1 — 2^-
Corollas very short. (L. angustifolius N.)
9. CUNTLA, L. Dittany. (The ancient Roman name for Penny,
royal.) Calyx lO-ribbed, equally 5-toothed, throat densely villous;
upper lip )f corolla flat, emarginatc; stamens 2, erect, exserted, distant.
C. Maridna L. Lvs. ovate, serrate, aubsessile ; cymes pedvmculate, corymbous,
axillary and terminal. — % Grows on rocks and in dry woods, N. Y. to Ga. and
Ark. Stem 4-angled, mostly purple, branching, smoothish, 1 — 2f high. Leaves
small, nearly smooth, roundish or subcordate at base, tapering to a point and
punctate with pelhicid dots. Flowers with subulate bracts at the base ol' the
3-forked pedicels. Calyx punctate. Corolla nearly twice as long as the calyx,
m
!'f.i
■:\%
} ,
-tf-F
'!
544 Order 89.— LABIATiE.
p'.'bescent, palo red. Stamens uiid style much exserted, of the same hue as the
corolla. Tiie herb is delightfully fragrant, and used in febrifugal infusions.
JI., Aug.
10. HEDEO^MA, Pers. American Pennyroyal. (Gr. ijdvg, swoet,
oafii), smell.) Calyx 13-striate, gibbous at base, bilabiate, throat hairy,
upper lip 3-toothecl, lower 2-cleft ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect, flat,
einargiiiate, lower spreading, 3-lobed ; stamens 2 fertile, ascending. —
Low, fragrant herbs.
1 H. pulegioides Pers. Lvs. oblong, few-toothed, petiolate, narrowed to each end ;
verticils axillary, 6-tiowered ; cor. equaling the calyx. — (1) A small, strong-scented
herb, held in high repute in tiie domestic materia medica. Stem erect, branching,
6 higii. Leaves opposite, with 1 — 2 teeth each side, on very short jjetiolea,
smooth on the upper surface, roughish beneath. Calyx ciliatc, 2 lower divisions
spined. Abundant in dry pastures, Can. and U. S. Flowering all summer.
2 H. hispida Ph. Lvs. linear, entire, s&isile, obtuse; verticils about 6-flowered;
cor. scarcely as long as the calyx. — (t) Borders of the Mississippi and Missouri, to
Ark. Herb a ievf inches high, branching, very leafy and somewhat hairy. Lvs.
6' long. Cal. teeth awned. Jl.
3 ? H. bractiolata Nutt. Pubescent, simple, slender ; lvs. linear lanceolate,
acute at each end, entire ; pedicels setaceously bracteolate, 3 to 5-fiowered ; cal,
oblong, equal; cor. minute? — Car. (Nuttall). (Micromeria? Benth,)
11. COLLINSO^NIA, L, Horse Balm. (To John Collinson, an
English botanist.) Caly.x ovoid, 10-striate, upper lip truncate, 3-
toothed, lower 2-cleft ; corolla exserted, campanulate-ringent, upper lip
in 4 snbequal lobes, lower lip longer, declined, fimbriate ; stamens 2
(Barely 4), much exserted, divergent. — 1( Herbs strong scented, with
large, ovate, serrate, petiolate lvs. and yellowish fls,, in a terminal, leaf-
less panicle or raceme.
• Stauiens 2 perfect — the upper pair of fllamonts minute points No*. 1, 2
— tlio upper pair of filaments capitate. Southarn No. 3
• Stamens 4 perfect, long exserted. Leaves very larpe. Southern Nos. 4, o
1 C. Canadensis L. Glabrous or sparsely pubescent ; lvs. acuminate, coarsely
serrate, abrupt or subcordato at base ; panicle loose, elongated ; cal. teeth sub-
ulate, not longer than its tube ; stani. 2, exserted. — A coarse herb, in woods and
fields, Can. to Ky. and Car. St. 4-sided, 3 to 4f high (smooth or a little pubes-
cent). Lvs. thin, 6 to 8' long and 3 to 4' wide. Fls. in a large compound ra-
ceme, with opposite brandies and pedicels. Cor. 5 to G" long, greenish-yellow,
the lower lip elongated and fringed. Style and stamens very long. Flowering
in summer.
/3. TUBERoSA. Lvs. some yhat rhombic-oval, acut'j at both ends; fls. smaller.
— Car to La. (Hale). (0 tuberosa Mx.)
2 C. scabriuscula Ait. Nearly glabrous; lvs. smaU (18" to 3' hug), acute,
rather abrupt at base,- scabrous on the upper surface; panicle very loose, leafy at
base ; fls, small; cal. teeth subulate, scarcely longer than its tube ; stam. 2,
sterile fll. minute. — S. Cir to Fla., near Savannah. Plant 2 to 6f high. Petioles
half as long as the leave.s. Fls. opposite. Cor. thrice as long (4 to 5") as calyx.
Sept. — Nov.
3 C. punctata Ell. Pubescent, lvs. large (5 to 7' long), acuminate, rather acute
at base, conspicuously resinous-punctate beneath ; rnc. paniculate, the lower axil-
lary; fls. small; cal. tenth subulate-awned, longer than its tube; stam. 2, exserted,
sterile fU. capitate. — Rich soils, S. Our. and Ga. (Foay). Plant 2 to 6f high.
Petioles a third as long as the leaves. Cor, twice longer (4 to 5") than calyx
teeth. Sept., Oct.
4 C. vertioflldta Baldw. Viscid-pubescent above ; lvs. broad-oval, acute or
acuminate, abrupt at base, coarsely dentate, falsely verticillate by the proximity of
pairs; roe. simplt, elongated, with Uiefls. verticilkUe ; c-al. teeth setaceous-pointed;
ObDBR 89.— labiate.
545
Btaiii. 4. — On Lookout Mt. Tenn. I to Middle Ga Plant 1 to 2f high, Btmpkj.
Lvs. large (6 to 8' long), petioles about 2'. Rac. 5 to 10 . Fls, twice larger (7
to 9" long) than in Nos. 2 and 3. Stam. and sty. Tery long, spreading. Lower
lip strongly fringed. May, Jn.
5 C. anisata Ph, Viscid-pubescent; lvs. broad-ovate, acute, subserrate, at base
cordate or truncate, scabrous above, the floral similar, very small, sessile ; pan-
icle dense-flowered ; fls. opposite ; cal. teeth ovate, obtuse, with a short mucro, the
2 upper longer ; stam. 4. — Middle Ga. (Feay), Ala., Fla. ? Plant 1 to 2f high.
Lvs. 5 to 7' by 3 to 5', very rugous, often short acuminate, pt-'tioles 1' to lu .
Fls. about as large as in No, 1. oi — Sept.
12. HYSSOTUS, L. Hyssop, {llobrcw ezeb ; Arabic uzzof ; English
hyssop.) Calyx tubular, 15-striate, equally 5-toothed, upper lip of the
corolla erect, flat, eniargiuato, lower lip 3-parted, the middle segment
largest, tube about as long as the calyx ; stamens 4, exscrted, diverging,
H. officinalis L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, sessile ; cal. teeth erect ;
fls. in racemous, secund verticils; middle division of the coroUa 2-lobed, entire.
— y Cultivated for its reputed medicinal properties. A handsome plant, grow-
ing in tufts 2f high, with delicate foliage and bright blue flowers. Jl. \ S. Eur.
13. PYCNANTHEMUM, Mx. Basil. (Or. -nvicvoi;, dense, avOo<;\
alluding to the dense, capitate inflorescence.) Calyx tubular, 10 to 13-
striate, 5-toothed, teeth equal or subbilabiate, throat naked within ; up-
per lip of corolla nearly entire, lower lip trifid, middle lobe longest, all
ovate, obtuse, stamens 4, distant, subequal, anthers with parallel cells. —
11 Erect, rigid herbs, all N. American. Verticils dense, many-flow-
ered.
§ Caly.x subbilabiate, in ilattlsh, often loose cymes. Leavos pctiolatc. (a)
% Oaly.x subeqtially cleft, in roundish, dense lieiuls (b)
a Teetli of tlio calyx ovate, acute, awnless No. 1
a Teeth of the caly.x produced into bearded awns, sh(H'ter than corolla Nos. '2 — 4
b Calyx teeth and bract;; with naked awns equating the corolla Nos. 6, Ci
b Calyx shorter than the t-'roUa, — Heads panicled. Leaves subpetiolate. . .Nos. 7 — 9
— Heads corynibed. Leaves sessile ...Nos. li) — Vi
— Head solitary, lan;e N o. 18
1 P. alb^BceuB Torr. k, Gr. Lvs, ovato or lance-ovate, subserrate, acuto at each end,
subglabrous, whitened beneath, the upper whitened both sides, all petiolatu ; lis.
separate, at length in little secund racemes; cal. teeth much shorter than ita
tube. — Ala. to La. St. 2 to 3f high, much branched. Lvs. 18' to 3' long, often
puberulent beneath. Cymes many, in fruit 1' to 18" broad. Fls. as in all the
species, small, reddish,
2 P. Ti^Uia Benth. L\'s. ovate or oblong, acuto or acuminate, subscrrato, and
with the stem vilUms-pubescent, the floral whitened, fls. separate, at length in little
secund simple ractmes;. cal. teoth ending in subulate, bearded awns, about e(pial-
ing the tube. — Mts. of Fi. Tenn., N. Car. to Ga. Lvs. as in No. 1, varying from
ovate to lanceolate. Lower lip of calyx somewhat shorter.
3 P. inc^num Mx. Wild Basil. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acute, subserrate, rounded
at the base, petiolato, hoary-tomentous beneath, the floral whitened both side.s ;
cymes dilated, not in racemes ; cal. teeth subequal, subulate, ariatate, bearded at
apex. — Rocky woods and barrens. Can., N. Mid., "W. States. St. 2 to 4f high,
covered with soft, whitish down like the rest cf the plant. Cymes all canesceut,
1' or less broad. Cor. pale red, dotted with purple. Aug. (P. Locmisii, Nutt.)
4 P. clinopodioides Torr. & Gr. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute at eacit
end, subserrate, smoothed above, pubescent beneath ; sis. and branches villous-
pubescent ; cymes contracted and almost capitate, terminal and sessile at the upper
nodes ; bracts ciliate ; cal. teeth subulate, often tufted with hairs at apex. — Dry
soils, N. Y., N. J., to Ind. Plant corymbously branched, 2 to 3f high, scarcely
oanescent, never whitened. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Cymes less than 6 ' broad. Aug.,
Sept
6 P. aiiatdtum Mx, Lvs. ovate-oblong, acute, subserrate, rounded at base, on short
petioles, and with the stem glabrous or minutely canescent-dowuy ; bracts rigi(^
36
§
./;
«:
:>■ \
:■'■' I
546
Obdkh 89.— LA-BIAT^
' I
f It' '
'}
8
pointed with beardless awus like the calyx tcetli, as loag as the corolla. — Pino
barrens, N. J. to Fla. St. 1 to 2f high. Lva. 18" to 2' long, the floral sometimL'.s
whitened. Heads few, rather larger (6 to 9 ' diam.)
P. hysBOpifdlium Beuth. Lvs. linear-oblong, obtuse, subentire, subsessile, and
with the stem glabrous or minutely canescent-downy ; hds. few, large (nearly 1 '
diain.). Barrens, Va. to Fla. and La. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, le>s
rigid than in No. 5.
P. Torrdyi Benth. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute, thin, nearly entire, tapering at
base to a very sliort petiole, and with the steta dightly pubtsctnt ; bracts and
subulate calyx teeth white-pubescent. — Dry soils, near N. Y.city to N.J. and Pa.
Perliaps too near P. ianceolatum, but the tapering, petiolate base of the long, nar-
row, .thin leaves are usually well delined. Cymes scarcely capitate. Aug.,
Sept.
P. pildsum Nutt. Lvs. lanceolate, subentire, acute at each end, subsossile, and
with the stem and branches more or less clothed ivith soft, spreading hairs ; cal.
teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, and with the bracts caueseent-villous. — Prairies, &c.,
WayneCo.N.Y.toIU.andS. Plant about 2f high, paniculately branched (but the
lower branches longer, ascending), hoary with a pubescence, never whitened.
Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Cymes somewhat dilated, hardly capitate, 6 to 9" broad. Aug.
P. miHticuin Pers. Lvs. ovate or ovate-lanceoluto, acute, remotely subserrate,
rounded or subcordaie at the base, subpetiolate, the upper with the corymbously
paniculate branches minutely pubescent and whitened; cal. teeth triangular-ovate,
equal, sh(yrt, the bracts scarcely longer, — Dry woods, Me. to La. Plant 2 to 3f
high. Lvs, of a firm texture, 1 to 2^' long, usually half as wide. Heads small,
compact, roundish, 4 to 6" diam. Cor. purplish white, dotted. Aug.
10 P. Ianceolatum Ph. Lva. linear-lanceolate, entire, acute, rigid, rounded at
base, sessile, nearly glabrous, the corymbous branches pubescent on the angles;
cal. teeth short, triangular-ovate, hairy. — Common in dry woods, Mass. to III,
Tonn. and N. Car. Handsome and fragrant, 1 to 3f high. Lv& 18 ' to 2' long,
2 to 5 ' wide. lids, dense, all raised to near the same level, 4 to 6" broad. Cor.
purplish, spatted. Aug.
11 P. liiiifdlium Ph. Glabrous, corymbed ; lvs. linear, attenuated to each end,
sessile, entire, rigid ; hds. compact ; bracts ciliato and cal. teeth puugenlly awn-
9
pointed, — Dry woods and prairies, Mass. to Iowa, Ky. and Ga. Plant
smooth, little fragrant,
small, numerous, dense.
to 2f high.
Fls. whitish.
Lvs. 1' to 18" long, 1
Aug.
to 3" wide.
very
Hds.
12 P. nilldum Nutt. Glabrous, pale green, subsimplo; lvs. small, few ovate-oblong,
obtufe at each end, entire, sessile ; fls. in loose heads, terminal, corymbed, inner
bracts subulate, very short. — Mts. N. Car, to Ga. St. strict, 1 to 2f high. Lvs.
erect, 1' long or less. Hds. few-flowered. Cor. pubescent. Jl., Aug.
13 P. mont^num Mx. Lvs. lanceolate, serrate, acute, the lower rounded at
base, glabrous as well as the stem ; hds. globous, subtended by many bracts, ter-
minal or sessile at the upper nodes ; bracts villous-ciliate, very acute, outei" ovate,
inner linear; cal. toeth short, sKJute. — Mts. Va. and Car. Plant resembling a Mo-
narda, 1 to 2f high, fragrant. Jl. (Monardella, Mx.)
14. SATURE^JA, L. Summer Savory. (Arabic satur, the general
name for labiate plants.) Calyx tubular, 10-ribbed, throat not hairy ',
segments of the bilabiate corolla not equal ; stamens diverging, scarcely
exserted. — Herbs with small lvs. and purplish fls.
S. hortSiisiB L. St. branching ; lvs. linear oblong, entire, acute at the end ;
ped. axillary, cymous. — U River banks, W. States, rare. St. branching and
bushy, 1 if high, woody at base, frequently changing to purple. Lvs. numerous?,
small and narrow, with axillary cymes of pink-colored fls. Cal. about as long as
the cor. Jl. Aug. | Italy. A culinary, aromatic herb.
15. DICERAN'DRA, Benth. (Gr. dig^ twice, Kepag, a liorn, avdpa,
anthers.) (Elliott's name had been preoccupied.) Calyx IS-siriate,
tubular, upper lip subentire, lower bifid, throat hairy; corolla tube ex-
Order 89.— LABIATE
647
«e;ted, straight, strongly bilabiate, upper lip erect, emarginate, lower 3-
lobed, spreading; stamens 4, the lower pair larger exserted, distant,
anther cells distinct, divaricate, horned at apex. — (i) SoutherM. (Cer-
anthera Ell. nee Beauv.)
1 D. linearifdlia Benth. St. and branches virgate ; Ivs. linear ; cymes axillary,
pedunculate, 1 to 3 to 5-fiowered, with minute bracts ; cor. twice longer than
calyx. — Dry woods S. Car. co Fla. (Misses Keen). Fragrant, smoothisli plants,
about If high. Lvs. 1' long, or the lower nearly 2'. Fls. showy pink-colored,
forming slender, raceme-like panicles. Sept., Oct. (C. linearifolia Ell.)
2 D. densifldra Benth. St. diffusely branched ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, the upper
linear ; cymes axillary, subsessile, 5 to 10-flowered. — E. Fla. A variety ?
16. ORIGANUM, L. Marjoram. (Gr. opog, a mountain, and ydvn^,
joy.) Calyx tube 10-striate, 5-toothed, hairy in the throat ; corolla tube
scarcely exserted, upper lip erect, flut, emarginate, lower lip with 3
nearly equal segments; stamens 4, ascending, distant. — 2j! Lvs. siiben-
tire. Fls. in dense oblong spikes, with imbricated, colored bracts.
1 O. vulg^re L. Lvs. ovate, entire, hirsute, petiolato; spikes in a paniculate
corymb; bracts ovate, longer than the calyx; cal. leeth equal. — In fields and thick-
ets. St. 12 to 18', purple, leafy, branching above. Lvs. a very little serrate, oj)-
posite, hairy, sprinkled with resinous dots, paler beneath. Petioles hairy, \ as
Icng as tho leaves. Bracts tinged with purple. Fls. purplish white. The plant
has a highly aromatic taste. Jl., Aug. \ § Eur.
2 O. Majordna L. Lvs. oval, or obovate, obtuse, entire, petiolate, hoary
pubescent ; spikes roundish, compact, pedunculate, clustered at the end of the
branches ; bracts roundish ; cal. upper lip roundish, tube cleft below. — It has a plea-
sant aromatic flavor, and is employed in various ways as a seasoning. Plant soft
downy, a foot high. Fls. pink-colored. Jl., Aug. | Portugal.
17. THY^MUS, L. Thyme. (Gr. Ovfiog, courage ; from its invigora-
ting smell.) Flowers capitate or verticillatc ; calyx ovoid, 10 to 13-
ncrved, bilabiate, hairy in the throat, upper lip 3-fid, lower 2-fid, sta-
mens 4 exserted, diverging, anther cells parallel. — 21 With small entire
strongly-veined lvs., minute bracts, and purple or white fls.
1 T. Serpjrllus L. Wild Thyme. Mother of Thyme. St. decumbent ; lvs. flat,
eUiptical, obtuse, ciliato at base; fls. capitate. — 11 Mass., N. Y. and Penn. An
aromatic plant, similar to the following, but milder and rather more pleasantly
flavored. Stems suflruticous, wiry, slender, and wavy, with leafy, downy, and
ascending branches, each terminating in a small, dense, oblong head of purple
flowers, nmch frequented by bees. Leaves entire, petiolate, punctate, sruoolh-
ish, ciliate. Corolla purple, spotted. June. ^ § Eur.
2 T. vulgJlriB L. St. erect or decumbpnt at base ; lvs. revolute at the sides,
oblong-ovate and lanceolate ; verticils in terminal, leafy spikes. — Sts. sufltuticous,
numerous, branched, 6 to 10' high. It is highly aromatic, as well as the other
species, and is peculiarly attractive to bees. Jn., JL \ Eur. A culinary vege-
table.
18. CALAMINTHA, Moench. Calaminth. (Gr. Kakog, beautiful,
fiivOa, mint.) Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, throat mostly hairy, upper lip
3-cleft, lower 2-cleft ; corolla tube straight, exserted, throat inflated,
limb bilabiate, upper lip erect, entire or emarginate, lower spreading,
its middle lobe largest; stamens 4, the lower pair longer, usually
ascending. — 71
I Herbs hniry. Cymes dense, capitate, braeted. Calyx tube cun-ed, 2-lipped No. I
Herbs hairy. Cymes loose, pedunculate, axillary. Calyx tube tttraight, 2-lipped No. 2
Herbs hmooth. Cymes loose, sessile, braeted. Calyx straight, teeth siibrcgular No. 3
Shrubs low, slender, nearly smooth. Cymes few-flowered. Flowers large Nus, 4 to 6
:;:! 1
'■ ! 1
-V I (
'* \ i
■ t
If
'•■* i~
■i"i ■■!
Wi-
..^
r^
II
in
: If!
■<!f'?S.!
it
ml i
*ll!1i"i
548
Ordkr 89.— LABIAT.^.
1 C. Clinopddium Benth. Wild Basil. Villous ; Ivs. ovato, subserrate ; vev
ticila duiise, sessile, many-flowered, hairy ; bracts numerous, subulate. — U Low
woods, N. and W. States, Plant 1 to 21" high. St. square, simple or sparingly
branched, and aa well as the whole plant, clothed with whitish hairs. Lvs. peli-
olate, tapering to an obtuse point, pale. Tls. purplish, in heads mostly terminal,
near 1 wide, involucrato with bracts.
2 C. Nepeta Link. Villous with soft, whitish hairs, much branched below;
lvs. small, broad-ovate, obtuse, stubserrate, petiolate ; cymes lew-flowered in the
upper axils, becoming somewhat racemed ; cal. teeth subulate, the 2 lower longer;
cor. upper lip emarginate, the lower in 3 equal lobes. — Dry hills, roadsides, &c.,
throughout Tenn. and Va. Plant about 2f high, strongly aromatic. Lvs. about
half an inch long. Cor. white, thrice longer (3 to 4' ), than the calyx. Jl., Aug.
§ Eur.
3 C. glabella Benth. GlabrouS; decumbent at base, diffusely branched ; hs.
narrowly oblong, subpetiolate, few-toothed or entire, tapering to the base; verti-
cils 6 to 10-flowered ; cal. teeth subulate-acuminate ; bracts as long as the pedicels
— On limestone rocks, Ohio to Ark. Sts. 1 to 2f long. Lvs. 1' to 18" long. Cor.
moderately bilabiate, near twice longer (4 to 5") than the calyx, pale violet. Jn.
0. DiVERSlFOLiA. Flowering stems nearly erect, :ho barren prostrate, like
runners, bearing small, ovate, entire lvs. ; plant generally smaller, with the
floral lvs. narrow, and mostly entire. — Limestone rocks, Niagara Falls, to the
Falls of St. Anthony, and to Ark. Fragrant like pennyroyal. Upright sts.
6 to 12' high. Lvs. 1'. Lvs. of the runners 3 to 4 " long. (C. Kuttailii
Benth.) — Tliese two very diverse forms are connected by specimens found in
Ohio (Sullivant apud Torrey), having the characteristics of both.
4 C. can^scens Torr. & Or. Minutely canescent-downy, shrubby; lvs. linear,
obtuse, entire, revolute-edged, much fascicled; verticils of 2 opposite fls.; cor. thrice
longer than the strongly 2-lipped caly.v. — Sandy seaboards, Fla. Shrub scarce a
foot high, with numerous lvs., 7 to 8 " by 1", and few rose-red pretty fls., as large
as in No. 2. May.
5 C. coccinea Benth. Lvs. narrowly ohovate-ohhng, obtuse, entire, short-peti-
olcd; verticils of 2 to 6yis-. ; cal. upper lip very short, tube 3 or 4 times shorter
than the ample corolla. — E. Fla. Shrub with virgato branches. Lvs. 6 to 8" long.
Cor. a fine scarlet, glandular-pubescent, 15 to 18" long. (Cunila coccinea Nutt.)
6 C. Carolini^na Swartz. Sts. glabrous and simple ; lvs. very smooth, ovate,
obtuse, crenat^-serrate, tapering to a petiole ; cymes few-flowered, on short pedun-
cles ; cal. strongly 2-lipped, nearly naked in the throat ; cor. ample, tube enlarged
upwards. — J3ry woods, N. Car. to Fla. and La. A pretty flowerer, somewhat
shrubbj. If high or more. Cymes in the upper axils 3 to 5-flowered. Lvs. 1 or
less long. Bracts as long as the cjil^'x, the corolla thrice longer (7 to 8 "), rose-
purple, spotted. Jn. — Aug. (C. grandiflora Ph.)
19. MELIS'SA, Tonrn. Balm. (Gr. name of tlie bee, from jweA,
honi'y ; which bees seek in these flowers.) Calyx 13-ribbod, the upper
lip 3-toothed, flattened and dilated, lower bifid; corolla tube recurved-
ascending, upper lip erect, flattish, lower spreading, 3-lobed, the middle
lobe mostly broadest ; stamens ascending.
M. ofiBcindlis L. Pubescent ; st. erect, branching ; fls. in loose, axillary cymes,
subsessile ; lvs. ovate, acute, coarsely crenate-serrate, on slender petioles ; bracts
few, ovate-lanceolate, petiolate. — y N. Eng. to Ind. and Tenn., in waste grounds
and in the deepest forests. A well known garden plant. St. 1 to 2 to 3f high.
Lvs. 2 to 3' long, petioles 1' or more. Bracts of the same form, diminished. Cor.
twice longer (7") than the calyx, yellowish white. Jl., Aug. X § Eur. Fra-
grant of lemons. Balm tea is a popular remedy.
20. SAL'VIA, L. Sage. (Lat. salveo, to be in health ; probably
from its salutary qualities.) Calyx striate, bilabiate, upper lip 3-toothed
or entire, lower bifid, throat naked ; corolla ringent, tube equal, upper
lip straight or falcate, lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobed ; stamens 2,
connectile transversely articulated to the filament, supporting at each
OuDKii 89.— LABIATE
64 1>
end a cell of the dimidiate (halved) anther; achenia 4. — A large genus
of 400 species, usually with showy fls. The transverse conneetile con-
stitutes the essential character. (Fig. 75, 351.)
S Herbs native. — Calyx slightly 2-lippe(i. SL'b-3-toothe(l, equal Nos. 1—8
— Calyx deeply 2-lii>ped, ,i-toothed, lower lip longer Nils. 4—6
ji Herbs or shrubby, in gardens, h lovveri blue. Calyx teeth bristle-pointed Xns. 7, 8
§ Shrubby, in garden and greenhouse. Flowers large, scarlet Nos. <), u)
1 3. azurea Lam. Erect, puberulcnt above, bruncliitig ; Ivs. linear-ohkm^ and
liiiear, remotely toothed, or tho upper entire, all attenuate at base ; rac. slender,
many-flowered, verticils about 6-flowered ; cal. of 3 broad, acute, subequal tet-th,
half as long as the pubescent corolla; sty. bearded. — S. Car. to Fla. and La. Plant
of varying aspect, according to soil, &c., usually slender and subsiniple, I to 2 or
3f high, with Ivs. narrow, subentire, 2 to 3' long, 2 to 4" wide. Fls. 7" long, of
a flno azure blue. Summer.
2 S. urticifdlia L. Erect; Ivs. cauline, rhcmbic-ovate, acute, crenate-serrato,
truncate-cuneato at base to a short or winged petiole; verticils 4 to lO-Howered,
distant, in a terminal, interruptea raceme ; cor. smooth, tube but a little longer
tlian the calyx, the lower lip thrice longer. — U In hilly woods, Va. to Fla. and
Ala. St. simple, 12 to 18' high. Lvs. thin, 2 to 4' long, the upper larger. Cor.
blue, 5" to 6" long. May.
ti. LONOIFOLIA. Tall (3 to Gf), with paniclcd racemes; lvs. all serrate, the
lower lance-oblong; fls. larger (8 — 9" long). — Gra. to Ark. (S. longlf. Nutt.)
3 S. coccfntia L. Erect, hoary-pvbescent ; lvs. ovate, cordate, acute, finely cren-
ate, petiolate, whitish-toincntous beneath; verticils G to 10-flowored, in a simple
raceme ; cal. teeth acute ; cor. red, smooth, twice longer, tube dilated upwards,
upper lip erect, much the shorter. — '^^'4- Oa., Fla. to La. St. 1 to 2f high, often
branched. Lvs. 6" to 1 to 2' ionn the middle largest. Cor. bright rod or scar-
let, 8" long. Upper lip of the calyx often purple. Summer.
4 S. lyrdta L. Erect; lvs. radical, rosulate, lyrate, erose-dentate, tho caulino
about one pair above, bract-like, linoar-spatulate ; lis. in w'norls of G, racemod at
top of tho square scape; cal. uppoi lip shorter, teeth subspinous; cor. thrico
longer than the calyx, its lower lip nmch the longer. — It Woods, W. Can. to Fla.,
rare in N. Eng. Scape 6 to 15' high. Lvs. oblong-oval in outline, 18" to 3
long, petioles half (or more) as long. Fls. showy, near 1' long, violet-purple.
The whole plant is usually purplish. Apr. — Jn.
5 S. obovAta Ell. Erect; lvs. broadly obovafe, entire, sinuate, narrowed to a long
tapering base, the floral ovate, shorter than the calyx ; verticils (>-fiowcred, re-
uioto, in a simple raceme; c»l. upper iip truncate, iviih 3 minute teeth; cor. thrico
longer, with the galeate upper lip thrice shorter than the lower. — 2^ Mi<Ulle Ga.
to La. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. larger above and clustered 4 to T by 2 to 5'. Fls.
blue. Jn., Jl,
6 S. Claytdni Ell. Erect; lvs. cordate-ovate, or lanre-ovate, sinuate-pinnatijid, ths
segrn. toothed, rugous, more or less pubescent beneath ; verticils 6-flowered ; floral
lvs. ovate-acuminate, smaller ; cul. teeth of the upper lip conniverd, of tho lower
longer, acuminate. — U Sandy pastures, Beaufort, S. Car. (Bachman). Sts. If
high. Fls. small Summer.
7 S. Scl^rea L. Clarry. Lvs. ample, rugous, broad-ovate, cordate, doubly
crenate ; bracts colored, concave, longer than the calyx ; upper lip of tho cor.
high-arched, much longer than tho lower. — C^j A strong-scented exotic, 1 to 3f
high, with viscid lvs. as large as the hand. The fls. and bracts are variegated
with pale-purple and yellowish-white, inwhorled spikes. CaL with spinous teeth.
Native in Italy. ^
8 S. ofScin^lis L. Common Sagi.. Shrubby, lvs. oblong-lanceolate, crenu-
late, rugous ; whorls few-flowered ; cal. mucronate ; upper lip of the cor. o-v long
as the lower and somewhat vaulted. — A well-known garden plant, with a shrubby
stem, rugous leaves of a dull greeu color and an aromatic fragrance. Flowers ia
whorls forming a spike. Corolla ringent, blue, with a lengtliened tube and viscid
calyx, somewhat b'X)\^'n. July. J & Eur. — Very useful in domestic economy
and medicine.
1 1 1
■i '1
f
V,
IP
t ,
■1
/
w*
il
\lr>
nlf-iii'
m :
550
OUDKE 89.— LABIAT^E.
9 S. fulgens Car. St. branching at base, weak, ascendinpr, pubescent ; Ivs.
long-petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, subcordate, creuate-dentate, smooth above, pubts-
cent beneath : fls. opposite, in terminal racemes ; bracts deciduous ; cal, slightly
colored, upper lip truncate, subentiro; cor. limbriate-ciliate, 3 — 4 times longer
than tlio calyx; sty. exserted. — If A beautiful greenhouse plant. Flowers
bright crimson or scarlet, near 2' long. There are several varieties, f Mexico.
10 S. apl^ndens Sellow. St. erect, glabrous ; Ivs. broad-ovate and ovate,
petiolate, rounded or acute at base, glabrous both sides, dent-serrate, acuminate ;
fls. opposite, racemous ; bracts deciduous ; cal. scarlet, and, with the corolla, pu-
besjceiit, upper lip entire, acuminate, lower lip 2-toothed. — If Gardens. Plant
2 — 4f iiifrh, branched. Flowers 2' long, scarlet. After flowering the calyces en-
large, and become as brilliant as the corollas, f Mexico.
21. ROSMARFNUS, L. Rosemary. (An ancient Latin name, com-
f»ounded of ros, dew, and marinus, of the sea.) Calyx bilabiate, upper
ip entire, lower bifid ; corolla bilabiate, upper lip 2-parted, lower lip
reriexed, in 3 divisions of which the middle is the largest ; fil. 2 fertile,
elongated, ascending towards the upper lip, having a tooth on the side. —
Shrub, with sessile, linear Ivs.
R. officindlis L. An erect, evergreen shrub, 4f high, much branched.
I-oave& opposite, obtuse, linear-oblong, entire, smooth, dark green and shining
above, downy and sometimes whitish beneath. Flowers axillary and terminal,
of a bright blue color, having, like the leaves, a strong aromatic fragrance .'ike
camphoi. It yields by distillation a large proportion of fragrant oil. | S. Eur.
22. MONAR'DA, L. Mountain Mint. (Name in honor of Monard-
us, a Spanish botanist of the 16th century.) Calyx elongated, cylin-
dric, striate, subequally 5-toothed ; cor. ringent, tubular, upper lip
linear, lower lip reflexed, 3-lobed, the middle lobe narrowest ; sta. 2,
fertile, ascending beneath the upper lip, and mostly exserted ; anth. cells
divaricate at base, connate at apex. — 21 Verticils few, dense, many-
flowered, bracted.
♦ Calyx densely hairy In the throat. Corolla purple or whitish Nos. 1, 2
♦ Calyx naked in the throat. Corolla scarlet or yellow Nos. 3, 4
1 M. fistuldsa L. IIorsemint. Wild Bergamot. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate and
lanceolate, obtuse at base, acute or acuminate, petiolate, more or less pubescent ;
hds. of fls. terminal, few, but many-flowered, bracts sessile ; cal. slightly curved,
with the throat hirsute. — Hedges, thickets, rocky banks, W. Vt. and Can. to Ga.
Common westward. Exceedingly variable. St. 2 to 4f high, acutely 4-angled,
often hollow, frequently purple, simple, or with a few opposite branches. Lvs.
mostly acuminate, acutely serrate, nearly smooth, 2 to 4' long and on petioles jL
their length. Outer bracts leafy, often partially whitened. Cor. much exserted,
1' in length, varying from greenish-white and pale purple to blue. Jl, Aug. (M.
allophylla, oblongata, clinopodia and twenty other synonyms are enumerated iu
Benth.)
2 M. Bradburi^a Nutt St. simple, glabrous ; lvs, ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
subsessile, rounded at base, hirsute pubescent both sides, margin subdentate, apex
acute ; cal. pilous, curved, densely bearded at throat, segm. subulate spinous ;
hds. large, terminal ; outer bracts broad-lanceolate, ciliate, colored. — Prairies and
bottoms, Ohio to 111. St. slender, about 3f high. Lvs. sometimes slightly petio-
late, 2 to 3' long, 5 to 8" wide, with long, bristly hairs beneath. Bracts purple.
Cor. purple. Jl.
3 M. punctata L. Horskmint. Minutely pubescent; st. obtusely angled ; lvs.
oblong-la'.iceolate, tapering to a petiole, remotely and obscurely serrate, the upper
and bracts sessile ; bracts colored, longer than the verticils ; cal. teeth unequal,
rigid, throat naked ; cor. glabrous, strongly punctate. — Barrens, N. J., common,
to Fla. (Miss Keen) and W. States. St. 2 to 3f high, branched. Lvs. 18" to 2'.
Cor. pale yellow, with brown spots, upper lip villous at the apex. Bracts large^
yellow and red. Sept. — MedicmaL
OttDKR 89.— LABIAT.*:.
651
4 M. dldjruia L. St. branched, ftoutoly 4-angk'd ; Iv.s. broadly ovate, acuminato,
somewhat rough, on short petioles, veiud and veinlets hairy bontatli : y?.». {ertm-
son) in tenniuiU, often axillary heads; bracts colored; col. throat naked. — Swiiiiips,
Can. to the Mts. of tra. Plant 2 to 3f. Lvs. 2 to 5' lon^r, very broad at biuse,
often cordate, serrate. Heads often proliferous, with large, ovate-laneeolato
bracts tinged with the same color as the lis. Cor. 15" long. Abortive til. 2,
short, the perfect exserted. Jl. Uandsome and fragrant f
23. BLEPHIL'IA, Raf. (Gr. i3Ae0ap/f, the eyelash ; probably refer-
ring to the ciliate bracts.) Calyx 13-ribbed, bilabiate, upper lip
3-toothed, lower lip shorter, 2-toothed, the teeth setaceous ; corolla bila-
biate, upper lip short, erect, oblong, obtuse, entire, lower lip of 3 un-
equal, spreading lobes, the lateral ones orbicular ; stamens 2, fertile,
ascending, exserted. — 11 Verticils dense, terminal and subterminal.
1 B. birstlta Benth. Whole plant hirsute ; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serraU;
petiolale; ll.s. in axillary verticil lastors and terminal heads; bracts colored, sliorur
than the flowei-s, oblong, w:umimite. — In damp woods, rare N. Eng., common in
"W. States. St. 1 to 2f high, dillusoly branching, roughly pubescent. Petiole 3
to 6 ' long, Ivs. 3 to 4 times as long, soinewiiat rounded at base. Fis. small,
forming several dense whorls near the end of each branch. Cor. 5" long, palo
purple, with spots of a deeper hue. Jn., Jl.
2 B. cili^ta Raf. St. hirsute, simple, acutely 4-anglcd ; Ivs. few oblong-lanceolate
acute at the base, subsessile, serrate, minutely pubescent ; fls. in dense, approximate,
involucrate, terminal and subterminal verticils, bracts ovate, veiny, glabrous, ciliate,
as long as the calyx. — Fields, barrens, Penn. to Miss., very abundant in the W-
States. Plant 2 to 4f high, generally simple, rarely with 1 or 2 branches. Lvs.
18" to 30' long, a fourtii as wide. lids. larger than in No. 1, an inch in diam.
Jn. — Aug. (Monarda ciliata L. nee Mx.)
24. LOPHAN'THUS, Benth. (llyssopus L.) Hedge IIyssop. (Gr.
X6(f>og^ a crest, avOog ; flowers in dense, terminal spikes.) Calyx
15-ribbed, oblique, 5-cleft, upper segments longer ; corolla bilabiate,
upper lip bifidly emarginate, lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe broader
and crenate ; stamens diverging. — 21 Tall, erect. Verticils spicate.
1 L. nepetoides Benth. St. smooth, quadrangular, with the angles acute and
slightly winged ; lvs. ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrate ; petioles smooth-
ish, calyx teeth ovate, green, obtusish. — U Middle and Western States, common
about fences and dry hedges. Stem 3 — 6f high, the sides somewhat concave
and the angles prominent. Lvs. acuminate, about 4' by 2'. Flowers in crowded
axillary verticils, forming a terminal, green spike, which is nearly continuous
above. Corolla greenish-yellow. July, Aug.
2 L. scrophularifoliuB Benth. St. pubescent, quadrangular, -with the angles
obtuse ; lvs. cordate-ovate, crenate-serrate ; petioles ciliate-pubescent, cal. tedh
lanceolate, colored, acute. — With the general aspect of the former species, and
found in similar situations. The herbage is often changed to dark purple. Stem
2 — 4f high, purple. Leaves about 5' by 3', coarsely serrate, acuminate. Flowers
in crowded, axillary verticils, forming a long, dense, terminal spike. Corolla palo
purple, more conspicuous than in the first. Jl, Aug.
25. NEP'ETA, L. Catnep. Ground Ivy. (Said to be from .N'epct,
a town in Tuscany.) Calyx tubular, 6-toothed ; corolla tube slender
l)elow, dilated and naked in the throat, upper lip emarginate, lower
3-lobed, the middle lobe largest and crenate, margin of the orifice re-
flected ; stamens approximate, ascending ; anther cells divergent. (Fig.
117.)
! Tall. Verticils in a terminal-raceme. Calyx nearly regular No. 1
I Glkoboma. Low, dittuse. Floweru axillary. Calyx curvL-d, oUliqua No. 3
1 N. catdria L. Catmint. Krect hoary-tomentous; Iva. ,petiolate, cordate.
tfi.
h fft*
:UM:
669
OuuKii 89.— LABIAT.E.
coarsely crenate-serrato ; fls. spiked, the whoils fllightly pedunculated. — U About
uld buildings and fences. St. square, pubescent, branching 2 to Sf higii. Lvs.
very evenly bordered by tooth-like or crenato serratures, and as well as the whole
plant covered with a soil, hoary down, paler buneatb. Fls. many, white or pur-
plish, the lower lip dotted with crimson. JL § S. E. Europe. — Eaten greedily
by cats.
2 N. Glechdma Bentli. GiLt-ovER-THE-onouND. Lvs. reniform, crenate; cor.
about 3 times as long as the calyx. — U A creeping plant, about walls, liedncH,
etc. Sts. radicating at base, square, varying in length from a few inches to I to
2f. Lvs. petiolate, dowtiy, glaucous, 1' or less broad. Fls. axillavy, about 3 to-
gt'tlier. Cor. bluish purple, with a variegated throat. Usually the anthers are
so collated as to ibnn 2 little crosses. May. § Eur. and Asia.
26. DRACOCEPH'ALUM, L. Dbaoon-he.\d. (Or. dfMKoyv^ dragon,
K£0«A7/, heiul). Caly.x subequal, oblic|ue, 5-cloft, upper segments larger;
cor. bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, emarginate, throat inflated, lower lip
spreading, 3-clett, middle lobe much larger, rounded or subdivided;
sta. distinct, ascending, the upper pair longer than the lower.
D. parvifldrum Nutt. Subpubescent ; lvs. lanceolate, deeply serrate, petiolate ;
bracts leafy, ovate, ciliate, mucronate-serrate ; cal. upper segment much the
largest ; lis. small, verticillato, subcapitate, cor. .scarcely exceeding the calyx. —
(,2; I3orders of the great lakes. Northern N. Y. to L. of the Woods, very rare. Fls.
bluish, small, the verticils almost spicate. Cal. dry and membranous. Uppec
lip of the corolla arched, emarginate, central lobe of lower lip crenate. Jl.
27. CEDRONEL'LA, Mceneh. (Or. Kt:(ipov, oil of cedar; from the
fragrance.) Calyx subcampanulate, 5-toothed ; corolla tube exserted,
throat dilated, upper lip straight, flattish, emarginate or cleft, lower 3-
fid, middle lobe largest; stamens 4, ascending, the upper longer, anther-
colls parallel. — Fls. spicate, bracted.
C cordata Nutt. Stoloniferous; st. and elongated petioles pubescent; lvs.
cordate, obtusely crenate, sparingly hirsute above ; spike unilateral ; bracts broad-
ovate, entire, nearly as long as the calyx; ped. bibracteolate, mostly 1-flowered;
cal. segments acute, almost pungent. — 2^ Rocky streams and Mts. Ohio and Va.
Stem about If high, quadrangular. Leaves 3 or 4 pairs, almost as broad as long,
petiole about as long as the lamina (1'), upper pairs subsessile. Cor. pale blue,
about 1' long, oritice much dilated. Jn.
28. BRUNEL'LA, Tourn. Self-heal. Blue-curls. (German Brune^
a disease of the throat for which it was a reputed remedy.) Calyx
about 10-ribbed, upper lip dilated, truncate, with 3 short teeth, lower
lip with 2 lanceolate teeth ; filaments forked, one point of the fork bear-
ing the anther. — if (Prunella, L.)
B. vulgaris L. St. ascending, simplo ; lvs. oblong-ovate, toothed, petiolate ; ver-
ticils close, spicate; upper lip of cal. truncate, with 3 awns. — A very common
plant, in meadows and low grounds. N. Am., lat. 33° to the Arc. Sea. St. vary-
ing from 8' to 2f high, obtusely 4-angled, hau-y, simple or slightly branched.
Leaves few, opposite, slightly toothed, the stalks gradually becoming shorter from
the lower to the upper pair which are sessile. Flowers blue, in a large, oblong-
ovate spike of dense verticils. Bracts imbricated, reniform, 2 beneath each rer-
ticil. Flowering all summer. A var. with white fls. occurs in N. Y, {G.M. Wilbur.)
29. SCUTELLA'RIA, L. Skull-cap. (Lat. scutella, a small vessel ;
from the resemblance of the calyx.) Calyx campanulate, bilabiate, lips
entire, upper one appendaged on the back and closed after flowering ;
cor. bilabiate, upper lip vaulted, lower dilated, convex, tube much ex-
serted, ascending, throat dilated; sta. ascending beneath che upper lip;
anth. approximate in pairs ; ach. tubercular.
Ordbr 89.— labiate.
553
I Flowers Inrirc (7 to IS" lonjr). r«c«tne<l at top of tho stem, with hructs. (a)
a ISritct.t ovate, abrupt ut btute. Li|>sortlio corolla wliort .Nos. 1, 3
a Bracts liincu-oblont;, acute at base. Leaves iMilclied, petiolate. (b)
b (Jalea of thu corolla longer than tho lower p N.is. a, 4
b Galea of tho corolla not longer than the lip No.h. \ i
a Rrncts leaf-like, longer than tho calyx. Lettve.s onlin-, siib.sissile No, T
iFlowi'rs ..iri.'e or .small, opposite, solitary, in tlie axils of the leaves Nos. S — 10
Flowers ituiall (V long), in slemler, axillary, one-siilud racemes No. 1 1
1 S. versicolor Nutt. En-ct, brandling, ghindular-liirsiito ; Iva. petiolute, broadly
ovate, cronate, cordate, pub"\stont, veiny, the fiorcd sessile, hroaa-ovate, not cordate,
entire, as long na tho calyx; rac. simple or branched, Knig, inany-flowt-red ; fl-j.
opposite; cal. hirsute; cor. loiver lip .scarcely hn'jer than the upper. — Prairies niid
open woods, Ohio to Mo. and La. St. 18' to '^ to 4f liigh. Lvs. very veiny, tiiiii,
2 to 4' b}' 18" to 3', petioles nearly as long. Rue. 3 to 6' long. Pcd. slKjrier
than ealy.\. Cor. 6 to 7" long, blue above, lateral lobes little shorter tlian tho
lips. Jl. (.S. oordifolia Muiil.)
2 S. rugoaa Wood. Stem weak, branched, ascending, pubescent ; lvs. pctiolato,
cordate-ovate, coarsely cronate, upper oval, olduse, Moral .ovate, sliort-petiolute,
entire; rac. loose, elongated; cor. lower Up twice lonijer than the upper. — Rocky
banks, S. Ohio to Va. and Tenn., along the Mts. Plant 1 to 2f long, rac. 5 to 8 ,
Lvs. usually thin and rugous, 1' to 18 ' long, scarcely longer than tlio petioles
Cor. 8 ' long, blue, tube pale. Jl. Aug.
3. CRASsiFoLi.v. Lvs. mostly ovate, of firmer texture. — New Orleans (Halo)
Cal. more enlarged in fruit.
3 S. can^scens Nutt. St. erect, tall, pubescent; lvs. petiolate, oblong-ovate or
ovate, rounded or attenuate at base, minutely pubescent both sides, paler beneatii,
margin crenate, apex acute, tho lower cordate; rac. terminal and axillary, pedun-
culate, paniculate, bracts lance-linear ; ^«. canescent; upper lip tho longer, 'tut)e grad-
ually enlarged. — Dry grounds. Mid. and "W. States, abundant. St. usually purple,
1 to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1 to 2' wide, often witli a purple margin and pur-
plish spots. Cor. 10' long, tube white, lips blue, lateral lobes very short. Jn., Jl.
4 S. villdsa Ell. ? St. villous-pubescent, slender, branching ; lvs. lanceolate or
lanco-ovate, acute at each end, sparingly hispid above, tho petioles and veins
beneatii villous, deeply serrate; rac. panieulato, loose; cal. hispid; cor. tube
slender, expanding only at the throat, gala large, inflated, strongly incurved, many
times longer than the Up. — Ga. (Feay). Apparently 2 to 3f liigh. Lvs. 1 to 2'
long. We have but a single specimen.
5 S. serrdta Andr. Erect, subsimplo, nearly glabrous ; lvs. peticiate, ovate,
acuminate, crenate-serrate, cuneate at base, tlie floral lance-oblong; rac. subsiinple,
fls. largo, pubescent (not hoary) lips of equal length. — Woods, 111. and S. States.
St. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. green both sides, or often i)urplish. Rac. few-llowered.
Cor. more than } ' in length, the lip as long or a little longer than the galea. JL
€ S. pildsa Mx. St. erect, mostly simple, hirsute-pubescent ; lvs. pubescent,
rhomboid-ovate or oval, obtuse, crenate-serrate, petiolate, in remote pairs; rac.
terminal, rather short, bracts elliptic-ovato ; lips of the cor. large, the lower a little
longer. — Open woodlands, Penn. to Ga. St. 1 to 2f high, purplish. Lvs. few, 1
to 2^' by 8 to 18", more or less acute at base and obtuse at apex; narrowed to
the petiole. Rac. generally simple and few-flowered, with opposite, elliptical
bracts.. Pedicels and cal. hairy. Cor. tube nearly white below, blue at the sum-
mit, 9 ' long, the later fls. shorter. Jn. — Aug. (S. ovalifolia Bart.)
7 S. integrifdlia L. Erect, nearly simple, densely pubescent ; lvs. ovate-lanceo-
late, and linear-lanceolate, tapering to tho base, subacute, entire, subsessile, the
lower ovate; rac. loose, leafy; bracts lanceolate, fls. large. — if Mid. andS. States,
dry soils. St. 9' to 2f high, with large blue fls. in terminal racemes. Tho lvs.
(I to 2' long), vary in breadth and margin, the lowest being sometimes ovate and
crenate. Cor. blue and white, slender at base, enlarged above, 8 to 9" long.
Jn., JL (S. hyssopifolia Pers. S. Caroliniana Ph.)— The plant is intensely bitter.
8 S. nervdsa Ph. Slender, erect, subsimple, stoloniferous ; lvs. broad-ovate, sub-
cordate, crenate-serrate, se.ssile, glubrous, 3 — 5-veined, lower roundish-ovate,
upper ovate and lance-ovate, slightly petioled; fls. axillary, solitary. — Rocky
■hades, along streams, Penn. to 111. and La. Roots creeping, often sending out
long, filiform stolons. Stem 8 — 15' high, weak. Leaves 2 — 15" by 5 — 12'', tho
^'
{■■
;ii:i,
'■^^
n't-
654
Obdbe 89.— labiate.
middle pairs largest, acute or obtusish. Floral leaves entire, small. Flowers few,
pale blue, 4' long. May — Jl.
9 S. p^rvula Mx. St. simple or branching at base, square, puberulent ; Ivs. ob-
long-ovate, obtuse, entire, sessile; fis. small (3") axillary, opposite. — Pastures, Mid.
and W. States. Plant 3 to 6' high. Root generally with tuberous intemodes,
and fibrous at each joint. Lvs. 3 to 6 ' long, ^ as wide, lower 3 ' diam. Fls.
rather numerous, longer (4") than the leaves, blue. Jn.
10 S. galericulata L. Common Scull-cap. St. erect, simple, or branched ; lvs.
hnceolate-cordate, remotely cvanate-serrate ; fls. axillary, solitiiry, large (1' long). —
U Meadows and ditches, Can. to Penn. Abundant. The Plant mostly glabrou."^.
Stem square, 12 — 18' high. Leaves truncate-cordato at base and acutisli at apex,
scarcely petiolate, 1|' by \'. Flowers : iuch larger than the preceding, rarely
more than 1 from the same axil, with a vizor-like calyx like that of the other
species. Cor. an iuch in length, blue. Aug.
11 S. laterifldra L. Mad-dog Skull-cap. St. branching, nearly glabrous ; lvs.
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, petiolato ; rac. lateral, axillary, leafy. —
Meadows and ditches, lat 38° to Arc. Am. St. square, 1 to 2f high, very branch-
ing. Lvs. opposite, rounded at base, acuminate or acute, coarsely serrate, on
petioles an inch in length. Rac, opposite, axillary, somewhat 1-sided; on long
stalks, with small blue tls. and smnll lvs. JJ., Aug. — The English name is due
to the singular form of the calyx, which after flowering, closes upon the seeds Uke
a cap or vizor.
30. MACBRFDEA, Ell. (Dedicated by Elliott to Dr. Wm. Macbride,
of Charleston.) Calyx campanulate, 3-lobed, upper lobe oblong, nar-
row, lower, rounded ; corolla tube long-exserted, throat inflated, upper
lip erect, entire, lower short, spreading, tlie middle lobe rounded, broad-
est ; stamens ascending under the upper lip, anthers approximate by
pairs. — 21 Glabrous. Verticils 6-flowered, subtcrminal, bractlcss.
M. piilchra Ell. — Swamps, middle districts, N. Car. to Ga. St obtusely 4-angled,
1 to 2f high. Lvs. ohlong-elliptical, petiolate, obscurely serrate or sinuate, the
floral short, sessile, ovate-entire. Verticils 1 or 2. Cal. green, thin, veiny, 6"
long, cor. 18", streaked with bright purple and white. Aug., Sept.
31. SYNAN'DRA, Nutt. (Fig 86, 325.) (Gr. aw, together, dvdpeg ;
in allusion to the coherence of the anthers.) Calyx 4-cleft, segments
unequal, subulate, converging to one side ; upper lip of corolla entire,
vaulted, the lower obturcly and unequally 3-lobed ; throat inflated ;
stamens ascending beneath the galea, upper pair of anthers cohering,
having the contiguous cells empty .^-(D Fls. solitary, axillary, somewhat
spicate above.
S. grandifldra Nutt. St ;3ubsimplo, nearly smooth, subterete ; lvs. cordate-ovate,
acuminate, obtusely dentate, often dilated at base, petiolate, the floral sessile ; fls.
solitary, sessile ; caL segm. ovate, setaceously acuminate, two upper larger than
the two lower; cor. tube somewhat funnel-tbrm, mouth much inflated. — Woods,
Cleveland, Ohio, to Tenn. St 6 to 18' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, nearly. as wide,
petioles 1 to 3', Cor. 1' long, upper lip very large, rounded, white, lower lip
striated w^ith purple lines. Jn.
32. PHYSOSTE^GIA, Benth. Lign's-hsart. (Gr, (^vffa, a bladder,
and ar^yi], a covering ; from the inflated corollas.) Calyx campanulate,
subcqually 6-toothed ; corolla tube much exserted, throat inflated, upper
lip concave, middle division of lower lip largest, roundish, emarginate ;
stamens 4, unconnected, ascending beneath the upper lip, the two lower
rnther longer. — U Fls, opposite, in a terminal, bracteate, 4-sidod spike.
P, Virgini^na Benth. Cal. in fruit ov.-xte. inflated ; cor. gapin^', upper lip con-
cave. — A beautiful plant, native in Penn., S. and "W, States, o'.ten in gardens.
It varies much in stature, is very smooth, dark-green, St. square, iliick, rigid, 1
Obdlr 89.— labiate.
555
to 4f high. Lvs. opposite, closely sessile, 3 to 6 by 3 " to ?,' (the lower oftea
very lai^e), with remote and shallow teeth. Fls. numerous, dense, or often sub-
remote. Bracts subulate. Cor. pale purple, about an inch long, spotted inside.
Aug., Sept. (D. Vifginiana, denticulatum, variegatum and obovatum of authors.)
33. LA^NIUM, L. Henbit. (Lat. lamia, the name of a sea mon-
ster, to which the grotesque flowers may be likened.) Calyx 5-veined,
■with 5 subequal, subulate teeth ; corolla dilated at throat, upper lip
vaulted, galeate, nearly entire, lower lip broad, emarginatc, lateral lobes
truncate, often toothed on each side near the margin of the dilated
throat ; stamens 4, ascending.
1 L. amplezicaCllis L. Lvs. roundish, incisely crenate, floral broadly cordate,
obtuse, sessile, amplexicaul, lower one petiolate; anth. hairy. — (1) Wa.ste grounds,
ilid., S. and W. States. Sts. ascending, several from the same root, 6 to lo' high,
with opposite, broad, short, hairy lvs., lower ones on stalks 1 to 2' in length. Fla
in dense verticiLs, in the axils of the upper leaves. Cor. purple, downy, the tubi
much exserted, the lower lip spotted with white. May — Nov. § Eur.
2 L. purpiireuin L. Lower lvs. roundish, the floral ovate, aU crenate, petiokUt,
the petioles longer than the calyxes; cor. tube straight ; anth. hairy. — (i) Waste
grounds, Penn., rare. § Eur. f- Varies vnth the lvs. white-striped.
34. PHLO^MIS, L. Jerusalem Sage. (Gr. <f>? 6|, a flame ; tho'
dried, woolly leaves of P. lychnitis were used in ancient lamps.) Calyx
5 to 10-veined, limb equal, truncate or 6-toothed; corolla upper lip
galeate, carinate, broad, entire or emarginate, incurved, the lower
spreading, trifid ; stamens ascending beneath the galea ; upper filamcnti
adnate, often with a subulate appendage at base ; anther cells divari-
cate, confluent ; achenia 3-angled. — Fls. often showy, in axillary, bracted
verticils. Lvs. rugous.
1 P. tuberdsa L. Tall, smoothish; lvs. ample, ovate, obtuse, crenate, deeply roT'
date, floral lance-oblong ; bracts subulate and with the calyx somewhat ciliate ;
cal. limb truncated, with 5 rigid pohits; cor. galea very hairy inside. — 1\- Shores
of L. Ontario, near Rochester (Dewey) and Can. Plant 3 to 5f high, with Iva
near a foot long. Verticils remote, with 30 to 40 purple fls. § E. Eur.
2 r. fruticdsa L. Branches and oblong-ovate lvs. beneath cottony-tomentous ;
verticils dense-flowered, very woolly. Shrubby, 3f high. Curious in cultivation
with its grotesque yellow fls. S. Eur.
35. BALLOTA, L. Black IIoarhound, (Gr. /Ba'AAw, to reject;
on account of its offensive odor.) Caly.K funnel-form, 10-veined, 5-
toothed ; corolla bilabiate, tube cylindrical, as long as the calyx, upper
lip concave, crenate, lower lip 3-cleft, middle segment largest, emargin-
atc ; stamens 4, ascending, exserted; ach. ovoid-triangular. — 21.
B. nigra L. Lvs. ovate, subcordate, undivided, serrate; bracts hnear-subulato;
cal. somewhat truncate, throat dilated, teeth spreading, acuminate. — Is froquiT.t
about hedges, &c., Mass. and Conn. Stem 2 — 3f high, pubescent, as wi 11 as I he
opposite, broad leaves. Flowers purple or white, in axillary verticils. Jl. lias
the general appearance of Hoarhound (Marrubium), but not its fragrance. § i^ur.
36. MOLUCCEL^LA, L. Molucca Balm. Shell Flower. (Brought
from the Moluca Islands, &e.) Calyx campanulate, very large, th«
margin expanding, often repand- spinous ; cor. tube included, limb bila-
biate ; stamens 4, ascending.— (D-
M. Isbvis L. St. ascending, suosimple, glabrous; lvs. petiolate, roundish-
ovate, incisely crenate; fls. in a terminal, leafy raceme; cal. campanulate,
equally 5-toothed, nearly twice longer than the corolla, teeth awnless. A curious
plant in gardens, smooth in all its parts and of a glaucous green, 1 — 2f high. It id
J
4- 'm
.. i:
i
' if"'
1
It ' '
V,
l; ^.'
it :
.ilhi
£56
Oeder 89.— labiate.
f
chiefly remarkable for its ample, bell-ahaped calyx, in the bottom of which is
seated the yellowish-green flower, f Syria.
37. GALEOP'SIS, L. Hemp Nettle. (Gr. yaXfj, a weasel, 50tf,
appearance ; its grotesque flowers are likened to that animal.) Calyx
5-cleft, spinescent; upper lip of the corolla vaulted, subcrenate, lower lip
with 3 unequal lobes, having 2 teeth on its upper side, middle lobe lar-
gest, cleft and crenate ; stamens exserted beyond the tube ; anther cells
opposite, transverse. — Verticils distant, many-flowered.
1 G. tetrdhit L. St. hispid, the internodes thickened upwards ; Ivs. ovate, hispid,
serrate ; cor. twice as long as tlie calyx, the upper lip nearly straight, concave. —
A common weed, in waste and cultivated grounds, N. States. St. 1 to 2 to 3f
high, obtusely 4-ar^ltd, remarkably tumid bolow the joint, and covered with
prickly, deflexed bristles. Leaves hairy on both sides, ovate, acute, serrate. Fls.
in dense verticils. Calyx with 5 acute, bristly teeth. Corolla variegated with
white and purple, upper lip concave, purple, longer than the lower. June, July.
§ Eur.
2 Qt. Iddanum L. St. glabrous or pubescent, internodes equal ; Ivs. lanceolate, sub-
serrate, pubescent; upper lip of the cor. slightly crenate. — A smaller species,
growing among rubbish in gravelly soils, Ac, N. Eng., rare. Stem about a foot
high, not swollen below the joints, with opposite branches. Flowers in dense,
remote whorls. Corollas usually rose-colored, often white or variegated, spotted
with crimson. Aug., Sept. § Eur.
38. STAXHYS, L. Hedge Nettle. (Gr. ardxv^, a spiko; from
the inflorescence.) Calyx tube angular, campanulate, 5 or 10-ribbed,
6-toothed, upper teeth often larger; corolla bilabiate, upper lip erect,
spreading or somewhat vaulted, lower lip spreading, 3*lobed, middle
lobe largest; stamens ascending, lower ones longer; anthers approxi-
mate in pairs. — Verticils 2 to 10-flowered, approximate in terminal
racemes.
* PKints pl.'ibrous, or nearly so. Calyx tcoth divaricately spreading Nos, 1,2
* Pliirits hispid. Calyx teeth suberect. — Leaves siibsossile, petioles to 8" lonir. . . .Nos. 3, 4
— Leaves all petiolate, petioles to lii" long. Nos. 5, 6
1 S. hysBopifdlia Mx. St. ascending or erect, glabrous or sparsely hairy ; Ivs.
sessile, lance-linear, finely serrulate, acute, small, margin and base hispid ; verticils
4-flowere(J, distant ; ctil. and very sluMt bracts ciliate, teeth subulate, spreading,
twice shorter than the corolla. — 2^ Wet soils, in barrens, Mass. to Mo. and S.
Stiites. Plant slender, 6 to 12' higii. Lvs. 1' in length, rarely longer, 2 to 4''
wide. Fl.-J. ses.sile, 7" long. Teetli of calyx shorter than its tube. Jl.
2 S. gldbra Riddell. St. glabrous or sliglitly hispid downward, erect, often
biaiicliecl; lvs. glabrous, oblong-ovate, rounded or truncate at base, all petiolate,
acute or i-;'bacuminate, serrate; cat. glabrous, teeth lance-subulate, spinulous,
divaricate, as long as the tube of the corolla. — U Woods, streams, N. Y. to Mich,
and S. States. Plant slender or rather stout, 15' to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' long,
tlie petioles 6 to 12". Spikes at length 3 to 7' long. Fls. slender, pale red and
purple. Jl., Aug.
(3. UEBiLis. Weak, much branched, from a decumbent base. — Ga., La.
3 S. palustris L. Sf stout, erect, hispid, with retrorse bristles; lvs. many, his-
pid, hoary beneath, on short petioles, obloiig-laiicc olate, subacuminate, narrowed
towards the obtuse ase, crenate-serrate ; cal. hispid, teeth atuminate-spinulous,
erect-spreading; cor. twice longer than tlie calyx. — If By streams and in moist
shades, Can. and Wis. to Car, Herb rou<>h and coarse, 1 to 4f high. Lvs. 3 to
6' long, petioles a few lines. iJracts lon<j;er than the calyx. Fls. widely gaping,
1 to 8 ' long, pale red spotted witli purple. Jn. — Aug. (S. hispida Ph.)
4 S. ^spera Mx. St. slender, erect or flexuous, retrorsely hispid ; lvs. sparsely
hispid, subsessile, ovaie-laneoolate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, obtuse at
base ; cat. glabrous, fmt ciliate on the angles, and the lanceolate, spinulous, sub-
erect teeth. — 21 Can. and U. S., in dump places, commoD. Plant much mora
Order 89— LABI AT-^.
557
sleoaur and smooth in aspect than tho preceding, yet technically scarcely different
It is green rather than hoary, about 2f higli, simple. Lva. 2 to 3' by 6 to 9".
Gal. sniootiiish, the teeth usually purple, equeding the tube of the purple spotted
corolla. Jl., Aug.
5 S. Nuttalli^iia Shuttlew. St. stout erect, often branched, hispid with bristly,
spreading hairs; Ivs. elliptical-ovate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, sparsely hispid,
narrowtd to a cordate base, petiolato ; cal. pubescent, teeth triangular, verj- acute,
aha: ler than the tube of the corolla or calyx. — % Ohio to Tcnn., along shaded bank?.
Plant light green, 3 to 5f high, with large leaves, St. with grooved sides and
hispid angles. Lvs. 4 to 9' by 18 ' to 40 '. Verticils remote. Cor. hght red,
with purple stripes and dots, the tube much exserted. Jl., Aug. (S. sylvatica
Nutt.)
6 S. arvinsis L. Annual; st. decumlsnt, hairy; lvs. ovate, cordate, petiolate.
obtuse, creiiate, tho highest shorter than tho lanceolate, acute teeth of tho hi.spid
calyx; cor. tube included, lips '/aort. — In waste grounds near Bo.stoii, &c. Plant
slender, 3 to If long, with long, spreading hairs. Lvs. I' or loss. Cor. pubes-
cent. § Eur.
39. LEONU^RUS, L. Mother-wort. (Gr. At'wv, a lion, ovpd., tail;
from the appearance of the spikes of flowers.) Calyx 5 to 10-striate, 5-
toothed, teeth subspinesccnt ; \ipper lip of the corolla entire, hairy, con-
cave, erect, lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe obcordate ; stamens 4,
ascending beneath the upper lip. Mostly ^ .
1 L. Cardiaca L. Lvs. palmate-loied, uppermost lanceolate, often trifid, all of
thorn toollied, cuneiform at base; cor. lunger than the calyx, tlie tube witii a
hairy ring within. — Tartary, whence it was lirst inlroiluccd into Europe and thenco
' to America, ever following tho footsteps of civilized man. Connuou in waste
places. Stem 3 — 5f high, downy, square, large, purplisli, bearing its opposite,
stalked, rough leaves arranged in 4 vertical rows, Fls. in many whorls. Calyx
rigid and bristly. Cor. purplish, hairy without, variegated within. July. — It has
reputation as an ingredient in herb drinks for colds, coughs, &c. §
2 L. marrubidatnim L. Lvs. oblong-ovate, incisely and coarsely serrate, the floral
lanceolate, tapering at each end, incisely dentate ; cor. shorter than the calyx
teeth, tube naked witliin, upper lip somewhat vaulted, pubescent. — Penn., Ind.,
rare. A plant of vigorous growth, 2 — 4f high, with opposite, ascending brandies.
Leaves 2 — 3' in length, tho lowest on long petioles. Verticils many-flowered,
remoto but nimiorous, forming an interrupted, leafy spike. Corolla reddish white.
July, Aug. § Eur.
40. MARRU'BIUM, L. Hoarhound. Calyx tubular, 5—10 striate,
with 6 or 10 subcqual teeth ; cor. bilabiaU', upper lip erect, flattish or
concave, entire or bifid, lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe broad-
est, emarginate, tube included; sta. included in the tube. — If.
M. vulgdre L. St. ascending, hoary pubescent; lvs, roundish, ovate, crenatc-
dentate, downy cauescent beneath; cal. of 10 setaoeous, uncinate teeth. — Field.-?
and roadsides. St. 1 to 2f high, branching at base, or several from the same root
Lvs. petiolate, 1 to 2' diam., whitish and rough veined above, very woolly be-
neath, rounded and toothed. Fls. white, in sessile, axillary, dense, hairy verticils.
Cal, woolly, the teeth spreading and alternately shorter. Jl., Aug, § Eur. Well
known as an ingredient in cough candy.
41. LEUXAS, L. (Gr. Aev«6f, white; the usual color of tho densely
woolly flowers.) Calyx tubular, 8 to 10-toothed, subequal ; corolla
tube included, upper lip concave, erect, entire, very hairy without, the
lower longer, spreading, trifid, middle lobe tho largest ; stamens be-
neath the galea ; filaments not appeudagcd, achenia 3-angled. — Fls. in
axillary verticils.
y^
%
iM'
IE 1 ''
I : ' 1
III
ml
mi
558
OuDEU 90.— BORRAGINACE.E.
L. Martinic&nsis Br. Erect, pubescent; Ivs. petiolate, ovate, crenate, rugous,
the tioral lanceolate ; verticils distant, large, globular, many-flowered ; cal. in-
curved, oblique, upper tooth longest. — 1) Herbs 1 to 2f high, with small white
llowers. Escaped from gardens, Ga. § W. Ind.
42. LEONOTIS, Br. Lion's-ears. (Gr. Aewv, a lion, (bra, ears ;
a fanciful name alluding to the corollas.) Calyx lO-voined, apex in-
curved, throat oblique, sub- 10- toothed, upper tooth largest ; corolla
tube exserted, limb bilabiate, upper lip concave, erect, entire, lower
short, spreading, trifid ; stamens 4, ascending under the galea ; anthera
in pairs. — Verticils dense, with numerous, linear-subulate bracts. Fls.
scarlet-yellow.
L. nepetaefdlia Br. Herb stout, erect ; Ivs. thin, ovate, crenate ; cal. teeth 8,
the upper much the largest, all spiuescent ; cor. scarlet, about twice longer than
the calyx. — (£) Waste and cultivated grounds, S. Car. and Ga., common. Plant
large and very showy, 4 to 7f high. St. deeply 2-grooved on the 4 sides, angles
rounded. Lvs. comparatively small, 18" to 30" by 12 to 20", on long petioles.
Clusters terminal and subtermiiial, near 2' diam., beset with the calyx spine.s and
the brilliant, downy corollas 10" in length. § Africa.
Ordkr XC. BORRAGINACEtE. Borrageworts.
Eerbs (shrubs or trees), with round stems and branches, not aromatic. Leaves
alternate, generally rough, with stiflf hairs. Stipules none. Flowers seldom yel-
low, generally in a coiled (scorpoid) inflorescence. Sepals 5. Petals 5, united be-
low, regular, very rarely irregular. Stamens 5, inserted in the tube. Ovary deeply
4-lobed, forming in fruit 4 separate, 1 -seeded achenia in the bottom of the persis-
tent calyx. Style 1, gynobasic, seed separable from the pericarp, exalbumiuous.
Illust. in figs. 220, 372.
Genera 54, xpecies 6S3, mostly native.s of temperate cllra(ite.s in the Northern hemisphere.
Propertiex. — Mucilaginous and emollient plants, never poisonous. The important red dye,
alkanet, is the product of Anchusa tinctoria, iScc. Many are esteemed for their beauty in cul-
tivation.
TRIBES AND GENERA.
I. EIIRETIE.iE. Ovary entire, 4-celled. Sty. terminal. Fr. baccate. Shrubs. Tournefobtia. 1
II. HELIOTROPES. Ovary entire. Style terminal. Fruit dry separating into parts, (a)
a Corolla tube cylindrical, throat open. Fruit separating into 4 parts IIeliotkopium. 2
a Corolla tube conical, throat constricted. Fruit separating into 2 parts.. .IIeliopuytum. 3
III. BOllRAGEiE. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. Style basilar. Fruit 4, ocluiiiia. (b)
b Corolla irregularly 5-lobed, throat open, naked. Blue Ecuium. 4
b Corolla regularly 5-lobed. (c)
Achenia unarmed, fixed by their excavated base, throat closed, (d)
d Corolla wheel-form. Anthers exserti'd. Blue Borraqo. 5
d Corolla tubular-bell-form. Stylo exserted. White Sympuvtu-m. tf
d Corolla salver-form, with the slender tube bent. Blue Lycopsis. 7
o Achenia unarmed, fixed by their small, fiat base. Throat open or closed, (e)
© Corolla tubular, with the lobes erect and acute. White Onos.modutm. 8
e Corolla lobes rounded, imbricated in bud. White or yellow. . . .Luuubpeumum. 9
e Corolla lobes rounded, imbricate In bud. Purple, blue, large Mertknsia. 10
e Corolla lobes rounded, co.ivoluto in bud. Blue or white, small Myosotis. 11
Achenia armed with borbed \)ricklcs. — Corolla salver-form Eoiiinospkkmu.m. 12
—Corolla funnel-form Cynoolossum. 13
1. TOURNEFOR'TIA, L. Summer IIelktropb. (Dedicated to
Joseph Pitton de Tourne/ort, the founder of Systematic Botany.)
Calyx 6-parted, corolla salver-form, throat naked ; stamens 6, included ;
style short ; fruit 2-carpeled, 4-celled and 4-Beeded. — Shrubs, with en-
tire lvs. and secund spikes.
Ordbr 90.— BORRAGINACEiE.
559
T heliotropoides Hook. Shrubby at base, with herbaceous, hairy branches,
erect; Ivs. oval, pubescent, obtuse, undulate ou the margin ; ped. terminal, 2 or
3 times dichotomous ; cor. tube included, lobes obtuse, fruit globular. — Thu tla.
are numerous, small, pale lilac, and inodorous, f Buenos Ayres.
2. HELIOTRO'PIUM, Tournef. Heliotrope. (Gr. /'/Atoc, the sun,
rperrb), to turn ; the flowers were said to turn with the sun.) Calyx 5-
partod, corolla salver-forra, lobes shorter than the tube, the sinuses pli-
cate and prominent in the bud ; anthers sessile ; style short, stigma
conical, the achenia cohering at base, at length separable, — Herbs oc
shrubs. FIs. white or purple, in unilateral, soorpoid spikes.
1 H. Europabum L. Herb erect, pubescent ; Ivs. oval, obtuse at each end, petio'
late, wavy; spikes lateral and terminal, single or forked ; cal. lobes hirsute, obtuse,
equaliug the cor. tube, and also as long as the fruit. — 'J) Rocky banks, at Har-
per's Ferry, Lu. A delicate annual 8 to 12' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, two-thirds
as wide. FIs. small, white, in spikes several inches in length. Aug. f § Eur.
2 H. curaBsavicum L. Herb glabrous, procumbent at base ; lvs. linear-lanceo-
late, obtuse, entire, tlaucous ; spikes usually forked ; sep. obtuse, mtich shorter than
the fruit. — ij) Sandy .shores, St. Louis to N. Orleans. A foot high. Lvs. 1 to 2'
by 2 to 3". FIs. very small, bluish. § W. Ind.
3 H. Peruvi^num L. Shrubby, erect, pubescent, somewhat hoary ; lvs.
short-petiolate, lance-ovate, rugous ; spikes numerous, aggregated, corymbous , ^u, .
tubetwice longer than the calyx. — A pretty green-house shrub, 1 to 2f high. Lvs.
serrulate, twice as long as wide. FIs. very fragrant, white or tinged with purple,
f Peru.
3. HELIOPH'YTUM, DC. (Gr. rj^iog, the sun, f^vrov, a plant ; from
its relation to Heliotropium.) Calyx 5-parted ; corolla salver-form,
throat constricted, 5-rayed ; anthers included; style very short; nuts
2, each 2-celled (sometimes with 2 additional empty cells). — Herbs with
habit of Heliotrope.
H. Indicum DC. Herbs erect, branching, hairy ; lvs. ovate, erose-serrulate, acute,
base abruptly contracted into a petiole, often subcordate, rugous, very veiny;
spike terminal, solitary, simple (rarely forked 1) ; cor. much exserted, pubescent;
fr. miter-form, the two nuts divaricate, showing the 4 empty cells between. —
"Waste grounds, pastures. 111., Ind. to Ga. St. furrowed, 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to
3' long, or more. Spikes 2 to 6' long. Cor. blue or purple. Carpels biM at apex.
§ S. Am. E. Ind.
4. ECH'IUM, Toum. Viper's Bugloss. (Gr. ^xig, a viper ; from
the spotted stem of some species.) Calyx 5-parted, segments subulate,
erect; corolla campanulate, obliquely and unequally lobed, with a short
tube and naked orifice; stigma cleft; achenia tuberculate, base flat,
imperforate. — Herbs or shrubs. FIs. irregular, in spicate, panicled
ra<; ernes.
E. vulg^re L. St. herbaceous, rough with bristles and tubercles; cauline lvs.
lanceolate, and rough with bristles ; spikes lateral, hairy, detiected. — (Jj A rough
plant, with large, handsome, violet-colored tlowers, found in fields and waste
grounds, N. States. Stem 18 — 20' high, round, with entire, dull green leaves,
which are 2 — 6' long, and j as wide, lower ones petiolate, upper ones amplexi-
cauL Flowers in numerous, crowded, axillary, recurved spikes, appearing in
June and July, § Eur.
5. BORRA^GO, Tonm. Borragk. Calyx 6-parted; corolla rotate,
with acute segments ; orifice crowned ; filaments converging ; achenia
ovoid, muricate, excavated at base, inserted lengthwise into an excavated
receptacle. — Europt an herbs.
If I
■ ♦!•«
it
$
■m
■■^r^i,'
"m.4:
660
Order 90.— BORRAGINACE^.
1 B. ofiBcinalis L. Lvs. ovate, alternate, the lower ones petiolate ; cal. spread-
iiig; ped. terminal, many-flowered; filaments included. — (3p A common inhabitant
of tlie garden. The whole plant is rough with short, bristly hairs, erect, 2f high,
with terminal clusters of handsome, sky-blue flowers during summer. It was
formerly in high repute as a cordial. The young leaves form a good salad and
pot-herb. % Eur.
2 B. orieut^lis. Lvs. cordate, petiolate ; ped. many-flowered ; fil. exserted, vil-
lous. — (X) An ornamental garden plant, E. Eur. Stem and leaves hairy. Flowers
blue, appearing in the spring months. X (Psilostemon,DC.)
6. SYM'PHYTUM, Tourn. Comfrey. (Gr. avfi<f)vaig, a joining or
healing; from its reputation for healing wounds.) Calyx 5-parted ;
corolla tnbular-cainpanulate, orifice closed with 5, subulate scales, con-
verging into a cone ; achenia smooth, ovoid fixed by an excavated base.
— U Oriental herbs.
8. ofSoinale L. Hairy, branching above; lvs. extensively decurrent, the lower
and radioal petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, upper and floral lanceolate ; sep. lanceolate,
acuminate; cor. Umb with 5-recurved teeth. — A large, coarse-looking mucilagi-
nous plant, in gardens and low grounds, Mid. States. Whole plant rough with
dense hairs. Stem 3 — 4f high, winged by the decurrent leaves, bearing terminal,
revoluto racemes. Corollas white, pink and red, appearing all summer. :{: §
7. LYCOP'SIS, L. WiLo BuGLOss. (Gr. Xvko^, a wolf, and 6t/>, the
eye ; name suggested by the small blue flowers.) Calyx 5-cleft ; corolla
I'lmnel-form, tube incurved, orifice closed with ovate, converging scales ;
achenia perforated at base, ovoid, angular. — Distinguished mainly
by the curved corolla tube.
L. arv^nsis L. Plant hispid ; lvs. lanceolate, repand-denticulate ; rac. leafy ; fls.
sessile ; cal. shorter than the curved tube of the corolla. — A very hispid, almost
bristly plant, in fields and roadsides, N. States, probably introduced. Stem erect,
branching, roundish, about a foot high. Leaves 5 or 6 times as long as wide, the
margin irregularly and slightly toothed. Fls. small. Calyx erect. Corolla sky-
blue with white scales within. June, July. § S. Eur.
8. ONOSMO^DIUM, Mx. (From Onos/?ia, another genus of this order,
and eldog, appearance.) Calyx deeply 5-parted, with linear segments ;
corolla cylindrical, having a ventricous, half 6-cleft limb, with the seg-
ments converging and the orifice open ; anthers sessile, sagittate, in-
cluded ; style much exserted ; achenia imperforate, whitish, sliining. —
U North American. Rac. terminal, subspicate, one-sided. Fls. white.
1 O. Virginianum A. DO. Clothed with apprcssed, stiff bristles from a tuber-
cular base ; lvs. oblong, sessile, entire, acute or rather obtuse, b-veined, cal. very
bristly, lobes lance-linear; cor. hispid cfr nearly smooth, a third longer than the
calyx, the segm. lance-subulate ; anth. strongly sagittate. — Dry soils, N. Eng. to Fla.
, and La. Plant mostly erect, 15 to 30' high, branching, verv rough. Lvs. varia-
ble, 15 to 30 ' by 6 to 9". Floral lvs. bracthke. Cor. 4 to 6'' long. Jn.— Aug.
(O. hispidum Mx.)
2 O. Carolinidnum DC, Tall, clothed with long spreading, rusty-white, bristly
hairs tubercled at base; lvs. lance-oblong, sessile, entite, l-veined, acute, gradually
diminished upwards ; fls. shaggy, bristly ; cal. lobes lance-oblong ; cor. near twice
longer, lin^b dilated, seym. ovate, obtusiih; anth. linear-oblong, cells scarcely di-
verging at base. — By streams, W. N. Y. to Wis., La. and Ga. St. hollow, 2 to
4f high, branched. Lvs. 2 to 3' or more long, near 1' wide. Cor. 5 to 6". Ach.
large, white. May — Jl. Varies in leaves and hairiness.
p. MOLLE. Bristles short, appressed, and on the hvoer surface of the oblong-ovate
lvs. soft downy, except the 7 prominent, bristly veins. — Plant smaller. Lv.^.
approaching to ovate, acute or obtuse. (0. molle Mx.) — Chiefly S. Western,
«•■ t
Order 90— BORRAGINACEiE.
561
9. LITHOSPER'MUM, L. Grammell or Gromwell. (Gr. kl^og^
a stone, and antpua, seed ; the seeds being hard and shining like little
pebbles.) Calyx 5-parted, persistent ; corolla funnel-form or salver-
form ; limb 6-lobed, orifice open, or with 5 gibbous appendages, alter-
nating with the stamens ; anthers included ; stigma obtuse, bitid ;
achenia bony, rugous or smooth, imperforate at base. — Herbaceous or
sutfruticous, generally with a thick, reddish root. Fls. spiked or ra-
cemed, bracted, white or yellow.
§ Achenia rugous-tubei'ulcd. Corolla throat open, not flppendagcu No. 1
i Achenia smooth and wliite. Corolla throat iippendiigL'tl. — Flowers wliiu.'... . No.v '.' — \
— Flowers yellow Kus. C— '
1 L. arv6nse L. "WnEAT-TniEF. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse, Lairy ; cal. nearly
equal to the corolla, with spreadinjj segments ; acli. rugous. — (I; A rough, trou-
blesome weed, in lields and waste grounds. Stem branching, erect, 12 — 15' high,
from a fusiform root with redaish bark. Lvs. bright green, rough, sessile, 1 — 2'
in length, with only the central vein ; the lower ones obtuse and narrowed to th©
base ; upper ones subacute. Fls. small, white, subsessile, solitary, in the axils
of the upper leaves. May, Jn. § Eur.
2 L. ofiBcin^le L. Erect, very branching above; lvs. lanceolate, acute, veiny,
cal. nearly equal to the tube of the corolla ; ach. sniootli. — 11 A rough, grayii>h plant,
in dry, gravelly soils, N. and Mid. ytatos. Sts. much branched, clustered, ansmg
1 to 2f from a white, fusiform root. Lvs. grayish green, rough on the upper side,
hairy beneath, rather acute, entire, 2 to 3' by 6 to 9'. Fls. small, white, axil-
lary, solitary, pedicellate, in recurved, I'ify spikes. Achenia ovate, polished,
stony, usually but 1 or 2 perfected. Jl. § Eur.
3 L. latifolium Mx. Erect, subsimple, scabrous; lvs. ovate, sharply acuminate,
tapering to the sessile base, veined, scabrous ; rac. leafy, few-flowered ; sep. lauce-
linear, longer than the corolla, and spreading in fruit ; ach. punctate with mirmte
impressions, shining white, ovoid-turgid. — Woods and thickets, N. Y. to 111. and
\ a. Sts. many from the same root, strict, 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 1 to 2',
strongly veined. Nuts generally but 2, half as long as the calyx. Fls. small,
white.
4 L. ang;uBtifdliuin Mx. Procumbent at base, much branched, roughish and
somewhat hoary with an appressed pubescence ; Iva. linear, rigid, edges slightly
revolute; fls. scattered, lateral; ach. roundish-ovoid, shining, but punctate with
minute impressions. — Sand prairies, along rivers. Wis. (Lapham) to Ark. and
westward. Plant G to 15' high. Lvs. 1' long. Fls. small, cor. white, scarcely
longer than the calyx.
5 L. canescens Lehmann. Puccoon. Erect, subsimple, softly villous ; lvs. ob-
long or li'iear-oblong, obtuse, silky-canescent above, villous beneath ; fls. axil-
lary; tube of the cor. thrice as long as the very short calyx. — 2^ Prairies, flelds, and
dry hills. Can. N. Y. to 111. and S. States. St. 8 to 12' high, erect, simple, rarely
a little branched above. Lvs. sessile, 2 to 3 " wide and 4 times as long, 1-veined.
Fls. crowded near the summit of the stem. Cal. sogm. lanceolate, acute, 2 " long.
Cor. bright orange-yellow, 6" long. Ju., Jl. The root dyes red. (lials-
chia, Mx.)
6 L. hfrtum Lehm. Erect, simple, rough-hairy; lvs. sessile, linear-lanceolate,
obtuse, ciliate-hirsute both sides, floral o/;afe-lanceolate ; cal. lobes linear, hirsute,
half as long as the corolla ; cor. segm. spreading, obovate, entire, tube hispid in-
side at base : ach. ovoid, shining. — 71- W. and S. States, in dry soils. Sta. 8 to
15' high, clustered. Fls. crowded. Cor. orange-yellow, 7 to 8' long. Cal.
segm enlarged in fruit. Apr. — Jn. (Batsohia Caroline nsis Grael.)
7 L. lougiflorum Spreng. p]rect, strigous with a cinereous pubescence; lower lvs.
lance-linear, attenuated to the base, upper ones linear, acutish ; rac. leafy, termi-
nal ; cal. segm. linear, much longer tliau the pedicel ; cor. tube 4 times longer than
the calyx, lobes crenulate, wavy. — % Wis. to Natchitoches, La (llale.) St. 10 to
15' high, slender, branched near the top. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 2 to 4" wide, Uie
floral scarcely as long as the flowers. Cor, yellow, the tube 9 to 12'' long. Fr,
umch shortor than the calvx, ifmooth, white. Jl. (Pentalophus, DC.)
36
:,t
Hi'
>, ,'
m
■il
It
562
OEDBR 90.— BORRAGINACE^.
10. MERTENSIA, Rotb. (Pulmonaria, Tourn.) Smooth Lung-
wort. (Named for Prof. F. C. Mertens, of Bremen, Germany.) Calyx
short, 5-cleft; cor. tube cylindric, twice longer than the calyx, limb
Rubcampanulate, 5-cleft, throat naked, or oftener with 5 folds or ridges
between the insertion of the stamens ; sta. inserted at top of the tube ;
anth. subsagittate ; ach. smooth or reticulated. — 11 St. and leaves usu-
ally glabrous and pellucid-punctate, the radical many-veined, caulin«
sessile. Rac. terminal.
1 M. Virginica DC. Erect or aacending, very smooth ; radical Iva. large, petio-
lato, oval, ovale or obovate, cauline sessile, latice-ovate or oblong, all entire, ob-
tuse ; cor. tube 3 times longer than the calyx, twice longer than the limb. — Dry,
rich soils, N. Y. to S. Car. and Iowa. A plant of rare beauty, 12 to 18' high.
Lvs. 2 to 6' long, the caulino feather-veined. Fls. numerous, nodding, Kwmewhat
trumpet-shaped, 10" long, varying tlirough every shade of blue and lilac even on
the same plant. May. (Lithospermum pulchrum Lehm.)
2 M. maritima Don. Glabrous, procumbent or ascending; lvs. ovate, obtuse,
Ht'shy, glaucous, tl>e radical petiolate, cauline sessile ; rac. leafy ; cal. deeply cleft,
scarcely half as long as the glabrous, 5-cleft corolla. — Sea shore, N. Eng., rare.
Can. and northward. St. diftusely branched. Fls. purplish blue, limb longer
than the tube, which exhibits 5 folds at its summit. Jl.
3 M. paniculElta Don. Scabrous with minute hairs, erect; radical lvs. petio-
late, ovate, cordate, cauline ovate-oblong, sessile, all acuminate and veined ; cal.
hispid, thrice shorter than the subcampanulate corolla. — Shores of the great
Lakes, from Superior to Bear L., also in gardens. An elegant plant, with fls.
varying from bright blue to white, paniculate, nodding.
11. MYOSOTIS, Dill. FoRGET-ME-NOT. (Gr. juvf, a mouse, and
(ov?) WTor, an ear ; from the form of the leaves.) Calyx 5-cleft ; cor-
olla salver-form or funnel-form, tube about equaling the calyx, the 6
lobes convolute in bud, orifice closed with short, concave scales ; ache-
nia ovate, smooth, with a small cavity at base. — Herbs, slightly villous.
Rac. at length elongated, bractless, or with a few, small lvs. at the base.
Fls. never axillary.
§ n.icotnes one-sided. Calyx clothed with minute, appresscd hairs, if any No. 1
§ littcenies two-sided. Calyx beset with spreading, minutely-hooked bristles Nob. 2, 3
1 M. palustris Roth. (i. laxa (Fig. 220). Minutely strigous or smoothish,
somewhat branched, erect; lvs. linear-oblong, obtuse, with short, scattered hairs;
rac. without bracts; pedicels divaricate in fruit, twice as long as the short, spread-
ing, smoothish, equal calyx. — % Ditches and marshes, Can. and U. S., very slen-
der, about a foot high. Lvs. scattered, sessile, about 1' by 2 or 3". Rac. termi-
nal, or often one of them supra-axillary, one-sided. Fls. 2 to 3'' broad, blue, with
a yellow center. Fed. 3 to 6" long. May — Aug. (M. casspitosa Schultz.)
2 M. arv^nsis L. Hirsute with tubercular hairs, branching ; lvs. oblong-lanceo-
late, acute ; pedicels spreading in fruit, twice as long as the open, equal calyx, in
loose racemes, which are not at all leafy among the flowers at their base.—®
Fields, &c. Sts. 6 to 15' high. Lvs. 1' and less in length. Fls. 2 to 3'' broad,
white? Jl., Aug. We describe from English specimens, having seen none
native. (M. intermedia. Link.)
3 M. stricta Link. Roughly hirsute with spreading, mostly tubercled hairs;
lvs. oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong, obtuse or acute, pedicels ascending, as
long as the closed, uucinate-bristly, unequal calyx, in racemes which are leafy at
base. — (^") Dry fields and hills, Conn., N. Y., to Wis., La. and Ala. Plant varying
greatly in aspect at different stages of growth, yet always recognized by its calyx,
which is decidedly bilabiate, the lower lip of 2 longer teeth. Plant 6 to 16' high,
grayi'^h. Lvs. 1' long, or in larger specimens 2'. Fls. very small (I" broad),
white. May — Jl. (M. venia Nutt. M. arvensis Torr.)
■M"'-Ji}
Obdbr 90.— BORRAGINACLiE.
668
12. ECHINOSPER'NUM, Swartz. Burr-seed. (Gr. ix^vo^, the sor-
urchin, anipfia, seed ; from the character.) Calyx 5-parted ; corolla
hypocrateriform, orifice closed with concave scales ; achenia 4, erect,
bearing 1 to 3 rows of echinate prickles, smooth between, compressed
or angular, fixed to a central column. — Herbs with bracted rac. and
small, blue fls.
E. L^ppula Lr>hm. St. branched above ; Ivs. lanccc^late or linear-lanccolato,
hairy; cor. longer than the calyx, the border erect-spreading; ach. eacii wltli 2
rows of hooked prickles on the margin. — 1 1) An erect lierlj, in dry soils, roadsiil s,
N. States to Arc. Am. Stem having a dry, grayish aspect, from its dense hairs,
about a foot high, undivided except at the top, wliere it branches into a kind of
panicle. Leaves 1' by 1 — 2", sessile. Flowers very small, blue. Jl. (Roohe-
lia Koeni. Cynoglossum Scop.)
13. CYNOGLOS'SUM, Tourr Hound's Tongue. (Gr. kvcjv, a dog,
yXu>aaa, tongue ; from the form of the long, soft leaves.) Calyx 5-
parted ; corolla short, infundibuliform, vaulted ; orifice closed by 5 con-
verging, convex scales; achenia covered with echinate prickles, do
pressed, forming a broad, pyramidal fruit, and each fixed laterally to
the style. — Cor. blue, purple or white.
8 I'acemes without bracts or nearly so Nos. 1, 2
$ Uacciiies bracted at base, but the pedicels oi ways extra-axillary No. 3
1 C. ofiBcindlis L. Common Hound's Tongue. Silky-pubescent, leafy to the top ;
root-lvs. lance-oblong, attenuate at base to a petiole, upper sessile or amplexicaul ;
rac. bractless, paniculate, not stalked; nuts margined in front. — U Waste grounds,
pastures, common. Plant of a dull green color, emitting a disagreeable smell.
St. erect, hairy, 1 to 2f liigh. Lvs. with soft down on both sides, entire, 6 to 10'
by 1 to 2', tapering into a long, attenuated base, the upper much smaller. Clus-
ters terminal, panicled, recurved at the end. Fls. with a downy calyx and a
dull red corolla. Cal. leaf-like in fruit. Sds. rough with booked prickles. Jl.
§ Eur.
2 C. Virgi' icnm L. Hirsute-pilous; lvs. oblong-oval, acute, upper ones clasji-
ing, cordate, all on the lower half of the stem ; corymb terminal, leafless, on a low/,
naked peduncle. — U Inhabiting woods and thickets, Vt. to Va. and 111., rare in N.
Eng. A liairy plant, 2f high, simple, bearing at tlio top of its leafless summit a
small, panicled corymb of pale purple flowers. Radical lvs. 5 to 6' long and half
as wide. Cal. and pedicels very hairy. Jn. (C. amplexicaule Mx.)
3 C. MorriBoni DC. Begoau-ticks. St. widely branclied ; lvs. oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath; rac. divaricate, dichotomous;
fr. densely covered with prickles, doubly barbed at the point. — (T) In rocky
grounds and rubbish, Can. to Fla. St. furrowed, 2 to 3f higli, with many slen-
der, remote, wide-spread brandies, each terminating in a centrifugal, racemous
inflorescence. Lvs. entire, remote, large (4 to 8' long), tapering to each end, the
lower ones petioled. Fls. very small, white, the pedicels nodding in fruit. Jl.
(Echinospermum Virginicum Lehm.)
Order XCI. HYDROPHYLLACE^. Hydrophylls.
't-
Mi
1^,
■■f
Ml*
fferbs mostly, with alternate lobed leaves and regular bluish flowers. Calyx 5-
cleft, usually with appendages at the clefts, persistent, free. Corolla 5-lobed, often
witli 10 honey scales or furrows near the base. Stamens 5, inserted into the cor-
olla, with a deeply bifid style. Oyart/ entire, ovoid, free, 1 -celled, with 2 parietal,
several-seeded placentae. Fruit 2-valved, filled by the placenta. Seeds reticulated,
albuminous.
Oenent IS, species 77, chiefly American. Properties unimportant.
, ."^r-;
■: f
ill.
>!■ ^'' ;
>04
OHuaa. ai.— HYDROPHYLLACEii:.
li'i
FIG. 67S. Hydrofhyllmn Virfrlnicum,
flower; a, corolla cut oj)en, sliowiii^ tlie
lionoy-aroovi^s; b, ovary and stylu ; c,
MM'tion of scc;l. OEinCRA.
§ Placcntro central, large, nisny-seeded. Cymes not scorpoid , Htdrolba. 6
!>' i*luc<Mitiu piiiietal (at least in i!ie middle), beaiini^fiw (I to 4, rarely many) saedb. (b)
b Lobes of the corolla convol.'ite in lestivation. (o)
b Lobes of tiie corolla iinbrica'o (quincuncial) in tbe bud. (d)
c Stamens exscrted. Flovers in forked, scorpoid racemes Hyukoi*iivi.lum. 1
C Stamens Included. Flowers solitary, opposite the leaves Nemoimiila. 3
d Flowers solitary. Caly.v much enlarged in fruit Ellisia. 3
d Flowers racemed.— Lobes of the corolla entire (seeds 4.) Piiacklia. 4
— Lobes ot" the corolla entire (seeds oo) Eutoca. 5
— Lobes of the corolla fringed CosMANTiirs. 6
1. HYDROPHYL'LUM, Tourn. Water-leaf Burr-flower. (Gr.
v6(t)p, water, (f>vkXov, leaf; the leaves in spring arc said to hold water.)
Sepals slightly united at base, the sinuses sometimes appendaged ; cor-
olla campanulate, convolute in bud, with 5 longitudinal, margined nec-
tariferous grooves inside ; stamens exserted ; capsule globous, 1- celled,
2-valved, 4-seeded, 3 of the seeds mostly abortive ; placentae 2, fleshy,
free except at the base and apex. — 21 Radical Ivs. on long petioles,
(•innately or palmately veined, cauline alternate. Cymes scorpoid,
bractlc'ss.
§ Calyx appendaged between the sepals at base. Stamens as long as the corolla No. 1
§ Caly.x not appendaged. Filaments nmch exserted "Nos. 2—4
1 H. appendiculatum Mx. Lvs. subpalmately 5-lobed, the lower almost pin-
iiatitid, the lobes dentate, diverging, and with the long petioles, ped. and cal. hir-
sute ; sep. lance-subulate, the appendages at the base ovate, acute, 4 times
shorter ; cor. glabrous except the minute appendages inside ; stam. included. —
N. Y„ near Rochester, to Wis. and Va , in woods. Sts. 12 to 18' high, branched.
Petioles 1 to 4' long. Lvs. roundish in outline, the broad, acute lobes pointed
and diverging in a stellate manner. Cul. 4 to 5' long, appendages deflexed, 1"
Icng. Cor. blue. May.
2 H. Virginicum L. Plant nearly smooth ; lvs. pinnatijid and pinnate, the seg-
ments oval-lanceolato, incisely serrate ; fascicL-s conglomerate ; ped. longer than
the petioles. — An inhabitant of moist woods, Can to Car, and Western States.
Stem a foot high, bearing largo, roundish tufts of flowers, stamens and style very
conspicuous, twice the length of the bell-shaped corollas. Leaves lew, on long,
clasping petioles, with about 5 distinct leaflets, the upper 3 more or less confluent
at base, all irregularly toothed. Corollas varying from white to sky-blue. Jn.
3 H. Canad^nse L. Lvs. smoothish, palmate, roundish, with 5 — 7 shallow lobes,
unequally dentate, teeth obtuse-mucronate ; fls. in crowded fascicles ; ped. shorter
than the forked petioles. — Quite different in aspect from the last. Found in alpine
woods, Can. to Car. W. to Ind. Stem 12 — 18' high, with large, roughish leaves,
divided into 5 — 7 lobes. Fascicles of fls. dense, terminal, but shorter than the
petiole which seems to contintie the stem. Cor. white or variously tinged with
purple, much longer than the pedicels. Jn., Jl.
4 H. macroph^Uum Nutt. Whole plant reversely hispid with white hairs ; los.
oblong-oval, /w outline, pinnatijid, lower segments distinct, upper confluent, all incised
into rounded, mucronate teeth, cauline solitary or few, much smaller ; cymes ter-
minal, long-pedunculate, dense-flowered ; cor. glabrous except the grooves inside.
Okuku 91.— IIYDUOPII Y I.LACK^.
505
• — Ohio, to the Alleghany Mta, of Vn. Stum a foot higli, almost leafless, with a
terminal globous cyme of white flowers. Uadigal leaves 6 to 10' long, the seg-
ments ovate-oblong. Corolla 6" long, stam. 10". Jn.
2. NEMOPH'ILA, Nutt. (Or. v^fiog, a grovo, ^iAt'o), to love ; suoh
is their usual locality.) Calyx 5-pait»;(l, the sinuses with reflexed appen-
dages ; corolla rotate-cam panu late, the 5-lobes convolute in bud, obtuse,
the tube inside bearing 10 minute folds or scales; stamens included;
ovary globous, 1-ceIled, 2-valved, with 2 placenta', free except at the
ends, each 2 to 12-ovulcd. — X Herbs fragile, dilluse, with opposite «>r
alternate, pinnately parted Ivs., one-flowered, ped. and cyanic fls.
1 N. microcalyx Fisch. & MeytT. Glabrous, decumbent, branched ; Ivs. trian-
gular in outline, 3-ciott, or the lower 5-parted, aegrii. with rounded luucronato
lobes ; ped. slender, opposite to and nearly equaling the petioles ; cor. small, about
twice longer than the calyx ; seeds 1 to 2. — Damp woods, Macon, Ga.. Ala., to
Ark. and La. Sts. muiiy, 6 to 12' long, or often but 3 to G', very tender. Lvs.
all alternate, less tlian i' long, the petioles often longer. Fls. white, 1 to 2 '
broad. Lvs. ovoid, pitted. Apr. (N. ovanesccMs Darby. EUisia, Nutt.)
2 N. insiguis Benth. Lvs. oblong, pinnately 7 to 9-lobed, lobes ovate,
acute, ped. longer than the leaves ; cor. twice as long as tiio calyx, rotate-campan-
ulate; seeds 10 to 12. Plant procumbent, in gardens, somewhat hairy, lvs. 1 to
2' long. Fls. 1' or more broad, white with a bhio border. \ California.
3 N. maciilata Benth. Procumbent, witli lv.«. similarly lobed with th') last,
and with the lis. white, with 5 large violet-colored spots on the bordi r. f Cali-
fornia.
3. ELLIS'IA, L. (In honor of Joseph Ellis, F.R.S., an English
naturalist, correspondent of Linnasus.) Calyx 5-parted, equaling the
tubular-campanulato, caducous corolla, sinus naked; cor. tube Avith S-pair"*
of minute appendages within, limb 5-lobed; sta. included ; nectary annii-
lar, 5-toothcd ; sty. bifid, Avith linear lobes ; caps, ovoid-globous, 3-
valved ; seeds 4 or fewer ripening. — ;X' Herbs, with pinnatifid lvs. Cor,
white.
E. Nyctel^a L. Ascending, branching, with few, scattered hairs ; lvs. petiolato,-
upper ones alternate, segments 9 to 11, linear-oblong, nearly distinct, bparingly
dentate ; ped. 1-llowered, opposite the leaves, about as long as tlie sepals ; cal.
seg. triangular-acuminate, broad at base, longer tliau the tube of the corolla. — (1)
Woods and river banks, S". J. to Iowa and Ala. Stem 4 — 10' long. Leaves 1 — 2'
long. Calyx at length remarkably large for the size of the plant, nearly aa
inch in diam. Corolla lobes obtuse, emarginate, with purple spots at base inside.
May— Jl.
4. PKACE^LIA, L. (Gr. (paKEAog, a bundle or fascicle ; alluding to
the fasciculate racemes.) Calyx 5-partod, not appendaged ; corolla
tubular campanulate, caducous, 5-lobed, lobes entire, imbricate in bud,
tube within furnished with 5 margined grooves ; stamens 5, mostly ex-
scrted ; ovary 1-celled, hispid ; style bifid ; capsule ovoid, 2-valve(l,
valves bearing the placentae in the middle ; seeds 4 to lO.-^IIerbs hisi-
pid, with alternate lvs. and loose or dense, one-sided racemes.
♦ Racemes forked or corj-mbed Nos. 1,4. *• liaceines 8iin[)Io Nos. 2, 3.
1 P. bipinnatifida Mx. Hairy, suberect; Ivft. incisely pinnatifid, tung-petiolate,
lateral segm. 2 to 4, incisely lobed and toothed, terminal trifid ; rac. elongated,
forked sicbpaniculate ; cor. lobes entire, twice longer than tiie calyx, shorter than
(sometimes as long as) the stamens. If or @ Woods and hill sides, Pcnn. to Ind.
(Plummer), Mo. and N. Car. Plant sometimes nearly smooth, 1 to 2f high,
bearing several leafless racemes at top. Lvs. 3 to G' long, including the pe-
tiole. Cor. 6" broad, blue, the grooves bordered with narrow, pubescent mar-
gins. May, Jd.
iU'
/
, if
r^
14
' IJJ'N
If'-
'■i\\.S!h^
1
:i
4^J'"'i
IP
SH6
Order 91.— HYDROPHYLLACE^.
2 P. macitlataWood. Erect, hrsknching, Bpariagly hirsute ; Iva. pinnatifid, 5 to 7.
lobed, the lower petiolate, almost piiiuute, upper sessile, lobes oblong, ucutish, those
of the radical Iva rounded; roc. simple, cerminal, 9 to IB-Howered, pedicels twioa
longer than the linear-oblong hrisUy-ciliate sepals. — A more delicate species, on
Stone Mt. Ga. and Ark. Sts. smoothisli, 6 to 12' high, sparingly leafy. Cor. 7"
broad, violet blue, 10-spotted around the yellowish throat. Grooves obscurely
bordered. Stain, not longer than cor. May, Jn.
3 P. parvifldra Ph. Sfs. weak, smoothish, procumbent, subsimplo ; Ivs. all petiolate,
the lowest elongated, with roundisli, remote, stalked leaflets, the upper with dis-
tant ublonij-lancfulate, entire, acute segm. ; rac. simple, loose, terminal, 6 to 12-
tiowered; pedicels at lengtli twice longer than the oblong-spatulate, smoo^Ais/i
sepals ; lis. small. — @ Shaded banks, Peun. to Ga. Plant diffuse, ascendinjr, to
10' long. Lvs. with their petioles 1 to 3' long, lobes distant, small. Fis. pale
blue, 4 ' wide. Apr., May.
4 P. cong68ta Hook. Downy-canescent ; lvs. pinnate, Ifls. alternate, very
unequal, some sessile, others petioled, all iucisely lobed, tlie terminal confluent ;
rac. corymboua ; scp. lance-linear; cor. campanulate, twice longer than the calyx ;
stam. exaerlod. — (D Herb a foot higli, in gardens, with numerous bright blue fis.
t Texas.
5. EUTOXA, R. Br. Calyx 5-partcd; cor. deciduous, 5-lobcd, imbri-
cate in bud ; nectary -grooves ; filain. exserted, with miimte scales at
ba.se ; style half 2-clei"t ; ovary hairy above, halt'-2-celled, 4 — oo-seeded,
—X Lvs. hairy, pinnatcly lobed or entire.
1 B. vfscida Benth. Glandular-pilous, viscid, branched, suberect ; lvs. peti-
olate. iwate, coarsely, and unequally dentate or lobed ; racemes scorpoid, at length
elongated ; sep. linear, a third as long as the tubular-campanulute, deep blue corolla ;
seeds CX). — Gardens. If high. Fis. near 1' long, f California.
2 B. Franklinii Br. Pubescent, simple, erect; root-lvs. crowded, cauline alter-
nate, all pinimtijid, lobes 5 — 7 ; rac. short, spike-like, cor. blue, spreading-camjmn-
ulate, a third longer than the calyx; seeds 00. — Gardens. Fis. numerous. Cali-
fornia. Isle Royal {Porter).
6. COSMAN'THUS, Nolte. Miami Mist. ((Jr. Koafwg, elegance,
dvdog, a flower.) Calyx 5-part(Kl ; cor. broadly campanulate, caducous,
S-ciott, tube without appendages; sta. 5, about equaling the (fringed)
corolla; nectary minute ; ova. hairy except at base, 1-celled; sty. bifid;
caps. 2-valved, valves septiferous in the middle; seeds 4, rugulous. — (T)
Delicate herbs, with alternate lvs. Rac. long, bractless. Fis. small,
white or pale blue.
1 C. Purshii. Nearly glabrous; lower lvs. petiolate, pinnatifid, segments few,
entire, ovate, terminal one largest, upper lvs. sessile, pectinately pinnatifid, with 5
to 7 oblong, acute, lobes; rac. terminal, simple, 9 to 15-fiowered; pedicels longer
than the lance-linear sepals. — Fields and river bottoms, Penn. to Ga., "W. to la.
and Ky. Plant 8 — 12' high, with slender brandies. Radical leaves with obtuse
lobes, mostly shorter than the petiole. Cor. delicately fringed, light blue, 5 to 6'
broad, spreading. May, Jn. (C. fimbriatus Nolte. Phacelia fimbriata Ph. not
Mx. P. Purshii Buckley.)
2. C. fimbriatus Mx. Much branched from the base, pubescent ; sts. slender,
assurgent; lower lvs. petiolate, pinnate, with roundish segments, upper sessile,
cleft into 5 to 7 oblong, obtuse lobes; rac. terminal, simple, 5 to 12-flowered; pedi-
cels about as long as tlie oblong-spafulate, obtuse sipats. — Mts. Va., Tenn. (Miss
Dana), to Ga. Sts. 4 to 8' lonur. Fis. white, delicately fringed, 4 to 5" diam.
May.
6. HYDRO^LEA, L. (Gr. vScop, water, rAata., oil; "a viscid (oily)
water plant.") Calyx 6-sepaled, persistent ; corolla rotate-campanulate,
fl-lobed ; stamens 6, adherent to the corolla tube ; styles 2, stigmas
capitate-depressed ; capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, the large, fungous pla-
OiBUEH 92.— POLEMONIACE^.
607
centic axial, borne on «ich surface of tlio free, false dissepiment, se("<l9
many. — Herbs with alternate, undivided Ivs., and axillary or terininal
cymes of blue fls.
1 H. corymbdaa Macbrido. Unarmed, sparingly hirsute above; Iva. sessile,
lanco-oviito ; branchleta corymbed, each bear ini> u terminal Jtoiver ; sep. lanccolato.
acute, hispid ; cor. tlirico longer tli lu tho calyx ; cap.s. roundish-ovoid, glabron \
— U Ponds in pino barrens, (Ja. and i^. Car. (Bachman), Sts. 1 to2f high. Lvs,
r to 18 ' long, with downy veins and margins. Fls. showy, nearly bell-.sliapcd,
r bror.d, "azure witfi yullowish veins and 5 white spots near the base," (Elliott.)
Jn. — Aug.
2 H. quadrivdlva Walt. Spiny, more or less hispid ; lvs. lunceolato, peliolatc,
very acute at both ends, oiuiro; cymes 4 to 6-Jtowered, ovWary, upper sessile,
lower pedunculate ; sepals ovato, acuminate, a little shorter than theeoiolla. — U
in stagnant waters, S. Car., Ga. to La. St. 2f high. Spines straiirlit, slender,
axillary, 3 to 5" long. Lvs. 2 to li' long. Cor. azuro blue, 5 to G broad.
Caps, as largo as a pea, with numerous minute seeds. Jl. — Sept.
3 H. ov&ta Nutt. "With ovate-aeuminate lvs. and terminal chi.sters is found in "W.
La. and Ark., probably noi native within our limits. Rarely seen in gardens.
Order XCII. POLEMONLVCE^. Piiloxworts.
Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves and 5-partcd, regular, showy flowers.
Corolla monopotalous, tlu lobes convolute, rarely imbricate in ajstivation. Sta-
mens 6, adherent to the corolla tube, and alternate with its lobes. Ovary 3-celled,
a'igma 3-cloft ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds few or many, albumin-
ous, attached to a permanent columella. (Illustr. in Fig. 301.)
<?e7ie/vt 17, «/»ecte« 104, chiefly N. American. They are valued and cultivated only ns orna-
mental pluntij.
TRIBES AND GENERA.
I. POLEMONIE.iE. Sepals united at base. Lobes of the corolla convolute in bud. (a)
a Corolla salver-form. Filaments unequal. Leaves entire Phlox. 1
a Corolla bell-form. Filaments equal. Leaves pinnate Polf.monium. 2
a Corolla funnel-form. Filanuints equal. (Leaves i)innately dissected) Oilia. 3
IL DL\PENSIE.<E. Sepals distinct, oval. Lobes of corolla imbricated Diape.nsia. 4
1. PHLOX, L. Phlox. Lyciinidia. (Or. ^Ao^, a flower ; from
the color and profusion of the flowers.) Calyx prismatic, deeply S-clel't ;
corolla salver-form, the tube more or less curved ; 'citamens very un-
equally inserted in the tube of the corolla above the middle ; cajtsule
3-celled, cells each 1-scedcd. — A highly ornamental. North American
geims. Lvs. mostly opposite, sessile, simple, entire. Fls. in terminal,
cymes, corymbed or panicled. (Fig. 301.)
* Lobes of the corolla rounded and entire at the end. (1)
1 Panicle of cymes oblong or pyramidal, many-flowered , Nos. 1, 2
1 Panicle of cymes corymbed, level-topped, flowers fewer. (2)
a Plants sjlabrous. Calyx teeth shorter than its tubes No.s. 8, 4
2 Plants hairy. Calyx teeth attenuated, lonjier than the tube. (3)
3 Leaves narrow, linear or nearly so Nos. 6, 6
3 Leaves bro.id, ovate or lanceolate, etc Nos. 7, 8, ^., 9
♦ Lobes of corolla notched or bifld at tlie end. — Leaves distant Nos. 8, 10
— Leaves imbricated No. 11
1 P. panicul^ta L. Glabrous, erect ; lvs. oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate
ai each end, or tho upper abrupt at base, rough-edged, flat ; corymbs paniculate,
subpyramidal, many-flowered ; cat. teeth setaceous-acuminate, nearly as long as the
tube'; pet. roundish-obovate, entire. — U This favorite is found native in woods
and river banks, W. States to Penn. and Car. St. 2 to 3f high, ending in a large,
oblong-pyramidal panicle of innumerable pink-colored, scentless flowers. Lvs. 3
to 5' by 9 to 16", lower ones distinctly petioled. Cor. tube a little curved, 12 t»
15" long. Jl.— Sept. f
!■
b ..
M
1
1
'
t
^
!'
f
*
4U
!»•'
568
Order 92.— POLEMONIACE^.
8
n
%
8. ACUMINATA. Lvs. ovate-acuiiiinato, pubescent beneath as well aa the stem;
panicle with fewer Howers. — In rich alluvion. (P. acuminata Ph.)
I P. maculdta L. St. erect, scabrous or nearly smooth, purple-spotted ; lower
lvs. lauctolate, the highest ovate, cordate at base, all subcoriaceous, njiighish or
smooth ; panicle oblong or subpyramidal ; cal. teeth lanceolate, acute, about half as
long as its tube; p^'t. orbicular. — IL Moist fields, Peun. to Car. and Western
States. Stem 2 — 3f high, mostly punctate, with purple spots. Lower branches
of the panicle siiorter than the leaves, or often elongated. Corolla tube more or
less curved, smooth. Petals obtuse or retuse, purple, varying in gardens from
white to crimson. Jn. f (P. pyramidalis Sm.)
/5. GUACiLiOR. Tali, slender, scabrous ; lvs. linear and lance-hnear. Ga. (Fcay).
}'. suAViiOLENS. Smootli ; lis, wiiito, sweet-scented. — Gardens. (P. suuveo-
lens Ait.)
\ P. Carolina L. Glabrous ; st. decimate at hose, ascending, often branched ; lvs.
lanct'olate from an ovate (rarely cordate) base, acuminate or gradually acute ■, pani-
cle coryrabous, of dense, few-flowered cymes ; cal. teeth lanceolate, acuminate. —
Woods, prairies, Mich, to Ga. St. often procumbent at base, thickisli, smooth, 9'
to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, variable in form. Corymb simple or often com-
pound and rather diffuse. Sep. united two-thirds their length, the points soft,
spreading. Cor. tube 1', lobes rose purple, roundish, spreading 1'. May — Jl. f
li OVATA. St. roughish or puberulent ; lvs. broad (1) ; corymb loose. — South.
(P. ovata Ph.)
y. NiTiDA. Lvs. lancc-oblong, dark green, shining. — S. W. (P. nitida Ph. ?)
: P. glab^rrima h. Glabrous ; sts. slender, clustered, suhsimple, erect ; lvs. lance-
liucar or oblong -linear, gradually acute or acuminate, rounded or acute at base,
tiiickish, often with rovoluto margins ; corymb subsimple, lew-flowered ; cal. teeth
lanceolate, sharply acuminate. — I'rairies and barrens, Wis. to Ga. and Term. Sts.
1 to 3f high, with light green foliage. Lvs. 2 to 3 to 4' long, 3 to 5" wide, very
smooth except the rough edges. Sep. united two-thirds their length. Cor. tube
9 to 12" long, slightl}' "curved, lobes pale pink. Jn., Jl.
P. pildsa L. Smooth or puberulent below, glandular pilous above; st. declinaie
at base, slender, assurgcnt, subsimple ; lvs. linear and lance-linear, margin sub-
revolute, base half-clasping, attenuate to an acute ajKx ; panicle corymbous, few-
flowered, loose ; cal. segin. subulate-aristate, much longer than the tube. — Prairies
and copses, Wis. to N. J., Ga., Fla. and La. A common, slender Phlox, 1 to 2f
high. Lvs. 1 to 3' long, rigid. Cor. small, pale red or bluish, tube 7 to 8" long,
lobes spreading 7 to 8 '. May, Jn. (P. aristata Mx.) Varies to glabrous (La.
Hale) wlien it still difFei'S from No. 4 by its long setaceous calyx teeth.
li. 'Floridana. Snioothish below ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate ; sep. lanceolate-
setaceous. — Fla. (at Quincy!) and elsewheie. Approaches the next. (P.
Floridana Benth.)
P. involucrata. Hoary-pubescent; sts decumbent and branching at base, tlien
siuiplo and erect; lvs. linear-oblong, rather obtuse at each end, hall-clasping, sub-
erect, flat, the floral similar and closely :,ubtending the dense corymbs as if involu-
crate; cal. teetli longer than its tube, linear or subulate-spatulate ; cor. lobes
rouiulisli-obovate, angled at ajiex. — Very elegant, common in dry soils, through-
out the S. States. Sts. 6 to 12' high. Lvs. about 1' long. Cor. deep purpl'
varying to carmine-red. May, Jn. (P. pilosa Walt., Mx., Bentb., etc., not L.
/■f.? Walteri, Gray, P. amoena Gray, not Sims.)
P. reptans Mx. Stolons creeping ; sts. assurgcnt ; lvs. ovate, obovate or ob-
long, obtuse ; corymbs few-llowered ; cal. puberulent, segments linear-subulate ;
pet. obovate, entire. — 1^ Hillsides and mountains, Ind. (Plumnier) to S. Car.
Flowering-stems 6' high (Southern specimens G to 12 ), with small (4 — 9" by
2 — 4') and remote leaves. Stolons with leaves 2 — 3 times larger, somewhat
crowded at the end. Flowers 3 — 8. Corolla bluish-purple, tubi- scarcely twice
longer tiiau the calyx. June.
P. divaric^ta L. Low, diffVise, pubescent; lvs. lanceolatCj ovate oi oblong,
acuiish; panicle corymbous, loose; cal. rough ish-puberulent, segm. linear-subu
late ; cor. lobes emarginate at the end. — U Can., Wis., N. Y. to Ga. and Ala. (banks
of tho Chaltahoochoel). Sts. loosely branched, a foot or more long, flaccid. Lvs
Oedkr 92.— POLEMONIACE^.
560
1 to 2' long, acute, the lower tapering to the base, the upper broad and clasping
at base, the floral linear setaceous. Pedicels diverging, as long us tlie calyx which
is half as long as the corolla tube. Cor. of a pecuhar light but brilliant gniyish
blue. Apr., May.
ii. Laphamii. Lv8. ovate, pet. obtuse, entire. — Wis. (Lapham) Western Re-
serve (Oowles) and southward, not uncoinnioa.
9 P. Dnimmondii Hook. Drummond's Lyohnidia. Erect, dichotomoualy
branched, glandular-pilous ; Ivs. mostly alternate, oblong or lanceolate, scabrous ;
corymb dense-flowered ; col. hairy, segm. lanceolate, setaceous, elongated, revo-
lute ; cor. tube pilous, segin. obovatp, entire. — ii)iianks of Flint R., S. E. Ga. I and
Tex. One of the handsomest species of the genus, common in cultivation.
Whole plant gI;ibular-scabrou&, 8 to 12' high. Fls. very showy, all shades 'rom
white to dark purple, and exquisitely penciled with a star. May, Jn.
10 P. bifida Beck. Low, assurgcnt, diflusely branched, puberulent; Ivs. am-
plexicaul, subrevolute on the margin, acutLsh, lower lance-ovate, upper lance-
linear ; corymbs very loo.se, 2 — 5-flowered ; cal. segninits linear, acute ; cor. tube
curved, segments deeply bifid. — A very disti'ict species, and very rare, in Mo.
(Beck), Cass Co., 111. (Mead). Stem brownish-purple, slender, 6' high. Loaves
12 — 15' by 1 — 2", lower much shorter. Pedicels 1' long. Cor. purple, tube
much curved. Apr.
11 P. subuldta (and P. setacea L.) Moss Pink. Procumbent, coespitous, much
branclied, pubescent ; Ivs. rigid, subulate or linear-subulate, ciliate, fascicled in
tlie axils ; cal. teeth linear-subulato, very acute ; cor. lobes cvmeate, emarginato.
Rocky hills, Penn. to Ga. and Ky., abundant in its localities, in dense, turly
masses, spangled over in May with rose-colored flowers. Corymb, 3 — G-flowercd.
Cor. white or pink, deeper purple in the center. May. f
2. POLENO^NIUM, L. Greek Valerian. (Gr. nokenog, war ;
Pliny relates that two kings fought for the merit of its discovery.)
Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft; corolla rotate-campanulatc, limb 5-lobccl,
erect, tube short ; stamens declined, equally inserted at the throat, fila-
ments with hairy appendages at base ; capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, cells
many-seeded. — Herbs with alternate, pinnately divided ivs. Fls. ter-
minal.
1 P. r^ptans L. St. smooth, branching, diffuse; Ivs. pinnately 7 — W-foliatc,
leaflets oval-lanceolate, acute ; fls. terminal, nodding ; cells of caps. 2 — H-secded. —
U Woods and damp grounds, Wis. to N. Y. and mts. of S. Car. Stem 12 — IS
high, weak, fleshy. Leaflets mostly 7, subopposite, smooth, entire, sessile, au
inch long and half as wide. Segments of tlio calyx lanceolate-acute, persistent,
much sliorter than the tube of tlie corolla. Corolla blue, lobes short, rounded at
the ends. Anthers introrse. Root creeping. May. f
2 P. coeritleum L. St. smooth, simple, erect; Ivs. pinnately 11 to \1-foliaie,
segm. acuminate ; fljs. erect ; cal. equaling the tube of the corolla ; cells of capf>. <>
to lO-seeded. — ® A handsome plant, in gardens. Sts. clustered, about 2f high,
hollow, stout, each dividing at top into a corymbous panicle. Lvs. mostly radi-
cal, on long, grooved petioles; Ifts. all sessile, ovate-lanceolate, subopposite,
oblique, odd one lanceolate. Fls. terminal, suberect. Cor. blue, 6'' diam. f Eur
3. GIL'IA, Ruiz & Pavon. (Named for P. S. Gilio, a Spanish
botanist.) Calyx 6-cleft, segments acute ; corolla tube long or short,
limb regularly 5-lobed ; stamens 6, e{iually inserted at top of the tube ;
disk cup-form ; capsule oblong or ovoid, few or many-seeded. — Ilerb.s
with alternate, pinnatifid lvs. Fls. paniculate, capitate or scattered,
elegant and showy, lilac purple to white.
61. Ipomopbib. Corolla fUnnel-form, the tube much exscrteil No. 1
{2. GiLiA proper. Cor. lobt-s subrevolute, tut)e Incltidedln calyx No. 'i
I Q. coronopifdlia Pers. Standing Cypresb. St. strictly erect, tall, hairy;
lvs. crowded, pmnatifid with subulate divisions ; thyrso elongated, with very sliort
■i
'*U.
11
1/ I
:»
K J'
^■^'IH
m
■*)*■*' ; ■ *" '
fifii
570
Okdek 93.— CONVOLVULACE^.
brandies ; cor. tube tbrice longer than calyx, aegm. ovul-oblong, erect-spreading ;
stain, barely exserted. — (J) Along rivers, 8. Car., Ga., Ala. A splendid herb, 2
to 4f high, its plume-like form closely beset with delicate fringe-like leaves and
bearing at top a long (If) thyrse of scarlet red flowers. Cor. 15" long. Jl.
(I pomopsis, Mx. Cantua, Juss.). — A more slender form found in Fla. is G. Florid-
ana Don.
2 G. tricolor Benth. Tricolored Gilia. St. erect, nearly smooth ; Ivs. twice
or thrice pinnatifld, with narrow, linear segments ; cymes paniculate, 3 to 6-flow-
ered ; cor. tricolored, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx, tube very short. — (X An
elegant little garden plant, from California, If high. Fls. numerous, limb pul«
hlac-blue, tliroat purple and tube yellow. \
4. DIAPEN'SIA, L. Calyx of 5 oval imbricated sepals, closely sub-
teinled by imbricated bracts; corolla campanulate, imbricated in the
b»id ; filaments 5, flat, arising from the sinuses of the corolla; anther-
cells diverging at base and the dehiscence transverse ; capsule papery,
enveloped in the persistent calyx, 3-celled, many-seeded. — Prostrate
utidershrnbs with densely imbricated, linear Ivs. and solitary terminal fls.
§ 1. D1APEN8IA proper. Anthers without awns. Flowers peilicellato No. 1
§ 2. Pyxidantiikba. Anthers with the lower viilve awiied. Flowers sessile No. 3
,i D. Lapponica L. Csespitous ; Ivs. doiiKo, spatulate, fleshy, evergreen, obtuse
and entire; fls. pedunculated. — U A little, leaty plant, 2 — 3' high, growing on
the summits of tlie White Mts. in N. Hampshire, forming dense tufts among tlie
rocks. Leaves crowded, pale beneath, fleshy, 5 — 8" by 1'' with a revolute margin,
clasping base, and broadly obtuse point. Fls. on slender (1' long) terminal, soli-
tary peduncles. Calyx of 5, obtuse leaves, longer than the leafy bracts at its
base. Corolla white, with 5, flat segments. July.
2 D. barbulata Ell. Eranchca short, ascending; Ivs. lance-cuneiform, acute,
pubescent at base ; fls. terminal, sessile ; lower valve of the anther beaked or
awned at base. — A prostrate, creeping plant, abundant in pine barrens, N. J. to
Car., forming dense beds. Stems 3 — 6' long, subhispid. Leaves 1 — 2" by ^ — 1".
Flowers white, 3" diam. Sepals denticulate, as long as the corolla tube. May,
Jn. — The beak of the anther is variable, sometimes reduced to an acute point.
(Pyxidantbera barbulata Mx. D. cuneifblia Ph.)
Order XCIII. CONVOLVULACELE. Bindweeds.
Chiefly twining or trailing herbs, sometimes parisitic, sometimes shrubby. Leavet
(or scales when leafless) alternate. Flowers regular, pcntamerous and 6>androu8.
Sepals imbricated. Corolla monopetalous, 5-plaitcd or lobed, convolute in bud.
Ovary free, 2 (rarely 3)-cellod or falsely 4-celled, or of 2 distinct, 1-ovuled pistils.
Capsule 2 to 6-seeded. Embryo large, coiled in mucilaginous albumen. (lUustr. in
fig. 49, 56, 303, 321, 338, 4^55, 466.)
Genera 60, xpecies 700, abundant in tropical climates, rare in cold.
I'ropefiiea. — The roots of many ppocies aboiind in an acrid, milky juico which is strongly
pHi native. Jalap of the shops is the product of tlio root of Exogonium purga, of Mexico, and of
«)th«r (ipecies ; scammony, of Convolvulus scaniiuuniu, native of Levant. The drastic qualities
•f both depend upon the presence of a peculiar resin. Other species have large farinaceous
tubers. Th« Sweet Potato, a valuable article of food, is the product of C. Batatas, native at th«
South.
TRIBES AND GENERA.
III. CUSCUTINKiK. Leafless, parasitic, twining. Embryo without cotyledons... Ccscuta. 10
II. DICnONDUli;.^E. Leafy. Ova. 2, distinct, with 2 distinct styles. South.. .Diciiokdba. 9
L CONVOLVULEiE. Leafy. Ovary 1. Capsule dehiscent. Cotyledons leafy, (a)
a Ovary 2-celled. Styles 2. Peduncle louger than the leaves Stylih-ma. 8
a Ovary 2-ceIled. Styles united into one. (b)
b Calyx enveloped in 2 large bracts Galtbteoium. 7
b Calyx nakad. — Stamens exserted. Tube of the corolla sleuder Caltntction. 8
— Stameus included. — Stigmas 2, linear Convolvulus. 5
—Stigma capitate IpoMiS*. 4
-* ;
Order 93.— COXVOLVULACEA
571
a Ovary 8-celled. Stl^^ma capitate, granulate, not lobed Pharuitis. 3
a Ovary 4-celle(l. — Stamens included. Corollas, large IJatatas. 'i
— Stuuens ezsertud. Corollaa rather small Quamuclit. 1
1. QUA'MOCLIT, Tourn. Cvpress-vine. Sepals 5, mostly mucron-
ate ; corolla tubulai'-cylindric, with a s:vlver-forin border ; stamens ex-
sorted ; style 1, stigma capitate, 2-lobed ; ovary 4-celled, cells 1 -seeded.
— Twining herbs, mostly American. (Fig. 303.)
1 Q. vulgaris Choisy. Cypress-vine. Lvs. pinnatifid to the midvein, segments
linear, parallel, acute ; ped. 1-flowered ; sup. ovate-lanceolate. — An exceed-
ini^ly delicate vine, Ponn. (Eaton) and S. States generally cultivated. Steiiiy
glabrous, very slender, twining and climbing to the height of 5 — lOf. Fls. much
smaller than those of the common morning glory, scarlet, varying to crimson and
rose-color. Trained upon twino it forms an exquisite awning. July, Aug. f i^
E. Ind.
2 Q. coccfnea Moench. Lvs. cordate, acuminate, entire or angular at base ; ped
elongated, about 5-tlowered ; cal. awned. — X) S. States, rare in the Western,
along rivers, frequent in garden.^. Fls. very delicate, 1' long, limb spreading 9",
light scarlet, nearly entire. Jn. — Aug. (Tpomtea L.)
2. BATATAS, Rumph. Sweet Potato. (The original Indian name
of the common potato, transferred.) Calyx of 5 sepals ; corolla cam-
panulate, with a spreading limb; stamens 5, included; style simple;
stigma capitate, 2-lobed ; capsule 4-cellcd, 4-valved, with 4 erect seeds.
— Herbs, or shrubby, chiefly American. Juice milky.
1 B. littoralis Chois. Creeping, sending out runners; lvs. smooth, petiolate,
thiclk, sinnate, with 3 to 5 rounded lobes, or somewhat panduriform, emarginate,
cordate; ped. \-flowered, as long as the leaf; sepals ovate, abruptly acuminate;
seeds tomentous. — y Sand hills near the coast, S. Car. to Fla. Fls. large. Statu.
much shorter than the tnbe of the yellowish white corolla. Sty. with 'i capitate
stigmas. Aug. — Oct. (Convolvulus L. C. obtusilobus Mx.)
2 B. macrorhiza. Creeping or twining ; lvs. cordate, entire, sinuate or lobed,
tomentous-pubescent beneath ; pad. 1 to 5-flowered, longer than the petioles but
shorter than the leaves; sep. ovate, obtuse; seeds villous with long hairs. — U
Siuidy soil, islands of S. Car. and Ga. (Elliott). Rt. fu.siform, attaining a largo
size. Sts. several feet in lengtii. pubescent. Ped. 2 to 3' long. Cor. largo,
purplish, white. Stam. barely included. Stig. 2, capitate. Jn, — Oct. (B.
Jalapa (?) Chois. Convolvulus Ell.)
3 B. ^dulis Chois. Sweet Potato. Creeping, or twining ; lvs. variously S
to 5-paliuate or pi'date-lobed or angled, lobes acute, base cordate with a broad simis,
6-veined, smoothish; ped. 3 to h-flowered, as long or longer than the petioles. — U
Root bearing oblong, terete tubers which taper to botli ends. Sts. 4 to 8f long.
Lvs. 2 to 5' long, on petioles 2 to 6'. Fls. showy, rose-purple. \ E. India. (Con-
volvulus Batatas L.) — Extensively cultivated West and South for its ricli, nu
tritious tubers. (Fig. 56.)
3. PHAR'BITIS, Chois. Morning Glory. (German farbc, color ;
in reference to the brilliant flowers.) Calyx 6-sepaled ; corolla cain-
panulate or inclining to funnel-farm ; style single ; stigma capitate,
granulate; ovary 3 (rarely 4)-celled, cells 2-seeded. — Beautiful climl>-
ing and twining herbs, everywhere cultivated for ornament.
1 P purpiirea. St. climbing and twining, retrorsely pilous; lvs. cordate, entire;
fl. nodding ; ped. 2 — 6-tlowered ; pedicels thick ; cal. hispid. — CD In fields. Mid.
and W. States. Stems climbmg many feet. Leaves roundish, heart-shaped.
Flowers large, beautiful, generally of a dark purple, sometimes blue, flesh-colored,
striped, kc A well known and favorite climber and free flower, of the eafliest
oulture. Jo. g t (Fig. 49, 338.) (P. hispida Chois. Cocvolvulus L.)
m
m
1 ' ' ' :
™1
• >
1
11
' ' '■ i
i
i!J,>
:■?■•>
^
:^^
'■*%■,
\*:f
^m
41.4^'
J
572
Order 93.— CONVOLVULACE^.
2 P. Nil Choia Morning Glory. Lvs. cordate, 3-lobed; fls. half 5-cleft; ped.
shorter than the petioles, 1 — 3-flowered; sep. ovate, long-pointed, densely hairy
below. — A very beautiful twiaing plaut, found wild, Peuii. to Flor., in fields, but
best known as a garden annual. Stem and leaves somewhat hairy. Flowers
large, the tube white and the border of a clear blue color (whence its specific
name, Anil or Nil, indigo), drying light scarlet. It is of the easiest culture, and
raised from the seed. July — Sept. f
4. IPOM(£^A, L. Falsk Bind-weed. (Gr. ?i/>, tnog, bir.d-weed (or
perhaps 'lipog, ivy), and bfioiog, similar.) Calyx 5-sepaled ; corolla cam-
panulato ; ptam. included; style 1; stigma capitate, usually 2-lobed ;
ovary and capsule 2-celled, cells 2-seeded. — A large genus of herbs,
shrubs or trees, chiefly tropical. Our species are herbs, creeping or
climbing.
♦ Flowers ca]iitate, involucratp, small, bine. Sepals hairy. ... No. 1
♦ Flowers separate. — Sepals bristly oil Lite, capsules somewhat hairy Now. 2. 3
— Sepals glabrous. — Flowers purple. Maritime Nos. 4, 5
— Flowers white, rarely yellow Nos. 6 — S
1 I. tamnifolia L. St. terete, hirsute; lvs. hirsute ovate, cordate, acuminate;
ped. as long as the leaves ; fls. (small, blue) in involucrate heads, bracts unequal,
lanceolate or linear, acute; sep. very iiairy, linear-subulate. — ■'!) Middle Ga. to
La. Vino trailing and climbing, clothed all over with tawny hairs. Lx^s. large,
on long petioles. Ped. 2 to 3' long. Fls. crowded, 9" long, blue.
2 I. commutata R. & S. St. slightly pubescent ; lvs. cordate, entire or 3-lobed,
smootiiish, liairy at the insertion of tlio long petiole, auricles obtuse below, middlo
lobe dilated at base or ovate ; ped. about equaling the petioles, 2 to b-Jlowered ;
sepals la«ceolate, acuminate, ciliate-hirsute, 4 times shorter tlian the corolla; caps.
hairy. — J) In dry fields, S. Car. to La. Sts. twining and climbing. Petioles 1 to
2' long. Fls. usually 8 on each peduncle, purple, varying to pink, bell-shaped.
18" long. Jl.— Oct. (L tricliocarpa Ell.)
3 I. lacunosa L. Minutely pubescent ; st. twining ; lvs. cordate, acuminate, an-
gular-lobed or entire, on long petioles; ped. 1 to '.i-fhwnred, half as long as the
petioles; sep. bri.stly ciliate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, half as long as the corolla;
caps, pilous. — (T) Penn., Md. to Fla., La. and 111. A small, prostrate species, 2 to
Gf long, in dry fields and hills. Lvs. 2' by 1^-', deeply cordate, often deeply 3-
lobcd, petioles 1 to 3' long. Fls. about 1 long, white with a purplish rim. Aug.,
Sept. (0. raicranthus RiddeU.)
4 I. Pes-caprae Sw. St. prostrate, slightly scabrous ; lvs. roundish, emarginate
or 2-lobed, I'atlier thick, petiolate, strongly veined; ped. I to 5 [generally 3)-flowered,
as long as the petioles; sep. ovate-lanceolate; cor. ample, with a short tube. —
Coast and Isl. of Ga. Lvs. 2 to 3' long and wide, as long as the petioles and
peduncles. Pedicels bractod 1 to 2' long. Cor. near 3' long, purple. Jn. —
Sept.
5 I. sagittata Desf. Glabrous ; lvs. cordate-sagittate, .amy, gradually acute and
mucronato, auricles acute or rounded, petioles elongated; ped. as long as tiie
petiole, but much shorter than the solitary, ample flower; sep. ovate, obtuse,
short. — U Borders of salt marshes, S. Car., Ga. to La. St. long and twining. Lvs.
2 to 3' long, the sides nearly straight. Ped. very thick. Cor. 3' long, tne bor-
der spreading 2' or more, purple. Jn. — Aug.
6 I. sinuita Ort. St. hirsute; lvs. glabrous, or the veins beneath hirsute, pal-
mately l-cleft, the segm, pinnatifid, with obtuse teeth; ped. 1 to 2-Howered, as
long as the petioles ; sepals lance-ovate, nearly aa long as the tube of tlie cam-
panulate corolla. — U Ga., Fla., in calcareous soils (Michaux). Lvs. varying to
siuuate-lobed. A twining vine. Fls. wliite, 1' long. (I. dis.secta Ph.)
7 L ciliol^ta Pers. St. smooth; lvs. cordate, acuminate, smooth, the margin
sparingly ciliate, petioles elongated; ped. 1-flowered, 2-bracted above, as long as
the petioles ; sep. broadly ovate, obtuse or mucronulate ; cor, tubular, companulate.
— 2^ N. Car. and Tenn. Vine twining and climbing, with lvs. elegantly heart-
shaped, and large yellow corollas. Sep. large 7 to 9" long. (I. ciliosa Ph.)
Obder 93.— CONVOLVULACE^
573
8 I. pandur^tus Meyer. "Wild Potato. (Fig. 321.) Man-of-the-earth. St.
twining ; Iv.s. broad-cordiito or pauduriform ; ped. I to 5-flo\vcred, longer than the
petioles; cal. snaootli, ovate, ;i to 4 times shorter than the ample corolla. — % In
sandy fields, N. Y. to III and Ga. Sts. several from tlio same root, 4 to 8f long,
slender, smooth. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, and about the same width, acute or obtuse,
with rounded lobes at the base, sometimes lobed and hollowed on tlic side.« aiui
becoming fiddle-shaped. Ped. bearing several large flowers. Cor. near 3 long,
white, with a purple center. Jl., A.ug.
5. CONVOL'VULUS, L. Bind-weed. (Lat. convohere, to entwine;
from the habit of most of the species.) Sepals 5, corolla carapanulate;
htylc 1 ; stigmas 2, linear-cylindrical, often revolute ; ovary 2-celk'cl, 4-
ovuleJ; capsule 2-celletl, 4-seedcJ, or by abortion fewer. — Herbs or
shrubby plants, twining or erect. None native.
1 C. ax'vensis L. Striate, angular, generally prostrate; lvs. sagittate., somewhat
auriculato; ped. mostly l-fiowered, bibracteato near the apex; sep. roundisli-
ovate; capa smooth. — 1(. Fields and pastures, Maine to Car., not common. Stems
several feet long, climbing or prostrate, a little liairy. Loaves 1 — 2' long, the
lower ones obtuse. Flowers small, white, often witli a tinge of red. The small,
acute bracts are near tlie middle of tho peduncle. Jn.
2 C. tricolor L. St. ascending, villose ; lvs. lance-obovate, suhspatulate, ses.«ile,
ciliate at base; ped. l-flowered, bracteate, longer than the leaves; sep. ovate-
lanceolate, acute; cor. trkolored; caps, villous. — 'T) St. weak, 1 to 3f long. Cor.
yellowish in tho center, white in tho middle zone, and of a fine sky blue on the
outer part of the border. Jl. f Eur.
6. CALONYC'TION speciosa, native of W. Ind., rarely seen in cul-
tivation, may possibly be found wild in Fla.
7. CALYSTEXIA, Br. (Gr. KaXv^^ calyx, aTsyr], h covering ; allud-
ing to the conspicuous calycine bracts.) Calyx 6-parted, included in
2 large, foliaceous bracts ; cor. campanulate, 5-plicate ; sta. subequal,
shorter than the liniL; ova. half bilocular, 4-ovuled ; sty. simple; stig.
2, obtuse ; caps. 1-celled, 4-seeded. — Herbs twining or prostrate. Ped.
1 -flowered, solitary.
1 C. spithamaea Br. St. erect or a^surgent ; lvs. oblong-lanceolate, subcordato,
hoary -pubescent; ped. l-flowered, about as long as the leaves. — 1(. An erect, downy
species, 8 — 10' (a span) higli, found in fields and hilly pastures. Can. to Penn. \V.
to 111. Stem branching, leafy, bearing one, otten two or more large, white
(lowers, on peduncles 2 — ^t' long, issuing from near tho root. Leaves 2 — 3' long, I
as wide, oval, with an abrupt, cordate base, and on petioles \ as long. Bracts
concealing tho calyx. Juno.
2 C. Sdpium Br. Rutland Beauty. Glahrom; stem twining; lvs. cordate-
sagittute, the lobes truncate and apex generally acute ; ped. quadrangular, 1-
fiowered; bracts cordate, much longer tlian the calyx. — y A vigorous climber,
in hedges and low grounds, Can. to Oar. "W. to Iowa. Sta. 5 to 8f in length.
Lvs. 2 to 4' long, half aa wide. Fls. numerous, large, white with a reddish tinge.
Bracts close to the corolla, concealing the calyx. Jn., Jl. f Varies with nar-
rower leaves and bracts, more pubescence, &c.
7a. EVO'LVULUS, L. Sep. o; cor. wheel-, bell-, or funnel-form; styles
2, each bifid. Ovary and capsule 2-celled, 4-seeded. — Herbs difEuse, silky.
1 E. argen>:euB Ph. Low, much branched, silky-woolly ; lvs. crowded, lance-
oblong, sessile, acute both ways ; fls axillary, sub-sessile, purple, 3" ; sep. subu-
late, twice longer than the capsule. — 111. {Fricse) and W.
2 E. sericeuB Swtz. Branches simple, filiform, procumbent ; lvs. lanoe-linear,
sessile, 3-veined. 9 " ; ped. axillary, rccm-ved, 1 — 2" ; sep. lanceolate, not longer
than the capsule ; cor. wheel-form, white. — Prairies, Ga. Fla. to La.
. ^,y^
lllf
. I -sm!.
mi
^3^^ 1
>
674
Order 93.— CONVOLVULACEiE.
\U'
. t]«
Of
8. BREWE'RIA, R. Br. Sep. 6, equal ; cor. bell-form, plicate, 5-
aiigled ; statn. 5, included ; styles 2, united at base ; stig. capitate,
ovury and caps. 1 — 4-seeded. — Trailing. Lvs. entire. (Stylisma, Haf.)
1 B. aquatica (Walt.) Slendei*, twlDing, puberuleut; lvs. oblong to oblong-
liuear, subcordate, short petioled, obtuse or retuse, mueronate, soft-pubescent ;
ped. twice longer than the leaves, 1 — 5-flowered; sep. lanceolate, silky, Jilam.
smooth. — y Slow waters, South. 2 — 3f. Piuk.
2 B. humistrata (Walt. ) Pilous with spreading hairs ; lvs. oval to oblong-linear,
cordate, petiolate, 1' ; ped. twice or thrice longer, 1 — 3-flowered, bracts minute ;
sep. ovate, acute, glabrous; Jilam. hairy below. — y Dry soils, S. 2 — 4f. Whitf.
3 B. Pickeringii (Torr.). Lvs. linear, obtuse, sub-sessile and acute at base ;
ped. 1 — 3-flowered with linear bracts as long as the flowers ; sep. very hairy;
cor. small, white; styles united more than half way up, statu, exserted. — 2f
Pine barrens, N. J. to N. Car. (Bonamia, Gr.)
9. DICHON'DRA, Forst. (Gr. 6ig, double, ;!^;6vdpo^, grain ; for its 2
seed-vessels.) Calyx 5- parted; corolla campanulate, 5-cleft; ovaries 2,
styles 2, stigmas thick; capsules utricular, 1-seeded. — 2t Prostrate,
with roundish-cordate or reniform lvs. and inconspicuous fls.
D. ripens Forst. Lvs. much shorter than their petioles, pubescent or silky
beneath, entire ; ped. much sliorter than tho petioles, sep. oblong-spatulate, ob-
tuse, villous, a little larger than the oval cor. segm. — Wet grounds, S.- States. A
little turfy creeper, rooting at every joint, 3 to 12' long. Lvs. varying from 3"
diara. to 9", petioles 1 to 3'. Cor. greenish white, 1 to 2'' broad. Mar. — May.
10. CUSCUTA, Tourn.* Dodder. (Fig. 456.) Calyx 6 (rarely 4)-
cleft or sepaled ; corolla globular-campanulate, 5 (rarely 4)-cleft ;
stamens 5 (rarely 4), appcndaged with scales or fringes at base ; ovary
2-cclled, 4-ovuled ; styles 2 ; capsules mostly 4-seeded ; embryo spirally
coiled, without cotyledons. — (J) Herbs without verdure, germinating in
the soil, at length withering at tho root, and deriving their nourish-
ment from other plants about which they twine from right to left. Stem
yellowish or reddish. Lvs. none, or minute scales instead. Fls. var-
iously aggregated.
8 Stigmas filiform, as well ns the styles. Capsules regularly clrcumscissile No. 1
1 Stijirmas capitate. Capsule indehiscent, or never bursting at base. (*)
* Sepals united. Ovary and capsule globular-depressed. (1)
1 Flowers in subglobous cymes. Corolla withering at base of capsule Nos. 2 — 4
1 Flowers in paniculate cymes. Corolla withering at top of capsule No. 5
* Sepals united. Ovary Ui.d caosuUs more or less conical (2)
2 Corolla lobes acute, inllexed at the ape.x Nos. 6, 7
2 Corolla lobes obtuse, not infloxed Nos. 8, 9
* Sepals distinct, surrounded by siiuilur imbricated bracts No6. 10, 11
1 C. epilinum Weill. Flax Dodder. Fls. sessile, in small, dense, remote
heads; cal. 5-parted, segm. broad; cor. globous-cylindric, scarcely longer than
the calyx, with acutish lobes, withering around tlio depressed-globous capauh' ;
scales small, cronate-dentate ; sty. sliort. — Middle States, growing on flax. Sts.
reddish orange. Fls. yellowish white. Cal. tliickish. Stam. included. Stig.
acute. Caps, opening around the base. Jn. § Eur. (C. Europaea, Darl. and
otliers, not of L.)
2 C. obtuaifldra (FT. B. K.) (3. qlandulosa Engclm. Sta. low, bright oraogo
colored ; Jis. pedicellate, in loosely globular clusters, and dotted with red, shining
glands; sep. rounded-obtuse, as well as tho soon-reflexed cor. lobes; sty. thick,
subiilalo, stig. capitate ; ova-large, depressed, soon outgrowing the withered cor-
olla, leaving it at its base; scales large, often exceeding the tube, deeply fringed.
— Gra. (Pond), Fla. to La. Parasitic, mostly od Polygonum. Fls. 1 to 1^" long.
0»p8. li to IJ" diara.
* Abridged ft-om Dr. Enifclinann's Monograph. See PreAu)*.
Ordbb 93.— CONVOLVULACE^.
571
3 C. chlorocdrpa Engelm. Low, branchiug orango-colured ; Jls. tisiuiUy 4-parted,
short-pediceled, in scattered, globular clusters: cor. tube catiipanulate, nearlj the
length of the acute lobes and acute cal. seym. ; scales small, 2-lobo(l, or oftener of
flmall, lateral teeth ; sty. thick, as long as the largo ovary ; caps. depre.saed, thin. — .
Wi.s. to Ark., also in Del. ou Polygo,uum, &c. Fls. about 1" long. Fr. greenish
yellow.
4 C. arv^nsia (Beyrich) /?. pent.voona Eng. Low ; Jis. small, 6-parted, pedi-
celed, iu compound or branching clusters ; cal. angular, lobes suborbicular, obtuse,
thin and shining, as long as, or longer than the shallow tube of tiie cor. ; lobca of
the corolla acute or acuminate, longer than the tube, reflexed, loith the point injkxed;
anth. round, oval; scales large, deeply fringed ; sty. slender; caps, globular. —
]11., Va., to Fla., on many plants. Sts. scarce If liigh. Fls. less than 1' long.
Caps, yellowish.
5 C. tenuifidra Engelm. Palo, much branched; fls. mostly 4-parted, short pedi-
celed, slender, cymous-paniculate, at length conglomerate; cal. turbinate; cor.
tube slender, longer than the caly.v, or its own short, ovate obtuse lobes; sty.
capillary, as long as the depressed ovary ; caps, globous, bearing the dead corolla
at top, often but 1 to 2-seoded. — 111. and Westward, in wet places, on Cephalau-
thus, Aster, &c. Cor. 1" or less iu length. Caps. 1 to 1^" diam.
6 C. decora (Chois. Engelm.) ft. pulciierrima Engel. Fls. pedicellate, 5-parted,
large, broad-campanulate, loosely paniculate ; cal. lobes acute, length of tlie cor-
olla, erenulate ou the margin ; lobes of the fleshy cor. acuto, erect or spreading,
point inflexed ; sty. as long as, or longer than the ovary ; caps, enveloped by the
dead corolla; sds. beaked, rough. — S. 111. to Fla. and Tex., growing on Legumi-
nosre, Compositaj, &c. Fls. largor than in any of tiio preceding species, 1^ to
If" long, fleshy, white. Anth. and stig. yellow or purple. (C. iu<"i cora Chois.
in DC.)
7 C. infleza Engelm. Fls. podiceled, mostly ^parted, in loose, paniculate cymes,
at length glomerate; cor. fleshy, subcylindric, lobos erect, with the acute points
indexed and margins erenulate; scales miniit-e, reduced to lateral teeth; sty.
divaricate on the thickish brown capsule which bears the dead coroUa at its top.—'
111. to Va. and Ga., on Hazel, Rhus, Salix, lielianthus, aud other herbs and
shrubs, in open woods and prairies. Fls. 1 ' long.
8 C. Grondvii Willd. St. flliform, thick, often high-climbing ; fls. mostly 5-partod,
at first loosely paniculate, finally dense ; cor. tube deeply campauulate, longer
than the cal. lobes, obtuso, flat, spreading, not reflexed ; scales large, oval, deeply
fringed; ova. oval, slightly conic, invested at base with the dead corolla. — Can. and
U. fc5., on coarse herbs and shrubs. The most commou of '\11 our species, in low,
damp or shady places, the only one in N. Eng. Sts. light orange. Fls. 1^ to 1^"
long.
/J. LATIFLORA (Engelm.) Cal. thin; cor. tube shallow, as long as the lobes;
scales narrow. — Mass. to Car. and 111. (C. Saururi Eng.)
9 C. roBtrata Shutt. Fls. largo (2 to 3" long), pedicellate, in loose, paniculate
cymes; cor. deeplj'- campanulate, lobes obtuse; scales small, deeply incisely
fringed; ova. elongated, bottle-shaped; caps, with an elongated, 2-pointed beak 2 to
3" lotig ; sds. 1 to 4, bluntly rostrate. — Alleghanlos, Md. to S. Car., in shady
woods, on tall, coarse herbs. Nearly allied to the last.
10 C. glomerdta Choisy. St.fiUform; fls. in compact masses, surrounding tlis
atem, seesilo ; sep. 5 (1" long), surrounded by many squarrous bracts; cor. tubular-
campaoulale, 5-lobed, longer than the calyx, withering on top of capsule, loboH
laaoeolato, acute, spreading or reflexed; ecalea fimbriate. — AbundaJit in Mo., IIL
and Iowa, chiefly on the Compositaj. Fls. about 2" long, forming compact, cyiiia-
drical raassee, while the stenvs decay, appearing as if springing from the sten.s <A
other plajats. Cor. white and scarious. Anth. partly exserted. Jl.
11 C. compdcta Jusa. St. thick ; fls. sefisile, lateral, in dense masses ; sep. and
bracts minute (\''), orbicular ; cor. tube slender, with 5 oblong lobes, withering on
the summit of iJie actttish capsule, like a calyptra; ads. mostly but 1 or 2. — Bi\uk.i
•of the St. Lawrence R., N. Y. to 111. and the Mts. of Ga., on shrui,fl, as Hazel,
Alder, Andromeda. The twiued dusters in fruit are often 9 to 18" diaui.
'^i
*
'(
1: '
h-
•!
u
Pi
m
ill
■ r
)
:+
a.
m
Ow»BR 94.— SOLANACB^
8, ADPBKSSA Engelrn. Cor. broader ; capa. leaa pointed ; sda. 2 to 4. — 111. U
Va. and La., on liiius, Smilax, Ac.
*|«l!,
Okdeb XCIV. SOLANACEiE. Nightshades.
Plants herbaceous, rarely shrubby, with a colorless juice and alternate leaves.
Flowers mostly regular, often extra-axillary, 5-parted, oa bractless pedicels. Cor-
olia valvate or plicate in tho bud and oft supervolute. Calyx peri;istent. Stamens
5, adliurent to the coroll.i tube, alternate vvitii its lobes ; anthers 2-celled. Fruit a
2 -culled capsule or berry. &eds oo, with a curved embryo in fleshy albumen.
lllust. In Figs. 54, 322.
Genera 64, specien lOdO or more (lC7i5, Dunal.), generally diffused, but most abundant in the
tropics.
Propertien liighl/ important. A largo portiiin of tlie genera are pervaded ijy a narcotic prin-
eijile, rendering tlie lierbage and fruit dangerously poisonous, yet furnishing some of the most
activi! medicines, aa the Henbane (Hyoscyainus), Bmudonna (Atropa), Stramonium (Datura),
Tolideco (Nicotiana), &c. At the same time several species of Solanum aft'ord wholesome and
nutritious food, not because they are free from the narcotic principle, but because it is expelled
In the process of cooking or ripening in the sun. Such are the tubers of the invaluable Potato,
thi' iruit of the Tomuto and £gf; plant. The genus Capsicum is entirely free from narcotine,
and produces the well-known stimulant fruit Vai/mine Pepper.
GENERA.
S Con^la wheel-shaped, the tube very short. Anthers convergent (a).
§ I'orolla bell-shaped, the broad tube including the erect anthers ib).
S Corolla funnel-form, tube long, and— the limb somewhat irregular (c).
—the limb quite regular (d).
a Stamens connate, opening by slits inside. Berry torous Ltoopersic0M. 1
a Stamens connivont, opening by terminal pores. Berry round Solaku.m. 2
a Stamens counivcnt, opening by slit'?. Berry dryish, angular Capsicum. 3
b Corolla bluish. Berry dry, inclosed in the enlarged calyx Nio anu;ia. 4
b Corolla yellowish. Berry juicy, inclosed in the enlarged calyx Fuvbalis. 5
b Corolla purplish. Berry black, sitting on the open calyx Atropa. 6
C Stamens exserted, declining. Capsule opening by a lid Hyoscyamus. 7
Stamens included, unequal. Capsule opening by valves Petunia. 8
d Stamens exserted, growing to the summit of the tube Neibembekgi a. 9
d Slamens exserted, growing to the bottom of the tube Lycium. 10
d Stamens included. — Calyx 5-angled. Capsule spiny or smooth Datura. 11
—Calyx terete. Stigma capitate Nicotiana. 12
—Calyx teretisb. Stigma 2-lob6tl. Flowers small Fabiana. 18
1. LYOOPER'SICUM, Tourn. Tomato. (Gr. ?iVKog, a wolf, nepaiKov,
a peach; a fanciful name.) Calyx 5 to 6 to oo parted ; corolla rotate,
with a short tube and a plicate-valvate limb ; stamens 5 to 6 to oo, ex-
serted ; anthers connate at apex, longitudinally dehiscent on the inner
face; berry fleshy, 2 to 3 to GO-celled. — Lvs. pinnately compound.
Ped. extra-axillary, oo -flowered.
,L. escul6ntum Mill. Hairy; st. herbaceous, weak; lvs. unequally pinnatifld,
segments cut, glaucous beneath ; cor. many-lobed ; fr. torulous, furrowed,
smooth. — ''J) This plant resembles the potato in its general aspect. It grows 3
— 4f high, with jagged leaves, greenish-yellow flowers, and an unpleasant odor.
The fruit is large and abundant, with acute furrows, at first green, becoming
when ripe of a beautiful red. Tliis plant has come into high repute, and its culti-
vation is almost universal, for its agreeable and wholesome fruit, which presents
numerous varieties of form, size and color.
2. SOLA'NUM, L. Potato. (/So/tim, the ground or soil.) Calyx 5-
fjarted, persistent ; corolla rotate, subcampanulate, tube rery short,
imb plicate, 6-cleft, lobod or angular ; anthers erect, connivent, dis-
tinct, opening at the top by 2 pores ; berry 2-celled, subglobous or de-
pressed ; seeds oo. — An immense genus of herbs or shrubs, unarmed ai
Order 94— SOLANACK^.
577
prickly. Lvs. sometimes twin, piniiatifid or luulividcd. Ped. solitary
or several, 1 to cc-flowercd, terminal, but becoming lateral by the ex-
tension of the axis.
§ Unarmed, Anthors oviite-elliptic. pores terminal-introrso (a).
a Herbaci'dus, with pinnatiflil leaves. Kaceme cxceuUinR the loaves No. 1
a llerbaceoiis, with undivided leaves. Uaceino tshorter than tlie leaves Nos. 2—4
a Shrubby cliinbing or erect. Berrie-s red No8. 5—7
\ Armed with sharp spines. Anthers linear-oblong, pores terminal-e.xtrorse (b).
b Peduncles exceedinit the leaves, inany-tlowered Nos. R, 9
b I'eduncles shorter than the leaves, fe'w-tiowered Nos. 10, U
1 S. tuberdsum L. Common Potato. St. herbaceous; subterraiiciio
branches bearing tubers ; lvs. pinuatifid, sejijin. unequal, the alternate ones min-
ute; cor. 5-anj^led; pedicels jointed. — t^/Ihis valuable plant is a native of tJie
Cordilleras of S. America, where it still grows wild. Although it now consti-
tutes so large a portion of the food of civilized man, it was so-rcely known until
the 17th century, and was not extensively cultivated before the middle of the
18th. The varieties of the jwtato are very numerous, differing in their time of
ripening, quality, color, form, size, almost endlessly.
2 S. nigrum L. Black Nigiitsfiade. Si. herbaceous, angular, smoothish ; lvs.
ovate, toothed and waved ; umbels lateral, drooping. — ^i.) A weed-like plant, with-
out beauty and of suspicious aspect, about rubbish, in old fields, N. and W
States. Stem erect, branching, angular, a foot high. Leaves almost always with
the lamina perforated and tiie margin erose as if gnawed by insects. Ped. gener-
ally midway between the leaves. Fls. white, anthers yellow. Berries globou«,
black. Reputed poisonous, but is used medicinally. Flowers in sumioei-
g Eur. (S. nodifloram, Jacq.)
3 S. verbascifolium L. Slirubby, rust-hoary throughout with soft, dense, stel-
late hairs ; lvs. large, ovate or obovate or oblong, entire, acute at each end, petio-
late ; ped. stout, elongated, forked, oo-flowered ; cal. round-ovoid in bud, half
5-cleft ; cor. lobes oblong ; ovary woolly. — Piccolata, Fla. and southv/ard. {Mr.
Fry). Shrub ^5 — 5f l)igh. Lvs. 6 — 9' long, the stalks ^ as long, velvety like
Mullein. Fls. whitish, Autumn. 7 — 8" wide.
4 S. Dulcamdra L. Bittersweet. Woody Nigiitsuahe. St. slirubby, ftex,a-
ous ; lvs. ovate-cordate, upper ones hastate or laciniate : clusters cymous, f'uboppo-
sito and terminal. — A well-known shrubby climber, with blue flowers and red
berries, N. Eng. to Ark. Stem branching, several feet in length, climbinj.' about
hedges and thickets in low grounds. Lower leaves entire ; the upper ones be-
coming aurieulate or hastate. Flowers drooping, on branching peduncles from
the side of the stem. Corolla of 5 rellexed segments, purple, with 2 green spots
at the base of each segment. Berries bright red, said to bo poisonous. Jl.
§Eur.
5 S. Faeudo-Cdpsicum L. Jerusalem Cherry. St.i^\v\\hhj;lvs.ohlong-
lanceolate, subrepand; ped. 1-flowerod, opposit*.' "ho leaves. — Ip A small, orna-
mental shrub, cultivated. Stem 2 — 4f high, branching into a symmetrical sum-
mit. Leaves dark evergreen, smooth and shining, about 2' long. Flowers white,
with c range anthers, drooping, succeoded by a few scarlet, globous berries oftlie
size 01 email cherriea f Mauritius, &c.
6 S. sempenrirens Dun. Shrubby, twining and olimbing ; branches herba-
ceous ; lvs. entire, lance-ovate or elliptic, obliquely cordate, obtuse, with a blunt cu,sp,
very smooth and shining ; panicles terminal, divaricate, roughish and hairy. —
Shrubberies, arbors, &c., hardy South. An elegant climber. Branches cinnamon-
colored, glandular. Lvs. thick, of a bright, shining green. Cor. plicate, 6 or 6
times larger than the calyx, f Guiaua.
7 S. aculeatissimum Jacq. Aculeate throughout with bristly hairs and stoufc
prickles ; lvs. cordate or rounded at base, oval, acutely lobed, lobes sinuate-
dentate ; rac. lateral, few-flowered, shorter tiian the petioles ; berry globous,
yellow. — Fields and waste grounds, N. Car. to Fla. and Mex. Stems 2 — 3f,
very densely beset with yellow prickles 3" long and less. Hairs simple. Cor.
white, 6 — 8'' broad. Berry pale yellow. Jn.—-Sept.
! 'i t
r'^ 1
M;
%„
^ M
«.?i
M
hi*!.
• ..(
fe
578
Ordeb 94.— SOLANACEiE.
8 S. Carolin^nae L. Hobse Nettle. St. and petioles aculeate; Ivs oblong'
ovate, petiolate, strigous, angular-lobate, acute, midvein beneath with a few spines;
rac, naked, loose, supra-axillary; berries globoua. — U Roadsides, &c., N. Y. to
111. and Ga. A rough weed, 1 — 2f high, armed with straw-colored, scattered
prickles. Leaves 4 — 6' by 2 — 3', usually in unequal pairs, with a few large, re-
patid lobes or teeth. Flowers white, lateral and terminal. Corolla white, 12—
15" diam. Berries yellow. Jn.
9 S. sisymbriif blium Lam. Erect, prickly ; Ivs. long-petioled, deeply pinnatifid, lobes
anijnlar-sinuate, acute or obtuse, pubescent ; petiole and midvein prickly, margins
ciliato ; rac. leafy, prickly. — Va. to Car. (Pursh.), Ga. (Feay, Pond.) Plant much
branched, 18' to 3f high, bright green, roughish with minute tomentum. Sts.
slightly angular. Lva. 7 to 9-lobcd. Cor. 15" broad, pale violet. Anth. 4",
linear. Prickles straight, 5" and less, whitish. Jl.
10 S. mammdsum L. Apple op Sodom. St. herbaceous, villous, with scat-
tered spines ; Ivs. roundish-ovate, .suhrordate, lohed, both sides aculeate and very
villous ; berries inversely pear-shaped (mammosa.) — (T) Waste places, roadsides.
Car. (Pursh), Ga., Ala. (Montgomery), to La. A woolly, spiny weed, 1 to3f higii.
Lvs. about as broad as long, 3 to 7-lobed, paler beneath, armed on the veins with
straight spines 3 to 8" long. Cor. violet colored, 5-partod, 12 to 15" diam., soft
villous outside. Fr. yellow, at first globular. May, Jn. (S. pumilum Dun., same
as S. hirsutum Nutt., is proljably a starved form of this species.)
11 S. escul^ntum DunaL Egg Plant. St. prickly ; lvs. ovate, subsinu-
ate, downy, prickly ; fls. 6 to 9-parted. — (T) An herbaceous, branching plant,
about 2f high. The fruit, with which it is heavily laden, consists of egg-shapud
berries, from the size of an egg to that of an ordinary water melon, smooili, and
of a glossy purple. It is considered wholesome and delicious. Like the tomato,
it is cultivated from the seed sown early in warm, dry. and mellow soil, f
/3. Pr. smaller, white. — Cultivated for tlie curiosity of the fruit, which when
ripe can scarcely bo distinguished by its appearance from a goose egg.
3. CAP'SICUM, Tourn. Pepper. (Gr. waTrrw, to bite.) Calyx
erectj 6-cleft, persistent; cor. rotate, tube very short, limb plaited, 5-
lobed ; anthers connivent ; fruit capsular, dry, inflated, 2 to 3-cellcd ;
seeds flat, very acrid. — A large genus of herbaceous or shrubby plants,
pervaded by a heating, acrid principle. Lvs. often in paira. Pad. axil-
lary, solitary.
C. dnnuum L. Red Pepper. Cayenne Pepper. St. herbaceous, angular,
branching above ; lvs. ovate, acuminate, entire, petiolate, glabrous : pcd. smootii ;
cal. angular, with short, acute lobes ; cor. lobes spreading, longer than the stam-
ens ; berry oblong or subglobous, red. — fl) India. Cultivated for its fruit, whose
stimulant properties are well known. — There are in gardens several varieties in
respect to the fruit.
4. NICAN'DRA, Adans, Apple of Peru. (In honor of iV^/can(/rr,
a Greek physician, b. c. 50.) Calyx 5-cleft, 6-angled, the angles com-
pressed, sepals sagittate ; corolla campanulate ; stamens 5, incurved ;
berry 3 to 5-celled, enveloped in the persistent calyx. — (^ Peruvian
herbs.
N. physaloides Adans. St. herbaceous; lvs. glabrous, ample, ovate-oblong,
sinuate, angular ; fls. solitary, axillary, on short peduncles ; cal. closed, with tlio
angles very acute. — Cultivated in gardens, whence it has strayed into the neigh-
boring fields. It is a large, coarse herb, 2 to 5f high, very branching. Lvs. 4 to
7' long, 2 to 4' wide, decurrent. Cor. slightly lobed, white, with blue spots in
the center. Jl. — Sept. § Peru.
5. PHYS'ALIS, L. Ground Cherry. (Gr. (pvaaXig, a bladder;
the inflated calyx inclosing the fruit.) Calyx 6-clcft, persistent, at length
ventricous ; corolla campanulate-rotate, tube very short, limb obscurely
Obder 94.— SOLANACEiE.
579
6-lobed ; stamens 5, connivent ; berry globous, inclosed within the in-
flated, 5-angled, colored calyx. — Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves alter-
nate or unequally twin. Fls. solitary, nodding, extra-axillary. Hairs
flattened, rarely stellate or forked. Summer. Species very variable.
JPereiininl. Calyx reddened, inflated, inclosing the red berry No. 1
Perenniiil. Calyx piile-greoni.sh, inflated inclosing; the berry. I'eilunclo clon-
tfiitcd. Cor. litige (S — 12"), yellow, mostly brown-spotted, (a)
a Hairs stellate-forked or simple, or almost 0, never viscid Nos. 2—4
a Hairs simple, viscid-i;landular. Anthers mostly yellow No. 5
(Annual, viscid-pubescent. Cor. & — 7", yellow-brown. I'ed. shorter than the petiole. No. 6
Annual, smooth.— b Corolla 3— 6", yellow-brown. Ted. shorter than the petiole.. Nos. 7, 8
— b Ckirolla S — 1(1". yellow-brown. Berry filling the half-open caly.x.No. 9
—b Corolla 10—15", white. Berry tilling the calyx No. 10
1 P. Alkekengi L. Strawberry Tomato. Stem sub-simple, pubescent ; Ivs.
deltoid-ovate, acuminate, repaud ; cor. not spotted ; cal. iu fruit ovoid-globous,
colored ; autliers yellow. — (iardens, and adjacent fields, N, Eug. Plaut kss
branched, 1 — 2f high. Lvs. attenuated to a long petiole and with it 3 — i' long.
Berry red, inclosed in the reddened inflated calyx, sweet. § Eur.
2 P. viscosa L. Pubescent or tomentoua with short 2 — ^-forked hairs, some-
what ash-colored; stem branched; lvs. varying from sub-cordate to ovate, oval,
or lanceolate, acutish, petiolate, entire or repand ; ped. longer than the petiole;
cor. spotted, anth. yellow ; calyx round-ovoid in fruit ; berrt/ viscous, orange or
yellow. — Sandy soils, Va., S. and W. Erect or diffuse, 1 — 2f. Lvs. oftoner
single, 2 — 4', petiole 1'. Ped. 12 — 15", exceeding the fruit. (P. Pennsylvunica L.)
3 P. lanceolata Mx. Smoothish or pubescent, the hairs rarely forked; stems
forking, with slender angular branches ; lvs. lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate,
abruptly sub-acuminate, entire or repaud or toothed, on slender petioles ; ped,
filiform ; cor. obscurely spotted, large ; fruit calyx ovoid-conic to pyramidal ;
autli. yellow or violet ! — Light soils. Wise, to Fla. and Tex. Plant 1 — 2f.
Lvs. 1 — 3', petioles and ped. ^ as long. Berry red? (P. Elliottii, Kunze.)
4 P. angUBtifblia N. Yotmg parts stellate-pubcrulent, then smooth ; stems
angular ; lvs. linear to lance-oblong, obtuse, entire, narrowed to the sliort
petiole ; calyx and ped. downy; cor. large (9 — 12"). brown iu the throat ; fi'uit-
calyx oblong-ovoid. — Sandy coasts, Fla. 6 — 12'. Lvs. some fleshy, 2 — 4' long.
6 P. heteroph^Ua Nees. Hirsute more or less with glandular-viscid, simple,
jointed hairs ; stems assurgent from ci'eeping rhizomes ; lvs. vai-ying from sub-
cordate to ovate-lanceolate, repand-toothed or sub-entire, petiolate ; ped. elon-
gated ; cor. large (9 — 10"), spotted; anth. mostly yellow; fruit-calyx ovoid-
turgid to ovoid-pyramidal. — Can. and U. S. Stems 10' — 2f long. Hairs jointed
when long enough, never forked. Lvs. 1 — 2}/, petiole \ — 1'. Ped. f — 1'.
Many varieties. (P. nyctaginea Dun. P, Vii-giniana Miller?)
6 P. pubescens L. Strawberrt Tomato. Much branched, at length decum-
bent, pubescent or tomentous, viscid. Lvs. cordate or ovate, bluntly acute or
pointed, toothed or neaily entire, very unequal at base ; ped. shoi-ter than the
(1 — 2') petioles; cor. small (4 — 1"), dark brown in the throat; anth. blue-tinged.
— Damp shady places, S. and W., cultivated northward. Stems 9 — 18 — 24'.
Lvs. 2—4', twin on the flowering branches. Berry green-yellow, loosely in-
vested in the roundish calyx, very sweet. (P. hirsuta Dun.)
7 P. angulata L. Erect often diffusely branched, glabrous; lvs. ovate or
oblong, unequally dent-serrate ; cor. green-spotted ; antb. blue ; cal. segm. tri-
angular, shorter than the tube, in fruit truncate at base and sharply 5-angled. —
Sandy soils, Va. to Fla. and W. Petioles slender. Corolla less than 6" long.
Calyx ovoid-v, jnical, well filled with the greenish-yellow berry.
8 P. Linkiana Nees. Diffusely branched, glabrous ; lvs. ovate-oblon£'. often
long-pointed, sinuate-dentate, teeth subulate-pointed, base narrowed lio the
petiole ; cor. spotless ; antb. violet ; cal. teeth pointed, longer than the tube, in
fruit roundish ovate, pointed. — S. Car. and Ga. {Feay). Striking in aspect, 2f
or more. Lvs. 3 — 6' long including the (1 — 2') petiole. Fruit cal. 1' diam.
purple-veined, not filled with the berry.
9 P. Philadelphica Lam. Erect, with strict, furcate branches, nearly glab-
rous ; lvs. obUque, ovate, pointed, angular-repand ; ped. much shorter than
if §:
■f
!li
f
Mini;
m
''»l»'''i ^
??!i
'■1- ,
680
Order 94.— SOLANACEiE.
<A«? petioles ; cor. with spots and stripes in throat ; cal. filled with the fruit and
open when mature ; antn. violet. — Dry banks by streum'tt, Middle and 8. States.
Pcd. 2—3". Berry red.
10 P. grandiflora Hook. Pubescent, viscid-glandular, erect ; Ivs. ovate to
oblanceolate, the radical spatula'te, all petiolate, entire or wavy ; pedicels 1 — 3
together ; calyx-teeth subulate, in fruit augmented, but not iticluding the berry ;
c<)r. very large (1 — li' diani.) round entire, w<»olly in throat, white. — Mich, and
Wise, near L. Sup. (br. Sherman). Stem If high, nearly simple. Lvs. 2 — 3'.
7. HYOSCY^AMUS, Tourn. Henbane. (Gr. v^^ vog, a pig, and
Hva^iog, bean ; the fruit is said to be not poisonous to swine.) Calyx
tubular, 5-cleft ; corolla inf'undibulitbrni, irregular; one of the 5 obtuse
lobes larger; stamens 5, declinate ; stigma capitate; capsule ovoid, 2-
celled, opening with a lid near the summit. — Coarse, weed-like herbs,
native in Eastern countries.
H. niger L. Branching, erect, very leafy; lvs. sirmato, clasping; fls. sessile. — @
A tall, well known, foutid weed, growing about the rubbLsh of old houses, road-
sides, &c. The whole plant is hairy, viscid, and of a sea-green hue, emitting a
foetid odor. Stem 2f high, round. Loaves large, oblong, cut into acute, sinuate
lobes. Flowers in terminal, one-sided spikes ; the corolla straw-color, finely reti-
culated witli dark purple veins. The whole plant i.; reputed poisonous, but has
long been regarded as an excellent medicine in nervous diseases, coughs, convul-
sions, &c. Jl. § Eur.
8. PETU^NIA, Juss. (The Brazilian name is 7)c<«n, latinized Pf"/?*-
nin.) Calyx tubular, 10-veincd, 6-parted, segments oblong-spatulate ;
corolla funnel or salver-form, tube cylindric, limb spreading, usually 5-
Jobed ; stamens 5, inserted in the middle of the tube, unequal, included,
anthers cordate ; stigma capitate ; capsule 2-cellcd ; seeds minute. —
South American herbs. Lvs. alternate, entire, the floral twin. Ped. 1-
flowered.
1 P. Nyctaginifldra Juss. Diffuse, glandular- villous ; d. erect, branched;
lvs. solitary, ovate-oblong, obtusish, subsessile, floral sessile, cordate-ovate, sul)op{)o-
site ; ped. axillary, solitary, exceeding the leaves ; cor, tube slightly enlarged
above, thrice longer than the calyx, with a wide-spreading limb. — U Gardens.
■ Fls. large, white, numerous.
2 P. viol^cea Lindl. Glandular hairy ; st. prostrate at base, then erect, spar-
ingly branched ; lvs. ovate, short-jwtiolate, acute, the uppt^r ovate'lanceolate ; ped.
solitary, equaling the leaves; cor. tub inflated, limb cleft into rounded, acute
lobes. — U Sts. numerous, 6 to 16 lonf . Cor. large, violet-purple. Both species
are great favorites in gardens, and by mixture sport into endless varieties, among
which is
li. AtkinsiXna. Lvs. ovate, whitish ; cal. segm. ligulate ; cor. tube twice or
more longer tlian the calyx.
9. NIEREMBER'GIA, Ruiz et Pav. (Named for JVieremberff, a Span-
ish Jesuit.) Calyx persistent, tubular or subcampanulate, 10-veined,
curved, 5-cleft ; corolla" funnel-form, tube long and slender, limb ample,
spreading, plicate, slightly unequal ; stamens 5, inserted in the throat,
unequal, connivent ; anthers hid beneath the stigma ; capsule 2-celled,
seeds many, minute, 3-angled. — South American, chiefly herbs, creep-
ing, with elegant, solitary, extra-axillary fls.
1 N. aristita Sweet. Ihiberulent, pale-green ; sts. filiform, very branching; lvs.
narrot ly linear, acute ; fls. pedunculate, opposite the leaves, solitary ; cal. cam-
panulate, seg. linear-subulate, acute, tv/ice shorter than the slender, glandular cor.
tube. — St. 3 to 9' long. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, 1" wide. Cor. large, white, tinged
with purple, 3 striae on each lobe.
Okdkk 94.— SOLANACEiE.
581
2 N. filicailtliB Lindl. Glabrcms, ascondinp, diffiisp ; sts. filiform. /tv"». very
narrow, st'ssile, linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, opposite tlie poduiicli's ; cal. ob-
conic bell-sliaped, segm. linear-lanceolate, acute ; cor. tube glamiular, little iouf^er
tlian the calyx, limb undulate, obtusely 5-lobed. — Sts. a foot biRli. Lvs. to 10"
long. Cor. lilac or white, with a 6-rayed alar of violet lines, f Both speeies from
liutnos Ayrea.
10. LYCIUM, L. Matrimony Vine. (Xarnod from Lyc'ia, tlie na-
tive country of the oritirinal species.) Calyx 2 — 5-cleft, short ; corolla
tubular, limb mostly 6-lobed, spreading, orifice closed by tlie l)eard of
the filaments ; stamens 4 — 5, exserted ; berry '2-cellcd ; sj'eds several,
reniform.— Shrubs, the branches ending in a spinous ])oint, and often
having axillary spines. Fls. axillary, solitary, or in pairs.
L. bdrbarum L. St. angular; brandies long, pendulous, somewhat spiny;
Ivs. often fascioulato, lanceolate; cal. mostly 3-eleft. — Native of Barhary, culti-
vated and nearly naturalized. It is a shrub, witii long, slender, trailing or hang-
ing branches wliich overspread walls, Ac, with a thick, tangled mass. Leaves
smooth, 3 times as long 'ts wido, often broadest above, aeute or obtuse, tapering
into a petiole. Flowers greenish-purplo. Berries orange-red. \ Barbary.
11. DATU^RA, L. Thorn Apple. .Jimson (/. r., Jamestown)-WKED.
(An alteration of the Arabic name Totorah.) Calyx largo, tubular,
ventricous, 5-aiiglcd, deciduous, with a persistent, orbicular, j)eltate
base ; corolla infundibuliform, tube cylindric, long, limb 6-angled and
plaited; stamens 5; stigma obtuse, bilatnellate ; capsule 2-celled, 4-
valved; cells 2 — 3-parted. — (J) Herbs, with bluish-white or purple, soli-
tary, axillary flowers.
1 D. stramonium L. St. dichotomous; Ivs. ovate, smooth, angular-dentate;
caps, spiny, erect. — A well-known poisonous plant, growing among rul)bi.-:h in
waste places. Stem about 3f high, smooth, hollow. Leaves large, situated at
tiio base of the dichotomous branclics, their sides unequal, with large, irregular
teeth and sinuses. Flowers solitary, axillary; corolla funnel-shaped, with a long
tube and a plaited, 5-toothed border, the color cream-white. Fruit egg-shaped,
the size of a small apple, covered with spines. Aug. § Central America ? Poi-
sonous and narcotic, but used for asthma, &c.
ii. T.VTULA. St. purple ; fls. bluish-white. — (D. tatula L.) More conunou
Westward.
2 D. (BRUGMANSIA) sanguinea Ruiz & Pav. (B. bicolor Pers.) is a
coarse looking, large-leaved shrub with huge, trumpet-bell-shapod (is. di-stinguished
bj' the cuspidate angles of the red or white corolla, is now often seen in green-
houses. The j'ellow capsides are unarmed.
12. NICOTIA'NA, Tourn. Tobacco. (In honor of John Nicot, of
Languedoc, who seems to liave introduced it into Europe.) Calyx urce-
olate, 5-cleft ; corolla infuntlibuliform, regular, limb 5-lobcd ; stamens 6;
stigmas emarginate ; capsule 2-celled, 2 to 4-valved. — i;i) Coarse, nar-
cotic herbs, with simple Ivs. and terminal fls. Cor. white, tinged with
green or purple.
1 N. rustica L. Common Tobacco. Viscid-pubescent ; Ivs. petioled, ovate, en-
tiro ; tube of the cor. cylindric, longer than the calyx, segments round, obtuse. —
For the purposes of tobacco this plant is considered inferior to the Virginian.
Stem 12 — 18' high. Flowers greenish-yellow, in a terminal panicle or racema
In Western N. Y., &c., said to have been introduced by the Indians. Aug. §
2 N. Tabacum L. Virginia Tobacco. Viscid-pubescent ; Ivs. lanceolate,
sessile, decurrent ; cor. tube inflated at the throat, lobes anute. — Native of Central
America, particularly the island of Tobago, and the Province of Tabasco in Mex
ico, whence it was first exported to Europe, 1586. It is extensively cultivated iu
tluB Middle and Western States, and is exported in vast quantities. Stem 4 — 6f
mi
*
>'
rjmi
i
fiilr'i
Order 95.— aENTIANACK^.
high, paniculate above. Leave.s 1 — 2f by ^ — If entire. Flowers rose-color, not
inelegant. Ji. — The use of this niiuseous and poisonous weed has become almost
universal, and illustrates tiie de.spotic power of habit. Sir "Walter Raleigh has
tiie iionor of first introducing the practice of smoking into England, more than
200 years ago, and in his liouse at Islington, is still to be seen a shield bearing his
arms, with a tobacco-plant at the top. (Loudon.)
3 N. longiflora Cav. With long, spreading branches ; Ivs. acuminate, radical
ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, cordate-lanceolate, sessile ; fls. lateral, solitary,
pedicellate, arranged in a simple terminal raceme ; cor. tube filiform, very pubes-
cent, 5 limes longer than the calyx, segments lance-ovate, acute. — Gardens iSouth.
Cor. white, variegated with purple and yellow.
13. FABIANA imbricata Ruiz. & Pav. is a fine little shrub resembling
a Tamarix, with small (6" long) ovate Ivs. covering the numerous branches and
small violet-white fla f Chili.
Order XCV. GENTIANACE^E. Gentianworts.
Herbs
ws regul
eistont
smooth, with a colorless, bitter juice, with entire, exstipulate leaves. Flow-
ax, mostly centrifugal in inflorescence and convolute in the bud. Calyx per-
coroUa withering, its lobes alternate witii i\\Q stamens. Ovary free, 1-celled
with 2, more or less projecting par-
ietal placentae. Fruit a 2-valved,
septicidal, OO-seeded capsule, rare-
ly baccate. Seeds with a minute,
straight embryo in the axis of
fleshy albumen.
Genera 60, species 450, found in every
part of the world.
Properties. — An intensely bit.er prin-
ciple called gentiunine pervades the
wiiole order witliout exception, residing
in every part, rendering thetn tonic and
ie))rit'iigai. 1 un gentian of tlie sliops i»
most coininoniy the product of Gen-
tiana lutea, but most otlier 6j)ecies, and
species of otlier genera, as Limnanthe-
muni, Sabbatia, Frasera, &c., arc valued
in medicine for the same properties, and
may be used in its stead. Many are
cultivated for ornament.
Fig. fi64. 1, Gentiana Andrcwsil.
2, The calyx and capsule. 8, Tlie cor-
olla laid open, showing the folds (2-
lobed) between the proper petals, and
the stamens attached at base. 4, Cap-
sule eut across. 6, Seed magnifled, with
its large, loose testa.
Tribes and Genera.
II. MENTANTHBiB. — Cor. valvate-indupllcato in the bad. Leaves alternate or radical, (a)
a I'etals beardless or nearly so. Leaves simple, floating Limnantiiimuh. 9
a I'otals boarded inside. Leaves trifoliate, erect Mrnvanthks. 9
I, GkntianE/B.— Corolla convolute (in No. 7, imbricate) in the bud. Leaves opposite, (b)
b Sepals only 2. Corolla 4-parted, tubular campanulato Obolabia. 7
b Sepals as many as the petals, more or less united, (o)
Corolla lobes furnished each with a spur in the midst , Halenia. 8
Corolla lobes furnished each with a large central gland Fbabbba. h
O Corolla lobes plain, without spurs or glands, (d)
d Leaves reduced to scales. Corolla deeply 4-pkrted Bartokia. 4
d Leafy — Corolla tubular, blue or white Gintiana. 8
—Corolla tubular, rose or pink Ebytubaa. 3
— CorolU rotate, roee or pink Sabbatia. 1
Order 95.— GENTIANACE.^.
58.1
8
»
4
8
3
1
1. SABBA^TIA, Adams. American Centaury. (In honor of Sab-
batic a distinguished Italian botanical author.) Calyx 5 to 12-partod;
corolb rotate, hmb 5 to 12-parted ; stamens 5 to 12 ; anthers erect, at
length recurved, 2-celled, oponing by chinks ; style 2-parted, slender,
deciduous ; capsule 1 -celled, the valves a little introflexed. — f^, Slender
lierbs, very beautiful, with pedicellate, mostly roseate lis. All N. Amer-
ican. Fls. in Summer.
S Corolla mostly 9 (rarely 7 to 12)-parted, rose-red. Lapithka, Griseb Nos. 1, S
§ Corolla 5 (rarely 6)-i)artcd. True Sahiiatia. (a)
a Branches alternate or forked. — Flowers white or nearly so Nos. 3, 4
— Flowers rose red, starred Nos. f),
a Branches opposite. — Flowers white, corynibed Nos. T, s
— Flowers rose-red, painculato Nos. 9, ID
1 S. gentianoides Ell. St. strict, terete, subsimple ; Ivs. longer than the inter-
nod n, linear, rigid, erect, floral reflexed; fls. 8 to 10-partod, in s:nall, terminal and
axillary capitate cymes ; cal. segm. subulattj, shorter than the obovato-spatulatc,
obtuse petals. — Ponds in pino barrens, Ga. to La. and Tex. Plant 1 to 2f liigli.
Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Fls. very handsome, deep rose-color, 16" diam. Aug. (Lapi-
thea, Griseb.)
2 S. ohloroides Ph. St. slender, weak, sub terete ; lvs. lanceolate, erect ; branches
few, alternate, \-flowered; fls. 1 to 12-parted ; sep. linear, shorter than the corolla.
— V7et grounds, Mass., R. I. to Ga. and Fla. St. 2 to 31" high, somowliat angular.
Lvs. 1 to li' long, closely sessile, acute, veinluss. Fls. solitary, terminal. Ocr.
nearly 2' diam., much larger than the calyx, bright puiple with a yellow bj»rO.
3 S. oalycosa Ph. St. erect, terete, fork-branched, rother rigid; lvs. oblong,
d-veined, obtuse ; fls. solitary, 5 to 6-parted ; cal. leafy l"n^e.oblong, equaling or
exceeding the corolla ; pet. oblanceolate. — Fields and meadows, Va. to Ga. and
La. St. a foot high, subangular, with spreading branches. Lvs. 1 to 2' long,
sessile, mostly obtnse, oval, thin. Fls. on long, rigid peduncles, about 1' diam.,
pink colored. Sep. acute. Fruit as large as a pea. Jn. — Sept.
4 S. paniculata Ph. St. terete, or slightly angled at base ; internodes much
exceeding the leaves ; branches opposite ; lvs, Hnear, the lower oval and rarely
roundish ; panicle diffuse but its bratiches stiicc ; cal. segm. linear-setaceous, 2 or
3 times longer than its tube, twice shorter than the corolla ; cor. segm. 5, obtuse.
— Damp pine barrens, South, common. Much branched, 1 to 2f high. Lvs, 4 to
10" long. Fls. white, 1' diam. Jl.— Oct.
(i. Elliottii. Branches mostly alternate. (S. paniculata EIL)
5 S. grdcilis Salisb. St. slightly angular, internodes twice longer than the loaves ;
branches flaccid, 1-flowered, alternate, spreading; lvs. linear and lance-linear, tlio
lowest lance-ovate ; panicle diffuse, fow-flowered ; cal. segmtnts linear-seta^eoiis,
about equaling the corolla ; cor. 5-parted, lobes elliptic-oblong, obtuse. — Marshes
and meadows, Penn. to Fla. and La. Very slender, 1 to 2f high, with long, al-
most filiform branches. Fls. terminal, subsolitary, 14' broad, on long peduncles.
Jl., Aug.
6 S. stulldris Ph. St. somewhat angular, sparingly fork- branched, with long,
1-liowered branches; lvs. larxeolat". and obovate-lancsolate, acute; cal. segm. linear,
varying in length but much shorter than the 5-parted corolla, the tube top-shapeil,
very short. — Marshes, Can. to Car. St. 3 to 15' high, often diffusely branched
Lvs. about 1' long, the upper almost linear. Fls. of a bright rose-color, with a
yellow star bordered with deep red. Jl. — Sept. S. gracilis (Ell), which it
closely resembles.
7 S. cor/mbosa Baldwin. St. slightly 4-anglcd, internodes twice longer than
the leave, branches opposite; lvs. ovatc-lanceolatt, 3-veined, acutish, upper ones
lanceolate ■ cjmo fastigiate, terminal ; cal segm. linear, 3 times longer than its tube,
twice shorter tlian the corolla; oor. 5 to 6-parted, white, lobes obovate-olong, ob-
tuse. — Pine barrens, N. J. to Ga. St. a foot high, branching near the summit
Lvs. an inch in length, closely sessile. Fls. few, generally 6-merou8, white. Jn.,
Jl. (Chironia lanceolata Walt.)
8 8. inaoropb;^lla Hook. St. terete, glaucous; iutemodei^ twkie longer tbuu
i. i
iUk
W I
; ,>;-:-^ s
/I
I',
584
Okdku 95.— GENTIANACE^.
the leaves; branches opposite ; Ivs. ovate, acuminate-cuspidate ; 5- veined, clasp-
ing and subconnate at base, the upper lanceolate ; panicle fastigiate ; cal. seym.
setaceous, shorter than its short tube; cor. segm. 5, elliptic. — In La. (Hale, near
Covington). St. 2f high. Lvs. 2' long. Fls. smaller than any here noticed,
about 7" broad, white.
9 S. augularis Ph. St. quadrangular, with winged angles ; lvs. ovate, amplexicaui
5-veined; panicle corymbous ; ped. elongated; sep. lance-linear, half as long as
the corolla, distinct almost to the base ; cor. segments obovate, obtuse. — Wet
meadows and prairies, Can. to Car. and Ark. Stem 10 — 18' high, much branched,
branches opposite. Leaves closely embracing the stem, 1 — 2' by ij — 1|', as long
as the internodes or often shorter. Flowers numerous, 1^ — lA' diam., deep rose-
color, the star in the center greenish. Jl., Aug. (Chironia, L.)
10 S. brachiata Ell. St. slender, suhquadr angular, internodes 2 — 4 times longer
than the leaves ; branches opposite, suberect ; lvs. linear and lance-linear, lower
ones ovate, all acutish, sessile ; panicle oblong ; cal. segments linear, twice longer
than the tube, twice shorter than the corolla ; oor. 5-parted, segments obloiig-
obovatc, obtuse, light purple. — Drj^, grassy, prairies, la. abundant, also Tenn. and
Car. Stem a foot high, few or man}''-flowerod. Leaves 9 — 12" bj^ 1 — 3". Flow-
ers 15" diam., of a delicate blush-purple, the star in the center yellow, bordered
with green. Jl., Aug. (S. concinna, 2d Edit.)
2. ERYTHR^'A, Renealm. (Gr. tpvdpog, red.) Calyx 5, rarely 4-
parted, angular; corolla funnel-fonn, twisted and withering above the
capsule, tube cylindric, limb 5 — 4-partt'd ; sta. 5 — 4, inserted near t!i'
top of the tube; anth. cxseiied, spirally twisted ; sty. 1 ; stig. bilamellate
or capitate ; caps. 2-valved, 1 or partly 2-celled. — St. subangular.
Lvs. connate at base. Fls. cymous, roseate, white or yellow.
1 E. Muhlenb^rgii Griseb. St. simple below, dichotomously branched above ;
lvs. ovate-long, obtusish ; cymes hose, dichotomous • fls. pedicellate ; cor. tube a
Utile longer than the calyx, segments oblong-lanceolate, acutish. — ^N. Y., Penn.
Very rare. St. 3 to 8' higli, 1 to 3 times forked. Lvs. 4 to 1'' by 1 to 3", closely
sessile. Fls. lateral and terminal-central, the pedicels in the forks near \' long,
tlie others shorter. Cor. bright purple, tube yellowish green, slender. Jl. — Sept.
(E. pulchella Hook. Exacum pulchella Ph. ?)
2 E. spiCcita Pers. St. dichotomously branched, erect ; lvs. clasping and sliglitiy
decurrent, lower ones oval, obtuse, upper lanceolate, acute; fls. seasile, mostly
lateral on the long branches ; sep. linear, acute, erect ; cor. tube slender, contiacted
at the neck, lobes spreading, obtuse ; anth. linear-oblong, finally twisting out-
wards. — (J) Coast of Maryland (Pickering). Sandy margins of the seashore,
Nantucket (Oakes). Whole plant very smooth and intensely bitter, 6 to 12' high.
Lv!^. 1' long, fleshy, pale green. Cor. 8" long, rose or nearly white. (E. Picker-
ingii Oakes.) g Eur.
3 E. Centaurium Pers. Erect, branched above ; lvs. oblong, acutish at each end ;
fls. subsessile in the loosely cwynibed cymes ; cor. tube twice longer than the calyx,
lobes short, oval, obtuse, erect-sproadiug. — Fields, Oswego, N. Y. and Can. St.
5 to 10' high. Lvs. 1' and less in lengtli, half as wide, 3-veined. Fls. 6 ' long,
rose-color, its yellow anthers exsurted, and soon twisted. Aug. § Eur.
3. GENTIA^NA Tourn. (To Gentius, king of Illyria, who discovered
the tonic virtues of this genus.) Calyx 6 to 4-parted or cleft ; corolla
marescent, tubular at base, limb 4 to 5-parted, segments either spread-
ing, erect or convergent, often furnished with intermediate, plicate
appendages ; stamens 5 to 4, inserted in the corolla tube ; stigmas 2,
revolute or erect; styles short or 0; capsule 2-valved, 1 -celled, many-
seeded. — Herbs of various habit. Lvs. opposite. Fls. terminal or
cymous.
S Corolla destttuie of folded appendages — and the segments entire I*^os. 10, 1
— and the Hegtnents fringed !Nos. Si, 8
I GoroU'* >vitb fold«d, often toothed appendages between the lobes, (a)
Ordeb 95.— GENTIANACE^.
585
a Flowers solitary, terminal, blue or white No. 4
a Flowers clustered, — yellowish or cream-white Nos. 5, (i
— blue, — ne%'er opening; the folds iis loiiiiiu segim-nts Ko. 7
— opening ; the folds shorter than segments Nos. 8, 9
1 G. quinqueflora L. St. 4-angled, branching; Ivs. ovate-lancoolato, acute,
3-veined ; Jls. terminal and axillary, about in 5s, pedicellate ; cor. tubular-cr.mpan-
ulate, witli 5 lanceolate, setaceously acuminate segments; cal. very short, sjgni.
subulate-linear. (J) "Woods and pastures Can. and U. S. Stem a foot high, smooth,
generally branched. Leaves 3 — 5-veined, half-clasping, acute, smooth. ¥W
small, on pedicels half an inch in length. Corolla pale blue, 4 times as long us
the sepals. Sept., Oct.
j3. PAKVii-'LORA. Cal. enlarged, lobes foliaceou.s, lance-linear, half as long as
the smallish corolla. — This variety prevails in the W. States.
2 O. crinita Froelich. Blue Fringed Ge.vtian. St. terete, erect ; Ivs. lanceolate.
acute ; fia. tetramerous ; cor. segm. conspiciujusly fringe-ciliate. — Not uncommon
in cool, low grounds. Can. to Car. Stem If high, round and smooth. Branciios
long, with a slight curve at base, becoming erect and straight, eadi bearing a
single, large, erect flower at tho leafless top. Leaves broadest at base, tapering
to the apex, 1 — 2' long and 1^ as wide. Calyx square, segm. acuminate, equaling
tho tube of tho corolla. Cor. of a bright bluish-purple, the segments obovate,
finely fringed at the margin. Aug. — A beautil d and interesting plant.
3 G. detdnsa L. St. nearly strict, simple or branched ; Ivs. linear and lance-linear,
the lowest rosulate, spatulato; ped. l-flowered, very long, subsolitary; cal. 4 { — f))-
cleft, lobes ovate and lanceolate, nearly equaling tho corolla; cor. lobes roundisli-
obtuse, ciliate at the sides, crenate at top, erect-spreading; stig. distinct. — N. Y.,
Wis. (Lapham) N. to Hudson's Bay. A fine species, with large blue flowers.
Stem a foot high. Leaves 1 — 2J' by 1 — 3", tapering to an acute point. Pedun-
cles 4 — 7' long, each with a single large, erect, showy flower. Cor. 15 — 20 ' long,
obconic or bell-shaped, blue.
4 G. anp^UBtifdlia Mx. St. erect, slender, l-flowered ; fls. pedunculate ; Ivs. lin-
ear obtuse, smooth, tho lower ones subcuneatc ; cor. funnel-form, narrow, open,
S-cleft, twice as long as tlie calyx, lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, twice as long as
tho lacerate folds. — U N. J. to Fla. in sandy fields. Stem a foot high. Lvs. 1'
long. Flower large, sky-blue, 20" long. Calyx deeply clofl, with linear segm.
Sept., Oct. — A variety at the South (Quincy, Fla., Dr. Danalson) has white Us.
18" long.
5 G. ochroletica Froel Sts. nearly or quite smooth, simple, terete ; fls. sessile,
clustered at summit, rarely in one or two of tiie upper axils ; lvs. oval-lanceolate,
tho liighest lanceolate, lowest obovate-lanceolate, all narnywed to the sessile base,
obscurely 3-nerved, ratlicr acuto; cal. segm. lance-linear, a ilvrd longer than the
tube, nearly as long as th. greenish-white, open corolla. — Va. to Fla. frequent. Sts.
about If high. Lvs. much longer than tho internodes. Cor. 2' long, with green
veins and purple stripes, lobes ovate, folds very short. Sept,, Oct.
6 G. dlba Muhl. (Gray). Very smooth; st. stout, erect; lis. densely clustered
at tho summit, solitary in one or two axils; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, or lanceolate,
half clasping at the broad base, gradually acuminate, 3-veined ; cal. segm. ovate,
much shorter than its bell-shaped tube, 4 times shorter than the cream-white corolla.
"Woods and prairies, Middle, W. anil S. States. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 3 to 4 by
1' to 18". Cor. 30" long, the ovate lobes much longer than tho jagged appendages'
or folds, open but connivent. Jl. — Sept. (G. ochroleuca Griseb. &c.)
/ G. Andrewaii Griseb. Closed Blue Gentian, Lvs. oval-lanceolate, 3-veined,
acute ; lis. in whorled heads, sessile cor. ventricous, clavate-campanulate, closed
at top, 10-cleft, the inner segments plicate and fringed, equaling the exterior ; cal.
segm. ovate-oblong, many times siiorter than the deep blue corolla. — 1( Brit. Am.
to Car. A handsome plant, conspioious in meadows and by brook-sides. Stem
12 — to 18' high, simple, erect, smooth, with opposite, smooth leaves, scabrous on
the margin, resembling those of tho common Soapwort. Flowers erect, 18' long,
subsessile, inflated, so nearly closed at the top as to be easily mistaken for buds ;
and the young botanist waits in vain to see tliom expand. Sept., Oct. (G. Sap*
onaria, 2d. edit., &c.)
/ i
u
I'
tU0
686
Ordeu 95.— GENTIA.NACE^.
8 O. Sapon^ria L. St. ascending or erect, smooth ; fla. cluf tered at the summit
and often in the axils ; Ivs. ovate-laneeolate to lance-obov te, acutish, rough-
margined, narrowed to the subda&ping bane ; cal. segm. lance linear or .spatulate,
about equaling the tube, half as long as the corolla ; cor. bri^l.i blue, lobes conni-
vent, ovate, open, twice (more or less) longer than the cleft folds. — Va. to Ga. and
La. St. 8 to 18' higii, slender or rather stout. Lvs. 1 to 2 to 3' long. Cor. 18'
to 2' long. Cal. segm. varying from lance-linear to lance-obovate 1 Aug., Sept
(3. LINEARIS. St. Blender, ascending ; lvs. linear and lance-linear, rigid ; c?il.
sogm. mostly linear ; coi-. folds very short. — Can. to Car, and Ky. A common
form, so peculiar that we might as well perhaps regard it as a species. (Gr.
Pneumonanthe Mx.)
9 G. pub^rula Mx. St. erect or ascending, slender, rough, scarcely puberulent;
lis. clustered, rarely solitary ; Ivg. ovate and ovate-lanceolate, half-clasping, very
rough-edged, acute, short hut longer than the internodes; cal. segm. lanceolate,
about as long as its tube, half as long as the subcampanulaie, bright blue corolla ;
cor. subfunnel-form, lobes acute, thrice longer than the cleft folds. — W. and S.
States. Plant 10 to 18' high, very leafy and scabrous. Lva. 9'' to 20 " long.
Fls. 15" long. It varies with leaves linear-lanceolate and less rough. (G. Cates-
baei Ell.)
4. BARTO'NIA, Muhl. (Centaurella Mx.) Screwstem. (Dedi-
cated in 1801, by Dr. Muhlenbnrg, to Benj. F. Barton^ Prof, of Bot-
any, Philadelphia.) Flowers 4-merous ; sepals appressed ; corolla sub-
campanulate ; petals slightly united, nearly erect ; stigma thick, gland-
iilons, somewhat bifid ; capsule l-ccUed, 2-valved, invested by the per-
manent calyx and corolla ; seeds very nmnerous and minute. — ^ N.
American, slender, erect herbs, with scale-like lvs. and small white fls.
1 B. virna Muhl. St. short, simple ; ped. 1-flowered, the lower much longer, often
alternate ; cor. segm. spatulate, obtuse, thrice longer than the calyx ; ova. conical,
tipped with the distinct style. Bogs, Va. to 6a, Sts. 3 to 5' high, clustered.
Scales 1'' long, as in the other, the lis. white, 3'' long. March.
2 B. ten^Ua MuhL St. branching above, branches subdivided ; lvs. subulate,
minute; pan. erect, many-flowered; pedicels subequal ; sep. distinct, a third shorter
than the corolla; ova. ovate, sty. almost 0. — A slender and nearly naked plant, 5
to 8' high, of a yellowish-green color, in wet grounds. Mass, to Ga, St, square,
often twisted, with very minute, bract-like leaves, which are mostly opposite.
Pod. simple or branched. Pedicels bracteate at base, 2 to 3" to 5" in length.
Cal. sogm. linear-lanceolate, acute. Cor. white, small, 1^" long. Aug.
(3. BRACHIATA. Branches and pedicels elongated, decurved, i. e., outwards and
upwards, and often alternate ; cor. more open, lobes very acute, twice longer
than the calyx. — Southward (B. Moseri Steud.).
5. FRA^SERA, Walt. Columbo. (In honor of John Fraser, an
American cnltivator of exotics.) Flowers mostly tetramerous ; petals
united at base, oval, spreading, deciduous, each with 1 or 2 bearded, or-
bicular glands in the middle ; style 1 ; stigmas 2, distinct ; capsule
compressed, 1-celled ; seeds few, imbricate, large, elliptic, margined.
— H Showy and tall, with opposite or verticillate leaves.
F, Carolin^nais Walt, St. tall, erect, glabrous, branched above ; lva. oblong,
lanceolate, acutish, sessile, feather-veined, entire or wavy ; panicle compound,
pyramidal, leafy, verticillate ; cal, segments acute, shorter than the oblong, obtus-
ish petals ; gland solitary, oval-orbicular. — Moist woods, Western N, Y., \Vis. and
5. Car. Stem dark purple, 4 — 7 — 9f! high, perfectly straight, I — 2' thick at
base. Leaves smooth, subcarnous, 3 — 12' by 1 — 3', in whorls of 4 — G, rarely
opposite Petals greenish, with blue dots and a large purple gland near the basa
Juno, July. — Highly valued as a tonic,
6. HALE^NIA, Borkh. Felwort. (Derivation unknown.) Flowers
keiramerous ; corolla short-campanulato, petuls spurred at base, with
^',
Order 95.— GEXTIANAOE^.
687
glands at the base of the spur within ; siigraas 2, terminating the
acuminate ovary; capsule 1-celled; seeds indefinite, obtuse, fixed to
the sutures of the valves. — Erect, branching.
H. deflexa Griseb. St. erect, leafy ; Ivs, 3 to 5-veined, radical ones oblong-spatU"
late, tapering into a petiole, cauliua ones oblong-lanceolate, acute, sessile ; spurs
cylintlrie, obtuse, deflexed, half as long as the corolla. — ^ Swamps, Can., Ban-
gor, Maine (Miss Towle), N. Y., and Wis., rare. Stem about 18' high, obtusely
4-angled, smooth, with few branches above. Leaves li — 2' long, ^ as widn
blowers greenish-yellow, in terminal fascicles. Corolla persistent, with 4 spreaii-
ing horns or spurs descending between the sepals. Aug. (Swertia M.X.)
7. OBOLA'RIA, L. Pennywort. (Gr. ofio^og, a small coin ; from
the form of the leaves.) Calyx of 2 cuneatc-oblong sepals or bracts ;
corolla tubular-campanulato, marcscent, 4 -cleft, lobes entire or crenu-
late ; stamens inserted on the corolla at the clefts ; stigma subcapitate,
bifid; capsule l-ccUed, 2-valvcd ; seeds oo, very minute. — 2t Lvs. op-
posite. Fls. axillary ami terminal, sessile, with leaf-like sepals.
O. Virgfnica L. Penn. to Car., W. to Ky., in woods. Stem 4 — 8' high, often in
clusters, subsimple or with a few opposite branches above. Leaves cuneate-obo-
vate or roundish-rhomboidal, sessile and decurrent at base, fleshy, obtuse or trun-
cate at apov, lower ones small and remote, upper crowded, glaucous-purple, sepals
or bracts similar. Corolla pale purple or whitish, longer than the stamens. Cap-
sule ovoid, obtuse, surrounded by the withered corolla. Apr., May.
8. MENYAN'THES, Tourn. Buck Beax. (Gr. jur/v, a month, av0of ;
reputed an emmenagogue.) Calyx 5-parted ; corolla rotate or fuimel-
form, limb spreading, 5-lobcd, villous within, without glands at the base;
stamens 5 ; style 1 ; stigma bifid ; capsule 1-celled. — Bitter herbs, ac-
tively medicinal. Lvs. trifoliate.
M. trifoliata L. Grows in swamps, margms of ponds, etc, N. Am. N. of latl"
tudo 38°. This fine plant arises from large, black roots descending deep into the
boggy earth. Stem 8 — 12' high, round. Leaves on long, round footstalks sti-
puled at base. Leaflets obovate. Peduncle long, naked, terminal, bearing a pyra-
midal raceme of flesh-colored flowers. Pedicels thick, bracteate at base. Sepals
obtuse, about a third as long as the corolla. Petals acute, about as long as the
stamens, remarkably and beautifully distinguished by the sofl;, fringo-lilio hairs at
the base and in the throat of the tube. May,
9. LIMNANTHEMUN, Gmel. Floating Heart. (Gr. Xifivr}, a
lake or pool, avdefiov, a fiower ; from its aquatic abode.) Calyx 5-parted ;
corolla 5-parted, rotate, segm. furnished with a glandular scale at base,
often bristly ; stamens 5 ; style short or none ; stigma 2-lobed ; capsule
many-seeded, 1-celled, opening by decay. — 2f Curious aquatics, gener-
ally in stagnant water. Petioles long, bearing the flowers in an um-
bellate cyme below the roundish leat^ and oblong or cylindric tubere
capable of producing new plants. (Villarsia ^'ent.)
1 L. lacundsum Griseb. Lvs. smaJl (1 to 2 diam.), orbicular, cordate, entire
smooth above, pitted and rugous beneath ; cor. segm. twice as long as calyx, broad-
obovate, smooth, gland at base, subsessile, hairy ; caps, ovoid, lictle longer tJian the
calyx ; seeds not muricate, shining. — In shallow waters, Mo., Mass., N. Y. to Car.
Petioles 1 to 3f long. Leaf 1 to 2' diam., lobes diverging and somewhat angled,
upper surface green, lower purplish. Umbel half an incii below the blade, sub.
mersed pendulous, the fls. one by one rising above the water as they expand.
Cor. 7 to 8" broad, white, tube and glands yellow- Jl. (V. cordata EIL V.
lacunosa Vent.)
2 L. traohyspdrmum Gray. Lvs. reniform, oval or orbicular, somewhat peltate,
coriaceous, obscurely crenate, smooth above, spongy and pitted beneath ; cor.
■VHi
'iiii
I;
^'.-
588
Order 96.— APOCTNACE^.
segm. oblong, thrice as long as calyx, gland at base hairy, stipitate ; cape, ovoid,
twice longer than the calyx ; sty. very short ; seeds lens-shaped, shining, border
muricate with sharp tubercles. — Ponds, S. States, Savannah (Feay), N. Orleans
(Hale). Petioles 2 to 8f long, according to the depth of the water. Lvs. 2^ to 4'
by 3 to 5', purplish, variegated beneath. Fls. white, with yellow center, 10"
broad. Seeds straw-color. Jn. (Menyanthes trachyspermum Mx.)
Order XCVI. APOCYNACE^. Dog-banes.
Plants with an acrid, milky juico, entire, exstipulato, mostly opposite leaves.
Fluwtr.s 5-p irted, regular, the calyx persistent, the corolla twisted in aestivation.
Scamens 5, with distinct filaments, anthers filled with granular pollen. Ovaries 2,
distinct, but tlieir stigmas blended into a head-sliaped mass. Fruit 1 to 2 follicles,
or capsular or baccate, w^ith albuminous seeds.
Genera 90, species 700, chiefly tropical.
Properties. — Tlieso plants possess active and often suspicious qualities residing in the white
juice with which the order is pervaded, ind in the seeds whicli arc often deadly poisons. The
alkaloid strychnine or strychmn, one of the most violent poisons is the active principle of tho
seeds of tho Strychnos Nnx-voinica of India. It is sometimes administered as a medicine, but
with doubtful success. 8. Tieute of .lava is one ":ind of Upas. CerberaTanghin, a tree of Madagas-
car, is powerfully poisonous, a single seed being sufficient to destroy twenty persons. The Apo-
cynejp are emetic, and becoming highly valued in hydrocephalus, etc. The juice contains caouU
chouc in small quantities, but in Sumatra this is obtained largely from the juico of Urceola
clastica.
GENERA.
a Herbs erect, with bell-shaped, whitish corollas and silky seeds ApooTNtTM. 1
a Herbs erect, with funnel-form, blue corolla and naked seeds Amsgnia. '2
a Herbs twining, with funnel-form, yellow corolla and silky seeds Fokstkronia. 8
b Shrubs (cultivated) with the corolla throat 5-angled, crownless Vinca. 4
b Shrubs (cultiv.ited) with tho corolla throat crowned with 5 ligules Nekium. 5
i. APOC'YNUM, Tourn. Dog's-bane. (Gr. aTro, away, Kvuiv, dog »
Pliny says this plant is fatal to dogs.) Caly.x very small ; corolla cam"
panulatc, lobes short ; stamens included ; filaments short, arising from
the base of the corolla, a'"' alternate with 5 glandular teeth ; anthers
sagittate, connivent, cohering to the stigma by the middle ; ova. 2 ;
stigmas connate ; follicles long, sublinear, distinct. — Herbs, suifrutes-
ceut, erect, with opposite, entire, mucroiiatc lvs. Cymes terminal and
axillary. Pedicels not longer than the pale flowers.
1 A. androsaemifdlium L. Dog's-bane. Smooth ; lvs. ovate ; cymes lateral
and terminal ; hmb of cor. spreading, the tube longer than the calyx. — A smooth,
elegant plant, 3f high, in hedges and borders of fields. Stem reddened by tho
Bun, erect, branching above. Leaves dark green above, paler beneath, opposite,
rounded at base and acute at apex, 2 — il' long and § as wide, on petioles \' long.
Cymes paniculate, at tlie top of the branclus and in the axils of tlie upper leaves.
Pedicels ^' long. Gal. mucli shorter tliau tho corolla. Cor. as long as the pedi-
cels, bell-shaped, white, striped with red, witli 5, acute, spreading segments.
Follicles 3 to 4' long. Jn., Jl. — Medicinal.
(3. INCANUM. Lvs. hoary -pubescent beneath.
A. cannabinum L. Smootli ; fos. nhlowj, varying from oval to lance-oblong, mu-
cronate, sliort petiolate ; cul. lobes lanceolate, about equaling the corolla tube ; cor.
lobes erect. — In shady soils, Can. to Ga. and Ark. Plant widely branched, 2 to 4f
high. Lvs. smaller and thicker than in No. 1, 2 to 4' long, 6 to 16 ' wide, usu-
ally rounded at base and acute at apex, often obtuse or acute at botli ends, tha
petioles 1 to .^" long. Fls. in dense, upriglit cymes, and not as large as in No. L
Cor. white, with erect segments, hardly 2" long. Follicles 3' long. Jn. — Aug.
j3, I'UBESCENS. Lvs. beneatli and cymes pubescent. (A. pubescens R. Br.)
y HYPER iciFOLiuM. Lvs. narrowly oblong, subsessile, smooth ; ova. inclining
to ovate-oblong; cymes generally longer thaa the leaves. (A. hyperioic
folia Ait.)
Obdkk yt>.— APOCYNACE^.
589
2. AMSONIA, Walt. (To Charles Amson, of S. Carolina?) Calyx
5-cleft, segments acuminate ; cor. 5-cleft, tube narrowly funnel-tbrm,
bearded inside, hispid at throat, segments linear convolute in bud ;
stamens 5 ; style 1 ; ovaries 2, connate at base ; follicles 2, erect, slen-
der, fusiform ; seeds in one row, cylindric. truncate at each end, naked.
— Lvs. alternate, entire, subsessile. Cymes terminal, corymbous. Fls.
blue.
1 A. Tabernaemont^na "U'alt. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at hose,
briefly petiolate, puberulent beneath ; margin slightly revoluto ; sep. glabrous,
lanceolate, acuminate ; cor. tvoolly outside near tlie top of the tube. — A plant of
singular appearance, in prairies and damp grounds, W. and S. States. Stein
terete, smoothish, 2t high, branched above. Leaves numerous, 3 — 4 by 1 — li',
conspicuously veined beneath. Flowers pale or livid blue, in several terminal,
cymous clusters. Corolla 8' diam., very hairy at top of tube. Follicles in pairs,
2 — 3' long, about 6-soeded. May, June. (A. latifolia Mj:.)
2 A. salicifdlia Ph. Very glabrous and lance-elliptic, a;-nminate at each end,
conspicuously petiolate ; cal. seym. triangular acute ; cor. tube glabrous outside or
more or less woolly. — In damp soils, Tenn., Car. to S. Ga. and borders of Fla.
Plant 12 to 18' high. Lvs. but half as large as in No. 1, 2 to 3' by 6 to 9".
Cymes terminal, short-stalked. Cor. blue, formed as in the other species. May,
Jn. — Varies with the leaves more or less pubescent when young, and the cor.
tube woolly. Always more delicate than No. 1.
3 A. cili^ta Walt. Lvs. approximate or crowded, lance-linear «md linear, often
very narrow, margins ciliate ; st. pubescent, leafless above ; clusters corymbous,
at length paniculately branclied ; cor. glabrous outside. — Sandy soils, dry and moist.
Car and Ga., common. Sts. 1 to 2f high. Lv& 18" to 2' long, I to 3" wide,
sometimes mucli narrower tiian 1", almost filiform. Fls. light blue, as in the
other species, 6" long. fi. filipolia, growing on sandy hills, has the long po-
dunf'ulate inflorescence paniculate. Apr., May. (A. angustifolia M.X.)
3. FORSTERO'NIA, Meyer. (Dedicated to T. F. Forster, an English
botanist.) Calyx segments 6, ovate ; corolla fuimel-form, not appe«-
dagod, deeply 5-cleft, lobes convolute (to the left) in bud ; anthers
sagittate, adherent to the stigma, the membranous tip inflexed ; stigma
2-lobed at apex, 5-angled in the middle ; follicles 2, distinct, spreading,
glabrous ; seeds many, comous. — Twining shrubs, with opposite, petio-
late lvs. and cymes of small fls.
F. diffdrmis DC. Branches smooth; lvs. oval and lance-oval, abruptly acuminate,
acute at base, thin, glabrous above, puberulent beneath when young ; cymes pe-
dunculate, axillary and terminnl, as long as the leaves ; cal. segm. long acumi-
nate from an ovate base. — Damp or swampy grounds, Va. to Fla., climbing over
shrubs. Lvs. varying from elliptical to nearly orbicular, 1 to 2' broad. Cor. 3
to 4" long, pale yellow. Stam. included. May — Aug.
4. YINXA, L. Periwinkle. (Lat. vinculum, a band; from the
long, twining branches.) Calyx 5-parted, segments acuminate ; corolla
funnel or salver-form, convolute, border 5-cleft, with the lobes oblique,
orifice 6-angled ; 2 glands at the base of the ovary ; follicles 2, erect,
fusiform ; seeds oblong. — Trailing shrubs. Lvs. opposite, evergreen.
Juice slightly milky.
1 V. minor L. Sts. procumbent ; lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, smooth at the mar-
giru ; fls. pedunculate ; seps. lanceolate. — A handsome evergreen, flowering in
May. Sts. several feet in length, round, smooth and leafy. Leaves opposite,
smooth and shining, about an inch long. Flowers solitary, axillary, altemak^
Tiolet, varying to purple or even white, inodoroua. f E^r-
2 V- major L. Sts. nearly erect; lvs. ovate, ciliate; fls. peduncalate: tep.
•
m
■ i
m'^:
.;!/;< if
■ i V.5
'W''
'>)%
\ %^
I
f
§vm%
A r
t i
i'»,i
V
•.,'* i,'.-^';
mm
m'-
■■'•v?t;!it::
,, ',,!*v*'-
590
Order 97.— ASOLEPIADACEi?'].
setaceous, elongated. — Shrub with numerous, slender, straggling brancho-<, very
leaiy, forming light masses of evergreen foliage, tlourishing best beneath the shade
of other plants. Leaves 2 to 3 in length, shining, rounded or somewhat cordate
at base. Flowers blue, appearing in May and June, f Eur.
5. NE'RIUN, L. Oleander. (Gr. vrjpbg, damp; referring to tlio
locality of the plants.) Calyx with 5 teetii at the base outside of the
corolla; corolla hypocrateriforni, segments contorted, orifice with a
corona consisting of 5, laciniate leaflets ; filaments inserted into the
middle of the tube ; anthers sagittate, adhering to the stigma by tlie
middle. — Oriental shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, opposite or ternate.
N. Olednder L. Lvs. lanceolate, acute at each end ; corona segm. of 3 to
4 lance-acuminate teeth. — In the greenhouse and shrubberies. St. regularly
branched. Lvs. commonly 3 together, on siiort stalks, smooth, very entire, C(jri-
aceous, with prominent, transverse veins beneath. Fls. terminal, corymbous,
largo and beautiful rose-colored. One variety has white flowers, another varie-
gated, and a third double. This splendid shrub is common in Palestine (Rev. S.
Hebard), growing by rivulets, &c. It is supposed to be the plant to which the
Psalmist alludes, Ps. i. 3, and xxxvii. 35.
Order XCVII. ASCLEPIADACE^. Asclepiads.
Plants (chiefly herbs in the United States) with a milky jiace, often twining.
Leaves opposite (rarely whorled or scattered),
without stipule-s, entire. Flowers generally
umbellate, 5-parted, regular, the sepals and
also the petals united at base, both valvate
in aestivation. Stamens united, adherent
to and covering the fleshy mass of the two
united stigmas. Pollen cohering in masses.
Ovaries 2, forming follicles in fruit.
Genera 141, sjyecien 910, chiefly natives of tr<ii)i-
cal regions, and especially almniliiiit in S. Africa,
8. In(lta and New Holland, but are not unuouiinou
in temperate regions.
Properties. — Similar to those of the Apocyna-
ceio but far less active. The juice is acrid and
generally to be, at least, suspected. A few of the
species are medicinal, but none of much conse-
queuce.
FIG. 6T0.— 1. Asclepiaa cornuti. 2. A flower, the
petals and se|)als reflexed, and the corona erect.
8. One of the segments of the corona with the
horn bent inwardly. 4. A pair of pollon masses
suspended from the glands. 5. A mature follicle.
6. Vertical section of P. jdiytolncoides showing
the 2 ovaries. 7. Lobe and liorn of the corona.
TRIBES AND GENERA.
) PERIPLOCKJ^;. Filaments distinct. Pollinia single (not in pairs), granular. (*)
• Anthers lieard'-d on the back. Pollinia &. Stem twining Pkuiploca. 1
11 ASCLEPIAl)E.iE. Filaments connate. Pollinia 10, in pairs, pendulous, vertical, (a)
a Hoods each slieathing a little horn. Petals rellexcd Asclepias. 2
Jk Hoods of the crown destitute of a horn, (b)
b Petals reflexed. Hoods erect, adnate to the anthers Ackrates. 3
b Petals expanding. Hoods ascenciing, free from anthers Anantukkix. 4
b Petals erect,— Plant erect. Anther head pedicellate Podostkjma. 5
—Plants twining. Crown fleshy refuse Srnteba. 6
—Plant twining. Crown thin, 2-awnod Esslknia. T
i'
OKDEit 97.— asclepiada(^k;e. 5&1
III CUNOLOBE^. Filaments connate. Pcdlinia 10, in pairs, horizontal, (c)
C Corolla wliefi-sliu|)e(l. Plants twining, with cordate loaves GoNoujurs. S
IV. STAI'KLIKvE. Filaments connate. I'ollinia 10, ascendinj; or erect, (d)
d Crown simple, ot 5 tlcshy seginents. Twining. Ciiltivateil Hota. 9
d Crown double, an outer and an inner. Not twining. Cultivated ^^TAPELIA. 10
1. PERIP'LOCA, L. (Gr. nepi, around, TT/MKog, a binding or twii>-
ing; from the liabit of the plant.) Calyx rninuto ; corolla rotate, flat,
S-parted, orifice surrounded by a 5-cleft, nrceolate corona, terminating
in 5 filiform awns ; filaments distinct, anthers cohering, bearded on the
back; pollinia solitary, 4-lobed; follicles 2, smooth, divaricate; seeds
( omous. — Twining shrubs. Fls. in umbels or cymes.
P. Graeca L. Lvs. ovate, acuminate; corymbs axillary; cor. villous within. — A
olimbiiig siirub, 10 — 15f long, sparingly naturalized in Western N. Y., aiao culti-
vated in gardens. Leaves opposite, 3 — 4' long, ^ as wide, and on petioles ^' lonp.
Flowers in long, branching, axillary peduncles. Sepals minute, lanceolate, acute.
Petals very hairy within, linear, obtuse, dark purple. Follicles about 2' long.
Aug. § S. Eur.
2. ASCLETIAS, L. Milk weed. (From Esculapim, the fabuloun
god of medicine and physicians.) Calyx deeply 5-parted ; corolla deeply
5-parted, valvate in aestivation, finally reflexed ; staminal corona 6-
Icaved, leaflets cucullate, with an averted horn-like pro<;oss from the
base curved towards the stigma ; antheridium (connate mass of anthers)
5-angle(l, truncate, opening by 5 longitudinal fissures ; pollinia (masses
of pollen) 5 distinct pairs fixed by the attenuated apex to a cleft gland,
pendulous ; follicles 2, ventricous; seeds comous. — 71 Mostly N. xVmeri-
can, with opposite, vert'cillate, rarely alternate lvs. Umbels between
the petioles.
§ Leaves linear, long and narrow (Innce-linnar in the cultivated No. 19). (♦)
♦ Lea\es all opposite, or rarely the highest alternate Nos. 17 — !•
* Leaves mostly scattered or verticillate Nos. 15, IC
S Leaves broader, ovate, lanceolate, &c. Plants all native. (2)
2 Stems dividing above into branches, corymbcd or {lanicied Nos. 1.^. 14
2 Stems simple. — Leaves sessile, cordate-clasping at base Nos. 11, lU
2 Stems simple. — Leaves pe'iolate, the i)etiolc3 often quite short. (3)
3 Flowers (small) with a white crown and purplish-whito corolla Nos. S — !•
3 Flowers with a white crown and greenish-white corolla Nos. 6 — 7
3 Flowers (large) with both crown and corolla purple-tinged. (4)
4 Follicles smoothish (as arc all the foregoing) Nos. .% 4
4 Follicles sprinkled with soft warty s[)ines Nos. 1, 2
1 A. cornilltl Decaisne. Simple, stout ; lvs. oblong-ovate, short-acuminate, short-
petiolate, downy beneath ; pedicels shorter than the leaves, densely many-flow-
ered; cor. lobes ovate reflexed, 4 times shorter than tlie pedicils; hoods of the
crown ovate, obtuse, not longer than the uncinate horn. — A common, very milky
herb, 3 to 4f high, in hedges and road-sides. Lvs. 5 to 8' by 2 to 3' ; veiulota,
as in most species, nearly at right angles to the midvein. Ped. stout, botweeo
the petioles, bearing a globular umbel of a hundred greenish purple flowers, few
of which prove fruitful. Pods full of seeds with their long silk. Jl.
2 A. SuUivantii I^ngel. Tall, very smooth ; lvs. ovate-oblong, erect, cordate, on
very short petioles ; hoods of the crown obovaie, obtuse and entire at apex, obtusely
auriculate without on each side at base ; horns slender but obtuse ; (bllicles with
scattered, warty spines. — Near Columbus, Ohio (" Sullivant." Mr. A. IL Wjitson).
Said to resemble A. cornuti in foliage and fruit, but remarkably difl'erent in its
crown. Petals 4 to 5" long, greenish purple. Hoods twice as long as tlio ai^
Ihers. JI.
3 A. purpurdscens L. St. simple, erect, puberulent; lvs. elUpHcal, ovaie-i.liip-
iical or ovate, mucronate, narrowed at base into a short petiole, smooth above,
tomentous-pubescent and paler beneath; ped. terminal, shorter than the leaves;
hoods obk)ng or lance-ovate, obtuse, horns falcate, acute, abruptly bent to hori-
zonkU. — In hedges and thickets, N. II., Mass. to Wis. and Ky. St. 3f or mor«
f I
i
' >.(•«
1:^
rs-...,
502
Order 97.— ASCLEPIADACEiE.
-u
liigli, simple or slightly branched at top. Lvs. with the mirlvein purple. CaL
small, green. Cor. dark purple, with rettexed segments. Crown purple, twice aa
long as tlie antheridium, the points of its horns lying close upon it. Jl.
4 A. rubra L. St. simple, erect; lvs. ovate-acuminate, very acute, suhcordate or
rounded at hose, on very short petioles, glabrous ; umbels on long, mostly termina)
peduncles ; few-flowered; hoods of tlis crown acute, rather longer tlian the subereri
horn. — A small and elegant species in Penn., N. J., and Car., not common. St.
1 to 2f high, with a pubescent lino on one side. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 1 to 2', in remote
pairs, tlie upper sometimes alternate. Fed. 1 to 5, 2 to 3' long, pedicels about 1'.
FIs. purple, the crown rod. Follicles ventricous-acuminate, smoothish. Jl, Aug.
(A. lancifolia Mx. A. acuminata Ph.)
6 A. phytolaccoides Ph. Pokr-leaved Silkweed. St. simple, erect, pubo-
rulent; lvs. brc^adly ovate, attenuated at base and apex, acute, smoothish both
Bides, glaucous; ped. whitish puberulent, many-fiowered ; pedicels slender, loose,
about as long as the peduncle ; antheridium stipitate ; hoods truncate, with 4 une-
qual teeth ; horns subulate, exserted, suberect. — Tall and liandsome, in low, shady
grounds, Can. to Ga. and Ark. St. 4 to 5f high. Lvs. 6 to 9' by 2 to 4'. Umbels
near the top on lateral peduncles 4 to 6' long, with about 20 large flowers on
nodding pedicels near 2' long. Petals greenish, crowu white, tinged with pink.
June.
6. A. varieg^ta L. St. simple, erect, smoothish; lvs. ovate or oval, abrupt at
each end, mucronute, glabrous, glaucous beneath; ped. lateral or terminal, one-
third as long as the leaves, umbellate, many-flowered ; cor. segm. ovate ; hoods
orbicular; horns broad- falcate, with the apex horizontal or suberect; follicles
oblong, with a long, slender point, minutely puberulent. — Woods, N. J. to Fla.
(at Mlahassee) and Wis. St. 2 to 4f high. Lvs. with a slight acumination, at
length slightly undulate. Umbels about 2, 20 to 30-flowered. Cor. white.
7 A. nivea L. St. terete, pubescent; lvs. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute,
uttenuated at base into a long petiole, minutely puberulent, scarcely paler beneath ;
ped. shorter than the leaves, mostly terminal, often compound ; umbels small, few
(10 to 17)-flovvered; petals ovate, reflexed, half as long as the pedicels; hoods
0vate, longer than the falcate horns. — S. W. Ga. (Miss Keen) to La. A pretty,
white-flowered species 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 3 to 4' long, petioles near 1'. Flower
buds 2" long. Jn. — Aug.
8 A. ovalif olia Dene. St. low, pubescent ; lvs. ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute,
abruptly contracted to short petioles, pubescent beneath ; umbels nearly sessile, few
(10 to 15-flowered; petals oval; hoods oblong-obtuse, yellowish white, longer than
the horns. — Prairies and barrens, Wis. (Laphani), 111., Min. Sts. If (more or less)
high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long. Cor. buds tinged with purple, about 2". Jn.
9 A. parviflora Ph. Half-shrubby and branched at base; sts. ascending, smooth;
lvs. lanceolate, attenuate at base and apex, on long petioles, smootii, thin; ped. much
shorter than the leaves, few (12 to 18)-flowered; umbels small, pubescent, with
small flowers; petals ovate, thin, thrice shorter than the pedicels; hoods ovate,
sliorter than the filiform horns. — Woods along rivers, Ind. (Green Co.) to Ga. and
La. Sts. clustered, 18' to 3f high, very leafy. Lvs. 4 to 6' (including the 1'
petiole) by 1' to 18". Umbels several, 1' diam. Cor. purplish white, bud 1"
long. Jl., Aug.
10 A. quadrifdlia Ph. St. erect, simple, smooth ; lvs. smooth, thin, short-petio-
late, ovate, acuminate, some of ihtm in whorls o/4; umbels few, lax, on long ter-
minal or axillary peduncles ; hoods elliptic-ovate, with short, included horns. — Au
elegant species in dry woods. Can. and U. S. St. about 2f high, slender, often
with 1 or 2 hairy lines. Lvs. opposite, the upper or middle pairs near together
BO as to appear in 4s, 2 to 3' long, J as wide, acute or acuminate, on petioles 2
to 4" long. FIs. small, the petals pale pink, 2 to 3'' long, crown near 2", white
on filiform stalks with a pubescent line. Jl.
/3. LANCEOLATA. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, the upper whorled;
fls. smaller (petals less than 2" long). — Mass. (Ricard). Ind. (Plummer).
UL A. obtuaifdlia Mx. St. simple, erect ; lvs. oblong or oblwg-ovate, obtuse, mi*-
cronate, sessile, cordate aod subamplexicaul, undulate, very smooth both sides;
umbels ttruiinal, many-flowered, glabrous, loog-pedunculato ; hoods abrupi
> f'l
Order 97.— ASCLEPIADACE^.
503
almost irunrate at apex, horns arcuate, falcate, inflexcd. — In sliady Kmundu,
prairies, Mi(i, W. and S. States. St. 2 to 3f high, bearing a single (rarely 2)
terminal umbel of 30 to 40 large, reddish green or greenish Howors. Lvs. 4 to 5'
long, a third as wide, with a broud, rounded, niucronato apex. Petals 4' long.
Corona nearly white, its segments large, slightly 2-toothed. Jl. (A Meadii Torr.
ex. desor.)
12 A. amplexicaflliB Mx. St. simple, flexuous, often tortuous above, smooth ;
lvs. ovate, obtuse, iwt mucronate, cordate, closely sessile, glabrous and glaucous;
ped. lateral and terminal, many-tiowered ; petals ovate, reflexed, twice shorter
than the slender pedicels; hoods ovate, including the Jicute, recurved horns. —
Fields, copses, S. Car. to Flu. and Ala. St. clothed with largo lvs., 1 to 2f hi<:h.
Lvs. 2J to 5' long, two-thirds aa wide, beautifully netted with pellucid veins, base
lobes large, rounded. Petals 3" long, of a light dull purple. Ap.. — Jn.
13 A. incamdta L. St. tall, branching above ; Iv^. opposite, lanceolate on short
petioles, slightly tomentous ; umbels numerous, erect, mostly terminal, often in
opposite pairs ; hoods ovate-oblong, with subfalcate, ascending horns. — A hand-
some species found in wet places, Can. and U. S. St. 3 to 4f high, with 2 hairy
lines. Lvs. 4 to 7' by 6 to 18", rather abrupt at base, tapering to a very acute
point, on petioles 6" long. Umbels close, 2 to 6 together at the top of the stem
or branches, each an inch or more in diam., 10 to 20-flowered. Cor. deep purple,
corona paler. Jl. f
y3. PULCHRA. St. and lvs. densely tomentous, the latter elliptic-lanceolate. —
St. 4to5fhigh. t
14 A. tuberdsa L. Butterfly Weed. St. ascending, hairy, with spreading
branches at top; lvs. alternate, oblong-lanceolate, sessile ; umbels numerous, form-
ing a large, terminal corymb ; Jwods bright orange, oblong, narrow, with slender,
subfalcate, Buljerect horns. — Dry fields. Can. and U. S. Root large, fleshy, send-
ing up numerous stems 2f high, leafy. Lvs. scattered, only the upper ones quite
sessile, acute or acuminate, obtuse at base, 2 to 4' by 6" to 1'. (,'orymb of nu-
merous, bright orange-colored flowers. Petals and crown of equal leiigili (.{ to
4 '). Pods or follicles lanceolate-pointed, and like the other species containing
long, silky down. Aug. — Medicinal.
15 A. Michdujdi Decaisne. Ascending, slender, puberulent ; lvs. scattered (the
lowest opposite), long-lhiear, sessile, nmcronate; umbels terminal, solitary o»
somewhat panicled; petals ovate, greenish white; lioods short, ovate, yellDwish,
including the short horns. — Wet pine barrens, S. Car. to Apalachicola, Fla., and to
La. St. 12 to 18' high. Lvs. 3 to 4' long, 1 to 3'' wide, rather numerous. Flower
buds greenish, scarce 2" long, sweet-scented. May, Jn. (A. longitblia Mx. in
part. A. angustifolia £11.)
16 A. verticill^ta Ell. St. erect, simple, marked with pubescent lines; Ivx
generally veriicillate, very narrowly linear, revolute ; hoods short, 2-toothed, Jwm
falcate, exserted. — A slender and delicate species, 2f high, in swamps or moist
meadows, Can. and U. S. Lvs. in whorls of 4 to 6, 3 to 5' long, a line in vidth.
Fls. small, greenish white, in small, lateral umbels. I'ed. half as long a^ the
leaves. Jl.
17 A. paup^rcula Mx. St. virgate, erect, glabrous ; Ivff. linear and linear-oblong,
margins narrowly revolute, both sides glabrous, tapering into a short petiole ;
ped. 1 or 2 at Up of (he stem, umbel puberulent, few (6 to lOyfknvered ; fls. large;
petals oblong, half as long as the pedicels ; hoods ovate, dilated above, horns shoit,
included. — N. J. to Ga. and La., in wet woods. St. 3 to 4f high, very smooth.
Lvs. green on both sides, rough on the edges, mostly very narrow. Petals purple,
4" long. Crown stipitate, yellow. Jl., Aug. (A. lanceolata Walt.)
18 A. cinerea Walt. Erect, virgate, smooth ; lvs. opposite, narrovjly linear or fili-
form, acute, edges revolute ; ped. alternate at the naked summit of stem, very few
(3 to 6)-flowered, bracteolate ; petals arute-oblong, thrice shorter than the pedicels ;
hoods shorter than the stamens, includii.g the horns. — Damp barrens, S. Car. to
Fla. Sts. very slender, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 1 to 3' loag. Petals 2 to 3 ' long, of
an ashy and glaucous purple. Jn., JL
19 A. curasadvica L. Half-shrubby and branched at base, puberulent : st
terete ; lvs. linear-lancet,Iate and lanceolate, acuminate, petiolato ; umbehi solitary,
38
! \
i'i; \
f.
m
it
t
> m
I»4
Order 97.—ASCLEPIADACEiE.
in
'? ?
M
i\ i »
I! r;
ii
lalrxil, sliortcr than tlio Ivh. with few larm- Huwer?!; petals ova'o, acute, reitoxed,
hall" as loiij? as pedicels; hoods ovate, longer tliaa tin- recurved boms.— Gardens
Tall aud elegant. Fls. scarlet, varying to white, f W. Ind.
3. ACERATES, KlI. (CJr. a, privative, Kepdg, lioni ; the crown beiii!»
d'stitntc of tliis process.) Csilyx 5-parted ; corolla 6-partecl, reHexed ;
crown segnjctits 5, erect, annate to the antliers and destitute of either
horns or scales; pullinia 5 pairs, suspended by a tluead-like beak;
otlierwise as in Asclepias. — 21 Lvs. opposite or alternate. Umbels
lateral.
1 A. viridifldra Ell. Branched at base, stout, ascending, pubescent-hoary ; lvs.
opi)r)sitc, oval, olttuso, inucrouato, petiolato, thick, varying to oblonpr-ovate or
even lanceolate, with close veinlets combined at edge into a marginal vein; umbtls
nearly sessile, small, donso-Howered ; petals ovate, rettexed, nearly as long as the
pedicels ; crown segni. oblong, erect, adnato to tlio anthers. — In gravelly soils,
Can. to Ga. and Ark. Sts. about 2f high. Lvs. exceedingly variable, 2 to 4 to
C' long, wide in all proportions. Fls. small, green, inelegant, in 2 to 5 umbels.
I'til. 1 to 3' long. Jl. (AsclepLoa lanceolata Ives.)— Prof. Pond sends specimens
from W. Ga. willi the leaves all nearly whicular ! (A. obovata Ell ?)
2 A. monoc6phala Lapham. Low, stout, hairy ; lvs. lanceolate, subsessilc ;
tiinlid solitary, terminal on the naked summit of the stem, with numerous greenish
flowers; crown sessile, the obtuse concave homls erect-spreading, as long as the
anihtridium. — Prairies, "Wise. (Mr. A. II. Watson). Plant near If high. (As-
ck'iiias lanuginosa Nutt. ?)
3 A. longifdlia Ell. Scabrous-puberulont ; st. ascending, simple; ?i's. alternate,
imiuerous, linear and lance-linear, subsessile, acute ; umbels half as long the
leaves, numerous, many-Howered, pubescent, axillary, pedunculate; cro ods
stipitate, shorter than the anthe)idium. — Mich, to la., and Miss., in nieai id
prairies. Stem stout, 2 — 3f high. Leaves 3 — 5' (including the 1 — 3' petiole) by
?> — 5". Flowers very numerous in each umbel, grten, peduncle and pedicels
about 1' long. July, Aug.
4. ANAN'THERIX, Nutt. (Gr. a privative, avBtpi^, a beard; of
similar import witli Aeerates.) Calyx short, 5-parted ; corolla 5-parted,
petals broadly ovate, imbricated, reflexed-spreading ; crown of 5 hol-
low, closed, liorn-like, segments incurved, free from tlie anthers, double-
margined and furnished with a crest-like scale along the interior surface;
pollinia 5 pairs, suspended by a thread-like beak. Otherwise as in
Asclepias. — ^ Herbs erect, with oblong, narrow, opposite lvs. and
terminal paniculate umbels. Petals leaf-like, green.
1 A. connivens Feay. St. half-shrubby, firm, te^'ete, strict, puberulent ; lvs.
oval or rather oblong, erect, subsessile, acute or oljtuse ; ped. 1 to 4, somewhat
panicled along the riakediuli summit, 1 to 12-flowored; j^eials oval, with a short
cusp ; crown serjin. thri<e longer than the anthers, incurved from a spreading b&se
or arcuate, coiuiivent over the anthers. — E. Ga. in pino barrens, (Feay, Pond).
Sts. about 2f high. Lvs. 18 to 30" long, 4 to 9 ' wide. Petals 5" loug. Jn.
(A. viridis Nutt. Asclepias connivens Ealdw.)
2 A. paniculatus Nutt. St. stout, angular, co), tort d, assurgcnt, hirsute; lvs.
narrowly oblong, obtuse, mucronate, on sliort petioles, pubescent ; ped. 3 to 5,
paniculate at the leafy summit, 5 to 9-flowered ; petals ovate, erect-spreading;
crown segm. spreading, not longer than the anthers, 3 times shorter than the leal-
like petals. — Ga. (Feay, Pond) to Ark. Pt.«i. 12 to 18' high, very leafy. Lvs. 2 to
3' long. Petals 6 to 8 " long. (Aeerates paniculata Decaisue. Asclepias viridia
Walt.)
5. PODOSTIG'MA, Ell. (Gr. Troff, rrorfoc, foot, ariyfia, stigma ;
from the character.) Corolla segments 6, erect, oblong, much exceed-
ing the cah X ; crown pedicellate, segments 6, without horns, short,
OKUKU 97.— ASCLEI'IADACK.*.
6»d
concave, split on the inner sido, apex retlexed ; poUinia suspended by
the attenuated a()ex, coni pressed ; stigma depressed, o-anghMl ; t'ollieU's
2, lt»ng, slender, smooth. — 21 St. low, simple. Lvs. opposite. L'mbels
extra-axillary, few-tlowered.
P. pub^scens Ell. In wet or moist grounds, S. Car., Ga., Fla. (Macon, Prof.
LuGinis), Tailahasseo (Meltauer) and Apalucliicola ! I'laut ot'sin^rulur appearand',
B to 14' liigii, sleniler, pul)e8Corit. L\h. linear-oblong, rarely linoar-ovati', ob-
tu:<isli, sessile, erect, 1 to 18 long. Umbels li to 5, alternate, 3 to G-tlovvorod,
ratlicr sliortt-r than the leaves. Fls. cylindric bell-sliapeU, yellowish green, 4 '
Kiug, croct, the erowu conspicuously petliceled. May, Jn.
6. SEU'TERA, Reich. Calyx of 5 lanceolate, acute sepals; corolla
subrotate, 5-partcd, acute, glabrous ; crown segni. 5, erect, flattish, re-
tuse, a<lnate to the base of the sessile anthers; pollinia ovoid, tixed by
the a|>ex, pendulous; stigma bifid; follicles 2, smooth ; seeds comons.
— IC Slender, twining, with linear, fleshy lvs., few-flowered umbels.
(Lyitnia, Ell. nee Nutt.)
S. marftima Pecn. In salt marshes, S. Car. to Fla., twining around the rashes,
&c. Whole plant very smooth. Lvs. opposite, sessile, channeled, 1 long. Um-
bels between the leaves, 7 to 10-flowered. Sep. ciliolato, erect. Petals acute,
greenish, twice longer than the white crown. Follicles very slender. Jn. — Oct.
(S. maritima Ell.)
7. ENSLE^NIA, Nutt. (In memory of Mr. Aloysius Enslcn, who
collected many plants in the Southern States.) Calyx small, 5-parted ;
cor. 6-parted, segments erect ; corona 5-leaved, leaflets membranaceous,
free, truncate, each terminated by 2 filiform, flexuous lobes ; pollinia
oblong, obtuse at base and apex, pendulous ; stig. 5-angled, conical ;
follicles cylindraceous, smooth. — 11 A twining herb, with opposite, cor-
date-ovate, acuminate lvs. Ped. racemous-umbellate, many-flowered.
Fls. white.
E. dlbida Nutt. — W. and S. States, common. Sts. slender, with an alternate,
pubescent line. Lvs. thin, glabrous, with rounded, auriculate lobes at base, 2 to
3 long and wide, ending in a slender point, margins entire. Ped. axillary, as
long as the petioles. Fls. ochroleucous, sweet-scented, 2" long. JL, Aug.
8. GONOL'OBUS, Mx. (Gr. ywvof, angle, Ao/3o^, pod ; the fruit of
Rome species is angular.) Calyx 5-parted, spreading ; corolla subro-
tate, 5-parted, convolute in bud ; crown a small, fleshy, undulatedobed
ring, attached to the throat of the corolla ; anthers opening transversely
beneath the stigma ; pollinia 5 pairs, horizontal ; foUiclcfr turgid, seeds
cotnous. — If More or less shrubby, twining or prostrate. Lvs. cordate,
hairy, opposite. Umbels extra-axillary.
1 G. macrophylluB Mx. St. tomentous-pubescent and with soft, scattered
bails ; lvs. broad, ovate or oval, cordate, acuminate, pubescent beneath, at length
glabrous above ; ped. shorter than the petioles, 2 to 5-flowered, with linear bracts
at summit; petah linear or Unear-ohlo ug ohtuse, (G lony), smooth above, min-
utely puberulent beneath ; follicles costate-angled. — Thickets along streams, Penn.
to Ky. and Ga. Vino trailing or climbing 3 to 5f. Lvs. thin, 3 to G by 2 to 4',
the lobes at base rounded and often nearly or quite closed, with a short acumina-
tion at apex. Fls. dark purple. Petals 5 to 1" by 1". Ju., Jl. (G. dis-
colnr. B. M.)
,i LEVIS. Plant nearly smooth, cor. segm. smootli both sides. — South. (G.
li-vis Mx.)
2 O. birsfitus Mx. St. hirsute-pubescent; lvs. l)road-ovatc, acuminate, cordate,
minutely pubescent both sides; ptd. shorter than the pe: oks, fcw-llowored, with
■ ft';
'i
if:
\. ' ■
i
7 1
1
I
4i r-
ii
1-
I'
r\
II
696
Ordkr 98— JASMINACE^.
setaceous bractlets at top ; pet(ds (3'' long) oblong, obtuse or acute, minutely pu-
berulent outside ; follicles muricate. — Woods, Caa to Fla. and Ala Lvs. aa in
the last, from wliich this species technically diners only in its broader (dark
purple) petals and prickly fruit. Lvs. seldom exceeding 4' by 3'. Petals about
3" by IJ". May— Aug.
3 O. proatratUB Eli. Branched at base, hirsute-pubescent ; branches herbaceoue,
prostrate ; lof. small, broadly ovate-reniform, acute, sinus broad, auricles rounded,
inflexed; vmbeli sessile, 3 to 5-flowered; sep. lanceolate, hairy; cor. segm. ovate,
obtuse, (I ' '/owj), very hirsute inside; crown 5-lobed, very siiort. — E. Ga. in sands
(Feay). Sis. 6 to 12' long. Lvs. 1' or less long, nearly as wide, the upper some-
what acuminate. FJs. dark purple, 3 " broad. (Chthlamia pubiflora Decn.)
9. HOYA, R. Br. Wax Plant. (Named for Thomas Hoy, an
English florist.) Calyx small, 5-sepalecl ; corolla rotate, flat, valvate in
bud ; staminate crown of 5 depressed, spreading segments ; anthers
membranous at tip ; pollinia fixed by the base, oblong, connivent ; fol-
licles smooth, seeds comous. — Shrubs twining, with fleshy lvs. and fls.
in extra-axillary umbels.
H. cirndsa R. Br. Branchlet? puberuleut ; lvs. thick, glabrous, oval-
oblong, short-pointed ; ped. shorter than pubescent pedicels ; cor. fleshy, papillous
inside, segm. triangular, refloxed at the apex ; corona segm. oval, acute, edges
rovolute. — Garden aud greeniiouse. Fls. pink-colored, in dense umbels, very
fine, f E. Ind.
10. STAPE^LIA, L. (Named for Bodceus d Stapel, a physician of
Amsterdam.) Calyx 5-parted ; corolla rotate, 5-cleft, fleshy ; crown
double, the exterior of leaves entire or parted, the interior of liorn-like
segments ; pollinia erect, 6 pairs, turgid ; follicles smooth, erect ; seeds
comous. — Plants of S. Africa, fleshy, branching, leafless ; branches
angular, angles toothed, bearing large, fleshy, dark red, rugous flowers,
of a most disgusting odor. Some are cultivated in our greenhouses, as
A. hirsuta, A. bufowia, <fec.
Order XCVIII.— JASMINACE^. Jasminworts.
Shrubs often twining, with opposite or alternate, mostly compound leaves. Calyx
aud corolla 5 to 8-parted, the latter imbricated in aestivation. Stamens 2, In the
tube of the corolla. Ova:"!/ fref* 2-celled, 2 to 8-ovuled. Fruit a berry or capsule.
Seeds erect, with little or no albumen. Fig. 78.
Oenera 6, species 100. Ornamental shrubs abounding in tropical India. Tl e essentiul oil
wbiuh pervades tlie order, residing chiefly in the tlowers, in exquisitely fragrant. On this ac-
count, as well as for their beauty, these plants are cultivated.
JASMFNUM, L. Jasmine. (Gr. idafxi], perfume.) Calyx tubular,
5 to 10-cleft ; corolla hypocrateriform, tube long, limb flat, 5 to 10-
cleft ; berry double ; seeds 2, solitary, ariled.— Shrubs bushy or climb-
ing. Lvs. opposite, rarely alternate, compound. Petioles articulated,
Fls. paniculate.
1 J. friiticans L. Tellow Jasmine. Smooth, erect; branches angular;
lvs. alternate, trifoliate, rarely simple, lits. curved; fls. few, subterminal; cal.
segm. subulate; cor. tube twice longer thai the calyx, limb of 6 obtuse lobes. —
St. 3f hiyh. Fls. yellow, inodorous, tuLe about 6" long. Propagated by lavers.
f S. Em.
2 J. officinslie L. '7hite Jasmine. Smooth, scarcely climbing ; brandvea
Bubangulate ; lvs. opposHe, compound, Ifts. 3 to 7, lanceolate, acuminate ; pani-
cles terminal, few-flowered, corymbous ; cor. tube twice longer than the calyx.
Stem scvernl feet in length. Flowers white. Both species arj beautiful and
..i||.|ji
Ordeb 99. — OLEACE^.
697
much cultivated The deliciouslj fragrant oil of Jasmine of the shops is oxtiuct^^
from this plant, f Asia.
Order XCIX. OLEACE^. Olites.
3V«ca and shrvhs wita opposite, simple, sometimes pinnate-leaves, with fiowrg 4-
parted, regular, rarely apetalous, the corolla valvate in the bud. Stamens 2 to 4,
mostlv 2, and fewer than the corolla lobes. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 suspended ovules
in each cell, and fruit fleshy or capsular, seeds 4 (or fewer by abortion), with abun-
dant albumen. Fig. 265.
Genera 24, species 130,natlves of temperate climates. The ash is very abun.lant in N. Amer-
ica. The Phillyreas and the Syringas are all Oriental.
Properties. — Olive oil is expressed from the pericarp of tlio Olive (Oloa Europaa). The bark
of this tree, and also of the asli, is bitter, astrinsent, and febrifugal. Manmt, a sweot, jjenlle
purgative, Is the concrete discliarge of several species of the Fraxinus, particularly of the Euro-
pean F. Ornus. The species of the ash are well known for their useful timber.
TRIBES AND GENERA.
I. FllAXINE^.— Fruit a <lry, wini^ed samara. Leaves pinnate Fhaxinits. 1
II. SYKINGE^. — Fruit a dry, 2-celled capsule. Leaves mostly simple (a),
a Calyx persistent ; corolla salver-form cyanic Sykcnoa. 3
a Calyx deciduous ; cor )lla subcnmpanulate, yellow Forsvthia. 8
III. OLEI.NE^.— Fruit a tksliy drupe or berry. Corolla jiresent. Leaves simple (b).
b Corolla lobes lon^, linear, pendulous, etamens included Ciiion,(ntiiu8. 4
b Corolla lobes short. Stamens included. Fruit a berry Li(irsTRirM. 5
b Corolla lobes short. Stamens exserted (c).
C Style 2-parted. Lta* cs serrate OsMANTnrs. (
Style simple. — Drupe shell bony. (Panicles axillary) Olk.v. 7
— Drupe shell papery. Panicles terniin.al Visiania. 8
IV. FORESTIERE^.— Fruit u fleshy drupe. Corolla none. Leaves simple. . Fobestiei;a. 9
I. FRAX'INUS, Tourn. (Gr. ^ap^if, a separation; from the fatility
Avith which the wood splits.) Polygamous or dioecious; calyx 4-tootlu'J,
rarely obsolete ; petals 2 or 4, coherent at base, oblong or linear, or al-
together wanting ; stamens 2 ; stigma bifid ; samara 2-celled, tiattened,
winged at ape.x, cells 2-ovuled, but 1-seeded ; seeds pendulous, com-
pressed. — Trees or shrubs, with oppcsite, odd-pinnate Ivs. and fls. ra-
cemed or panicled. American species arc all dioecious and apotsilous
trees.
§ Flowers with a corolla of 4 or 2 white, linear-oblong petals. Cultivatecl \o. 8
§ Flowers apetalous, iioly^amous. Leaflets 1 1 to 13. Cultivatecl Xo, T
§ Flowers ai)etalous, ditpcious. Fruit always winded at apex (.*).
♦ Calyx ])ersistent at the terete base of the samara No. l
♦ Calyx i»i'r»istent at the narroii\ flattened base of the samara Ni>s. 2 — 4
♦ Calyx none, the samara naked at the broad base Nos. 6, 6
1 F. Americana L. White Ash. Lfts. 1 to 9, petiolulate, ovate or lanw-ob-
long, acuminate, entire or obscurely subserrate, sliiniug above, jrlaucous beneath;
petioles and branchlets terete, smooth; buds yollowiish-velvety ; panicles coia-
poimd, axillary, loose ; samara linear-oblong, obtuse, narrower and terete at the
calyculate base, seed ^^ortifin lialf as long as wing. — Woods, Can. to ( Ja. and La.
A forest tree, 40 to 80f high; trunk 2 to 3f diani. Lvs. If long, usually oft
smooth lfts., which are 3 t > 4' by 18' to 2'. Fruit 13 to 15" by 2 to 2^ . Apr.,
May. (P. acuminata Lam F. epiptera Mx.) — Titnber light, tough and strong,
much used by carriage-makers, Ac.
2 F. pub^BceuB Walt. Red Ash. Lfts. 7 to 9, petiolulate, ovate-lanceolate or
elliptic-lancrolate, acuminate, subserrate, veins boneath, petioles and young branches
velvety -pubescent ; samara narrow-lanceolate, obtuse, the calycidato base acute,
flattisli, slightly margined by tiie riecurreut wing. — Swampy or low grounds, Can.
and U. S., more common in Penu. and Va. A smaller tree than No. 1, 30
to 60f high, but nearly allied to it. Bark deep brown. Lfts. often rfxldish
:'''h ■■
'm I
. \
,..&>'
l4|
•;i
\ J
598
Order 99.— OLKACK^.
''Mr
.1 .' .
beneath, 2 to 3 oy 18 ' to 2'. Timber les3 valuable. Apr., May. (F. tomen-
tosa Mx.)
3 F. viridis Mx. f. Green Ash. Lfts. 7 to 9, petiolulate, ovate or ovate-lance-
late, acuminate, serrate, grec and glabrous both sides, beneath slightly glaucous
and pubeseeiit in the axils > the veins ; petioles aiid branchlets glabrous ; samara,
calyculate, spatulate, obtuse, the seed portion as long as the wing. — A small tree
15 to 25f high in wet woods U. S., especially the Western, Wis. to Tenn. and Car.
Lfts 2.V to -4' long, with a long, slender point. Fruit 12 to 15" long. May. (F.
coin'olor Muhl. F. juglandifolia DC.)
4 F. platycarpa Mx. Lfts. 5 to 7, short-pctioled, suhserrati;, elliptic, acute at
botli ends, or slightly acuminate, petioles and veins bjueatli pubescent ; samara
elliptic-oblauceolate, attenuate at base^ broad above, obtuse, calyculate, and often
with a third wing! — Wet woods, Va. to Fla. and La. Lfcs. distant, 3 to 5' long,
a third as wide. Samara 18 to 20' long, 6" or more wide above the middle, ta-
pering to the narrow, margined base.
i(j. TRTPTKRA, Lfts. oblanceolatc and oblong, samara more frequantly 3-winged.
— S. Car. to La. (F. triptera Nutt.)
5 F. quadrangulata ^Ix. Blue Asn, Lfts. 7 to 9, short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate
or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, obtutish at base, glabrou.s, veins beneath at
base downy ; branchlets glabrous, square, with 4 linear or slightly membanous an-
gles, at length terete ; buds velvety ; samara oblong, obtuse at each end, naked
(no calyx!) at base. — A tall tree in rich woods, Ohio to Tonn. and Iowa. Trunk
CO to 80f high. Lfts. 3 to 4' long, distinctly petiolulate ; petiolules 2 to 5'' long.
Anth. of the fertile fls. oval, narrowed towards tlio base. Timber strong and
clastic, like that of No. 1. May.
6 F. sambucifolia Lam. Black Ash. Water Ash. Lfts. 7 to 11, lance-ovate,
sessile serrulate, acuminate, smooth above, tawny villous at their insertion and in
tlie axils of th 3 veins beneath; fr. oblong, with similar ends, obtuse or emargi-
nate, naked (no calyx) at base. — Common in swamps or moist woods. Northern
U. S. and Can. Height 40 to 70f; with a trunk 2f diam. Bark brown. Buds
blue. Lfts. 3 to 4' long. Samara 16 to 20'' by 3 to 4', entirely naked at baso!
May. — Wood purplish, tough, elastic, excellent for the cooper and basket-
maker.
7. F. excelsior L. European Ash. Lfts. 11 to 13, subsessile, lance-oblong,
glabrous, witii slender serratures; racemes short, dense, samara linear-oblong,
obtuse, obliquely emarginate. — I'arks. A tall tree, in many varieties, among
which 3. p<^'^uala, Weeping Ash, is the most interesting, f Eur.
8 F. Ornus L. Flowering Ash. Lfts. 7 to 9, subpetiolulate, lanceolate,
serrate above, entire at base, bearded on the veins beneath ; buds downy ; pan-
icles dense ; petals 2 or 4 (white), linear-oblong, much longer tiian the calyx ;
samara lance-linear, obtuse, attenuate at each end. — Parks, f From Eur.
2. SYRIN'GA, L. Lilac. (Gr. avpiy^, asliephord's pipe; from the
use once made of its branches.) Calyx small, 4-toothe(l, persistent ;
corolla salvcr-forrn, tube several times longer than the calyx, limb cleft
into deep, obtuse, spreading valvate segments ; stamens siiort, included
within the tube. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. — Oriental, flowering shrubs,
M'ith simple, entire leaves.
1 S. vulgaris L. Common Lilac. — Lvs. cordate-ovate, entire, glabrou.s, green
botii sides; intiorescence thyrsoid; limb of cor. subconcave. — Tiiero are many
varieties in this beautiful shrub, a. Corolla lilac-purple, in a dense thyrse. ji.
CiERULEA. Fls. purplish-blue. }. alba. Cor. white, thryse aubcompound. Apr.,
Ju. — One of the most popular shrubs, beautiful in foliage and lis. \ Hungary.
2 S. P^rsica L. Persian Lilac. Lvs.. lanceolate, acute, smooth, both sides
green, sometimes pinnatifld ; limb of the cor. flattish. — A smaller siirub than tiie
tirst, with smaller thyrses of wliito or lilac-blue flowers. The leaves vary from
entire to pinnatifld, small at flowering time. Apr., May. f Persia.
3 S. villosa Vahl. (3. Chinensia. Lvs. elliptic, acute at each e7id, fiairy
benMth. — f N. China.
"f rf
Order 99.— -OLEACKiK.
699
3. FORSY^THIA, Vabl. Calyx very short, compafiulatc, 4-parted,
deciduous ; corolla somewhat bell-shaped, lobes twisted in the bud ;
stamens 2, inserted in the bottom of the tube, iticluded ; ovary 2-celled,
cells oo-ovuled ; capsule ovoid, 2-celled ; seeds many, pendulous, nar-
rowly winged. — Shrub with opposite branches and scaly buds,
F, suspensa Valil. — Shrubberies, comn, Lvs. often in whorls of 3s or 43,
petiolate, simple or pinnately divided, serrate. Fls. preceding the leave.s, one
from a bud, pedicelled, yellow, with long lobes, f China. (Syringa, Thunb.)
4. CHIONAN'THUS, L. Virginia Fringe Tree. ((ir. ;^;iwj', snow,
dvBog ; tis. snow-white.) Calyx 4-parted, short ; cor. tube very short,
Jimb 4-parted, lobes linear, elongated ; sta. 2, inserted into the coi-.
tube, included ; sty. very short; drupe fleshy ; putamen bony, 1-celled,
1 -seeded. — Trees with opposite leaves. Branch lets compressed. Ra-
cemes terminal and axillary.
C. Virginica L. Lvs. oval and oblong-lanceolato ; pedicels long, l-flowered ; cal.
glabrous ; cor. segm. linear, acute, flaccid. — A shrub or small tree, highly orna.
mental, in woods, S. Penn. to Fla., Ky., Tenn. Lvs. coriaceous, smooth, of va-
rious forms, oval, or ovate, rhombic, lanceolate, etc., on the same tree, 3 to 6'
long. Fls. in rather dense, pendulous panicles. Petals snow-white, 8 to 10 ' in
length. Drupes oval, purple. Apr, — .In. — Far South it is called Old-man^ s-beard.
5. LIGUSTRUM, L. Privet. Prim. (Lat. ago, to bind, from the
use made of its shoots.) Calyx minutely toothed ; cor. tube short,
limb with spreading, ovate lobes ; sta. 2 ; sty. veiy short ; berry 2-
celled, 2 — 4-seeded ; seeds convex on one side, angular on the other. —
Shrubs with simple lvs. Fls. in terminal panicles, tetramerous.
L. vulgdre L. Lvs. lanceolate and obovate, acute or obtuse, on short petioles ; pan-
icle dense, terminal. — A smooth shrub, 5 — 6f high, in woods and thickets, N. Y.
to Ya., W. to the Miss. Branches wand-liko with opposite, entire, smootli, dark
green leaves which are 1 — 2' long, \ as wide, varying from obovate to elliptical,
witli a rounded, obtuse or aouto point. Flowers small, numerous, white. An-
thers large, exserted. Berries black, in conical bunches, bitter. It is said to
have been introduced from England where it is used lor hedges. May, Juno.
6. OSMAN'THUS, Lour. (Gr. oa/'tTj, fragrance, ai^0of.) Calyx short,
bell-shaped, 4-toothcd ; corolla subrotate, 4-parted ; anthers adnate to
the inner side of the filaments ; stylo 2-parted, lobes thick, acute, —
Habit of Oloa. (Olea Thunb.)
O, fragrans Lour. Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous; corymbs or
piinicles short, axillary, pedicels rather long ; style 'i-partcd. — Shrub with snuill,
white, very odorous tlowers which are said to be used by the Chinese to adulter-
ate and flavor tea. Tho fls. vary to red, f China and Japan.
7. OLEA, Tourn. Olive. (Gr. eXaia, Lat. olea., the Olive tree,
olira, the fruit, oleum, tho juice.) Calyx slioi t, bell-shaped, 4-toothcd ;
corolla tube short, limb 4-j)arted, flat, spreading ; stamens 2, inserted
in the bottom of the tube, opposite, exserted ; ovary 2-celled, 2 pendu-
lous ovules in each cell ; drupe fleshy, oily, shell bony, 2 or 1 -seeded by
abortion. — Trees or shrubs, with opjtosite, entire, coriaceous lvs. and
white, often fragrant fls.
O. Americana L. Lvs. lanceolate-elliptic, entire, smooth and shining, acute,
attenuated to a petiole; rac. compound, as long as or longer than tho petiole ;
bracts connate, persistent; lis. dicBcious; fruit globular. — In the low country, Ya.
to Fla. Tlie American Olive is a tree 15 to 20f high. Wood line-graiiied, hard,
and when dry difficult to split. Lvs. 4 or 5' long, petioK'S I', Fla. small, fra-
*i ■■
ii 1 1 :
-'.!
114 '•■
600
Order 99.— OLEACB-fi.
grant, the fertile and barren on separate trees. Drupes larger than peas, violet'
purple, dryish. Apr., May.
8. VISIA^NIA, DC. (Dedicated to Vistani, Professor of botany at
Patavia.) Calyx, corolla and stamens as in Olea ; fruit obovate or ob-
long, with a very thin pulp, and thin, papery shell. — Trees with oppo-
site, entire Ivs. and loose, terminal, many-flowered panicles. (Olea,
Wall.)
V. paniculdta DC. Lvs. ovate, acute, entire, glabrous; panicle glabrous;
bracts deciduous ; style club-shaped ; fruit obliquely ovate. — Fls. small, white^
numerous, in large naked panicles. Lvs. coriaceous, 3' long, petioles 9' . f China.
9. FORESTIE'RA, Poir. (Dedicated to M, Forestier, a French phy-
«|ician.) DicEcious, apetalous ; flower buds in the axils of the last year's
leaves, scaly with roundish, thin scales, and many-flowered ; S flowers
sessile, crowded, each of the 2 stamens surrounded by a caducous calyx
of 4 oblong, minute sepals; ? flowers pedicellate, umbellate; calyx
obsolete ; ovary tipped with a slender style and a capitate stigma, 2-
celled, cells 2-ovuled ; drupe with 1 suspended seed. — Shrubs or small
trees, with opposite, simple lvs. and minute fls. (Adeiia Mx. Borya Ph.)
1 P. acuminata Poir. Los. glabrous, green both sides, lance-elliptic, acuminate
at each and, serrulate above, on slender petioles ; fruit an oblong-cyllndric, pointed,
fleshy, glaucous-purple drupe. — In sluggish streams, 111. (opposite St. Louis!) to
Ga. (Macon, Mettauerl). Shrub 10 to ISf higli. Lvs. thiu, 2 to 3' long, petiolo
1'. Mar., Apr. (A. acuminata Mx. F. ligustrina Gr.)
2 F. ligustrina Poir. Lvs. ovate and oblong, attenuate to the petiole, obtuse, cori-
aceotis, serrulate, margins slightly revolute, glabrous above, midveiu sparsely pu-
bescent beneath ; staminate flowers in small, lateral, globular clusters (fertile plant
not seen). — Near Savannah (Feay). Shrub 10 — 15f? high, with slender branches
and branchlets. Lvs. with the petioles 1 to 2' by 6 to 10", reticulate, not dotted,
beneath.
3 P. poruldsa Poir. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, sessile, coriaceous, margina
rovolute, lower surface dotted (porulous) and ferruginous. — On the Bea-coaat,
Georgia and Florida (Pursb.) Leaves all opposite. (A. porulosa Mx.)
P \
•Mi.
H
0«DBB 100.— ARISTOLOCHIACEJ!:.
doi
Cohort 3. APETAL^,
Or Monochlamydeous Exogens. Dicotyledons with no
corolla, the calyx or perianth green or colored, consisting of
a single series of similar organs, or often wholly wanting.
Order C. ARISTOLOCIIIACE^. Birthworts.
Low fierbs or climbing shrubs, with altemato leaves and perfect flowers. Perianth
tube adherent to the ovary, brown or dull, valvate in the bud. Stamens 6 to 12,
epigynous and adherent to the base of the styles. Ovary 6-celled, becoming a 6-
celled, many-seeded capsule or berry. Seed albuminous, embryo minute. Fig. 133.
Genera S, Hpeciea 130, most abundant in the tropical countries of S. America, thinly diflfusi'd
throughout ihe northern hemisphere. Properties tonic and stimulant. Both the following geu'
cr« are bUucessfully employed in medicine.
1. ASA^RUM, Tourn. Wild Ginger. (Gr. a, not, aeipd, a band,
because rejected in wreathing garlands.) Calyx canipanulate, regular,
3-cleft ; stamens 12, placed upon the ovary, anthers adnatc to the middle
or summit of the filaments ; style very short ; stigma 6-rayed ; fruit
fleshy, 6-celled, crowned with the calyx. — H Herbs with creeping
rhizomes and 1 or 2 Ivs. on each branch. Fls. solitary.
§ Leaves in pairs. Calyx lobes pointed, reflcxed. Ovary wholly adherent No. 1
§ Leaves solitary. Calyx lobes obtuse, suberect Ovary partly free Nos. 2, 3
1 A. Canad^nae L. Lvs. *., broad-reniform, on long, opposite petioles with the
flower between ; calyx woolly, deeply 3-clefl:, the segin. reflected. — In rich,
shady soil, Can. to Ga. and W. States. Lvs. radical, large, 2 to 4' by 3 to 5', with
a deep sinus at base, fin ' a soft, velvet-like surface. Fl. solitary, on a nodding
peduncle, and close to the ground, sometimes even buried jiust beneatli the sur-
face. Cal. purplish, of 3 broad, long-poiuted diviaion.s abruptly spreading. Fil.
longer than tiie anthers, their tips (connectile) produced beyond them. May — Jl.
— The rhizome is a popular medicine, used in measles and wlioopini^ cough.
2 A. Virginicum L. Lvs. solitary, orbicular-ovate, glabrous, coriaceotis, deeply
cordate, entire, obtuse ; fl. subsessile ; cal. short, suhrampanulate, glabrous exter-
nally. — Grows in light soils among rocks, and Mts., Va., Ky. to Ga. A low, stem-
less plant, very similar in habit to the preceding. Each brancli of the rl)izome
bears a terminal leaf and a flower. Leaf 2 to 3' diara., very .smooth, clouded
with spots, the petiole iwico longer, lobes at base rounded and nearly closed.
Flower many limes sliorter than the petiole. Calyx segments obtuse, of a dusky
purple, greenish outside. Apr.
3 A. arifdlium Mx. Lvs. solitary, broadly hastate, pubendent on the veins, thin,
with a deep siims at base, the lobes obtusely angled and turned sliglitly outward ;
ccU. inflated-urceoUite, contracted above, with 3 very short, obtuse lobes at summit. —
Rich soils, Va. to Fla. and La. Rhizomes slender, white. Petioles 2 to 3' long.
Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2', margins wavy. Fls. 9" long, roughiah, purplish-brown aa
long as their stalks. Mar. — May.
2. ARISTOLOXHIA, Tourn. Birthwort. (Gr. apiarog, excellent,
Xox^ia^ child-birth ; alluding to the medicinal properties.) Calyx
tubular, tube rariously bent and inflated above the ovary, border un-
it! I)
' l\ i
■: . !
;-, 'T
'•••^- i,
-I
602
Oruer 101.— NYCTAGINACE.B.
equal ; anthers 6, subsessile upon the style ; stigtna 6-lobecl ; capsule 6*
celled, septicitlal, many-seeded. — St. erect or twining.
Stem croct. Ct lyx tube sigmoid (t. e., twice bent like ^he letter S)
Stoui climbing. (Jalyx tube recurved, once bent upwards
Nos. 1, 2
Nos, 8, 4
1 A. serpentaria L. Virginia Svake-root. St. erect, flexuous ; Ivs. petiolate,
oblong or ovate, thin, cordate, acuminate ; ped. radical, many bracted ; cal. tube
smoothish, contracted in the midst, limb obscurely 2-lipped. — A curioub vegetable
in hedges and thickets. Peiin. to 111. and La. St. 8 to 13' high, subsimple, jointed,
herbaceous. Lvs. variable in width, 2 to 4' by 9" to 2' rarely larger. Fls. few.
Cal. dull purple, of a leathery texture, tubular, 7 to 9 " long, twice bent almost
double, enlarged at each end, the limb with 3 short, obtuse lobes. Caps, obovato,
6-angled, 6 to 9 " long. Jn., Jl.
/?. ? HASTATA. Lvs. lance-oblong, or oblong linear, auriculate at base, on pe-
tioles as short as the auricles. — S. Car. to La. St. very slender and usu-
ally simple. Ma. not seen. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 3 to 5''. (A. hastata Nutt.)
2 A. reticulata Nutt. Si. erect, very flexuous, hirsute, simple ; lvs. oval, sessile,
cordate-clasping with decrissating lobes, apex obtuse or bluntly acute ; veinlets and
veinukts finely reticulated, all prominent and hairy beneath ; ped. below the lvs.,
simple or branched, hirsute, bracted; cal. small, densely wooUy. — La. (Hale.) About
If high. Ms. 5" long, about half tliesize of No. 1. Lvs. rather thick, 3 to 4' by
2 to 3'.
3 A. Sipho L'Her. Dutchman's Pipe. St. twining, shrubby ; lvs. glabrous, am-
pie, roundish, cordate, entire, petiolate ; ped. 1-ttowered, furnished with a single,
ovate clasping bract ; cal. tube bent, ascending, limb 3-cleft, equal. — A vigorous
climber in mountainous woods, Western Peun. to Ky. and S. States. St. woody,
twining, and ascending trees 30 to 40f. Leaves 6 — 12' diam., alternate, sprinkled
with soft hairs. Flowers solitary, tlie tube long (16") bent at nearly a right
angle, in the form of a (siphon or) tobacco pipe, and of a dull brown color. May,
Jn. f Highly ornamental for arbors.
4 A. tomentosa Sims. Twining, shrubby ; lvs. downy or hairy beneath, roundish,
cordate, entire, petiolate, very veiny; ped, solitary, 1-flowered, braciless; cul.
downy, bent upwards, greenish-yellow, limb dark-purple, nearly equal, rugous, re-
flexed, 3-cleft, throat oblong and oblique, nearly closed. — Woods along rivers, S.
III. to La. and Ga. St. climbing tall trees 30 to 40f. Lvs. 4 to 6' long, 3 to 4'
vdde. Ped. as long as the petioles. Cal tube (20" long) contracted above the
ovary and strongly recurved. Stig. 3-lobed. May. Jn.
Order CI. NYCTAGINACE^. Marvelworts.
Herbs (shrubs or trees) with tumid joints, entire and opposite leaves. Flowers
surrounded with an involucre (calyx-like when the flower is solitary). Calyx a deli-
cate, colored, funnel-form or tubular perianth, deciduous above the 1-celled, l-seeded
ovary, leaving its persistent base to harden and envelop the fruit (achenium) as a
kind of pericap. Stamens 1 to several, detinite, slender, hypogynous, exserted, un-
equal. Embryo coiled round the copious white albumen. Fig. 373, 460.
Genera 16, npecieH 110, chiefly tropical, south of the equator.
Properties. — The roots are purgative, especially those of the beautiful cultivated genus—
Four-o'clock.
GENERA.
* Involucre calyx-like, involvinis but asingle, large flcnver Mikabilis. I
* Involucre involving several (3 to 5) small flowers Oxybapuur. 2
* Involucre none, die minute flowers with deciduous bracts Boriuiaavia. 3
i. MIRAB'ILIS, L. Marvel op Peru. Four-o'clock. (Lat mira-
bills, wonderful, admirable ; a name well applied.) Involucre calyx-like,
5-lobed, 1 -flowered, lobes acuminate; perianth (caly.\) tubular-funnel*
Order 102.— POLYGONACE^.
003
form, limb spreading; stamens 5, scarcely with the style exserted ;
acheuiuni enveloped in the persistent base of the calyx. — 2^ Herbs
mostly Mexican and Peruvian, everywhere cultivated.
1 M. Jalapa L. Erect ; Iva. ovate, acuminate, base obtuse or svbcordate, po-
tiolate, glabrous; Jis. 3 to 6 in each terminal fascicle, slwrt-staUced ; perianth o[ion
in the evening and night. — This is the true Four-o'clock, opening its multitudi-
nous brilliant flowers at about that hour P. M., for a long succession of summer
days. Their variety in color is indnite. f Peru,
2 M. dichotoma L. Erect, glabrous; Ivs. ovate, subacuminate, base ohlmt
or narrowed to the petiole ; jls. sessile or nearly so ; lobes of invol. ovato-acute ;
perianth strict, with a small scarcely dilated limb. — Gardens, less frequent. Fl.s.
smaller, yellow, red and white, f Mexico.
3 M. longifldra L. Weak, diffuse, viscid-pubescent ; Ivs. cordate-acuminate,
upper sessile, lower long-petioled ; fls. sessile, clustered at apex; invol. lolies
linear; tube of the perianth very long, pubescent. — Gardens. Fls. white, f Mexico.
3. OXYB'APHUS, Vahl. (Gr. o^vjSdcftov, a shallow cup or saucer ;
alluding to the form of the involucre.) Involucre 5-cleft, containing 3
to 5 flowers (in one species), persistent and spreading in fruit; perianth
with a very short tube, and a plicate, bell-shaped, deciduous limb ;
stainens 3 ; style simple, stigma capitate; fruit ovoid, ribbed, 1-seeded.
— 2t Herbs with tuberous roots, opposite Ivs. and small fls. (Caly-
menia, Allioni.)
1 O. nyctagineuB Sweet. Nearly smooth, erect, with alttrnato or forked
branches ; Ivs. broadly ovate or oblong, subcordate, acute ; peduncles solitary,
axillary and terminal ; invol. pubescent, 3 to 5-tlowered. — y Alluvial soils. Wis.
to Teun., rare ; common in Nebraska. (Nuttall.)
2 O. anguatifoliUB Sweet. St. terete, puberulent above, with alternate branches,
Ivs. narrowly lanceolate, thick but veiny, entire or serrulate, acute, narrowed to
the subsessile base ; ped. several times slwrter than the leaves, axillary and termi-
nal; invol. 3-flowered, half-5-cleft, lobes broad, obtuse; ovary hispid. — Dry soils
S. Car., Ga. to La. St. 2 to 3f hig''. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 5 to 9", or in some speci-
mens (A. linearis Ph.) much narrower. Ped. 2 to 5 ' long. Cal. purplish. Jn.
3 O. dlbidus Sweet. St. angular, and pubescent in lines, simple; lvs. narrow,
lance-oblong, acute at each end, petiolate ; ped. solitary, axillary, half as long as the
lvs. ; invol. 2 to 3-flowered, deeply 5-cleft, segm. ovate, acute, ribs of fruit hispid.
—CD Dry soils, S. Car., Ga. (Mettauer.) Sts. 12 to 18' high. Lvs. 2' to 30 long,
4 to 6 ' wide. Ped. 1' long, alternate, each with a whitish involucre 10 broad
and 2 to 3 small fls. May. (A. alb. Ph.)
3. BOERHAA'VIA, L. (Dedicated to Borhaave, of Holland, a friend
and patron of Li mjeus.) Involucre ; bractlets deciduous ; perianth fun-
nel or bell-form, colored, 5-lobed, upper half deciduous, lower persist-
ent ; stamens 1 to 4 ; fruit 5-ribbed, truncate at apex, 1-seeded. — Lv.s.
opposite, mostly petioled.
B. er^cta L, Glabrous; lvs. ovate, wavy, pale beneath; fls. in a strict, raucli
branched panicle. — 'T) Sandy soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. St. 3 to 4f high, nu-
merously dividing above into filitbrm, erect branchlots. Lvs. all below, 2' long,
roundish at base, on petioles nearly as long. Fls. minute. Jn. — Sept.
Order CII. POLYGONACE^E. Sorrelworts.
Herbs, rarely shrubs, with alternate leaves and mostly sheathing stipules {ochreix)
surrounding the stem above each tumid joint. Flowers mostly perfect. Perianth
or calyx 3 to G-cleft, mostly colored, imbricated in bud and persistent. Stamens 4
to 15, perigynous or free. Ovary 1 -celled, free, with a single, erect ovule. Sly lei
or stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit a 3-angled acheuium enclosed in the calyx. Seed eiect,
mS\
k f 1' 'i
Ji Mi'
H'
|t
1
\ '
! ii
••i
m
\l
Wi
'iv
i f
ti
Mi
l^K 1
li
^.*.
C04 Ordee 102.— POLYGONACB^.
albuminous, with a straight or curved inverted embryo. Illust in Figs. 80, 375^
407, 408, 409, 413, 607, 103, 112.
Ofnera 33, . jtctM 690 (Meisner) tvidely diffused in all lands, but most abundant in tbo te<n-
p«rate zones.
Pro/terties. — The rootit of these plants are nauseous and purgative. Rhubarb of the shops is
the root of Kheutn palniatiim and other species, native of Tartary. But the leaves and stalica
of Porrel. the petioles of Garden Rhubarb, etc , .•*ro aisrreeably tart, and contain oxalic acid ; the
petioles of tlie latter, together with the farinaceous seeds of the Buck-wheat, are well-known
articles of food.
TRIBES AND GENERA.
1. ERIOOONE J!. Flowers in dense, involucrato nmbels, Ochreae EEioooNrM. 1
II. POLYGONE..C Flowers not involucrate. OchresB present, (a)
a Calyx 4-;'arted, regular. Stamens 6. Styles 2. Achcnia winged Oxtbia. 2
a Calyx 6-parted. Stamens 9. Sepals all similar, short liiiEUM. 3
a Calyx C-partcd. Stamens 6. Sepals 8 inner increa.sing, tuberculate Blmex. 4
a Calyx 5-i)ftrted (irregularly 4-parted in one species), (b)
b Sepals, the 3 iiiiier flmbriate-poctinate. Pe<licels solitary TnTSANELiA. 5
b Sepals entire, — 3 closed on the achcnia, or all open. Pedicels solitary. Polyoonklla. C
— all closed on the acheuium. Pedicels usually fascicled.. Pol yoonum. 7
—all open. Nectaries 8. Pedicels fascicled in the bract... Faoopybum. 3
1. ERIOG'ONUM, Mx. (Gr. tpiov, wool, yovv, knee ; being woolly
at the joints, etc.) Flowers many in each common 5-toothed involucre ;
calyx deeply 6-cleft ; stamens 9 ; styles 3 ; achenia 3-angled or 3-lobed ;
embryo in or near the axis of scanty albumen. — Herbs clr^hed with
dense cottony wool. Lvs. alternate, exstipulate, mostly at che base of
the stem, the upper bract-like, often whorled at the forks o? the umbel-
late inflorescence. Invol. solitary or capitate. Pedicels within the in-
vol. l-flowered.
1 E. tomentdsum Mx. Lower lvs. crowded, spatulate, obovate or oblong, pe-
tiolate, beneath rusty white, tomentous, veins tawny red ; flowering brandies
several times forked ; invol. solitary, campanulate, sessile, 5-toothed, loose-flow-
ered; cal. colored, funnel-form. — U Sandy hills, S. Car. to Fla., frequent. St. 1
to 3f liigli. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, those of the stem much smaller. Fls. 3 to 4" long,
cream-white, with wool of the same color outside. Jn. Aug.
2 E. longifdlium Nutt. Lower lvs. crowded, oblong-linear, with a long, attenu-
ated base, beneath white-tomentous, upper lvs. scattered ; panicle ample, several
times forked; bracts minute; invol. solitary, campanulate, pedunculate many-
flowered ; cal. green, woolly. — Fla. to Ark. St. 2 to 4f high.
2. OXYR'IA, R. Br. Mountain Sorrel. (Gr. o^vf, acid ; in allu-
sion to the qualities of its leaves.) Calyx herbaceous, 4-sepaled, the 2
inner sepals erect, larger, the 2 outer reflexed ; achenium lens-shaped,
thin, girt with a broad, membranous wing; stamens 6, equal ; stigmas
2, sessile, penicillate. — 21 Low, nearly acaulescent, alpine plants.
O. reniformiB Hook. Radical lvs. reniform, on long petioles ; outer sepals ob-
long, half as long as the inner, valvular sepals ; fruit orbicular. — Found on the
summits of the White Mts., in moist ravines ; and N. to the Arc. Sea The plant
is acid to the taste, like Rumex acetosus. Stem 3 — i' in height, nearly leafless,
racemed or subpaniculate. Jn. (Rumex digynus L.)
3. RHE'UM, L. Rhubarb. (^Aa, the river Volga, on whose banks
the plants arc said to be native.) Calyx colored, 6-sepaled, persistent ;
stamens 9 ; styles 3, very short, spreading ; stigmas multifid, reflexed ;
achenia 3-angled, the angles margined. — 21 Fls. fasciculate in racemous
panicles.
R. Rhap6nticum L. Garden Rhubarb or Pie-plant. Lvs. ample,
smootli, cordate-ovate, obtuse ; petioles channeled above, rounded at the edges. —
Gardens. Stem stout and fleshy, 3 — 4f high, hollow, with large, sheathing sti-
pules at the joints. Leaves very large, 1 — 2f long, J k6 wide, on petioles of
Order 102.— POLYGON AC FL«.
605
nearly the same length. Panicle terminal, at first enclosed in a white, membrau'
oua bract which at length bursts, disclosing innumerable greenish-whito flowers.
May. X Siberia. — The large juicy petioles are well-known to the pastry cook.
Their agreeable acidity is due to the presence of oxalate of lime.
4. RU^MEX, L. Dock. Sorrel. Calyx of 6 sepals nearly distinct,
the 3 inner (valves) larger, petaloid, connivent over the acheniuni, 1 or
more of them usually bearing a tubercle or grain on the back, the 8
outer herbaceous, reflexed in fruit ; stamens 6 ; styles 3, short ' stigmas
penicillate-fringed ; achenium and seed 3-angled, embryo lateral. —
Weed-like herbs with small, greenish fls. in racemes or panicles.
§LAPATHUM. Flowers nil or mostly perfect. Valves bearing grains on tlio back. (♦)
* Valves entire or merely angular, (a)
a Pedicels in fruit 2 to 5 times longer than the auh-cordiite valves Nos. 1, 2
a Pedicels in fruit twice longer than rounded or truncate valves Nos. 3, 4
a Pedicels In fruit shorter or not longer than the valves, (b)
b Leaves flat, all tapering to hotli ends Xos. 5. (>
b Leaves wavy, the lower cordate or subcordate Nos. 7, s
* Valves conspicuously toothed on each side near the base Nos. 9 — 1 1
8 ACETOSA. Flowers dieecious. Valves grain less. Leaves acid (hastate) Nos.l2, i:J
1 R. crispuB L. Yellow Dock. Lvs. lanceolate, waved, acute, tho hwer ohhng,
subcorddte; pedicels twice lonj^er than calyx ; valves broad-ovate, cordate, each
bearing a grain. — U Can. and U. S. A weed too common in cultivated grounds,
about rubbish, etc., much to tho annoyance of tho farmer. Stem 2 — 3f high,
smooth, channeled, from a yellow, fusiform root. Flowers numerous, in a large
panicle, consisting of many racemes of half- whorls, interspersed with leaves.
Pedicels 3 to 4 ' long. Calyx-valves each with a grain on the back. Jn. § Eur
— The root is used in medicine for cutaneous diseases.
2 R. verticill^tUB L. "VVatkr Dock. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end,
/alves entire, broad-ovate, each bearing a grain ; rac. leafless, with flowers in
close whorls; pedicels elongated, thickened, upwards. — y An aquatic species of
muddy situations. Can. and U. S. St. 2f high, with long, tubular sheaths and
few branches. Lvs. long, narrow, acute, flat. Whorls 10 to 30-flowered. Pedi-
eels 7 to 10" hng, deflexed. Jn. (R. Brittanicus L. ? fide Gray.)
3 R. Hydrolapathum Hudson. /3. Americana Gray. Great Water Dock.
Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate, lower lance-oblong, very long, upper minutely undu-
laie-crenulate, all acute or attenuate at base, petiolate ; panicle compound, at length
naked; verticils at first distinct; valves roundish-ovate, obtuse, all grain-bearing. —
U NortliLTn U. S. Ponds and ditches. St. 3 to 5f high. Lvs. somewhat glau-
cous, lower very large, 1 to 2f long, 2 to 5' wide, with a stout midvein. Pedi-
cels in fruit 5 to 6" long, twice longer tJian the calyx. (R. aquaticus Smith.)
4 R. FloridllnuB Meisn. Lvs. long-lanceolate, acuto and unequally narrowed at
loth ends, flat ; panicle, leafless above, racemes at length dense ; pedicels twice
longer than the fruiting calyx ; valves broadly ovate-deltoid, bluntly acuminate, all
grain-bearing. — Fla. (Rugel apud Meisner Pedicels 3 to 5'' long.
5 R. altisBimuB. Peach-leaved Dock. Glabrous, tall, erect : lvs. flat, thick,
linoar-elliptic, entire, petiolate, tapering to each end; rac. slender, paniculate,
somewhat secund, leafless or tlie lowest verticil axillary ; fls. all ^ ; valves larger,
broad-cordate, one graniferous, one abortively so, and the third naked. — H Marshy
prairies and borders of streams, Mid. and W. States. A very showy Rumex,
3 — 6f high, slightly branched above. Leaves 3 — 5' by I — 1', somewhat acumi-
nate, broadest in the middle. Verticils approximate, pedicels reflexed, not longer
than the valves. Jn.
6 R. Balicif61iuB Weinm. /3. Bigelovil Pale Dock. Lvs. thin, wavy at
edge, attenuate-acute at each end, linear-lanceolate, petiolate ; panicle simple,
leafy at base, racemes spicate, loose and interrupted below ; pedictls much shorter
than the fruiting calyx ; valves all grain-bearing, ovate-oblong, scarcely longer than
the grains. — Sea coast, Mass. and Can. Sts. terete, slightly furrowed, 2 to 3f
high. Lvs. 4 to 7' long. Grains unequal, large, white. Jn. (R. pallidus Bw.)
7 R. conglomer^ktUB Murr. Lvs. ovate or oblong, base rounded or cordate, tho
upper lanceolate, attenuate-acute at «ach end, margins criupate ; panicle somewhat
"
m ''■ ''
wr.
006
Ordek 102.— polygon ACEiB.
spreading, leafy, with remote axillary verticils, the highest leafless ; pedicels shortei
than the small fruit calyx ; valves ovate-oblong, blunt, all grain -bearing. — 7i Ditfthes
and wet places, N. States, Can. St. 2 to 3f high. Lower Ivs. on long petiole^..
Grains large, red. May. § Eur. (R. acutua Sm.)
8 R. sanguineus L. Red-veined Dock. Lvs. lance-oblong wavy, acuminate,
obtuse at base, or the lower cordate, mostly with red veins ; pan. kajiess exrept
at base, whorls distant ; pedicels shorter than fruit calyx ; valv&i small, uhovaie-
oblfjng, obtuse, I or 2 of them grain-bearing. — Waste places, N. States and Can.
St. reddish, 2 to 3f high. Jl. § Eur. — In 3. vibidis the veins are green.
9 R. obtuaifblius L. Lower lvs. ovate obtuse, cordate, wavy on the margin, upper
lance-oblong, acute or acuminate at each end, all petiolate ; panicle leafy, whorU
distant ; pedicels aa long as the fruit calyx ; valves hastate-ovate, with 3 or 4 spread-
ing, subulate teeth on each side, one vaive chiefly grain-bearing. — X. Etig., Mid.
and W. States. A weed as unwelcome as the first, in fields, door-yards, 4c.
St. 2 to 3f high. Lvs. large (6 to 12' by 3 to 8), sometimes red-veined. JL
§ Eur.
10 R. maritimus L. Golden Dock. Lvs. long-lanceolate, the lower abrupt at
base, the upper attenuate-acute at each end; whorls dtnse-flowered, the lower sub-
distinct, with linear bracts, upper confluent; pedicels filiform, longer than fruit
calyx; valves rhombic-ovate, bearing 2 long, bristly teeth each side, with an acu-
minate point, all grain-bearing. — ® Borders of brackish waters, Mass. to S. Car.
Low (If) and much branched. Calyx in fruit yellowish green, densely clustered.
Jl. (R. persicarioides Hook.)
11 R. piilcher L. Lower lvs. oblong, cordate, often fiddle-shaped, upper lanceo-
late, acute, obtuse at base ; panicle leafy, whorls distant ; pedicels shorter than
fruit calyx, thickened; valves ovate-oblong, unequally grain-bearing, each with
several straight, strong lateral teeth. — 2f About Charleston, S. C. (Elliott). Jn.
Jl. § Eur.
12 R. Acetos^lla L. Field Sorrel. Sheep Sorrel. Lvs. oblanceolate-lias-
tate, about as long as the petioles, the auricles divaricate, oblong, a third as long
as the blade, in the upper lvs. smaller or wanting ; fls. dioecious, valves not increas-
ing in fruit, nor grain bearing. — If A common weed in pastures and waste grounds
throughout the U. S., preferring dry, hard soils. St. 6' to If high, leafy. Lvs.
very acid, but pleasant to the taste. Fls. small, red or reddish, collected in pan-
icled racemes, the valves destitute of granules. Stamens and styles on separate
plants. Jn. — Aug.
13 R. Engelmdnni Lcdeb. Lvs. lanceolate or linear, hastate, the lower 2 or 3
times shorter than the long petioles, the auricles very small, acutish, many times
shorter than the blade ; panicles entirely leafless ; fls. dioecious ; valves increas-
ing in fruit, orbicular-cordate, grainlesg. — U Ga., Fla. to Tex., also Mo. Sts 1 to
2f high, much furrowed. Lvs. pale beneath. Fls. purple. (R. hastatulus iialdw.
nee Campd.)
5. THYSANEL'LA, Gray. Calyx colored, 6-parted, lobes all erect,
the two outer cordate-sagittate at base, the 3 inner smaller, pectiuate-
fimbriate ; stamens 8 ; styles 3 ; achenia 3-angled, acuminate. — A
smooth, erect herb, with the habit of Polygonella. (Polygonum, Ell.)
T. fimbridta Gray. — Pine barrens, Ga. and Fla. St. 2 to 3f high, terete, branched.
Sheaths truncate, cylindric, entire, striate, fringed with long, soft, white bristles,
bearing the leaf at top. Lvs. linear, parallel- veined, acute, 1 to 2' long. Fls. in
crowded, panicled spikes. Bracts (sheaths) obliquely truncate, tipped with a long
awn, l-tiowered. Cal. white, tinged with rose color. Jl. — Oct.
6. POLYGONEL'LA, Mx. (Lat. dim..iutive, implying a little or
dwarf Polygonum.) Calyx 6-sepaled, colored, persistent and withering,
erect-spreading, or at length the 3 inner sepals increasing and conni-
vent ; stamens 8, included ; styles 3 or almost wanting ; achenia 3-cor«
nered, naked or inclosed in the 3 inner sepals become scarious valves ;
embryo straio^ht, axile or lateral in a groove at the angle of the albu*
Ig
Okukk 102— polygon ACK^
607
men, — Herbs or shrubs with veiy narrow, deciduous Ivs., and the small
fls. Bolitarv in each ochrea. (Polygonum, Nutt., &c.)
I Flowcri Biibsessile. Filaments all filiform. Leaves broader above, spatulate No«. 1, t
f Flowera on capillary jwdiceU %" \w\^. 8 Inner fliauienu dilated at base. Lvs. linear. No:*. 8, 4
1 P. parvifdlia Mx. Somewhat shrubby; branches strict, leafless above; lvs.
linear-cuneate, obtuse; pauicle compoiiud, spreading; rac. numerous, sessile, fili-
fonn, short, with imbricated bracts ; fla subsesaile ; inner sep. oval, soon tqucUing
the acute achcnium, 2 outer reHexed. — Pino barrens, N. Car. to Fla., Ala. and Aik.
A delicate, much branched shrub, 1 to 2f high. Sts. brittle, brownish. Lvs. 1
long, 1 to 3" wide above, tortuously spreading. Fl-. minute, white.
2 P. grddle Nutt. Annual, glaucous; branches filiform, paniculate; lvs. spatu-
late, obtuse, 3 to 6-veined; rac. almost capillary, bracts approximated; pedicels
very short, reflexed ; sep. refiexed-spreading, at length the 3 inner exceeding tht
acuminate fruit. — Dry, sandy places. Car. to Fla. and La. Sts, strict, furroweil, 2
*n 3f higl). Branching issuing from between the joints. Lvs. few, 1' to 18 ' long.
Fls. nodding, 1" long, longer than the p<?duncle, white or flesh-colored.
3 P. Meisneridna Shutt. Shrubby, very kafy ; lvs. linear-filiform, obtuse,
nearly perennial, glaucous ; achrcffi subimbricatcd, green with a conspicuous white,
membranous border ; rac. many-flowered ; nchre;e 1-flowered, with setacoou«ly
acuminate bracts ; 2 outer sepa^ reflexed. — Near Macon, Ga. (Mettauer) and Ala.,
rare. A delicate, bushy shrub, 1 to 2f hi,'i:h. Lvs. 6 to 10" long, somewhat terete
and fleshy. V\a. roseate or white, on jointed, solitary pedicels 2" long.
4 P. articulktum Meisn. St. erect, with erect branches, soon nearly nak-d; lvs.
linear, caducous from the top of tlie tubular, truncate sheaths ; spikes paiialed,
filiform ; fls. solitary, pedunculated, with imbricated, truncated bracts ; S'p. erect-
spreading. — T N. Y. to Mich., in dry grounds. St. slender, strict, 1 in "Jf high.
Lvs. 6 ' to 1 by 1", obtuse. Fls. flesh -colored, showy, 1" long, on nodding, hair-
like peduncles. Acli. not inclosed, triangular, acuminate. Aug. — A true Poly-
gonella in habit and character, as the genus is defined by Meisner.
7. POLYG'ONUM, L. Knot-grass, ((ir. ttoAvc", many, yovu, knee;
i. c, plant with many joints.) Calyx of 5 sepals, rarely fewer, C(jlored or
greenish, similar, imbricated in bud, at leni^th all conniveiit, persisteiit ;
stamens 8, rarely fewer; styles 2 or 3, mostly 3, short filiform ; aolieiiia
3-cornered or lens-shaped, inclosed in the dry, withered calyx ; embryo
curved, lateral, lying in a groove at one angle of the albumen. — A vast
genus of herbs with ochreate-jointed stems and small, white, red, or
greenish fls.
§ stems armed with retrorse prickles. Leaves cordate sagittiite. Eoiiinwjaitlon — Nos, 20, 31
§ Stems unarmed, twining. Leaves cordate-hastate. Tiniabia Nos. 17-lt
* Stems erect or deciiinln'rit, unarmed. Leaves hardly ever cordate. (•)
* Calyx unequally 4-cleft. Styles 2, Ions detlexed. Tovakia .No. 16
• Calyx equally 5-parte<l. Styles erect, (a)
a Sheaths salver-fovin. Stamens 7. Style 2-parted. Tall. Amhlyogomum.No. IT/
a Sheaths subcylindricul. Stamens 5, ti, 8. Styles 2 or 3. ^b")
b Flowers in leafless, terminul, spike-liko racemes. I'-.ksicakia. (c)
Raceme one, dense. Stem at base or rhizome decumbent Nos. 13, 14
C Uaccmes several. Sheaths naked, not fringed Nos. 11,12
Kacemes several. Sheaths bristly fringe-ciliate. (d)
d Style 2 (or 3)-clefc. Achenia flat or lens-shapod. . . Xns. S— 10
d Style 3-(left Achenia sharply 3-cornered No.s. 5—7
b Fl.>wer8 axillary or seldom forming a leafy raceme, (e)
e Aclieninm i)roi.nidin«: beyond the calyx, 8-angled Nos. 3. 4
e Achenium included in tlio calyx, 3-anglod Nos. 1, 2
1 P. avicul^re L. Bird's Knot-grass. St. procumbent ; lvs. elliptical-lanceolate,
rough-edged, acutish at each end ; fls. subsessile ; ach. striate, dull, inclosed ; stam.
5 to 8. — (I) A common weed in fields, highways and door-yards, U. S. :»nd Brit.
Am. Sts. slender, i to VJ long, striate, smooth, branching, with short, white,
torn, remotely veined stipules at the joints. Lvs. smooth, except the edge.-^, '
by 3 ', more or less. Fls. r^^ddish, small, 2 or 3 together in the axils of the leaves,
•ppoariug all feummcr. (P, littorale Meisn.)
•i; !
,\.
->■!
n ■
»U
008
OuuKa 102.— POLYGONACE^
y. ERECTDM. Stems ascendlDg or erect ; Ivs. larger, elliptic or oval, petiolate;
fls. pedicellate; stam. mostly 5. — In richer or shady soils, more common
westward. (P. erectum L.)
2 P. t6nue Mx. Si. slender, rigid, erect, with long, simple hrancJies, arute'ungled ;
Ivs. liriear-lauceolate and linear, orect, acute; sheaths (stipules) briatly-fringed ut
top ; fls. alternate, subsolitary ; ach. iucluded. — A small, slender plant, on rocky
soils, X. Eug. to the Mts. of (ia. and Wis. St. 6' to If high. Lvs. 1 to 1^' long,
1 to 2" wide, 3-veined, sessile. Fls. white. Jl., Aug.
3 P. maritimum L. Prostrate, diffusely branched, glawous ; st. striate, with
very sliort internodes ; sheaths gibbous at base, hyaline, torn; lvs. fleshy, oval or
linear-oblong, nearly veinlens ; Hs. sessile; acA. sharply angled, a little exserteil,
smooth and shining. — U Sandy shores, R. I. to S. Car. Sts. G to 12' long. Lv.s.
few and small, 2 to 4' long. Fls. often crowded in leafy racemes, rose-purple,
green at base, 1'' long. (P. avioulare, ii. glaucum, 2d edit.)
4 P. ramosfssimum Mx. St. tall, erect or ascending, much branched, striate ;
sheaths Ovoincd, at length torn; lvs. lance-oblong or linear, petiolate; fls. subsoli-
tary, pedicellate, greenisii; ach, exaetted, smooth but dull. — 'l Sandy shores of
streams and lakes, Micli. to 111. Much like P. aviculare, but rigidly erect, 2 to 3f,
with larger, petiolate lvs. 2' long, and larger sepaLs, 1^" long in fruit, green, with
narrow white borders.
5 P. hirBfitum Walt. Hairy Knot-ORAss. Hirsute, with long, spreading, tawny
hairs; sheaths ciliato; /ra. lanceolate, obtuse at base, gradually narrowed to the
point; spikes 2 or 3, very slender; bract eciuaiing its 2 or 3 pedicels; stamens 7
to 8 ; style 3-cleft ; ach. shining. — (j?. Swamps, N, Car. to Fla. St. slender, root-
ing at base, ascending 2 to 4f. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 4 to 10", mostly smooth above,
sometimes dense-hairy like the stem. Fls. white. May — Aug.
6 P. hydropiperoides Mx. Mild Water-pepper. St. smooth ; sheaths hairy,
bristly -ciliate, long and narrow; lvs. linear-lanceolate, tapering to each end,
slightly appressed-hairy (not acrid) ; spikes 2 or more, slender, loose-flowered at
base; cal. glandless; stam. 8; style half-3-cleft; ach. shining. — 4- Ditches and
wet ground, connnon. St. branched, 1 to 3f high, Lvs. narrowed into a short
petiole, not acrid. Fls. rather large, white-roseate, rather close, 4 or 5 from each
L/ract. Aug., Sept. (P. mite Pers.)
/3. SKTACKUJf. Lvs. lancoolato; stip. 'conspicuously fringed with long bristles.
— In clayey soils, southward. (P. • taceum Baldw.)
7 P. acre II. B. K. St. ascending, slender, glabrous ; sheath smoothish, fringed
with bristles, bearing the leaf near the base; lvs. acrid, lanceolate, acuminat',
y^/t/o/'m, interrupted at ba.«e; bracts truncate, 1 to 3-flowered; ped. scarcely ex-
sorted; stam. 8: style 3-parted; ach. 3-cornered. — Wet places, ditches, com-
mon S. and W. Cal. greenish at base, flesli-colored, brown-dotted like the lvs.
Ach. shiuiug. Jl. — Sept. (P. punctatum Ell. P. hydropiperoides Ph.)
8 P. Hydropiper L. V/aTER-pepper. Glabrous ; sheaths bristly-ciliato ; lvs.
lanceolate, tapering to both ends, minutely, pellucid-punctate {very acrid); spikes
loose-flowered, siendcr, short (2 to 5') nodding; ped. exserted; cal. glandular-
punctate ; stam. mostly 6 ; sty. 2 or 3-cleft ; ach. flattish (rarely obtusely triangu-
lar), dull, minuielg roughened. — (T Damp waste grounds, ditches, Ac, 1 to 2f high.
Lvs. not more than 6" wide. Fls. green and rose-colored. Ach. black. Jl. —
Sept. § Eur.
9 P. Careyi Olney. St. erect, hirsute, much branched; lvs. lanceolate, with scat-
tered and appressed hairs; stip. scarious, tubular, truncate, hairy-ciliato ; spikes
axillary and terminal, on very long, nodding peduncles thickly beset with glandular
hairs ; stam. 6 to 8 included ; stj'. 2 ; ach. orbicular-ovate, mucronate, tumid,
Bhining. — Ci) Swamps, N. Eng. and N. Y. ? Plant 3 to 5f high. Lvs. 3 to 6' by
6" to 1', midvein and margins hairy. Cal. greenish-purple, tinged with white,
minutely dotted.
10 P. Persicdria L. St. erect ; lvs. lanceolate, the upper surface usually marked
with a brownish spot; stip. fringed; spikes dense, oblong, erect; ped. smooth; stam-
6 ; sty. 2, half united ; ach. shining, flattened. — ^; A common ppccies about
buildings, fences, wet grounds, &c. St. smooth, branched, leafy, 1 to 2f high,
Orukb 102.— polygonace^
609
often colored. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, a fourth as wide, entire, short-stalked, afunii-
nate. fls. rose-colored, in many spikes, 1 to 2 long, 5 or G ' thick. Jn. —
Aug. <^ Eur.
11 P. Pennsylvinicum L. (Fig. 103, 607.) St. smooth, tumid at the joint* ,•
lvs. lanceolate, petiolate; slip, glabrous, not ciliate; .spikes oblong, crowded; ped.
and often the branches ahuve ylandular-hispid ; Ktam. 8 ; sty. 2-cleft; ach. lenticular,
with flat sides.— (}J Margins of ponds and ditches, common. St. geniculate^
branched above, 2 to 41 higli. Lvs. 3 to 5 long, ^ as wide, slightly scabrous with
oppressed hairs. Spikes sliort and dense, large, and somewliat nodding. Fls.
large, rose-colored, pedicellate. Jl.
12 P. incarndtum Ell. St. geniculate smooth below; sheaths smoothish ; lvs.
lanceoUite, smooth except the roughish midvein and margins, or minutely pu-
bescent above ; branches and peduncles glandular-dotted ; spikes linear, nodding, at
length elongated ; cal. minutely glandular; stum. G; st3^ 2-cleft; wh. lenticular
With concave sides. — ^'X In ditches and pools, W. and S. States. Sts. 2 to 3f high.
Lvs. 5 to 9' by 1 to 3'. Fls. flesh-color or white, in 8pike.s 1 to 3' long. Jl.—
Sept. (P. lapathifolium, 2d Edit.)
13 P. amphibium L. St. assurgent, prostrate or lecumhent at base, rooting at the
lov er joints ; lvs. oblong-lanctolate and oblong, acut';, or rounded or cordate at
base, petiolate, smooth, acute or acuminate at ajjex ; spike terminal, ovoid or ob-
long, dense ; sta. 5 , sty. 2-cleft. — Marshes, ponds. Can. and U. S., more common
North. A very variable species, with large leaves and a terminal, dense spike of
bright red flowers. Stip. large. Lvs. 5 to 7' by 1 to 2', often shining. Spikes 1
to 2' long, the shorter mostly thicker. (Aug. P. coccinum Muhl.)
/3. AQUATICUM. Floating, smooth ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate or oblong-ovate, shii>-
ing, thick; spikes more usually short and thick. (P. fluitans Eaton.)
y. TERRESTRE. Ascending or erect, more or less hirsute ; lvs. lance-oblong,
acute or acuminate , slieath hirsute ; spikes more commoidy elongated. —
Varies into the other. (Mr. S. H. "Wright.)
14 P. vivlpanun L. Alpine Bistort. St. low, erect from a creeping rhizome,
simple; lvs. linear-lanceolate, revolute at the margin: spike linear, solitary. — If
White Mts., N. H. to Arc. Am. A dwarf alpine species G' high, bearing a single
spike of white flowers which are often transformed into bulblets while on th«
stem. Lvs. 1 to 1^^' by 2 to 3'', with entire, obtuse, smooth stipules. Jl.
15 P. orientMe L. Prince's Feather. St. erect, paniculately branched ; lvs.
large, with hairy, Siilver-form stipules ; sta. 7 ; sty. 2. — X Native of the East,
naturalized in fields and road.sides, throughout the U. S. A tall, showy plant,
often cultivated for ornament. Stem 5 — 8f. Lvs. 6 — 8' long, ovate, acuminate.
Spikes numerous, large, red, plume-like, terminal. Aug. f § Eur.
i,6 P. Virginiclnum L. St. simple, minutely appreased-hairy above; lvs. ovate
and lanceolate, acuminate, .short-petiolate ; shoatli bristly; rac. wand-like, termi-
nal ; fls. remote, solitary in each sheath ; cal. 4-parted ; stam. 5, included ; sty. 2,
bent downwards, hooked at apex, as long as the shining, tumid-lenticular ache-
nium. — li Shades, Can. and U. S. St. 3 to 4f high, the raceme half its length.
Lvs. large, 3 to 6' long, half as wide. Fls. greenish- white. Jl., Aug.
17 P. conv61vulu8 L. Knot-Bindweed. St. prostrate or climbing, twining,
roughinh; sheaths naked; lvs. hastate, acuminate; fls. in axillary /as/cfes or in-
terrupted raceme.? ; cal. obtusely keeled; ach. purplish-black, rfu.',', exserted. — (D
Fields and waste grounds. Can. to Car. Sts. angular, 2 to 3f long. Lvs. 1 to 2'
by 7 to 15'', petioles half as long. CaL whitish, twice longer than the pedicels.
Jl., Aug. § Eur.
18 P. cilindde Mx. Minutely pubescent, twining; sheaths girt at base with a
ciliate hairy ring ; lvs. deeply cordate, ovate, acuminate, lobes scarcely hastate ;
TOC. panicidate, loose-flowered, axillary and terminal ; ach. shining. — Fields and
hedges, Can. to Wis. and Ga. St. slender, often reddish-purple, 3 to G to 8f long.
Lvs. 1' to 18" by 9 to 15", petioles about half as long. Panicles simple, 5 long
or less. Cal. wingless, scarcely keeled, net quite covering the brown achenium.
Jl.— Sept.
19 p. dumetdnun L. Hedge Bindweed. St. smooth, twining and climbing;
i %
m
3pI
V. i
:h
:
ill
' H<
fiS!
■^ll' ■'
•I
ll
610
Ordkb 103.— PHYTOLACCACEiE.
joints naked; Ivs. cordate-hastate, acuni<nate, auricks acute; fla. in loose, pc*
duuculate racemes wbicli are nakwi or leafy; col, with the 3 outer sej). acutely keeled
and winged on tfie back, closely covering tlie smooth, black acheiiium. — (JJ Thickets,
Clin, and U. S. St. 3 to 8 to i:ii'long, climbing over buslie-s, &c. liVs. 2 to 3' by
1 to 2', petioles nearly as long. Wings of the calyx narrower than the Ihiit,
produced often at the apex. Jl. — Sept.
20 F. sagitt^tum L. Scratch ^Jrass. St. prostwite, rough-angled; Ivs. Ian-
ceoiatt-nagitate ; fls. capitate ; sta. 8 ; sty. 3. — X.\ Wet grounds, Can. and U. S.
A rough, climbing species, 2 to 6f in length. St. square, tlie augle-s very rough
with prickles pointing downwards. Lvs. acute, 2 to 3' long, a third as wide,
with Htrai^ht auricks and smooth stipules. Ms. in small, terminal heads,
whitish. Jn.
21 P. arifolium L. St. aculeate with reversed prickles ; lvs. hastate, acuminate,
with divaricate, acuminate auricles ; spikes few-flowered ; fls. distinct ; stain. 6 ;
Bty. 2. — i) Wet grounds, Can. to Ga. and W. Stales. Distinguished from the last
by its larger, halbert-sliaped leaves which are 2 to 4' long and ^ as wide. Petioles
J to 1 long. Clusters racemous, slender, loose, few-flowered, at the ends of tlio
branches. Jn., Jl,
8. FAGOPY'RUM, Tonm. Buck we at. (Gr. (jxiyog, German 33uc^e,
Eng. the beech, nvpog, wheat; — beech-nut-wlieat.) Calyx colored,
equally 5- parted, spreading, withering, not enlarged in fniit; stamens
8, with 8 nectariferous glands between ; styles 3 ; stigmas obtuse ; ache-
nia 3-angled, much exceeding the calyx. — (T) Herbs with cordate-hastate
lvs., oblic'ue sheaths and panicled rac. of white-roseate fls.
P. escul^ntum Moench. Erect, srnoothish ; lvs. cordate with obtuse lobes ; ach
angles wingless, entirv, the sidrg ovate-triangular. — Old fields, sparingly natu-
ralized, cultivated. St. 2 to 4f nigh. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, half as wide. Pis. nu-
merous, very grateful to bees. Fruit black, a valuable grain, f § Asia,
Order CIII. PIIYTOLACCACE.^. Pokeworts.
fferbs with alternate, entire leaves and perfect, 5-parted, hypogynous flowers,
Caiyx free. Stamens 5 to 30, alternate with the sepals when of the same number.
Ouary usually compound, of several carpels, each 1-ovuled cohering in a circle.
Styles and stigmas as many as carpels. Fruit baccate or samara like. Seeds erect,
willi the embryo coiled around the farinaceous albumen.
Geyiern 20, ftpeeien 80, scuttort'd in till parts of tho world. Their properties are purgative ot
•wetic, yot liittierto little used Oi' understood.
1. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Pokk. Garooy-weed. (Gr. (ftyrov, a
plant, Lat. lacca, lac or la\e ; from the juice of the berries.) Calyx 5-
pai'ted, resembling a corolla ; stamens 5 to 25 ; styles and carpels 5 to
12 ; berry superior, depressed, globular, with as many seeds as styles.
— Herbaceous. Rac. terminal, soon becoming opposite the leaves.
P. decdudra L. Lvs, ovate, acute at both ends; fl.s. with 10 stamens and 10
Btyles. — U Roadsides, U. S. and Can., common. Root very large and branching.
St. with a diam. of i to 2, 5 to 8f high, round, smooth, branching, and when
mature of a fine, deep purple. Lvs. 5' by 2 to 3', smooth, of a rich green color,
entire and petioled. Rac. cylindric, long, at first terminal, becoming finally op-
posite the leaves. Fls. greenish-white. Fruit a dark purple berry, with juice
■taining a beautiful purple color. Jl. — Sept.
2. Riyi'NA, Plum. (Tn memory of A. Q. Rivinns, Prof, v-'f Botany
at Leipzic) Calyx 4-parted, 3-bracteoIate ; sepals equal, snberect in
fruit; ?vamens 4 or 8; ovary 1-celled, l-styled, 1-ovuled, berry at
WW
Order 105— CHENOPODIACE^.
611
length, dry, globular, with 1 vertical seed; embryo annular. — 21 Hall
shrubby, with alternate, petiolate, pinnate-veined Ivs. and tis. in simple
terminal, soon lateral racemes.
R. laevis L. Erect, branched, j^labrous and bright green ; lv8. ovate, acuminate,
suboordate or obtuse at base, subcrenulate ; rac. longer than the leaveg ; tis. rose-
whito, green in fruit ; stain. 4 ; sep. oval, obtuse. — Fla. to Tex. Plant to b\
high, mucli resembhng in aspect Phytolacca. St, furrowed. Lvs. 2 to -i' by 1 to
2', petioles 1' to 18 . Sep. enlarged in fruit, then 2 ' long.
Order CIV. BASELLACE.E.
Herbs glabrous, often twining and climbing, with alternate leaves. FIowctf jxt-
fect, regular, with a double, imbricated calyx often colored. Stamens perigy lous.
Otherwise as in Chenopodiace.'c. Fig. 3G8.
A small order, containing G genera and 21 species, chiefly tropical.
BOUSSINGAULTIA, Kunth. Mexican Vine. (Dedicated to the
celebrated chemist Boussingault.) Fls. membranous, calyx open, ^b.c
exterior shorter ; tube very short ; stigmas 3, subclavate ; pericarp
membranous ; embryo annular with the albumen central. — Nines twinino;
to the right. Lvs. thick, petiolate. Fls, m spicate rac.
B. baselloidea Kunth. Lvs. rattier fleshy, broadly cordate-ovate, acuminate
or the larger ones obtuse, short-petioled ; racei-os loose, simple or branched ; lil,
dilated below; stig, stssile. — Cultivated for shades and arbors. A vino of rapid
growth, arising man} feet, Lvs. 1 — 3' long. Racemes numerous, greeuiah.
f y. Am.
Order CV. CHENOPODIACE^. Chenopods or Goose-fogts.
Ilerhs chiefly weed-like and homely, more or less fleshy, with alternate, exstipu-
late kaves. Bracts not scarious. Flowers minute, greenish, regular. Calyx imbri-
cated in bud. Stamen.i perigynous, as many as, and opposite to the calyx; boes,
or fewer. Ovary 2-8tyled, 1-celled, becoming a 1-seeded, thin utricle or caryo[ sis.
Embryo coiled into a ring around the albumen or spiral without albumen. Fig. 4r.5.
Genera '2, /ipecieM f>\0, often iniirltiino plants, more gonerally weeds, abounding in the tonipe-
rato zones, in neglfcted and waste fields.
yVo/Mi/'^Vs'.—Oen^iftlly bland and innocent. Sonio are useful for food, ns the Beet, Mangel-
wurt^l•l. Oraelie, S|iin!ieh, &c. Otliers contain an essential oil, which renders tlieni tonic, antl-
apfL^inodic and anilielmintic; as Clien. ;h) iiiuin botrys, C. ambrosioides, 0. antholndnticuni ; the
latter yields tile otHcinal worm-see<l oil". Jalsoli, Sallcornitt and other sea-side species yield soda
from their ashes in greai abundance.
FIO. 67S. -1. Flower of Chenopodiuin album. 2. Calyx. Ac, removed, showing the ovary and
two (liypogynou^) stamens. 3. (fross section of tl;*- seed, showing the coiled embryo. 4. Branch
of Saiicornfa herbacea. 6. Two joints masjniflcd. <5. Ovary of a fl()wer. 7. Flower of Blltuni
«apUutuiu, with the fleshy calyx. 8. Vertical section '>f the ovary. 9. Flower of Beta vulgaris,
SUBORDERS, TRIBES AND OKNERA.
f 8PIROI.ORK/E. Embryo a spiral coil. Leaves linear, fleshy. 8temi» continuous. (♦)
* Tribf. Sai.soli.«. Emb. a conic spir. — Cal. winged on the back. (Lvs. spiny). . .8ai.80I.a. It
• Thihk Sr.«i)K*, Emit, a flat spiral. — <'al. not appen''. Lvs.ariiti.'<h ('iicNoi'ODit<A 10
I CYCL01X)BEJ£. Kiubr/u aQQuiur,— a ring. Lm^t* uieiub'-anuus, flat, or noo«. i*)
111
1,1 'I,
U
■■■■ ■'?
1^;
i. ;i k
Itu
i
,i'
Hi
:il
Ui.
i.
IM.
t
r
'I;:'" '
612
Order 105.— CHENOPODIACE^.
• Tb. Salicokn. Iiiflur. uDoinaluus. Fls. imbedded. St jointed, (leafless) Sali<x>rjha. »
* Tribk SpiNACiEiE. I nflor. normal. Fl». of two sorts. St. continuous. Lvs. broad, (a)
a Fruit enclosed in a hardened calyx without bracts. Cultivated Spinacia. 8
a Fruit nalied (no calyx) between two united bracts. Leaves oval Obh»nk. 7
a Fruit naked (no calyx) betwe.-n two subdistinct bracts. Lvs. triangular. Atriplex. 6
♦ Tribe CiiENOPoniK^. Inflor. normal. FIs. perfect and alike. St. contin. Lvs. broad, (c)
C Seed vertical. Pericarp thin, smooth, mostly in a fleshy calyx Bliti-m. 5
Seed vertical. Pericarp thin, glandular, in a wrinkled calyx IIoitbibva. 4
O Seed liorizontal. Pericarp thin, in a plain, unbordered calyx Chenopodium. 3
C Seed horizontal. Pericarp thin, in a calyx bordered all around (Jtcloloma. '2
Seed horizontal. Pericarp thick and hard, calyx ribbed Beta 1
1. BETA, Tourn. Beet. (Celtic bett, red, tlie usual color of the
Beet-root.) Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft, persistent, finally indurated at base ;
stamens 5, with no staniinodia ; ovary depressed, half inferior; stigmas
2 ; utricle with a thicki.sh, hardened, depressed pericarp enclosed in
the calyx; seed horizontal. — Herbs with fleshy roots, furrowed stems,
alternate lvs. and greenish, spicate fls.
B. vulgaris L. Lvs. acute, glabrous, undulato or entire, green or ptirplish,
the lower ovate-oblong, attenuate at base into a long peti<.)le, upper subsessile,
oblong ; fls greenish-white, in sessile glomerules of 2 to 4 forming slender spikes
which are arranged in large, s<«mewiiat leafy panicles. — '^2, Fields and gardens,
everywhe a cultivated. Rt. mostly deep red. S. Eur. — Tiiis useful culinary, by
long culture has run into many varieties, distinguished chiefly by the color and
quality of the nutritious root.
l3. ciCLA. Scarcity. Root cvlindraceous, rather slender, whitish ; lvs. some-
what rough or hispid, witii very thick veins ; fls. 3 together.
y. RAPA. Turnip Beet. Root short and thick, sweet and juicy, white or red.
6. M ANGEL- WURTZEL. Root very large, mostly white. Cultivated for stock.
2. CYCLOLO^MA, Moquin. (Gr. KVKXog, a circle, Xiofxa, border ;
referring to the appendage of the calyx.) Calyx urceolate, 5-cleft, lobes
strongly keeled, persiBtent, finaiHy appendaged outside with a circular,
membranous, horizontal border or crown; stamens 5 ; styles 3; utricle
depressed, enclosed in the transversely winged calyx. — (Sj Herbs with
furrowed stems, alternate, petioiate, lobed lvs., and a spreading panicle
of small sessile fls.
C. platyph^Uum Moq. Sandy banks of the Miss.. 111. (opposite St. Louis) and
westward. St. wide-branched, ascending 1 to '2f from a prostrate base, white-
downy above. Lvs. 2' long more or less, oblong-lanceolate, petioiate, sinuate-
toothed or lobed, lobes iharply mucronate. Fls. less than 1" long, 1 to 3-gloui-
erate. Panicle leafless. Crown scurious. Seed black. Jl., Aug.
3. CHENOPO'DIUM, Tourn. (Gr. x^P'^ ^ goose, ttovc, foot; from
the resemblance of the leaves.) Calyx bractless, 6-cleft, lobes often
keeled, never appendaged. more or less enclosing the fruit ; stamens 5 ;
Btyles 2 ; utricle depressed, membranous, seed mostly horizontal, lentic-
ular. — Herbs often glaucous or glandular, with alternate, often rhombic
leaves, and the minute fls. glomerate in panicled spikes.
§ Plants smooth, never glnndular, ill-scentod. Embryo a ootnpletc ring (*).
• Herbage green, rarely purnlish. not glaucou.s or m. uly (a).
a Leaves entire, ovate-oblong, on slemler petioles No. I
a Leaves toothed or lobrd, petioiate. Nos. 2 — i
* IlerbaL'e arlaueou.x or whitish, covered with meiilincxs Nos. fl — 7
I Plants elandnlar-puberiilent, green, aromatic. Embryo a half ring (b).
b Flowers glomerate, axillary, in i<i>iki-llke ra- ■ men Noi 8. 9
b Flowers eymous, inn\imerable, in long, racem.-like panicles No. Ut
1 C. polysp^rmum L. Procumbent ^^ suberect, branched from the base ; lvs.
petioiate, divaricate, ovate or oblonji, >btut»e or acute, thin, atire, glabrous,
Order 105.— CTIENOPODIACKyE.
613
bri^'ht-green ; nc. strict, spike-like, leafless ; seed shining, margin acute ; fruit
partly inclosed. — 'd) Gardens, waste grounds, rare. (C. acutilblium Sni.) Plant
smooth, pale green or purplish, If or more high. Calyx minute, lobes obtuse, at
lengtii spreading and the fruit naked. § Eur.
2 C. h^bridum L. Erect, much branched ; Ivs. petiolate (ainple), broad, subcor-
date, acuminate, deeply ainuate-angled, thin, glabrous, briglit green, tlie terminal
lobe longest, all acuminate, upper deltoid ; rac. diffusely panicled, loose, leafless ;
seed rugous, dull ; fr. partly inclosed. — 'T^ A. strong-scented, rigid herb, 2 to 4f
high, in waste grounds, N. Eng. to Ky., common. St. furrowed. Lvs. partly
palmate-veined, 3 to 6' by 2 to 4', petiole 1 to 2'. Fls. sessile, greenish. Jl.
g Eur.
3 C. mur^le L. Ascending, sulcate-angled, branched ; lvs. petiolate, ascending,
ovate-rhombic, acute at base, unequally and acutely tootiied, tiiin, shininur, briu^lit
green ; rac. divaricate, siabcorymbous, rather loose and leafless ; seed dull, rugous,
acute-edged, very flat; fr. almost inclosed. — 'T) Fields, gardens, north and south,
rare. St. 12 to 18' high. Lva 2 to 3' by 1' to 18", subtripliveiued, petiole 1'.
Fls. mealy. Stam. exserted. Aug. § Eur.
4 C urbicum L. /3. riio.mbifolium. Erect, angled, branclied ; lis. petiolate,
a ;uling or erect, rhombic-triangular, acute, sjft?/afe-toothed, with long, acute teeth,
thiu green, the highest Jance-linear, subentire; rac. long, erect-panirled, rather
deuse-flowered, nearly leafless ; seed shining, obtuse-edged; fr. partly inclosed. — I)
St. 2 to 3f high, marked with green lines; branches suberect. Lvs. 2 to 3' long.
Rac. very strict. Cal. lobes obtuse, green. Stam. exserted. (C. rhombilblium
Muhl.)
5 C. Bosci^num Moq. Erect, branched; lvs. small, petiolate, divarioate, lance'
linear, very acute, thin, entire, glaucous-green above, eanescent beneath ; spikes
loose, leafy; ^ed shining, acute-margined; fr. wholly inclosed. — ff' Car. to Tex.
St. 18' to 2f iagh, slender, green-striate, brandies ascending. Lvs. 5 " to 1 long,
1 to 2" wide. Fls. minute, mealy, sessile.
6 C. dlbum L. Pigweed. Erect, sulcate-striate, thinly branclied ; lvs. petio-
late, ascending, rhombic-ovate, cuneato at base, sinuate- toothed or subentire, tiiin,
pulverulent, pale green or whitish, upper oblong or lance-linear, entire; rac. dense
or loose, subpaniculate, nearly leatless ; seed smootli and sliining, acute-edged,
wholly inclosed. — d} The mo.st common of weeds in fields and gardens. St. 2 to 4
to 7f higli, beautifully striate with green and purple. Branches subsimple, as-
cending. Lvs. 18 to 30" long, petiole a third as long. Fls. mealy. Jl. — Sept.
(Cl viride L., a greener, narrow-leaved var.)
7 C. gla^cum. L. Prostrate or ascending, sulcate-striate, branched ; lvs. petio-
late, oblong c ovate-oblong, obtuse, sinuate-angkd or remotely dentate, thin, pale
green above, . alv and white-giaucoas lieneath; rai . simple, leafless, rather
dense-flowered; c*eed shining, acute-edged, par^/^ /nr o ed. — 1 Mass., Penn., rare.
Plant somewhat fleshy, If long, smootii. Lvs. 1 to 1 long. Calyx sometimes
abortively 2 or ;Mobed, and then the seed is erect. (Kocli.)
8 C. ambrosioides L. Mexican Tea. Erect, sulcata l>ranch»d; li-^. short-
petioled, ascending, oblong, the upper aifenuate at each end. acuti.yh, remotely
tinuate-ilentate or sulientirt', thin, puberulent. glandular beneath, light gree'n, the
upper lance-linear, very entire ; rac. spike-like, dense-flowered, leaty ; seed
smooth and sliining, obtuse-^lged ; fvuit wliolly inclo.-*ed. — \} Way-ii<les, wusto
places. Plant yellowish green, pleasantly aromatic, 1 to 2f higli. Jl., Aug.
§ Mox. (fee.
9 C. anthelmintieaai L. 'WnRM-gEEn. Enct, angular. Hd)si7nple ; Ir-^. ovafe-
oblong. )>'-iniat(;, acute, atiemmte at base, deeply simmtesrrrate, the lower almo.st
pinnati-A, iliin, smoothipii, glandular beneath, bngiit jjreen ; me. spike-hke, axil-
lary, suiwr.iple, dense-flowered, leafless, paniculate aiiove ; sty. mostly 'i ; seed
smooth, !*hiniug, obtuse-margined; fruit wiioUy inclose*!.- 2^ In light soils, pa.s-
tuf«8. and waste grounds, common south and west. Plant strongly aromatic, 1
^ 3f high, with small branches (or none), forming a leaty panicle of leiifle,s3
spikes. Jn. — Aug.
10 C. BotryB L. Oak or Jercralem. Erect, sulcate-angled, much hran<'hed ;
Its. long-petioled, ascending, oblong, obtuse, siuuate-subpinnatilid witli uljtiieo
-} '■
614
OuuEB 105.— CHKNOi'OlJlAOE^
it
lobea, glandular-pubeacent, glaucous green, the floral bract-like ; fls. cymous-panl-
culate, in long ascending, raceme-like panicles; seed smooth, nearly globular. —
CO Plant 1 to 21' high, branched from the base. Lvs. few. 1 to 2' long, petioles
half as long. Fls. innumerable, minute, clammy, covering nearly the whole plant.
Jn. — Aug. Strongly fragrant of turpentine.
4. ROUBIE^VA, Moq. (Named for G. J. Rouhieu^ a French botan-
ist.) Calyx oblong-urceolate, 5-tootbed, in fruit rugous and inclosing
the utricle like a capsule ; stamens 5 ; styles and stigmas 3 ; seed len-
ticular, vertical, embryo a complete ring. — 11 A diffusely branched, pu-
bescent herb, with alternate, multifid lvs. and small green fls. (Cheno«
podium, L.)
R. multifida Moq. — "Waste grounds, waysides about the city of N. Y. (Holton).
A strongly-scented, prostrate herb, 1 to 2f long. Lvs. small, 1' less or more long,
pinriiitifid witli oblong lobes. Fls. numerous, glomerate, axillary, sessile, in
bracted, panicled racemes. Fruit nearly 1 ' long. § S. America.
5. BLMUW, Tourn. Elite. Calyx 3 to 5-parted, finally un-
changed or becoming juicy and berry-like in fruit ; stamens 1 to 5, with
filiform filaments ; styles 2, utricle compressed, inclosed in the calyx ;
seed vertical, embryo a complete ring. — ® Lvs. alternate, petiolatc.
Fls. glomerate.
§ Heads (arloiiieriiles) axill.'vry, snbs>picate above. Oal. tliickened in fruit. Stig. united. Nos. 1, 2
§ Ileadb I'ortiiing a dense, terminal »iiilie. Calyx dry. Stigmas distinct No. 8
1 B. capit^tum L. Strawberry Blitb. Lvs. triangular-hastate, toothed; hds.
in tenriinal, interrupted, leafless t^piks^s ; stam. 1 to 5; fr. consisting of the red-
dened flotver&i appearing like strawberries, full of a purple juice, taste insipid; seed
dull. — Ya. to Arc. Circlf^. A weeti-like plant growing in fields, and sometimes
cultiviitt'd in gardens as a flower, ar a culinary. Sts. purplish-striped, branching,
1 to 2f liigh. Heads of tin. seaaiie. near together, on the branches and summit
of the stem. Jn. f
2 B. marftimum Nutt. Much branched, angular; lvs. lanceolate, attenuate at
each e.(treiniiy, iuciaely d-^ntaie ; htis. axillary, sessile, spicate ; cal. somewhat
flosliy : stam. 1; seed Hhii. ng. — A coarse, unsightly plant, in salt marshes, N. Y.
to N. .1. iSt. 1 to 2f high, \«ery branching. Lvs. fleshy, with 2 or more large
teeth each side. Fls. very numerous and minute, becoming thickish in fruit.
Seed much flattened. Aug.
3 B. BonuB-Henricua Reiehenb Good King Henry. Plant mealy, ascend-
ing, subsimple ; lvs. triangular-hastate, '^ntire ^t sinuate, green; glomerules
forming a terminal, leafless apike. not tieauy in fruit; stam. 5. — Waysides, Can.
N. Eng.. rare. § Eur.
6. AT RIPLEX. Gaert. Flowers moncBaoua or dioecious. $ Bract-
less; ealvx 3 to ^i-sepal^d ; stamens 3 to 5, hypogynous; pistil rudi-
mentary : 9 ovatTT 2-8tyk'd, with no stamens, inclosed between 2
leaf- like hractj*. rr in some species partly furnished with a 6-sepaled
calvx without tracts; firuit compressed, inclosed; seed vertical (hori-
zontal wlj*;n the <ralyx is present), embrvo annular. — Herbs or shrubs,
usually clotlu'd with scurf or meulinc-ss, with alternate, petiolate lvs.
and densely glomerate-spiked green fls.
1 A. bastata L. Ascending. diflfu«ely branched; lvs. alternate or suboppoeite^
triangular hastate, sinuately toothed or nearly entire, the upper lanceolate, entire ;
friit bracts triangular-deltoid, slightly muricate, margin denticulate or entire. —
(D MarsheM and waste grounds, N.Y. to Ga. Sts 1— 2f. long, striate with green.
Lv^. including the petiole 1 — 3' long, thin and green (mealy in marshes). Fls. in
glomerate axillary and terminal racemes, 'i and s mixed. Aug. — Sept.
ti.1 (>blon(Uf6lia. Lvs. all oblong- lanceolate, scurfy-dotted ; bracts very
large in fruit; stem rigid, erect. If. or more. Lake .shores, N. Y. (Ilankenson.'^
Ordkr 105.— CHENOPODIAGEyE.
C15
2 A. hort^nsis L. Garden Orache. Erect, branched; Ivs. alternate, triangu-
lar-hastate or oblong, subcordate acute, entire or with a few coarse teeth at base,
bright green both sides ; upper lanceolate or lance-linear, fruit-bracts ovate, entire.
— p Scarce in cultivation or spontaneous. A potherb used aa spiuage, Jl. §
Asia.
3 A. r&sea L. Canescent, ascending, branched ; Ivs. ovate to oblong, sinuate-
toothed ; gloraerules axillary, bracts rhombic, toothed. — Waysides, near Albany,
N. Y. (Porter.) Brauchocl at base, 1 — 3f, bearini^ terminal interrupted leafy
spikes, which, with the bracts, are often reddened in fi'uit, t^ Eur.
4 A. littoralis L. Erect, with many strict branches ; Ivs. short-stalked, lanceo-
late to linear, subentire ; fls. glomerate, forming interi-upted spikes ; bracts sub-
farinaceous, triangular-hastate, denticulate. — Lake shores, N. W. Plant 1 — 2f
high, smooth and green. Lvs. 1 — 3' long, 1 — 3" wide, 1-veined, bracts scarcely
1" long, crowded, sessile, distinct, subcoriaceous. Perhaps a var. of A. hastata.
6 A. arenaria Moq. Sand Obaohb. Mealy-caaescent, ascending, branched, un
armed; Iva. short-petioled, alternate, oval or oblong, obtuse, entire, the upper
acuminate-mucronate ; t'r. bracts subsessile, broad-cuneate. united, truncate, den-
ticulate at apex. — (T) Sandy seabeach, Mass. to Fla. (Apalachicola). St. 6 to 12'
long or high, reddish. Lvs. 1' more or less long, attenuate at base. StaminaUj
fis. mostly in the terminal clusters, fertile in the axillary. Jl. — Sept.
8. SPINAXIAj Tourn. Spinage. (Lat. spina, a spine or prickle ;
on account of the prickly fruit.) Flowers dioecious, bractless, S calyx
3 to 6-sepaled ; stamens 4 or 5, exserted ; $ calyx tubular, inflated, 2
to 4-toothed, hardening at length into a false capsule; styles 4, slender;
achenium compressed, inclosed in the capsular, spiny, or unarmed calyx ;
seed vertical.— -(P Herbs with alternate, petiolate lvs. and axillary
green fls.
S. olericea Mill. Lvs. hastate-lanceolate or sagitato; fruit-calyx solitarr,
3-angled, armed with 2 to 4 slender prickles, or unarmed. — ^Jp Gardens. St. 1 to
2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, nearly half as wide, often toothed at base, thick, soft,
glabrous, bright green. Fr. near 2 " long, sessile, our variety usually unarmed.
Jn., Jl. i
9. SALICOR'NIA, Tourn. Saltwort. Samphire. (Lat. sal, salt,
cornv, horn ; in allusion both to its locality and appearance.) Flowers
inunersed in the excavations of the jointed stem 2 or 3 together; calyx
^^ladder-like, denticulate at apex, at length spongy, membranous-mar-
gined, inclosing the compressed utricle; stamens 1, 2; styles 2; seed
vertical ; embryo annular, conduplicate. — Seaside herbs, jointed, succu-
lent, glabrous and almost leafless, with opposite branches. Fls. minute,
sessile, spicate.
1 S. herb^cea L. Annual, erect or assurgent, the joints somewhat thickened at tUo
summit, ending in 2 obtuse teeth ; spikes elongated, tapering and rather obtuse ai
the summit. — Salt marshes, N. Eng. to Ga., also at Salina, N. Y. St. dividing
into simple branches, 8 to 12' high, obscurely 4-sided, with very short internodes.
Lvs. 0. Fls. minute, placed in little hollows at the base of the upper joints, tht*
lateral .sometimes sterile. Aug.
2 S. mucronata Lag. ? Dwarf Saltwort. Annual, erect ; (he jointi ^omew\iaX
4-&ngled below, with 2 ovate, acute, mucronate teeth at tlio summit; spikes very
thick, obtuse. — Salt marshes, N. Eng. to L. Isl. St. 4 to 3' high, tiiick, little-
branched. Spikes oblong-cylindric, 1' or more long, near a fourth of an ingU
tnick, at length reddened. Sept.
3 S. ambigua Mx. Perennial, procumbent, branching, branches ascending, flexuous ;
joints truncate, flattened, enlarged above, with 2 depressed, obtuse teeth. — Stmdy
sea-beaches, R. L to Fla. Sta. woody at base, prostrate from long, creeping root>
atocks. Aug., Sept
■^
M
\
616
Oeder 106.— AMARANTACKiB.
10. CHENOPODPNA, Moq. Glasswort. Flowers ? , bracteolate :
cftlyx urceolate, 6-parted, fleshy, in fruit subbaccate ; stamens 5 ; stigmas
2 or 3, sessile ; utricle depressed, inclosed in the calyx ; seed lenticular,
horizontal ; albumen 0, or scanty and divided into two portions above
and below the flat spiral embryo. — Smooth, maritime plants, with altei-
nate, sessile, fleshy Ivs. and axillary fls. (Chenopodium, L. Suaeda, Forsk.)
C. marftima Moq. Branches diffuse, prostrate or erect; Ivs. long, linear, aeml»
torete, upper sliorter ; fls. in sessile axillary glomerules, 2 or 3 together ; fruit cal.
inflated ; seed shining. — (J) Salt marshes. Can. to Fla. Sts. I to 2f long or higli,
becoming woody at base, southward. Lva 6 to 15' long, 1" thick, acute. Fls.
very small, green, with roundish calyx lobes. Utricle thin, semitransparent, con-
taining a black, shining seed. Aug. (C maritima L. also isalsola Unearis EIL)
H. SAL'SOLA, Gaert. Saltwort. (Lat. sal, salt ; the plants con-
tain much alkaline salt.) Flowers ^ , with 2 bractlets ; sepals 5, at
length winged horizontally on the back, forming a broad, scarious bor-
der ; stamens 5 ; styles 2, united at base ; utricle depressed, inclosed in
the base of the stellately 6-wingcd calyx; seed horizontal, globous ;
embryo spiral (cochleate) with no albumen. — Maritime, fleshy plants
with terete Ivs. and axillary, sessile fls.
S. K41i L. Herbaceous, decumbent; Ivs. alternate, subulate, channeled, spinous,
smooth; fls. solitary; fruit-calyx wings larger than the sepals, orbicular, spread-
ing. (l)A rigid, prickly and very branching plant, of the sea-8h(jre, Can. to Ga.
St. 1 to 2f high, uifluse. Lvs. about an inch long, sessile, ending with a spine.
Fls. green, succulent, sessile, bracteate, the wings in fruit pale roseate, 1| ' long.
Seed with a thin testa and a green embryo coiled like a little snail shell,
/i. Caroliniana. Suberect, glabrous, often purplish; lvs. dilated at base;
fruit-calyx wings rose-purple.— Southward. (S. Caroliniana Walt.)
■4
Order CVI. AMARANTACE^. Amaranths.
Herbs weed-like with opposite or alternate leaves, and a bracteate, spiked or
capitate inflorescence. Flowers generally with an imbricated involucre of 3 dry,
scarious bracts. Sepals 3 to 5 (rarely but 1), persistent and often colored, unchanged
in fruit. Stamens 3 to 5 fertUe, hypogynous. Ovary compressed, I -celled, 1 to c»-
ovuled. Style 1. Fruit a utricle, caryopsis or berry. Seed vertical, albuminous
Embryo annular.
Illustrated in il^s. ISS, 406.
Genera 46, speciea 4S0, most abundant within tlio tropics. Their properties are not important
A few are cultivated for their richly-colored imperishable flowers ; others are lucre weeds.
TRIBES AND GENERA.
I. CELOSIE.^ Anthers 2-cened. Ovary mnny-ovuled. (Cultivated) Celosia. \
II. ACIIYKANTHE^. Anthers 2-cellcd. Ovary one-ovulcd. Leaves alternate. (*)
♦ Flowers moucecious or polygamous. — Utricle circumscisssile Amarantitb. 2
— Utricle indehiscent EuxoLua. 8
♦ Flovrers dieecious. — Utricle indehiscent and valvcless Aomua. 4
— Utricle dehiscent, circumscissilc Monteli a. 5
III. OOMPHRENE^. Anthers ono-cellcd. Ovary one-ovuled. Leaves opposite, (a)
a Sterile stamens none.^ Flowers white, paniculate).... Ikesink. 6
a Sterile stamens none. — ^Flower8 crimson, Ac. Capitate. Cultivated) Gomi'Urbna. 7
a Sterile stamen* 6, the 5 fertile in a tube.— Heads axillary Telantiirra. S
— Spilves terminal and axillary FuiKUCiiia, 9
1. CELO^SIA, L. Cockscomb. (Gr. Krjkeog, shining ; characteristic of
the brilliant colors of some species.) Flowers perfect, 3-bracted ; calyx
of 5, erect-spreading sepals ; stamens 6 ; anthers 2-colled ; stigmas 2,
Obdeb 106.— AMARANTACEiE.
617
3, recurved ; utricle circuniscissile, many-seeded, more or less inclosed
in the calyx. — Herbs or shrubs smooth, erect, with alternate Ivs. and
brilliant, scarious Us.
C. cristdta L. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, petiolate; npikes subsessile, ovate-
pyramidal, or (in cultivation) compressed, dilated and truncate at the apex, or
excessively branched; Ha. subsessile, 2-styled; sep. mucronate, longer than the
bractd. — ^^1) Gardens. This curious and popular annual is said to be native of K.
Ind. Its broad spikes are of Ikutastic shapes and of the richest crimson, varying
to white.
2. AMARAN'TUS, Toum. (Gr. a, not, juapa/vw, to fade, dvOog,
flower; sc. unfading flowers.) Amaranth. Flowers polygamous, 3-
bracted ; calyx 5 to 3-sepaled, equal, erect; stamens 5 to 3, with no
rudiments ; style ; stigmas 2 to 3 ; utricle ovate, 2 to 3 beaked, partly
inclosed, circurascissile ; seed 1. — d) Herbs with alternate leaves taper-
ing to a petiole, and minute green or purplish fls. in axillary or ter-
minal clusters.
{ Flowers in iong axillary and terminal, paniculate spikes, and 6-parted. (•)
* HerbiiiTo and tlowers more or less tinged with criin^iun Nos. 1, 3
* IK'rbus*^ and tlowers green, never tinged witii crimson Nos. 3--5
{ Flowers in rcmotisli, axillary, dense glomerules, and 8-parted Nos. 6, 7
1 A. hypochondrlacus L. Prince's Feather. Erect, furrowed, smoothish,
and somewhat reddened; lvs. long-petioled, oblong-lanceolate, pointed at each
end, rough ish beneatli; panicle branched; spikes erect, very ohttise, the terminal
one much the longest and largest, lateral short and crowded ; fls. deep purple ; cal.
shorter than the long-awni'd bracts. — Fields and gardens, spontaneous and often
cultivated. Very tall (3 to 4 to 6f ) and showy. Lvs. 4 to 8' long, petioles nearly
same length, f § Mex.
2 A. paniculatUB Moq. Prince's Feather. Erect, subterete, pubescent, pale
green ; lvs. oval or ovate-lanceolate, taper pointed at each end, purplish on the
margin; panicle very branching, spikes erect or spreading, cylindric, a^utish,
crowded, all nearly equal ; tls. reddish green or (in variety sanguineus) blood-red ;
bracts short-awned, a little longer than the calyx. — Fields and gardens. St. 3 to 5f
high, with purple lines. Lvs. 4 to 8' by 2 to 3', petiole 2 to 3'. Spikes slender,
t § Mex.
3 A. retrofl^zuB L. Erect, subterete, pubescent, glaucous green; Its. long-
petiok'd, ovate or subrliombic, acuminate, obtuse at apex, undulate ; paiiicla
pyramidal, spikes oblong-ovate, thick, crowded, in a dense panicle, Die terminal
hardlij longer ; fls, dense, pale green ; bracts awned, twice longer than the calyx ;
utricle included, — A common weed in cultivated and waste grounds. St. 2 to 4f
high. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 18 to 30" with prominent veins, petiole 2 to 3'. Spikes G
to 9 ' thick and rather short. Jl. — Sept.
4 A. chlorostachys "Willd. Lvs. ovate, obtuse, intense green, os well as the
flowers; panicle raceme-like, with acute spikes, terminal spike longest and flexuous ;
bracts a third longer than the calyx; utricle exserted; otherwise as in No. 3. — Cul-
tivated and waste grounds. St. 3 to4f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 1 to 2', petiole 2
to 3'. Fls. smaller than in that species. Jl. — Sept. § Asia.
5 A. h^^briduB L. Erect, angular, glabrous, green ; lvs. ovate-oblong or ovat^
cwuie, bright green ; panicle loosely branched ; spikes erect cylindric obtuse, terminal
one long, rigid, lateral short, close ; fls. loose, green, cal. shorter than the awned
bracts, as tongas the utricle. — Cultivated and waste grounds, common. St. 2 to 4f
high. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 9 to 18", petioles longer. Panicle long, sometimes tinged
with red. Jl. — Sept. ^ Mex.
6 A. dlbuB L. White Pigweed. Erect, subterete, whitish, with spreading
brandies ; lvs. long-petioied, ovate, rhomb-ovate orobovate, very obtuse, glabrous,
light green ; glomerules remote, in pairs, much shorter than the petioles ; tla.
dense, green ; cal. much shorter than the rigid, subulate, pungent bracts, twice
shorter than the utricle. — A common weed, roadsides, waste grounds. Sts. 1 to
•■'J>l!i '
i
"m^ :
"'-'''''' 1h
'm'yi H
iHB(
m '
618
Orukr 106.— AMARANTACE.E.
i'W
I !p
!*S*..H,
2f high, at length diffuse. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 3 to 7", petiole 1 '0 2'; bruiich-lva.
much stnallei-. Clusters 4 to 5-flowercd.
7 A. melanchblicus L. Love-lies-bleeding. Erect, glabrous, usually
dark purple; Ivs. bng-petioled, lance-ovate or lance-obloug, obtuse, cmarginate;
glomerules geminate, subpedunculate, shorter than the petioloa ; Jii. dense, dark
purple ; bracts, calyx and utricle subequal. Gardens. St. 1 to 2f high, sin)ple.
Lvs. 2 to 6' long, petiole 2 to 3. Clusters amplexicaul. f Asia. — Varies much in
color.
/3. TRicOLoK. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, the young red wi^h a yellow apex, th»
adult bright red at base, violet i:i the middle, green ai apex, the old green
with a violet base, f .
3. EUX'OLUS, Raf. (A name intended to signify well-closed ; re
ferring to the valveless utricle.) Flowers moneecious, 3-bracted ; calyx
3 (2 to 5)-sepalcd, sepals equal, erect, glabrous ; stamens 3 (2 to 5) ;
stigmas 3 ; utricle ovate, 1-seeded, valveless and indehiscent, or tearing
open ; seed vertical, embryo annular. — [J) Herbs with the habit of xVtuar-
ajitus (Amarantus, L.)
{ Spines 2 in each axil. Bracts not longer tlian the 5 sepals No. 1
I tJi'incB none. — IJracts longer than the 8 to 5-sepaleil calyx No.-s. '2. 3
— Bracts shorter than the 5-sepaleil calyx , Nos. 4, 5
1 B. spindsua Feay. Smooth, striate, purplish, much branciied; lvs. long-
petioled, riiomb-ovate, or lance-ovate, obtuse, dull green, with 2 a.xiliary spiue-s ;
panicle sparingly branched, spikes erect, acute, the terminal longest ; Hs. crowded,
5-parted; bracts, sepals and rugous utricle about equal in length. — Cultivated and
waste grounds, Penn. to 111. and S. States. St. and branches flexuous, 1 to 3f
high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, petioles nearly as long, spines sharp, 3 to 8' long,
Utricle certainly valveless (as first noticed by Dr. Feay), and falling without
opening. Seed dark brown, polished. Jn. — Oct.
2 B. lividuB Moq. Erect, branched, smooth, livid-purplish ; lvs. long-petioled,,
elliptic or ovate, obtuse, emarginato, upper acutish ; axillary spikes shorter than
the petiole, the terminal long, slender, rigid, acute, somewhat interrupted ; Hs.
crowded •, sep. 3, thrice longer the bracts ; fr. rogous, acute. — Cultivated and waste
lands, Va. to Fla. and La. St. stout, hollow, striate, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 3 to 6'
by 2 to 3', petiole 2' to 30,", purple. Terminal spike 2 to 4' long. Fls. 3-parted.
Utricle slightly exserted. Jn. — ^ept.
3 B. deflezUB Raf. Ascending, diffusely branched, ashy green, puberulent branches
deflexed; lvs. petiolate, rhomb-lanceolate, obtuse; spikes thcckinh, obtuse, some-
what nodding, axillary and terminal ; fis. crowded, short-pedicelled ; sep. 3 to 5,
longer than the bracts ; fr. smooth. — Waste and cultivated grounds. Mid. States.
Sts. branched from base, slender, If long. Lvs. wavy, prominently veined beneath,
6 to 15" long. Stigmas 2 or 3, very short, white. Utricle exserted. Aug.,
Sept. § Eur.
4 A. viridis Moq. Erect, smooth, livid, purple ; lvs. long-petioled, ovate, obtuse ;
spikes axillary and terminal, paniculate, rather long, loose, acutish ; sepals 3, twice
longer than the bracts ; utricle roundish-ovate, rigulous. — Cultivated and waste
grounds, Ala. and La. St. sulcate, 1 to 2f high. Terminal spikes 2 to 3' long.
Readily recognized by the baldness of the minute fls.
5 B. ptimiluB Raf Low, very smooth, diffusely branched, lvs. subsessile, ovate,
obtuse, smooth, fleshy, clustered at the ends of the branches ; Jis. in small, ax-
illary glomerules, sessile ; cal. 5-parted, purplish ; fr. smooth, ovate, twice longer
than than the calyx. — Sandy sea coast, N. Y. to Ga. Aug. — Oct. (A. pumilua
£11.)
4. ACNFDA, L. Water Hemp. ^Gr. a, not, Kv/'d?/, the nettle ; a
nettle-like plant which does not sting.) Flowers dioecious, 3-bracted.
<$ Calyx of 6 equal, erect sepals ; stamens 5, anthers oblong, 2-celled ;
9 calyx 0; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, with 3 to 6 stigmas; fruit a fleshy,
valveless utricle ; seed vertical.— <D A marsh herb, with alternate, petio-
Obdbb 106.— AMARANTACK^.
619
late, entire, smooth Ivs. and small, green, subpedicillate fls. in slender,
axillary and terminal spikes.
A. cannabina L. — Salt marshes, brackish swamps, Can. to Ga. and La. Pt. t«1\
3 to 6 to 8{| thick, subterete. Lva. ovate-lauceoiato, 2 to 5 to 8' long, acuminate,
wavy, cutieato at base, petiole 1 to 2 long. Fruit panicle loose. Bract.s ' lance-
ovate, shorter than the calyx, $ linear-subulate, very unequal. Fr. near 2" lung.
Jl.— Oct.
5. MONTE'LIA, Moq. Flowers, bracts stamens, inflorescenoo, nearly
as in Acnida. Stigmas 3, very long, bristle-shaped, feathery ; fruit a
thin utricle, with a tortuous circumscissile dehiscence. — (J) Herb glab
roHS, with long-petioled Ivs. and small, greenish, spicate fls.
M. tamariscina Gray. — Damp sandy soils or shores, "W. States, rare in X. Enjj.
St. flowering at all heights from 1 to 5r, angular, branched, Ivs. lance oval, 1 to 5'
by 6 to 15", petiole as long. Spikes interrupted and leafy at bivse, continuous
above. Bracts $ acute, shorter tlian the calyx, $ rigid, subulate, longer tiian the
ovary which in fruit opens by a tortuous line. Seed dark brown, jxtlished. Jl.
— Sept. (A. ruscooarf)a and altissima Mx. A. Miamensis Ridd.) — Varied with
the clusters all axillary, hardly forming spikes.
5. IRESI^NE, Brown. (Gr. eipeauovr], an olive-branch bound with
tufts of wool borne by supplicants.) Flowers di(e(^ious or $ , .M-bructed ;
calyx of 5 erect sepals ; stamens 5, anthers 1-celled ; stigma-s 2, 3 ;
utricle roundish ovate, valveless, 1-seeded, included in the calyx ; seed
vertical. — Herbs with opposite, petiolate Ivs. and minute, densely spi-
cate or capitate, often woolly fls. suggesting the name.
I. celosioides L. St. erect, furrowed, paniculate above ; Ivs. scabrous, punctate,
lower oblong, acuminate, upper uvate-lanceolato ; panicle eouipound, lar^e, ratlier
dense. — A tall handsome annual, 3 to 4f high, on river banks, Ohio near Cincin-
nati, to 111. and La. Lvs. tapering to tiie base into a winged petiole, 3 to G by
2 to 4'. Panicle of delicate, whitish fls. large, with opposite branches, brauuhleta
and pedicels, nearly or quite leafless. Sept., Oct.
7. GONPHRE'NA, L. Glohe Amaranth. Flowers perfect or poly-
gamous, 3-bracted ; calyx 5-sepaled or 5-cleft, sepals erect; stamens 5,
filaments dilated and 3-cleft at apex, middle tooth bearing the 1 celled
anther; stigma capitate; utricle valveless, 1-seeded, included in the
calyx. Herbs or shrubs of S. America. Lvs. opposite. Fls. usually
capitate.
O. globdsa L. Erect, trichotomously much branched, pubescent ; lvs. short-
petiolate, oblong, acute, mucronate, entire ; fls. bright purple, in globular. 2-bracted,
pedunculate, terminal heads ; bracts glabrous, longer than the woolly calyx. —
Gardens. Stem 1 to 2f high. Branches suberect. Hds. near 1 diani, tadeleas.
f E. ludies.
, 8. TELAN'THERA Brown. (Or. reX^Eiog, full, complete, Lat. a.n-
therce ; alluding to the perfect flowers.) Fls. perfect, 3-bracted ; calyx
of 6 sepals; stamens 6, with 6 intervening, elongated, sterile filaments;
anthers 1-celled ; style short, stigma capitate ; utricle valveless, 1-seeded,
included in the calyx. — Herbs or shrubs with opp jsite lvs., axillary and
terminal hds. of fls.
T. polygonoides Moq. /3. repens. Procumbent, diffusely bnmched, hairy; lvs.
oval, obtuse, attenuate to a winged petiole ; hd.s. sessile, 1 to 2 together, oval,
obtuse, fls. whitish silvery; bracts shorter than the ovate-acuminate, mucronate,
unequal sepals, inner sep. hairy. — U Cultivated grounds, roadsides, in the vicinity
of the coast, S. States. Sts. slender, 1 to 2f long. Lvs. including the petiole 6
to 16" by 4 to 7". Hd». 3 to 4" long. Feb.— Oct
f-^
'ivli.
620
Orj>er 107.— LAURACE^.
{.■:■!
9. FRCELICH'IA, Moench. (Named for J. A. Frolich, a German
botanist.) Flowers perfect, 3-bracted ; calyx tubular, 5-cleft at apex ;
stamens 5, connate into a tube, appendaged with as many sterile fila-
ments ; anthers l-(;elled ; stigma capitate or tufted ; utricle valveless,
1 -seeded, enclosed in the liai'dened calyx which bears 2 or 5 longitu-
dinal crests. — OD Herbs with jointed, villous stems, opposite Ivs. and
spicate fls.
F. Florid&na Moq. Nearly simple strictly erect, araclinoid pubt'-<cent; Ivs. lin-
ear, tapering to tlio base, obtusish at apex; lis. imbricated, in shoit, dense, clu.<*-
tcred, cottony spikes. — On sandy river banks, HI., also Fla., Ga. to La. Plant 1
to .3f hi^ii, with a terminal, virpate panicle 6 to 10' lonj?. Lvs. 1 to 2 by i to 5".
Spikes 6 to 12" long. Calyx white-scarious, persistent, contracted above, en-
closing tlio utricle. Jl., Aug.
m
^'|N"t(
Order CVII. LAURACEtE. Laurels.
Tnes and shrubs aromatic, mostly with alternate, simple, punctate leaves. Flow-
ers with a coloj'ed perianth of 4 to 6 slightly united, strongly imbricated sepals.
Anthers 2 or 4-celled, opening upsvards byaa many recurved, lid-like valves. Ovary
l-ce)led, 1-ovuled, free, in fruit a berry or a drupe. Seed without albumen.
Genera 60. upevies ^W, chiefly natives of the Tropics.
I'fopertiex.— rUo 8|u'cies of this higiily iin|i()i-tunt order are throughout pervaded by a warm
•nd .stimulant aromatic oil. Cinnamon is tlioilried b* ' of CinnamomumZuylanicuin, of Ceylon.
Ac. Camplior is obtained from many trees of tbi.s oi but chiefly from Camphora otticinarum.
of .(apan, China, &c. Cassia Baric, from (^innamomuii. .iroiiiaticum, of China. 1'er.sea gratissinm,
• tree of the W. Indie?, yiehls a delicious fruit called the Avocado pear. 8omo of the following
bpecii.-i are also moderately medicinal. The classic Laurel is Laurens nobilis «f S. Europe.
GENERA.
§ Flowers perfect, the calyx persistent. Leaves everirreen Pku.'^ka. 1
§ Flowers diclinous. Caly.x deciduous. Leaves deciduous. (*)
* Involucre none. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valvcd. Lvs. lobed • Sassafras. 3
* Invttlucre 4-leaved. Anthers 2-celled, 2-valved. Leaves entire IJknzoin. 3
* Involucre 4-leaved. Anthers 4-celle(l, 4-valved. Leaves entire TKTnANTUEKA. 4
1. PER'SEA, Gaert. Red Bay. Bay Galls, Flowers perfect, um-
bellate, with no involucre ; calyx of 6 sepals persistent in fruit ; stamens
12, the 3 inner sterile, reduced to mere glands, anthers 4-celled (2 cells
above and 2 below) ; drupe oval, seated on the persistent calyx, con-
taining 1 large seed. — Trees evergreen, the fls. in axillary, pedicellate
umbels.
P. Cai'olini^nsis Mx. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute or pointed
at each end, coriaceous, entire, glaucous beneath ; umbels simple or conip<Jund,
on long peduncles; sep. coriaceous, velvety, the H outer smaller; drupe oval, blue.
Yu. to Fla. in swamps. A tree 30 or 401 liiti li, with a deeply furrowed bark and
coarse branches ; but more commonly in poor soils a stinted shrub tilhng the sandy
swamps. Lvs. evergreen, about 6' by 18 ', attenuated to a short petiole. Drupe
5 by 4". Apr., May. — Wood of a tine rose-color, once used in cabinet-work.
2. SAS'SAFRAS, Nees. Sassafras. (Spanish, sa/.vor/mA', s;ixifrage;
from the supposed resemblance of properties.) Dioecious ; involucre 0;
calyx 6-parted, equal, deciduous; S stamens 9, in 3 rows, the inner
with a pair of stipitate glands at the base of each; anther 4-celled;
$ .-tamens 6, imperfect ; ovary ovoid, acuminate ; style short, stigma
capitate ; drupe ovoid, on a fleshy pedicel. — Trees deciduous, with the
fls. yellow in terminal clusters appearing h jfore the leaves. (Laurus, L.)
8. officinale Nees. Lvs. of two forms, ovr-.te and entire, or 3-lobed and cuneate
bi. base ; fls. in terminal and axillary, corymbous racemes, with linear bracts. — U.
Ori>er 108.— LORANTHACE.fl.
m
S. nnd Can. An interest mr shrub or Hmall trre, 10 to 20f hij^h. Loaves alter-
nate, petioled, thoflt» of Iho youuf? slioin,-, ovate-'aucoolatt', uthera with li large
lobes. Fls, greenish-yellow, iii clustered raceme.i at the end of the last year'a
twiijs; dr'jpo bluo. Apr. — Jn. Every part of the tree luu^ a j)l(at*;int fragrance,
and a swi-utish, aromatic taste, which ia strongest iu thu bare of tlie root.
3. BENZO^IN, Nees. Spice Wood. (Xamed for its fra;;raucr»
which is compared to tliat of the msinous substance, benzoin.) Flowers
dioecious with 4 iuvohicrate si-aloa; caly ■; 5 to 6-part<'«l ; ^ stamens 9,
in 3 rows, (lie inner lobed and irland-bearing at base ; anthers 2-ceiled;
9 stamens 15 to 18, sterile, filiform , drupe olx)void, on a pedicel nut
thickened. — Trees or shrubs witli entire, deciduous Ivs. and small, late-
ral clusters of yellow fls. preceding the Ivs. (Lindera, Thunb.)
1 B. odoriferum Nees. Lvs. obovate-lanreolatr. I'einkss, entire, dcciduoas; fls. In
clustered umbels; bttds and pedicels .smooth. — A slirub to 12f high, in iiioi.st
woods, U. S. and Can. Lvs. cuneiform and acute at base, 2 to 4' long, half as
wide, paler beneath. Fl.s. pedicellate, in small, sessile uiubeln, 4 ■:<t 5 from each
bud. Drupes red. May. (Laurus Benzoin, L.)
2 B. melissaefolium Noes. Lvs. oblony-l/mreolate, abrupt or cordate at base,
veiny, pubescent beneath; lis. iu clustered tnnhels : buds and pedicels villoius. —
Borders of shallow ponds or exsiccated swamps, S. States. Slirub 2 to ;{i' high,
with ruiming roots and virgato slioots. Lvs. with i)rominent veins. Fls. aliout
3 from each bud. Drupes red. Feb., March. (Laurus melissaefolia Walt.)
4. TETRAN'THERA, Jacq. Pond Spice. (Ck. rtrpa, four- fold,
dvOtpbg, flowery ; four flowers iu the umbel.) Flowers dioecious, in
little stalked umbels, with a 4 or o-leaved deciduous involucre ; calyx
4 or 6-parted, deciduous; $ stamens 9, in 3 rows; anthers unequally
4-celled (2 cells above and 2 below) ; $ stamens 12 to 15 rudiments;
stigma dilated, 2-lobed, smooth ; drupe naked. — Lvs. deciduous. Fls.
yellow, appearing before the lvs.
T. genfcul^ta Nees. Branches divaricate and geniculate; lvs. small, oblong and
oval, nearly smooth, cuneato at base, mostly obtus« at apex; umbellets terminal,
glabrous, on distinct jjedicels. — In sandy swamps, borders of lagoons, Va. to Fla.
Shrub 8 to 15f high, with branches and branchlets remarkably crooked and strag-
gli- • forming an angle of 90" at every fork. Lvs. 1' to 18" long, 5 to 8' widu.
pes red. Feb., Mar. (Laurus geniculata Walt.)
Order CVIII. LORANTIIACEyE. Loranths.
Shrubby plajits parasitic on trees, with thick, opposite, exstipulato leaves. Flow-
ers mostly dichnous, an adherent calyx of 4 to 8 lobes, .vith stamens of the saun'
number, opposite the calyx lobes. Ovary 1-celled, becoming a tleshy fruit witli one
iiibuminous seed. Fig. 37, D.
(ienera 2.5, species 400, mostly tropical in America and Asia, a few flourisiiinsr nor^.i -ard as
fiir as our latitude. They possess the remarkable property of planting tlieuiselves on !s ami
sid)sistintr on their juices. They are slightly astringent. Bird-lime is fonnotl in part ui tli«
vkscid pulp of the fruit of the Mistletoe,
PHORODEN'DRON, Nutt. Mistletoe. (Gr. 0wp, a thief, d^'vdpov,
a tree ; they live on stolen food.) Dioecious ; calyx 2 to 4 (mostly 3)-
lobed, lobes erect ; ^ anther sessile on the base of each lobe, 2-celled,
tJie cells divergent ; 9 calyx adherent to the ovary; stigmas sessile;
stamens ; fruit a pulpy berry. — Herbage fleshy, yellowish green. Sts.
jointed, brittle, woody, firmly engrafted on the limbs of trees, especially
Oaks, Elms, Apples, '&c. Fls. imbed. led in the jointed rachis.
i ' (
n|:
f^ .
it»^
022
Order 109.— SANTALACE.E.
i^fi
iiji
ii;
i ?
V
J
p. flav6aoen8 Nutt. Brauchoa opponite, suitietimeH verticillate, terete ; Ivs. cu-
neat -ob.^ /ate, 3-veined, obtuse ; spikes axillary, solitary, about as long as the
leaves ; berries white, semi-transparent. — N. J. to 111. (Laphani), and the S.
States. Sterr.s 1 — 1^ high, rather thick, much branched. Leaves 9 — 16" by 4 —
9 ', .smooth and entire, on short petioles. Fls. small, sterile ones mostly 3- parted.
Berry with a viscous pulp adhering to the limb it touches until it strikes root
April.
Order OIX. SANTALACE^. Sandalworts.
Trees shrubs and herbs, with alternate, undivided leaves, with the calyx tube ad-
herent to the ovary, limb 4 to 5-cleft, valvate in aestivation, the stamens as many
as the sepals, inserted at their base and opposite to them, an ovary 1-celled, with a
free central placenta bearing at top 2 to 4 suspended ovules, but in fruit drupaceous,
1 -seeded, crowned with the persistent calyx.
Oenent 20, species 200, natives of Europe, America, Australuia, Ac. The fragrant sandal-
wood is the product of Santaluin album, i&c., of India.
TRIBES AND GENERA.
I. BUCKLEYE^. Fls. dioecious, the pistillate dichlimydeous, with no stamens.
9 Calyx lobes 4 ; petals 4, caducous, i stamens 4 Shrubs Bucklkta. 1
II. SANTALEiE. Flowers perfect or polygamous, alwsvys mouochlamydeous. (a)
a Flowers in spikes or racemes, Drupo pyrit'orm. Slirubs Pyriilaria. 2
a Flowers In cymous umbels. Nutovoid. Half shrubby Comandra. 9
1. BUCKLE^YA, Torr. (To S. Ji. Buckley, an active and successful
botanist.) Flowers $, ? , the ? dichlamydeoui* ; outer (calyx) lobes
4, lanceolate ; inner (corolla) lobes 4, ovate, acute, 1-veined, caducous ;
stamens ; style included, 4-lobed ; ^ monochlamydeous ; lobes 4,
ovate, acute, valvate in bud, opposite the 4 stamens inserted at their
base ; disk concave, lobes 4, alternate with the sepals ; fruit oblong,
drnpe-like, 10-furrowed, 1-seeded. — A .shrub or small tree, with sub-
sessile, entire Ivs., the sterile fls. clustered, pedicellate, the fertile solitary,
aH terminal, small.
B. distichophyila Torr. — Mts. of E, Tenn. Shrub with the slender twigs vel-
vety-puberulont, as well as the veins and flower-stalks. Lvs. ovate, acuminate,
9 to 18" long, thin, ciliato on the margin, obtuse at base, on very short petioles.
^ fls. 1^" broad, in the midst of caducous bractlets. ? Fl. subtended by 4
bractlets. Fr. 8 to 9" long, narrowed at base into the short stipe. (Borya disti-
chophylla Nutt.)
2. PYRULA'RIA, Mx. Oil-nut. (Diminutive of Pyrus ; its fruit
resembling a little pear.) Flowers dioecious ; calyx 5-cleft, subcani-
panulate ; disk 5-toothed, glandular, half-adherent to the ovary ; style
1 ; stigmas 2 or 3, sublenticular; drupe pyriform, 1-seeded, inclosed in
the adhering base of the calyx. — Shrubs with the habit of Celastrus.
Lvs. alternate, entire. Rac. terminal.
P. piUbera Mx. Shrub unarmed; lvs. oval-oblong, acute, puberulent, pellucid-
punctate ; rac. spike-like, terminal. — Margins of mountain streams, Penn. to (ia.
Shrub 4 — 6f high. Root fetid. Leaves 2 — 3' by 1 — 1^', entire, acuminate, pet-
iolate, veins prominent beneath. Flowers small, greenish yellow. Calyx tube
short, nearly filled with the glandular disk in the $ flowers, the segments reflexed
in the ? . Stamens alternate with the glands of the disk, opposite to those of
the calyx. Drupe 7 to 9" long, 6 to 7" thick. May. (Hamiltonia oleifer&
MuhL)
3. COMAN'DRA, Nutt. Bastard Toad Flax. (Gr. «wjtif/, hair,
dvdpec, stamens ; stamens connected to the petals by a tuft of hairs.)
:4' "
ORDER 111.— ELKAGNACE.B.
623
Calyx somewhat nrceolate, tube adherent, limb 4 to 5-parted ; stamens
4 to 5, opposite the sepals, and connected to tlieni by a tuft of hairs',
filaments inserted into the top of the perigynous, 5-lobed disk, betweeu
its lobes ', fruit drupaceous, 1-seeded, crowned with the limb of the
calyx. — Very smooth, suffruticous plants. Ped. axillary and terminal.
KIs. small, umbellate;
§ 1. EproMANDRA. Flowers perfect. Leaves all alternate N«. 1
§ 2. Dabbva. Flowers dioeciouu. Leaves mostly oppu^lte N'u. 9
1 C. umbell^ta Nutt. Erect ; Ivs. oval-lanceolate ; fls. aubcorymbed, terniitial ;
connecting hairs yellow. — U Plant about a foot high, in rocky woods, U. S. and
BriL Am. Stem slender, striate, generally branching at top. Leaves entire, al-
ternate, acutish, 1 — IJ' long, and ^ as wide, tapering to a very short petiola
Flowers small, white, in little umbels of about 3. P^ach umbel is furnished with
a deciduous involucre of about 4 small leaflets, the whole constituting a kind of
corymb. June.
2 C. Ddrbya A. DC. Lvs. elliptical ; cymes lateral, about 5-flowered ; calyx
lobes spreadinp-reflexed, connecting hairs white. — Ga. near Macon (Darby), N.
Car. near Lincolnton (Curtis). A small shrub with terete, blackish branches, tlie
branchlets lierbaceous, short, leafy. Lvs. thin and pale, 12 to 18" by 5 to 8",
short-petioled, apex obtuse or submucronate. Cymes shorter than the leaves,
on slender peduncles. Pedicels 1 or 2" long. Bracts deciduous. Calyx lobes
ovate, acute. Fruit unknown. (Darbya umbellulata Gray.)
:if
m
Order CX. THYMELACEiE. Dapiinads.
Shrubs with a very tough, acrid bark, entire leaves and perfect flowers, with the
calx tubular, colored, the limb 4 (4 or 6)-parted, regular, the tube bearing the stanir
ens as many or usually twice as many as its lobes, and free from the ovary, which
is 1-celled, 1-ovuled, the suspended seed with little or no albumen.
Genera 40, specieH 375, very abundant in Australia and 8. Africa, sparingly disseminated in
Europe and Asia. The only N. American genus is the following.
It is composed of
The Ince-bark tree (Lagetta)
Properties.— Thi: bark is acrid and caustic, raising bli.stcrs upon the skin,
interlaced fibers, which are extremely tough, but easily separable,
uf Jamaica is particularly remarkable for this property.
DIRXA, L. Leather-wood. (Gr. (J/p«a, a fountain ; the shrub
grows near mountain streams or rivulets.) Calyx colored, tubular,
with a truncate or obscurely 4-toothed limb ; stamens 8, unequal,
longer than and inserted into the tube ; style 1 ; berry 1-seeded. — Lvs.
alternate, simple. Fls. expanding before the oblong-obovato lvs., 3
from each bud.
D. paMatria L. — A shrub 5f in height when full grown, U. S. and Can. The fla
appear in April and May, much earlier tlian the leaves. Tliey are small, yellow,
funnel-shaped, about 3 together, \vith a bud-like involucre. Lvs. from the same
buds, entire, on short petioles, pale underneath. Stam. much longer than tiie
calyx, alternately a long and a short one. Berry oval, small, red. Every part
of this shrub is very tough. The twigs furnish "rods for the fool's back," the
bark is used for ropes, baskets, &c.
DAPHNE is a genus differing from Dirca by its spreading calyx limb and
included stamens.
D. Mez^reum, with deciduous lvs. andD. Laureolawith evergreen lvs. ore
occasionally cultivated.
Order CXL EL^EAGNACE^. Oleasters.
Shrubs or trees usually with the leaves covered with a silvery scurf, entire;
iowers mostly dioecious, the calyx free, entire, persistent, becoming in fruit pulpy
■i.i I
rii
:■
i. ■ i
'^1
t I
■I
id
I
CM
Ordeb 112.— EUPHORBIACEiE.
and berry-like, inclosing the 1-celled, l-seeded ackenium. Seed ascending, embryo
straight, albumen scanty.
Genera 4, njiecia 3(t, tliinly dispersed throughout the Northern hemisphere.
t. SHEPHER'DIA, Nutt. (In honor of John Shepherd, curator of
the boUiiiic garden of Liverpool.) Flowers $ $ . — $ Calyx 4-cleft ;.
sta. 8, alternating with 8 glands. $ Calyx tube closely investing the
ovary, but not adlieriiig to it, limb 4-lobed ; sty. 1 ; stig. oblique ;
berry globous, composed of the fleshy calyx. — Shrubs with spinesccut
branches, and opposite, deci<.luous leaves. Fls. aggregated.
1 S. Canadensis Xutt. Lvs. elliptic-ovate, nearly smooth above, clothed beneath
ivith dti'jxte hairs and fi'rrr.i^inous, deciduous scales. — A shrub G — 8f high, found
in Vt., N. Y. !\nd "W. to "Wis. Laphani), and Can., by streams and on river banks.
Loaves obtuse at each end, the upper surface green, with few, scattered, stellate
hairs, lower surface wliitc, with rvist-colored spots, densely tomentous, margin
entire; petioles 2 — 4" loog, lamina 1 — 2' by ^ — 1'. Fls. minute, in small, late-
ral, nearly sessile clusters. Berries oval, scaly, consisting of the fleshy calyx in-
closing the achenia in its tube, sweetish to the taste. Jl. — A curious and orna-
mental .s!n-nb.
2 S. arg^ntea Nutt. Lvs. oblong-ovate, obtuse, both surfaces smooth and
equally covered with silvery scales. — A small tree, 12 — 18f Ingh, with thorny
branches. Leaves 1 — 2' by i — 9". Petioles ^' long, margin entire, the surface
of a light, silvery hue, sprinkled with rust-colored spots. Fruit the size of a cur-
rant, seal let, well-flavored. \ Mo.
2. EL^AG'NUS, L. Oleaster. (Gr. eXaia, the olive ; the tree*
liaving a resemblance to the olive.) Flowers perfect. Calyx 4-cleft,
campanulate, colored on the inner side ; sta. 4, alternate with the calyx
lobes ; anth. subsessile ; sty. short ; fruit baccate, consisting of the
achenimn inclosed in the dry, farinaceous calyx tube, marked with 8
furrows. — Trees or shrubs, cultivated for the silvery foliage. Leaves
alternate.
1 E. argentea Pli. Lvs. broad-ovate or oval, tvavy, acutish at each end, both
surfaces, i)artieularly the lower, silvery and shining, with ferruginous scales. — A
beautiful shrub, with reddish branches and small, ^undish-ovate, cartilaginous
drupes, f Mo.
2 E. angustifolia L. Lvs. narrow-lanceolate, acute at each end, entire, al-
ternate, smooth, canescent; fls. axillary, aggregate. — A tree of middle size, culti-
vated for its beautiful foliage and pleasant date like fruit, f Fur.
3 E. latifolia L. Lvs. ovate, evenjreen. f E. Ind.
3 HIPPOPH.SI rhamnoides, with linear-lanceolate lvs., silvery white lio-
neath, tetrandrous, dio'cious Jioiveis, and a crowd of yellow, acid drupes, is a Euro-
pean shrub, occasionally seen in shrubberioa.
<*,,,
Order CXIL EUPIIORBLVCEJi:. Spuroeworts.
Herbs, shrubs or trees, usually with a milky, acrid juice. Flowers diclinous, ."sorno-
times enclo.scd in a cup-siiapod involucre. Calyx inferior, sometimes wanting. Cor-
olla scale-like or colored, often wanting. Ovary free, sessile or stipilato, 2, 3 (or
uioro)-carpeled ; styles distinct or united. Fruit of 2, 3 (or more), 1 to 2-seeded car-
pels (rarely of 1 carpel) united to a common axis, at length separating. Embryo
in fleshy albumen. Fig. 371.
Oeneni '20i\ upecien 2600 (Lindley), chiefly natives of S. America, not more thnn 60 upecies
tK'ine found in N. America, north of Sljxieo.
Propertien. — An ncrld, stiinulnnt niiil iioisonous principle, resi(iing cliiefly in tlio milky juice,
piM'vades the wliole order. This i/rinciplo varies in notivity from mild stimulants to the most
tfctive poison.s ; l)iit it is volntilo and vi\:»\y expelled bv lieiit. Tapioi'ix l.s a starcli-liko iicciinni-
litiu>n foruMil in the roots of tli« Jatropha Mnniliut. NVhen fresli, ;lii» root is a violent poison
Orukk 1 1 2.— KUPHORBl ACE.E.
625
hut loses its (leleterinns properties by wasliintr aii<l exiiosuvi' to hciit. Castor-oil is fX['ressoil
f:orii l.ie soeds of ItiuiiitiS coiiiiiiunis." (..'lotoii-.iil iVoiii tue st-oils of ('loton Tif;liuiii. Oaouloliouo
is yielUed in abuudiince by several tj. Americun species.
FKr. 687.— 1. HfiiM or cjipitiiliim of V.n-
pliorbi:icoidll:ii;i; willi thi- eorollii-likc iii-
voliicro, ;iliil pfilicilliili' pinlill;ite Ilowi'r.
2. TIr; iiivuliioro tiilii/ cut open, .sliowiii^
the iiioimiidroiis, stiiiiiiniiio tlowors mii-
roiindiii^ tlio pislill;ite. 'A. Ono of tlm
I// ,, tlowcrs. with ii tootlieil bract at ti isi . 4.
1/ t roHs soctioii of tlic ovary, showing; Uh'."}
oiie-seeck'il cells or carpels.
Of'if. Our specimens <tf the Eiiphorbiaeoip were submitted to the in.spection of Or. Engelmaiin,
of t^t. Louis, uiul uro hero described nearly in accordance with his numenclature.
GKNKRA.
§ Colls of the ovary ono-ovuled ; fruit 3 (rarely 2 or T[)-seeiled. (.♦)
♦ Flowers in a cup-shaped involucre, the i many, each merely a stamen, with one
> flower, an ovary exserted on a i)cdicel Kupiiouhia. I
♦ Flowers not in an involucre 8, all a[)etalous, having a oalv.K only, (a)
a Flowers diandrous, in a terminal spike. Plants f,'laIirou.s STU.LiN(iiA. 3
a Flower 2 to 3-a'ii:ii)u.s, in raceme. Plants hairy or downy Ti;a(;ia. 3
a Flowers 8 to 12-an<!i.>us, in small spikes with large bracts Vcai.vimia . 4
a Flowers 10 to IS-undrous, in cymes, w itli white sejials. Slinjiing. . . .CNiDosroi.tr.H. 5
a Flowers polyandrou.s in panicles; fruit echinate. Plant glabrous Uk iNim. 6
♦ Flowers not in an involucre 8, the sterile and ol'tm tlie ferliU', also with petals, (b)
b Ova. 3 (rarely 2)-celled and seeded. Fls. clustiM-ed. Woolly, downy or scurfy. Ciioton, 7
b Ova. l-cclU'd, 1-seeded, indchiscent. Fls. axillary, small. Silvery scurfy. Croto.noi'sis. fi
§ Cells of the ovary 2-ovuled ; fruit (or abortively fewer)-seeded. (c)
O Calyx G-jiarted ; stamens 3, united. Flowers axillary, small rnvLLANTiii!-. 9
C Calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4, distinct, lariri'. Flowers in bracted spikes I'AciivsANDitA. iO
C Calyx 4-parted ; .-tamens 4, distinct. Flowers a.\illary. Shrub. Leaves o[iposite.. liixts. 11
1. EUPHOR'BIA, L. (Named for Euphorhns, pliysicikii to Jul);i,
Jviiig c)t" Mauritania.) Spuugk. Flowers c , several in an inyolucrato
cluster; involucre calyx-like, cup-shaped, with 4 or 5 petaloid sei^nKMils
alternate with as many large tjlands ; tlowers aehlainydeous, tlie ^, 12
or more each consisting of a single stamen on a pedicel which is axil-
lary to a little bract ; $ flower solitary, central, a 3-carpeled, 3-styled
and 3-seedcd ov. y raised on a slender pedicel ; capsule 3-lobed, separ-
ating into 3 bivalved nutlets. — Herbs or shrubs with a milky juice,
Lvs. generally ^rpposite oi vertieillate, often alternate, sometimes none.
Involucres flower-like, 'ixillary or umbellate.
J Pteins spiny, thick, oreut. — f^dipules none. F'loral leaves scarlet Xo. 1
§ Stems unarmed, erect. Leaves destitulo of stipules, alternali' tir opposite. (♦)
♦ Involucre with 4 or ,'> glands which are 2-lioineil or cresciiit-shapcd. (a)
a Umbel of many rays. Stem-leaves narrow, alteriiale. Seeds smooth. 21 . . . .Xos. 2, 3
a Umbel of 3 rays, and forked. — Stetii leaves alternate, thin Nos. 4, ,5
a Umbel ( f 3 or 4 rays, and forked.— Stem leaviis opposite, thick No. 6
♦ Inv(ducro with 15 white, |)etal-likc glands or appeiidai-'es. (b)
b Heads nearly sessile. Leaves witli broail, \\hite mar^rins No. 7
b Heads i)edunculate, solitary or sul>paniciilale. Leaves broad oval Nos, s, 9
b Heads pedunculate, umbellate. Leaves oblouL', moj-tly narrow Nus. lo, II
♦ Involucre with 1 to T) glands neither [ictal-like nor horned, (c)
Ii\lloreseonce in compound cymes, with loiiir pednncKs N>>. 12
C Inllorescenco in comi)ound uinbi Is, witli short peiluneles. (d)
d Seeds reticulated or wrinkled. Leaves serrulate \os. l:<. U
d Seeds smooth and even, in a rough, warty fridt Xos. I.'), .li
C Inflorcsci'iito solitary, axillary. Leavis all op|iosite No. 17
C Inllorescenco a simple, teiminal cluster. Leaves idternate or ojipo' ite.. . .Nos. H, \'i
5 Stems unarmed, chietly i)ro.>>trate, ditluse. Leaves all opposite, small, with oiiall,
entire or cleft stijiules. Involucres .'i.xillnry or chi.-tercd. May lo Is'ov, (T) (e)
e Leaves serrulate or serrate. Seeds rouirheiUMl with wiiid^les or jiits. (f)
f Stem ascendinjj; <u- erect, smooth or smooihi.-.h. Seeds black o.' ambor color. Nos. 2(1, 2t
f Stem prostrate, hairy or pMbernlent .'is well as the Icives and .'"niii N<is. 22, 2:1, 24
e Lea\ es entire. See<ls smooth and cvi ii. Plants glabrotis No.s 2."), 2ti, 27
1 E. spl^iidena iJojaria. St. piin'rtiticoti.'', flosliy, armed with rigid, sharp
thonia; Ivy. ovato, tiijierui|j; to tho base, plabfous, entire, acute, niU'-Toiuilu; jit'd.
axiUary, 2 or 3 tinicH dichotonions ; llund Iv.s. in paifs, i)roa(lor tliaii lung, cusjiw
date, PL'urk't. — A suij^niiar and showy ^^urIou plant, f Madagascar.
40
:i's
626
Obdkr 112.— EUPHORBIACE^.
tw'
f f
V*-" '
* )■
2 E. CypariBsias L. Cypress Spurgk. Ljs. linear-setaceous, crowded on the
stem, with ii spiral arrangement ; Horal lv8. broadly cordate, all sessile ; umbel of
many tiiraple rays, with several scaltered branches below it ; glands crescent-shaped;
fr. granulated. — Gardens and fields, rare. Sts. much branched, ascending If high,
with numerous leaves 6 to 10" long, less than 1" wide, the floral yellowish, very
differfent. § Eur.
3 E. Eaula L. Lvs. lanceolate-linear, the floral broadly cordate, raucronate, umbel
of many rays, the rays forked, with scattered brandies below it ; glands 2-ho7-ned;
fruit nearly smooth. — Fields, Mass. (Oatces), not common. Sts. much branched,
If high. Lvs. 1' or more long, the floral yellowish. Glands brown. §Eur.
4 E. P^plus L. Lvs. membranous, roundish, tapering into the petiole, very obtuse,
entire, smooth, the upper floral ovate ; umbel of 3, rarely 5 rays, then forked ;
glands lunate, with 2 long horns ; ovaries with a double-winged keel at the back,
rugous and scabroue . seed dull grayish white, with 2 longitudinal furrows and 4
rows of dots. — Waste places, N. Eng., rare. St. 7 to 12' high. §Eur.
5 E. commutata Engelm. Decumbent and branched at base, smooth ; sts. erect ;
lower lvs. oval, petiolato ; florcd lvs. numerous, thin, broader than long, all sessile,
very obtuse ; ovaries obtusely angled, not winged, seeds dotted all over. — If Along
streams, W. Va. to Ohio, 111. frequent, and S. to Fla. Sts. a foot high, once or
twice trichotomous, the floral lvs. so applied at base as to appear orbicular ami
perfoliate, 6 to 9 ' diam. Horned glands usually but 4. — Has been confounded
with E. Poplus. Ja.
6 E. Lath^ris L. Mole-tree. Caper Spurge. St. erect, stout, smooth ; lvs.
lance-linear, rather acute, entire, glabrous, sessile ; umbel mostly 4-rayed, rays
dichotomous; glands of the in vol. lunate, 2-horncd, the horns dilated and obtuse.
— <$) Cultivated grounds and gardens. Stem 2 — 3f liigh. Leaves 2 — 4' by 3 — 9",
numerous and arranged in 4 rows on the stem. Umbel of 4 verticillato branches
with a central subscssile h'\ad. Jl. — Sept. § Eur. — Supposed efficacious in ex-
pelling moles from the ground.
7 E. marginata Pursh. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, subcordate, sessile, acute, mu-
cronute, entire on the margin, glabrous; umbel 3-ray(d, once or twice dichoto-
mous ; involucrate lvs. oblong, cordate, colored and membranaceous at the mar-
gin ; inner segments of the floral involucre roundish ; caps, hoary-pubescent. — (I)
A handsome species, remarkable for the variegated leaves of the involucre. |
Shores of : Ky. iliver at Paris, abundant. Doubtless escaped from the gar-
dens. § Native in Nebraska.
8 E. mercurialina I\Ix. Sts. slender, weak, simply trichotomous ; lvs. opposite
or ternatoly whorled, nearly sessile, oval, entire ; pcd. terminal, solitary, bearing a
single involucre. — U Near Knoxville, Tenn. Jl., Aug., (Miehaux). — A very ob-
scure and long-lost species. Ve gathered a single specimen 10 miles S. of Talla-
hassee, P'la., in 1857, diflbring from the description of Miehaux only in its lower
lvs. being scattered. It is about 9' high, smooth. Lvs. 1' long, entire, obtuse,
villous-ciliate on their lower margins and very short petioles. Invol. lobes min-
utely edged with white.
9 E. panicul^ta Ell. Erect from a decumbent base, slender, striate-anglod, thinly
pubescent ; lvs. oval or elliptical, suhrepand, rcvolute on the margins, glaucous be-
neath, short-petioled, the caulino alternate, ample, the floral small and bract-like,
opposite; inflorescence irregularly forked, or paniculate ; invol. email (1" diam.),
glands slightly expanded, greenish whiti.'. — Ga. and Fla. Sts. 8 to 18' high.
Lvs. about 18" by 10 '. Invol. thrice smaller than in No. 10, of which it is con-
sidered a variety by Dr. Engelmann.
10 E. corollkta L. Flowering Spurge. Erect ; caulino and floral lvs. oblong,
narrow, obtuse; glands of the invol. ohovate, petaloid ; umbel ^-rayed, rays 2 or 3
times di- or trichotomous. — y In dry fluids, e-tc. Can. and U. S. Stem slender,
erect, 1 — 2f high, generally simple and smooth. Leaves 1 — 2' long, often quita
linear, very entire, scattered on the t^teni, verticillate and opposite hi the umbel.
The umbel is generally quite regularly subdivided. Corolla-like involucre large,
white, showy. July, A^ig. — The central head is 2 or 3 weeks earliest.
fi. Anqustif6lia. Lvs. oblong-linear; umbel often becouiiujf irregular or mora
or less paniculate. — Chiefly Soutliward.
Order 112.— EUPHORBIACEiE.
627
11 E. Curtisii Engelm. Smooth, very slender, branched from the base ; division
then cymotisly branched; Ivs. all similar, opposite, narrowly linear. lather acute;
invol. broadly obconic, the glands (inner segments) narrowly bordered witli a
wiiite membrane. — A very slender species, allied to E. corollata, about 10 high.
Lvs. 5 to 10" long, less than 1" wide. The narrow white border of invoL con-
spicuous. Ga. (Feay, Pond,) to N. Car. (Curtis.)
12 E. grdcilis Ell. Very smooth and slender, st. 2 or 3-forked below, the
branches then repeatedly forked ; lv.s. all similar, oblong and oblonj^-hi. car, ob-
tuse, entire, subpetiolate, mostly op[)osite; invol. on long peduncles, dark purple
with oval glands; fr. strongly 3-lobed, smooth, seeds smootliish d jjl. — Siuuly
pine barrens, S. Car. to Fla. Plant 5 to 10' high, wholly purple when young.
Lv.s. 8 to 12 " long, very variable in width. Mar., Apr.
/3. ROTUNDlFoLiA. Lvs. roundisli or quite orl)icular, entire, edged with purple.
— With the other, 6' high. A singular variety.
13 E. heliOBCopia L. Sun Spurge. Erect; floral lvs. obovate, cauliuf •.\(:(lgo-
form, sliarply serrate, smooth; umbel 5-rayed, then ?>-raycd and furkt'd; fruit
smooth and even ; sds. reticulated. — (1) A milky weed in cultivated grounds, X. II.
to Niagara, S. to Car., remarkable for the symmetry of its vegetation. Stem
smooth, erect, 8 — 16' high. Leaves scattered, 5 — H' long, f as broad at the
rounded or retuse apex, tapering to the base. Umbels subtended by a large in-
volucre of 5 ol)ovate leaves. Each of the 5 rays is pilous with scattered hairs
a!id subdivided into an umbcUet of 3 rays with a :Moavcd involucel, and these
finally into 2 or more pedicellate fascicles. June, July. § Eur.
14 E. Arkans^na Engelm. & Gr. Slender ; floral lvs. roundish-ovate, f-ubcor-
d.ate, obtuse, cauline oblong-spatulati or obovate, all serrulate and glabrous ; um-
bel once or twice trichotomous, then simply forked; glands entire, subsessilo : fruit
warty, .seeds reticulated. — Lexington, Ky. (Siiort, in Gray's Manual) to Ark. and
La. (E. tetrapora Engelm., found in W. La. (ITalo), diflcrs from this in liaving
2-horned glands of the involucro and seeds nearly smooth and oven. The foliage
is almost indentical (fide sijec. labeled by Dr. Engelmann). )
15 E. obtusata Ph. Wauted Spurur. Lvs. all sessile, obtuse, finely serridate.
tapering to tlie base, sparsely hairy beneath, the cauline oblanceolate, ^ra/ round-
isli cordate, clasping, mueronate ; umbel 3 to 5-rayed, rays 2 or 3 times forked ;
fr. muricate, with wart-like points; stylos 2-cleft; sds. compressed, smooth and
even. — Waste grounds. Can. to Va. and W. States. A smooth, erect plant. If
high. Lvs. 1' or more long, the floral much shorter. Livol. subsessilo, with small,
hairy lobes, and large, oval glands. Sds. brown when ripe. — Closely resembles
E. platyphylla L.
16 E. Darlingtonii Gray. Lvs. entire, oblong-lanceolato and oblanceolato. acute,
narrowed to the base, subsessilo, pilous bemath, the floral ovate ; umbel 5 to 8-raye(J,
rays once or twice divided; segm. of tho invol. colored, entire, subreiiiform ; fr.
slightly warty; sds. smootii. — If Moist woods, Penn. to N. Car. (Curtis). St. 2
to 3f high, smootli, rarely branched below tho umbel. Lvs. 3 to 4' by 1', entire
or sliglitly serrulate above, tliose of the stem alternate, of the branches oppo.«ite,
and nearly as broad as long. Floral invol. purplish ])rown within. Caps, at
length nearly smooth. May. Jn. (E. niemoralis Darl., nee Kit.)
17 B. Ipecacudnhse L. Ipkcac Ppuur.E. Procumbent or suberoct, smooth,
with numerous, dill'use, forking stems; lvs. o])posite, obovate and oblaiiceolate,
entire, obtuse, subsessile; ped. elongated, axillary, 1 -flowered; seeds white, dot-
ted, flattened. — %■ Sandy soil, near tho coast, Couh. (Robbins) to Ga. lit. peren-
nial, very long. St. rather thick and succulent, 3 to 8' long. Lv.s. \k to 2' by 3
to 6", varying from obovate to linear, llda solitary. Ped. as long us tho
leaves. Jn.
18 E. heteroph^lla Mx. (I'itigelm.) St. thick, green, glabrous, much braiiehetl,
tall; li.'f. ovate, or siuuate-loothcd, or pdnduriforni, tho highest oftim liince-linear,
all on slender petioles and scattered; invol. all <'lustered and terminal, each willi
6 ovate lobes; fr. large, smooth, seeds ovoid, tubercli'd. — W. III. to Iowa (Coii-
sens), S. to Ga. (Pond). Plant of singular asi)ect, 1 to 3f high. Lvs. 18'' to 2'
long, 0:1 .«talk3 half as long, \isu: Ily narrowed in tho middle to u fiddle-siiape, the
ilr
%\
0J3
Order 112.— EUPilORBlACE^.
»,■->■
#' .
~4.
upper stained deep red on the edges, &c., more or less. luvol. reddisii, with a
ses.sile gland. Jn., Jl. (E. cyathiflora Jacq.)
19 E. dentata Mx. St. low, slender, hairy, bracliiatoly branched; li:s. opposite,
petiolaLe, ovaie-iaitceolate, obtuse, coarsely dentate, paler and hairy beaeath ; invul.
eubsessile, in a terminal cluster, each with 5 ovate, laciniate lobes; fr. minutely
velvety ; seeda globular, tubercled. — In shady places, Penn. to Iowa and La.
Plant 6 to 12' higii ; Ivs. 1 to 2', mostly lanceolate, but varying to linear. luvol.
with one or more stalked glands. Seeds grayish. Jn. — Aug.
20 E. hypericifdlia L. St. smootli, branching, nearly erert, branches divaricate
spreading; Ivs. oval-oblong, very oblique, serrate all around; corymbs tenninal ;
seeds rugous, black. — CD A slender iind branching plant, found in dry and rioii
soils, U. S. and Can. Stem 10 — 'JO' high, usually purple, very smootli, the
branches often pubescent. Leaves tripli-veined, marked with oblong dots and
blotches, ciliate, 6 — 12" long, and } as wide, ol)li(iue, on very short petiole.-;. Co-
rymbs of small, white heads, terminal and axillary. July, Aug.
21 E. glyptoaperma Engelm. Decumbent at base, nmch branched, slender,
glabra Its ; Ivs. oblong, oblique, obtuse, serrulate towards the end; stipules cleft and
hinged; invol. subsessile, appendages cretiulate, white; sds. awjular. sculptured,
amber color. — Madison, Wis. (Lapham), and southwestward. A delicate species.
Lvs. G" by 2", and smaller, strongly arcuate. Stipules whitish, clell into hair-like
processes.
22 E. maculata L, Procumbent; branches spreading; lvs. serrate, oblong,
hairy; lis. in crowded, axillary clusteis; seeds broivnish, -L-anglcd, wrinkkd. —
(i i'lant spreading flat upon the ground, in sandy fields, Can. and U. S. Stem
G — 12' in length, much branched, hairy. Leaves opposite, 3 — 6'' long and A as
wide, oblong, obtuse, serrulate, smooth above, often spotted with dark purple, the
margin ciliate, pale and hairy beneath, on short stalks. Heads of flowers small,
crowded near the summit, involucre minute, white. Jl. — Sept. This and Nos.
23 and 24 are too closely allied.
23 E. humistr^ta Engelm. Procumbent, roughly and minutely villous, diffu.so ;
lvs. obliquely elliptical, obtuse at both ends, denticulate near tlie apex, sparsely
hairy beneath ; ped. crowded in lateral clusters, shorter than the ve; ort petioles;
invol. slit on the back, appendages subontiro ; sds. ovate, A-angled, . tely rough-
ened (not wrinkled), ash-colored. — Banks of the Mississippi, St, Louis (Engelman)
and southwestward. Lvs. 4 to 7'' by 2 to 4", sometimes nearly smooth, some-
times spotted above. Fr. puberulent, acutely angled. Seed f long.
24 E. prostrata Ait. Prostrate, very diffuse, villous-pulverulent ; lvs. roundish-
oval, very obtuse at both ends, minutely serrulate towards the apex, villous be-
neath ; ^jed clUrStered, longer than the very short petioles ; invol. appendages obtuse,
entire; fr, woolly; sds. 4:-angled, transversely rugous. — River banks, S. W. States
(Hale). Spreading in largo patciics, with rather dense foliage, clothed all over
with a fine dusty wool. Lvs. of two sizes, the cauline 3 to 5" by 2 to 3", the
ramial scarce half as large. Seeds ligiit brown.
25 E. polygonifolia L. Knot-grass Spurge. Procumbent; ^vs. entire, Jance-
olate and oblong, obtuse at base ; invol. subsessile, in the axils of the branches, soli-
tary ; seeds large (1" long) smooth, ovoid. — CD Sea shores, R. I. to Fla. A very
smooth, succulent, prostrate plant, with milky juice. Stems G — 10' long, dicho-
+,omouB, procumbent. Leaves oblong and linear-lanceolate, rarely cordate at base,
3 — 5 ' by 1", petioles about 1". Sti|)ulea subulate and simple. Heads small, in
the forks of the purple stem. June, July.
26 E. cordifolia Kll. Prostrate, spreading, glabrous; lvs. obliquely cordate at tJie
base, oval, obtuse, entire, distinctly petiolate; ulipules laciniate; ped. nearly as hug
as the leaves, loosely clustered, subterminal; invol. appendages oval, white, cou-
.spieuous ; fr. angular; seed obtuse-angled, smooth. — Ll! In cultivate' I.iuu-, Car.
to Fla. and La. Si)reading in large patches, with alternate brr.,!che9 and cpon
Ibliage. Lvs. 3 to 5'', rarely C, slightly variegated. Sds. bro^vnish wbhe.
27 E. serpens II. B. K. (Kngelman). Trostrate, spreading, glabrcus; lvs.irry
small, roundish-oval, obtuse at both ends, entire; ped. m-x/i longer ih.'n the rn<.
iioks, solitary or several in the axil; invol. api)endages scarcely any; sclh. siruni'
diiusJy angled. — Banks of the Miss., St. Louis (kngehn.) to N. Orleans (dak).
Order 112.-ElH'll()Rluat'K-«l. 629
Our most delicate specios. Lvh. I to -V Ions iuid Iha^ elegautly vanogatod.
Seeds minute, light browu. (E. henuarioidea Nutt.)
2. STILLIN'GIA, liiwd. (Nmuod (or Dr. Benjamin Stillimjjieet)
Flowers o , in a teruiiiial, dense spike, upetalous ; $> calyx cup-torm,
lobed and crenulate; stamens 2, filameiits exseried, witli short, 2-lobed
anthers; $ calyx 3-lobed; style trifid, with 3 divcrgiitir, simple stijjf-
mas ; capsule 3-lobcd, 3-celled, 3-seeded. — l*lants smooth, erect, with
alternate Ivs. PY'rtile fls. at the base of the sterile spike.
1 S. sylvatica L. St. liorbaceous or r.hrubly at base ; Ivs. oval-lana'olaUi, cuneate
at the xuOsesmle base, obtuse at aptx, serridate ; t^iiko solitary, simple, witii lar^■(',
cup-sliaped gLands among the yellowish flowers. — 1^ Sandy soils, Ya. to Fla. and
La. St. mostly simple, 18' to 3f high. Lvs. 2 to 3 to 4' long, thick, sinootb.
Spike 2 to 3 long. May, Jn.
2 S. ligustrina Mx. ShrubV.v, branching; lvs. lanceolate, tapering to both ends,
very entire, petiolate; staniinato fls. short-pedioellod, 1 to each bract, with 2
glands. — In Ga. and Car., margins of streams. Plant 6 to 12f liigh. — Desoription
compiled from Michaux, Pursh and Nuttall. We have not seen the plant.
3 S. sebifera L. Tallow Tree. Arborescent, with very smooth branches, lvs.
long-petioled, rhornboidal, acuminate, entire ; sterile (In. very small, many from each
involucre; fruit stalked, large (6 " diam.) for t)ie geims. — Soacoast, 8. Car., (ia. to
La. Tree 20 to 40f high, Lvs. as broad as long (2 to 4'), conspicuously poiiued.
Petioles of equal length. § China.
3. TRA^GIA, Plum. (From Tragus., an early German botanist.)
Flowers 8\ corolla none; <^ calyx 3-parted ; stamens 2 or 3, distinct;
$ calyx 5 to 6 to 8-parted, persistent; style 3-cleft, stiu^mas 3 ; fruit 3-
lobed, 3-celled, separating into 3 bivalve, 1-secdcd nutlets. — If Herbs
(or tropical shrubs), often climbing. Lvs. mostly alternate, pubescent,
stipulate. Fls. small, raceined.
* Stem twininsr. Leaves cordfito, sharply serrate No. 1
♦ Stem erect. — Leaves subconlatc at base, acutely serrate No. 2
— Leaves cun jate or obtuse at ba.se, obtusely serrate or entire Niia. .S, 4
1 T. macrocdrpa Willd. Recliuiug, much liranched, its slender summits twin-
ing, sparsely hirsute; lvs. long-petiolate, cordate-ovate, acuminate, sharj)ly ser-
rate; rac. much elongated; fr. large. — Hedges, copses, Ky. (Micliaux) to La.
(llale^, Sts. 2 to 4f loi.g. Lvs. largo (1 to 3' long), exactly heart-shaped. Fr.
nearly half an inch diam. (T. cordata Mx.)
2 T. urticsefdlia Mx. Ereet, hirsute, sparingly branched ; lvs. ovate-lanceolato,
unequally and sharply serrate, subcordate or truncate at base, on short petioles;
rac. axillary, elongated; fr. very hairy; sds. globular, very smooth, hollow. — S.
States, common. Plant 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, half to a fourth as wide.
Fruit 3" diam. May — Aug. (T. angustifolia Nutt )
3 T. lirena L. Erect, branched, villous-pubescent ; lvs. obovate-dblong, varying to
lance-lijiear, cuneate at base, subsessile, coarHcly feiv-tooihed .above, or entire ; rac.
axillary, bracted, few or many-flowered; fr. downy. — Dry grounds, Va. to Fla.
and Ala. A homely weed, 10 to 15' high, Iialf shrubby, soft downy, and not (as
Linnajua supposed) stinging. Branches mostly simple. Lvs. 1' or moro long. Fr,
downy, about 4" diam.
/3. LiNE.Xiiis. Lvs. elongated, linear nearly or quite entire. — Ga. to Fla. Seeds
usually hollow as in all tlie varieties. (T. linearifolia Ell.)
4 T. betonicafolia Nutt. M* '• branclieil from a decumbent ba.«e, hairy ; lvs.
oval, obtuse at both ends, coarsely > v.nate-deni.ate, short-petioled ; stip. oval, con-
spicuous; fls. mostly solitary, opposite to the leaves, pedunculate. — Near N.
Orleans (Hale). Plant If high. Lvs. 1' or moro long.
4. ACAL'YPHA, L. Tiiree-heedkd Meucurv, (Or. dt:aX/j(p7j, V\q
nettle.) Flowers S ; corolla ; S very sni.-dl, in short sjiiker,; calyx 4-
<t ■:■,!
r.i:
¥
V]i
W
630
Order 112.— EUPHORBIACE^
parted ' stamens 8 to 12, filaments very short, united it base, with
halved anthers ; $ calyx 3-parted ; styles 3, elongated, 'l )r 3-cleft or
fringed; fruit separating into 3 bivalve, 1-seeded nutlets, i. "ly simple.
— CD Herbs (or tropical shrubs) resembling nettles. Lvs. alternate,
petiolate. Fls. axillary, the fertile in short clusters at the base of the
little staminate spikes, surrounded by a large cut-toothed bract.
1 A. Virginica L. Hairy or downy, branched ; iw. oblong-lanceolate, obscurely ser-
rate; involucTate bracts broadly ovate, deeply cut-toothed, veiny; sterile spikes
slender, peduncled, usually exceeding the involucre ; seeds oval, ash-colored,
smoofhish. — Dry fields, Can. and U. S. A rough weed, 10 to 20 high, often de-
cumbatcat base. Lvs. 12 to 30" long, varying from ovate to lanceolate or lance-
linoar, obtusely pointed, the petioles about as long. The little green spikes 4 to
10'' ; fertile clusters in tho same axils, somotiraea alone. Jn. — Aug. (Also A.
gracilens Gr.)
13. jroNOCOCC'A (Engelm.) Very sleiif'or, with lance-linear, eubentire lvs. and
a simple, 1-celled, 1-seeded fruit. — W. 111.
2 A. Carolini^na "Walt. Minutely downy, branched ; lvs. ovate, cordate, closely
and strongly serrate, acute; sterile spikes ahnrt, fertile Jls., also spicafe, terminal;
invol. bracts deeply palmate with linear segments ; sds. roundish ovoid, light ash-
colored, roughened with hard, black points. — Ind. to N. J., Ga. and La. Plant
slender, 1 to 2f high, nearly smooth. Lvs. 1 to 2' by 9 to 16", on slender petioles.
Seeds larger (1") than in No. 1.
5. CNIDOS'COLUS, Pohl. Spurge Nettle. (Gr. kvi6t}, a nettle,
aKu>Xog, a prickle.) Flowers 5' , showy ; calyx colored, convolute,
coralline; corolla 0; hypogynous glands o, $ stamens 10, united at
base, alternately short; $ calyx 5-pjirt'jd ; styles 3, each 2 or more
cleft; capsule 3-carpeled, 3-seeded. — Herbs ofien beset with stings.
C. Btimulosa Gray. Hispid, with bristly stings; lvs. palmately 3 to 5-lobod,
cordate at ba.se, ciliate, lobes acute or acuminate, witli fow mucronato teeth, late-
ral lobes 2-parted ; lis. terminal at length opposite the leaves, cymous ; sep. white,
oval, spreading; styles many-cleft at top ; caps. Irspid. — U A low herb, in sandy
soils, througiiout tlio South, painfully common. It varies much in the width of
its leaf-segments. Stings white, often half an inch ''^ug. Mar. — Jl. (Jatropha
stimulosa Mx.)
6. RIC'INUS, Tourn. Castor Oil Plant. (Lat. ricinus, sl bug ;
from the resemblance of tho seeds.) Flowers S , apctalous ; calyx 3 to
6-parted, valvate in the bud ; $ stamens oo, with irregularly united
filaments ; $ style short, stigmas 3, 2-parted, plumous, colored ; cap-
sule echinate, 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-secded. — Herbs or shrubs.
R. commtlinia L. St. frosted or glaucous-white, herbaceous ; lvs. peltate, palmate,
lobes lanceolate, serrate; caps, prickly. — Native of the E. Indies, where it becomes
a tree, although an herbaceous annual iu the N. States. In (}a. La. and Fla. it is
a stout shrub! St. tall, smooth, of a light bluish green color. Lvs. 4 to 12"
diarn., on long petioles. From its seeds is expres^^ed the well known castor oU
of tho shops. For this purpose it is extensively cultivati'd in the S. and W.
States. — The purgative property resides in the embryo, not iu the albumen.
7. CROTON, L. (Name in Greek of tiio stiuio import as Ricinus.)
Flowers 8 ; 6 calyx 4 or H-parted, cyliudric-valvate in bud; corolla of
4 or 5 petals, often sinali ; slameiis 5 io 20 ; $ calyx 5, rarely 8-cleft ;
corolla often minute or none ; styles 3, oufc or repeatedly forked ; cap-
stile 3-iobed, 3-celled, n-oarjieled, carpels 1-seeded. — Plants clothed with
scurf, down or wool, usually glandular and aromatic. Hairs stellate.
Lvs. alternate.
m>
Order 112.— KUPKORBIACE^.
631
) Plants downy. Fertile calyx 5-parted, with 2 styles, pendulous No. 1
i Pliiiit.s hairy or sculv. Fertile calyx S-parted, witli 8 styles, euch 2 or S-cleft Nos. 'i— 4
I I'lantd densely woolly. Fertile calyx 8-parted. Stylos 3, each twice '2-c;left Nus. 5, 6
1 C. monanthogynum Mx. Stellately pubescent, tri- and diohotoinously
branched, slender; Iva. on slender petioles, ovate and ovate-oblong, broad and
sometimes subcwdate at ba^e, mucronulate, entire, silvery beneatli ; Hs. in tlio
forks, the sterile 2 or 3 in a little erect, stalked iiead ; the fertile mostly solitary
in the same axil, recurved; fr. 2-seeded. — l) Prairies, Pike Co., 111. (Holtoii) and
south-westward. Herb near If higii, Ivs. 1' long. Fla. very smalL Jn. —
Sept.
2 C. glanduldaum L, Hispid, glandular, tri- (or 4Vchotomously branclicd ; Ivx
clustered at th« forks, petiolate, lance-oblong or linear-oblong, serrate, h'urini/ 2
cup-shaped glands at ba.se; Hs. in small clusters, sessile in the forks and teniiiual,
the fertile at the ba.se, 5-parted, the sterile 4-parted, octandrous. — [V In fields and
waste grounds. 111. to Va., Ga. and La. A straggling herb 1 to 3f high. Lvs.
1 to 2' long. Sd. liglit ash-colored. Jn. — Sept.
3 C. argyranthemum Mx. Clothed with glandular scales, branched at base ; lvs.
oval or nlilong, tapering to a petiole, obtuse, entire, silvery beneath; fls. in a
capitate, terminal spike, silvery tvhitish all over, fertile at base, 5-parted. with 3
styles, each IJ-cleft at top; sterile 5-parted, octandrous. — U Sandy soils, (la.
(Wayne Co., Dr. Town) and Fla. (Tallaliasseo!). Sts. 9 to 18' higii, simple, often
clustered. Lvs. 1' to 18'' long, lialf to a lliird as wide. Scales stellate, witli a
central gland. Fls. short-pediceled. Apr. — Jn.
4 C. niaritimum Walt. Ilulf shrnJjhy, dill'usely and trichotomously branched,
brandies clothed witli a stellular tonieutum ; lvs. broadly oval, obtuse, entire, sub-
cordate, pale above, silvery beneath, petiolate ; lis. in dense spikes, terminal and
in the forks, the sterile many, the fertile commonly 2 at the base; caps, to-
mentous. — li Drifling sands along the seacoast, S. Car. to Fla. and Tex. (Erigel-
man). Sts. straggling and spreading 2 to 3f. Lvs. shining with a silvery scurf,
not hairy beneath, nearly as broad as long.
5 C. capitatum Mx. Annual, woolly or tomentous, hoary, branched ; lvs. long-
2n'tiokd, oval-oblong, obtuse, entire, rounded ai ba.fe ; fls. in terminal, capitate clus-
ters, the fertile at the base, with a large (8" diani.) S-cle/t calyx ; stamens 10 to
12. — Dry barrens of 111. to La Also in N. J. (Kniskern in Gray's Miinual).
Herb 1 to 2f high. Lvs. 18" to 2' lung, olton rather lanceolate and acuti.-h,
scarcely longer than their petioles. Seeds polialied, cinerous-browu, mottled. Jn.
—Sept.
6 C. Lindheimeri Eng. & Gray. Shrubby, erect, trichotomously branched,
clothed with a dense, hoary tomentum, lvs. oblong-lanceolate, rounded or suir
cordate at base, acute, entire, lower petioles elongatecl ; spikes terminal and in the
forks, taixtd or separate, sterile fls. many, sessile, fertile larger, 2 or 3 at the base
or alone ; cal. very wouUy, $ 7 or 8-parted; styles 3, twice or thrice forked,
red ; ova. very villous. — Sands, near the coast, La., Tex, Shrub 2 to If high, lvs.
2 to 3' long. $ Fls. a mass of rusty wool, 5" broad.
8. CROTONOP'SIS, Mx. (Named for its resemblance (oxpig) to the
genus Croton.) Flowers 8 , minute, in terminal and axillary spikes;
$ calyx 5-parte<l; corolla of 5 petals ; stamens 5, distinct; $ calyx 5-
parted ; corolla none; stamens 5 rudimentary scales ; stigma.s 3, each
bilid ; ovary simple; capsule 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent. — li' Herb
slender, branching, silvery -scurfy, with small, alternate Ivs. Upper fls.
sterile.
C. linearis Mx. — Sandy swamps, N. J. to Fla., La. and 111. (Lapham). Sts. as
slender as the flax, at length repeatedly forked, 1 t(j 2f high, clothed with rusty
glands in shining scales, as well as the small (6 to 10" long), linear-oblong, acute
lvs. Fr. oval, acute, muricato glandular. Jn. — Sept.
9. PHYLLAN'THUS, L. (Gr. fv^iXov, dvdog ; the leaves of the ori-
ginal species are apparently floriterous.) Flowers 3 . — i Calyx per>
Pi (I
lit
■i' M
6;? 2
Order 113.— ULMACE^.
i'
sistent, with 6 spreading, colored segments; stamens 3, very short,
filaments united at base, anthers didymous. 9 Calyx as in the ^ ;
styles 3, bifid ; capsule 3-celled ; cells '2-valved, 1 — 2-seeded. — Herbs
or shrubs with alternate, stipulate leaves and minute, axillary flowers,
P. Carolin^nsis Walt. (P. obovatus "Willd.) St. erect, herbaceous, with alter-
nate branches ; Ivs. simple, entire, glabrous, oval and obovate, obtuse, slightly
petioled ; lis. few, subsolitary, axillary. — (1) A small-leaved, delicate plant, Penn.
to 111. and SouUi. Stem 6 — 10' high, slender, the branches tiliform. Leaves of
the stem C — 8" by 4 — 5", of the branches twice, and of the branchlets four times
smaller. Flowers 1 — 3 in each axil, the $ with the ? nearly 1" diara., whitish.
July, Aug.
10. PACHYSAN'DRA, Mx. (Gr. Traxv^, thick, avdpa, stamen.)
Flowers 8 , apetalous, iu bracteato spikes ; calyx 4-parted ; $, stamens 4,
filaments distinct, large, subclavate ; ovary a rudiment; ? styles 3, re-
curved; capsule 3-horned, 3-celled, cells 2-valved, 2-seeded. — ii Herbs
procumbent, from long, creeping, rhizomes. Lvs. nearly glabrous, alter-
nate, exstipulate. Spikes situated below the lvs.
P. procumbens Mx. Sts. simple ; lvs. few, o\al, coarsely crenate-toothcd, nar-
rowed into a slender petiole ; spikes from near the base of the stem, oo-flowei-ed,
the fertile below the sterile each subtended by 2 or 3 narrow bracts. — Mts. of
Va. and E. Tenn. to Ga. Sts. 6 to 9' long. Lvs. 1 to 2', all of them above the
few ppikes which are about the same length. Mar. — May.
11. BUX'US, L. Box-w^ooD. (The Greek name of this plant was
TTv^oq.) Flowers § , axillary. — $, Calyx 3-leaved, petals 2 ; sta. 4, with
the rudiment of an ovary. $ Cal. 4-sepaled ; pet. 3 ; sty. 3 ; caps,
with 3 beaks and 3 cells ; seeds 6. — Shrubs and trees. Lvs. evergreen,
opposite.
B. semp^nrirens L. Lvs. ovate : petioles hairy at edgo ; anth. ovate, sag-
ittate. — Yixr. ANGUSTipoLiA ha.s narrow, lanceolate leaves. Var. suffuuticosa,
the dwarf box has obovate leaves and a stem scarcely woody, highly esteemed
for edgings in garoens. — The box with its varieties is native of Europe, and fur-
nishes the well-known box-wood so extensively used by engravers, mathematical
instrument makers, &c.
Order C\\\\. ULMACE^. Elmworts.
Trees with a colorless juice, alternate, deciduous leaves and stipules, with the
flowers perfect, or abortively pol3'gamous, in loose clusters, never in amenta. Calyx
subcampanulate, bearing the stamens opposite to its lobes, filaments straight, ovary
free, 1 or 2-eelled, with two stigmas, forming iu fruit a samara or a drupe. Sad
suspended, with no albumen and leafy cotyledons. Fig. 46. E. 115, 437.
Genera 9, species 60, native of the northern tt;inperato zone.
Propertief!. — Astrinpent, miuihisrinoiis, innoxious. The inucilnglnous bark nf tho Slippery Elm
(Ulmusl'ulva) is the only importiint medicinal product. Most of tiic Eliiusatford excellent limber,
I. UL'MUS, L. Elm. (The Latin name, from elm, Teutonic.) Flowers
V . Calyx campanulate, 4 to 8-cleft ; stamens 4 to 8 ; styles 2 ; ovary
compressed forming a flattened samara with a bi'oad mend)ranoii3 bor-
der. — Trees, I'arely shrubs. Lvs. scabrous, often abrupt at base. FIs.
fasciculate or racemed, appearing before the lvs.
§ Pamara ciliate-frinKcd witli liairs, find on .^lender pedicels, (a)
a Flowers and fruit c<iiyrMb<>iis-uinbellate. Uniiiclies not corky No. ]
IX Flowers and fiiiit, iiiiinifestly raroiniMl. Hraiiclies corky Nos. S, 8
S l?ani;ira destitute of a fringe, subsehsilo or short pediceUd . . '. Nos. 4—6
Order 113.— ULMACEiE.
633
L U. Americana L. White Elm. (Fig. A?,l.) Lvsi. ovate, acuminate, serrate,
often doubly so, unequal at base; lis. podiceled in loose dusters; Ir. oviil,
smooth except the densely ciliate margin, its 2 beaks with points incurved aiid
meeting. — U. S. and Can. A majestic tree, usually disiinguislied by its loiij^- pen-
dulous br-anches. The trunk attains a diameter of 3 to 5fJ loosing itsflf suddenly
at top in 2 or more primary branches. These ascend, gradually spreading, and
repeatedly dividing in broad, graceful curves, xnd atfording a good example of tho
solvent axis (§ 174). It is a great favorite as i shade tree, and is frequently Pcen
rearing its stately form and casting its deep shade over the " sweet homes" of N.
Eng. April.
2 U. racemoaa Thomas. Cork Rlm. Branchlets doiimy, often with thick, rorly
ridges ; Ivs. ovate, acuminate, auriculate on one side ; lis. in racemes ; peilieeis in dis-
tinct fasciclus, united at their base, fruit ovate, elliptic, ciliate. — A tree found in
low grounds, Meriden, N. H. to N. Y., and westward. Tho twigs atid branches
are remarkably distinguished by their numerous, corky, wing-like excrescences.
Leaves 3 — 4' long, § as wide, produced into a rounded auricle on one side, doubly
serrate, smooth above, veins and under surface minutely pubescent, i'lovvers
pedicellate, 2 — 4 in each of the fascicles which are arranged in racemes. Calyx
7 — S-clcfl. Stamens 7 — 10. Stigmas recurved. Sa-nara pubescent, the margin
doubly fringed. Apr. — Much like No. 1, except its inflorescence and bark.
3 U. aldta Mx. "Winged Elm. 'WnAHOO. Branches smooth, here and there
winged with 2 corky ridges ; Ivs. ohlong-lanreoial^, small, acute, doubly serrate, all
slightly unequal at hasQ ; tis. in racemes; cal. ),;bes obovate, obtuse; fruit downy
all over, ciliate-fringed on the margin, beaks ^lender. — Common in the S. States.
Tree with its branches more regularly cork-winged than in No. 2, its leaves much
smaller (18 to 30'' long) and subequal at biuse, the petioles only 1" long. (Fruit
misrepresented in Micliaux.)
4 U. fulva L. Slipi'ERy Elm. Red P]lm. Branches rough ; Ivs. ohlmg-ovate,
acuminate, nearly equal at base, unequally serrate, pubescent both sides, very
rough; huds covered with fulvous down ; fls. sessile; fr. nearly orbicular, scarcely
ciliate. — Woods and low grojuds, N. Eng. to Car. The Slippery Elm is much
sought on account of tho nmeiiage in the inner bark. Its diameter is 1 to 2f
and height 20 to 40f. Tho Ivs. are larger, thicker and rougher than those of the
White Elm, and exhale a pleasant odor. Fls. collected at the ends of the young
shoots. Cal. downy, sessile. Stam. phort, reddish, 7 in number. Apr.
5 U. campeatris L. English Elm. Lvs. (small) ovate, doubly serrate, unt>-
qual at base ; fls. subsessile, densely clustered ; sta. 5 — 8 ; cal. segments rounded,
ebtuse; samara suborbicular, the border destitute of a fringe of hairs. — Frnm
Europe. Introduced and naturalized in the Enstein Hinlosto a sniiill extent. It
is a majestic tree, 50 — 70f high. The main Inink is usually excurrent (§ 17i]).
Branches rigid and thrown off at a largo angle, foliage dense. In form it favors
the Oak more than our native Klnis. Many trees of this kind, in the vicinity of
Boston, are particularly remarked in Emerson's iteport, pp. HUl, 302.
6 U. mont^na L. Scotch Elm. AVycii Elm. tvs. (large), obovate, cuspi-
date, doubly and coarsely serrate, cuneate and unequal at biise, very scabrous
above, evenly downy beneath ; fr. subumbellate, rliombic-ol)long ; .sciircely cloven,
not cihate. — Another European Elm often planted in our parks. It is a large tree,
rather resembling our Slippery Elm than the White Elm.
7 U. crassifolia Nutt. With very small (1' long), thick, oval, obtuse lvs.
grows in W. La., probably not E. of the Miss. It flowers in Sept. only. (Hale.;
2. PLA'NERA, Gmel. (Ir honor of ./o/t/it/. Planer, a German bota-
nist.) Flowers mona'cious-polygainoiis ; calyx campauulate, 4 to 5-
clei't ; stamens 4 to 5 ; stigmas 2, oblong, diverging; fniit l-rolled,
1-seeded, wingless, dry, nut-like, indehiscent. — Trees with the habit of
Ulmus.
P. aqudtica Omol. Lvs. small, smooth, ovate, acute, serrate, equal at base ; fla
axillary, in clusters of 2 to 6 ; sig. plumous; nut roughened with scale-like points.
— River ewamps, N. Car. to (J a. A tree 30 to 40f high. Feb., Mar.
P
ilMl
ii if
■I't ;
634
OiiDtu 114.— ARTOCARPACE^.
■■.' ) ■
3. CEL'TIS, Tourn. Nkttle Trke. Suoah-berry. (Celtis was
the anciuiit name for the Lotus.) Flowers monecio-polygamous, S
Calyx G-parted ; stamens 6 ; ^ calyx 5-parted ; stamens 5 ; style 2 ;
stigmas subulate, elongated, spreading ; drupe globular, 1-seeded, seed
with little albumen. — Trees or large shrubs. Lvs. mostly oblique at
base. Fls. subsolitary, axillary.
1 C. occident^lis L. Tre^.i ; Ivs. ovate, suboordate or truncite. acuminate, en
tiro and unequal at base, surrate, roujjfh above, and rough-hairy 1 eneatii ; pedun-
cle longer than the petiole; sep. iriuwjular-ovate, ertct; fr. woliiary. — Tree some
30f iiigh in N. Eug. where it is rarely found, nmch larger (3 to 5fdiam., 50 to 70f
high) and more abundant South and West. Tlie trunk has a rough but unbroken
bark, with numerous slender, horizontal branches, forming a wide-spread and
dense top. Lvs. with a long acumination, and remarkably unequal at the broad
base. Fls. axillary, solitary, small and white, succeeded by a small, round drupe.
(i. cb.\ssif6lia. Lvs. thick, rough, scrratf, cordate, dark green and mottled
above. Also a largo tree, tall in woods, wide-spread in open lauds. Both
are often mistaken for Elms.
y. iNTEGUiFoLlA. Lvs. entire, thin, smooth ; bark smooth and unbroken. —
Banks of the Miss., St. Louis, to N. Orleans. We have specimens with most
of the lvs. perfectly entire, some on the Siimo branch with 1 or 2 notches,
others notched a fourth of the circuit, &c. (C. Mississippiensis Bosc.)
2 C. pClinila Ph. Shrub; lvs. broadly ovate, acute or slightly acuminate, partly
serrate, smooth on both sides, pubescent only when young ; fls. solitary ; sep.
mostly 6, oblong-linear, as hi kj as tiie styles, horizontally spreading. — A straggling
shrub, 3 to lOf high, in hilly districts, Va. to Fla. (Chattahoochee). Flowering at
the height of (2f Nutt) 6f. The peculiarity of the flower may perhaps entitle
this shrub to the rank of a species. Sep. near 2" long. Drupes glaucous black,
sweet. Mar. — May.
III
j»
Ordkr CXIV. ART0CARPACEJ5. Artocarps.
Trees or shrubs with a milky acrid or noxious juice, with large deciduous stipules.
Flowers i ? or (9 , collected into dense heads or aments, naked or with a lobed calyx.
Ovary free, 1 (rarely 2)-celled, 1-ovuled, forming fleshy, aggregated fruit (sorosis or
syconus, §580). Achenium, with an erect or pendulous, albuminous seed. Figs. 36,
U9, 450, 461.
Genera 31, speciea 240 ? generally n.atives of the tropics or at least of warm climates. They
are closely allied to the Nettleworts, differing chiefly in fruit, jiiico and habit.
Properties. — The juice is almost always deleterious, sometimos in a high degree. It contains
eaontahouc. The celebrated Bohon Upas, the most deadly of all poisons, is the concrete juice
of Antiaris toxlcaria of the Indian Archipelago, its poisonous property is said to be due to tlie
presence of .strychnia. Mennwliile the famous coiv tree of 8. America yields milk which i.s rich
and wholesome. G'Mwt ?ac is obtained abundantly from Fleas Indica. The renowned .&iMj/(/n
tree is Ficus relixiosa. In this order are also found many excellent fruits. I^lgaare the fruit of
Ficus Carica, &c. Breadfruit is the compound fruit of Artocarpus; mulberries of Woru!
nigra. FtiMe, a yellow dye, Is the wood of M. tinctoria of S. America.
§ Flowers inside the excavated receptacle, both kinds together Fious. 4
§ Flowers external, the 2 kinds separate, in two kinds of aments. (*)
* Calyx i-sep. Fertile flowers in a globular ament. Thorny Maolcra. 8
* Calyx 4-parted. Fertile ament globular. Style 1 ISkoussonktia. 2
* Ciilyx 4-parted, lobes spreading. Fertile aments oblong. Styles 2. Moklb. 1
\r MORBUS, Tourn. Mulberry. (Celtic mor, black ; the color of the
fruit.) Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the $ in loose catkins ; the
$ in dense spike-like catkins ; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4 ; styles 2 ;
achenium compressed, enclosed within the baccate calyx, the whole
spike thus constituting a compound berry (sorosis.)— Trees with alter-
nate, generally lobed lvs. Fls. inconspicuous.
Iff
I'M
Order 114.— ARTOCARPACE.E.
635
1 M. rtlbra L. Red Mulbeiiry. Lvs. scabrous, pubescent beneath, rouii(k»d nc
sulxiordate at base, equally serrate, acuminate, ovato or (in the young trees) ptil-
mutely and oddly lobed; fertile spikes cyliudric; r. dark red. — In N. Ktig. u rare
shrub 16 to 201' hi^h. In the Mid. S. uud W. IStates it attain?* the elevation of
40 — tjOf, with a diameter of 1 to '2f. Roots yellow. Trunk eovcred witli i gray-
ish uark, muuh broKua and furrowed. Woo*! tinu-grained, stong and durab)''.
Waves 4 — 6' long, jj i\s wide, entire or divided into lobes, thick, dark greoii.
Flowers small. Fruit of a deep red color, witii the aspect of a blackberry, conv
posed of tiie entire catkin, made pulpy and sweet. Apr., May
2 M. dlba L. White Mui.berky. Lvs. ghhronx, cordate and ohliqiK? at
base, unequally serrate, either undivided or lobed; //■. whitish. — Cultivated for tiio
sake of its leavt.'s as the food of silk worms. A tree of iiumblo growtii. Leaves
2 — 4' long, § aa wide, acute, petiolate. Flowers green, i small, roundisli spikes
or liea'is. Fruit of a yellowish-white, insipid, f China.
(3. MULTiCAULis. (CHINESE MuLBEUUY Lvs. large (4 — 7' long, 5 as broad.)
—Shrub.
3 M. nigra L. Black Mulberry. Lvs. scahrn iS, cordate, ovate or lobed,
obtuse, unequally serrate; fertile spikes oval. — Cuitivatfd for ornament and shade,
in this as well as in many otiier countries. Fruit dark red or blackish, of an
aromatic, acid flavor, f Persia.
2. BROUSSONETIA, L'ller. Paper Mltlberry. (In honor of P.
N. V. Bnussoiu't^ a distinguished French naturalist.) Flowers difjc-
cc'oiis ; S anient cylindric ; calyx 4-parted ; $ anient globous ; rc-
cepticle cylindric-clavate, compound ; caly.x 3 to 4-toothed, tubular;
ovaries becoming flesliy, clavate, prominent ; style lateral ; seed 1, cov-
ered by the calyx. — Trees from Japan.
B. papyrifera Vent. Lvs. of the younger tree roundish-ovate, acuminate,
mostly undivided, of the adult tree Z-l ibed ; fr. hispid. — A tine hardy tree, occa-
fiii :ially cultivated. It is a low, bushy-headeii tree, of rapid growtli, witlv largo,
lia;ht green, downy leaves, and dark rod friit a little larger than peas, with long,
purple hairs. The divided lvs. resemble those of the white mulberry.
3. MACLU^RA, Niitt. Osage Orange, {^o William Maclure, Esq.^
of the U. S., a distinguished geologist.) Flowers (^ $ , in aments. Calyx
; ova. numerous, coalescing into a compound, globous fruit, of 1-
seeded, compressed, angular, cuneiform carpels ; sty. 1, filiform, villous.
— A lactescent tree, with deciduous, alternate, entire, exstipulate leaves
and stout, axillary spines.
M. aurantiaca Nutt. — A beautiful tree, native on the banks of the Arkansas,
&c. Leaves 4 — 5' by 1^ — 2A^', glabrous and shining above, strongly veined and
paler beneath, on short petioles, ovate or ovate-oblong, margin obscurely denticu-
late, apex subacuminate, rather coriaceous. The fruit is about the size of an
orange, golden yellow when ripe, suspended by an a.xillary peduncle amid the
deep green, polished foliage. Extensively cultivated for hedges.
4. FrCUS, Tourn. Fig. Banyan. (Gr. ovkt]. Lat. Jicus. Celtic
fi'jueren. Teutonic yif/7e. Anglo-Saxon /7c. Y,n^\\^\\ Fig.) Flowers
moneecious, minute, fixed upon the inside of a fleshy, turbinate, closed
receptacle; ^ calyx 3-parted ; stamens 3 ; ? calyx 5-parted ; ovary 1 ;
seed 1 ; fruit (syconus) composed of the enlarged, fleshy receptacles
inclosing the numerous, dry, imbedded achenia.
P. Cdrica Willd. Common Fio. Lvs. cordate, 3 — 5-lobed, repand-dentate;
lobes obtuse, scabrous above, pubescent beneath.— -Supposed to be a native of
Caria, Asia, although cultivated for its fruit in all tropical climes. With us it is
reared only in sheltered locations aa a curioaitj. The delicious fruit is well knowa
Leaves very variable in form.
#
5 "ii
■I'
^
-.%. '^o^
Jl* ▼^ .0. ^F t
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
//
^/
^ .v^
:/.
z
^
<"
1.0
|50 ■^™ III^HI
1.1 r.-^KS
^ Ni&
11.25
1^1^
Hiotographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WIST MAIN STMET
WnSTM.N.Y. HSSO
(716) •72-4503
A
636
Okdkr 115.— URTICACE^.
Okder CXV. URTICACE^. Nettleworts.
Herbs (and some tropical shrubs) with a wutery juice, a tough, fibrous bark.
Leaves stipulate, often opposite, flowers .small, monoecious or dioecious, in panicles,
racemes, or den.se clusters, furnished with a regular calyx. Stamens opposite to the
calyx lobes. Ovary 1-celled, ovule erect, orthotropous. Fruit a simple acheuium.
Figs. 50, 459.
Oenera 25, apeciea 700? penerally diffiisod in all climes. Wo retain under this order the Can
nabincte, dismissing the Artocarpuui, tlius constituting a group wliich is at least practicuUi
natural.
Properties. — The Nettleworts are remarkable for the caustic secretion of their glandular,
etiu^'lns hairs, whicl), bad enou:;h in our coiniiion nettle, attains a terrible virulence in certain
E. Indian species. The juice of the lleinpworts is bitter and narcotic. Savage nations pro-
cure an intoxicating liquor from tliu Iletnp, and the more civilized a strong stimulant from th«
Hup. The fibrous bark of Hemp and other species is highly valuable in the arts.
SUBORDERS AND OENERA.
I. UUTICE^. — Filaments crenulate, expanding elastically. Fertile calyx 3 to 5-8epaled or
toothed. Seed albuminous, with a straight embryo (*).
• Herbs with stinging hairs. — Stamens 4. Leaves opposite Ubtica. I
— Stamens 5. Leaves alternate Laportea. 2
* Herbs stingless. — Stamens 8. Fertile calyx 3-sepaled. Leaves opposite Pilka. 8
— Stamens 4. — Fls. iu slender spikes. Lvs. opp. or alt BoiiiMKKiA. 4
— Fls. in iavolucrate cymes. Lvs. altern. .Pariktaria. 5
II. OANNABINEiE. — Filaments straight, or not elastic. Fertile calyx of 1 sepal, lateral, eui-
bracing tlie ovary. Seed exalbuminous. with a curved or spiral embryo (♦).
* Fruit a valveloss achcnium, in astrobilc-Iike anient. Twining IIumulus. 6
♦ Fruit a 2-valved caryoiwis, in axillary pairs. Lvs. digitate Cannabis. 7
1. UR'TICA, Tourn. Nettle. ( Lat. Mro, to bum; in reference to
the stinging species.) Flowers 8 , sometimes $ ^; S calyx 4-scpal('(],
with a cup-shaped, central rudiment of an ovary ; stamens 4 ; $ calyx
persistent, 4-sepaled, the outer pair minute, the inner at length sui-
rounding the shining, compressed achcnium ; stigma 1, sessile. — Herbs
with stinging hairs. Lvs. opposite. Fls. green, in a.\illary or subter-
minal clusters or racemes.
$ Clusters compound, longer than the petioles Nos. 1, 2
I clusters simple, shorter,' or not longer than the petioles Nos. B— 5
1 U. pidcera "Willd. Si. tall, simple, 4:-sided, slightly hispid with jew stings; lvs.
lanceolate, acute or obtuse at base, rough, hispid, prominently 5-veined, acutely ser-
rate; panicles axillary, very branching, numerous, interru-itedly spicate, lower
ones sterile, upper fertile. — Borders of Holds, waste places, N. Eng. and Can. St.
3 to 5f high, with a tough bark. Lvs. with the serratures incurved, acute or
somewhat acuminate at apex, 3 times longer than the petioles. Fls. in glomerate
paniolos on the upper part of the stem. Jl. (U. gracilis Ait.)
2 U. dioica L. Stinging Nettle. Very hispid and stinging ; his. cordate, lance-
ovate, conspicuously acuminate, coarsely and acutely serrate, the point entire, pet-
ioles thrice shorter ] f^. S or S 2 , ui branching, clustered, axillary, interrupted
epikes longer than the petiol&s. — If AVaste places, common. Stem 2— 4f high,
branching, obtusely 4-angled, with opposite, short-stalked leaves which are 3 — 4'
long, and about J as wide. Flowers small, green, in axillary clusters, of mean
aspect, corresponding with the insidious character of the plant. JL, Aug.
§ Eur. — Its power of stinging resides in minute, tubular hairs or prickles, which
transmit a venomous fluid when pressed.
3 U. Cirens L. Dwarf Nettle. Lvs. broadly elliptic, or ovate, petiolate, 3-
veined, deeply and acutely serrate ; clusters in spike-like, loose, simple pairs. — d
Weed, in cultivated grounds. Stem 12 — 20' high, hispid with venomous stiugs,
branching. Leaves 1' or more long, half as broad, on short petioles and with
large serratures. Stipules small, lanceolate, reflexed. Flowers in drooping, pc
dunculitto clusters about as long as the petioles, both the sterile and fertile in tlic
Otti.KB 115.— URTICACKJ5,
637
sarao axU. Rare northward, frequent South. Feb., Mar. (South). Apr. — Jn.
(North). § Eur.
4 U. purpurdscens Nutt. Assurgent, beset with spreading stings ; Ivs. broadly
ovate, cordate, 3-veiued, coarsely crenate-serrate ; glomerules capitate, much shorter
than the petioles, dense, ancillary, spicate at top. — Ky. to La. Sis. purplish, I'i
to 18' high, clustered. Lvs. variegated, 1' long and wide, petiole G tu 9". Mar.
— May.
5 U. chamaedroides Ph. St. bristlj' \v\ia stings ; lvs. subsessile, ovate, sorrat'^,
strigous beneath ; glomerules axillary -essile, subglobous, reflexed. — On the islands
of Ga, (Pursh.) Lvs. small. Stings .vhito and very conspicuous. May. — Is this
a variety of U urens ?
2. LAPORTEA, Gaudich. Wood NEiTLk;. Flowers 8ot$ <$; i
calyx 6-partod; stamens 5 ; ovary rudimentary, liemisphcrical ; $ calyx
4-sej>aled, the 2 outer minute, the 2 inner foliaceous in fruit ; stigma
subulate, elongated ; aclienia compressed-lenticular, very oblique, finally
reflexed on the winged pedicel. — 21 Hairs stinging. Lvs. ample, alter-
nate, ovate. Fls. in axillary panicles, the lower sterile, upper fertile.
Ii. Cana<^6nBis Gaud. Hispid and stinging; lvs. on long petioles, broad-ovato,
rounded or subcordato at base, serrate, acuminate ; panicles axillary, solitary or
in pairs, divaricate, mostly shorter than the petioles, tlie fertile nearly terminal,
elongated in fruit. — Damp woods, U. S. and Can. St. 2 to 6f high, mostly simple,
flexuous at top. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 2 to 3', more or less hispid both sides, somttimcH
nearly smooth. Lower petioles 3' long. Fls. minute, in panicles 1 to 4' in leiigtli,
the fertile panicle about 2', erect, enlarged in fruit. Aug. (Urtica Canadensis
and divaricata L.)
3. PrLEA, Lindley. Rich-wkeu. (Lat. pileus, a cap ; from the
resemblance of one of the sepals of 1\ muscosa.) Flowers 8 or $ $ .
S Calyx of 3 or 4 equal sepals ; stamens 3 or 4. $ Calyx of 3 oblouLT,
unequal sepals ; stamens rudiments 3, cucuUate opposite the sepals ;
achenium roughened, opaque, ovate, erect, nearly naked. — (D Smooth,
stingless, Avith opposite lvs., united stipules and dense, axillary i^lustois,
bot!i kinds mixed.
P. pumila Gr. Ascending, weak, succulent ; lvs. on long petioles, hiombic-
ovato, crenate-serrate, membranous and glabrous, 3-VLinf>d; fls. in s'-ort el ters;
$ sepals slightly unequal. — (£) In waste places, about buildings and in v ..j, U.
S. and Can. St. fleshy, semi-transparent when growing in shades, smooth and
shining, 3 to 18' long, simple or branched. Lvs. pale green, 1 to 2' by 8 to IG' ,
petioles of about the same length. Sep. much shorter than the greenish, mottled
achenium, one of them a little longer than the other two. Jl. — Sept (Urtica,
L. Ad ice, Raf.)
4. BdHME^RIA, Jacq. False Nettle. (Named for G. F. Bcehmcr,
a German botanist.) Flowers 5> or ,5 ? . ^ Calyx 4-parted, with lan-
ceolate, acute segments ; stamens 4 ; $ calyx tubular, truncate or 4-
toothed, persistent and closely investing the ovate, pointed achenium.
— Herbs or shrubs, stingless. Lvs. opposite or alternate. Fls. clus-
tered.
1 B. cylfndrica "Willd. Herbaceous, dioecious, smootliish, ; lvs. opposite, ovate,
acuminate, dentate, on long petioles; sterile spikes interrupted, fertile cylindric. —
A coarse, nettle-like plant, in swampa and bottoms, Mid. and W. States. St.
Blender, obtusely 4-angled, channeled on each side, 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 3-veineil,
3 to 5' long, half aa wide, petioles 2 to 3', the upper sometimes not quite oppasilo.
ris. minute, the fertile Bpikea 1 to 2' in length, the barren spikes longer and more
si' ndor. Jl., Aug. (Urtica capitata L ?)
2 B. laterifidra Muhl. Whole plant rough-pubescent, monoecious; lvs. all alter'
note, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, (.'.entato, rounded and subpeltato i.t 1jus(.', on
'i ■
638
Orukr 116.— EMl'ETRACK^B.
short petioles ; upper spikes long and sterile, lower short, dense, fertile.— Borders
of ponds. S. W. States. St. strict, 2 to 3f high, very rough. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, a
fourth as wide, thick, on petiole.s 4 to 7' long. Fertile spikes as long as the pet-
ioles, sterile nearly as long as the leaves.
5. PARIETA'RIA, Tourn. Pellitory. (Lat. jaarte?, a wall ; some
of tlie species prefer to grow on old walls.) Flowers luonoecio-polyga-
mous, in clusters, surrounded by a many-bracted involucre. ^ Calyx
4-sepaled ; stamens 4, at first incurved, elastically expanding. $ Calyx
tubular-campanulate, 4-lobed, inclosing the ova»y ; stigma tufted ; achc-
niam polished, inclosed within the persistent calyx. — Herbs weed-likf,
Avith usually alternate lvs. Clusters of green fis., axillary.
1 P. Pennsylvdnioa Muhl. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, veiny, tapering to an obtuse
point, entire, punctate with opaque dots; invol. longer than the flowers. — ^ A
rough, pubescent lierb, found in damp, rocky places, Vt. to Wis. and Ga. Stem
erect, simple or sparingly branched, 6 — 12' high. Leaves alternate, entire, hairy
and rough, about ^' wide and 3 or 4 times as long, petiolate, and ending with an
obtuse acumination. Segments cf tho involucre about 3, lance-linear. Flowers
dense, greenish and reddish white. May, June.
2 P. Florid^na Nutt. Lvs. roundish-ovate, obtuse, as long as the petiole, opaquely
punctate; fls. as long as the involucre. — ''^ Damp, sandy soils, Ga. and Fla. St.
decumbent at base, branches erect, 10 to 12' high. Lva. small, 1' long, including
the filiform petiole, 3 to 6" wide. Bracts linear. May — Oct.
6- HU'MULUSt L. Hop. (Lat. humus, moist earth; the hop grows
only in rich soils.) Flowers $ $ . — $ Calyx 6-sepalcd ; stamens 5 ;
anthers with 2 pores at the summit. 9 Bracts imbricate, large, entire,
concave, persistent, 1-flowcred, forming an oblong amcnt ; calyx of 1
sepal; membranous, entire, persistent; styles 2; achenium invested by the
tliin calyx; embryo coiled. — i| Twining with the sun. Lvs. opposite.
F!s. in axillary panicles and strobile-like aments.
H. Iflpulua L. The hop-vine is found wild in hedges, &c., throughout this country,
and is, as every one knows, extensively cultivated for the sake of its ameut-liko
fruit. It has a long, annual stem of rapid growtli, always twining with the sun,
rough backwards with reflexed prickles. Leaves very rough, generally 3-lobed,
deeply cordate at base, on long stalks. Flowers of the barren plants innumer-
able, panicled, greenish ; those of tho fertile, in aments with largo scales. Cal.
and scales in fruit covered with reddish, resinous atoms (lupulin) in which the
virtue resides. Jl.
7. CAN'NABIS, Tourn. Hemp. Flowers $ ^ .— S Calyx 6-parted ;
stamens 5. $ Calyx entire, oblong-acuminate, opening longitudinally
at the side ; styles 9 ; caryopsis 2-valved, inclosed within the persistent
calyx ; embryo curved. (P Lvs. opposite, digitate. Fls. axillary, $ in
cymous panicles, $ in sessile spikes.
C. Bativa L. Lvs. palmately 6 to 7-foliate. — The hemp springs up spontaneously
in our hedges md waste grounds. It is a tall, erect plant, with handsome petio-
late leaves, Ltls. lanceolate, serrate, 3 to 6' long, jL as wide, the middle one
largest. Fla. small, green, solitary and axillary in the barren plants, spiked in
the fertile ones. It is cultivated iu Ky., Teuu., &.c., as one of the staples. Jn.
§ India.
Order CXVI. EMPETRACE^ Crowbkrries.
Shrubs low, evergreen, heathlike, with crowded, narrow leaves and small, diclin-
ous flowers. Calyx of 4 to 6, hypogynous, persistent, imbricated scales, the inner
often colored. Stamens 2 or 3, poilen grains quaternato. Ovary free, 2 to 9-celled,
'M f i
■-,■•; 1 ,■
Order 117.— PLATANACE^. 690
2 to 9-ovuled. IH,ii fleshy, with aa many 1-seeded nuts. Seed ascending, Hbu-
minou!^ radicle inferior.
Oenern 3, »pecieft 4, natives of N. Europe, N. America and the Straits of Magellan. Proptr-
tits, ucidulotu. The berries aro nutritious.
GENBRA.
♦Stamens 8. Stigmas 6 to 9-rayed. Berry (J to 9-8eeded Empktrum. I
* Stamens 3. Stigmas 3 or 4, style slender. Drupe 8 or 4-see(led Cokp.m a. '2
• Stamens 2. Stigmas 4. Berry 2-seedcd. Shrub erect Ckratiula. S
\. EM'PETRUN, Tourn. Crowberry. (Gr. tv, upon, nlrpog, a stone;
from the places of its natural growth.) Flowers S ? • Perianth con-
sisting of 2 series of scales, the 3 innc*' petaloid; $ Stamens 3, anthers
pendulous on long filaments. $ Stigma subsessile, 6 to 9-rayed ; drupe
globular, with 6 to 9 seedlike nutlets. — Alpine undershrubs.
E. nigrum L. Procumbent branches smooth ; Ivs. imbricated, liucar-oblong, obtuse
at each end, nearly smooth, with a revolute margin. — A small, prostrate shrub,
found on tho granite rocks of the White Mts. of N. II., and the calcareous moun-
tains of Vt. The stem is 1 to 3 or 4f long, much branched and closely covered
all around with evergreen leaves, which are 2 or 3" long, half a line wide.
Flowers very small, reddish, crowded in the axils of the upper Ivs. Berries black,
not ill-flavored. May, Jn.
2. CORE^MA, Don. (Oakesia, Tuckcrman.) (Gr. Koprj/ia, a broom ;
from the resemblance.) Flowers $ ^ or $ ^ '^ . Perianth of 5 or 6
bractlets, the 3 inner sepaloid. $ Stamens 3, sometimes 4, with ex-
serted filaments. $ Ovary 3 or 4-cellcd ; style filiform, 3 or 4-cleft,
with narrow stigmas; drupe globular, minute, with 3 or 4 nutlets. —
diffuse underslirubs. Lvs. linear.
C. Conrddii Torr. Diffuse, very slender, glabrous ; lvs. linear, revolute on the
margin, coriaceous; fruit dry. — Sandy and rocky plains, here and there, from Can. 7
Me. to N. J. Sts. 1 f high, with a reddish-aah-colored bark, with sliort, verticillat*
branches. Lvs. evergreen, numerous, spiral or imperfectly verticillate, 3' long,
linear, revolute. Fls. in terminal clusters of 10 to 15, witli brownish scales and
piKple stamens and styles. — Plants with 5 arc less common than those witli i
or ? . Mar., Apr.
3. CERATFOLA, Mx. Sand-hill Rosemary. (A Latin diminutive,
from Kepag, a horn ; referring to the stigmas.) Flowers 8 . Perianth
of 6 to 8 imbricated, concave, fimbriate scales, the two or 4 inner mem-
branous. $ Stamens 2, exserted, anthers 2-celled, roundish. ? Ovary
2-celled; stylo short; stigmas 4 or 6, spreading, toothed; fruit a drupo
with 2-seed-like nuts. — A shrub with verticillate branches, crowded,
aceroHS lvs. and axillary, sessile fls.
C. ericoidea Mx. — Hilla or plains sandy or gravelly, Augusta, Ga. to Apalachi-
cola, Fla. Shrub evergreen, 3 to Gf high. Young branchleta downy. Lv.s. iii
close whorls of 38 and 4s, about 6' long, rigid, acute. Fls. lateral, stigmas pur-
ple. Fr. yellowish, small, astringent. Aug., Sept.
Order CXVII. PLATANACR^. Sycamores.
Trees with a watery juice, alternate palmate leaves and sheathing, scarious sti-
pules. Flowers monoecious, in globular aropnts, destitute of both calyx and corolla.
Sterile. — Stamens single, with only small scales intermixed. Anthers 2-celled,
linear. Fertile. — Ovary terminated by a thick stylo with one side stigmatic. Xut
clavate, tipped with the persistent, recurved style. Seed solitary, albuminous.
Fig. 82.
ii
fir
••ri.::i
^' i|
f y'^ n
' ' i.'i
640
Order 118.— JUGLANDACE.E.
1
Oenitt 1, upeciM 6? Trees of tha largest dimensions, natives of Barbary Levant and N.
America.
PL AT' AN US, L. Plane Tree. Button Wood. Sycamore. (Gr.
-rrXarvg, broad ; in reference to the ample foliage.) Character of the
genus the same as that of the order.
P. occidenttQis L. Lvs. anKularly lobed and toothed ; stipules obliquely ovate ;
brandies whitish; fertile heads solitary. — The largest (though not ihe loftiest)
tree of the American forest. Along the Western rivers trees are found whoso
tiunks measure from 40 — 50f in circumference, or more tlian 13f in diameter!
It flourishes in any soil, biit is most freqnonlly met with on the stony borders and
beds of streams. Loaves very large, tomentous beneath when young. The pet-
iole covers the axillary bud in its concave base. Fls. in globular aments or balls,
which hang upon the tree on long pedicels most of the winter. The bark is
yearly detached from the trunk in large scales leaving a white surface beneath.
May.
:i
* f1
J
L f
Leaflets numcr-
Pith separating
Order CXVIII. JUGLANDACE.^. Walnut.
Trees with alternate, pinnate, exstipulato loaves and monoecious flowers. Sterile
flowers in aments, with an irregular perianth. Fertile, solitary or clustered. 9 Calyx
regular, 3 to 6-lobed, tube adherent to the partly 2 to 4-celled ovary. Fruit a tryma
(g 564), with a fibrous epicarp {shuck) and a bony endocarp(«/4«B). Seed large, or-
Uiotropous, exalbuminous, with lobed, often sinuous, oily cotyledons.
Genera 4, species 27, mostly North American.
Properties. — The well-known fruit of the liuttcrnut, walnut, pecan nut Is sweet and whole-
some, fbounding in a rich drying oil. The epicarp is very astringent. The timber is highly
valuable.
1. JUG'LANS, L. Walnut. (Lat. Jovis fflans / i. e., the nut of
Jove ; a name given it by way of eminence.) $ Flowers in an imbri-
bricated, simple ament ; calyx scale 5 — 6-parted, somewhat bracteato
at base ; stamens about 20. ^ Calyx 4-cleft, superior ; corolla 4-parted ;
stigmas 2 ; fruit drupaceous, epicarp spongy, indehiscent, endocarp
rugous and irregularly furrowed. — Trees of large size,
ous. Sterile aments axillary. Fertile flowers terminal,
into thin, transverse disks.
1. J. cindrea L. White Walnut. Butternut. Lfta numerous (15 — 17),
lanceolate, serrate, rounded at the base, soft-pubescent beneath ; petioles villous ;
Jr. oblong-ovate, with a terminal obtuse point, viscid, hairy ; shell oblong, acumin-
ate, deeply and irregularly furrowed. — A common tree. Can. to Ga and W. States.
It is 40 — 50f high, with a large, but short trunk. Branches horizontal, and un-
usually wide-spreading, forming a very large head. Leaves 12 — 20' long, con-
sisting of 7 or 8 pairs of leaflets, with an odd one. Barren flowers in long
aments ; iertile in short spikes. The kernel is rich in oil, and pleasant-flavored.
The wood is of a reddish hue, light, used in panneling and ornamental work.
Bark cathartic. April, May.
2 J. nigra L. Black Walnut. Lfts. numerous (15 to 21), ovate-lanceolate, ser-
rate, subcordate, tapering above ; petioles and under side of the leaves subpubes •
cent; /r. globular, glabrous, uneven with scabrous punctures. — A common and
stately forest tree in the Mid. S. and W. States, sparingly found in tlie Northern.
It arises 60 — 90f I high with a diameter of 3 — Gf In open lands it spreads widely
into a spacious head. The duramen of the wood is compact and heavy, of a
deep violet color, with a white alburnum. It is used extensively west of the
AUeghanies', for building and fencing, 'every where for cabinet work. Apr., May.
2. CA'RYA, Nutt. Hickory. Shaobarks. (Gr. Kapva^ the wal-
nut, from Kapa, the head ; in allusion to the shape of tlie nut ?) $
i^menta imbricated, slender and mostly 3-parted or trichotomous ; scales
Ordek 118.— JUGLANDACE^.
641
3-partecl; stamens 4 — 6; anthers hairy. 9 Calyx 4-cleft, superior;
corolla ; style ; stigma divided, 2-lobed, the lobes bifid ; epicarp
4-valved ; nucleus subquadrangular, even. — Large treos, with hard ami
strong timber. Lfts. few. Both kinds of fls., and the Ivs. from tlie
same bud, the $ terminal. Pith continuous.
§ Leaflets 13, to 15, scythe-shaped. Not oblong, thin-shelled, very sweet No. 1
§ Lectlets 7 to 11. Nut with a tender shell and very bitter kernel Nos. 2, 3
§ Leaflets 5 to 9. — Nut r.iundisli, h.trd-slielled, sweet and eatable. (*)
* Valves of the epicarp di^stinct to tlio base. Bark with loose plates Nos. l. 5
♦ Valves of the epicarp united below. Bark continuous, flrnj Nos. C— H
1 C. olivaefdrmia Nutt. Pecan-nut (pe-cawn). Lf. with a .slender petiolo
and 13 or 15 lanceolate-falcate lfts., all acuminate, sliarpl\' serrate and short jK't-
iolulate, fr. oblong, 4-angled, valves distinct; nut (olive-shup d) oblong, with a
thin shell and delicious kernel. — Low, inundated river bank.s, Ind. (Wabash), IlL
to La. At Terro Hauto are specimens 80 to 90f higli, witli a rougli, shaggy bark,
the .smaller with bark slightly broken. Lfts. seldom less than 13, often 15, 5 or
6' long, by 1 to 2', decidedly falcate, nearly smooth. Tlio kernel tills the shell,
and not being divided by bony partitions, is easily extracted. Its rich flavor is
well known. Mar. — May.
2 C. am^ra Nutt Bitternut. Lfts. ahout 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, shajpbj
serrate, smooth both sides except tlie pubescent veins and midvein, odd one sub-
sessile, the rest sessile ; fr. subglobous, with the sutures prominent above, values
half united; nut white, very thin-shelled, smooth, subglobous; kernel bitter. —
Grows in most of the U. S., but attains its greatest size in Penn. and along the
Oiiio valley. Winter bud orange yellow. The nut may bo broi<en b}' the fingers
and contains a kernel so bitter that animals will scarcely touch it. May.
3 C. aqu^tica Nutt. Water Bitternut. Lfts. about 11, lanceolate, olilique,
acuminate, subeniire, sessile, tlio odd one petiolulate, fruit pedunculate, ovate, sutures
prominent; nut small, angular, compressed, with a very tender, reddish shell and
bitter kernel. — Southern States, in swamps and rice-field ditches. Tree 30 to 40f
high. Lfts. sUghtly inequilateral, of a shining ricli green both sides, resembling
the peach leaC Fruit wholly unpalatable, and timber of little value. Apr.
4 C. dlba Nutt. Shagbark. Lf. long-petioled, of 5 lfts., the 3 upper oblanceo-
late, the 2 lower nmch smallc;', oblong-lanceolate, the terminal petiolulate, lateral
sessile, all subaeuniinate, sharply serrulate, downy beneatii ; fr. depressed-globular ;
valves distinct ; nut roundish, compressed, subquadrangular, with a thin shell and
large, sweet kernel. — Native from Me, to Wis., S. to Ga. In forests it is very
♦all, straight and slender, with a rough, shaggy bark consisting externally of long
broad plates loosely hanging. Lfts. uniformly 6, the 2 lower deflexed, odd one
tapering to a stalk 5 to 8" long. Aments 3 on each stalk, long, slender, pendu-
lous. Fertile fls. 2 or 3 togctlier, sepsilo, terminal. Wood straight-grained, very
fissile, heavy, elastic, excellent as timber or fuel, while the fruit is of the richest
flavor. Apr., May.
5 C. sulcata Nutt. TniCK-SHELLBARK. Lfts. 1 or 9, oblanceolate, acuminate,
sharply serrate, the odd one subsessils, attenuate to the base ; fr. large, oval, subquad-
rangular, 4-furrowed, valves opening to tlie base ; nut longer than broad, pointed
at each end, with a very thick shell and rich-flavored kernel. — Penn. to Ga., rare,
but common, W. of the Alleglianies. Tree 40 to 80f high, with a shaggy bark
in loose narrow plates. Lfts. often 9, the lower pair smaller, odd ono generally
sessile, — a good mark of distinction. Nut usually twice larger than in C. alba,
and scarcely less delicioua Mar. — May.
6 C. tomentdsa Nutt. Mockernut. Leaf of 1 or 9 lfts., odd 1ft;. petiolulate,
the lateral sessile, all oblong-lanceolate, obscurely serrate or entire, rough-downy
leiitath as well as the thick petiole ; aments very slender, hairy ; fr, globular or
Buboval, valves united at base ; nut subhexagonal, with a very thick shell and
well-flavored kernel. — Native throughout the country but more abuudaot West
and South. A large tree 40 to 60f high in woods. Bark thick and rugged, but
not soaly. Winter bud large, hard, grayish white. Lvs. strongly resinous-scented.
Fruit varjiiug iu size from 1' to 2' diam., with a very thick husk, rounded abel\
41
^:
Pi •
/' I
1
6*1?
Obdbr 119.— CUPULIPERiB.
i^ I
8
jiiid a comparatively small kernel difficult of extraction. Taate Inferior to the
ehellbark. "Wood with a small duramen, excellent lor fuel. Apr., May.
C. glabra Torr. Pignut. Lfis. 5 or 7, ovate-lanceolate, subacuminate, serrate,
nearly glabrous both sides; fruit roundish-obovcUe or pyriform, half i-vaked; nut
smooth and even or slightly angular, hard, thin-shelled, with a bitterish but eatable
kernel. — Forests U. S. and Can., growing to the height of 60 — lOOf. Trunk 1 to
2^f diain., covered with a moderately even bark. Lfls. mostly 7, often 5. some
times 9, the odd one tapering to a short stalk. The fruit is considerably variable
in form and quality, often pear-shaped, then obovate or roundish, always some-
what bitter. Wood exceedingly tough and hard, and excellent for fuel. Mar,
May. (Juglane, Muhl. C. porcina Nutt.)
C. microc^rpa Nutt. Lfts. 5 or 7, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, glandular be-
neath, serrate, conspicuously acuminate ; aments glabrout, ; fr. roundish-ovoid,
valves thin, united below ; nut thin-shelled, small, slightly quadrangular. — A large
tree GO to 80f high, in moist woodlands, Penn. to Ky. and Tenn.? Trunk 1^ to
2f diam. with an even bark. Lfts. mostly 5, often 7, 4 to 8' by 2 to 3', the under
surface tufted in the axils of the veinlets, and sprinkled with dark glandular dots.
Fruit about the sizo of a nutmeg. Nut with a thin shelL not mucronate, eatable.
May.
U^
Hmk'
r*^'
im
Order CXIX. CUPULTFER^ Mastworts.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, straight-veined, with deciduous stipules.
Flmvers moncBcious, the sterile in aments which are racemed or capitate. $ Calyx
Bcalo-like or regular, with 5 to 20 stamens inserted at its base. ? Calyx tube
adherent to the ovary, the toothed limb crowning its summit. Ovary 2 to 3 to 6-
celled, with sessile stigmas and 1 or 2 ovules in each cell. Fruit a 1 -celled, 1 -seeded
nut, solitary or several together invested by an involucre which forms a scaly or
echinate cupule. Seed destitute of albumen, filled by the embryo with its largo
cotyledons. Illust. in figs. 6, 7, 8, 9, 71, 138, 139, 140, 202, 418, 438, 471, 472, 473,
474. 46. B.
Genera 8, apfcies 2(55, constlttiting n lar^ce portion of the forests of the northern temperate
regions, and of iiiountuinous tracts within the trojiics.
rroperttes. — Tlie barli of the oak and other genera is well linown for its astringent qualities.
The edible fruit of the liazol-ntit, chestnut, beech, Ac, are too well known to require description.
Cork is the bark of Quercus Suber, Nutt galls are produced from the petioles of Q. infectoria of
Asia Minor, being caused by wounds made by insects. But the timber is of the highest quality
ftnd value.
GBNERA.
S sterile flowers in aments, fertile, solitary, or few together. (•)
♦ Involucre of many scales, valveless, cup-like, partly enclosing the 1 nut....QPERCU8. 1
• Involucre of prickly scales, 4-valved, enclosing 2 or 8 nuts Castanea. 2
♦ Involucre of soft, prickly scales, 4-valved, enclosing 2 nuts Faous. 3
♦ Involucre of 2 or 8 large, lacerated, united scales, valveless, nith 1 — 2 nuts. .Corylus 4
{ Sterile flowers and fertile, both kinds in pendulous aments. (*)
* Involucre scales in pairs, w'.th their edges united, inflated Ostrta. 5
* Involucre scales in pairs, distinct, 8-lobed, becoming leaf-like Caepinus 6
i. QUERXUS, L. Oak. (Celtic quer, fine, cuez, tree. The Celtic
name is drys^ hence druid.) $ Fls. in loose aments ; calyx mostly 6-
eleft; stamens 5 — 10. ? Cupule cup-shaped, scaly; ovary 3-celled,
6-ovuled (Fig. 418), 2 of the cells and 6 of the ovules abortive ; 'stigmas
3 ; nit (acorn) coriaceous, 1-celled, 1-seedod, surrounded at the base
by the enlarged, cup-shaped, scaly cupule. — A noble genus of trees,
rarely shrubs. Aments axillary, pendulous, filiform, with the flowers
Fcparate, in one section, not maturing fruit until the second year (fruit
biennial). Timber invaluable. Fig. 420.
^rhl
Obbbr 119.— CUPULIFER.E.
643
I Leaves mostly entire, the ends aubequal, the petioles very short. Fruit d). (•)
• I'fituncle longer than the oblong acorn. Leavt-s cvorarocn No. 1
♦ Peduncle shorter than the acorn. — Leaves downy hoiu'iitli Nod. 2. 3
— Leaves smooth both sides .Nos. 4, 9
{Leaves 3-lobc'd and dila).<!d above, short-netioled, awnleM wlien mature. Fr. (^. .Nos. 6, 7
Leaves 3 to 9-lobed or pinnatifld, broad, lobos tteUiveoudy incned. Fruit i^. (.*)
* Leaves at biise cuneate, short-potioled, 3 or &-lobed. Shrubs or small trees.. ..Nos. S— 10
* Leaves at base abru|>t or truncate, mostly long-|ietioled, 7 to 9-lobcd. (a)
a Nut one-third Immersed In the Baucur-sbaped, flne-scnlod cup Nos. 11, IS
a Nut near half immersed, in the hemispherical, coarse-scaled cup. (b)
b Leaves cinorous-downy beneath, acorn also downy No. 13
b Leaves (e.xcept when young) glabrous both sides! .^ Nos. 1 1— 1«S
i Leaves 5 to 9-lobed. divisions obtuse, never brlstlo-awned. Fruit (Ti, sessile Nos. 17 — 19
Loaves 13 to liS-tootlied, downy beneath, teeth awnless. Acorn sweet, eatable, (c)
C Acorns largo (1' long) pt'dunouhito Nos. 20, 21
Acorns small (8" long) nearly sessile Nos. 2J, !i3
L Q. virena Ait. Live Oak. Lvs. coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, obtu.se, downy
and paler beneath; cup turbinate; nut oblong-obovoid, on a slender peduncle. —
In tlio maritime or low districts of tiie S. States. Tree 40 to 50, rarely 70f iiigh,
of slow growth. Branches widely spreading. Bark blackish and thick. "Wood
very heavy, close-gr nned, yellowish. Lvs. 18" to 3' long, short petioled, the old
ones cinerous-green, revolute-odged. Peduncle about 1' long, acorn 9" by «5 ',
maturing the second year. May. — The timber is in great demand for ship build-
ing and is fast disappearing.
8 Q. cin^rea Ph. Upl.4ND Willow Oak. Lvs. coriaceous, tardily deciduous,
lanceolate-oblong, entire, apex acutiah, raucrouate, margin revolute, whitt-downy
heneath, attenuate at base ; cup subsessile, saucer-shaped, nut subglobous. — Sandy or
pine barrens, Va. to Fla. A shrub or small tree, 4 to 20f high, trunk not exeecd-
ing 4 to 6' diam. Lvs. partly persistent, 1' to 30" long, resembling those of the
live oak, but mucronate, and on the shrubby stocks often toothed. May.
/?. SERICEA. Dwa"*"; lvs. silky ; tomontous beneath, 1 to 3' long, deciduous. —
South, in pine barrens. (Q. soricea Ait. Q. puraila Mx.)
S Q. Imbricdria Mx. Laurel Oak. Shingle Oak. (Fig. 138.) Lvs. decid-
uous, lance-oblong, acute at each end, briefly petiolate, very entire, shining-glab-
rous above, subpubescent beneath {but not hoary), mucronate at apex ; acorn sub-
globous, in a shallow cup; f Dales of the cup broad-ovate. — A beautiful tree, very
abundant in the W. States, also common along rivers, Penn. to Ga. Trunk 40 —
50f high, 1 — 2f diam., with a smooth unbroken bark, and a large head of coarse,
irregular branches. The leaves are dark green, thick and firm in texture, 3 — 5'
by 1 — 1^', forming a dense, heavy foliage. June. — The timber makes miserable
shingles. In Indiana it is called Jack-Oak.
4 Q. Ph^lloB L. Willow Oak. Lvs. deciduous, linear-lanceolate, tapering to
each end, very entire, glabrous, mucronate at apex ; acorn subglobous, in a shallow
cup. — A tree 30 to 60f high, borders of swamps, N. J. to Fla. and W. State.s.
Trunk straight, 10 to 20' diam., covered with a smooth, thick bark. The leaves
which bear considerable resemblance to those of the willow, are of a light green
color, dentate when young, 3 to 5' in length. Acorns 6 " diam. May. — The
timber is of little value.
/3. maritima. Low, shrubby ; lvs. evergreen. — Sea coast, Va. to Fla. A few
feet high.
5 Q. laurifdlia Mx. Swamp Laubel Oak. Lvs. oblanceolate or lance-obovaie,
acute, mucronate, entire, or some of them with 2 lateral teeth above, glabrous both
sides, base abruptly ending in a very short petiole ; cup saucer-shaped, nut de-
pressed-ovoid. — Damp woods, and often planted for shade, S. Car. to Fla. A tree
with handsome, dense foliage, partly evergreen, 30 to 50f high. Bark blackiah,
rough. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, coriaceous, green both sides, shining above, often ap-
pearing tricuspidate. Ped IJ" long. Acorn as broad as long, cup 6 ' across.
May.
/3. OBTUSA. Lvs. obtuse, not mucronate, sessile. — GfL (Pond). Fruit the same.
6 Q. aqii^tica Mx. Water Oae. Lvs. wedge-obovate, entire, or mostly dilated
and obscurely 3-lobed above, not mucronate, glabrous both sides, gradually cUtenu-
ated to a very short petiole ; cup subsessile, very shallow, nut globular. — Swamps,
Md. to Fla., also planted for shade. It is a handsome, round-headed tree, with
Hi
m 4
Ass
:
fj
Ml
IS"
v
644
Order 119.— CUl'ULlFEKJi].
very dense foliage of a bright, shining green. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, 1 to 2 wide
above, coriaceous, out mostly deciduous, very variable, but always cuneate. Cup
C ' across, 1" deep. Apr., May.
7 Q. nigra L. Barren Oak. Black Jack. Iron Oak. Lva. coriaceous, cu-
neiform, obtuse or tsubcordate at base, mostly 3-lobed at apex, lobes subequal, entire
or toothed, setaceous-nmcronate when young, smooth and shining above, rtLsi-
downy beneatfi ; villous in the axils of the veins ; cup turbinate, half covering the
(jbbular 7mt; scales of the cup obtuse, scarious.— A. small, gnarled tree, with
dark, massy foliage, in sandy soils, N. J. to 111. and S. States. Trunk 20 to liOf
high, with a tiiick, black, broken bark. Tiie leaves are very firm in texture, 3 to
1 to 8' by 2 to 5', broadest above, the middle lobe narrowest. Petioles 3 to 6"
lojig. May. — The wood is very valuable for fuel, (Q. lerruginea Mx.)
8 Q. triloba Mx. Downy Black Oak. Lvk oblong-cuneiform, acute at the
base, on very short petioles, 3-lobed at the end, rusty-tomentous beneath, lobes mu-
cronato with setaceous awns, middle one longer; fruit with a flat cup and a de-
pressed-globous acorn. — A tree of rapid growth, 25 to 40f high, in the pine bar-
rens of N. J. to Fla. Lvs. very large, those of the young shoots 8 to 12' long and
often 5-lobed, approaching, perhaps, too closely the next. May. — It has been
recommended for hedges.
9. Q. Catesbebi Mx. Barren Scrub Oak. Lvs. short-petiolate, cuneate at
base, deeply sinuate-lobed, glabrous on both sides, lobes 3 to 5, divaricate, acute
and setaceous-pointed, simple or toothed with setaceous-pointed teeth ; cup largo,
turbinate, half covering the ovoid nut, scales obtuse, the upper inflexed. — Pine
barrens. Car. to Ga. A tree 20 to 25f high, with large and very irregular leaves,
6 to 10' long and nearly aa wide, smooth, at length coriaceous, deciduous. Cup
about 8" broad, nut covered with an ashy meal. May.
10 Q. ilicifblia Willd. Shrub or Scrub Oak. Bear Oak. Lvs. petiolate, oho-
vate-cuneate, with 3 or 5 angular lobes, entire on the margin, whitish downy beneath;
cup subturbinato ; acorn ovoid. — A shrub, common throughout the U. S., grow-
ing only on gravelly hills and barrens, which it occupies exclusively in large
tracts. St. 3 to 4f high, divided into numerous straggling branches. Lvs. 3 to
4' long, petioles 6 to 12". Acorns 6" loiu*. abundant, and said to be greedily
eaten by bears, deer, and swine May. (Q. Banuisteri Mx.)
/i. f Georqiana. Lvs. glabrous, except a tuft in the ax;ils of the veins ; cup
flat, covering only one-fourth of the ovoid nut. — On stone Mt., Ga. 1. (Q.
Georgiana Ravanel.)
11 Q. rClbra L. Red Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, smooth, obtusely sinuate,
lobes rather acute, shallow, incisely dontato ; acorn large ; cup shallow and flat,
smoothish ; nut turgid-ovoid. — The red oak is the most common species in the
Northern States and in Canada. It is a loft}', wide-spreading tree, 7 Of in height,
with a diameter of 3 or 4. Leaves 6 — 10' long, smooth on botii sides, with deep
and rounded sinuses between the narrow, mucronate lobes. The flowers appear
in May, succeeded by large acorns (9" long) contained in cups so shallow as rather
to resemble saucers. The wood is reddish, coarse-grained, of little value as timber,
but excellent fuel.
12 Q. paluBtris Mx. Pin Oak. Water Oak. (Figs. 6 — 9) Lvs. on long
petioles, oblong, deeply lobed with broad, rounded sinuses, smooth, axils of the
veins tufted-villous beneath, lobes divaricate, rather narrow, dentate, acute; cup
flat, smooth ; acorn small, nearly spherical. — The pin cak is most luxuriant in the
W. States, and the adjacent districts of other States, rare in N. Eng., growing in
swamps and cold, clay soils. Height 60 to 80f, with a diameter of 2 to 4, and
light, open foliage. Bark blackish. Leaf lobes narrower than the spaces between.
Wood coarse-grained, little esteemed as timber. Acorns 7" long, round, in shal-
low cups. May.
13 Q. falcdta L. Spanish Oak. Lvs. long-petiolate, elongated, obtuse or
rounded at base, ashy-tomentous beneath, deeply sinuate lobed, lobes 5 to 7,
rarely 3, narrow, bristle-poiated, simple or toothed, more or leas falcate ; acorn
small, roughened, globular, .cup shallow, subsessile, its margin incurved. — Ya. to
Fla., in the lower districts. A tree of large dimensions, 60 to 70f high, most
flourishing iu Mid. Fla Lvs. 6 to 6' long, on vigorous shoots much larger, peti*
Ubukr 119.— CUPULIFER^.
04d
ties about, 2' long. Cup 6" across, IV' deep. Nut fuscous, with a brown, as*-
trin>ruiit seed. Timber reddish, coarse-grained, Apr., May.
iJ. TUiNACRis. Lvs. 3 and 5-lobed, the terminal lobe long and niirrow-lanceo-
late, narrowed to its base; petioles 3' long. — Large trees at Tallaliassee.
14 Q. tinctdria Bartram. Black Oak. Yellow-uark Oak. Lvs. obovate-
oblong, sinuate-lobed or pinnatitid, pubescent beneath, finally ijlabrons, lalns nhlmuj,
obtuse, niucronatc ; cup tliick, sliallow; acorn depressed glohous. — Found tlirougii-
out tiie U. S. It is one of tlie loltiest trees of tlic forest, 80 to 90f in lieigiit, and
4 to 5f diain. Bark deeply furrowed, black or deep brown, yellow within. Lxi*.
6 to 8 long, broiulest toward tlio end, quite variable, yellowiah after frost. Aforna
brown, 7 ' diam., about half covered with the subsea^ile, scaly cup, which is 9 '
diam. Bark used in tanning, also yields quercitron, a useful dye.
15 Q. coccinea Wang. Scarlet Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, oblong in outline,
deeply sinuate-pin natifid, smooth and shining both sides, nearly truncate at base,
lobes divaricate, dentate, acute; cup turbinate, scaly; acorn short, ovate. — Most
abun<lant in the Middle and Southern States, but is often met with in the more
soutiiern parts of N. Eng. to 111. It is a largo tree, 80f in height, with a diameter
of 3 or 4. Leaves of a bright, shining ^reen, witli 3 or 4 deep r.inuses eacli side,
remarkably rounded and broad at the base. By tlio frosts of autumn they are
changed to scarlet, unlike those of the red oak, which become dull red or brown.
Acorns large, similarly rounded at both ends, half immersed in the cup. Bark
very thick, used in tanning.
16 Q. heteropb^Ua Mx. Bartram's Oak. Lvs. on long petioles, coriaceouR,
oblong or oblong-ovate, round or siibcordato at base, margin with a few shallow,
tooth-like lobes, or often only wavy, lobes setaceous-acuminate; acorn subglobous,
in a hemispherical cup ; scales of the cup oblong-ovate, obtuse. — Ohio to 111., rare.
Lvs. exceedingly variable, 4 to 6' by li to 2', smootli and shining above, tornon-
tous along the veins beneath, generally broad and abrupt at base. Fruit 9 ' diam.
(Q. Leana Nutt. ? Clark.) Our specimens well agree to Michaux's figure and
character.
17 Q. dlba L. White Oak. (Fig. 139.) Lvs. short-petioled, cuneate at base,
oblong in outline, at length coriaceous and smooth, sinuate-pinnatifid, lobes subequal,
obtuse ; aoorn sessile ; nut ovoid or oblong, only a third immersed in the subhemi-
sphoi-ical, tubercular cup. — U. S. and Can. A tree preeminent among the sons ol
the forest lor grandeur, strength, and usefulness. With a diameter of 4 to 6f, it
attains tiie height of 70 to SOf, but its magnitude varies greatly with the soil.
Lvs. 3 to 5' long, downy beneath when young. Acorn 8 to 9" long. Bark whit-
ish. Timber useful for innumerable purposes, and the bark for tanning and in
medicine. May, Jn.
18 Q. macrocarpa Mx. (Fig. 140, 194.) Lvs. deeply and lyrately sinuate-hhed
(most deeply in the middle), lobes obtuse and repand, upper dilated ; acorn very
large, cup very deep, composed of distinctly imbricated and hard-pointed scales,
the upper filiform-pointed, /o?7nzngr a /rm^e ; nut globular ovoid, more than half
inclosed. — N, Bfig. (rare) to 111. and S. States, Tree 60 to 7 Of high, with rich,
green foliage. Lvs. dov/ny beneath, at length nearly smooth, 6 to 10 to 15 long,
stalks not 1'. Acorns 12 to 15" long, sometimes nearly fringeless or nearly cov-
ered. May. (Q, lyrata Mx,) A beautiful tree, with valuable timber. (Also Q.
olivaeformis Mx.)
19 Q. obtusiloba Mx. Iron Oak. Lvs. deeply sinuate, cuneiform at the base,
pubescent beneath, lobes very obtuse, the 3 upper ones dilated, each 2-lobed ; cup
hemispherical; acorn oval. — ^Tho iron oak, called also post oak, box white oak, tur-
key oak, is common in the Mid., W. and S. States, rare in N, Eng. It is a tree of
moderate size, ^vith widely spreading and very crooked branches. The bark is
grayish-white. Lvs. thick, strongly tomentous beneath, in 4 or 5 lobes, which
are sometimes arranged so as to appear cuneiform or stellate. Acorns very sweet.
Timber is fine grained, strong, and durable. May. (Q. stellata Willd.)
iO Q. PrinuB Willd. Swamp Chestnut Oak, Lvs. on long petioles, obovate,
acute, pubescent beneath, with large, somewhat equal, obtuse or rounded teeth;
acorn short-peduncled, large ; cup tubercular, about half inclosing the ovoid nut
—This oak is seldom met with in N. £ng., but abounds in tb« rest of the country.
■r I
.. i|
640
Ordkb 119.— CUPULIFERiE.
il
1 5
!tl
f ■
li
It is a lofty tree, ariaing to the height of 50f) with its undivided, straight and uni-
form trunk, and thence with ita expansive top to tlie height of 80 to 90f; Acorns
largo and sweet. Ped. 3 to 6'' long, acorn 12 to 15 '. The timber valuable. ((J.
prinus palustris Mx.)
li. MONTicoLA. Rock Chestxut Oak. Lva. glaucous beneatl) ; nut oblong-
ovate, about a third covered by tlie cup. — In mountain woods.
81 Q. bfcolor Willd. Swamp White Oak. Lvs. oblong-ovate, downy, white
underneath, with, large, irregular teeth above, somewhat sinuate-lobed in the middle,
subeutire below, on very short potiolea ; a/:orn.i on long peduncles, in pairs, cup
ht-'raispherical, with pointed scales, nut oblong-ovoid. — In low, swampy woods,
U. S. It is a beautiful tree, attaining, in favorable situations, the height of lOf.
Foliage rich and luxuriant ; lvs. smooth and green above, white-downy beneath,
6 to 7' by 2i to 4'. Pod. 1 to 2 long. The trunk bark grayish-white, dividing
into large, flat scales. It aQbrds excellent fuel and timber. (Q. prinus dis-
color iix.)
22 Q. cast^nea Muhl. Chestnut Oak. Lvs. long-petioled, lance-oval or lance-
obovate, acuminate downy and glaucous-iioary beneath, witli coarse, subequal,
acu'e and svbmucronate teeth ; acorn nearly sessile, cup hemispherical, covering
about a third of the roundish-ovoid, light brown nut. — Mid., S. and W. States, in
rocl\y or sandy soils. A largo tree, 40 to GOf high, with a whitish, furrowed
bark. Lvs. 4 to 6' long, more nearly resembling the chestnut leaf tlxan any other
oak. Acorns about 9" long, sweet-flavored. Used for rails and shingles.
23 Q. prinoides Willd. Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Shrub with lvs. on short
petioles, obovate, acute at the base, glaucous beneath, with large, subequal, sin-
uate tetith, callous at the tip ; cup liemispherical, acorn ovate. — Tliis is one of the
most diminutive of all tlie oaks, never exceeding 3 to 4f in height. It is a native
of tlie N. and Mid. Slates, in barren woods, but not common. The flowers ap-
pear it May, followed by acorns of middle size, very sweet and very abundant.
2. CASTA^NEA, Tourn. Chestnut. [Castanea was a city in Thes-
saly, famed for the growth of chestnuts.) S Flowers clustered in long,
slender, cylindric aments; calyx 6 to 6-parted; stamens 6 to 15. $
Flowers in 3s, inclosed in a 4-lobed involucre, which in fruit becomes
coriaceous and beset with prickles ; calyx 5 to 6-lobed, tube adherent
to the 3 to 6-celled, 3 to 6-ovuled ovary; stamens 6 to 12, abortive ;
stigmas as many as the cells ; fruit a 4-valved involucre enclosing 1 to 3
one-seeded nuts. — Trees and shrubs. Lvs. mostly deciduous, alternate,
acuminate, expanding before the flowers.
1 C. v^Bca L. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronately serrate, smooth both
sides ; nuts mostly 2 or 3 together. — Abundant in particular districts throughout
the U. S. It is a lofty tree in woods, with a large, straight trunk. Lva. 6 to 9'
long, \ as wide ; teeth mucronate, with the prolonged, straight veins. Aments
as long as the leaves, and so numerous as to impart their yeltowish hue to the
whole tree when in blossom. Nuts of a peculiar brown, villous above, enclosed in
the enlarged cupule or burr which is beset on all sides with strong, compound,
acute spines. Timber coarse-grained, strong, elastic, light and very durable.
Jul}', fruit in Oct. — The nuts are smaller but sweeter than those of the European
variety (the Spanish Cheatnut).
2 C. ptimila Michx. Chinquapin. Lvs. oblong, ovate or obovate, mucronate-ser-
rate, hoary -tomentous beneath ; nut solitary. — Sterile places, N. J., Penn. to Ga
and Tenn. Shrub 6 — 12f high, much branched. Leaves 3 — 5' by li — 2', smooth
above, generally obtuse at base, acute at apex, margins mucronate, with the pro-
jecting, straight veinlets ; petioles 6' long ; under surface nearly white. Aments
axillary, the lower staminate, 6 — 10" long, upper fertile, with remote, pistillate
flowers. Involucre of fruit bristly and prickly, 4-lobed. Nut (by abortion) soli-
tary, small, ovoid, sweet. FL Jn. Fr. Oct.
3. FA^GUS, Tourn. Beech. (Gr. ^T/yof, the beech ; it plso signifies
aomething eatable.) $ Flowers in a capitate ament suspended by a
Order 119.— CUPULlFERiB.
647
slender peduncle; calyx 6-clufb, campamilatu; stamens 5 to 12. %
Flowers 2, within a 4-lobed, prickly involucre coniposcd of united linear
scales; calyx with 6 to 6 minute lobes; ovary 3 celled, 6-ovulcd,
styles 3 ; nut 1-seeded, acutely 3-angled, encloseil within the enlaryfed,
spiny involucre or capsule. — Lofty trees, with smooth ash colored bark.
Lvs. alternate, plicate in vernation. Buds slender, pointed.
F. aylvitica L. (Figs. 438, 471 — 4. 46, B.) Lvs. broadly ovate-lanccoLita,
briefly petiolate, obtuse at base, filiate, with soft; white hairs when youii^?, at
length nearly glabrous, with small, remote teeth, apex acuminate; buds lantvo-
late-cyiindric, imbricated with brown scales, developing both loaves and flowers;
nuts ovoid triangular, obtuse-mucronate. — A couuuon forest tree, abundant in the
U. S. and Can. Tiio trunk is tall and straight in forests, 50 — 80F high, but lower
and with an expansive heat! in open situations, always known by the light gray,
unbroken bark. Leaves with very regular and straight veinlets, 4 — 6' long, j as
wide, oflen persistent through the winter. $ Amenta pubescent, peduncles 2'
long. Nut small, 2 together in the 4-lobed burr, oily, sweet and nutritious. Tim-
ber compact, fine-grained. May. (F. ferruginea Ait.) The Red Beech is now
regarded only as a variety, with the wood sofbrr, and of more easy cleavage, and
perhaps a slight difference in foliage. There a;e several beautiful varieties in cul-
tivation, with purple foliage, silver foliage, &c. See garden catalogues.
4. COR'YLUS, Tourn. Hazel-nut. (Gt. Kopvg, a bonnet ; to which
the cupula enwrapping the nut may well be compared.) S Flowers in
a cylindric ament; calyx of 2 scales united at base to the bract; sta-
mens 8 ; anther 1-celled. 9 Involucre of 2 to 3 scales, 1 to 2-flowcred ;
calyx adherent to the 2-celled, 2-ovuled ovary ; stigmas 2 ; nut ovoid,
surrounded with the enlarged, coriaceous, lacerated involucre. — Shrubs.
Aments and capitate fertile clusters subterminal, expanding before
the lvs.
1 C. Americ^a "Walt. Lvs. roundish, cordate, acuminate ; invol. roundish, cam-
panulato, much larger than the roundish nut, its border dilated and coarsely ser-
rate. — Shrub 5 to 6f high, growing in thickets and borders of fields, U. S. Lvs.
3 to 6' long, § as wide. From the ends of the branches hang the long, pendulous
aments of barren flowers in April. The nuts are remarkaoly distinguished by
the large, bell-shaped invol. in which each one is enveloped. They are a well-
flavored fruit, though somewhat inferior to the European hazel or filbert.
2 C. roBtrkta Ait. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate; stip. linear-lanceolate; invol.
cajiipanvlatt-tubular, longer than the nut, 2-parted, witii dentate segments. — This
species is found in the same localities as the former, is a rather smaller shrub, and
chiefly differs from it in the involucre which is covered witli short, stiff hairs, and
contracted at the top into a long (1 to 1^'), narrow neck, like a bottle. Nuts as
in C. Americana. May.
3 C. Avell4na L. Filbert. Lvs. roundish, cordate, acuminate; stip.
ovate-oblong, obtuse ; invol. scarcely exceeding the fruit. — Shrub 3 to lOf high, in
gardens, &c. Lvs. nearly sessile, doubly serrate, 3 to 5' long. Sterile amcits 3'
long, the fertile clusters at their base. Nut larger than the native species, f Asia.
5. OS'TRYA, Michel. Hop Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Lever Wood.
(Gr. oarpeoVj a scale ; in allusion to the conspicuous sacs (not scales) of
the fertile aments.) I Flowers in a cylindric ament ; calyx scale round-
ish-ovate, ciliate, 1-flowered; anthers 8 or more, conspicuously bearded
at the summit. $ Flowers geminate, in a loose, imbricated ament ;
flowers enclosed each in an inflated, membranous sac which at length
enlarged, contains the matured nut. — Small trees, flowering before
leafing.
O. Virginlca Willd. Lvs. ovate^ acuminate, serrate ; fertile ament oblong, pea-
:i
>.' " .
'^^H
I'p
1
^^H
rljS'.b
BB
W^'
;■
fll''' ' ''■'''
^B
mk-.i
;H|
{^,\
' Hk
'* ^B
■^:•l
:[B
" "t^ ■■•i
'^K
/■ 1
^t^ I
H '
i
)
t
^,.\
^'i
C48 Okder 120.— BEIULACE^B.
dulous; buds rather acute. — A small tree disseiuiaated throughout tlie U. S.,
25 — 30f ill heiglit. Its bark is remarkable Ibi its fine, narrow, longitudmal di-
visioHs. Leaves about twice as long as wide. The Iruit is similar in appearance
to liops, suspended from the ends of tlie branches, consisting of membranous, im-
bricated sacs (cups?) containing each a flower. The wood is very white, hard
and strong, much used for levers, &c. Apr., May.
6. CARPFNUS, L. Hornbeam. (Celtic t-av, wood, and joiwo, the
head ; alluding to ita use in making yokes for cattle.) ^ Flowers in a
long, cylindric atnont; cal. scale roundish, clliate; sta. 8 — 14, slightly
bc^arded at summit. $ Flowers in a loose ament ; scale large, ohlong, 3-
lobcd, 1 — ?-flowerod ; cal. 6-toothed ; stig. 2; nut long, ovoid, ifur-
rowed, 1-sccded. — Small trees. Scales of the $ aments persistent and
bccon)ing foliaceous.
C- Americana L. Lvs. oblong-ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate ; scales of the
fertile ament 3-parted, tlie middle segment nmch the largest, oblique, with a
hiteral tooth. — A small tree (12 — 20f high), common in woods throughout the U.
S. The wood is very fine-grained, compact and white, covered with a light gray
or ash- colored bark. Leaves 2 — 4' long, .] as wide, petiolate. From the ends of
the brandies hang the long, loose, pale green, leafy airents, consisting of alter-
nate pairs of enlarged scales, with a dark-colored nut at the base of each. Apr.,
May.
Order CXX. BETULACE.E. Birchworts.
Trees or shrubs with deciduous stipules. Bark separating into thin layers. Leaves
alternatO, simple, with the veinlcts running straight to the margin. Flowers mon-
oecious, amentaceous, mostly naked, 3 in the axil of a 3-lobed bract. 6 Stamens
definite, distinct. Aniliers 2-celled. $ Ovary 2-cellod, 2-ovuled, becoming in fruit
1-celled and 1-seeded (by abortion) membranous and indehiscent. Seed pendulous,
without albumen. Figs. 77, 90, 106, 111, 419, 420.
Genera 2, upeciea 6b, chiefly natives of the cool parts of the northern hemisphere. Properties
geiierully astringent. The birches iiro often fine timber trees.
1. BE'TULA, Tourn. Birch. [Hetu is the Celtic name for the birch.)
S Flowers in a cylindric ament ; bracts deoply 3-parted, peltate ; calyx
a scale ; stamens 4. $ Ament oblong-ovoid, scales trilobate ; calyx ;
ovaries 3 under each scale; stigmas 2, filiform; ni't compressed, with
a membranous margin. — Trees and shrubs, with the outer bark lam-
inated and horizontally fibrous, the inner aromatic. Branchlets dot-
ted. Lvs. ovate, serrate. Figs. 419, 420.
* Trees with a yellowish bark, smootliish loaves, and short, erect, 9 aments No. 1
♦ Trees witli a reddisli-lirown barlv and oviite-oblong, suberect, 9 aments Nos. 2, 3
♦ Trees witli a wliite bark, brng-staiked leaves and droopini; ? aments Nos. 4, 5
* Shrubs with brownish bark, roundish leaves and short, erect, s aments Nos. 6, T
1 B. excelsa Ait. Yellow Birch. Lvs. ovate-elliptic, subacuminate ; sub-
cordate, coarsely, sharply, and doubly serrate, smooth when old, on short, downy
petioles ; fertile aments erect, ovoid-oblong ; lobes of the bracts subequal, acute,
diverging. — A common fore.st tree, N. Eng. to Jlich. and Can., arising in woods
to the height of 60 to 80f, with a trunk 2 to 3f in diam., invested with a thin,
yellowish, silvery outer bark stripping off in transverse shreds. Barron amenta
2 to 4' long, cylindric, clustered, and pendulous at the ends of the branches ;
fertile r long, 6" diam. Apr., May.
2 B. l^nta L. Black Birch. Sweet BnicH. Mahogany Birch. (Fig. 202.)
Lvs. cordate-ovate, acuminate, acutely, finely, and doubly serrate, veins beneath
and petioles hairy; fartile aments erect, oval-oblong, thick, obtube, pedunculate;
scales hairy, the lobes obtuse, subequal, diverging. — This noble species is com-
mon in the Eastern and Middle tStutes, oflea exoeediog 60f in height, with a
Ordr« 120.— BETULACE^.
640
diameter of 2 to 3f. The trunk is invested with a dark brown or reddish bark,
which becomes rough in old trees, and is remarkable for its agreeably aroniulic
fragrance and tiavor. Leaves 3 — 4' long, about ^ aa wide. Sterile aments 2 — 3'
long, fertile much shorter and thicker. In spring the cambium, afibrds the boys a
ijelicious mordeL Wood reddwh, strong, compact. Apr., May.
3 B. nigra Ait. Red Birch. Lvs. rhamhic-ovate, acute at each end, doubly ser-
rate, or obscurely 9 to I'i-lobed, glaucous beneath ; fertile anient sessile, erect, ovoid,
scales villous, the segments linear, oiual. — A tree 30 to 50f high, growing on
banks of streams and in river swamps, Mass., 111. and Fla. (!) Trunk covered
with a reddish or chocolate-colored bark which at leiiglli becomes very loose and
torn, hanging in shreds, and filially rough liko that of the black cherry. Branches
arched and slender ; branclilots almost filiform, often clothing the trunk to the
base. Lvs. dark green above, about 3' by 2' often smaller, petioles to 8" long,
pubesceat. Ma}'. (B. rubra Mx.)
4 B. populifolia Ait Poplar-leaved Bmcn. Wiute Birch. (Fig. lOG.) Lvs.
deltoid, hiiij-axuminate, unequally serrate or obscurely niany-lobed, very smooth, on
smooth petioles ; fertile aments pedunculate ; scales with roundisli, lateral lobes.
— Like tlio next, distinguished for the white cuticle with wiiicli the trunk is in-
vested. Jt is common in the rocky and mountainous woods of N. Eng., where it
seldom exceeds 30 to 40f in height. The branches are covered with a reddish-
brown bark, very slender, and throw out in May, long, pendulous aments.
5 B, papyr^cea Ait. Paper Birch. Canoe Birch. Lvs. ovate, acuminate,
doubly serrate, the veins hairy beneath ; fertile aments nodding, pedunculate ;
lateral lobes of the calyx sliort, roundish. — This birch is abundant in the hillside
woods of N. Eng. to Wis, and Can. It sometimes attains the height of GO — 70f,
but 13 generally smaller. Trunk 1 — 2f diam., covered with a tough cuticle con-
sisting of numerous laminaj, tiie outer of which is snow white. Of this the In-
dians construct their light canoes. Branchcj dark brown. Leaves 2 — 3' long, ^
as wide. Sterile aments 1 — 2' long. The wood is of a fine, compact texture,
easily wrought. May, Jn.
/i. MINOR. Lvs. smaller, ovate, glabrous, acute, some of them roundish-obtuse.
—White Mts. Shrubs 6— Of high.
€ B. ptimila L. Dwarf Birch. Shrub erect, its ascending branches glandular-
punctate, glabrous ; lvs. ohovate, entire at ba.se, obtusely serrate, glabrous ; fertile
ament cylindrical, about aa long as the leaves ; scales half 'd-clefl, lobes ovate-
oblong, middle one rather longest ; nut orbicular, conspicuously margined. — A
beautiful siirub inhabiting tiio mountainous districts of N. and N. W. States, N.
to Hudson's Bay. Height 2 to of Lvs. about 9'' by 6 or 7", very regularly
toothed. Aments of both kinds 7 to 9". (B. glandulo.sa Mx.)
7. B nana L. Tiny Birch. Shrub, low, trailing, smooth ; lvs. orbicular, crenate,
reticulated beneath ; scaks of the $ ament deeply 3-parted ; seeds orbicular, nearly
wingless. — Tliis miniature tree is found on the sammits of Mt. Clinton, Mt. Frank-
lin, Ac, of the White Mts. It is scarcely more than a foot in height, often Ijiit a
few inches, the branches few and straggling, the lvs. ^ to §' diam., smooth both
sides pale and distinctly reticulate beneath, and on petioles 1 to 2'' long. (B. Littel-
iana Tuckerman.)
3. AL'NUS, Tourn. Alder. (The ancient Latin name frt>ni Celtic
al, near, Ian, the river bank.) ^ Aments cylindric, droMpiii"^, the
bracts with 5 bractioles beneath ; calyx 4-parted ; stamens 4, anthers
2-celled. ? Aments ovoid, bracts cuneate, truncate, fleshy, 2-flowercHl ;
calyx of 4 scales adnate below to the bracts, all persistent and woody
in fruit ; fruit compressed, wingless or winged. Shrubs arising frwn
large and strong roots. Buds pedunculate. Lvs. plicate in vernation,
$ Aments panicled. (Fig. 111.)
% Fruit wingless, Nos. 1, 2. §§ Fruit broadly winged, (Alnaster, Spach.) No. 8.
1 A. iucdna Willd. Speckled Alder. Black Alder. Lvs. eubmembranoua,
oblong, acutish, obtuse at bane or cordate, ni;irgin .'^nniewhat lobea^ sharply ser-
rate, glaucourS-pubescent beneath; veins hirsute, their axils naked; itip. oblong'
''\ J
li
S'-t
fit t
i
^'^Wlh.
w
w
650
Orobk 121.— MYRICAGE^.
lanceolate ; fertile amonts oval. — Not uncommon along streams, N. Eng. to Wis.
and Can. A tall shrub or small tree, readily distinguishable by the form and
pubescence of the leaves. (A. glauca Mx.)
2 A. aerrulikta Willd. Smooth Alder. Lvs obovaie, acuminate, doubly serru-
late, smooth beneath, except tlie veins and tlieir axils ; stip. eUipticai, obtuxe. — A
well known shrub growing in clumps, and forming thickets on the borders of
ponds and rivers, and in swampa Stems numerous, rather straight, 10 — 15f in
height. Leaves 2 — 4' long and } as wide, strongly veined ; petioles ^ — J' long.
Aments 2 — 3' long, slender, pendulous, fascicled at the ends of the branches;
fertile ones short, thick, dark brown, persistent, several together a little below the
sterile one. Mar., Api\ (A. rubra Tuckerman.)
3 A. viridis DC. Mountain Alder Lvs. oval, acute, obtusish at base, doubly
serrate, clothed with a soft viscid pubescence, or subglabrous, villous on the veins
and axils beneath ; stip. broadly ovate ; fertile aments on long peduncles, oval. —
High mountain stream's, X. Eng. N. Y. and Can. An elegant shrub, 3 — 4f high.
Leaves varying to broad-ovate, rarely cordate, nearly smooth in the alpine state,
otherwise softly pubescent and sprinkled with resinous particles. Apr. (A.
crispa Mx.)
Order CXXI. MYRICACE^ Galeworts.
Shrubs with alternate, resinous-dotted, often fragrant leaves, with the flowers
monoecious or dioecious, achlaraydeous, both kinds in scaly aments. $ Stameyis 2
to 8. $ Ovary 1 -celled, with 1 erect ovule; stigmas 2, filiform. Fruit dry or dm-
paceous, indehiscent. Seed with no albumen.
Gertfrn 3, apecies 20, found in the temperate parts of N. America, in India and S. Africa, and
one speeios in Kiirope. Sweet Fern ii highly aromatic and aatringent. The fruit of tlio i<Ji,/-
lerry bush yields wax abundantly.
1. MYRFCA, L. Candleberry Myrtle. (Gr. fxvpi^(jd^ to perfume,
The name anciently designated the Tamarind tree.) Flowers I ? . —
Aments ^ cylindrical, ? small, o void-capitate. $, Stamens 4 to 6,
short, erect, anthers large, 4-valved. $ Ovary 1 to each bract, with 3
scales at its base, superior; styles 2, spreading ; stigmas 2, acute ; drupe
1-celled, 1-seeded, covered with wax or resinous dots. Stip. very fuga-
cious or 0.
1 M. G^le L. Sweet GtALE. Dutch Myrtle. Lvs. clustered, cuneate-lanceolate,
obtuse and serrate above, margin very entire and slightly revolute below, tapering
to a very short petiole; sterile aments clustered, of ovate, cordate, acuminate, ciliato
scales ; fr. dotted m an oblong, dense, amentaceous head. — A branching shrub,
3 — 4f high, on the inundated borders of ponds and mountain lakes. Can. to Car.
Loaves dark green, paler beneath with a strong midvein, 9 — 18" by 4 — 6' , entire
J the '""^th. ^ and ? aments on separate plants, the former terminal, at)out 1'
in length, the Intter axillary and much shorter. Fruit and leaves when cruslied.
with a pungent, spicy odor. May.
2 M. cerffera L. Bayberry. "Wax Myrtle. Lvs. glabrous, cuneaie-obhng,
rather acute or obtuse, distinctly petiolato, margin entire or remotely undulate-
dentate above; aments cotemporary with the leaves, scattered, naked, the f,
larger, with lax, roundish scales; fr. spherical, distinct, clustered, covered with
wax, — Tills interesting ami useful siirub is found in dry woods or in open lieids,
Nova Scotia to Flor., W. a Lake Erie. Height 2 — 8f, covered witli a grayish
bark. Very branching w h numerous dry looking leaves, 18 to 30" by G to 9".
Aments 6 to 9" long. Diupe IJ" long, covered with white wax, — the bayberry
tallow of commerce. May.
3 M. Carolinensis L. Lvs. larger, evergreen, coriaceous, cuneate-elliptkal, acute,
with about 4 acute teeth near the apex, potiolate ; ^ aments solitary or several in
the axils of the old leaves; ? naked, with rounded, acuminate scales. — Swamps,
S. Car. to Fla. Shrub 4 to 8f high. Lvs. 3 to 5' by 1 to 2', petiole 1' or leea
Obdeh 122.— SALIC ACE.E.
6$i
i Amenta as long as the pe^^ioles, 9 much Bhorter. Fruit large, globular.
(Pursh. Our specimens in flower.) Mar., Apr.
2. COMPTO'NIA, Soland. Sweet Fern. (In honor of ffenrp
Cotupton, Lord Bishop of London.) Flowers 8 , $ Anaent cylindric ;
bract reniform-cordate, acuminate ; calyx-scale 2-parted ; stamens 3,
forked, each bearing 2 half anthers. ? Ament ovate ; calyx-scales 6,
longer than the bract ; styles 2 ; nut ovoid, 1-celled. — Low shrubs.
Lvs. long and narrow, pinnatifid-lobed, with small stipules, strongly aro-
matic.
C. asplenifdlia Ait. Lvs. long, linear-lanceolate, alternately sinuate-pinnatlHd-
— A shrub 2f high, common in dry woods and hills, Can. to Md. (Shriver) and
Wis. (Lapham). The main stem is covered witli a rusty brown bark which be-
comes reddish in the branclus, and white downy in the young shoots. Lvs. nu-
merous, on short peduncles, o to 4' by 6", divided nearly to the midvein into nu-
merous rounded lobes so as to .esemble those of the Spleeuwort. Stip. in pairs,
acuminate. Barren flowers h\ erect, cylindric catkins, terminal and lateral. Fer-
tile fls. in a dense, rounded burr or head, situated below the barren one. Fr. a
small, ovate, brown, 1 -colled nut. May.
Order CXXIL— SALICACE.E. Willoworts.
Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves and deciduous or persistent stipules.
Flowers $ S , both kinds in aments, one under each bract of the ament. Calyx
none or cup-form and entire. Ovary 1 to 2 celled, with 2 short styles. Fruit a
capsule, 2-valved, oo-soeded. Seeds with a coma, and no albumen. Illust. in
figs. 47, a; 81, 98, 266, 267, 26«, 269, 465.
Genera 9, gpeciea 220, chiefly natives of tlic nortlicrn tempemto and frigid zones, one species,
Salix arctica, extending farther nurtli tlian any utiier Icnown woody plant.
Properties. — The bark is astringent and tonic, possessing the febrifuiial properties of the sul-
pliate of qiiinia. Tlio wood is oinploycd for various economical purposes. Sfjveral of the Wil-
lows and Poplars aro much admired as shade trees.
1. SA^LIX, Tourn. Willow. Osier. (Celtic sal^ near, and lis, water ;
alluding to their usual locality.) Aments cylindric, bracts imbricated,
entire, 1-flowered, each with a nectariferous gland at base. S Calyx
; sta. 2 — 7. ? Calyx ; ova. ovoid-lanceolate, acuminate ; stig. 2,
mostly bifid ; caps. 1-celled, 2 valved, valves acuminate, finally revolute
at summit ; seeds numerous, minute, comous. — Trees, shrubs and under-
shrubs. Lvs. usually narrow and elongated, usually with conspicuous
stipules. Aments terminal and lateral.
5 Aments sessile, expanding before tlie leaves in early spring. Stamens 2. Ovaries
clothed witli wool, silk or down. Shrubs or small trees. (•)
♦ Ovaries pedicellate. Leaves subentire, grayisli-downy, rugous, margins subrev-
oiute. Upland grayish shrubs. Aments small Nos. 1 — 3
* Ovaries pedicellate. Leaves serrulate, smooth and shining above, glaucous be-
neath. Ainents large, very hairy. Slirubs 8 to 16f Nos. 4 — «
♦ Ovaries pedicellate. Leaves serrate, graylsli-silky beneath, drying black.
Ainents with 2 or 3 bracts at base Nos. 7, 8
• Ovaries sessile. Leaves subentire, not drying black Nos. », 1ft
I Aments more or less pedunculate, expanding with the leaves in late spring. Ovaries
mostly glabrous. (♦).
• Ovaries clothed with silk or clown and pedlcellnto. Stamens 2. (a)
a Leaves downy both sides. Ovary long-beaked. Shrub erect No. 11
a Leaves glabrous when mature. Shrubs low, mostlyalpine, spreading.. Nos. 12—14
* Ovaries glabrous. Shr-ibs olpine, low, creeping or ascending Nos. 15~1T
• Ovaries glabrous. Shrubs erect, or trees, 8 to 60f high, (a)
a Ovaries pedicellate. Scales greenish-yellow, deciduous, (b)
b Stamens mostly 2, sometimes 8. Leaves glaucous beneath Nos. 16, 19
b Stamens mostly .*> (4 to 6). Leaves green on both sides ^os. 20, 'il
a Ovaries pedicellate. Scales dark or black, persistent, (b)
b Leaves cordate or at least truncate at tne base, 4 to 16f high Nos. 28, 23
b Lea.'es acute or tapering at base. Shrubs 6 to lOf high Nos. 24, '^5
a Ovaries sessile. Stoment 2. Tree* of the largest size . . . .' Nos. 10, ii7
%
^'j;' /t|
1 I
11
N
IJ
ft',
IV'
«52
Order 122.— SALICAOE^.
1 S. trlstis Ait Saoe "Willow. Lvs. linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, cuneate
at base, entire or remutoly undulate-tootbed, margin subrevolute, apex acuto or
obtqsisb ; stip. minute, narrow-lanceolate, caducous ; ameni3 very small ; scales or-
bicular-oblong, hairy at the margin ; ova. with grayish, silky pubesceuce ; sty.
short. — Sandy or dry fields, borders of woods, pastures, N. Eng. to Wis. and Car.
A small, downy shrub, with a profusion of naked aments. Leaves at length nu-
merous, often crowded and rosulate at the endsof tho branches, 1 — 2' long, taper-
ing from above the middle to a very short petiole, the margin often rovolute^
under surface glaucous, often pubescent. Varies with the twigs and the dimin-
ished lvs. grayish white.
^ S. Muhlenberghi^na Barratt. Lvs. oblanceolate, remotely serrate, glabrous
above, pubescent and 7iot rugous beneath ; young branches sinootli ; siip. lunate,
subdentate ; aments precocious, diandrous ; scales lanceolate, obtuse, villous ; ova.
pedicellate, lanceolate, sili<y ; sly. long, bilid ; stig. 2-lobed. — A shrub in dry
soils, N., Mid. and W. States, 4 — 8f high, with brown twigs. On tlie ends of
these, cone-like excrescences are often produced by the punctures of insects,
Atnents, covered with very hairy scales, appearing before the leaves in April
(S. humilis Marshall ? S. conifera Muhl.)
3 S. Candida Willd. White Willow. TjVS. lanceolate or linear-lanceolatf..
very long, obscurely serrulate at the summit, pubescent above, hoary-tomeiitou j
beneath, revoluto on tho margin ; stip. lanceolate, as long as the petioles ; aments
cylinilric ; scales obovato, obtuse, very long, hairy ; stig. 2-lobod. — A beautiful
species in shady woods, Mid. and W. States. Stems 4 — 6f high. Loaves 8 — 12'
by 1 — 2'. Catkins dense, white with dense wool. Styles and stigmas dark red,
^ in length. Apr., May.
4 S. discolor Muhl, Branches pubescent when young, brownish or greenish;
lvs. oblong or obovato-oblong, acuto or rather acuminate, remotely serrulate-
toothed, pubescent when young, glaucous beneath; stip. lunate, entire, or with
obtVrse tetih ; a7n<;?ite oblong-cylindric, *ji^-y, erect; scales very hairy, oblanceolate,
acute ; ovaries on short pedicels, densely silky. — Shrub or small tree, 7 to IGf
high, in wet places, N. Eng. to 111. and Car. Lvs. 2 to 6' long, finally glabrous,
tlio stipules usually conspicuously tootlied at basj. Aments 1' to 18" in flower,
tlie fertile at length 2' or more. Sterile dense, silky white.
5 S. eriocephala Mx. Woolly-headed Swamp Willow. Branchlets very pu-
besuont, brown or purplish ; lvs. lanceolate-elliptic or oblong, cuneate at baso,
entire or remotely serrulate above, under surface glaucous or ferruginous, bolii
surfiices pubescent when young, at length the upper surface green and nearly
smooth ; sti}). semicordate, with sharp serratures, aments oval-oblong, densely vil-
lous; scales obovate, obtuse. — ,V small tree, putting forth its largo and exceedingly
woolly catkins in Apr. Grows in swamps, N. Eng.
6 S. sensitiva Barratt. Fuost or Tender Willow. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, cuneate and entire at base, finely serrate at the apex, and more di^i-
tantly and strongly serrate towards tho base, glabrous and rather thin ; stip. sub-
fakate, serrate ; $ aments rather lax ; scales rather lax, lightly clothed with grayish
black hairs. — A small tree about 15f high, found in various parts of N. Eng., &c.
The aments and twigs are frequently destroyed by f ost at fiuwering time, being
thinly protected with hairs. Lvs. smooth, 3 to 5' by IJ to 2'. Amenta 1^'
long.
7 S. sericea Marsh. Gray Willow. Lvs. lanceolate, serrulate, acuminate,
smooth above, silky beneath; stip. ovate-oblong, denticulate, deflected, decidiious;
scales oblong, hairy, black at the tip, rather longer than the pedicel of the oblong,
silky ovary ; stig. sessile, obtuse. — A sLmb 6 to 8f higii, in inundated meadows,
N. Eng. to Wis. and Va. Branches purplish, long and slender, very tough, ex-
cept at tho base, where they are very b/ittlo. Lvs. 2 to 4' by J to 1'. $ Amenta
very abundant, ^' long. (S. grisea Willd.)
8 S. petiolSris Smith. Lo.ng-stalkkd Greex Osier, Ia's. lanceolate, serrate,
acuminate, smooth, glaucous beneath, silky at base, mostly inequilateral: stip. lu-
nate, dentate ; aments appearing before tho leaves ; scales lax, obovate, obtuse,
hairy, black, shorter than the pedicel of the ovuid-acumdnate, silky ovary ; stigma
2-hbed, short-styled. — Low grounds, banks of streams, Coon, to 111. and S. Oar.
Ordkk 122.— SALIC ACEiE.
653
I
Shnib or small tree, 4 to 15f higli, with long, slender, smooth, purple or yel-
lowish green twigs, tough and elastic, used in basket making, (l:^ rosmarini-
folia Ph.)
/3. FUSCATA. Lv8. obovatc-lanceolate, acute ; aments of a leaden hue from tha
tliinuer hairs.
9 S. viminSlis L. Basket Osier. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, very long, acuminate,
iubeutire, silky-canesceat btneath ; stip. minute ; branches virgate ; aments preco-
cious ; scales roundish, very hairy ; filaments distinct ; ova. sessile, ovoid ; sty.
filiform; stig. undivided, acute. — Wet meadows and margins of rivers. Sts. 10 to
12f liigh, with long, straight, slender, and Hexible brandies. Lvs. often a foot in
length, narrow, covered with a snow-white pubescence beneath. Aments very
hairy. May. § Eur.
10 S. purpurea L. Purple "Willow. Lvs. partly opposite, obovate-lanreolate,
serrulate above, very smooth, narrowed at the base, aments cylindrical, with loaly
bracts at base ; scales orbicular, black; filaments united into 1, with 2 anthers;
ovary sessile, ovate-elliptic ; sty. very short ; stig. emarginate. — Low grounds,
river bank.s, and cultivated like tho last for basket-making. Shrub 6 to lOf
high. Twigs very long, slender and tough, covered witli a smooth, olive-colored
bark.
11 S. roBtr^ta Richardson. Branches erect, straight, pubescent, at length
smootli; lvs. hioaxll or obovatc-lanceolate, acute, subentire, at length coriaceous,
smooth above, glaucous-pubescent beneath ; stip. semicordate, dentate ; aments
short, cylindric, dense, the fertile ones becoming very long and loose ; scales ob-
long, membranous, hairy at the apex; ova. narrow-lanceolate, silky, hng-acumi-
nale, on very long pedicels ; sty. very short ; stig. lobed, the lobes bifid or entire.
— iShrub or small tree 8 — lOf high. Bark of tho trunk dark-colored, of tho
branches yellow.
12 S. longifolia Muhl. Long-leaved Willow. Z,iw. linear, acuminate at each
end, ebngatcd, retnotely toothed, smooth, nearly of the same color on both sides ;
stip. lamtolate, dentate; uintnts tomentous, pedunculate; sta. 2; scales flat, re-
tuse ; ovary short-stalked ; fil. bearded at base, twice longer than tho scales. —
Kiver banks from the Conn, and Ohio to Oregon and Brit. Am. It possesses a
remarkable power of rooting, extending itself and binding the loose sands to-
gether. Stems about 2f high, with brown branches and white branchlets.
13 S. phylicifdlia L. Mountain Willow. Lvs. ovate or lanceolate, remotely
repand-serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath; stip. semicordate, oblique at apex;
arniMts bracteate, S sessile; caps, pedicellate, conical-elongated, somewhat silky;
sty. long. — White Mts. A. handsome, low shrub, spreading, with broad-ellipticiU,
very smooth leaves, the margins repand-serrate.
14 S. rdpena L. Creeping Willow. Low, creeping ; lvs. ohovate or lance-olo-
vate, acutish or bluntly acuminate, obscurely crtnaie-toolhed, glabious and shining
above, silky-pubescent^ at length glabrous and glaucous beneath, reticulate both
fides ; stip. oblong, very caduroui ; aments short, few-flowered, very silky ; stam.
2 ; ovary silky, pedicellate. — Alpine summits White Mts. and northward. Sts. a
fjw inches above ground. Lvs. 8 to 12' by 4 to 6 ', petioles 3 to i", clothed
with silky pubescence when young, very smooth when old.
15 S. pedicill^ris Ph. Lvs. elliptic-oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, rather obtuse
at base, entire, both sides glabrous, beneath slightly glaucous and reticulato
veiued; amenta pedunculate: caps, ovate-conic, glabrous, long-pedicellate; scales
tihort, obtuse, a little hairy ; sty. very short ; lobes of tho stigma cleft;. — Mountain
swamps, N. Eng. and N. Y. A low and elegant shrub, with rather a virgate
habit, remarkable for its entire smoothness. On mountains it is more straggling,
Lvs. light, yellowish green, 1 to 2' long, very entire. {S. myrtilloides Tucker.)
16. S. Uva-iirsi Ph. Lvs. elliptical or obovate, obtuse at each end, glandtdar-
denticulate, smooth above, glaucous-sraoothish beneath, eilky-villoua when young;
aments pedunculate, cylindric, dense ; caps, ovate-conic, briefly pedicellate, glabrous;
reaies obovate, black, silky; stam. one; stig. bifid, lobes at length cleft. — White
Mta. N, H. A low orpiostrate shrub. Lvs. 3 to 5" by 2 to 3", Aments 6 ".
17 S. herb^cea L. Herb Willow. Arctic Willow. Dwt.rf; lvs. orbicular
cordait, serrate, glabrouu, veiny ; amenta fow-tlowered, beaaile ; scalea small, glaii-
If I
m-i
it 1
\
n
ip'
is
654
Order 122.— SALICACE^.
rous; ovaries sessile, lanceolate, glabrous ; style short; stig. lobes bifid. — On the
alpine regions of the White Mountains, N. to Lab. and the Arc. Islands. An in-
teresting little shrub, the smallest of its tribe. Stem ascending, 1 — 2' high.
Leaves about 3' diameter, smooth and shining on both sides. Stipules wanting.
Roots long, creeping, branching. Jn., Jl.
18 S. fragflis L. Crack Willow. Bedford Willow. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate,
glabrous, whole margin serrate, acuminate, petioles glandular ; stip. eemicordate,
pointed, dentate ; ova. on short pedicels, oblong-ovoid, glabrous ; stig. bifid, longer
than the styles ; scales oblong, a:)out equaUug tlie ovaries, pubescent, ciliate; <5
with an abortive ovary. — A tali tree, 60 or 80f high, native in Great Britain. It
has a bushy head, with numerous oblique, irregular branches. The twigs break
off at base by a sliglit touch. The wood is of a salmon-color. (S. Russelliana
£m.) § iiur.
19 S. decfpiens Tloffm, Branches smooth, highly polished ; lvs. lanceolate, glab-
rou.s, serrate, acuminate, floral ones often obovate and recurved, petioles somewhat
glandular; stip. small, semi-ovate, acute, dentate, often 0; ova. pedicellate, glab-
rous, acuminate ; sty. longer than the 2-clefl stigma. — A small, elegant tree, re-
markable for the polished, light, reddish-brown twigs, appearing as if varnisiied.
The young twigs stained with crimson. It is often set in rows fbr ornament and
shade. § Eur.
20 S. nigra Marshall. Black Willow. Lvs. lanceolate and lance-linear, attenu-
ate at each end, serrulate, smooth and green on botii sides, petiole and midvein
above tomentous ; stip. dentate, cadticous; aments erect, cylindric, villous; scales
oblong, very villous ; fil. 3 to 6 (generally 5), bearded at base ; ova. pedicellate,
ovoid, smooth ; sty. very short ; stig. bifid. — A large shrub or small tree, 10 to 15
to 20f high, on the banks of streams. Can. to Fla. and Ark. Branches very brittle
at base, palo yellow. The trunk has a blackish bark. Lvs. narrow, 4 to 8' long.
Sterile aments 3' long.
J3. FALCATA. Lvs. long and more or less falcate. (S. Purshiana Spr. S. fal-
cata Ph.)
21 S. Idcida Muhl. Shining Willow. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate long-pointed, rounded
at base, smooth and shining; stip. oblong, serrate; stam. 3 to 5, mostly 5; scales
lanceolate, obtuse, serrate and smooth at the tip, hairy at the imse ; ovaries lan-
ceolate-subulate, smooth. ; style bifid ; stigmas obtuse. — A small and beautiful tree,
common in N. Eng., Middle States, Mich, and British Am. Trunk 12 — 15f high,
3 — 4' diam. Branches smooth, dark, shining green. Leaves broad and glossy,
dark green above, tapering to a long point. May.
22 S. cordSta Muhl. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate at base,
smootli; stip. large, roundish-ovate, _/Sfteiy serrate; stam. sometimes 3 ; scales lan-
ceolate, woolly, black, twice shorter than the pedicel of the lanceolate, smootli
ovary ; sty. very short ; stig. bifid. — An elegant shrub, 6 to 8f high, in swamps
throuii;hout the Mid. States. Branches green and smooth, with light-green lvs.
an inch wide and 3' long. Aments an inch long, accompanying the leaves in
Apr. and May. (S. Torreyana Barratt.)
23 S. rigida Muhl. Stiff-leaved Willow. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, subcordate, rigid, smooth, coarsely serrate, the lowest serratures elongated,
petioles villous ; stip. very large, reniforra-ovate, obtuse, glandular-serrate ; am-
ents triandrous; scales lanceolate, woolly, black, a tiiird shorter than the pedi-
cel of the lanceolate, smooth ovary; sty. very short; stig. 2-parted. — A small
tree, 10 to 15f high, growing in swamps. Branches green, red towards the end,
the younger ones pubescent. Much used in basket-making. Apr., May.
24 S. myricoidea Muhl. Gale-leaved Willow. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate,
acute, with 2 glands at base, obtusely serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath, stip. ovate,
acute, glandular-serrate; omen te villous, black; ova. on long pedicels, glabrous;
sty. bifid ; stig. bifid. — Swamps, N. Eng. to Va. A small shrub, with green
branches, tlie branchlets purple, smooth. Lvs. at length thick and coriaceous,
the serratures each tipped with a gland. Apr.
25 S. angUBtilta Ph. Lvs. lanceolate, acute, very long, gradually attenuated ai
base, very glabrous, serrulate, nearly the same color both sides ; stip. semi-cordate ;
aments erect, somewhat glabrous ; ova. pedicellate, ovoid, glabrous sty. bifid ; stig.
•E
MM
Obder 122.— SALICACEyE.
655
2-lobed. — Banks of Btreams from the Conn, to the Miss. An excellent osier,
with very long and slender twigs, long and narrow leaves.
26 S. vitellina L. Yellow Willow. Golden Osier. Lvs. lanceolate, aci,-
niinate, with thickened serratures, smooth above, paler and somewhat silky bi;-
neath ; slip. ; aments cylindric ; scales ovate-lanceolate, pubescent outside ; ova.
sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth ; stig. subsessile, 2-lobed. — This willow was pro-
bably introduced, but is now very common by roadsides, &c. It is a treo of
moderate height, with shining yellow branches. May.
l3. OERULEA. Lvs. with a bluish hue, nearly or qtiite smooth beneath. — Oa
river banks.
27 S. Babyl6nica L. Weeping Willow. (Fig. 47, c). Branches pendulous;
lvs. linear-lanceolaie, acuminate, smooth, glaucous beneath ; slip, roundish, oblique,
acuminate; ova. sessile, ovate, smooth. — A large tree of rapid growth and of a
most graceful and elegant form, cultivated until nearly naturalized. Only the 9
plant has yet been recognized in the U. S. § Eur. — ji. annularis, the curled
willow, with tiie leaves regularly recurved into rings or coils, is a cultivated
variety. — The long, slender branchlcts very naturally indicate the English name
of the tree and give it a place in the church-yard to " weep" over the remains of
the departed. The Latin name was happily suggested to Linuieus by tiie I37th
Psalm:
" By the rivers of Babylon there wo sat down ;
Yen, we wopt, wlu'n \vo reniomberrd Zion.
We hanged our harps upon the wiUaw^ in the midst thereof."
2. POP'ULUS, Tourn. Poplar. Aspen. (Lat. popi(hi,s, the people ;
being often planted along the public ways.) Aments cylindric ; bracts
lacerately fringed ; calyx an oblique, disk-like cup, its margin entire;
$ Stamens 8 to 30. $ Ova. superior; style very short, bifid; stigma
large, 2-lobed ; capsule 2-valved, 2-cclled. — Trees of large dimensions.
AVood soft and liirht. Buds varnished with a fra":rant resin. Lvs. broad,
|)etiolo3 long, often compressed vertically, and glandular. Aments lat-
eral, expanding before the lvs.
♦ Branchlets winacd or angular. Leaves ovate-cordate, acuminate Nos. 1, 2
* Br.inchlcts terete. — Leaves ovate-orbicular, short ucuuiinale No. 8
— Leaves ovate-orbicular, obtuse or acute Nos. 4, 5
— Leaves ovate, acuminate. Stamens 20 to 50 ? Nos. 6, 7
— Leaves deltoid, acuminate, smooth Nos. 8, 9
— Leaves lobed, white-tomentous beneath No. 10
1 P. anguldta Ait. Water Popl.^r, Western Cotton Tree. Branches acutely
angular or winged; lvs. ovate-deltoid, subcordate, uncinate-serrate, acuminate,
glabrous, younger ones broadly cordate. — A tree of noble dimensions, growing
along the rivers of the S. and W. States. Trunk 40 to 80f high, 1 to 3f diam.,
bearing a broad summit, with coarse branches and branchlets. Lvs. on adult
trees 2 to 3' long, about the same width, truncate at base, on younger shoots
they are 2 or 3 times larger, with a cordate base. Petioles longer than the lvs.
Branchlets remarkably thick, greenish, spotted with white, striate. Buds short-
ovoid, green, not coated with resin. Timber not valuable. Mar., Apr.
2 P. monilffera Ait. Neck-lace Poplar. Cotton-wood. Branchlets angular,
becoming terete; lvs. broadly deltoid-ovate, acuminate, serrate-dentate, smooth,
teeth incurved, ciliate, base nearly entire and subcordate ; scales of tlie ament
lacerate-fringed, not hairy ; stigmas 3 or 4, very large. — A large tree, (30 to 80f
high, in woods along rivers and lakes. Western Vt. to IH . t,ad La. Trunk cylin-
dric, straight, 1 to 3f diam. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, conspifiuously acuminate, nearly
as wide as long, on petioles of nearly equal length. lertile aments recurved or
pendulous, at length 4 to 8' long and the capsules remote. Buds varnished ad La
the other species. Apr. (P. laavigata Wi^ld.)
3 P. tremuloides Mx. American Aspen. Lvs. orbicular-cordate, abruptly
acuminate, dentate-serrate, pubescent at the margin ; bracts of the ament 3 or 4-
cleft, margin silky-fringed. — Abundant in N. Eng. and in the Mid. States, growing
in woods and open lands. St. 25 to 40f in height, with a diam. of 8 to 12'. Bark
greeniali, smooth, except on the tiunks of the oldest trees. Lvs. small (2 to 2^'
ii;
SB '
V H
I
rl
m
■.■I
. ■ 1
!: ; ;|
X"' I
■Mn
M
W
r\
Km I ,
if ,it
656
Order 123.— SAURURACEiE.
long and of equal or greater width), dark green, petioles 2 to 3' long and laterally
comprcsaed, so tliat they can scarcely remain at rest in any position, and are
thrown into excessive agitation by the slightest^ breeze. The trembhng of tlie
• " aspen leaf" is proverbial. Amenta plumed with silken hairs, about 2' long,
pendulous. Apr.
4 P. grandident^ta Mx. Large Poplar. Lvs. roundish-ovate, acute, with
large, unequal, sinuate teeth, smooth, villous when young; bracts fan-shaped, 5-cleft
and silky-fringed. — Woods and groves, Can. and Nor. U. S. not uncommon.
St, 40f high, with a diam. of If, straight, covered with a smooth, greenish bark.
Branches distant, coarse and crooked, clothed with leaves only at their ex-
tremities, with terete twigs. Lvs. 3 to 5' long and nearly as wide, clothed
witli thick white down in spring, but becoraiug perfectly smooth. Aments 3 to
4' long, all the parts hairy, the sterile longer than tho fertile. Stam. about 12,
as in the preceding species. May.
5 P. heterophyila L. Cotton Tree. Branches terete; lvs. roundish-ovate,
obtuse, uncinately serrate, cordate at base, t/ie small auriculate lobes over-closed,
white-tomentous when young, at lengtii nearly smooth ; ovaries with a long pedicel
and conspicuous style. — Swamps, N. Eng. (rare) to III. and La. A tree 40 to 60f
high, trunk 1 to 2f diam. Lvs. 3 to 6' long, with small teeth, blunt or never
acuminate at aper, and the base lobes often so overlapping as to conceal the
insertion of the petiole. Apr., May.
5 P. balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar. Tacamehao. Branches terete; lvs. ovate,
acuminate, with close-pressed serratures, white and reticulate-veiny beneath,
glabrous both sides ; bracts of tho ament dilated, laciniate-fringed, slightly hairy ;
stam. 40 to 50. — Swamps and river banks. Me. to Penn.. N. Y., Can. and the N .
W. coast. A large tree, 40 to 80f high, trunk 1 to 2f diam. Lvs. 2 to 4' long.
Sterile aments 2 to 3' long, fertile at length 4 to 6'. Stam. purple. Buds in spring
covered with nn aromatic resin which may be separated in boiling water.
7 P. cdndicans Ait. Balu op Gilead. (Fig. 268, 269). Branches terete, lvs.
ovate, cordate, acuminate, closely and unequally serrate, whitish and reticulate-
veined bi ueath, petiole hirsute; bracts of the ament oval, laciniate-fringed; stam.
about 20. — A tine tree of strong and peculiar fragrance, often cultivated, rarely
growing wild. Can. and the Northern U. S. Height 30 to 50f, with a pyramidal
head of dense ample foliage. Lvs. 4 to 6 long, at length smooth and dark green
above. Sterile aments 2 to 3' long, fertile 4 to 6. Buds filled throughout with
fragrant resin.
8 P. nigra L. /?. betulifolia Torr. Black Poplar. Young branches pubes-
cent ; lvs. delioid-rhoinliic, conspicuously acuminate, finely crenate-serrate, smooth
both sides; aments without hairs. — Trees 30 to 40f high, planted at Hoboken,
N. J. and perhaps in Penn. f Eur. (P. betulifolia Ph. P. Hudsonica Mx.)
9 P. dilat^ta Ait. Lombard y Poplar. Lvs. smooth, acuminate, deltoid,
serrate, the breadth equaling or exceeding the length ; trunk lobed and sulcate. —
Early brought to this country, and has been planted about many a dwelling and
in village streets. Its rapid growth is the only commendable quality it possesses,
while the huge worms by which it is often infested render it a nuisance.
f Italy
10 P. dlba L. Abele. Silyer-leaf Poplar. Lvs. cordate, broad-ovate,
lobed and toothed, acuminate, dark green and smooth above, very white-downy
beneath ; fertile amenta ovate ; stig. 4. — A highly ornamental, cultivated tree.
Nothing can be more striking than the contrast between the upper and lower
surface of the leaves, f Eur.
Order CXXIII. SAURURACE^. Saururads.
Eierbs with jointed stems, alternate, entire leaves furnished with stipules. Flow-
ers in spikes, perfect, naked, having neither corolla nor calyx. Stamens definite.
Ovaries 3 to 6, more or less united. Seeds ascending. Embryo enclosed in a sac
(amnion), outside of hard, mealy albumen. Fig. 264.
tin
Order 125.— POUOSTEMIACE^. 65*J
(ftnera 4, »pecte'> 7. natives of China and North America, growing In inarsh«s and pools.
Properties Unimportttut.
SAURU'RUS, L. Lizard-tail. (Gr. aavpa, a lizard, ovpd, a tail;
alluding to the form of the inflorescence.) Inflorescence an anient or
spike of 1 -flowered scales ; stamens 6, 7, 8 or more ; anthers adnate to
the filaments; ovaries 4; berries 4, 1-seeded. — 21 St. angular. Lvs.
cordate, acuminate, petiolate.
S. c^muus Willd. — Common in marshes, U. S. and Can. St. 1 J to 2f high, weak,
furrowed. Lvs. 4 to 6' long and half as wide, smooth atid glaucous, with promi-
nent veins beneath ftnd on petioles 1 to 2' long. Spikes slender, drooping at
summit, longer than the leaf. Scales tubular, cleft above, white. Fls. very small
and numerous, sessile, consisting only of the long stamens, and the ovaries with
their recurved stigmas. Jl, Aug.
Ki
Ik
Order CXXIV. CAIMTRICIIACE^. Starwort.
Herbs aquatic, small, with opposite, simple, entire leaves. Flowers axillary, soli-
tary, very minute, polygamous, achlamydeous, with 2 colored bracts. Stamen 1,
rarely 2 ; filament slender ; anthers 1-celled, 2-valved, reuiforra. Ovary 4-celled,
4-lobed ; ovules solitary. Styles 2 ; stigmas simple points. Fruit l-celled, 4-st'eded,
iiidehisoent. Seeds peltate, albuuiinous.
Genus 1, species 6, growing in stagnant waters, both of Europe and America.
CALLIT'RICHE, L. (Gr. KaXo^, beautiful, OqI^, rpixog, hair; allud-
ing to the slender stems.) Character the same as that of the order.—- <!)
1 C. v^rna L. Floating ; lvs. obovate-spatulate, 3-nerved, the lower more narrow
or linear ; fls. subses.silo ; bracts 2, longer than the ovary ; i'r. obtusely margined,
obcordate. — A little aquatic, common in pools and ditches. Sts. numerous, slen-
der, consisting of 2 tubes, 8 to 12 to 20' long, according to the depth of the water.
Lvs. 4 to 6" long, with the tapering base, ^ to 2" wide, the floating broadest.
The fls. solitar}', rarely 2 in the axil, the outer a stamen only. Bracts white. Sta-
men posterio-. yellow, styles 2, filifbrm, anterior. Caps. ^" long, suboval. Apr.
— Jl. (C intermedia Willd. C. heterophylla Ph. C. aquatica I3w.)
2 C. autumn^lis L. Floating; lvs. all linear, l-nerved, or the highest linear-
spatulate ; fls. subsessile ; bracts slwrter than the ovary or none ; fr. oval, acutely
margined. — In similar situations with the first, S. States, less common. Sts. 1 to
2f long. Lvs. 5 to 7" long, often bifid, a few of the highest 3-veined. May —
Sept. (C. linearis Pb.)
3 C. terr^Btris Raf. Sts. short, diffuse, prostrate ; lvs. very small, oblong, all
similar , fls. sessile, 2-bracted ; fruit broader than long, deeply obcordate, 2-winged
on the margins. — A much smaller species, on the muddy borders of ponds, cover-
ing the surface. Sts. 1 to 2' long. Lvs. 1 to 2" long. Fr. J" long. Jn. — Aug.
(C. brevifolia Ph. C. platycarpa Kutz.)
Order CXXV. PODOSTEMIACE^. Threadfoots.
Herbs aquatic with the habit of seaweeds, with alternate, dissected leaves, with
flowers minute, perfect, naked or with 3 sepals, stamens 1 or many, h3'pogjTious.
Ovary compound, 2 to 3-celled, with as many stigmas, and numerous ovules. Fruit
a many-seeded capsule, ribbed and somewhat pedicelled. Albumen none.
Genera 20, species 100. frequent in S. America and E. India. 1 only in N. America. They all
prow in running water, attached to stones lilie the following species.
PODOSTE'MUM, L. C. Rich. Threadpoot. River AVeed. (Gr.
novg, TTodbg, a foot, ar^fiiov ; the stamens being apparently on a com-
mon foot-stalk,) Stamens 2, with the filaments united below ; ovary
43
;.!:'
»!'l
', ■ :i|
,1
658
Ordbb 126.— CERATOPHYLLACE^.
obloiig-ovoid ; stigmas 2, sessile recurved ; capsule 2-celled ; seeds
minute. — Small, submersed herbs, adhering to stones and pebbles.
P. ceratophyUum Mx. Lvs. dichotomously dissected ; 63. solitary, axillary.^
Mid. W. aud S. States, in shallow streams. St. a few inches long, usually desti-
tute of roots and attn/»hed to stones by lateral, flesliy processes. Lvs. numerous,
olive-green, alternate, coriaceous, divided into many long, linear-setaceous seg-
ments. Fls. OP. short, thick peduncles, the 2 stamens and styles at length burst-
ing through th3 lacerated calyx. Jl. (Lacis ceratophylla Bougard.)
!
Order CXXVl. CERATOPIIYLLACE.E. ' IIornworts.
Eerha aquatic, with verticillate, dichotomously dissected leaves. Flowers mo,
■oecious, sessile, axillary, minute, with neither corolla nor calyx. Involucre 8 to 12-
deft. S Anthers (12 to 24) sessile. $ A simple, 1 -celled ovary. Seeti suspended,
orthotropous, emlryo with 2 pairs of cotyledons.
Gen tin 1 "Illy, with 6 i •necief, in the streiims and pools of the northern hemisphere.
Propertien — Unimportant.
CERATOPHYL'LUVH, L. IIornwort. (Gr. KbQaq, a horn, <f>vXXov,
a leaf; alluding to the horn-like divisions of the leaves.) Character
the same as that of the Order.
C. dem^rsum L. Lvs. 6 to 8 in a whorl, doubly dichotomous, dentate-spines-
c«nt on the back ; fls. axillary ; fr. 3-spined.— H. Au aquatic weed in ditches, etc.,
N. Y. to Va., "W. to 111. St. floating or prostrate, 8 to 16' long, filiform, with
numerous whorls of leaves. These are dichotomously divided into 2 or more
narrow, stiff segments. Fls. minute, axillary, sessile, with sessiia anthers. Fr.
an oblong, beaked capsule, with 1 seed. Jl. — Sept.
m
^mn'''
• ^
j^plt!^!",
^SH
Bsi^t 'iii')
;i
W|!;;
f la
Ba^' ^1*^
EH
l^tBPfil^ u "
W
BJiSjn--?,:
I m
^fefe;
fl
K|
||
M
i M
^^Mf
FIG. 692. T6.\us Cana(16nais— naked se*d«.
Ohueu 127.— (JON if
Class II.
/A^^'" LIBRARY. ^/i
JUL 2i^ 1902
Exogenous plants with chiefly parallel-veined leaves, always
diclinous, with the flowers very incomplete. Pistils none, or
represented by open scales. Ovules axillary or naked, fertilized
\)y the direct application of the pollen, becoming at maturity
naked seeds, destitute of a true j)ericarp. Cotyledons often
more than 2. This Class constitutes the
Cohort 4. CONOIDEiE.
^H !•
Order CXXVII. CONIFERS. Conifers.
Trees or shrubs mostly evergreen, aboundiiig witli a resinous juice. Leaves scnt-
tered or fascicled, acerons, linear or lanceolate, parallel-veined. Flowers nioncecious
or dioecious, achlamydeous, in arncnts or cones. $ Stamens 1, or several ut ited.
9 Ovary, style and stigma wanting. OvxUes 1 or several at tlie base of tlio car-
pellary scale. Fruit a strobile (cone), woody with the scales distinct, or buccato
with the scales fleshy and coherent. Illusl. in i'igs. 4G, S. 87, 152, 15:5, 367, 449,
46S, 579.
Genera 20, uperies 110, nntivcs of nil cllmntes, but inoist abtindnnt in tlio tcmpornto zoni's,
those of the southern, however, very different from the pines, spruces, litrclies uml cedars of tlin
northern.
J'ropertieH.— Few orders can be named, which are ;if more importance to mnnlvind, wlietlior in
reference to their invaluable timberor their resinous secretions. Turpentine, tar, pitch and resin,
!\re the product of the pines. Burirundy pitch is yielded by Plnus .sylvestris of Kurope ; Veiu-
ti!in turpentine, by the Larix ; oil of Savin by Juniperus 8al)ina of Kurope, etc. In stature the
Coniferw are the loftiest of all trees. Pi n us strobus, arises often 200f. Aruucaria iuibricata ul
Chiii 250f, and Sequoya gigantea of California 4U0f.
SUBORDERS AND GENERA.
I. ARIETINE..E. 9 Scales many, each subtended by a bract, with 2 inverted ovules
(their ndcropyle turned downwards) at the base inside. Seeds winged. (♦)
* Leaves evergreen, fasciculate in clusters of 2 to 5 Pinus. I
* Leaves evergreen, separate, scattered Akiks. 2
* Leaves deciduous, many in the fascicles on short lateral branclilcts Lakix. 3
II, CTPRESSINE^E. 9 Scales few, bractless, each with 2 to 8 erect ovules. (*)
* Flowers monoecious. Fruit a woody cone opening at maturity, (a)
a Leaves evergreen, sc.ile-like. Cone-scales oblong, loose, flattish, 2-ovuled Thuja. 4
a Leaves evergreen, scale-lilve or subulate. Cone-scales peltate, angular Uppebssus. 5
i' a Leaves deciduous, linear, 2-rowed. Cone-scales peltate, angular Taxodii'm. C
* Flowers dioecious. Fruit a fleshy cone, tho scales consolidated, berry-like. .Junihekus. T
1. PrNUS, L. Pine. (Celtic pin or pc% a rock or crag ; from the
locality of many species.) Flowers monoecious. $ Aments chistered,
terminal; stamens oo, with 2 cells and a scale-like connective; pollen
grains triple. ? Aments conical or cylindric, the carpellary scales
bracted, each bearing on its base within 2 inverted ovules ; strobile com-
posed of tlie imbricated hardened scales which are often thickened or
awned at the tip; seeds nut-like, winged ; cotyledons 3 to 12, linear. —
Trees with evergreen, acerous Ivs. in fascicles of 2 to 5, each fascicle
subtended and invested by a membranous scale or leaf. (Fig. 152.)
I, ?
i •;' til
H
:i» i il
?.
'H
660
Order 127.— CONIFERS.
r \
h ':■
I Leovoa fhscicleil in 5s. Cone Acitle.i nut tliickoneil nt the end, nnnrmed Nn. ^
I l^eiive.t in 8s. (.'one scaIch nt tli(> end tliicl(en<'<l unil |>ricl<lj or spiny Not*. 2—4
§ Lcuvtitt lu 28 (rarely 38). — Si-alts at llio enii tiiicl(one<i and spiny No*. 8 — 7
— Scaler at tlie end tliicliened, but unarmed Nos. 8, 9
1 P. atrdbus L. White Pine. "Weymouth Pine. Lvh. in 5s, slender, with
very short aheatht) ; cone.s solitary, cyliiidrio, loose, pendant longer than the Ivs. —
A most majestic and useful forest tree. Can., N. Kng. to Penn. and Wis. The
trunk is perfectly straight, covered with a comparatively smooth bark, and, in
some instances, 5 — 7f in diameter, and 80 to lOOf in lieight without a limb ; then,
sending out a few brandies, it forms a tufted head far above the surrounding
forest. Brandies wliorled only in the young trees. Leaves about 4' long, nume-
rous, 8len<ler, of a bhiish green, forming an extremely soft and delicate foliage.
Wood soft, fine-grained, easily wrought, very durable, used in immense quantities
in architecture. The large trunks are in particular sought for the masts of ships.
May.
2 P. paltistris Lamb. Lono-leaved or Broom Pine. Lvs. in 3s. very long,
crowded at the ends of the branches, with elongated, ragged, hulf-persistf.nt sheaths ;
cone subcylindrical, nearly as long as the leaves; scales tipped willi small, recurved
spines. — N. Car. to Pla., very abundant and valuable. The trunk is 15 to 20 diam.,
arising with a slight diminution 40 or 50f to the branches, thence 20 to 40f to
tlie summit. Burk slightly furrov/ed. Lvs. dark green, 10 to 15' in Icngtli. Buda
very long, whitish. Sterile aments violet colored, 2' long. Cone 8 to 10' long.
Sds. with a thin white testa. Timber strong, compact, resinous and durable,
used at tiie south in vast quantities. The young trees look like brooms The old
are festooned with the long moss. Thoy yidd nearly all the turpentint' and resin
of couuncrco. As fuel it burns with fragrance, splendor and heat.
3 P. Tadda L. Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. Lvs. in 3s, long, light green,
with long, subentire sheaths; cones oblong-ovoid, dcflexed, half as long as the leaves,
the scales tipped with a short infUxed spine. — Abundant in pine woods and sandy
fields as a second grovvtli, Va. to Fla. A tall tree, 50 to 80 or even lOOf high,
with a wide-.spreading summit. Bark thick and very rugged. Lvs. 6 to 10' long,
rigid, sheatlis blackish, 6 ' long. Sterile aments 1' long, densely clustered, light-
reddish. Cones 3 to 5' long. — Less valuable for turpentine or timber tliau P.
palustris, but equally excellent as fuel and light.
ji. seuotin.v. Pond Pixe. Cone ovoid, thick (as largo as a goose egg), pol-
ished and shining, nearly unarmed. Tree smaller.
4 P. rigida Miller. Pitch Pine. Lvs. in 3.s, rigid, with short sheaths; cone.<»
pyraniidal-ovoid, clustered; scales with short, thick, refkxtd spines. — Common in
barren, sandy plains, which it often exclusively occupies. It is of moderate height
at the north'(25 to 301), but attains a great height (40 to 70f) in the S. States.
Tlie trunk, wliich is seldom straight, is covered with a very thick and rough bark
cleft with deep furrows. Lvs. 4 to 6' long. Cones usually several togetlier, 2
to 3' long. Tlie wood is heavy with resin, is used in architecture lor flooring,
and in ship-building, and is excellent as fuel for steam engines.
5 P. mitis Mx. Yellow Pine. Spruce Pine. Lvs. in pairs (sometimes iu
3s), slender, channeled, with elongated sheatlis, scattered all over the hranchlets;
cones not generally clustered, oblong-ovoid, half the lengtli of the shortish lvs. ;
scales with a short, weak, slightly incurved prickle. — Widely diffused throughout
the country. A tree of slow growth, 30 to 50 to 80f high. Bark rough, broken
into broad plates. Lvs. 3 to 6' to 7', bluish green, 'a 3s on young tiees or the
more vigorous shoots. Cones 18 to 30 " long, rugged with the projecting point
of the scales. Timber close-grained, moderately resinous, used in immense qutin-
tities for all kinds of architecture.
(3. ? p.\UPERA. Bark smoother than the pines in general, the branches resem-
bling those of the beech ; lvs. short, (3 to 4') and thinly scattered ; cones
smaller than a hen's egg, with minute, straightish spines ; barren aments
6" long.— Vn. {Mr. E. Jfears) to Ga. Tree 40— 50f high.
6 P. piingens Mx. Southern Mountain Pine. Lvs. in pairs, short, rigid, acute,
somewhat channeled, rough-edged; sheaths very short; cones ovoid, longer than
the leaves; scales tipped with a long, recurved and hooked spine. — Lookout Mt. I
Tenn. and Table Mt., Grandfather Mt. &c., N. Car. and Va. Tree w ith rough
Oruir 127.— CONIFEIliE.
001
and Boaly hark, gnarlwd spreading branches. 20 to 30f high. Lvfl. 18 to 30 long,
cones flniilly 2 to 3 bong, the spine? fully 3'' long, the points hooked. In the
young cones the apine» are projecting, with the points hooked. Bniueldets bluish
red. Resembles the next.
7 P. fnops Ait. Jersey or Scrub Pine. Lva. in pairs, rather short, obtwie, riifitl,
cliannelod above, terete beneath, margins obscurely serrulate; rones rieurved,
ovoid-oblong, as long lui the leaven ; scales eonjpact, obtuse at base, with a strmjht,
subulate prickle. — A tree 15 — 2iifhigli, on barrens in the Middle States. Hramlies
straggling, and, with the trunk, covered with a rough, blackish bark. Itriiuc hleta
glaucous. Leaves 1 — 2' long. Tho wood abounds in resin. May.
8 P. rosindsa Ait. Norway Pine. Red Pixe. Lvs. in pairs, channeled elon-
gated, with elongated sheaths ; cones ovoid-eonie, rounded at the bnse, subsolitarv,
about half as long as the lvs. ; scales without spines, dilated in tho niitkile. — It
abounds in the northern parts of tho U. 8. and in Canada, attaining the lieiglit
of 80fJ with a trunk of 2f in diameter, very straight and uniform. Bark smoother,
and of a clearer red t'.ian other pines. Leaves chietiy collected towards the ends
of tho branches, always in pairs, 6 — 8' in length, the sheatlis 6 to 12". Timber
lino-grained, resinous, stronj; and durable. May. (P. rubra, Mx.)
9 P. Banksi^na Lambert. Scrub Pine. Lvs. in pairs, rigid, curved, short,
acute, terete upon the b.u-k and channeled above, margins somewhat scabrous ;
cones ovate-acuminate, recurved, tortuous, longer t?iaH the lvs., scales without
spines, obtuse, smooth. — A small tree, with long, spreading, flexit)le brandies,
abounding in barrens, in Me. to Wis. and liritish America. Leaves about an inch
in length. Cones nearly twice as long as the leaves, usually in pairs. Apr., ilay.
(P. ruprestris Mx.)
2. A^BIES, Tourn. Spruce, Fir. $ Aments axillary, cliistorod to-
wards tho ends of the branches ; $ scales of tlie cone thin, liat, not
thickened nor spine-pointed at the end ; seeds with a persistent wino; ;
cotyledons 3 to 9. — Trees with evergreen, solitary, scattered lvs. never
sheathed at base. (Fig. 46, S.)
S Cones erect, hrnets conspicuous with tho scdles. Leaves flnt, whitened beneath.. . .\os. 1, 2
§ (.'ones pendant, bracts inconspicuous. — Scales roiiniled and entire at tip No >.:-(, 4
—Scales eroded or dentate at tip Nos. 6, li
1 A. balsaxnea Marshall Fir Balsam. Lvs. linear, fiat, obtuse, glaucous-silvery
beneath ; cones cyliudric, large (3 to 4' long); s-cales broad, compact; bracts obovute,
mucronate, slightly jyrojecting. — A beautiful evergreen, common in humid tbi ests of
tho northern U. S. and Can. Branches nearly horizontal, gradually becoming
shorter upwards, forming a regularly pyramidal head. The lvs. are little longer
than those of tho hemlock (8 to 10" long) spirally arranged, bright green above,
silvery white beneath. Cones 1' thick, bluish purple when growing. Bark
emootb, abounding in reservoirs tilled with a resin or balsam which is considered
a valuable medicine. May. (Pinus, L. Picea Mx.)
2 A. Fr^aerl Ph. Double Fir Balsam. Lvs. flat, glaucous beneath, linear,
often emarginato, subsecuud, erect above; cone ovoid-oblong, erect, very small',
bracts elongated, rejlexed, oblong-cuneate, emarginate, briefly mucronate, incisely
toothed. — Smaller tree than the last, much resembling it in habit, in Mts. N. Kng.
to Car. Lvs. 3" long, and much crowded. Cones I to 2' long when mature, sin-
gularly distinguished by tho long-pointed, violet-colored, refiexed bracts. Sterile
aments terminal May. — A highly ornamented shade tree.
3 A. Cdnad6nsiB Mx. Hemlock. Lvs. linear, flat, obscurely denticulate, glaucous
beneath, in 2 rows ; cones ovoid, terminal, scarcely longer than the kaves ; scales
rounded, entire. — A well known evergreen inhabitant of rocky, mountainous
woods Brit. Am. to Car. and Wis., commonly attaining the height of 70 — 80t'. The
trunk is large in proportion, straight, covered with a rough bark. Branches brit-
tle and nearly horizontal, with pubescent twigs. Leaves 6 — 8 ' in length, less
than 1" wide, arranged in 2 opposite rows. Cones very small. Wood soft,
elastic, of a coarse, loose texture, not much valued for timber. Tho bark is ex-
tensively used in tanning. May. (Pinus, L.)
4 A. dlba Mx. White or Single Spruce. Lvs. 4-sided, incurved; cones lax,
>*"■■ j'j
062
Obdbb 127.— conifers.
PI :
pendulous, suhcylindric, with enHro, broadly obovate, somewhat 2-lobed scales. —
Very abundant in humid and rocky woods, Can. to Car. and Wis. Heighf 50f.
Trunk 1 to 2f diara. at tiie base, regularly diminishing upwards. Lower branches
longest, tlie others becoming gradually shorter upwards. Lvs. \ to f ' long, placed
on all sides of the branches. Cones small. The timber is useful in the i'ramea of
buildings, Ac. May. (Pinus, Ait.)
5 A. nigra Mx. Black or Double Spruci:. Lvs. 4-c«rnered, scattered, straight
erect: cones ovoid, ptndulotis; scales Q\\vp\\<ia\-ohova.iQ,erosely dentate at the edge, erect-
— Abounds in the tlie northern U. S. and Can., wliere dark, mountain forests, are
often wholly composed of it. It is a large tree, 70 — 80f high, with a straight
trunk and a lofty pyramidal head. The leaves thickly cover the branches, dark
green, little more tlian \' in length. Cones 1 — 2' long. Timber ligiit, strong,
elastic, much used in architecture. That s:ilutary beverage, spruce beer, is made
from the young branches. May. (Pinus L.)
6 A. excelsa DC. Norway Spruce. Branches pendulous; lvs. elongated,
somewhat 2-ranked; cones lonn, cylindrical, pendulous; scales broad, witli a
diijhlhj projecting and 2-ioothed apex. — Parks and shrubberies. A tall stately
evergreen with dense and dark green foliage. Lvs. about 1' long, crowded.
Cones very siiowy, and elegant, 5 to 8' long, more than 1' diam. — It grows luxu-
riantly, and is a tiner tree than any of our native species, f N. Eur.
3. LA'RIX, Tourn. Larch. Tamarack. Aments scattered all
over the branches, bud-liko ; S anthers 2-celled, cells opening length-
wise, with simple pollen grains ; $ cones erect, oval or roundish, scales
colored, persistent ; seeds with a proper wing. — Lvs. deciduous, acerous,
soft, scattered, and in axillary, many-leaved fascicles.
I L. Americana Mx. Lvs. filiform, very slender ; cones ovoid, inclining upwards
even when the branches are pendulou-s; scales few, thin ami infitxed on, the mar-
gin; bracts elliptical, often hollowed at the sides, abruptly acuminate with a
slender point. — A beautiful tree, often seen in siirubberies, and thinly interspersed
in forests. Can. to Penn. and Wis. It is remarkably distinguished from the pinea
by its deciduous leaves, the branches being bare nearly half the year. The tree
arises 80 — lOOf, with a straight and slender trunk and horizontal branches.
Lca\es 1 — 2' long, collected in bunches of 12 — 20 on the sides of the branches.
Cones deep purple, 6 to 10" long. Wood most valuable being very heavy, strong
and durable. Apr., May.
/i. PENDULA. Branciies slender and drooping. — A beautiful variety. (P. pen-
dula Ait.)
2 L. Europeba DC. Wuite Larch. Lvs. flatfish, filiform-linoar ; cones ob-
long, scales slightly reflexed on the margin. — Rarely cultivated. Tree nmch re-
sembling No. 1, of more rapid growth, 60 to 80f high. Lvs. L to 2' long, cones
about 1'. f Eur.
4. THU'JA, Tourn. Arbou Vit.*:. (Or. 0i;6J, to saorifice ; the
wood is fragrant in burning and was used in sacrifice.) Flowers 8 . —
^ In an iuibricateii anient ; anther cells 4 on each scale-like connectile ;
$ flowers in a cone, scales few, each bearing 2 erect ovules at the base
inside ; seed winged ; integument membranous ; cotyledons 2. — Trees
or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, scale-like, imbricate and appressed to the
anoipital branehlets.
1 T occident^lis L. Branehlets spreading; lvs. imbricate in 4 rows, rhom-
boid-ovate, tuberculate on the back; cones oblong, the inner scales truncated and gib-
bous below the lip. — This tree is often called white cedar, and from its resemblance
might easily be mistaken for the Cupressus thyoides. It abounds in the northern
U. S. and Can. on the rocky borders of streams and lakes, and in swamps. It
has a crooked trunk, rapidly diminishing in size upwards, throwing out branches
from base to summit. The evergreen foliage consists of branehlets much more
flat and broad than those of the White Cedar. Cones terminal, consisting of a
few long, loose scales. Wood very light, sell and durable. May.
mm
Order 127.— CONIFERS.
6GJ
2 T. orientalis L. Branche3 erect ; Ivs. slightly furrowed in the middle,
cone.^ erect, roundish or ohovoid ; scales acute, recurved or spreading at the. points. —
Cultivated siirubs or small trees much branched. The tiattened, tan-shaped rami-
fications vertical, not horizontal as in the other, f China.
5. CUPRES'SUS, Tourn. Cvpress. (From the lalo of Crjprus,
where the Cypress is very abundant.) Flowers 8 . — 6 in an ovoid
anient ; anthers 4, sessile at the base of the peltate scales ; 9 in a
strobile (cone) ; scales peltate, bearing 4 to 8, erect (orthotropous)
ovulus at base inside ; seed angular, compressed ; integurnetits mem-
branous ; cotyledons 2 or 3. — Trees with evergreen, flat, s<piamous, im-
bricated Ivs. Fertile aments becoming indurated cones.
C thyoides Mx. White Cedar. Branclilots compressed; Ivs. imbricate in 4
rows, ovate, tuberculate at base; cones spherical. — N. Eiig. (from Wincliendou
Mass.) to Ga. W. to 0. It usually occurs in swumps, which it densely and ex-
clusively occupies. Height 40 — 60f. The leaves consist of short, minute, ever-
green scales, covering the finely divided branchlets, in 4 imbricated row.s, and
each one furnished with a minute gland or tubercle on tlie back. The wood is
white, fine-grained, and wonderfully light, soft, and durable. Used in the manu-
facture of sliinglos, pails, fences, &c. Posts made of this cedar it is said will
last 50 years. May.
6. TAXO'DIUM, Richard. Bald Cypress. (Gr. rd^og, the yew,
EK^oc, form ; from the resemblance of the foliage.) Flowers 8 . — S
Auients in terminal, panicled spikes ; stamens few, scale-like, peltate,
bearing 2 to 5 anther cells. $ Cones sessile in pairs, roundish, placed
below the sterile ; scales numerous, bearing 2 ovules at the base, becom-
ing thick, angular, peltate 2-seeded in fruit ; cotylendos 6 to 9. — Trees
with deciduous, linear Ivs. arranged in 2 rows.
T. dfstychum Rich. Lvs. distychous ; flat, deciiluous with the slender branchlets.
— One of the largest trees of the forest, native of N. J. to Mex. It grows in
wet soils, forming what is called tho cypress or cedar swamps of the S. States.
The trunk arises to the height of 125f, with a circumference of 25 to 40f, above
tlio conical base, usually of smaller dimensions. The enormous roots produce
large, conical excrescences covered with bark but leafless, 1 to 3f high. The
heiid is wide-spread and often depressed. Foliage light green and open. Cones
1' diain., composed of the indurated, combined scales. Timber light, tine-grained
anil durable, f
7. JUNIP'ERUS, L. Juniper. (Celtic, jnncprus, rough or rude.)
Flowers S ?, rarely 8. — $ Anient ovate; scales \erticillate, peltate,
eai'h with 4 to 7 anther cells at base. $ Ament globous ; scales few,
united at base, concave ; ovules 1, rarely more, at the base of each
scaU' ; berry formed of the enlarged, fleshy scales containing 2 — 3 bony
seeds ; cotyledons 2. — Trees or shrubs. Lvs. evergreen, mostly acerous,
opposite or in whorls of 3.
1 J. commCinis L. Common Juniper. (Fig. 153.) Lvs. ternate, spreading, sub-
ulate, mwronate, longer than the berry. — Can. to N. J. and Wis. A shrub, with
numerous, prostrate branches, growing in dry woods and hills, often arising in a
slender pyramid, 6 — 8f high (rarely arboreous Robbins). Leaves arranged in
whorls of '3, 5 — 8" long, acerost. -lanceolate, ending in a sharp, bristly [)oint, chan-
neled and glaucous on tho midvein above, keeled and green below. Barren flow-
ers in small, axillary aments or cones ; fertile ones on a distinct shrub, small, iixil-
lary, sessile. Berries roundish, oblong, dark blue, ripening tho second year from
the flower. They are then sweetish, with a tase of turpentine. In medicine they
are diurotic and cordial. May.
2 J. Virginiana. Red Cepar. Upper lvs. imlrricate in A-rows, ovaie-la7iceolate,
pungently acute, uj^pressed, older ones acerous, cuspidate, spreading ; trunk arbore-
S
US'
' 11
I*
I
Hi
fa
v4
664
Order 128.— TAXACE^.
ous. — Found throughout the U. S., but chiefly in the maritime parts, growini? in
dry, rocky plac«s. It is a tree of middle size, sending out numerous, horizontal
branches. Leaves dark green, the younger ones small, ovate acute, scule-like,
overlying each other in 4 rows, upon the subdivided branchlets ; the older ones
6'' long. Flowers inconspicuous, the staminato in oblong, terminal aments, 3"
long; the fertile on separate trees, producing small, bluish berries covered with a
white powder. Wood reddish, vtry light, durable, used in making drawing pen-
cils, etc. Apr., May.
l3. PROSTRATA. Lvs. ovate, submucronate, glandular in the middle, appressed ;
berries tubercular ; at. prostrate, creeping. — A shrub, on gravelly shores, with
creeping branches 4 — 8f long.
Order CXXVIII. TAXACE^. Yews.
Trees or shrubs, with narrow, parallel-veined or broad fork-veined loaves, and the
flowers diclinous, achlaniydeous, surrounded with imbricated bracts. 5 Floieers
sovcral together, each consisting of one or several coherent anthers. $ Flowers
solitary or clustered, each consisting of a single naked ovule, terminal or a.xillary.
Fruit a solitary seed usually surrounded at base by a flesliy cupule. Fig. 421.
Oenera 9, ftpecies 50, generally natives of the teinpenito regions.
1. TAX'US, Toiirn. Yew. (Gr. rd^ov, an arrow ; arrows were
formerly poisoned with the juico of the Yew tree.) Flowers ^ $ or
6 , axillary, surrounded with numerous seales. $ Ameiits globular,
composed of 8 to 10 stamens; anthers peltate, to 8-celIed, cells de-
hiscent beneath. ? Flowers solitary, consisting of a single ovule, be-
coming in fruit a seed nearly enclosed in a pulpy cupule. — Trees or
shrubs, with evergreen, linear, alternate lvs.
1. T. Canadensis L. Dwarf Yew. Ground Hemlock. (Fig. 421.) Sfirub
low or prostrate ; lvs. linear, mucrvuate, 2-ranked, revolute on tiie margin ; sterile
ament globous ; drupes dtpressed-glolous, open at top — A small evergreen shrub
with the general aspect of a dwarf hemlock spruce (Finns Canadensis). It grows
on thin rocky soils in shady places, 2 to 3f high. Can. to Penu. and Ky. Lvs.
nearly an incli long, arranged in 2 opposite rows on the sides of the branchlets.
Starainate flowers in small, roundish, axillary iieads. Drupes coralline-red, eon-
cave or open at the summit, displaying the top of the black seed. May.
2 T. bacc^ta L. English Yew. Tree of low stature, attaining a great si/e;
lvs. linear and spatulate-linear, imbricated all around the ymmy hranrhkt'i, finally
spreading and distichous ; fr. oblong-oval or somewhat bell-shaped, open at the
top. — Trees attaining great age in England, with short, huge trunks and wide-
spread branches, f
2. TORRE'YA, Arnott. (Dedicated to Frof. John Torre!/, of New
York.) — Flowers 8 . — S Aments oblong, many-flowered, bracts at base
imbricated in 4 rows ; stamen a pedicellate scale, bearing several an-
ther cells at base. $ Ament ovoid, l-flowered, consisting of a solitary
ovule surrounded with bracts ; fruit oblong-ovate, a nut-like seed en-
closed in a thick, fibro-fleshy testa. — Small evergreen trees, with spread-
ing branches and 2-ranked, linear lvs.
T. tazifdlia Am. — Along the Chattahoochee, Mid. Fla., and cultivated at Quincy
(by Judge Dupont). Tree 15 to 30f high. Branches ramifying distichously and
liorizontally. Lvs. dark green, shining, very acute, mucronate-pungen*^, margins
revolute, 18" long. Drupe near 1' long, with a brittle epicarp.
3. SALISBU^RIA adiantifolia Smith, is occasionally seen in
gardens and shrubberies, called Jinyko., in Japan. It is remarkably
distinguished by its broad, fan-shaped, fork-veined petiolate lvs. It be-
comes a tree 40 to 80f in height, f Japan.
Okder 129.— CYC adages
665
Order CXXIX. CYCADACE^>. Cycades.
Trp.es of low stature, simple trunks with *^he nitomoJes undeveloped and the sur-
face scarred with the fallen leaves which were pinnate, parallel-veined, circinate.
Floivers dioecious, in cones, $ anther covering the under sur'ace of the conuectivu
9 Scalts peltate, scale-like or leaf-Uke. bearing naked ovules dorsal or marginal.
Genera 7. upei-iej^ 46, chiefly *fop'?al- Tho Cycades form tlie connocting link between the
E»o(.'ens iinil the Oryptogauiia.
CYXAS revoluta, a palm-liko plant, representing tliis order endures
the winters of the far South, and is frequent in the greenliouses of the
North. Its long, pinnate leaves are all clustered at the summit of the
short, abrupt trunk which is tesselated all over with leaf-scars.
FIG. 09«.— 1. Branch of Thuja occidentalis, with strobiles. 2. A magnified branchlet with
a zone of iiitiiuiinato flowers. 3. A carpellary scale with the two winged seeds. 4. A vertical
tranverso section of one of tho seeds, showing the embryo, Ac. 6. The imiiiaturo, erect ovules.
6. One of the ovules enlarged, showing the micropyle at top. 7. Branch of Abies Americann.
8. Scale, with the bract 9. Scale with immature ovules. 10. Scale with ripe seeds. 11. A pair
of leaves of Pinus resinosa. 12. Anther of Pintis sylvestris. 13. Scale of the cone, with th«
ovules turned downward. 14, Staminate scale of Cupressus, with pollen. 16. Fertile scale, with
many erect ovules.
mm
C6S
Order i;tO.— PALMACE^.
tl
kr
Province, ENDOGENS,
Or Monocotyledons. Phaenogamous Plants having a stem
without the distinction of bark, wood and pith, composed of
thread-like bundles of trachenchyma imbedded irregularly in
the general cellular mass, the newest interior, not forming layers
in growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Flowers very gener-
ally 3-merous. Embryo with one cotyledon, rarely with 2 alter-
nate and unequal.
Class III. PETALIFERiE. Plants of the endogenous struc-
ture, the flowers normal and complete with a whorled pe-
rianth, or the perianth wanting — in either case destitute of
glumes.
Cohort 5, SPADICIFLOR^. Endogens with flowers hav-
ing no perianth or a scaly one, and borne on a thickened
rachis (spadix) which is usually enveloped in a spathe.
Order CXXX. PALMACE.E. Palms.
Trees or shrvhs chiefly with unbranched trunks growing by the terminal bud.
Leaves large, plaited, on sheathing petioles, collected in one terminal cluster. Flow-
ers perfect or polygamous, on a branching spiidix bursting from a spathe. Perianth
double, 3-merou.s, hexandrous, ovaries (and styles) .3, distinct or commonly united
into 1, each 1-ovuled. Fruit fleshy, 1 — 3-seeded, embryo minute, superficially
imbedded in albuinen. Fig. 47, d, o.
Genera 73, apecies 500? of noble aspect nnd most interestini! attributes. They are chiefly
tropical, u lew advancing into the wai-inor parts of tlie Temperate Zone.
Tiie properties and uses of the Palms are of tiio higtiest importance and variety. From the
drupes of several African P.'ilins, and from the Cocoa Nut, oU is obtained. Otiiei- .species secrete
iciixfvom their leaves. Starch is obtained abundantly from the Sago Palm (Sagus liumphii)
and many other species. Even sugar, and alcoholic liquors, are made from the .juice of the
unopened spathe of Sasjuorus .saccharifcr, Mauritiii vinifer, &c. The bud of the Cabbage Palm
(Areca (deracea) Is boiled and eaten as a vegetable. Among tUei/riiitit, are enumerated the date,
from Phoenix ductylifera, and the cocoa-nut, frotn Attaica funifera. «fcc.
GENERA.
• Flowers all perfect. Ovaries and '^♦yles united into 1. Berry single Sabal. 1
* Flowers perfect and staniinate. Ovaries and styles distinct. Drupes 3 Cua.mjerops. 2
1. SA^BAL, Atlanson. Palmetto. Fls. perfect, sessile, outer pe-
rianth (culyx) cup-like, 3-clcft or 3-toothed, inner of 3 subdistinct, ob-
long sepals ; stam. 6 ; fil. subulate, their broad bases contiguous or
connate, anth. ovate-cordate ; ovaries 3, soon united into 1 ; style 3-
angled ; fruit a single globular or 3-lobed, 3 (rarely 1 or 2)-seeded
dryish berry. — Caudex procumbent or erect, covered by the persistent
bases of the leaves. Leaves palmately many-cleft, segm. implicate, 2
cleft at apex, spadix branching, sheathed with many spathe-like bracts.
Fls. small, white or greenish.
1 S. Palmetto Loddig. Palmetto. Caudex erect, arborescent; Ivs. coriaceous,
glaucous-green, lamina fan-siiaped, segments numerous, implicate, united to near
the ensiform summits ; petioles broad, compressed, nearly the length of the lamina ;
Bpadix flexuous, glnbrons, much shorter than the loaves ; spathe double •. style
OlWER 131.— ARACEiE.
667
li
thick, obtuse ; berry globu^ ir. — "Woods along the coast, Ga. and Fla. (scarce N.
to thf Capo Fear R.). One specimen in the street, front of the P. 0., Charleston.
Caudex 20 to 50f high, usually enlarged upwards, and ragged above with the
split bases of the old leaf-stalks. The majestic leaves are all terminal, trom 1 bud,
and 6 to lOf long. Spadix from the same bud, which in early spring is tender
and nutritious like the c ibbage. The use of the leaves in hat-work, &c., is well
known. Jn., Jl. (Charaajrops, Mx.)
2 S. Adinaoni Ciuernsent. Dwauf P.\lmetto. Caudex prostrate ; Ivs. rigid,
gliiucous ; petioles shorter, naked ; spadix strict, glabrous, branchlets remote-flow-
er ; «<yfe <AicA, o6/Mse, scarcely shorter than the petals ; berry deprcssed-globous.
— lu low, sandy swamps, along the coast, Neuse river to the Apalachicola, &c.,
often in wide patches. Spadix slender, about as high (3 to 4f) as the leaves. A
compound branch issues from each alternato sheath. Fls. numerous, \\" long,
calyx half as long. Berry bluish black, 3" diam. Jn. — Aug. (S. pumila Walt.)
3 S. serruldta R. & S. Caudex creeping ; petioles aculeate-serrate ; lamina flabel-
iform, lO-l'i-cleft; spadix thick, tlexuous, branchlets densely grey is! i pubescent;
style very slender, subulate ; berry oblong-ovoid. — Flat pine barrens, S. Car. to
Fla., common. The prostrate rhizomes attain a diam. of 4 to 6', creeping many
feet. Leaves 2 or 3f, in dense masses, affording nice shelter tor rattlesnakes I
Sheaths of the spadix long (2 — 3'), loose. Fls. rather close on the branchlets,
2^ ' long, calyx ^ as long, stylo single, tapering to a setaceous point. Berry dark
blue, 5' diam. Jl., Aug.
[3. MiNiM.\, Every way smaller ; Ivs. about 7-clefl. — E. Fla. (S. min. Nutt.)
2. CHAM^^ROPS, L. Blue Palmetto. (Gr.^ajtm/, oh the ground,
pwi/^, a bush.) Fls. polygamo-dioecious, sessile or short pecliccllate;
calyx 3-partcd, cor. (inner perianth) 3-petalcd, valvate in bud ; stani. 6
or 9 ; fil. connate at base, anth. oblong or linear-oblong, cordate ; ova-
ries 3, distinct, stigmas 3, sessile, subulate, berries 3, or by abtjrtion
fewer, 1-seeded. — Palms aoaulescent. Lvs. palmately many-cleft, segm.
split at apex with no intervening threads. Petioles aculeate at base
and edge. Spadix dense-tlowered, fls. yellowish.
C. H^Btriz Fraser. Caudex low, making offsets at base ; petioles spiny ia
the axils; spadix vcy short; drupes ovoid, apex oblique, rather large, iiinsute. —
In clayey soils around Savannah, to Fla. Caudex creeping, becoming several
inches in diam. In the axils of the sheathing leaf-stalk is a thick, matted, brown,
canvas-like stipule, and rigid, sharp, needle-shaped spines 3 to 6' long. Spadix
enclosed in the radical sheaths, bearing a dense mass of hairy, browu drupes G"
in length. Jn. — Aug.
; '
■ •^1
1
i
Order CXXXI. ARACE^E. Argids.
Herbs with a creeping rhizome or corm, and an acrid or pungent juice, with tlie
leaves simple or compound, often veiny, and the flowers mostly diclinous and naked.
Inflorescence a spadix, dense-flowered, naked or
mostly surrounded with a large spathe. Perianth
none, or of 4 to 6 scales. Stamens hypogynous,
with ovate-extrorse anthers. Ovary free, stigma
sessile. Fruit baccate or dry, seeds albuminous,
embryo axial. Fig. 91, 201.
Oenerd 46, xpecien 240. abundant In tropical regions, moro
rare in tempi^rate, one only, Calla palutttris, cvtendlnji to the
Dortliurn frigid zone.
J'ronerties. An acrid, volatile principle pervades the
order, which is, in some instances, so concentrated as to
become poittonous. The conns and rhizoiiias ulioiind also in
Btarcl), which in some cases when the volatile acridity i» ex-
pelled in drying or cooking, is edible and nutrioious, as in
Oolocasiiw Ac.
Fig. 709. Calla palustris, Its spathe^ spadix and flowers.
6, One of the flowers, cnsisflng of an ovary surrounded by
six (itameiki. o, Cru^>8 ..actluu uf the ovary.
'Hi
■ S|
'-'■1 ^'"il
i/jil'
668
Order 131.— ARACEiE.
GENERA.
J Spiwlix enveloppd In a spathe. (*)
♦ Flowers uovcring only the base of the spadix. Perianth Aris.s.va. 1
♦ Flowers covering tbo whole spadix, and (a)
a Monuecious. Perianth 0. Berry 1 -seeded. Spathe convolute Prltandra. 2
a Montecious. Per. 0. Berry 8 to 6-seeded. Spathe larjje, revolute, white. Richaruia. 3
a Perfect. — Perianth 0. Spathe open, white ali.a. 4
— Perianth regular. Spathe shell-form, purplish Stmplooarpits. 5
$ Spadix naked, having no spathe, — terminal, yellow Okostium. 6
— lateral; scape leaf-like Acokus. T
1. ARIS^^MA, Martius. Dragon-root. Indian Turnip, [apov,
arum, a///ia, a sijjfii.) Spathe convolute at base, limb arched or some-
what plain ; .spadi-x covered with flowers below, naked and elongated
above ; flowers diclinous, achlamydeous ; $ above the fertile, each flower
coiisistiui^ of 4 or more stamens with anthers opening at top ; ? ovary
1-celled; stigmas depressed; ovules 2 to 6, orthotropous, erect from the
base of the cell; berry red, 1 or few-seeded. — 21 Scape arising from a
a corm or tuberous rhizome, sheathed with petioles of the radical,
veiny Ivs. (Arum, L.)
1 A. triph^Uum L. Jaok-in-the-pulpit. Acaulescent; Ivs. trifoliate, mostly
in pairs, le.iflets oval, acuminate ; spadix clavate, obtuse; spathe ovate, acuminate,
flat and inflected above. — A curious and well known inhabitant of wet woodlands,
Can. to Ga. W. to the Miss. The stem is a rugous, fleshj', subterraneous corm
giving off radicles in a circle from the edge. Scape 8 — 12' high, erect, round,
embraced at the base by the long sheaths of the petioles. Leaflets, 2 — 7' long,
^ as wide. Spatiie green without, usually variegated witiiin with stripes of dark
purple alternating with pale green. Spadix much shorter than the spathe, vary-
ing from green to dark purple. Fruit a bunch of bright scarlet berries. The
corm loses its fiercely acrid principle by drying, and is then valued as a carmina-
tive, &c. Apr., Jn. (Arum, atrorubens Ait.)
2 A. quin^tuin. Acaulescent ; Ivs. with very long sheaths, in pairs one or both
quinate; Ifts. oval-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed at base to a short petiole or
sessile ; spadix long and slender, nearly inclosed in the ovate-lanceolate spathe,
wiiicli is briefly inflected at the pointed apex ; berry 1 to 2-3eeded. — Ga. and S.
Car. (Curtis.) Scape 1 to 2f higii. Lvs. with long petioles and still longer sheaths.
Lfts. 5 to 10' long, spathe 3 to 5' (Arum quinatum Nutt.) — Perhaps identical with
A. pentaphyllum (Schott.) of India.
fi. OBTUSO-QUiNATUM. Lfls. rounded-obtuse, mucronate, abruptly narrowed to
a long petiolule. — Georgia (Feay, Pond).
3 A. Drac6ntium Schott. Green Dragon. Acaulescent ; If mostly solitary,
pi'date; lfts. 7 to 11, oblo.ig-lauceolato ; spadix subulate, lo.iger than the convo-
hue, oblong spathe. — Less common in N. Eng. than the former species, found in
wet places, banks of streams, U. S. Stem a flesiiy, subterraneous corm. Scape
slender, 10 to 2f high. Leaf on an erect, sheathing petiole, which is dichotomous
above, each half bearing 2 — 4 leaflets with an odd one at the fork. Leaflets 6 to
8' long, one-third as wide. Spathe green, 1 — 2' long, rolled into a tube at base.
Spadix slender, with its long, tapering point much exserted. Fruit a bunch of
red berries. Jn., Jl. (Arum Dracontium L.)
2. PELT'ANDRA, Raf. (Gr. ttkAtt/, a shield or target, dvdpeg.)
Spathe convolute ; spadix covered with flowers, staminate above, pistil-
late below; perianth 0; anthers 8 to 12, attached to the margin of a
peltate, oblong, connectile, and opening by a terminal pore; berry 1-
celled, 1 to 3-seeded. — 21 Rt. fibrous. Lvs. sagittate.
1 P. Virgfnica Raf. Acaulescent ; lvs. oblong, hastate-sagittate, acute at apex,
the lobes obtuse; apathe elongcUed, incurved, green, wavy on the margin; spadix
covered with stamiuate flowers the greater part of its length. — A smootii, dark
green plant, in wot grounds, N. Y. and Ma. to Car. Leaves radical, numerous,
iF'
Order 131.— ARACE.-E.
609
8 — 12 long, ^ as wide, on petioloa as long as the scapen. Scapes many from the
same root, 8 — 15' long. Spaiho closely involving the f^padix, grei-n, ;{ to 5' long,
lanceolate, wavy on the margin. Spadi.^ slender, acuminate, shorter than the
fspathe, its compact stamens 6-sided. Fr. a cluster of green berries inclosed in
the base of the spathe after the upper part of both spathe and spadix has decaved.
Jn. (Arum, L. Calla, Bw. Lecontiii, Cooper, Rensaeheria, Beck, Caladium,
Lindl.)
2 P. glatkca Feay (M S.). Acaulescent; Ivs, ovate- Iiastato, acute or short-acu-
minate, lobes broad and obtuse at end ; scape as long as the leaves ; spathe invol-
ute, entire, gradually evolved and widened above, acuminate, ivhite, spadix much
shorter; berries red, 1 -seeded. — Maritime parts of S. Oar. and Ga. (Feay, Pond.)
A smooth, glaucous plant with 1 to 3 radical Ivs., and one or more slender scapes
12 to 20' liigh. Lv3. 5 to 7' long, with large baso lobes, and a vein running
close to the margin. Spathe about 3' long, spadix about 2'. Fruit smaller than
in Xo. 1. Seeds without albumen, aa in that species. May, Jn. (Caladium
glaucum Ell.)
3. RICHAR'DIA, Kth. Egyptian Call.v. Spathe involute at baso,
spreading, maresccnt; spadix covered with flowers, fertile below, stain-
inate above ; anthers co, free, sessile, 2-celled, on a broad connectile ;
ovaries incompletely 3-celled, intermixed with sterile filamerits; berry
few-seeded, seeds suspended. — 21 Herb with a thick rhizome, tall, erect,
radical leaf-stalks, and scapes with a large, white spathe.
R. .Sjthiopica. A fine, showy plant of the green-house and parlors. Lvs.
2 to 41' liigli, hastate-cordate, thick, smootli, on sheathing petioles. Scape rather
taller, bearing a cylindrio spadix within tlio large, involved, milk-w!ito spathe.
f Capo Good Hope.
4. CAL'LA, L. (Probably altered from KaXor, beautiful.) Spathe
ovate, spreading, persistent, colored ; spadix covered with flowers with
no perianth ; filaments slender, with 2-celied anthers, encircling each
ovary; ovary 1-celled, 5 or 6-ovuled, the upper often abortive; berry
red, depressed, few-seeded. — 21 An aquatic lierb with a prostrate,
creeping rhizome, cordate Ivs. and a broad white, open spathe.
C. paluBtria L. — An interesting plant in shallow waters, Penn. to N. Eng., Wis.
and Brit. Am. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, nearly as wide, cu.spidato, long-petioled, smooth
and entire. Scape thick, 4 to 6' high. Spathe clasping at the base, recurved,
with a twisted cusp, mueli longer tlian the oblong, cylindrio spadi.x. Jl. — The
rhizome is acrid, but Linnaeus tells us that the Laplanders extract a wholesome
breadstuff from it.
5. SYMPLOCAR'PUS, Salisb. (Gr. aviinXoKrj, connection, Kapnoc,
fruit.) Spathe shell-form, ventricous ; spadix oval, covered with perfect
flowers ; perianth deeply 4-parted, segments cucuUate, cuneate, trun-
cate, persistent, becoming thick and spongy ; berries globous, 1-seeded,
imbedded in the spadix, and with the fleshy perianth forming a kind
of sorosis; seed without albumen. — 21 Aquatic, acaulescent herbs.
S. fo^tidus Nutt. Skunk Cabbage. Lvs. cordate-oval, acute ; spadix subglob-
ous, preceding the leaves. — A common plant. Can., N. Eng., Mid. and W. States,
growing in swamps, meadows and ditches, renowned for its odor, which is
scarcely less offensive thaa that of the animal whose name it bears. Early in
spring, the swelling spathe is seen emerging first from the ground or water, more
or less covered with purplish spots, its edges partly infolded, and its point in-
curved. It incloses the spadix, which is oval, covered with flowers of a dull
purple. The leaves, which arise afler the flowers, are of a bright green,
numerous, becoming very large (often 20' by 12). (Potho.s foetida Mx. Ictodot,
Bw.)
w
1ll
;'.' ' =■ -J^
: ,:, "■■.'
' i
1
'^■M
-:!■
.>,!,>
f^Hi
H'
•V
670
Okdeh 132.— LKMXACE^.
6. ORON'TIUM, L. Golden Club. (Name of doubtful origin.)
Sp»the none ; spadix cylindric, covered with perfect flowers ; perianth
4 to 6-8epaled ; stamens 4 to 6 ; ovary few ; stigma ses.«iie ; fruit, a dry
berry or utricle, seed without albumen. — 2i Acaulescent, aquatic. Fls.
yellow at the summit of the scape, which thickens upwards into the
spadix.
O. aqudticum. — Tbia interesting plant is a native of inundated baiks and pools,
U. S. Lvs. lanceoJate, 6 to 9' by 2 to 3', smooth, of a deep jj^^en. velvef-lik©
surface above, paler beneath, on long, radical petioles. Scape thick aud terete,
about a foot in length, closely invested by a short sheath at base, and ending iu
a spadix of a rich yellow color, covered with small, perfect, yellow fls. of an
offensive odor — the upper ones often tetramerous. May.
7. ACO^RUS, L. Sweet Flag. (Gr. a, privative, and /top?/, the
pupil of the eye ; supposed to cure maladies of the eye.) Spadix cylin-
dric, covered with flowers, and issuing from the side of a leaf-like scape ;
perianth 6-sepaled ; stainens 6, linear ; ovary free ; stigma sessile, min-
ute ; fruit dry, 3-celled, many-seeded. — 21 Herbs with a fleshy, aroma-
tic rhizome. Lvs. radical, ensiform, as well as the scape.
A. cdlaznuB L. Summit of the scape above the spadix very long and leaf-like. —
Grows in wet soils throughout the U. States. The thick, prostrate, creeping
rhizome is highly valued for its aromatic flavor, its warm and pungent taste. The
long, sword-shaped leaves are readily distinguished by the ridge running their
whole length. The cylindrical spadix is about 3' long and 3" diam., covered
with small, green flowers. Jn., Jl.
m
h
k
Order CXXXII. LEMNACE^. Duckmeats.
Herbs minute, stemless, floating free upon the water, aud consisting of a leaf-like
frond, or a tuft of leaves, with one or more fibrous roots. Flowers bursting from
the substance of the frond, or axillary, inclosed in a spathe, the sterile consisting of
1 or 2 stamens, the fertile of a 1-celled ovary. Fruit a utricle, with 1 or more seeds.
Embryo straight, in fleshy albumen. Fig. 602.
Genera 4, upecieit 20, little aquatics, widely diffused. They are regarded as reduced aroids,
and among the simplest of PhenogauiouH plants.
1. LEM'NA, L. Duck-meat. (Perhaps altered from A^'jU^^a, a
scale.) Sterile and fertile flowers in the same spathe, the former 2 col-
lateral stamens, the latter a simple, carinate ovary, with a style and
stigma. — (D Herbs, consisting of a frond (stem and leaf confounded),
sending down from the under surface roots which hang loosely in the
water, and producing from the margins the spathaceous flowers. (Th«
following sections are regarded as genera by Schleiden.)
§ LEMNA, Schleiden. Fils. flliforin. Ovule solitary. Frond with a single root. . ..Nog. 1 — 3
$ TELMATOPHACE, Schl. Fils. dilated in the middle. Ovs. 2 to 7. Fronds 1-rooted. .No. 4
§ SPIRODELA, Schl. Fils. narrowed below. Ovules 2. Frond many-rooted No. 5
1 L. triaulca L. Ivy-leaved Duck-meat. Fronds eliiptic-kmceolate, thin, ser-
rate at one extremity and caudate at the other ; roots solitary. — Floating in ponds
and pools of clear water. Fronds nearly ^' in length, diaphanous, with a tail-like
appendage at base, obtuse at apex, the new ones issuing in a cruciate manner
from lateral fissures in the margin of the old. Root a solitary fiber, ending in a
sheath. Flowers very minute. Utricle sitting on the upper surface of the fi-ond.
June — Sept.
S L. minor L. Fronds thickish, roundish or obovate, several conjoined ; root soli-
tary. — This little floating plant occurs in dense patches on the surface of stagnant
waters. The leaves, properly fronds, adhere 2 — 3 together, 2" in length, rather
Order 133.— TYPHACE^.
671
thick, and convex below. Root undivided, sheathed at the end. Flowers mi-
nute from a cleft in the margin of the fronds, near the base. Jn. — Sept
3 L. perpusilla Torr. Smallest Dock-meat. Fronds obovate, thin; rt. soli-
tary; seed erect. — Ponds on Staten Island. Fronds 1" or more long, grouped
or single, bright green. Stamens with filiform filaments, maturing in succession.
Ovary obliquely acuminate, with a short style. Sd. striate, erect in the ovary.
Aug. (Torrey).
4 L. gibba L. Fronds obovate, hemispherical beneath, nearly plain above ; root
solitary. — Floating on tiie surface of stagnant waters, N. York. Fronds about a
line in length, pellucid and re^icutated beneath. Filaments recurved as iu ilie
other species. Fruit roundish, indehisceut, 1 to 7-soeded. Jn., Ji.
5 Tj. polyrhiza L. Fronds broafl-ovate, a little convex beneath, rts. numerous.
— Floating in stagnant waters. Fronds resembling tlax-seed, but larger (2 to 4'
long), scattered on the surface of the water, of a firm, but succulent texture, be-
coming purplish. Rts. in thick bundles of 8 to 1 black fibers from the under
surface of tlie fronds. All these species are eaten by ducks aL.d other aquatic
birds. Jn. — Sept.
2. PIS'TIA, L. (Gr. moTbg, drinking.) Spathc tubular at base,
connate wiih the spadix, limb open, ligulate, cueullate above; S anth-
ers 3 to 8, adnate to the thick summit of the spadix, subglobous, open-
ing transversely ; $ ovary 1, at the base of the spadix, l-celled, oo-
ovuled, becoming a berry in fruit. — Floating herbs, consisting of rosniate
tufts of little, veined, entire Ivs., sending out filiform stolons. Spadix
axillary, on a short scape.
P. Stratictes L. Lvs. roundish-obcordate, margin undulate, veins lamelliform,
confluent into a truncate area at base. In tlie var. spathulata (P. spathulata
Mx.) the leaves are ratlier obovate than obcordate, and abruptly contracted into
a short petiole. — 'Xi S. Car. to Fla. and La. (Curtis), in stagnant wateis. Spatlw
white. May.
■1
f lis
Si! J
J '. '
li:;
Order CXXXIII. TYPIIACEiE. Tvphads.
Herbs growing in marshes and ditches, with rigid, ensiform, sessile leaves.
Flowers monoecious, arranged on a spadix or ia heads, with no spathe. Ptrianth
of a few scales, or a tuft of hairs, or 0. Stamens 1 to 4, with long, slender fila-
ments. Ovary with 1 pendulous ovule. Seed albuminous, with an axial embryo.
Fig. 457.
Genera 2, species 13, widely distributed throughout the world.
I. TY'PHA. L. (Gr. Tv^of, a marsh ; where all the species grow.)
Spadix of flowers long, cylindric, dense ; <$ s-tamens about 3 together,
united into a common filament ; ? flowers below the sterile ; ovary
pedicelhvte, surrounded at base by a hair-like pappus. — Root 2C . Spa-
dix ten linal, the upper staminate, the lower pistillate. Fls. very
numerous.
T. latifdlia (and angustifolia Linn.) Cat-tail. Reed Mace. Lvs. ensiform,
concave within near the base ; sterile and fertile spikes close togetiier, or a little
remote. — A common, smooth, tall inhabitant of the water, in muddy pools and
ditches, U. S., Can. St«m 3 to 5f, round and smooth, leafy Ijelow. Spikes termi-
nal, 6 to 10', brown, composed of slender, downy flowers, packed solid. Tlie up-
per portion is slender, composed of the sterile flowers. Leaves somewhat sword-
Bhaped, erect, 2 — 4f and nearly 1' wide. They are called flags, and usefiil for
weaving the seats of chairs, &c. July.
/8. ANOUSTiroLiA. Sterile and fertile spikes a little remote (J — 2'). — Found in
the same situations with the former. A well marked variety, but differing
only in the more slender habit, and less complete development of its parts.
ill-
1 '
I. .
li
u
\^'
m
«72
Ordkr 134.— NAIADACE^.
2. SPAR'GANUM, L. Burr Reed. (Gr. andpyavov, a band or fil-
let ; in leterence to the long, ribbon-like leaves.) Spadices man;-, glob-
ous, the lower fertile, the upper consisting of numerous stauiens with
scales intermixed ; filaments slender ; anthers oblong-linear, 2-cellcd ;
$ pistils numerous, sessile, each surrounded by 3 or 6 scales, which
represent a perianth ; stigma ligulate, unilateral, fruit nut-like, sessile,
1-seeded. — 4 Aquatic herbs. St. leafy, simple or branched. Lvs.
long, linear, sheathing at base.
§ Stiffinjis indstly 2. Stems of tlio infloreseonco brnnehing. Erect No. I
§ Stigmas always single. Stem simple.— Erect, lleails large (half itieli <ijam.) No. i
— Flouting or erect. Heads small Nos. 8, 4
1 S. ramdsum Iluds. Lvs. triangular at base, their sides concave ; common
flower-stalks branched; stig. 2, huear. — Grows iu pools and ditches, where it is
conspicuous among other reedy plants for its globular burrs of flowers. Stem
1 — 2f high, flexuous, round, with a few branches above. Leaves ^ — 2f long,
4 — 8' wide, linear, arising above the stem, triangular towards the base, and
sword-form upwards, tapering, but obtuse. Heads of flowers light green ; fertile
ones 2 — 5, G ' diam., the lowest generally raised on a short, axillary stalk; sterile
ones above, more numerous, smaller, sessile. Aug.
2 S. simplex Smith. Lower lvs. equal with, or exceeding the ntem, which is
nearly simple, floral ones concave at base and erect ; stig. always simple, ovate-
oblong, oblique, scarcely more than half the length of the style. — Ponds and
lakes. Stem 1 — 2f high, simple or divided at base. Leaves mostly radical,
1 — 2Jf by 3", carinate at base. Fertile heads sessile, generally 3, 6 to 8" diam.,
below the several barren ones, with the simple styles conspicuous. Aug. (S-
Americanum Nutt.)
3 S. nutans L. Lvs. floating, flat ; common flower-stalk simple ; stig. ovate, very
short ; head t/ sterile fls. subsolitary ; fruit beaked and stipitate. — Lakes and pools,
U. S. and Brit. Am. Stem long and slender, and, witli the leaves, floating upon
the surface of the water. Leaves thin and pellucid. Heads of fertile flowers
axillary, generally 2, small, mostly sessile. Sterile cluster terminal. Aug.
4 S. angustifdlium Mx. Slender, weak, simple, erect or floating; lvs. narrowly
linear, shorter than the stem when erect, elongated when floating ; heads very
small, axillary, the lower pedunculate ; stigma single, short ; fr. scarcely beaked,
sessile. — N. Eng., N. Y., Can., pools and streams. Sts. 1 to 2f long, lvs. 1 to 3 to
9 or more, obtuse. Hds. scarce a fourth of an inch diam.
Order CXXXIV. NAIADACE.E. Naiads.
Water plants with jointed stems, and sheathing stipules, or sheathing petioles.
Flowers perfect or diclinous, naked or with a 2 to 4-parled perianth. Stamens defi-
nite. Ovaries free, sessile, 1-ovuled. Stigma simple, often sessile. Fruit indehis-
•ent. Seed without albumen, with a straight or curved embryo.
Genera 9, epeciva&i, in waters and marshes, salt or fresh in all count, les.
Mr-
GENERA.
* Flowers axillary, sessilo, the staminate reduced to a single stamen (a).
a Fertile flowers reduced to a single pistil, with 2 or 'i stiguias. Lv.s. opposite. .Na.tas. 1
a Fertile tlowers with about 4 pisUls in u cup, with as many .stigmas. ... Zanicuellia. 2
• Flowers s|)adaeeuus, or 2 to 20, sessile on a sp.idix or spike (b).
b Flowers moncecious, seated in 2 rows on the side of a linea<, flat spadix Zostera. 3
b Flowers perfect, niiked, 2 to 6, 4-merous ; fruit raised on slender stipes Kuppia. 4
b Flowers perfect ; perianth 4-sepaled ; atam. 4. Pistils and achenia 4.. Putahooeton. 5
1. NA^JAS. L. Water Nymph. (Gr. vaw, to flow; hence Naif, or
NaMec, Nymph of the waters; from the habitat.) Flowers a.xillary,
Bcssilc, solitaiy, the ^ reduced to a single stamen ; filament slender,
Ordkr 134.— NAIADACE^.
673
often elongated, anther 4-valved, valves spreading ; $ perianth ;
style short, stigmas 2 or 3, subulate ; fruit a little 1-seeded, drupe-like
nut. — Herbs entirely submersed, with opposite Ivs. Fls. niimite.
N. fl^zilis Rostk. St. fllifonn, csespitous, dichotoraously brancliint,'; Ivs. opposite
or fiwciculato in 3.«, 4s or 68, at tUe nodes, linear, obscurely denticulate, spreadiup,
1 -veined. — A slender plant. Can. to N. J. and W. States, consistinj? of tufta of
thread-liko knotted sterna 6 to 12' lonj?. Lvs. | to 1' long, +" wide, sessile and
slieatlnng at base. Flowers solitary, sessile, axillary, very small, the fertile ones
consisting of an oblong ovary tipped witli a liliforin style, with 2 to 3 stigmad at
summit. Aug. (N. Canadensis Mx. Fluviatilis, Pers.)
fi. PR.\on.i8. St. and lvs. rather rigid, the latter mostly opposite and recurved
(Caulinia fragilis Willd.)
2. ZANNICHEL'LIA, Micheli. Horn Pondweed. (In honor of Zan-
nichelU an eminent botanist of Venice.) Flowers axillary, usually both
kinds together ; ^ stamen 1; filament elongated; ? calyx iiionophyl-
lous ; corolla ; ovaries 4 or more, each with a single style and stigma,
and becoming in fruit an oblong, incurved, subsessile achenium. — \^
Submersed, slender, branched, with entire, linear, scatteicd leaves.
Z. paluBtris L. St. filiform, floating ; lvs. opposite, linear ; anth. 4-celled ; stig.
entire ; ach. toothed on the back. — In pools and ditches, N. States. St. round,
smooth, I to 2f long, branching, leafy. Lvs. grass-like, 2 to 3' long, sessile.
Flowers issuing from axillary bracts, small, 2 together, a sterile and a fertile, the
former consisting of a single, naked, erect, yellowish-brown stamen, the latter of
4 to 6 ovaries which are free from the inflated, 1-sided, 2 to 3-toothed calyx. Jl.,
Aug.
3. ZOS'TERA, L. Sea Wrack. (Gr. (^wffTTjp, a girdle ; alluding to
its ribbon-like leaves.) Spadix linear, bearing the diclinous flowers in
2 rows on one side ; perianth ; $, anther ovoid, sessile, opening
lengthwise with confervoid pollen , pistils alternating with the stamens :
style bifid ; utricle 1-seeded. — U Maritime herbs. Stip. united into a
sheath.
Z. marina L. St. trailing, throwing out tufts of fibrous roots at tlie joints ;
branches floating, simple; lvs. alternate, linear, entire, sheathing at base, 1 —
several feet in length ; receptacle or spadix linear, flat, pale green, 2' long, issuing
from a cleft in the base of the leaf, covered in front with a double series of naked
flov/ers. — 1i Aquatic, growing in the sea on sandy banks and shallows (Maine to
Ga.), and is thence washed upon the shore by the waves, \iike other sea-weeds,
it is gathered for manure. Aug.
4. RUP'PIA, L. Ditch-grass. (In honor of Ruppi, a German
botanist.) Flowers ^ , 2 togetlier on a spadix or spike arising from the
sheathing base of the leaves ; perianth ; stamens 4, each a 1-celled,
sessile anther; ovaries 4, pedicellate, becoming in fruit 4 dry drupes or
achenia. — 4 Herb slender, branching, submersed except the flowers.
R. maritima L. A grass-like plant, salt water bays and ditches along the coast.
Stems several feet long, filiform, branched, floating. Leaves 1 — 2f long, linear and
setaceous, with iuflated sheaths at base, all immersed. The common peduncle is
contorted and piral, and by winding and unwinding bears the spadix of naked,
green flowers on lue surface of the water as it rises or falls. July.
5. POTAMOGETON, Toum. (Gr. rrorajttdc a river, ye/Twv, near.)
Flowers ^ , on a spadix or spike arising from a .spathe ; calyx 4-sepaled ;
anthers 4, alternate with the sepals ; ovaries 4 ; achenia 4, sessile flat-
ted on one or two sides ; seeds curved or coiled. — Mostly 2i , aquatic
I
: V
■■ I:'
i
iii-:
■|.w».
^1
If
11;
I
lllll
p^
il^i
J5'!
mf'
5lfl^
m
Ii:
074
Order 134.— XAIADACEiE.
and submersed, only the flowers arisini^ above the surface of the water,
Spatlix (or 8[)ike) pedunculate, 3 — lU-tlowered. Lvs. stipulate, par-
allel-veined, lower alternate, the upper mostly opposite. Fls. small,
greenish.
I Leaves of two kinds ; tlic floatins, oval-olllpticnl, coriaceous petlolate, stipules free
from till! pctioli-, uoniiittu; subiiifrseil leiivi's lliiii, (•)
* Flouting leaves broader than the suhiiiersed ones, (a)
a Leaves nil C4iii»'pi(Miously stipulate Nos. 1, 2
a Leaves (tlie sul)iiiersed one.s) almost destitute jrstipuies Nos. 8, 4
* Floating leaves sniullur than the ample submorsed onus No. i
I Leaves <>f one kinci only, all );M\vins{ berieatli tlie water's 6Ui't'u<Je. (*)
• Stipules entirely free from tlic petiole or leaf, (a)
a Leaves laneeolate, petioliito or merely seHsile Nos. 6, 7
a Leaves oval or oblon«, broad iind claspiiiv; at base Nos. S 9
a Loaves linear, — Stems eviilently com|(resscd mureor less Nos. 10, 11
—Stems terete, very slender Nos. 12, 1!J
* Sti[iules united with tlio bheatbing base of the leaf Nos. 14, 15
1 P. natans L. Buoad-le.wed Pond-wekd. Floating lvs. coriaceous, oblong,
or elliptio-ovato, acute or obtuse or cordate at base, on loug petioles, submersed
ones linear-lanceolate, nieinl)ratious, olongated, attenuated to petioles at base,
lowest reduced to mere petioles ; stipules connate, distinct from the petiole,
elongated ; spikes rather dense, shorter than the peduncles ; fruit somewhat
semi-globous, roughish, more or less carinato at the back. — A very common
species, in .slow waters or ponds, N. Eng. to Wis. St. slender, 1 to 3f long, ac-
cording to the depth of the water, branched. Upper lvs. 2 to 4' long, about
half as wide; petiolt3S 2 to 8', submersed. Spike 1 to 2' long. Jl, Aug.
2 P. heteroph^UuB Schreb. Floating lvs. lanceolate or oblong, 5 to 7-veined.
tapering to the petioles, scarcely coriiiceous, submersed lvs. long, narrowly linear,
membranous, acute, 1-veined, slightly tapering to the sessile base ; stip. nearly
distinct, resembling tiie Iv.s. ; spikes dense, ou thickened peduncles; fr. com-
pressed, suborbicular. — Ponds and slow waters, frequent. St. round, slender or
filiform, often branched. Lower lvs. 3 to 6' by 1^", remote, upper about 2 to 3'
by J'. Spikes 1' long, peduncles 2 to 4'. (P. Claytonia Tuckerman.)
3 P. diveraif61iu8 Bart. St. filiform, branching ; upper lvs. oval or lance-oval,
5-veined, on short petioles, lower ones submerged, sessile, filiform, alternate, often
densely fascicled, not at all reticulated, obtuse. — Con)mon in pools and ditehea
A very slender and delicate species, only the upper lvs. arising to the surface.
These are 6 to 10" by 2 to 4", acute at each end, on hair-like petioles 3 to 6" long.
Spadices dense, short, 5 to 6-fiowered. JL (P. setaceum Ph.) — Varies with the
leaves nearly all of either kind.
4 P. h^bridus Mx. Floating lvs. elliptic-oblong, coriaceous, scarcely veined,
longer than tlieir petioles ; submersed lvs. long-linear, thin, sessile ; stipules above
equaling the petioles, tliose of the submersed lvs. very short or wanting ; spikes
cylindrie, dense, on short, thickened j.i L ; fruit keeled on the back, seed coiled
into a ring. — Pools and slow waters, S. ? and W, States. Sts. mostly simple, very
slender, 1 to 3f long. Lower lvs. 3 to 5' long, alternate, upper opposite, 1 to 18".
Spike about 1'. A handsome species.
£ P. flditans Roth. Floating lvs. opposite, oval-lanceolato, coriaceous, acute at
each end, shorter than the petioles ; submersed lvs. larger than the floating, lan-
ceolate, sessile, short-acuminate, strongly veined, wavy, thin, not shining, faintly
reticulated ; stip. large, connate ; ped. thickened, cylindrie. — In clear, deep
waters, N. New Eng. and Can. Sta. simple or branched, several feet long. Sub-
mersed lvs. 5 to 7' long, a th'rd as wide, tlie floating 2 to 3' long. Stip. 2 to 3'
long. Spikes 2' long, rather dense-flowered. Aug.
6 P. lucens L. Lvs. shining, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, flat, large, the short
petioles continuing in a thick midvein ; spikes long, cylindrie, many-flowered ;
ped. thickened upward; fr. slightly keeled. — U Caa, N. Eng,, &c. Rivers and
lakes. Distinguished for its large leaves which are very pellucid, and, when dry,
sliininr above, conspicuously cross-veined, 3 to 6' long, an inch or more wide,
each with a lanceolate, double stipule above its base. Spadix 2' long, of nu-
merous green flowers, on a peduncle 2 or 3 times aa long, thick and enlarged up-
wards. Ju.
Order 134.— NAIADACEiE.
67S
7 P. obrCltus. Lv8. linear-lanceolate, sossilo, rather acute, only the iiiiJvein con-
spiciioiis. alternate, approximate, the lower stip. waiUiu>< ; spikes lon^^, peduncu-
late ; peil. not enlar^jreil upwaris; acii. intiated, niarf^ined on the back, beak in-
curved, both .widert conspicuously utnbilicate. — A remarkable species, first found
at Lyndon. Vt., since seen southward to (ra.; in slow waters. St. round, slender,
emipie. Lvs. uniform, 3 to 4' by 4 to G ', taperiniiT to the slightly claspinir base,
the two upper opiKJsitc Spike dense, 1\' loug, p'd 3 . Seed coiled into a ring
ua siiown by the pits of tlio fruit.
8 P. praelongua Wolfg. Lvs. ol)U)ng or ovate, obtuse, many-vein"d, with three
stronger vein.*), all reticulately comiected. ba.so ainplexicml : ped. very long; spike
cyhndrical, many-flowered; fr. ventricou.'s, lunate, acrutely carinate on the back. —
Ponds and rivers, Nortliern States and Can. Tlio plant is wholly subn)ersed,
sending up its spike to tlie surface on a very long stalk. Wo have gathered it Ui
Niagara river, growing in depths of G or 8f. July, Aug.
9 P perfolicktus L. Lvs. cordate, clasping the stem, uniform, all immersed ;
spikes terminal; lis. alternate ; fruit not keeled. — A common spei-ies growing in
ponds and slow waters, wholly below the surface except the purplish flower.-".
Stem diciiotomous, very leaf\-, G — 10' long. Leaves alternate, apparently per-
foliate near the base, l.V' long, i^ as wide, obtuse, pellucid. Spadix on a short
peduncle (1 — 2'), fe .v-flc vvered. Jl.
10 P. paucifldrus Pursh. St. dichotomous, slightly eompros.sed, filiform; lvs
linear, alternate, sessile; fis. few in the spike, ped. short; fruit distinctly crested
on the back. — A delicate species, in rivers. &c. Leaves numerous, obtuse, taper-
ing to the stipulate base, 2 — 3' long, a lino wide, 3-veined, of a bright gretn
color. Peduncle an inch long, terminal, bearing 3 — 5 greenish fis. above thu
water, but ripening the seeds below. (P. grainineum Mx.)
11 P. compressuB L. St. compressed, ancipital, flexuous ; lvs. broad-linear, ob-
tuse; spike short, peduncle elongated. — A very distinct species in ponds and.
rivers. Stem 1 — 2f long, branching, weak, flattened, green, with sheathing
Btipules above the nodes. Leaves 3 — 1' in length, 2' wide, closely sessile, re-
mote, the margins perfectly parallel, ending in an abrupt point. Spadix terminal,
i — r long, on a peduncle 1 — 2' long, and bearing 5 — 25 flowers. Jl. (P. zos-
teiilblium Schum.)
12 P. pusillus L. St. filiform, flexuous, branched; lvs. linear-subulate, mem-
branaceous, very acute, sessile, not narrower than the stipules, spikes capitate,
few-flowered ; fr. ovoid-compressed, umbilicato each side. — Shallow waters, N.
Eng. to Ohio and Can. A very delicate species, wholly subn»ersed. Leaves 1
— 2' by ^", a little longer than the Intemodes. Spikes 3 — 5-flowered, the pe-
duncles i' long. Fruit with sharp pits, aa in P. obrutus, and rather inflated.
13 P. Tuckerm^ni Robbins ? St filiform, with capillary branches ; lvs. few, all
capillary and confervoid, with minute, membranous stipules ; spikes f w (6 to 9)-
flowered, oblong, on a long, filiform peduncle, which is slightly thicker than the
stem ; (fruit immature). — In clear water, Uxbridge, Mass. (Ricard) (White Mts.,
Alleghany Mts. Tuckerman ? in (Iray's Manual.) An exceedingly delicate species.
Tlie loaves taper to the fineness of cobwebs. Spike 4 ' long, the ped. about 5'
long.
14 P. pectinatUB (and P. marinus L.) St slender, branched, striate, flexuous ;
lvs. numerous and fascicled in the axils, long, narrowly linear, acuminate, on
sheathing stipules : spikes cylindrical, the lower fis. remote ; ped. filiform, long.
—Plant
W. to Wis.
perceptible. Fruit largo, purplish, rough, a little compressed, neither earinate,
nor umbilicate. Jn.
15 P. Robbfnaii Oakes. Lva. lance-linear, approximate, sheathing the stem
with the adnate stipules, lamina auriculate at base, margin minutely ciliate-ser-
rulate; spikes oblong, small and few-flowered; ped. shorter than the leaves. —
First discovered by Dr. Robbins in Pondicherry Pond, Jefferson, N. H. Since
found in many other ponds in N. H., Mass. W. to Ohio. St long, branched,
almost wholly enclosed in the sheaths. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 2 to 3", very acute, some-
what crowded.
■15 — I ; ~i -J 1 - ■■ — - ' I
submersed in deep water, bushy and very leafy, N. Eng. ? Middle States!
Vis. (Lapham ?) Leaves 4 — 7' by (less than) 1' , thin, tlie midvein scarcely
1 ■'■
Ifli
676
OBiiSR 135.— ALISMACEiU.
f!
!r:
ii
)',:
Cohort 6, FLORIDE^.
Endogenous plants with the Flowers usually perfect and
complete, the perianth double, 3-parted, the outer often, and
sometimes both, green.
Order CXXXV. ALISMACE^. Water Plantains.
Marsh herbs, with parallel-veined, petiolate leaves and branching peduncles.
Flowers perfect or monoecious, with a regular double perianth. Sepals 3, green ;
petals 3, colored or green ; stamens hypogynous. Ovaries 3 or more, separating
into as many 1 -seeded aclienia.
Genera 9, xpeciea 70, distributed in all parts of the world, more common in temperate
climates. One species of Sagittaria is cultivaterl for food in Oliinu (S. (sinensis). (Our speciuieus
were revised by Dr. Engelman.)
SUBORDERS AXD GENERA.
I. ALISME.^. Petals white, with a green calyx.
Embryo curved. Leaves mostly with a
. lamina, (a) jSt!im6. Ai.isma. 1.
a Fls. all perfect. J Stam. 9.— 24. Et iiin. 2.
a Fls. diclinous. Stam. oo... Sag ittaria. »
II. JUNCAGINE.^. Petal8greenl8h,llketliesepals.
Embryo straight. Leaves never expanded
to a lamina, (b)
b Anthers oval. Lvs. radical. ..TRiGLOfiiiN. 4
b Anth. linear. Lvs. cauline.SciiEucii2.hiiA. 5
FIG. 712. Inflorescence of s Sagittaria, leaf
and flowers, a. One of the pistils enlarged. &, Tlio pi.s-
til of Alisma cut open, showing the seed and curved eni-
brjo.
1. ALIS'MA, L. Water Plantain.
(Celtic alis, water ?) Flowers ^ ; sepals
3, persistent ; petals 3, aestivation involute ; stamens 6 ; ovaries and
styles numerous, arranged in a circle, forming as many flattened afh-
enia. — 11 Acaulescent, marsh herbs, with mostly expanded leaves, and
with panicled flowers.
A. plantSgo L. Lvs. all radical, ovate or oval, subcordatc, abruptly acuminate ■,
scape many-flowered; fls. verticillate in the panicle; carpels 15 to 20, ribbed on
the back, forming an obtusely triangular whoil. — A common, smootli, handsome
inhabitant of pools and ditches. Lvs. resembling those of the common plantain,
with about 5 veins running from end to end, connected by cross veinlets. Peti-
oles 8 — 12' long. Panicle a scape, 1 — 2f high, with numerous, small, rose-while
flowers. Jl., Aug. (A. triviaUs and parviflora Ph.)
2. ECHINODO'RUS, Richard, Engclm. (Gr. ixlvo^, the sea-urchin,
dopog, a sack ; alluding to the head of carpels bristly with the persistent
styles.) — Flowers ^; sepals 3, persistent; petals 3, aestivation imbri-
cate ; stam. 6 — oo; ovaries and styles oo, imbricattsd in a head, form-
ing as many flattened, beaked achenia. — Scape creeping or erect, flow-
rs verticillate.
1 B. radicana Engelm. Leaves ample, ovate, obtuse, cordate, about t-veincd, on
long petioles ; scape prostrate, runuing and rooting at the proliferous joints ; fla
f!
Order 135.— ALISMAOEiE
t'l
clustered at the nodes, on long pedicels; stain. 18 — 24; Iteads of carpels ovoid,
acheuia sliort-beaked, very numerous (100 — 200). — U Swaiups, W. 111. (EiigeU
mann in Gray's Manual) S. to Ga (Mettauer) and La. (Hale). Lvs. o — 12 by
3 — 7', strongly heart-shaped. Scapes several, 2 — 4f long, producing roots and
small leaves as well as flowers at the upper joints. Flowers white, much resem-
bling those of Sagittaria. Jn., Jl. (Alisma, Nutt.)
2 B. rOBtratuB Eugelm. Leaves ovate, rather acute, cordate, about ^-veined, the
later ones oblong, all long-petioled ; scapes erect, much exceeding tlie leaves,
sharply angled; stam. 12; heads of carpels globular; acli. numerous (100), strongly
ribbed and beaked. — 'Xi Kiver swamps. 111. near St. Louis (Engelm.) S. to Aik.
Much smaller than tlie preceding. Lvs. 1 — 3' long, petioles 2 — 4'. Scapes 1 — 3£
Flowers about half as large as in Sagittajia. (Alisma, Nutt.)
3 E. panrulUB Engelm. Dwarf; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, very acute, tapering to a
petiole of equal length; scapes erect, 3 — 6-flowered; pedicels reflexed in fruit;
stam. 9; heads of carpels depressed-globular: ach. about 20, beakless. — Ij Muddy
shores, 111., Mo. to Mich. (Engelm.). Plant a few inches (1 — 3 or 4 ) high, often
stoloniferous. Leaves, excluding petiole, less than 1' long. Fls. about 3'
diameter.
3. SAGITTARIA, L. Arrow-head. (Lat. saqitta, an arrow ; from
the peculiar form of the leaf.) — Flowers 8 , rarely $ S , sepals 3 ; pet-
als larger, colored, aestivation imbricate ; stam. oo ; ovaries very nu-
merous, crowded into a head, forming in fruit as many flat, maigined,
beaked achenia. — Acaulescent marsh herbs, with a milky juice. Lvs.
commonly arrow-shaped, often lanceolate, linear, or even reduced to
mere petioles. Scapes with fls. in whorls of 3s, the lower perfect.
Petals white.
§ Lower (fertile) pedicels much shorter than the upper (sterile) ones Nos. 1, 2
§ P^crtilc pedicels us long as the sterile, (a)
a Filaments longer than the antliers. Lvs. not sagittate No. 3
a Filaments very short. — Leaves lanceolate an<l linear, mostly Nos. 4 — 6
— Leaveii uval-obtuse, sagittate at base So. 7
1 S. varidbilis Engelm. Lvs. generally sagittate; scape 12-angled, «/)joe?' ^5.
sterile, on pedicels but twice longer than those of the lower fertile fls. ; fll. glabrous,
longer than tlie anthers; ach, obovate, with a conspicuous, averted beak. — A curious
aquatic, conspicuous among the Rushes and Sedges of sluggish waters, Can. and
U. S. Lvs. 3 to 10', the lobes about as long as the lamina, petioles much longer.
Scape 10' to 2f, siinple or branched, 3 of the angles prominent. Fls. mostly in 3s,
with ovate, slender-pointed bracts, often dioecious. Petals roundisli, sliowy,
wholly white. JL, Aug. The leaves are exceedingly variable. (S. sagittifolia,
Ed. 1, &c., nee. L., from which it differs, according to Dr. Engelmann, in the char-
acters emphasized above.)
rd. OBTUSA. Lvs. large, broadly ovate, sagittate, apex obtase; fls. dioecious. —
A large form, Mid., W. and S. States. (S. obtusa Willd.)
y. LATIFOLIA. Lvs. large, broad-ovate, acute, witli ovate, acuminate lobes.
6. GRACILIS. Lvs. linear, with linear, long, acute, spreading lobes.
£. PUBESCENS. Plant pubescent in all its parts; h's. and their lobes ovate.
3 S. heteroph;$rlla Ph. Zi'S. smooth, Z/near-Zawceo/wte, rarely some of tliem ellip-
tical and sagittate ; scape simple, veak ; bracts roundish, obtuse ; upptr lis. .sterile,
on long pedicels, the lowest whorl fertile, almost sessile ; fll. very short ; ach. nar-
rowly obovate, long-beaked.~ Muddy shores, common S. and W. Leaves almost
as variable as in No. 1, but the other marks are very distinctive. Stalks If to sev-
eral, a'.'cording to the depth of water. Blades 6 to 10' in length. P'ls. large, 12
to IG " iiara., white. July.
/3. R.^ w. Plant ratlicr rigid in habit, erect ; lvs. narrowly lanceolr.te ; acute
at apex, acute or obtusish at base. — Lake shores. (S. rigida Ph.)
y. ANQ JBTiFOLiA. Lvs. nearly linear, delicate, often floating as well as the
weak, elongated scape.
3 S. lancifdlia L., Mx. Lvs. lance-oblong, acutish, feather-veined, loti^r-tapcr-
ing at base to a very long petiole; scape tall, branched; fls. in Lis, all lung-pedi-
t- J
i
- J''
J
H
m
678
Obdkb 136.— ALISMACE.B.
h
m
collate; bracts broad-ovate, short-pointed; fiL hairy, longer than the anthers ; ach.
obovale-falcate. — River swamps, Conn. ? Va. to Fla. and La. (Hale). Stalks stout,
3tor more, according to the depth of water. Leaves thick and leathery, 8 to I4'j
the veins diverging from the midvein, crossed by the veiulets. Fls. white, showy.
(S. lalcuta Ph.)
,3. f Very slender, erect, with nearly linear leaves ; bracts and sep. scabrous. —
Lii. to Tex.
4 S. graminea Mx. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, varying to linear, rarely sagittate;
scape erect, slender, longer tlian the leaves ; lower wiiorls fertile; ail the pedicels
slender, equal ; filamenta short as tlie anthers ; ach. beakkss. — In shallow water
or mud, common. Lvs. commonly very narrow, attenuate-pointed, 4 to 12' or
more. Scape 5 to 20 in height, tlie pedicels 1' or less. Flowers small, 8 or 9'
diam., wliite; stam. few. The forms with lance-ovate leaves constitute a well
marked variety. (S. si.nplex, Ed. 2.)
5 S. pusilla Nutt. Petioles (leaves f) short, linear, ohttise, summits only folia-
ceous; scapo simple, slioricr than tiio leaves; fls. few, fertile one solitary, deflexed ;
fitam. mostly 7. — A diminutive species on muddy banks, N. Y. to Ga. Leaves rarely
subulate, an incli or two long, less than a line wide. Scape 2 — 4' high. Flowers
4 — 7, liie lowest one only fertile. Aug.
6 S. nutans Mx. Lvs. floating, oval-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-veined, tapering to the
base, lower ones subcordato ; scape simple, few-flowered ; lower ped. elongated.
In water, Penu. (Muhlenberg) to Car. Scape mostly erect, 3 — 6' long. Leaves
1 — 2 long. Flowers few, smaU, the upper sterile (Elliot).
7 S. uliginosa Engelm. Lvs. oval-sagittate, rounded-obtuse, lobes triangular;
scapi'S several, as fcill (6 — 10) as the lvs ; lis. in pairs, the lower pair (fertile) ou
tliiek pedicels, longer than tlie upper; bracts obtuse; ach. broad-obovate, long-
pointed. — St. Louis, perhaps not within our limits.
4. TRIGLOXHIN, L. Arrow Grass. (Gr. rpig, three, yXo^x'ig, a
corner ; on account of the 3-angled fruit.) Sepals and petals concave,
deciduous, the former inserted a little below tlie latter ; stamens 6, very
short ; anthers large, extrorse ; ovaries 1-ovnlcd ; stigmas adnate ; fruit
clavate, composed of 3 — 6 united, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels. — 2f Lvs.
grass-like, all radical.
1 T. marftimum L. Fruit ovate-oblong, grooved, of 6 united carpels ; scape longer
than the leaves. — A rush-like plant in salt marshes and ditches on the sea-coast,
and at Salina, N. Y., also lake shores, N. Y.,Wi8. Lvs. linear, semi-cylindric, smooth,
thick, 6 — 12' long, less than a hne wide. Scape obtusely angled, simple, 9 — 18'
long, bearing a long raceme of 30 — iO green flowers on pedicels 1 — 2" long.
Fruit separating into ti hnear carpels, each containing a linear seed. The plant
has a sweetisli taste, and cattle are fond of it. July. (T. elatum. Nutt.)
t T. paluBtre L. Fruit nearlj linear, of 3 united carpels ; scape scarcely longe
than the leaves. — In marshes, Salina, N. Y. N. to Arc. Am. Leaves very nu
merous, fleshy, smooth, very narrow. Scape ,6 — 12' high, ending in a raceme
with rather remote, very small, green flowers on pedicels 2 — 3 " long. The oien-
der fruit is attenuated at base, obtuse at apex, grooved and margined, consisting
of 3 very slender carpels. July.
5. SCHEUCHZE'RIA, L. (To the Scheuchzem, two brothers, distin-
guished botanists.) Sepals and petals oblong, acute, persistent ; sta. 6,
with linear anthers ; stigmas sessile, lateral ; ovaries 1 — 2-ovuled ; cap-
Miles inflated, compressed, 2-valved, 1 — 2-«eeded. — 2f Lvs. cauline, lin-
ear, sheathing at base.
S. paliisttiB L. A nish-like plant, m swamps, Vt., Penn., to HI. Root-stock
horizunta', fleshy. Stem about a foot high, simple, angular. Leaves semi-cylin-
dric, 4 — ti' long, in the barren shoots much longer, sheathing at base. Raceme
terminal, 5 — 8-flowered. Flowers yellowish-green, on short pedicels, each axil-
lary to a bract. Stamens large, exsi rtod, erect. Jaue, July.
Order 136.— HYDROCHARIDACE^
t}79
Order CXXXVI. HYDROCHARIDACE.E. Frogbits.
Jquafic herbs with parallel-veined leaves and diclinous fla. on a slender-stalked
spadix. Perianth regular, 3 to 6-parted, the inner segments petaloid. Stamens 3
to 12. Ovary adherent to the perianth, 1 to 9-celled, witli 3. G or 9 large stigmas.
Fruit dry or succulent, many-seeded, indehisent. Seeds without albumen.
Genera 12. xpevien 20. native of fresh water in Europe, N. America, E. Indies and N. Ilulland.
They appear to possess no active properties.
1. LIMNO^BIUM, Richard. Frogs-bit. (Gr. Xi\Lvr\, a lake-., /3/o?,
life.) Flowers monoecious, arising from subsessile spathes ; ^ spatlio.
1-leavetl, about 3-flowered, calyx 3-sepaled, corolla 3-petaIed, petals ob-
long-linear ; stamens G to 12, monadelphous ; $ spathe 2-leaved, 1
flowered ; calyx and corolla as in the t ; stamens 6, vsubulate rudiments ;
ovary C or 9-celled, becoming a oo-seeded berry. — 2( Herb acanlescent,
in stagnant waters, multiplying by stolons, and with floating Ivs. Fls.
showy, white, the ^ on long stalks.
L. Spongia Rich. — In Braddock's Bay, L. Ontario (Sartwell) ; scarce at the north,
common in the south, E. Ky. I to Ga. (Feay and La. (Hale). Lvs on long pe-
tioles, roundish, obtuse or broadly acute, often cordate, 1' to 18' diam. Ped. of
the sterile fls. slender, about 3' long, of the fertile, thick, about I' long, both
kinds either together on the same stalk or on different stalks which are connected
by the ptolDiis (^Dr. Feay). Tlie leaves beneath are pt.rplish and sponj/j/ with largo
cells. Jl., Aug. (Ilydrocharis, Bosc. H. cordifolia Nutt.)
2. ANACH'ARIS, Richard. Ditch Moss. (Gr. dv, an indefinite par-
ticle, «\;apff, uncomely.) Flowers polygamous, solitary, from a tubular,
bifid, axillary spathe ; perianth 6-parted, colored ; ^ minute, with 9
oval, nt'511 ly sessile anthers ; $ perianth excessively produced into a
filiform tube above the ovary, limb 6-pai-ted, stamens 3 to 6, often abor-
tive ; style capillary ; adherent to the tube of the perianth ; stigmas 3,
large; fruit few-se(!ded. 2^ Snuvll aquatic herbs, with submersed pellu-
cid oi>posile or verticillate lvs.
A. CanadeiiSJa Planchon. Lvs. verticillate in Ss and 4s, lanceolate, oblong or
linear sun ulale ; stig. 2-lobed. — Resembling a coarse moss, in still waters and
bogs. St. filiform, diffusely dichotomous, very leafy. Lvs. 3 to 6'' by (less than)
1", thin and diaphanous, sef^sile, obtuse. Fls. minute, of a dingy white, the slen-
der, hair-like tube 2 f^ 10' long, according to tiie depth of the waters. Stigmas
recurved between the segments, crested with glandular hairs. Aug. (Udora,
Nutt.)
3. VALLISNE'RIA, Michcli. Eel-grass. (In honor of Anthony
Vollisncr, a French botanist.) Flowers $ $ ; spathe ovate, 2 to 4-
parted. $ Spadix covered with minute flowers, enclosed in a 3-parted
spathe; corolla 0. $ Spathe bifid, 1 -flowered ; perianth elongatetl ,
sepals linear ; stigmas 3, ovate, bifid ; fruit elongated, cylindrical, many-
seeded. — U Submersed. Lvs. all radical, grass-like. Scape spiral,
Tcry long.
V. spiralis L. Lvs. linear, obtuse, serrulate at the end, tapering at the base,
floating. — A curious plant, in slow movhig or stagnant waters, U. S. Leaves
linear, 1 — 2f long, about |' wide, the edges thinner than the middle. Scapes
several, of the sterile plants short, of the fertile plants very tortuous, 2 — 4f long
nhen extended, thread-like, thickened at the top, bearing each a single, white
flower at or near the purlace. Sepals and petals crowning tl^e (1') long, narrow,
incHirved ovary, which, is half concealed in the spathe, ,;\, Aug. (V. Amer*
k>tiaa Mx.)
Ij '
■i I
1 1
G80
Order 138.— ORCHIDACEiE.
■« f
'
Order CXXXVII. BURMANNIACE/h).
I
b.
Small annual herbs ,viih slender, scaly or naked stems and scale (ike, tufted leavea
flowers perfect, with a tubular, 6-toothed perianth adherent to the ovary. Stamens
3, opposite the smaller teeth (petals), introrse, or 6 and extrorse. Capsule 1 or 3-
celled, seeds numerous, miuute, loose in a membranous testa.
Genera 7, xpecieH SO, in wet, grassy places in the warm parts of Asia, Africa and America
They are said tu be bitter and astringent.
1. APTE'RIA, Nutt. (Gr. a, privative, nrepov, a wing.) Perianth
bell-tubular, tube longer than the slender teeth, marescent ; teeth alter-
nately narrower ; capsule globular, wingless, 1 -celled, valves opening
first at base ; placentae parietal ; seeds innumerable, oblong, very min-
ute. — (P Herbs apparently leafless.
A. set^cea Nutt. Erect, very slender, with remote, subulate scales, and divid-
ing above into 2 racemes ; fls. distant, pedicellate. — Moist, shady woods, Fla.
and La. (Hale). St. 4 to 6f high. Raceme often simple. Coralla 3 to 4'' long,
purplish.
2. BURMAN'NIA, L. (Dedicated to one Burmann, a German bota-
nist.) Perianth tube scarcely produced above the ovary, often 3-winged
below, limb with 3 inner teeth much shorter ; capsule prismatic, often
3-winged, cells 3, with a thick placentae in the axis; seeds numerous. —
(D Leafless.
1 B. bifldra L. St. capillary, simple, with scarcely perceptible bracts, and 1 or 2,
rarely more, small light blue flowers at top, the angles of the tube conspicuously
winged. — Grassy swamps in the lower districts, Va. to Fla. and La. St. 2 to 3'
high. Fls. 2 to 3" long. Oct., Nov.
2 B. capitilta L. St. setaceous, furnished with a few subulate bracts, simple,
erect, bearing at top a dense cluster of white fls. ; ov&ry and fruit scarcely winged.—
Upper districts of S. Car. and Ga. (Bachman), less common and with smaller fla.
than in the last. St. 6 to 8' high, Sept.
Order CXXXVIII. ORCHIDACE^. Orchids.
11
Herbs perennial, with fleshy roots, simple, entire, parallel veined leaves. Flowers
very irregular, with an adherent, ringent perianth of 6 parts. Sepals 3, usually
colored, odd one uppermost by the twisting of the ovary. Petals 3, usually colored,
odd one lowest by the twisting of the ovary. Lip (labeUum, " e odd petal) diverse
in form, often lobed, frequently spurred at base. Stamens 3, gynandrous (consoli-
dated with the style), 2 of them or more, rarely 1 of them, abortive or obsolete, the
pollen powdery, or coherent in waxy masses. Ovary inferior, 1 -celled, with 3 pari-
etal placentae and innumerable ovules. Fruit capsular, 3-valved. Seeds numerous
and very minute. lUust. in Figs. 29, 37, b, 57, 85, 200, 327, 366.
Gentva 894, upecift 8000? They are among the most interestiniar and curious plants, almost al-
ways reiruirliable for tlie grotesque form of their tortuous roots and stems, and the fragrance,
brilliancy and odd structure of tlie flowers.
The Orchids are natives of nearly every part of the world. In the tropics multitudes of
them are epiphytes, growing on living trees or decaying timber.
This order is remarkable lor those qualities only which please the eve. They not only excel
in beauty and delicacy, but often closely imitivte objects of the animal kingdom, as bees, tiles,
iipiuers, doves, swans, pelicans, &c , especially those of the tropical regions. Many of its species
are cultivated for ornament, but few of them possess either active or useful properties. The
$(ilep of commerce is a nutritive, muciloginftus substance afforded by the roots of some Asiatic
Orchis, The aromatic vanilla, used to flower ohooolat*, &o., U the fruit of the West Indian
Vanilla clavieulata.
Order 138.— OHCHIDACEiE.
681
TRIBES AND OBKILRA.
I CYPRIPEDIEjE. Anthers 2, fertile, the Srd a petal-liko appendaKe ivor tlio
stigma. Lip a lui'jie, intliite'l »pui'less back Cypbipkdiiim t
§ OPIIUYDE^, Jec. Anther only 1, teriiiiiiitl «r ilorsul uti the stigma. (*)
♦ Liji produced behind i!ito a spur wliich is free from the ovary, (a)
a Anther erect, terminal ; poUinia i, granular, pe;!icel!ate and attached to as
many glands on the stif^ina, which glanils are (b)
b concealed in ai)ouch (Flowers large, rose-colored, lip entire) in -Orcuib. 9
b naked and close tojrether (Flowers small, lip entire or toothed) in...GvMNADEMA, 3
b naked and widely separated (Lip entire or lohed, o- cleft or fringed.) Pl.\tantukra. 4
a Anther bent over the end of the stigma like a lid. Pollinia 4 Tipulakia. 5
• Lip not produced into a spur behind, or the spur is adnate to the ovary, (c)
C Lip a large, inflated sack with 2 spr.r-like points below tlie ape.x Calypso. 6
C Lip not saccate. Plants brown, leafless, or with radical leaf, (d)
d Lip hooded, i. e., its margins involute. Pollinia 8. Fls. expanding.. . . .Blf.tia. 7
d Lip concave, sessile, often with an adnate spur. Pollinia 4 ..("oram.okiiizka. S
d Lip concave, raised on a claw. Pollinia 4. Plant with 1 late leaf. . . Aplkctkum. 9
C Lip not saccate. Plants green and with leaves, (e)
e Lip flat. Flowers obscure, in racemes nearly bructless. (f )
f Lip entire, dilated ; Column minute. (Leaf 1.) Mycbostylis. 10
f Lip sagittate or cordate. Colunm lengthened. Leaves 2 Lippaeis. 11
f Lip 2-l(!bed or cleft at apex. Lvs. 2, cauline opposite Listera, 12
e Lip channeled, recurve<l. Fls. wliitish, in bracted spikes, (g)
g Se|ials reflexed. Lip arched and recurved, 3-lobed Ceanicmis. 13
g Sepals erect. — Lip ascending, embracing the column Spibanthks. 14
— Lip gibbous beneath, pointed at apex (}oodvkea. li
e Lip bearded or 3-lobed. Stamen lid-like. Flowers showy, (h)
h Flowers several, purple, with a bearded lii> posterior Calopogon. 1(j
h Flowers with the lip anterior (as in the order generally), (k)
k Column free from the lip, clavate. Fls. purplish Pooonia. IT
k Colunm adherent to the tij* below, Fls. purple Aretiitsa. IS
k Column adherent to the lip. Fls. yellow. On trees Epidenueum. !!♦
1. CYPRIPE'DIUM, L. Lady's Slipper. {Gr. Kvnpig^ Venus.
rroSiov, a slipper ; from the slipper-like form of the lip.) The 2 lower
sepals united into 1 segment, or rarely distinct ; petals spreading ; lip
inflated, saccate, obtuse ; column terminated by a petaloid lobe (i)arren
stamen) and bearing a 2-celled anther under each wing. — Us. large,
very showy, distinguished for the large, inflated lower petal or lip ; lvs.
largo, plaited, veined.
§ Sepals 2, the lower compound of 2 united either wholly or near the tip. (♦)
* Stem leafy. — Flowers I to S, mostly but 1, yellow Nos. 1, 2
— Flowers solitary or several, white or rose-colored Nos. 3, 4
* Stem a leafless scape, 2-leaved at base. Flower rose-colored No. .%
§ Sepals 3, the 2 lower entirely distinct No.
1 C. pubescens Swartz. Large Yellow Ladies Slipper. St. leafy, Iva.
broad-lanceolate, acuminate; sepals lanceolate; lip shorter tliau the linear, twisttd
petals, compressed laterally, convex both above and below ; sterile stamen triangular,
acute ; plant pubescent. — Woods and meadows, Can. to Wis., S. to Ga. Sts. usu-
ally several from the same root. If or more high. Lvs. 3 to G' by 2 to 3, many-
veined, clasping at base. Flower mostly solitary. Segm. 4, greenish with
purple stripes and spots, the lower bifid, composed of 2 united sepals, the lateral
2 to 3' by 3", wavy and twisted. Lip ?nocc(Win-shapedi briglit-yellow, spotted
inside, with a roundish aperture. May, Jn.
2 C. parvifl6nim Salish, Smaller Yellow Ladies' Slipper. St. leafy ; lvs. lar-
ct'olute-acuminate •, sep. ovate or lance-ovate ; lip shorter than the petals, compressed
from above and boneath ; sterile stamen triangular, acute ; plant pubescent. — In
low woods and prairies, Can. to Wis. and Ga. (Miss Wynian). More conamon
westward. Plant 8 to 12' high, rarely taller, very leafy. Flower a third smallef
than in No. 1. Petals 1 to 18' , twisted or not. Upper sep. broadest. Lip evi-
dently flattened on the u[)pcr side, convex laterally, dull yellow. May, Ju.
i
'i ! I
; ill
i 1
\ ;W|
[iili
11
s
I
682
Oedeu 138.— ORGIIIDACE^.
3 C. cdndidum Willd. St. leafv; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acute; fl. terminal, soli-
tary ; Sep. elliplic-laaiceolate, acuminate, lower scarcely bilid at apex ; petal
lance-linear, longer than the laterally compressed white Up ; sterile stamtiis lainceo'
late, obtuse. — Border of woods, prairies, Penn. to luU. (Pluinmer), Wis. and Can.
St about If high, simpls. Lvs. 3 to 6' by H', slieatliing the stem. Ovary pedi-
cellate. Lip I' m length Petals and sepals nearly 2'. May. — Well distinguished
by its sterile stamens as by its color.
4 C. spectdbile Sw. St. leafy ; lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; lobe of the
column elliptic-cordate, obtuse ; sep. broad-ovate, obtuse ; lip longer tiian the
petals, cleft before. — A tall, superb species, found in swamps, Can. to Ky. and
Car. Stem thick, 2 feet or more high, hairy. Leaves 6 — 10' by 2 — 4 , veined,
plaited, hnry. Flowers 2 — 3 on each plant, very large. Lip white, striped with
purple, 2' long, 1 k broad ; upper segment largest, lower one smaller, composed of
2 sepals completely uiiitoil. Jl.
5 C. acaMe Ait. Scapo leafless, 1-flowered; lvs. 2, radical, elliptic-oblong, rather
acute ; lobe of the column roundish-rhomboidal, acuminate, detiexed ; pet. lance-
olate ; lip longer than the petals, cleft before. — A beautiful plant, in dark wocxls.
Car. to Arc. Am. Leaves large, plaited and downy. Scape 10 — 14' higli, with a
single lanceolate bract at the bas'j of the large, solitary flower. Sepals .y long,
the two lower completely united into a broad lanceolate one beutath the lip.
Petals lateral, wavy. Lip 2' by 1', purple, forming the most showy part of the
flower. May, Jn. (C. humile Sw. ?)
6 C. arietinum Ait. Ram's Head. St. leafy; Iva. elliptical, striato-veined;
Sep. 3, distinct (the 2 lower not united), linear-lanceolate, the upper oblong-ovate,
acuminate; 2 lateral pet. linear; lip as long as the petal, saccate, obcouie. — In
damp woods, Can., Me., Vt. (Dr. Phelps) to N. Y. and Wis.? Stems usually
clustered, flexuous, 8 — 12 high, lower part sheathed. Leaves 3 — 5, 2 — 3 by
^ — 1', sessile, amplexicaul. Flower mostly solitary, with a leafy bract at base.
Segments about equal in length, the upper one as broad as the other 4 together.
The singular form of the lip readily suggests tlie name of this curious plant. May.
2. OR'CHIS, L. (Gr. opxi^i the ancient name.) Flower ringont,
sepals and petals similar, some of them ascending and arching over the
column ; lip turned downwards, ])roduce(l at base beneath into a spur
vehich is distinct from the twisted ovary ; stamen 1, anther 2-cell(Hl ;
pollinia 2, one in each cell, composed of numerous waxy grains im-
plicated in a cobweb tissue; pedicellate and attached to 2 glands of the
stigma which are contained in one common little pouch. Fls. several,
large, bright-colored, in a spike or raceme.
O. spectabilis L. Lvs. 2, nearly as long as the BCape ; lip obovate, undi-
vided, creuate, retuse ; segments of the perianth straight, the lateral ones longer ;
spur clavato, shorter than the ovary, bracts longer than the flower. — This pretty
little plant is found in shady woods and thickets, among rocks, etc., U. S. and
Can. Root fasciculate. Leaves few, radical, ovate, 3 — 6' long, J to | iis wide.
Scape 4 — 6' high, acutely angled, with a lanceolate, acute bract and 3 — 5 large,
showy flowers. Segments of the perianth purple, ovate-lanceolate. Lip and
epur white or whitish, each about 8" long. May, Jn.
3. GYMNADE^NIA, R. Brown. Orchis. (Gr. yvfivog, naked, dd/jv,
gland.) Anther-cells parallel or converging below ; glands of tht
stigma to which the pollinia are attached naked. Otherwise as in Orchis.
1 Q. nivea. St. very slender, lowest leaf long, linear, acute, the others (6 to 12)
very much smaller, subulate, bract-like ; fls. 20 to 30, small, in an oblong-cylin-
dric spike ; lip (white) vblong, crenulate or wavy, longer than the petals, produced
behind into a filiform spur which is nearly twice longer than the ovary ; column
very short ; pollinia at length naked. — Ga. (Pond) to Fla. and La. (Hale). Root
fibrous, producing tuberous corms. St. 1 to 2f high, leaf 6 to 8' long, 3 to 4 '
wide. Fls. white, very delicate, rather smaller than in Nos. 2 and 3. (Orcliia
nivea Baldw.)
Order 138.— ORCHIDACE^.
683
2 G. tridentelta Lindl. St. slender ; lowest leaf linear-ohlong or ohlarffolut'', ob-
tuse, the others 3 or 4, very small and bract-like; Hs. 7 to 12, sessilo, in a short,
open spike ; sep, obtuse, erect-spreading ; lip a little longer, truiicate and 'i-ioothed
at the apex, produced behind into a slender, often clavellate spur whicli is longer
than the ovary. — In damp woods, Can. and U. S. Root a few thick tibcrs. St
12 to 18' high, leaf about G', bracts 1' and less. Spike often as wide as long,
with small, greenish-white fls. Spur 4 or 5 " long, usually curved. Jii.. Jl. (U.
txidentata Willd.)
/3. CLAVELLATA has the fls. more diverging and the spur conspicuously club-
shaped. — South.
3 O. Integra (N.) St. flexuous, leafy ; hwer ks. narrow-lanceolate, acute, upper
gradually smaller ; spiko densi-ly many-tlowered ; lip (ycUoiv) ovate, crenuUite or
somewhat wavy, longer than the broad-ovate, obtuse sepals, shorter than the sub-
ulate spur. — Swamps, in pine barrens, N. J. to Ga. and La. lit. of thickened
fibres. St. 12 to 15' high" with Ivs. nearly as long as the internodes. Spike
globular or oblong, with 30 to 50 small, orange-colored fls. Sop. about 1' long,
spur nearl> 3", lip 2". Jn., Jl. (0. flava and nigra Nut t.)
4. PLATAN'THERA, Richard. Orchis. (Gr. rrAa. »'f, broad, a»'0;/pa,
anther.) Anther cells diverging l>elow, and the two glands to which
the pedicellate pollinia are attached widely separated. Otherwise as in
Orchis. (Platanthcra and Gymnadenia are separated from Orchis by
characters purely artificial, and should be reunited with it.)
* Leaf only one. Flowers greenish-wliite. Lip entire or .S-lobed Xos. 1, 2
* Loaves only two, roiin<lisli, lavjto. Klowcrs jrreonish. Lip entire Xos. 8, 4
* Leaves several, ulotliin;; tlie stem more or less, (a)
a Lip uniliviiled and entire, neitlier fringed, lolied, nor tootlied, whiti.-ili Nos. .">, 6
a Lij) undivided,— but 3-tootlied, not fringetl. Flowers yellowish '. Nos. 7, 8
— but frinscd. Floweisbright yellow or wiiiie N'os. y — 1 1
a Lip 8-parted, — segments tringed. Fb-wors 'white or greenisli Nos. 12, 13
— segments fringed. Flowers purple Nos. 14, 15
— .segments merely tootlie(l, terminal one '2-lobed. Fls. purple Nn. 16
— segments entire, long, linear-setaceous. Whitish Nos. IT, 13
1 P. obtusata Lindl, Lf. solitarj', oblong-obovate, obtuse; st. bearing the li'iif
near its base ; epike loose ; upper sep, broadest ; pet. subtriangular ; lip linear,
entire, with 2 tubercles at base, as long as the arcuate, acute spur. — P'ound iii
muddy ponds and ditches, N. II. (Storrs), N. to Lab. Stem slender, anuular,
6 — 8' high, terminating in a tiiin spike of about a dozen small, greenisli-whito
flowers. Leaf tapering at base, usually obtuse at the summit, 2 — 3' in lengtli,
and 1 in breadth, issuing with the stem from 2 — 3 radical, sheathiug bracts. July.
2 P. rotundifdlia Lindl. Lf. solitary, roundish-ovate ; scape naked ; .si)ike few-
flowered ; bracts obtuse, shorter than the ovary ; sep. and pet. obtuse : lip W-lohed,
laterallobes subfalrate, middle one obcordate; spur as long as the lip. — Ct., Penn,
(Eaton), Can, Scape near a foot high, slender, without a bract. Lt-af 2 — 4' long,
\ as wide, spotted, sheathing at base. Flowers about a dozen, of a grei-nish-
white, remarkable for their broad, 3 (almost 4)-lobed, pendent lip. (0. rotund. Ph.)
3 P. orbiculata Lindl. Lvs. 2, radical, suborbicular, rather flesliy ; scape bracts-
ate; upper sep orlncular, lateral ones ovate ; lip linear-subspatulate, nearly twice as
long as the sepals ; spur arcuate, compressed, clavate, twice as lung as the ovary.
— A remarkable plant, not uncommon in old woods and in tiiickets, Penn. to
Can. and W. States. Leaves lying flat upon the ground, 3 — 6' diam., ratlier in-
clining to oval or ovate with the apex acute. Scape 1 — 2f high, sheatiied with a
few bracts, bearing a raceme of numerous, greenish-white flowers. Lip 9 to 12"
by 1" or narrower. Spur IJ — 2' long. Jl. (0. orbiculata Ph.)
4 P. H6okeri Lindl. Lvs. 2, radical, suborbicular or suboval, fleshy; scape
naked ; bracts lanceolate, nearly as long as tiie flowers ; upper bejiat ovate, erect,
lateral ones deflexed and meeting behind; pet. acute, lip lanceolate, projecting;
acuminate, a little longer than the sepals ; spur subulate, arcuate, about twice
longer than the ovary. — Woods, Can., N. Eng. to Wis. (Lapham), rare. Resem-
bles 0. orbiculata, but is very distinct. Scape 8 — 12' high, without a bract be-
low the flowers. Leaves 4—5' long, nearly or quite as wide. Flowers 12— 18,
I
i
41
;!•
li
^.A
684
Ordkb 138.— ORCHIDACE^.
m 1
m
1 ■>
I Ij
in a straij^ht raceme, yellowish-green, the spur 9 — 12" in length. Jn., Jl- (Q
ilookeriaua, 2d Edit.)
5 P. hyperbdrea Lindl. St. leafy ; Ivs. very erect, acute, lanceolate ; spike elon-
gated, niauy-fiowered ; bracts linear-lanceolate, acute, longer than the flower;
Sep. dfflexed ; petals and lip linear, obtuse, suhequal, tlie latter somewhat lanceolate,
and about as long aa tlio pendulous, obtuse spur. — A tall, leafy, variable species,
in mountainous woods and open meadows, N. Y. to Midi, and Can. Stems thick,
1 to ;} or even 4f high. Lvs. lanceolate, 4 to T by 1 to IJ'. Flowers greenish
in shades, nearly wliite in open situations, forming a long, more or less dense
si)ike. Jl. — A coarser plant tlian the next, wliich it often approaches in the more
slender variety Huronexsis.
6 P. dilat^ta Lindl. St. slender; lvs. lance-linear and linear, acute; spike many-
flowered, virgato ; bracts lance-linear, about as long as tljo flowers ; upper sepal
ovate, obtuse, tiie lateral narrower and spreading; lip linear, entire, obtuse, dilated
and rhomboid at base, about equaling tlie petals, and a little shorter than the ob-
tuse, incurved spur, which is longer than the ovary. — Swamps, N. States (rare)
and Can. More slender and delicate than tlio last, 10' to 2f high. Lvs. often
narrow and grass-like 6 to 10' long. Fls. 10 to 50, pure white, varying to green-
ish. Spur about 4 ' long. Jl. (0. dilatata Ph.)
7 P. bracteata Torr. St. leafy ; lvs. oblong, obtuse, upper ones acute ; spike lax ;
bracts 2 to 3 times as long as the flowers; sep. connivent, ovate; petals linear,
eroct ; Up linear-cuneaie, truncate, Z-toolhed at the end, the middle toolh small or
obsolete ; spur short, inflated, obtuse. — A small, green-flowered orchis, in shades.
St. 6 to 9' high. Lvs. about 3, 18 to 30" by 6 to 12", upper Iracts as short as
tlio flower. Spikes 2 to 3' long, Fls. yellowish-green. Lip as long as the ovary,
3 times as long as the sack-like spur. Can. to Va., W. to 111. Jl., Aug. (Peri-
stylus Lindl.)
8 P. ildva Gray. St. leafy, lower lvs. oblong, acute, upper lancedate, acuminate;
spike rather dense, cylindric ; bracts longer than the fls, ; lip oblong, obtuse, with a
tooth each side at base ; palate with one tuberculate tooth ; spur filiform, ratlier
sliorter than tlie sessile ovary. — In alluvial soils. North and South. St. flexuous,
12 to 18' high. Lvs. about 3, witli long siieaths, 3 to 6 or 7' by \ to 2', tapering
to an acute summit. Fls. in a long, tliin spike. Sep. sliort, ovate, green. Petals
yellowish, drying brownish. Upper bracts about as long as the flowers, lower
one 2 or 3 times as long. The tubercle of tiie lip is a remarkable character. Jn.
(0. flava L. 0. herbiole and fuscescens Ph. 0. bidentata Ell.)
9 P, cristata Lindl. Crested Orchis. Slender, lower lvs. lance-linear, very
acute, the upper gradually reduced, linear, acuminate ; spike oblong, densely
CC-tlowered; sep. and pet. roundish (1 to 2" long), the latter crenate; lip oblong,
pinnately fimbriate, nearly as long as the spur which is half as long as the slender-
beaked ovary. — Swamps, N. J. to Ga. and La, A delicate, yellow Orchis, 18' to
2f higli, Lvs. 6 to 10' long. Fls. quite small, the sop, and pet, scarcely more
than 1" long, spur 2 to 3 ". Jn., Jl.
10 P. ciliaris Lindl. Yellow Fringed Orchis, Lower lvs, lanceolate ; spike
oblong, dense, with numerous large fls. ; bracts shorter than the ovary ; lip. ob-
long-lanceolate, deeply fringe-ciliate, twice longer tiian the linear, notched petals;
spur longer than tlie slender-beaked ovary. — Delicately beautiful, with bright orange-
colored fls., in swamps. Can. and U. S., not common, St. about 2f higli. Lvs.
sheathing at base ; lower ones 3 to 5' long, rapidly diminishing upwards. Sep.
roundish, obtuse, concave. Petals linear, very small, incised at the summit ; the
lip narrow, lanceolate, conspicuously fringed, 4" long. Spur 1 in length. Jl.,
Aug.
11 P. Blepharigldttis Lindl. White Fringed Orchis. Lower lvs. lanceolate,
channeled; spike oblong, dense; bracts linear, acuminate, shorter than the white
flowers; petals epatulate, dentate at apex; Up lanceolate, ciliate, as long as tlie
upper sepal , spur much longer than the long-beaked ovary — In swamps, N. Y.
to Car., resembing the last species, but distinguished, at least, by the color of its
fls. which are of a pure wliiie. St. 1 to 2f high. Flowera fewer than in tho
last. Sepals roundish-oblong, lateral reflexed. Lip fHnged ia the middle, 2" long.
Jn., Jl.
Order 138.— ORCHIDACE^.
685
12 P. Idcera Gray. Ragged Orchis. Lower Ivs. oblong, obtuse, tipper ones
narrow, ac'umiiiiite ; bracts longer than the flowers ; sep. retvse; pet. emaryoiate ;
lip 3-parted, segments cuneate, capillaceous-multifid ; spur filiform, clavate, at
long as the ovary. — Swamps and meadows, Can. to Car. Stem 1 — 21" high, smooth,
slender. Leaves few, 3 — 6' by ^ to 1 ', mostly acute. Flower numerous, in a
loiig, loose spike, of a greenish-white, not showy. Sepals ovate. Petals oblong-
liiiear, entire, lip reflexed, very deeply laciniate. Readily distingiushed from the
following by its more slender habit, greenish flowers, and the entire (not fringed)
petals. July.
13 P. leucophsba N. White-flowered Prairie Orchis. St. leafy ; Ivs. lance-
olate, tapering to a narrow, obtuse point, channeled; bracti shorter than the
ovaries ; rac. oblong . sep. roundish-oblong, acutish ; lateral petals obovote, denti-
culate ; lip 3-parted, flabelliform, segments deeply fimbriate ; spur subulate-clavute,
curved, twice as long as the ovary. — Wet prairies, W. States. Stem 1 — ;{f high.
Leaves 2 — 6' long. Raceme about 12-flowered. Sepals and spur yellowish,
petals white. Ovary curved, 1' long.
14 P. Psycodes Gray. Purple Fringed Orchis. Lower Ivs. lanceolate,
diminishing upwards ; lip 3-parted, scarcely longer than the petals, the segments
cuneiform, ciliate-fimbriato ; lateral pet. ovate, erose-crenulate or slightly fringed,
spur filiform, elavate, longer than the ovary, common in meadows. Can. to Ga.,
W. to Wis. Stem IJ — 2^{ high, smooth, slender. Leaves 3 — 6' long. Flow-
ers showy, numerous, in a terminal, cylindric spike, light purple. Lip some-
what longer than the petals, its 3 spreading segments very veiny and sparingly
bristle-cletl. Spur an inch in length. Jl. (0. flmbriata Ph. Bw. 0. incisa &
fissa Muhl.)
15 P. Bigeldvii. Large Fringed Orchis. Lower Ivs. oblong, oval, obtuse,
upper ones very narrow ; bracts shorter than the ovary ; rac. oblong ; lip depen-
dent, twice as long as the petals, 3-parted, the segments fan-shaped and fimbriate,
the middle one largest, with connivent fimbriaj; lateral pet. fimbriate; spur as-
cending, elavate, longer than the ovary. — A superb plant, considered the most
beautiful of the genus, in wet meadows. Can. to Penn. Stem 2 — 3f high, thick,
hollow, with several sheathing bracts at base. Leaves 2 or I? principal ones, 4 — 7'
by 1 — 2', upper ones linear, an inch or two long. Flowers [ irple, in a terminal
raceme, 3 — 6' long. Middle segm. of the lip nearly semicircular, twice as long aa
the lateral ones. June. (P. flmbriata Lindl. O. grandiflora Bw.)
16 P. peraincena Gray. St. tall, leafy; Ivs. lanceolate and lance-linear; bracts
nearly equaling the ovary ; sep. roundish-ovate ; lateral petals denticulate ; lip 3-
partod, divisions cuneifo m, dentate, middle one 2-lobed ; spur flliform, elavate at
end, curved, longer than the ovary. — A large and showy species in marshy grounds,
Penn. to Ind. and southward. Stem slightly winged. Leaves 4 — 6' long. Fls.
violet-purple, large, 20 — 50, in a terminal spike. Ovary 1', and spur IJ' long.
June, July. (P. flssa Lindl.)
17 P. Michauxii. St. very leafy; lower Ivs. elliptic-oval, acute, upper much re-
duced, lanceolate: spike few-flowered, loose; lip 3-parted into long linear setaceous
- segments ; petals 2-parted, lower division linear-setaceous ; spur near twice longer
than the ovary. — Pine barrens, S. Car. to Fla. (Chapman) and La. (Hale). Plant
12 to 16' high. Lvs. about 3' by 1'. Spur filiform, clavellato at end, near 2' long.
Fls. rather distant, white. Aug. — Oct.
18 P. rdpens. St. very leafy, from a creeping rhizome; lvs. all linear-lanceolate,
elongated, loiver Irracts longer than the flowers ; spike closely many-flowered ; lip 3-
parted into setaceous segments; petals 2-parted, lower segment setaceous; spur
recurved, scarcely longer than the ovary. — Borders of ponds in pine barrens, S.
Car., Ga. to La. (Hale.) Strikingly similar to the last, yet strikingly distinct,
12' to 18' high. Flowers greenish yellow, about half as large, spur about half an
inoh long, filiform. Lvs. 5 to 8' long, tapering to a very acute point. Aug., Sept;
19 ? P. quercicola. Root epiphytic, creeping ; lvs. all cauline, lance-ovate, acute,
rounded at base ; petioles sheathing the stem ; spike dense, few or many-fiowered ;
fls. small, riugeut, sep. and pet. ovate, obtuse ; lip spatulate, free from the column,
slightly recurved ; spur saccate, scarcely as long as the lip, half as long as the
ovary. — Chiefly growing in the rough bark of oaks, Fla. (Chapman) to La. (Hftle).
,M
!!
w
If
I
■:1
C86
Ordbr 138.— OUCIIIDACKJE.
4 >
:
1
■
n
1:
Plant 3 to 10' high with 2 to 20 flowers. Lvs. 6 to 18" long, thin, the sheath
hnlf scarious. Sep. about 1^" long. — Habit quite unlike any of the foregoing
species. (It is Goody^ra quercicola Lindl, and to be transferred.)
5. TIPULA^RIA, Nutt. (T/pw/a, the crane-fly ; from the fancied r-v
semblance of the flowers.) Sepals spatulate, spreading ; petals lance-
linear, lip sessile, d-lobed, middle lobe linear, much the longest ; spur
filiform, very long; column wingless, free; anther operculate, persist-
ent ; pollinia 4, parallel. — Corms several, connected by a thick fiber.
Lf. solitary. Fls. without bracts.
1 T. discolor Nutt. A slender, green-flowered plant, resembling a Corallorhiza,
growing in pine woods, Vt., Mid. States to Ga. Rare northward. Lf. petiolatc,
ovate, plaited, smooth, and longitudinally veined 2 to 3' long. Scape 10 to 16'
high, bearing a raceme of many small, greenish, nodding fls. Spur nearly twice
as long as tho ovary. Manner of growth similar to that of Aplectrum. Jl.
6. CALYP'SO, Salisb. (Named for the goddess Calypso^ from
Ka^vrTTO), to conceal.) Sepals and petals subequal, ascending, secund ;
lip inflated, large, 2-pointed or spurred beneath near the end ; column
petaloid ; pollinia 4. — Scape 1-flowered, 1-leafed, arising from a corm.
C. bore^lis Salisb. A beautiful and interesting plant, in cold mossy bogs, Vt., N.
N. Y., Can., but very rare. Scape 6 to 8' high, bearing a single largo flower at
top and sheathed with several bracts. Lf. broad-ovate, smooth veined, 1 to 2'
long. Fl. near the size of Cypripedium, variegated with purple and yellow, the
lip its most conspicuous part, bearing 2 projecting points beneath the apex. May.
7. BLETIA, Ruiz et Pav. (Named for Luis Blet, a Spanish bot-
anist.) Petals and sepals distinct, nearly equal ; lip sessile, cucullate
by its induplicate side-lobes, spurless (in our species) ; column free ;
pollinia 8, in pairs, waxy, each pair pedicellate.— Sts. or scapes simple,
arising from globular corms and bearing a raceme or head of showy fls.
1 B. aph^Ua Nutt. Leafless; scape tall, terete, bearing 3 to 6 short, sheathing
remote bracts ; raceme long, loose, with ovate, acute, spreading bractlets ; fls. many,
much longer than their pedicels ; lip divaricately veined ; spur none. — Car. to Ky.,
Fla. and La. A singular plant, in the borders of swamps, 15 to 30' high, the
thick stem tapering above. Sheaths about half an inch long. Sep. (brownish
purple) and pet. (yellowish brown) 8'' long. Lip 3-lobed, with 5 broad plaits or
folds. Aug., Sept
2 B. vereciinda H. K. Lvs. all radical, broadly lanceolate, plaited and promi-
nently veined ; scape ; scape tall, bearing a many-flowered raceme ; petals con-
nivent ; lip with divaricate veins and folds, the side-lobes narrowed towards the
apex ; the middle crispate, emarginate, broader than long ; spur none. — Ga. and
Fla. (Pursh.). Common in the W. Indies. Scape 2 to 3f high. Fls. purple,
large and showy. Jn., Jl.
8. CORALLORHFZA, Brown. Coral-root. (Gr. KopdXXiov, coral,
p/^o, root ; its branched roots much resemble coral.) Sepals and petals
nearly equal, converging ; lip produced behind ; spur short and adnatc
to the ovary, or none ; column free ; pollinia 4, oblique (not parallel),
free. — Plants leafless, simple, of a brown color, arising from coralline
roots, sheathed with bracts and bearing a raceme.
* Spur conspicuously prominent, but adnate. Lip 8-lobed No. 1
♦ Spur wholly obliterated. — Lip crenulate, wavy, not at all lobcd No. 2
— Lip entire, slightly toothed near the base Nos. 8, 4
1 C. multifldra Nutt. Scape many-flowered ; lip cuneate-oval, spotted ; 3-parted,
the middle lobe recurved, lateral ones short and ear-like ; spur conspicuous, adnate ;
caps, elliptic-obovoid, pendulous. — In woods, growing on the roots of trees, N.
i£ng. and Mid. States. Root corallina Scape 10 to 15' high, leafless, brownish*
V,_-^
Order 138.— ORCUIDACE.E.
68T
purple, sheathcHl with a few bracta. Fls. larger than in the other species, 16 to
20, erect, spreading, in a long racomo. Lip showy, ;i to 4" long, white, sprinkled
with purple spots. Spur yellowish, conspicuous, but short and adnato to the
ovary. Jl.
2 C. odontorhlza Nutt. Lip undivided, oval, obtuse, crenulate, spotted ; snur
none ; capsule oblong or subglobous. — A singular plant, witli no loaves or «<reen
herbage, inhabiting old woods, Can. to Car. and Ky. Tbe root is a coUecl.oii of
small, fleshy tubers, articulated and branched mucii like coral. Scapo 9 — 14' high,
rather fleshy, striate, smooth, invested with a few long, purplisli-brown sheaths.
Flowers 10 — 20, in a long spike, of a browniah-greoii. Lip white, generally with
purple spots. Capsule.s large, reflexed, strongly ribbed. Jl., A.ug.
3 C. inndta R. Brown. Scape few-flowered ; lip oblong, angularly 2-toothed towands
the base, spotless, deflexed above ; spur none or obsolete ; caps, elliptic-obovoid,
reflexed. — Rich damp woods, N. States and Can., rare. Scapo not bulbous at
base, 5 to 8' high. Fls. 5 to 10, dull purple, with a white lip. May, Jn.
4 C. Macr^i Gray. Scape many-flowered ; fls. large, on very short pedicels ; lip
oval, obtuse, ^-nerved, entire above, obscurely auricled at base; spur none. — "Canada,
along the great Lakes." Also? Northern N. H. Plant 10 to 16 high. Sep. and
and pet. 6" long. Caps, reflexed, oval, 6" long. — Our specimens from Nor. N. H.
are 18' high, 20-flowered, agreeing with Dr. Gray's description as far as wo can
judge by tho/r«j<.
9. APLECTRUM, Nutt. Adam and Eve. Putty-root. (Gr. a,
nXiJKrpov, a spur ; the lip being without a spur.) Sepals and petals
distinct, nearly equal, converging ; lip unguiciilatc, 3-lobed, obtuse,
middle lobe crenulate, palate ridged ; spur none ; column free, anther a
little below the apex ; poUinia 4, oblique, lenticular ! — Scape and
raceme as in Corallorhiza, but arising from a globous conn after tho
single, large, coriaceous, biennial leaf.
A. hyemale Nutt. A fine plant in woods, Can. to Fla., rare. Rather frequent
westward. The corms aro near 1' thick, composed of strongly glutinous matter,
and connected by a thick fiber. A new corm is produced annually, in advance
of tho old, which dries up tho second or third year. Leaf elliptic or ovate, 3 to 5'
long, many-veined, twice longer than the petiole, arising late in tho season from
the new corm, remaining through tho winter, until the scape (12 to 18' high)
arises by its side. Sheaths brownish, 2 or 3. Perianth brownish, 6" long.
Caps, pendulous, 1' long. May.
10. MICROS'TYLIS, Nutt. (Gr. fxiKpo^, little, arvkog, style ; alluding
to the slender column.) Sepals spreading, distinct ; petals filiform or
linear, spreading; lip sessile, concave, spreading, hastate or bidentate at
base, not tubercled ; column minute, with 2 teeth or lobes at the sum-
mit ; polliuia 4, loose, cohering by pairs in each cell. — Erect from tube-
rous bulbs, with 1 or 2 Ivs. and small, racemed fls.
1 M. ophiogloBSOides Nutt. Lf. solitary, ovate, amplexicaul; st. S-angled;
vac. short, obtuse; pedicels much longer tlian the flowers. — A small plant, in woods,
&c. Can. and N. States. Stem 5 — 9' high, with a single leaf a little below the
middle. The leaf is rather acute, smooth, ovate or oval, about 2' in length, 1 in
width. At the base of the stem is an abrupt sheath. Fls. whitish, minute, nu-
merous, in a terminal raceme an inch or more in length, dense at top, oftea
abortive. Pedicels about 4" long. Jn. (Malaxis, Mx.)
2 M. monoph^Uus Lindl. Lf. solitary, ovate, sheathing at base ; rac. elongated,
many-flowered, pedicels about as long a^s the flowers; bracts minute; sep. acute^
spreading ; lateral petals reflexed, linear ; Kp triaagular-hastate, cucullate, acumf
inate with a recurved point. — Cold mountain swamps, N. Eng. to Penn., rara
Stem 2 to 6' high, 3-angled, with a subspicate raceme of 20 to 40 small, greenish
fls. Jl. (Malaxis, Willd. Ophrys, L.)
id i !
i:::
i
I
>'
Hi
11
r
C88
Ordbr 138.— ORCIIIDACE.E.
11. LIP'ARIS, Rich. TwAY-BLADK. (Gf. XiTTapo^, clcgaiit, shining;
a tonn characturistic uf the leaves.) Supals and petals distinct, sub-
linear, spreading or deflexed ; lip spreading, tlat, ascending, often exte-
terior; column winged; pollinia 4, parallel with each other, without
pedicels or glands. — Erect from tuberous bulbs, with about 2 Ivs. and
a racenie.
1 L. lilifdlia Rich. Lvs. 2, ovate-lanceolate; scape triangular; petals filiform,
retlexed; lip lanje, wedge-obovate, abruptly cuspidate at the broad end. — DaiDp
woods, Can, to Car. "W. to Wis. Lvs. radical, 3 to 4'- loiij^:, rather acute, tapering
into a shoatliiug base. Scape abuut 6' high. Fls. lU to 20, in a terminal, rattier
showy raceme. Pedicels near an inch in lengtli. Tiio 3 sepals greenish-whitL',
linear, 2 upper petals capillary, yeliowisli-white. Lip G" long, 4 ' wide, purple-
translucent. Jn. (Malaxis lilifolia. S\v.)
2 L. LcBsdlii Rich. Lvs. 2, ovate-oblong, obtuse, keeled, shorter than the few-
flowered racemes ; scape angular ; lip oblong, mncronate incurved, wary ; sep. and
pet. linear, subcqual. — About half as large as the preceding, in moist meadows
and fields, Can. N. Eng. to Penn. and "Wis. Lvs. 2 to .J long, about 1' wide,
obtuse or acute, sheathing at base. Scape o to 5' high. Fls. about G, apprcssed
to the rachis, in a thin raceme. Pedicels about 2 ia length. Lip 2" long. SepaU
and pet. gret'iiish-whito. Ovaries clavato, as long as the pedicels. Jn. (Malaxii
Corroanu liart.)
12. LIS'TERA, R. Brown. Tway-dlade. (Named for Dr. Martin
Lister, an English naturalist.) Sepals and petals somewhat equal,
spreading or reflexed; lip usually pendulous, 2-lol)ed, or 2-cleft; column
wingless, the beak rounded; anther dorsal, ovate ; pollen powdery. —
St. 2-leaved above the middle, with a raceme. Lvs. opposite.
1 L. cordata R. Brown. Lvs. roundish, subcordate, acute; rac. few-floT
pedicels tiie length of the ovary; lip linear, 2-toothed at base, deeply biflo
divaricate, linear segments ; column very sliort. — Root fibrous. St. 4 to 8' high,
furrowed. Lvs. 8 to 10" diam., sessile, about halfway up the stem. Fls. minute,
greenish-purple, 10 to 15, in a short raceme. A delicate little plant, in woods
and sphagnous swamps, among mountains, Ac, N. States, and Brit. Am. Jl.,
Aug.
2 L. convallarioides Hook. Lvs. roundish-ovate; rac. few-flowered, loose,
pubescent; sep. ovate-lanceolate; lip. cuneate-spatulate, twice as long aa the
sepals, 2-toothed at base, with 2 roundish lobes and an intermediate minute one
at the apex ; column elongated. — Car. to Arc. Am. Root fibrous. St. very slen-
der, 5 to 10' high, sheathed with a few bracts, bearing the 2 lvs. above the mid-
dle. Lvs. 1' or more long, nearly as wide. Fls. small, the broad, obcordate lip
about 4" long, purplish. May.
3 L. pub^scens Nutt. St. pubescent, leafless ; lvs. all radical, ovate, acute ; fls.
in a raceme ; lip 2-lobed, the other segments connivent, about as long as the lip ;
caps, clavate. — Pine barrens. Car. and (ia. Fls. greenish-white. Jn., Jl. — We have
seen no specimen. Is it a Cranichis ?
♦ L. auatralis Lindl. Lvs. ovate; fls. minute, puberulent, on pedicels twice
longer than the ovary, in a loose, slender raceme ; lip Unear, clefi; into 2 linear-
8etaceou.s segments, 3 or 4 times longer than the sepaJa. — Swamps, N. Jer. to Gu.
May, Jn.
13. CRAN'ICHIS, Swartz. (Gr. /rpaVor, a helmet ?) — Sepals spread-
ing or retlexed ; lip narrow, entire, arched ; column straight, bearing
the anther on the back, parallel with the style ; pollen farinaceous. —
Lvs. nearly radical. St. bracted, bearing a slender spike. Fls. obliquely
cernuous.
C. multlfldra EIL St. slender, with a few Bheathing bracts, pubescent above ; Its.
ovate-lanceolate, acute, on short, sheathing petioles near the base ; spike many-
flowered, rather loose; sep. pubescent, laiiceolate, mostly rcfiexed; petals liuear,
Ordeu 138.— orchid AC k.*:.
680
the
cotinivent and curved upwards, lip recurved almost to a Iialf circle, chaj»ncled, its
biise einbracinjf tlio column. — Saudy soils, 8. (in. Fia. to La. (Dcscritted from an
imperfect specimen resembling a Spiraiithes.) St. 10 to '20' hi>,'li. Lvs. 1 to 2'
long. Periautli scirco 6 " long, greeuisii-white. Sept., Out.
14. SPIRANTHES, Rich. Ladies' Tresses. (dr. anFlpnv,
wreath ; sc. tho twisted spike.) Periantli ringent; lower sepals ol>li»]u
and including the base of the lip; upper sepal connivent with '
petals; lip oblong, channeled, parallel with the column, and with callous
processes at base; colnnin curved, stigma ovate, rostrate, becomini;
bidentato at apex; anther dorsal; pollinia 2, each 2-lol)ed, powdery. —
St. scape-like, bearing numy white tls. in an oblique, spiral row.
♦ Spike with the rachis twistoil, ivinl tiic thiwcrs in one inoilcratoly twJMtcd row Nom. 1, '2
* Spiku with the rucliib Ktiuight but thu Uuwui'd iu a (Icnsu spiral nil urouml Noij. ;{, 4
1 L. gracilis Bigelow. Slevpku L apies' Tressks. Lvs. all radical, ovate or oh-
lanctolate, fugacious; scape with remote alicaMis; (la. in a single row, winch is
moderately spiral ; lip oblong-spatulate, crcnulate-wavy at tiie recurved tip, tlie
callosities distinct ; plant nearly glabrous. — A yery delicate i)lant, not uncomniun
in old woods, Can. and U. S. Scape very slender, 8 to 12' liigli. Lvs. clnsc on
the ground, 1 to 2' long, contracted to a petiole, usually witiiering bclbro tlio
flowers appear. Fls. wliite, fragrant. Rachis twisted moro than tlio row of
flowers, but in tho opposite direction. Jl., Aug.
2 L. t6rtili8 Ph. Tall, slender; lvs. mostly at base; long and linear ; tho caulino
distant and sheathing; bract-like; fls. in a single row, moderately Iwi.sted, una
twisted rachis; perianth oIongiK.d (5'); Z;;) oblong, cmntt}, piunaiily lobe</, lobes
crenulato; platd more or less jiubescent above. — tirassy plains, Car. to Ala. and
Fla. St. 2 toiif high, stouter than in S. gracilis. Lvs. G to 10' long, 2 to 5 " wide.
Spike 3 to 5' long. Jn. Jl.
3 S. cernua Rich. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, the lower elongated, tho caulino gradually
smaller; spike dense-flowered, thick, oblong, tho flowers oblique and cernuous ;
lip oblong, obtuse, wavy and crenulato, recurved, longer than the petals ; plant
pubescent above. — Can. and U. S., common in meadows, &c. St. 9 to 18' or more,
somewhat leafy, Lvs. 3 to 6 to 10' long, 3 to 6" wide. Spike 1 to 3' long. Fls.
Uirge for the genus, fragrant. Perianth i to 6" long, cream-white. Aug. — Oct.
4 S. latifblia Torn Lvs. nearly radical, oblong or linear-lanceolate, 3 to 5-veined ;
St. with 2 or 3 sheathing bracts; fls. (small 3 to 4) in an oblong, dense spiko
which is somewhat twisted ; lip oblong, obtuse, crenulate-crisped on the margin.
about ^-veined, callosities adn.ate ; plant quite glabrous. — In moist grounds, Cj^.,
to Penn. A low plant, often concealed in tiie grass, 4 to 8' high. Lvs. 3 or
more, 2 to 4' long, often obtusish. Fls, rather larger than in No. 1, white, tho
lip yellowish, with green lines. Jn., Jl.
15. GOODYE'RA, R. Br. Rattlesnake Plantain. (Named for
John Goodycr, an obscure English botanist.) Perianth r'Mgent ; calyx
intiated, upper sepals with tho petals vaulted, the two lower sepals
placed beneath and including the saccate, entire lip, which is without
callosities and abruptly acuminate and retiexcd at apex; anther ou the
back of the free column ; pollinia 2, composed of angular grains. —
Bracted scapes arising from creeping rhizomes, Avith radical, ovate lvs.
and a downy spike of small white fls.
1 G. rep^na R. Br, Lvs, ovate-lanceolate, obscurelj'- reticulated with white, lip
ovate, with an oblong, obtuse acumination; column acutely 2-horned at the sum-
mit; spike secund or slightly twisted, minutely pubescent. Rocky mountain
woods, Can. to Car. St. slender, 5 to 8' high, bearing a spike 2 to 3' long. Lva.
9 to 12" in length, curiously netted with white lines, but less so than the next
(which is scarcely distinct from this). Jl., Aug.
2 O. pub^BCena R. Br. Lvs. ovate, and conspicuously reticulate with white;
44
■^»|'
%■
m
1 -V
V' i'i
|i ':^:y
p*
\
ii
hi.
■ i
4'
1 1
lil
I
f
I
690
Ordbb 138.— ORCHIDACEuE.
lip roundish -ovate, with a narrow, abrupt, recurved point ; column rounded and
obscurely 2 -toothed at apex; spike dense, with the fls. spirally arranged, pubes-
cent. — Woods, Can. and U. S., with its several Ivs. radical and singularly mottled
with white and dark green. St. 6 to 12' high. Lvs. 1 to 2' long, contracted into
a short, winged petiole. Spike 2 to 4' long. Perianth greenish, about 2 " long,
nearly as wide. — Jn., Jl.
16. CALOFO^GON, Brown. Grass Pink. (Gr. KaXog^ beautiful,
irwywv, beard ; in allusion to the bearded lip.) Sepals and petals simi-
lar, distinct ; lip on the upper side of the flowers (the ovary not twisted
as in other Orchids), unguiculate bearded ; column free, winged at the
summit; pollen angular. — Corm bearing a grass-like If., a naked scape
with several showy fls.
C. pulch^Uua Br. Lf. radical, linear-ensiform, veined ; scape few-flowered ; lip
erect, narrowed at base, with an expanded border and a concave, crested disk. —
A beautiful plant, in swamps and damp meadows, U. S. and Can. Scape slender,
10 to 20' liigh, with a long leaf (8 to 12' by f ) slieathing its base. Fls. 3 to 8,
large, purple, remarkable for their apparently inverted position ; lip expanded at
apex, spatulate, crested with white, orange and purple clavate hairs, and on the
upper side of the flower, while the column is below! Jn., Jl. (Cymbidium
Willd.)
17. POGO^NIA, Juss. (Gr. TTwywv, beard; in allusion to the bearded
lip.) Perianth irregular, sepals and petals distinct ; lip sessile or un-
guiculate, cucullate, bearded inside; column wingless, elongated, free;
poUinia 2, farinaceous. — Habit various. Lvs. 1 or more. Fls. purple.
5 Sepals about equal, and Blmiiar to the petals, light purple. Lip .scarcely lobed Nos. 1, '2
I Sei)al8 much longer than, and unlike the petals, dark brown. Lip 3-lobed No*. :i, 4
1 P. opbioglossoides Br. Rt. fibrous ; St. furnished with an oval-lanceolate kaj
and a foliaceous bract near the single flower ; sep. and pet. about equal ; Up. fim-
briate. — An interesting plant, much taller than the bulbous Arethusa, found in
swamps and muddy shores. Can., N. Eug. to Car. and Ky. The stem is very
slender 9 — IG' high, with 2 remote leaves, the one placed about midway, 2 — 3'
long, lanceolate, acute, sheathing at tlio base; the otlier (a bract) much smaller,
situated near tlie flower. Flower large, nodding, pale purple. Lip long as petals
and sepals (J') Juno. (Arotli'i.sa L.)
2 P. verticill4ta Nutt. Lvs. 5, lance-oval verticillate ; fl. solitary, the 3 outer
petals very long, linear, inner ones nearly thrice shorter, lanceolate, obtuse ; lip 3-
lobed, the middle lobes undulate. — Swamps, Can. to Ga. (Mr. Wm. Jones), common.
Stem 8 — 12' high, with a whorl of leaves near the top and a flower 1 — 2' above it.
Leaves 1 J' long, + as wide, i^bruptly acuminate. The liower is remarkable for
'tg serials being above 2' long, very narrow, and of a greenish-brown color. Lip
crested in the middle, July. (Arethusa Willd.)
3 P. pendula Lindl. Three-birds. Rt. tuberous ; st. leafy, about ^-flowered at
the top; lvs. clasping, ovate, alternate ; fls. axillary nodding; lip. entire, scabrous,
not bearded ; fr. pendulous. — A small, delicate plant, in swamps. Mid. and W.
and S. States. St. scarcely 6' high, shghtly angled, with about 3 fls. which with
the ovary are 1' long. Tiie fruit often resembles 3 little birds. Lvs. 3 to 6, 4 to 8"
long, purplish. Fls. light purple, the segments of the perianth equal, converging,
and rather longer than the lip. Aug. (Triphora Nutt.)
4 P. divaric^ta R. Br. Lvs. 2, one of them in the middle of the stem, lanceolate-
linear, subfalcate, the other terminal, bract-like, at the base of tlio single, large,
flower; sep. narrow, wide-spread, recnrved at apex, one third longer than the Ian'
ceolate, a-,uminate petals; lip spatulate, 3-lobed, middle lobe rounded, cuspidate;
lateral lobes somewliat mvoluto. — A lino, sliowy plant, near 2f high, iu grassy
swamps, Va. to Fin. ard La. Lf 2 to 4' by 3 to 6 ", rather oblong than lance-
shaped, tlio bract scarce '; alf as large. Petals 1' long, pink, sep. 18", brownish-
purple. Lip grocn, witl' purple veins. Apr., May.
18. ARETHU^SA, Gronov. (Arethusaj a nymph of Diana, trans
Order 139.— MARANTACE^.
601
formed to a fountain.) Perianth somewhat ringcnt; sepals and petals
cohering at the base ; lip spurless, adnate to the column at base, de-
flected at the end, and bearded inside ; poUinia 4, angular. — St. low,
sheathed, 1 -flowered, arising from a corm or bulb imbedded in moss.
A. bulbdsa L. This beautiful and interesting plant is found in wet meadows and
swamps, Can. to Va. W. to Wis. Stem 6 — 12' high, invested with about 3 long,
loose sheaths, with lanceolate points, the upper ones rarely at length produced
into a short linear-spatulate leaf. At the top is a single, large, fragrant flower ot
a nch purple color. At the base of the flower is a small spathe of 2 unequal
bracts. June.
19. EPIDEN'DRUM, Swartz. Trbb Orchis. (Gr. em, upon, 6ev-
rfpov, a tree.) Sepals and petals spreading; lip united with the col-
umn and forming a tube which is sometimes decurrent on the ovary ;
anther terminal, opercular ; poUinia 4, separated by complete, persistent
partitions, and each narrowed at base into a reflexed, elastic pedicel.
— Epiphytic plants, vegetating in air and the scanty soil lodged in tlie
bark of trees. Sts. few-leaved at base, naked and many-flowered above.
E. conopaeum H. K. Sts. tufted, 2-leaved simple; Ivs. coriaceous, oblong-lan-
ceolate, acute or mucronate, sessile ; fls. 3 to 7, spieate, erect, yellow ; lip 3-lobcd,
middle lobe obcordato, spreading as well as the narrow-linear, obtuse petals. —
Giiiefly on the Magnolia grandiflora, in damp woods, low country, S. Car. to Fla.
and farther West. Root an entangled mass of thick fibers. Sts. in clusters, 5 to
8' high. Lvs. 1' to 18'' long. Fls. expanding 5 or 6", tinged with purple.
Aug., Sept.
Order CXXXIX. MARANTAOE.^. Arroworts.
Herbs with a creeping rhizome, sheathing petioles, and ample leaves, with par-
allel veins diverging from the midvein. Fls. with spathaceotis bracts. Perianth
adherent, irregular, of 3 circles, each of 3 parts, the inner often abortive. Stamens
3, petaloid, 2 sterile, tho 3d fertile, lateral, with only half an anther. Ovary infe-
rior, 1 to 3-cclled. Seeds albuminous, embryo not in a sac (vitellus).
Geneva 6, ftpecie/i 166, chiefly found In tbe tinriles. They are remnrkable, as an order, for the
ntiundanco of pure starch contained in tho rhi. ines of many species, constituting the genuine
iirroAV root of conunerco. This is cl.iofly obtained from Maranta arnncfinaceu and nobilis. E,
Indies, and M. ramoninnimd, W. Indies. Isomc are cultivated for ornament.
1,, THA^LIA, L. (Named for Jokn Thalius, a German physician and
author.) Flowers contained in a 2-lcaved, glume-like spathe ; calyx 3-
sepaled, small, concave, lance-ovate ; corolla 6-partcd, the 3 outer seg-
ments equal, 3 inner very unequal ; stamen 2-parted, the outer segment
petaloid, inner slender, bearing the 1-ccl'ed, ovate (half) anther ; stylo
short, twisted, with a large, lip-shaped stigma; fruit capsular, thin, with
1 or 2 large seeds; embryo recurved. — 2( Lvs. with long sheaths.
Scape paniculate.
T. dealb^ta Roscoo. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acute and revolute at apex, rounded
at base, petiole distinct, much shorter than its sheath ; scape and panicle pow-
dered; spathe of 2 very unequal lvs., 2-flovered, but usuaJly l-fruited, pilous;
pericarp membranous, inclosing 1 large, farinaceous seed, in which tho slender
embryo lies distinct, bent double. — A tall, elegant plant, in marsli>?s, S. Car. (Cur-
tis) to Fla. Abundant in the Chattahoochee R. near Apalae)ncola, Scape slender.
3 to 6 to 7f I high, bearing a large, forking panicle, with several laiico-linear, de-
ciduous bracts. Lvs. 9 to 14' by 4 to 8', often subcordato. Fls. purple, half con-
cealed in the bracts.
2. CANNA, L. Indian Shot. (Derivation doubtful.) Calyx of 3
sepals, persistent on the fruit; corolla 6-i)arted, with unequal segments,
I
692 Order 140.— AMARYLLIDACE^.
the outer often reflexed ; stamen petaloid, 2-lobed, the upper lobe bear-
ing tlie 1-celled (half) anther on its margin ; style petaloid, fleshy, stigma
obtuse; capsule muricate, 3-celled ; seeds globular. — 2^ Handsome,
evergreen herbs, with largo Ivs. and showy panicles, or spikes.
§ GORYTHIUM* (Gr. {Kopvq) KopvBog, with a helmet.) Tube
of the corolla prolonged above the ovary, with the outer segment spirally
attached y and reflexed, inner segment and the stamen dilated and coroni-
form ; anther wholly adnate.
1 C. fidccida Roscoo. Glabrous ; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, tapering to a long,
sheathing base; fls. spicate, 2-bracted; sep. erect, lance-linear; cor. tube more
tlian twice as long as the sepals-, limbot tlie inner petals spreading, flaccid, wavy,
yellow, the outer lance-linear, reflexed ; stigma obliquely dilated above, termina-
ting the corolla tube. — A fine plant, around ponds, S. Car., Ga. and Fla. Stem
3f high. Lvs. near 2f long (including tiio narrow base), 2 to 4' wide. Fls. about
4' long. Caps, oval, 12 to 16' long. — This plant, with its congeners, might per-
haps constitute a now genus.
§ CANNA proper. Corolla tube short or none, segments erect or
sjTi'eading above, the inner not coroniform ; anther free above.
2 C. Indica Rose. Glabrous; lvs. ovate, acuminate, abrupt at base; cor. tube
scarcely longer than the sepals ; segm. strap-shaped or spatulate, subequal, inner
erect. — Often cultivated. Lvs. large, smooth and glossy, the lamina more than
If long. Fls. near 2' long, red and yellow, f W. Indies.
Order CXL. AMARYLLIDACE^. Amaryllids.
Herbs perennial, chiefly bulbous, with linear leaves not scurfy nor woolly. FloiU'
em showy, mostly regular and on scapes, with an adherent, 6-parted perianth. Sta-
mens 6, anthers introrse. Ovary 3-celled, with styles united into 1. Fruit a 3-celkd
capsule or berry. Seeds 1 to 00, with fleshy albumen. Figs. 315, 342, 395, 396.
Geneva 68, species 400, chiefly tropical plants, most abundant in Brazil and S. Africa. Very
fV'Nv iiro found in our climate.
J'ropertifiK A few of tlio Amaryllids possess poisonous properties, which is very rare
ariiont; the Endogens. The Hottentots are said to poison their arrows by dipping them in tlio
viscid Juice of the bulbs of Iln'iiianthus to.xicarius. The bulbs of Narcissus poeticus, and of other
species, are emetic, ""'ic fermented juice of the Agave forma the intoxicating^u^gMe of the Mex-
ieiius. Many are highly ornamental in cultivation.
GENERA.
§ Perianth bearing a crown on the summit of its tube. (•)
• Crown a thin membrane connecting the stamens Pancratium. 1
• Crown a firm cup containing the stamens Nakcisbcs. 2
§ Perianth destitute of a crown. (••)
♦* Segments united into a tube above the ovary. Stamens porigynous. (a)
a Flowers solitaiy, tube of the perianth straight, ereci ZKi'irvitANTiirs. 3
a Flowers many, lube of the perianth straight Ahavk. 4
a Flowers many, tube of the perianth curved Polyanthes. 6
*• Segments distinct down to the ovary. Flowers nodding, (b)
b Perianth irregular. Stamens declined and curved Sprekeua. 6
b Perianth regular. — Sepals (all white) 'arger than petals Galanthus. 7
— Sepals (green-tipped) as largo as petals Leucojum. 8
— Sepals and petals equal, yellow II vi'oxm. 9
i. PANCRATIUM, L. (Gr. Trdv, all, Kparvg, powerful; the name
was first applied to the medicinal squill.) Tube of the perianth pro-
duced above the ovary, long and slender, dilated in the throat, limb
regular, 6-parted ; stamens 6, inserted on the throat, their bases con-
nected by an ample membrane forming a broad, funnel-shaped corona;
anthers linear, versatile ; capsule 3-valved, oo-seedcd. — Bulbs tunicated,
bearing long lvs. and a scapo wilh a bractcd umbel of showy fls.
i 1
Order 140.— AMARYLLIDACE^.
693
1 P. rotdtum L. Scapes 2 — 6-flowered; Ivs. long, strap-shaped, obtuse; ovary
•ovate-triangular; sep. and i)et. linear, as long as the tube; crown broad-funnel-
shaped or top-shaped, the margin 12-toothed, alternate teeth stameniferous sta-
mens and declined style nearly as long as the sepala; anthers yellow. — Marshes
and low grounds, along streams, throughout the S. States. Bulb white, an incli
or more in diam. Scape 18' to 2f high. Fls. usually but 2, white. Perianth and
tube about 3' long, the crown about 18" broad, very thin and often torn. Apr.
May. (P. Mexicanum L. Hymenocallis Herbt.)
2 P. corondrium Le Conte. Scape many-flowered ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, obtuse ;
petals linear, tiirice longer than the crown, which is large, funnel-shaped, \8-angled,
or having 2 angular teeth between the stamens, and often a jagged sinus between
the teeth; stam. much shorter than the petals, with long (6 to 8 "), linear, yellow
anthers. — River swamps, along the coast, Car., Ga. (Pursh) to La. (Mr. R. (ireen).
Scapes and Ivs. 2 or 3f long. Fls. white. Style much longer than the stamens.
3 P. maritimum L. Scape many-flowered ; Ivs. linear, strap-shaped, glaucous,
longer than the scape ; perianth funnel-shaped, segm. lance-linear, spreading above,
longer than the crown ; crmon funnel-shapnd, its base adherent to the segments, its
margin with Q pairs (12) o/ prominent teeth, alternating with the stamens, which
are borne in the sinuses. River swamps, S. Car., Ga. (Walter, Catesby) and west-
ward (Le Conte). Not lately seen? Scape 18' to 2f high. Fls. very fragrant,
evanescent. (P. occidentalis Le Conte ?) Eur.
2. NARCIS'SUS, L. (Gr. vdpKrj, stupor ; from the effects produced
by the smell of some of the species.) Perianth regular, 6-parted,
bearing on its throat a cup or bell-form crown (corsisting of a whorl of
united sterile stamens) ; fertile stamens 6, inserted within the tube and
concealed within the crown. — A genus of well known, much cultivated
flowers, many of them very fragrant and beautiful. They have bulbous
roots, ensiform leaves, and usually yellow fls., with a long, compressed
spathe, opening on one side and deciduous.
5 Crown longer than the tnbo of the perianth No. 1
§ Crown Bhorter shan tho tube of the i»eriantb, — its border crenate Nos. 2, 3
— its border entire No. 4
1 N. Pseudo-Narcissus L. Daffodil. Scape 2-cdged, straight, striated ; seg-
ments sulphur color ; corona with a .serrate-crenato orifice, and as long as the pe-
tals. — Gardens. Root bulbous. Leaves linear, a foot long, striate, veined. Sctipo
a foot high, bearing at the top a single, very large flower, with a very long cup
or corona. April, May. f Eur. (Ajax, Haworth.)
2 N. Jonquflla L. Jonquils. Scape 1 — 3-flowered; segments reflexed, spatu-
lato; cup (corona) much shorter than the segments, saucer-shaped, ipreadiiig, cre-
nate. — Gardens. Scapo a foot high, round, slender, bearing at tho summit a few
flowers of a ricii yellow, and very fragrant. May, Jn. f Spain. (Queltia Her-
bert.)
3 N. posticus L. Poet's Narcissus. Scapo l-flowercd; segments imbricate
at base, rellexed; corona expanded, fiat, rotatt, erenulate; 3 anth. shorter than the
tube. — Gardens. Scapo about a foot higli, leaves of the same lengtli. It bears a
single flower, which is mostly wliite, but having the crown singularly adorned
with circles of crimson, white and yellow. Jn. \ S. Europo.
4 N. Taz^tta L. Spatho many-flowered ; corona campannlute, truncate, shorter
than the petals ; Ivs. flat. — Gardens. Root a largo bulb. Leaves smooth, sword-
shaped. Scape nuked, striate, afoot high, with 10 — 12 flower-s. (^Jorolla whit(>,
cup a strong yellow, not fragrant. April, May. f Spain. (Hermiono Herbert.)
3. ZEPHYRAN'THUS, Herbert. Amaryllis. Atamasco Lily.
(Ze^vpo^", tho west wind, avOo<;.) Perianth superior, tubular at base,
runnel-form, witli a 6-parted, regular limb, which spreads above ; sta-
mens 6, inserted in the throat, or one of them lower down, filaments
.slender ; anther versatile ; style filiform, somewhat declined ; stigma
694
Order 140.— AMARYLLIDACE-*.
'1^
S-fid ; seeds Qo, 2 rows in each sell, black. — ^Bulb tunicated, sending up
a scape v;ith linear Ivs. Spathc 1-leaved. Fls. erect, showy and beau-
tiful. Fig. 316.
Z. AtamiBCO Herbt. Spathe 2-clefl, acute; flowers solitary, pediceled; cor.
campanulate, suberect, with the segm. equally spreading above ; filaments much
exceeding thfl tube, but shorter than the segments. — An attractive flower, in wet
day soils, Va, to Fla. Lva. linear, a foot long. Scape round, 6 to 12' high.
Spathe a little colored, bifid at the summit. Flower large, white and pink. Se-
pals lanceolate, 3 to 3 J' long (including the 1' tube). March (S.), May (N.)
(Amaryllis L.).
4. AGA^VE, L. (Gr. ayavog, admirable.) Perianth tubular-funnel-
form, aJherent to the ovary, 6-parted ; stamens 6, exserted ; anthers
linear, soon versatile ; capsule coriaceous, obtusely triangular, 3-celled,
many-seeded. — A splendid American genus. Root sometimes ligneous.
Stem herbaceous. Lvs. mostly radical, thick and rigid, channeled,
often spiny. Scape many-flowered.
1 A. Virginica L. False Aloe. Acaulescent, herbaceous ; lvs. linear-lanceo-
late, tioshy, glabrous, with cartilaginous serratures on the margin ; scape simple,
glabrous, with leaf-like scales and sessile, tubular flowers. — Rocky banks, Penn.
to Ga. Root premorse, tuberous. Scape 4 to 6f high, terete, glabrous, loosely
spicate above. Radical le-'.yes long, acute. Flowers 1' long, greenish-yellow,
very fragrant, tube longer than the subulate segments. Anth. long exserted.
Capsule roundisli, obscurely 3-angled, 3-furrowed. Sept. f
2 A. Americana L. American Aloe. Century Plant. Acaulescent;
lvs. spinous-dentate, lanceolate, coriaceous and fleshy; scape branched, lofty and
arborescent ; coi: tube contracted in the middle ; pedicel as long as the corolla. —
The largest of all herbaceous plants, native of tropical America, often cultivated.
It is a popular notion that it flowers but once in a hundred years, but it is known
to flower much oltener, according to the culture it receives. Leaves radical,
thick, 3 — 6 or 8f long, 4 — 12' wide. The scape arises from the center of the
leaves to the height of 15 to 25f, bearing a pyramidal panicle of innumerable yel-
low flowers. Tliere is a variety with striped leaves, f
5. POLYAN'THES, L. Tuberose. (Gr. noXvg, many, avdeg.)
Perianth superior, funnel-form, with a long, curved tube ; filaments in-
serted into the throat, included ; ovary at the bottom of the tube, the
Kr.mniit free. — Rt. an upright rhizome, thick, producing tubers above.
St. terete, solid, simple, oo-flowered.
P. tuberdsa L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate ; petals oblong. — A green-house plant.
Sts. bulbous at base with tuberous branches. Scape scaly, 2 to 3f high, with al-
ternate, large, white, regular fls. of a delicious fragrance, which is most powerful
at evening. Aug., Sept. f Ceylon.
6. SPREKE^LIA, Endl. JacobeaLily. Perianth adherent 6-leavcd,
subbiiabiatc and spreading above ; inner segm. narrower ; stam. 6, in-
serted on the ovary, unequal, and with the style declined, but bending
up at apex. — Bulbous. Scape fistulous, 1 -flowered. Lvs. linear.
8. formosfsBima Herbt. Lvs. radical ; fs. nodding, very ringent, tube
fringed ; sta. included in the involute lower .segments. — A splendid flower, grown
in light, loamy sol). Leaves tliick, oblong, narrow. Scape a foot high. Spathe
rod, disclosing a single largo flower of a flue dark rod color. Jn. — Aug.
7. GAL AN THUS, L. Snow-drop. (Gr. yaAa, milk, avOog-, from
the color.) Perianth superior, segments distinct, the 3 inner shorter,
notched or lobed ; stamens 0, inserted on the top of the ovary, erect,
included ; style straiglit, longer than the stamens ; stigma entire ; cap-
Ordsb Ul.— bbomeuage^.
695
sule 3-celled, loculicidal, oo-seeded. — Bulb tunicated, acrid. Scape 3-
edged, solid. Spathe 1-leaved. Fla. white, pendulous. Caps, matur-
ing under ground.
O. nivalis. Bnow-drop. Lvs. linear, radical, keeled, acute ; scape 1 -flowered.
— Native of the Alps, well known in gardens, flowering early in spring. It is a
small plant, half a foot high, arising from a perennial bulb, bearing a single, large,
nodding flower, white as snow. Stem usually furnished with 2 long, narrow
leaves towards the top.
8. LEUCO^JUM, L. Snow-flakk. (Gr. AevKOf, white, ?ov, violet.)
Perianth superior, segments distinct, subequal, often thickened at the
apex ; stamens 6, inserted on the tip of the ovary, included ; style
erect, thickened upwards; stigma entire, obtuse; capsule fleshy, 3-
valved, loculicidal, Qo-seeded. — Bulb tunicated. Scape 2-edged, fistu-
lous. Lvs. few. Spathe 1-leaved. Fls. pendulous.
1 L. aBBtivum L. Lvs. linear, a little shorter than tho scape ; spathe many
(4 to8)-flowered; caps, pyriform, with numerous black seeds in each cell. — Gar-
dens, very pretty. Lvs. 6 or more, of a rich green, long, channeled, sheathing.
Scape 6 to 10' high, sharply 2-angled, bearing at top an umbel of pedicellate nod-
ding fls. issuing from a spathe. Sep. pure white, 6 to 8" long, tipped with a
green thickened point. May, Jn. f Eur.
2 T[i. v^rnum L. Lvs. linear or strap-shaped, sheathing at base ; scape 1 or
2-flowered ; perianth segm. with divergent veins, white, marked with a green or
yellow tip; seeds 7 in eachceU, straw-colored. — Gardens, less frequent than tlie
other. Mar., Apr. f Eur. (L, rinosn-.a, Herbert.)
9. HYPOX'IS, L. Star-grass. (Gr. vrro, under, o^vf, sharp ; on
account of the pointed base of the fruit.) Spathe 2-leaved ; perianth
6-parted, regular, persistent ; stamens 6 ; capsule elongated, narrowed
at the base, indehiscent ; seeds numerous, roundish, with a black, crus-
taceous integument. — Small, bulbous, grass-like plants, with yellow fls.
Lvs. radical, linear.
1 H. er^cta L. Pilous ; s<:r-^e about i-flozoe',ed, shorter than tho linear-lanceolate
lvs. — In woods and meadowss, Can. and U. S. Lvs. all radical, 6 to 12' by 3 to
6", very acute. Tho slender, hairy scapes, several from tlie same root, arise 6 to
8', divided at top into a sort of umbel with 3 to 5 peduncles, having each a niiii-
ute, subulate spathe a., A\e base. Perianth hairy and greenish without, yoUow
within ; segm. oval, rather obtuse. Ju.
2 H. filifdlia Ell. Sparingly pilous ; scape l-flowered, shorter than tho filiform
Ive. — In dry, sandy soils, Ga. and Fla. Same height as tho other species. Lvs.
8 to 12' long, thread-shaped, but channeled, not half a line wide. Fls. rather
large (9 to 11" diam.).
I .^ ;4
!
.
i
Order CXLL BROMELLVCEyE. Bromeliads.
Herbs, chiefly epiphytic, with persistent, often scurfy leaves, channeled and sheath-
ing. Calyx 3-parted or 3 -toothed, often green. Corolla 3-petaled, distinct, imbri-
cated, colored. Stamens 6, perigynous. Style single ; ovary 3-celled, with numer-
ous ovules. Seeds numerous, embryo at the base of mealy albumen, radicle next
the hilum. Fig. 37, c.
Genera 23, species 170, nearly all natives of tropical America. Among them is Ananassa
eativa, tho nine apple, very abundant in the Baliatnos, which delicious fruit coasista of tho en-
tire s|>iko of flowers, with oracts and steui blended Into one tlesliy mass — a sorosis. Another
useful plant Is our own Tillandsin usneorden — the Spanish moss of couuncrcc.
TILLAND'SIA, L. Long Moss. (Named for Prof. E. TUlands,
of Abo, author of Flora Aboeusis.) Perianth double, 3 sepals mem-
696
Order 142.— H^MODORACE^.
branous, convolute into a tube, 3 petals colored, spreading above
stamens scarcely cohering with the base of the sepals ; ovary tree ;
capsule elongated, the 3 valves splitting each into 2 layers, of which
the outer is lueaibranous, the inner cartilaginous ; seeds club-shaped,
raised on comous stipes. — Plants grayish with scurf, growing on
trees.
1 T. uaneoides L. Black Moss. Spwisu Moss. St. filiform, hianchmg,
long,flexuous, pendulous; Ivs. recurved, lilitbnii(l to t' long); peduncle 1-ftowered.
short. — Very coiniuou iu tlio low country, from the Dismal yvvamp, Ya. to Fla
and La., hauging iu long dark gray tufts aud fe.stoon3 I'rom every tree. It is col-
lected, dried and beaten until the bark fulls off, when tlie black, elastic, tougli,
tiiread-liko stem is used as hair iu upholstery, &c. Flowers May — Aug. — Very
dilferent m habit from the next.
2 T. Bartramii Ell. Stons clustered, erect, simple, enveloped in bract-like
sheaths; Ivs, mostly radical, chauueled, linear-subulate, from a dilated, half clasp-
ing base, which is brown anu polished, much loivjer than the stem, ; tis. 2 to 4, in
a hracted, terminal spike. — S\vam[)3, Liberty County, Ga. (Pond). Root a dense
mass of crowns with fibers, " on the bark of old trees" (Elliott). Sts. about 6'
high, and with the Ivs. (6 to 12 ) forming dense tufts. Fls Capsule
9" long, sessile, enveloped in imbricated bracts. Inner valves dark brown.
Seed stipe clothed with a long, silky coma. Jn.
3 T. recurva L. Lvs. subulate, recurved; srape setaceous, erect, kmyer than
the lvs., bearing about 2 flowers at the summit. — On old trees, Ga. and Fla.,
Ibrming tufts covered with grayish scales. (Pursh.) We saw specimens of thia
species iu the herbarium of Rev. Dr. Bacliman, but took no description.
Order CXLII. II.EMODORACE^. Bloodworts.
Iferhs perennial, with fibrous roots, equitant or rosulate leaves, and iperfect flowers.
Perianth regular, 6-partod, scurfy or woolly outside, more or less adherent. Stam-
ens 6, or 3 aud opposite the petals, anthers introrse. Ovary 3-eelled, 1-styled.
Capsule covered witli the withered perianth. Seeds with cartilaginous albumen.
Genera 13, species .50, sparingly occurring in N. America, 8. Africa, New Holland, &c. The
root of LarnnntheH tiiictoria abounds iu a red coloriiij^ matter. One of the must intense bitters
known is Aletris farinoia,
GENERA.
§ Ovary wholly adherent. Stamens 3, cxsertod. Perianth woolly outside. ... Lacnanthes. 1
J Ovary half free. btamensC, inclnded.— Corymbod perianths woolly all over. . ..Loimuola. 2
— liacemed perianths rugous-scurfy Aletkib. 8
1. LACHNAN'THES, Elliott. Ked-root. (Gr. Idxvoc:, soft hair,
dvOog.) Perianth woolly outside, tube adherent; calyx lobes exterior,
of 3 linear sepals, as long as the 3 lance-oblong petals ; stamens 3,
equaling the petals and opposite to them ; filaments and filiform, de-
clined style exserted ; capsule 3-celled, truncated, many-seeded. —
An herb with red ro its, equitant, ensiform lvs., and a dense, woolly
corymb.
L. tinctoria Ell. Swamps and borders of ponds, R. I. (Olney) to Fla. An in-
teresting plant, with rush-Hko lvs. St. erect, strict, 18 to 24' high, clothed with
white wool above. Lvs. mostly radical, fleshy, 3 to 4 ' wide and nearly as high
as the stem. Cauline lvs. remote and bract-like. Corymb terminal, compactly
many-flowered. Fls. densely clothed with wliito wool outside, glabrous and yel-
low within. Anthers bright yellow, at length rovolute. Jl., Aug. (Dilatris,
Pursh.) — The root is said to be employed in dyeing.
2. LOPHTOLA, Kcr. Crest-flower. (Gr. X6(f)og, a crest; allud-
ing to the crested petals.) Perianth half superior, 6-cleft, persistent,
Ordbb 143.— IRIDACE^
697
woolly outside and inside ; petals narrower than the sepals, somewhat
interior ; stamens 6, filaments naked, anthtrs erect ; style conical, 3-
partible ; stigma simple ; capsule opening at the sumn)it, 3-cellod,
3-valved, many-seeded. — An herb with a creepincf root, flexuous stem,
woolly above, and a loose cormyb, densely clothed with soft, white
wool.
L. Americana. Sandy swamps, pine barrens, N. J. St. 1 to 2f high, ercct>
hoary-tomentous wlien young. Lvs. glaucous, narrowly linear, equitant, glal)-
rous, tlie lower and radical long, cauline 2 or 3, shorter. Corymb finally much
expanded, many flowered. Corolla woolly and yellow within, scgraenia reflexi'd,
about as long as the stamens. Capsule ovate, dissepiments arising from the center
of each valve. Seeds white. Jl., Aug. (L. aurea Ker. Conostylis, Ph.)
3. ALETRIS, L. Star-grass. Colic-root. (Gr. aXerpi^, a mil-
ler's wife ; because of the mealy-looking flowers.) Perianth 6-cleft,
tubular, rugous as if scurfy or mealy, persistent ; stamens issuing at the
top of the tube, style 3-sided, 3-partible ; ovary adherent at base only ;
capsule opening at top, many-seeded. — Smooth herbs, very bitter, lvs.
radical, rosulate, and scape many-flowered.
1 A. fariudsa L. Lvs. broad-lanceolate; Jls. white, oblong-tubular, pedicelod;
perianth in fruit rugous or moaly in appearance. — Grows in low grounds, in most
of the States. Root premorso. Scape 20 — 30' high, with remote scales or bracts,
and surrounded at base with a circle of lanceolate, sessile leaves. Those are 3 — f
long, \ as wide, and lie flat upon the ground. Flowers in a long, thin raceme.
Perianth white, I' long, on very short pedicels, rugous without, when old. Me-
dicinal. July.
2 A. aillrea "Walt. Lvs. lanceolate ; Jls. yellow, subsessile ; perianth short, tubular-
campanulate, finally rugous and very scabrous. — In the pine barrens of N. J. to
Fla., abundant. Scarcely different from the preceding except in color. Scape
2 — 3f high, with rather distant yellow flowers in the spicato raceme. Lvs. all
radical, 2 to 3' by 3 — i". Jl., Aug.
Order CXLIII. IRIDACE^. Irids.
Herbs with corms, bulbs or rhizomes, equitant, 2-ranked leaves and spathaceous
bracts. Perianth tube adherent to the ovary, segments in 2 sets, often unequal and
convolute in bud. Stamens 3, alternate with the petals, anthers extrorse. Style 1^
eti<rmas 3, often petaloid. Capsule 3-valved, 3-colled, loculicidal. Seeds many, with
hard, fleshy albumen. Figs. 76, 151, 425.
Genera 62, species f^O, chiefly natives of tlio Cape of Good Hope, or of tlio middle of Europe
or N. America.
I'ropertiex. — More remarkable for beauty than utUity. Some of them are cathartic, as Iris
tubfrosa. The aromatic orris root is tlie dried rliizomc of Irisflorentina of 8. Europe. Sufrun
oonsista of the dried orange-colored stigmas of Crocus sutivus.
GENERA.
§ Flowers irregular, somewhat bilabiate, nodding Gladiolus. 7
§ Flowers regular and equilateral, mostly erect. (*)
* Sepals Bimilar to the petals in form, size and position, (a)
a Stamens distinct. Tube very long, partly under ground Crocus. 6
a Stamens distinct. Tube short or none above the ovary Ixia. 5
a Stamens monadelphous. Flowers small, blue. Plont grass-like... Sisvuinciiium. 4
• Sepals lorger than the petals and otherwise dissimilar, (b)
b Stamens monadelphous. Petals spreading, panduriform Tioridia. 3
b Stamens distinct,— stigmas slender, on a slender style Nehastylis. 3
— stigmas petaloid, on a very short style Ieu. 1
1. IRIS, L. Flower-de-Luce. (Name from the Greek, signifying
rainbow ; on account of the varied color of the flowers.) Sepals 8,
1 <i
If
111
i &
698
Order 143.— IRIDAOB^.
reflexed, larger than the 3 erect petals ; statnens distinct ; style short
or ; stigums petaloid, covering the stamens. — Herbs from tuberous,
horizontal rhiZomes, with ensiform Ivs., and large showy fls.
S Stems leafy, tall (1 to 3f X mostly bearing several flowers. (*)
* Sepals and petals beardless. Wild plants seldom cultivated, (a)
a Leaves linear, grass-like. Ovary and ;;jod 2-gruoved un the sides No. 1
a Leaves sword-sliaped. Flowers blue. Sepals much larger than petals.. .Nos. 2—4
a Leaves 8word-shai>ed. Flowers tawny or copper-colored, Petals reflexed ... No. 5
* Sepals or perianth bearded. Cultivated exotics, (b)
D Stem many -flowered. Flowers blue or whitish. Sepals and petals notched . . No. 6
b Stem many-flowered. Flowers deep blue. Spathes also colored. . I Oermamca. t
b Stem 1-flowered, flower striped. Petals reflexed I. Susiana. t
$ Stem or scape low (2 to 60 and nearly leafless, mostly 1-flowered. (♦♦)
*♦ Sepals beardless, but with 3 longitudinal folrls (crested) Nos. 7, 8
♦* Sepals beardless, and also crestless. Flower blue No. 9
** Seimls bearded ill II longitudinal line. Flowers bright blue No. 10
1 I. Virgfnica L. Boston Iris. St. round, slender, few-flowered; Ivs. linear,
long; fls. beardless; ova. triangular, tho side doubly grooved. — In similar situa'.
tions with the next, readily distinguished by its very slender habit. Mass. to N.
J. Rhizoma fleshy. Stem smooth, 1 — 2" in diam., 1 — 2f high, branching at top
and bearing 2 — 6 flowers. Bracts at the base of the branches withering. Leaves
few, alternate, grass-like, 6 — 10' long, amplexicaul. Sepals narrow, yellow, edged
with purple. Petals linear-lanceolate. Jn. (I. prismatica Ph.)
2 I. versicolor L. Common Blue Flag. St terete, flexuous ; Ivs. onsiform ;
fls. beardless; petals as long (is the stigmas; ova. triangular, with concave ndes and
roundish angles. — Wet grounds, U. S. and Can. Rhizoma large, horizr atal, acrid.
Stem 2 — 3f high, acute on one side, often branched, bearing several large, showy
flowers. Leaves a foot long, ^ — 1' wide, erect, sheathing at base. Sepals spatu-
late, purple, the claw variegated with green, yellow and white, with purple lines.
Petals erect, paler, a little shorter than the stigmas. Style short, bearing 3-peta-
loid stigmas which are bifid at the end, purple or violet, concealing tho stamens
beneath. Anther oblong ; seeds flat. Jn.
3 I. hezSgoua Walt. Six-angled Iris. I/vs. sword-shaped, longer than the
terete, flexuous stem ; spathe 1-flowered ; sep. spatulate, rounded at end, crenu-
late, reflexed, much larger than the oblong-spatulato petals, with a longitudinal,
glandular-yellow lino; jilam. dilated, linear; stig, deeply 2-cleft; ova. with 3
deeply furrowed angles, caps. 6-angled. — Swamps and pools, N. Car. to Fla. and
Ala., frequent. St. 2f high. FI3. bright blue, the sepals variegated with purple,
yellow and white. Apr. — Jn.
4 I. trip^tala Walt. Three-petaled Iris. Lvs. liaear-ensiform, shoiier than
the terete, slender stem; spathe lanceolate, 1-flowered; sep. longer than tube,
beardless and nearly crestless, mai^y times longer than the rudimentary, 3-toothed
petals ; stig. 2-toothed near the base ; caps, obscurely Wangled, acuminate. — Ponds
S. Car. and Ga. (Bacliman). Rare. St. about 2f high, from a creeping rhizome.
Fls. purple. The petals mere rudiments, much shorter than the stigmas. Apr.
May.
5 I. cfiprea Ph. St. tall, flexuous, angled on one side ; lvs. broad-ensiform, aa
long as the stem ; spathe often 2-flovvered ; sep obovate, emargiuate, larger than
the petals, all reflexed ; stig. linear, dilated al base, half as long as the petals ;
caps, sharply 6-angled, veutricous. — In river swamps, Ga. to La. (Hale). Sts. 3f
high, 4 to 10-flowered. Perianth tawny (Elliott), of a beautiful copper color
veined with purple (Pursh), limb spreading 3'. Apr., May. (Ell.), Jl. (Ph.)
6 I. sambucina L. Flower-de-Luce. Fr. Fleur-de-lis. St. many-flowered,
longer than the leaves ; segm. of the perianth emarginate, outer ones flat ; Iva.
bent inwards at the point ; spathe membranaceous at the apex ; fls, bearded,
lower ones pedunculate ; stig. with acute, serrate divisions. — Native of the south
of Europe. Common in gardens. The prevailing color of the flower is light
blue, often fading to white. May. f
7 I. crist^ta Ait. Crested Iris. Lvs. lanceolate-ensiform, as long as the low,
compressed scape ; tube of the perianth very slender (2' long), eaxeeding the spathe
K ifcc segments; ssp. oblong, obtuse, entn-e, each with a triple, ioavy, tongitudinak
vst or fold instead of a beard, and equaling the narrower pecals; ova. acutely 3-
''ill
Obubk 143.— IRIDACEiE.
6'J»
angled.— Pine barrens, Mid. Ga and S. Oar. (BachtnanV St and Ivs. 3 ta 8 ,
higli. Fls. blue, the sepals in the middle yellow. Feb., Mar.
8 I. lajustris Nutt. Northern Lakb Iris. Lvs. eusitbriu, longer than Ute
low, compressed, 1-flowered scapo ; seg. of the perianth nearly equal, obtuse,
emarginate, the sepals scarcely crested, as long as the slender tvhe ; caps, turbinate,
3-sided, margined. — Islands of Lake Huron, near Mackinaw, Nuttall. Roots ex-
tensively creeping. Leaves 2 — 5' by 3 — t", those of the scape bract-like. Scape
1 to 2' high. Fls. pale blue, the sepals rather broader. Jn.
9 I. vema L. Vernal iRia Lvs. linear-ensiforra, rigid, rather longp" than the
low, 1-flowered scapo ; tube of the perianth filiform (2' long), about oquaiing the
Icngtii of the segm. ; sep. and petals nearly equal, oblong-obovate, obtuse, neither
crested nor bearded, stig. deeply bifid. — Hilly woods of the interior S. States. St.
or scape 3 to 6' high, sheathed with colored bracts. Fls. pale blue, the sepals
with an oblong, or orange yellow, spotted stripe. Mar., Apr.
10 I. pilmila L. Dwarf Iris. Scape very short (3 to 6), 1-flowered; spatho
shorter than the tube ; sep. reflexed, narrower than the erect petals. — A small
species from Hungary, cultivated in the edgings of walks. Lvs. numerous,
broad ensiform, suberect. Fla. large, deep purple, appearing in early spring. \
2. NEM4S'TYLIS, Nutt. (Gr. v^fia, thread, arv^og, stylo ) Spatlie
3-leavccl ; perianth segments distinct down to the top of the ovary, the
sepals spreading, larger than the ascending, concave petals ; stamens 3,
filaments shorter than the anthers ; style slender, enlarged and 3-cleft
above ; capsule oblong-cylindric. — Stem very slender, with linear-ensi-
form lvs. from a bulb. Spathe 2-flowered.
N. gemmifldra Nutt. Swamps along rivers. La. (Halo.) A pretty flower 15 to
20' higli, lvs. same length, 3 to 5" wide, tapering at each end. Fls. on pedicels
shorter than the spatho, tlie sepals 1' long, obovate-spatulate, bluish-purple, the
azure petals about half as large.
3. TIGRID'IA, L. Tiger- flower. (Lat. tigridis, of the tiger; sc.
in colors.) Spathe 2-leaved ; perianth regular, the 3 sepals larger than
the 3 petids ; stam. monadelphous, fil. united into a long tube. — Bulbous.
T. pavdnia L. St. simple, floxuous; lvs. ensiform, veined; segm. flat;
petals panduriform. — A superb plant of the gardens. St. 2f higli, erect, terete,
leafy, branching. Lvs. erect, a foot long. Flowers inodorous, 5 to 6' broad, yel-
low, variegated with scarlet, crimson and purple. It is very evanescent, lasts but
a few hours, but a new one appears daily for several weeks, f Mexico.
4. SISYRINCHIUM, L. Blue-eved Grass. (Gr. avg, a hog, and
pvy%of, a snout ; alluding to the singular spathe.) Spathe 2-lcaved ;
segments of the perianth flat, equal ; stamens monadelphous ; stigma
3-cleft. — li Grass-like plants, with compressed, winged or ancipital
scapes, from fibrous roots.
1 S. Bennudianum L. Scape simple, winged ; valves of the spathe unequal,
the longer scarcely equaling the flowers ; petals mucronate. — A delicate little plant,
with blue flowers, common in low grass lands. Can. and U. S. St. or scape 10 to
12' high, so winged as to resemble the loaves, smooth and mostly simple. Lvs.
linear, about as long as the scape, sheathing at base. Spathe 2 to 5-flowered, the
longer valve acuminate. Fls. purple or blue, on filiform pedicels. Sepals a little
broader than the petals, spreading. Cap. globous. Jn., Jl. (S. anceps. Cav.)
j3. ALBA. Flowers white. — Wet prairies, &c.
2 S. mucrondtum Mx. Scape simple, filiform, barely 2'edged ; spatho col-
ored, outer valve longer than the fls., ending in a hng, mucronate point. — Mid. States,
W. to Iowa, common in wet prairies, where the grass is not luxuriant. Lvs. rad«
ical, a line wide. Scape 6 to 10' high, narrowly winged, setaceously slender.
Spathe 3 to 4-flowered, tinged with purple. Fls. smaller than in the preceding,
of a fine blue color. Jn. — Appears very distinct from the other.
1
roo
Order 144.— DIOSCOREACE.E.
5. IXIA, L. (Gr. i$bg, sticky ; from the glutinous juice.) Spatho
of 2 or 3 ovate, short bracts ; petals and sepals distinct or slightl)r
united, similar, regular, spreading, tube straight, adherent ; stamens 3 ;
filaments and style filiform, straight, often connate ; ovary 3-celled. — A
large genus, chiefly from S. Africa. Lvs. ensiform.
1 I. celestina Bartram. Lvs. linear-subulate, many times shorter than the 1-
Howered scape (Liim. Ell.). — Borders of swamps, Ga. and Fla. (Bartram) ; rare. —
Wo have a single flower without stem, lvs. or fruit, gathered in E. I'la. by Pro£
Loomis, and sent us by Dr. Feay. It is of a bright purplish blue, spreading 2,y.
Segm. about equal, oval, obtuse, united into u tube 4" in length. Stameus and
stylo apparently distinct, 6" long.
2 I. (PARDANTHUS) Chinensia L. Lvs. ensiform, vertical, sheathing shorter
than the tall, terete, flexuous stem; panicle somewhat dichotomous and corym-
bous ; perianth broad-campanulate, segm. distinct down to the top of the ovary,
oblong, twisting after flowering; capsule ovoid, the valves deciduous, seeds black,
roundish, shining, attached to the central column, and resembling a large black-
berry. — I'lentifully naturalized on tho bluffs at Merom, Ind. St. 3f high. Fls.
orange, spotted. Jn. f §
6. CROXUS, L. (Named from the youth Crocus^ who according to
Grecian mythology, was changed into this flower.) Perianth funnel-
form, the segments united at base into a long and slender tube ; stigma
3-cleft, convolute, crested. — Spathe radical, 1 — 2-leaved, tliin, transpa-
rent. The long tube of the flower nearly or quite sessile upon the
bulb. After flowering, the ovary arises from the ground by the growth
of the scape, to ripen its seeds in the sun.
1 C. sativuB L. Saffron. Fall Crocus. Lvs. linear, revolute at tho mar-
gins ; stig. d-parted, as long as the corolla, refltxed. Leaves radical, with a longi-
tudinal, white furrow above. Flower with a long, white tube, and purple, ellip-
tical segments. Stigmas long, emarginate, oxsort, of a deep orange-color. Ita
virtues, both medicinal and coloring, reside chiefly in the large stigmas. Sept. —
A variety, perhaps the most common, has yellow perianths. \ Asia.
2 C. v^rnuB L. SpRixa Crocus. Stig. included within the flower, with 3
short, wedge-shaped segments. — Scape an inch or two high, 3-sided. Flowers
vary in color, generally purple, often yellow or white ; tube very long, slender,
gradually enlarged upwards, closed at the mouth with a circle of hairs, limb cam-
panulato, much shorter than tho tube. Anth. yellow, sagittate. Mar., Apr. f Eur.
7. GLADrOLUS, L. Corn-flag. (Lat. gladius, a sword ; in refer-
ence to the form of the leaves.) Spathe 2-leaved; perianth irregular,
6- parted, somewhat 2-lipped ; stamens 3, distinct, ascending ; stigmas 3,
broader al)ove ; seeds winged. — A large genus of bulbous plants, none
native. Fls. showy.
G. communiB L. Spike unilateral ; upper petal the (upper lip) covered by
the lateral bepals, the lower sepals largest ; tube longer thau th.e ovary. — A fina
showy flowerer in gardens. St. 2 to 3f high, with the large, rosy purple fls. ai^
ranged in a long, somewhat spiral row upon it. The 3 lower segments are marked
by a white stripe. Color variable, f S. Europe.
Order CXLIV. DIOSCOREACE^E. Yam Roots.
Plants shrubby, twining, arising from the tuberous rhizomes, with broad net-veined
leaves. Flowers dioecious, regular, hexandrous, tube adherent, limb 6-parted. Ovary
3-celled, 3 to 6-ovuled, 3 -styled. 6 Stamens 6, perigynous. Fruit a capsule 3 or
(by abortion) 1-celled, or a berry. Seeds compressed, albuminous.
13
Ordkr U5.— SMlLACE.t:.
701
Genera 7, upeciea 160.— The only remarkable or ii.^pful product of this order is TuniH. nn
Important article of food in all tropical countries. They are the large, mucllagliiotis, sweetish
tuburs of Dloscorea sativa, \.c.
8. DIOSCO'REA, L. Yam Root. (In honor of IVlaciusDioscoriJes,
a (ircck physician and florist of about tlie reign of Nero.) Flowers $
$ ; styles of the fertile flowers 3 ; cells of the capsule 'i-seeded ; seeds
membranaceously margined. — Slender, shrubby climbers, twining with
the sun. Lvs. simple and palmately veined or palmately divided. I'lsi.
green, inconspicuous, in axillary spikes or i)Hnicles.
1 D. villdsa L. Wild Yam. Lvs. broad-ovate, cordate, acuminate, 9 — U-veined,
tlio margin entire or wavy, lower surface downy or glabrous, never villous ; U[)j)or
surface glabrous ; petioles elongated, the lowest somewhat vert icilla to in 4s. the
next subopposite, the middle and upper alternate ; 5 plant with tiio spikes pani-
culate, ? witii the spikes simple. — A delicate twining vine, in thickets and
hedges, U. S. and Can., rare in N. Eng. Stem woolly, reddish-brown, 1 — 2"
diam., 5 — 10 — 15f long, running over bushes and fences. Leaves 2 — 4' long, ^
as wide, distinctly cordate and acuminate. Petiole?- 2 — 4' long. Peduneii'S axil-
lary. Ovaries at first elliptic, finally almost as broad as long. June, July. (D.
quarternata Pli.)
2 D. sativa L. Yam. Lvs. alternate, roundish -ovate, long-cuspidate, sinu-
ate-cordate, glabrous. 9 to 13-nerved, outer nerves bilid, transverse veins simple;
St. terete, smooth ; $ spikes densely paniculate ; $ spikes aggregate. Var. acu-
LEATA, stems aculeate. — Native of E. India. This species, with its varieties, is
understood to be that which is known as the Sweet Yayn, cultivated in la. and
ria., and all tropical countries, on account of its sweet and nutritious tubers. ^
W
'*N'
Order CXLV. SMILACE^E. Sarsaparillas.
Herbs or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves reticulate-veined. Flowers dioecious
or monoecious. Perianth free from the ovary, 6-parted, regular. Stamens 6, in-
serted into the base of the segments. Anth. 1-celled (2-laraellate). Ovary 3-celled;
cells 1 or many-seeded. Style 1 or none. Stiijmas 3. Berry roundish, few or
many-seeded. Seeds orthotropous albuminous. Fig. 586.
Getiertt 2, sper/cs 120, tliiiily disseminated through ino.'st countries. The diuretic and emul-
oent sarsai)arillas arc the roots of several, chietly S. Ainericau sjjecies of .Sniiia.x.
SMTLAX, L. Green Brier. Sarsaparilla. (Gr. afiiXr], a grater;
from its prickly stems.) Flowers $, ? , perianth deciduous, of G simi-
lar, spreading, sepaloid segments; $, stamens 6, on the base of the seg-
ments and shorter than they ; anthers adnate ; $ stamen 0, or sterile
filaments; stigmas 3, sessile; berry globular, 1 to 3-cellcd, 1 to 6-
seeded. — ^4 Herbs or shrubs, mostly climbing by stipular tendrils, often
prickly. Lvs. entirt, j)ctiolate, palmately veined. Fls. green or yellow-
ish, in axillary, stalked uml)cls. (In the elaboration of this genus wc
liave been greatly aided by the accurate observations of Dr. Feay, of
Savannah.)
§ CopROSMANTiitJS. Ilerbaccous (unarmed). Leaves long-petioled. Flowers foetid. (*)
* Leaves glabrous on both sides. Stems climbing Nos. 14, 1.5
* Leaves downy or hispid on the veins beneath. Erect or climbing Nos. 12, 13
§ Smii.ax |)ropcr. Shrubby, armed or not. Leaves short-petioled, Seeds 1 to 8. (*)
* I'nbescent, prostrate, unarmed. Leaves cordate, evergreen. South No. 11
* Glabrous, climbing. Leaves acute at ba.-ie. I'etlunclo shorter than petiole Nos. 9, 10
* Glabrous, climbing. Leaves abriii)t or cordate at base, (a)
a Leaves pandurifortn or somewhat contracted in the middle Nos. 7, 8
a Leaves ovate or oblong, deciduous, (b)
b Pl.ints unarmed Nos. 5, 6
b Ph.nts prickly. — Leaves glaucous, especially beneath No. 4
— Leaves green on botli sides Nos. \—-i
1 S. rotundifdlia L. Common Greex Brier. St. terete or 8ub-4-sided, flex-
uous, aculeate, ligneous, climbi.ig ; lvs. ahort-petiolate, round ish-ovaie, 5 to 7-veined,
■ m
702
Orde» 145.— SMILACE^
glabrous, round or subcordate at base ; acuminate-cuspidate at apex ; ped. raany-
flowered, little longer thaji the pttiules ; berries black, glaucous. — A strong, thorny
vino, extendiuj^ 10 to 40f in hodgus and thickets, U. S. and Can. St. woody,
smooth, except the scattered thorns wliich proceed from the wood. Branches
<l-aiigled. Lvs. 2 to 3' by \^ to 3', cordate or tapering at ba-se. Tendrils strong,
from the wings of the petioles. Fls. small, greenish, in sm&U, axillary umbels.
Berries round, mo.stly 1-seuded. Mar. — Jn.
p. c.vDUCA. Smaller, willi ovate, thin lvs. (S. caduca L.)
) . QUADHANOUiiABiS. Branches 4-auglGd. (S. quadrangularis Mulil.)
2 S. hfspida Muhl. St. terete, climbing, hispid below with weak, slender prickles,
nearly unarmed above ; branchlets quadrangular ; lvs. f^labroua, green both sides,
ovate, subcordate, cuspidate, rough-edged, 5-veined, thin, deciduous; ped. twice as
louij as the petioles ; berries black, 1 to 3-seeded. — Thickets, N. Y. to Midi, and
Can. Climbing 8 to ]2f. Lvs. 2 to 3' lony, rather broadly ovate. Ped. 1' or
more in length. Umbels 4 to 6-flowered. Jn.
3 S. Wdlteri Ph. St, armed or unarmed, with angular branches ; lvs, cordate-
ovate, ^-veined (or 5-veined, the 2 outer inconspicuous), glabrous ; ped, about as
long as the petioles ; berries of two form?, globular, and oblong-acuminate, red, 1 to
3-seeded. — Woods, in the low districts, Va. to Fla. Straggling stems climbing in
tliickots. lvs. deciduous, largo (3 to 5' long), more or less cordate. Fls. fra-
grant. Apr. — Jn. (S. China Walt.)
♦ S. glaiica Walt. False Sarsapai?,illa. St. slightly 4-angled and aculeate
above; lvs. ovate, cuspidate, 5-veined, edges smooth and entire, glaucous, espe-
cially beneath ; ped. twice or more longer tlian the petiole; berries black, with a
bloom, 1 — 3-seeded. — Tiiickets, L. IsL to Ga., W. to Ky. Root long, slender.
St. stout, somewliat flexuous, armed with a few scattered, hooked prickles. Lvs.
liiiaily nearly orbicular, 2 to 3' diam., abruptly contracted at each end, with 3
strong veins and 2 lateral smaller ones. Petioles short, margined with 2 tendrils.
Fls. in small, thin umbLJs, yellowish-white. Mar. — Jn. (S. Sarsaparilla Ph., etc.,
uec L. S. spinulosa Torr.)
5 S. Pseudo-China L. St. terete, unarmed ; cauline lvs. ovate, cordate, ramial
ovate-oblong, all 5- veined, on short petioles; p'id, flat, nearly as long as thsleaves ;
berries black. ? — Sandy woods, N. J. to Cur., W. to Ohio. Root large, tuberous.
St. purplish-brown, very smooth, branching and climbing by tendrils which arise
from tlie base of the petioles. Lvs. 2 to 4' by 1 to 2', slightly hispid on the veins
beneath. Ped. 2 to 3' long. May, Jn.
6 S. sarsaparilla L. ? St. and quadran^- iar branchlets unarmed ; lvs. oblong-
ovate, tliin, both sides green, 5-veined, cuspidate, rounded or subcordate at base;
ped. flat, a little longer than the petioles : berries large, globular, mostly 1 -seeded,
bright pink-red when fully ripe. — River banks, N. J. ? to Ky. and La. (Mr. R.
Green). Rt. with long, creeping rhizomes. Yines with tendrils. Lvs. large, 3
to 6' long, half as wide, deciduous. Ripe fruit persistent until Spring. Ped. 1 to
2' long. Apr. — Jl. — This is regarded in La. as the true medicinal Sarsaparilla.
7 S. tamnoides L. St. terete, branches and branchlets 4-angular, flexuous, acule-
ate ; lvs. glabrous, ovate with the sides more or less concave, varying tu hastate
or panduriform, acuminate, spinulous-scabrous on the margin, truncate or subcor-
date at base, 5 to 9-veined ; ped. 2 to 3 times longer than petiole ; berries spheri-
cal, black, 1-seedcd. — Sandy woods, N. J. to 111. and the S. States, common,
climbing 8 to 20f. Lvs. of various forms on dill'erent stems of the same root,
shining-green both sides, tardily deci laous, or sometimes, in sheltered situations,
persistent all winter. Mar., Apr. — Jn. (S. panduratus, hastata, Bonanox. Ph.
et auct.)
8 S. maritima Feay. St. armed ; branches angular, flexuous, unarmed; lvs. lan-
ceolate, auricidate-hastate, coriaceous, 5-nerved at base, S-nerved above, cuspidate,
glabrous, edges smooth and even ; pod. twice longer tlian the petiole, or shorter ;
berries large, 2 or 3-seeded, red before maturity, finally black. — Sandy bluffs of
the salt-water rivers near the coast. Savannah and southward. Lvs. rarely some-
what ovate. Fls. very fragrant. Jn. (S. Beyrichii Kunth ? S. ovata Ph. The
latter name, although the earliest, is utterly inappropriate.)
9 S- laurifdlia L. St. aculeate, terete, branches flexuous, unarmed ; lvs. coria
Orueb 146.— ROXBURGHIACEiE.
7oy
teous, oval-lanceolate or oblong, varying to linear, 3 to 5-vti7ied {the lateral veins
marginal), cuspidato, acute at baae, evergreen ; petioles aud ped. short, the latter
Boiuetinies paiiicled; berries blaeiv, 1 -seeded. — N. J. to Ga. A vigorous, over-
grcen ciiniber, asceudiug trees to a great lieight. St. with a few scattered pric'l<le.s.
LvB. numerous, very thick and smooth, 2 to 4' long, often more abrupt at apex
than base. Jn. — Aug.
^0 B. lanoeol^ta L. St. aculeate below, terete, branches and unarmed braiuii-
lets subangular, Ivs. inenibranous, lanctoUite and lance-ovate, varying to ovate (in
the S plants), 5-veined, acuminate-cuspidate, narrowed at base to a short petiolo
which ia twice longer than the very short peduncle ; berries I to H-seeded, red until
ripe when they are alno perfectly black. —Damp woods coaatward, Va to Fin. .V
stout vine, often 1' diaiii. and 40f higii on trees. Lvs. 2 to 4' long, a third to
two-thirds as wide, pod. 1 to 5" long, 10 to 20-fiowored. Jn., Jl. (S. alba I'h).
Closely related to No. 9.
11 S. ptimila "Walt. Unarmed, low; branchlots terete, pubescent; lvs. ovate,
cordate, acutish, 3 to 5-veincd, shining above, soft pubescent beneath; ped. as
long as the petiole ; berries red, 1 to 3-seeded. — Sliady ricli soils, S. f'ar. to Fla,
and La. Quite different in habit from our other species. St. 1 to 3f long, run-
ning along on the ground. Lvs. perennial, becoming firm, 2 or 3' long, varying
from oblong-ovate to roundi.sh-ovate, always cordate. Ped. 6 to 8" long, with
small, white flowers and berries red wiicn ripe. Oct. (S. pubera Mx.)
12 S. herb^cea L. Cakrion Floweh, St. herbaceous, terete, erect, simple,
glabrous; lvs. pubescent beneath, crowded toward the summit, ovate, 5 to 7-veined,
cuspidate, rounded or subcordate at base, on petioles a third as long ; ped. not
twice longer than the petioles; berries red, becoming bluish-blac'c when fully ripe,
2 to 3-seeded. — Thickets and low grounds. Can. and U. S. St. 2 to 3f high,
without tendrils. Lvs. 3 to 5' long, two-thirds as wide, more or less downy be-
neath. Ped. 2 to 3' long, with an umbel of 8 to 16 yellowish-green flowers of a
sickening odor. Apr. — Jn.
13 S. lasioneiiron Hook. St. terete, climbing, subsimple, unarmed ; lvs. oblong,
broadly -ovate, cordate, rounded and niucronato at apex, 7-veined, glaucous and
hispid-pubescent on the veinieis beneath, glabrous and green above ; ped. a little
longer than the petiole, many-flowered ; tendrils from tlie base of the petioles. — •
Thickets, Ind., 111., Wis. and Can. Sts. slender, several feet long. Ped. much
shorter than the leaves, which are often 5' by 3', beautifully fringed on the veins
beneath.
14 S. peduncul^ris MuhL Tall Carrion Flower. St. herbaceous, angtdar,
tall, striate, inclining or leaning, branclied ; leaves 7 to 9-veined, ovate, acuminate,
glabrous, glaucous, especially beneath, rounded or subcordate at base, the lower
subtriangular, petioltis a third as long, bearing 2 flliform tendrils at base ; ped.
much longer than the leaves, oc -flowered ; berries red, at last blue G-seeded. —
Damp thickets and meadows, Can. and U. S. St. 3 to G to 8f long, its slender
summit nodding or climbing. Lvs. 2 to 4' long. Ped. 5 to G' long, 30 to 50-
flowered, greenish, with a disgusting odor. May, Jn.
15 S. tamnifolia Mx. St. herbaceous, terete, climbing; lvs. long-petioled, 5-
veined, glabrous, subtriangular-hastate, cordate, tapering to the obtuse apex, liase
lobes rounded, upper lvs. lanceolate ; ped. longer than the petioles ; (berries bluish-
black. Dr. Gray).— N. J. to Car. (Michaux.) (S. tamnoides Ph.)
*^!
'%
Order CXLVI. ROXBURGHIACELE.
Shrubby plants with twining or creeping stems and many-veined, netted leaves.
Flowers perfect with a 4-parted, petaloid, persistent perianth. Stamens 4, on tha
lowest baso of the segments. Ovary free, oblique, 1-cclled. Pericarp follicular? at
length 2-valved. Seeds several, costate, fimbriate-arillate.
A smeJl Order, of 2 genera (now that Croomia is added) and 5 species, Roxburghia
grows in the hotter parts of E. India.
CROOM'IA, Torr. (In honor of the late U. B. Croom of Florida.)-^
:; i; :;
!i
•704
Order 147.— TRILLIACE^.
Periaiitli of 4 oval segments, imbricated in 2 rows (2 interior) ; stam.
4, opposite the segments, slightly perigynous, anth. introrsc, innate,
cells diotinct; ovary 1-celled, with 4 — 6 suspended ovules; stigma ses-
sile ; fruit ovate, " seeds 1 — 3, copiously fringed along the raphe and
funiculus as if arillate, and ribbed lengthwise ; embryo monocotyledo-
nons," — H Rhizome slender, creeping, sending up annual stems with
about 6 petiolate, lance-ovate, cordate leaves, and a few small whitish,
axillary flowers.
C. pauciflora Torr. — S. Ga. (Feay, Pond) and Fla. (near Quincey !) Stems glab-
rous, If higli, bearing at top 6 loaves pedately arrangod. liVs. :{ — 4' long, short
acuminate, thin, 7 — 9-veiiied, pet. 1' long. Peduncles capillary, 1' long Fls.
few, near 2' wide when open. Apr. — The true character of this plant as roono-
cotyledonous was lirst demonstrated by Dr. Gray.
tit
Order CXLYII. TRILLIACE^E. Trilliads.
Herbs with simple stems, tuberous roots and verticillate, net-veined leaves.
Flowers terminal, 1 or few, perfect, mostly H-parted. Calyx herbaceous, ecyroUn
more or less colored. Stamens 6 to 10. Ovary free, 3 to 5 -celled, bearing in fruit
a juiny, oo-soeded pod. Figs. 35G, 53, 88.
Geiifra4, fipt'vienSO, in woodlands, tcniperiito parts of Europe, Asia and N. America. The
roots of some species are eaietic.
GENERA.
S Leaves in oao whorl. Se) lis green, petals colored Trillium. 1
§ Loaves in two whorls. Sepals and jpotuls alike greenish Medeola. 2
1. TRIL'LIUM, Miller. Wake-robin. (Lat. triliv^ triple ; every part
being in 3s.) Perianth deeply G-parted, in 2 ''stinct series, outer of 3
BCpals, inner of 3 colored petals; stamens 6, nearly equal, anthers longer
than the filaments; stigmas sessile, distinct or approximate; berry 3-
celled, cells many-seeded. — 2f St. simple. Lvs. 3, whorled ai; the
top of the stem, reticulate-palmate veined. Fls. solitary, terminal. Fr.
purple
5 Flowers sessile, petals dark purple, erect Nos. 1, 2
I Flowers on a i>e(Ii.ir:.;lo raised aoove the leaves. (*)
* Leaves petiolate, ovate, rounded at the base. Petals thin, delicate Nos. 3, 4
* Leaves sessile, rhoniboidal, nearly as liroad as long. Petals thickisli Nos. 6, 6
{ Flowers on a peduncle detlexed beneath the leaves. — Style scarcely any No.s 7, 8
—Style 1, as long as stignuv No. 9
1 T. Sessile L. Lvs. rhombic-ovate, or suborbicular, acute, sessile, spotted ; fl.
closely sessile, erect; sep. erect, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute; pet. linear-
lanceolate, purple, a third longer than the sepals; anth. long, cre?t. — A sniull
species, in lertilo soils. Middle, Western and Southern States, lliii/oina horizon-
tal, thick. Sl(>ru 6 — 12' high, slender. Loaves rather thick, 1^ — 3' by 1 — 2',
smooth and entire, blotched with dark purple. Sep. 8 to 12" long, tlio petals nar-
rower and nmcii longer, dark purple. Apr. May. (T. discolor W'ray.)
2 T. recurvatum Bef k. Lvs. ovate or obovate, attenuated to a petit-le, acute ; fl.
closely sessile ; j)i:t. lanceolate-ovate, very acute, attenuate at base, erect, as long
as the recurred se})als. — A small Trilliinn quite distinct, althougii allied to tlio last,
in shady woodn, Wis. to I^a. Stem 8 — 10 high, rather thick. Leaves 2 — 2^' by
l.l — 2', with distinct, siiort petioles, not usually spotted. Petals purple, and with
the green, reliexed sepals about 1' long. May.
8 T. uivale Rid<lell. Snowy Timm.ium. St. low; lvs. ovate or oval, rather ob-
tuse, distinctly and abruptly petiolate ; U. sJiort, pedunculate, erect; pet. spatulate-
obovate. obtuse, white, one third longer than the calyx. — The smallest species here
described, in stony or dry flelds, Ohio to Wis. Stem 2 — 4' higli, from a thick.
Order 147.— TltlLLIACE^.
"70^
tuberous root. Leaves 8 — 18' by 5 — 12 ", petioles 2— 4 ", about equaling the
peduncle. Sepals green, much narrower than the snowj petals which are about
8 ' by 4 '. Mar., Apr.
4 T. erythrocarpum Mx. Smiling Wake-uobin. Lvs. ovate, acuminate,
rounded at base, abruptly potioled; ped. erect; pet. lanceolate-ovate, recurved,
twice as long as the sepals. — Cuu. to Ga. A beautiful ttowcr, adorning our
woods in May and June. Stem 8 — 12' high, witlx a whorl of 3 broad-ovate leaves
at top. These are 3-veined, rounded at base, long acuminate, 3 — 4 long, ij as
wide, petiole 2 —3" long. Flower nearly erect. Petals wavy at the edges, wiiite,
finely radiated with purple lines at base. The root is con.sidered medicinal. (T.
pictum Ph.)
3. ci.EVKL.VNUicUM. Sepals leaf-like, larger than the petals which are partly or
cliiefly green. — Brunswick, Mo. (Hicard). A nietamorphosia
5 T. grandiflonim Salisb. Lvs. hroadly rhomboid-ovate, subsessile, abnr.ly
acuiniiiMto; ped. incliucil; fl. suberect; ^le/rtiv viich loiujer than the calyx, s: a.u.
late-obovate, co\\i\\\'Qi\t at base. — Dan)p, rocky woods. Mid., S. and W. S :ics,
abundant. St. 8 to 12' high. Lvs. 3 to IV diara. Fia. larger than in any o. "iio
preceding species. Petals 1^ to 2' in length, broadest wkkw the apex, with a short,
abrupt acuiuination, wiiite, varying to rose-coloreil. May.
6 T. erectum L. Bath Flower. St. thick; lvs. rhomboidal, acuminate, ses-
sile; ped. inclining;,//, noddiiuj ; petals ovate, acute, scarcely longer, but i.'ii.^h
broader than the sepalti. — A conspicuous plant in woods, of fine appearance, but
offensivo odor. At tlio top of tho stem, which is a foot iiiu:h, is a whorl of 3 leaves
which aro 3-veincd, 3 — 5' long, of equal width, and a single, nodding flowfr, ou
a nearly erect pe<luncle. Petals broad-ovito, an incii long, twice as wide aa the
sepals and of a dusky purple, greenish outside. May. (T. atropurpureum Curt,)
d, ALBUM. Petals white or cream-color. — Moro conmion "West and South.
7 T. pendulum Muhl. St. slender; lvs. subsessile, mnndish-rhonilioidal, acumi.
nate; ped. long, liorizontal or dolicxed, flower pendulous ; petala lance-ovate, short-
acuminate, Jfa^, not recurved, nearly as small as the calyx ; stig. as long as the an-
thers, revoluto at end. — Woods, Mid., \V. and S. States. A largo species, with a
8' I'allish flower. St. 10 to 15' higli. Lvs. 3 to 5' diam., similarly pointed at each
end. Ped. nearly twice tho length of the flower, half the lengtli of the leaves.
Petals white. Apr. — Jn. (T. (icrnuum Torr. N. Y. Flo.) — I'eriiaps runs into
T. erectum, but is very distinct from tlie next.
8 T. cernuum L. Duooi'incj Trillium. St. tall, slender ; lvs. thin, ovale or
elliptic-diale, iicmn'miiit^, petiolide ; ped. deeurvod boneatli tho leaves, as Ion-;- as
the flower; petals laiiceol(de, channelnl, undnlati', rerurred, longer and much vvv'^r
than tlio recurved sepals ; stam. recurved, miicli lonn'.T than the stigmas. — Damp
wootls, N. Em.'-. ? N. Y. to Ky. and tho up country of (,!a. St. 1 to 2f high. Lvs.
3 to 6' by 2 to \ , distinctly potioled. Pen. a tiiird as long as tho leaves. Petals
near 2' long, (ielicatc, wliito or roseate. Apr. — .In.
9 T. atyloBum. Mt. blender; lvs, olliplic-ovate, pointed at both ends, short-petio-
latc ; ped. shorter than tiie tlow<T, nodding and deilexed; petals lanee-obovate,
obtuse or .■'hort pointed, undulate, flat, spreading, nuich exceeding the oblong,
acuto sepals; ova. produrjul mto a style \v\\\(i\\ is as long as the stigmas; .stain,
elongated. — Wooos, in tlie up covmtry of N. Gar. (Miss Carpenter) to tia. (Mr.
Jones). A small plant with a lurge flower. St. 8 to 10' higli. Lvs. 2 to 3' by
20 to 30". Petals roseaf-, 15 to 18" long. Apr.— Jn. (T. Catesba-i Ell.)
2. MEDE'OLA, Gronov. fxorAX Cucumbeii-root. (Named after
tho fabulous sorceress, M<<h<i, i<yt its supposed medicinal virtues.)
JVrianth deej)ly parted into 6 petaloid, revolut*; sci^meiits ; stamens G,
with slender tilamcnts; stigmas 3, divaricate, united at base; berry 3-
celled ; cells 3 to 6-seeded. Stem siinp'l^^, arising from a white, tid)erous
rhizome (which i^, thought to rcstMiible the cucumber in Havor) bearing
2 whorls of lvs. aiul 1 to 3 terminal tls.
M . Virgiuica L. Nono can but admire tho symmetry of its form. St. erect, 1 to
2f high, invested with loose, cottony wiy)l. Lower wliorl near the uiiddi'' of the
^ it
706
Ordmr 148.— LILIACE^.
stem, consiating of 6 to 8 wedge-lanceolate Ivs. (3 to 4' by 9 to 12'') ; the other at
the top, of about 3 ovate, shorter leaves. Pis. in the upper whorl, 1, 2 or 3, pen-
dulous, with greenish, revolute segments. The stigmas are very long, reflexed,
dark red. Jl.
Okder CXLVTII. LILIACE^. Lilyworts.
Herhs with bulbous or tuberous stems, parallel-
veined, sessile leaves, flowers perfect, regular,
generally large and richly colored, perianth 6
(rarely 4)-parted, uniformly colored, free from the
ovary, stamens 6 (rarely 4), perigyuoua; anthers
introrse (oxtrorse in Uvularia), styles wholly or
partly united, ovary superior, 2 or 3-celled. Fruii
a capsule, loculicidal, or a pulpy berry. Seeds
few or many, with fleshy albumen. Illustr. in
figs 58, 60, 63, 108, 171, 254, 259, 400, 454.
Genera 147, species 1200, cliidfly natives of tempernto
rcfriiiiis. Thy nowers of most :ire beautiful, of many
brilluint, and of some truly spleiuiiil.
Properties. — The order abounds in a bitter, stimuliint
princt|)le and also in mucliasc Some of the bulbous
species yield a nutritious diet, as the Asparagus, Onion,
Garlic. The well known active medicine, squills, is the
bulb of Scillrt maritima, of S. Euroi)c. The various kinds
of otficinal aloes, are the |)roduct of several species of
Aloe. The powerful astringent, Dragon^s blood, is th«
concentrated juice of Draciuna Draco of the Canary Isles.
(The Tribe I'vnlariii' is intermediate between Liliaceio
and Melanthacea*, approaching the latter by its mostly
extrost- anthers, but best according with the former in it*
united styles, fruit, and in habit.)
FIG. 715. Smilacina boreulis. 0. A berry cut open,
showircr the 2 cells, tfec.
TRIBES AND UENER.-V.
S Plants bulbous at the base, or with a thick, woody caudo.x. (*)
* Perianth segments united, forming a tubular flower, (d)
* Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube, (t)
t Stem (or caudex) leafy, at least below, few or many-flowered, (b)
t Stem (scape) sheathed at base, bearing a solitary flower, (a)
t Stem (scape) sheathed at base, leafless, many-flowered, (c)
I Plant with a rhizome, creeper, or fibrous roots. (**)
♦* Stamens declinate and curved-ascending. Flowers showy, (e)
*♦ Stamens straight and equal in position, (ft)
tt Perianth segments united to near the summit, (f)
tt Perianth segments separate, not forming a tube. (})
:J: Flowers in terminal, lcivf«^ss clu.sters, snuiil, whitish, (g)
X Flowers axillary, or terninial and subsolitary. — Leaves filiform, &c. (h)
— Leaves ovate, .fee. (k) <v
(TRiBsTD'LIPE.iE. Perianth 6-leaved. Fruit a capsule. Seed-coat soft and pale.)
a Flowers nodding EiiYTURONtnM. 1
a Flowers erect Titlipa. 3
b Nectory a linear groove at the base of eacli segtnent Lilium 3
b Nectary a roundish cavity at the base of each se;."ncnt Fkitillaui a. 4.
b Nectary none. Flowers panicled, — Isirge. Seeds many Yuoca. 5
— small. Seeds 1 to 3 Nolina. 6
(Tribi ASPIIODELEiE. Fruit a capsule. Seed-coat ci ustaceous, black.)
C Flowers in racemes, blue or purple Scilla. <
Flowers in racemes or corymbs, yellow or wliite OBwmiooALr.M. 8
g Flowers in umbels, -wUite or roseate. Stam.n- straight Alui'M. 9
—blue. Stamens decllnftt. urired Afc»PANTnrs. U>
Ordek 148.— LILIAOE^.
707
d Perianth limb revoluto, as long as the tube Htacinthus. 11
d Perianth limb spreading, much shorter than tube Muscaki. IS
e Perianth segments distinct. Base of the stamens vnlvo-liku Aspiiodelub. 18
e Perianth segmenti balf-united. — Stamens perigynous Hembkocallis. 14
—Stamens hypogynous Funkia. 16
(Tribe CONVALLARINE^iE. Rhizome. Fruit a berry. Seed-coat thin, pale.)
f Periiinth tubular-oblong, greenish. Peduncles axillary Polygon atum. M
f Periantli broad-campanulate, white. Raceme leafless Convaliaria. 17
g Scape leafless, bearing an umbel. Berry 2-celled Ci.intonia. IS
g Stem leafy, bearing a cluster. — Flowers G-jmrted Smilacina. 19
— Flowers 4-parted Majantiiemu.m. 20
h Stems branching. Flowers small, axillary. Berry red Aspakaous. 21
(Tkibr UVULAIlIEiE. Root fibrous. Anthers mostly innate and opening outwards.)
k B'ilaments flat, as long as the sagittate anthers. Berry many-seeded. . .SxKKPTOPiirs. 23
k Filaments filiform, much longer than the anthers. Berry 3 to C-seeded. . .Pkosautes. 28
k Filaments shorter than the long, linear anthers. Capsule 6 to 00-seeded . . Uvclauia. 24
1. ERYTHRO'NIUM, L. (Gr. tpv^pog, red; the color of some
species.) Perianth campanulate, segments recurved, the 3 inner ones
(ptt ' usually with a callous tooth attached to each side at b;ise, and
a grou in the middle ; style long ; capsule somewhat stipulate, seeds
ovate. — 21 Leaves 2, subradical. Scape 1-Howered. FIs. nodding,
liliaceous.
1 E. Americ^um Smith. Yellow ERYTunoxiUM. (Scape naked; Iv.s. spotted,
lanceolate and involute at the point ; sffjments ydloiv, obloii<,f-lanceolato, obtu.se,
inner ones bidentaie near the base; sty. clavate; stij^. undivideii. — A beautiful little
plant, among the earliest of our vernal flowers, found in rich, open grounds, or in
thin woods, U P. and Can. The bulb is deep in the ground. Scape slender, 8 —
4' high. The 2 leaves are of equal len<i:th (5'), one of them nearly twice as wide
as the other, both cloudi'd with brown spots. Flower drooping, yellow, revolute
in the sunshine. May. (M Dens-canis Mx.)
2 E. albidum Nutt. White Erythuoxium. Scape naked; Ivs. elliptic-lanceo-
late; serjmenta of lohite, linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse, inntr outs without dentures
at base, subunguiculate ; stig. 3-cleft, lobes retlexed. — About tlic size of the last,
in wet meadows, near Albanj^ N. Y. (Storr,s) to "Wis. (Lapham). Leaves without
an acumination, tapering lo the base, of equal lonirth including the petiole (4 — 5'),
one of them twice as wide as the other. Scape a little longer than the leaves,
bearing a single, white, nodding flower. Segments 1^' long. April, May.
3 E. bracte^tum Bw. Scajje bractfd ; Ivs. lanceolate, very unequal; segm.
greenish-yelloir —An alpine species, found in Yt., Boott. It is a smaller plant,
distinguishable the inequality of the loaves, one of which is 3 or 4 times as
large as the otiur. Scape shorter than the leaves, wii!. a narrow, lanceolate
bract, l.r long, a little below the flower. Flower greenish-yellow. Segments
about 9'' long, giijbous at bjise. Jn.
2. TU^LIPA, Touru. Tuup. (Persian thon/ihan, a turban ; allud-
ing to the form of these magnificent tiuwei's.) Perianth canip.'uiulate ;
stamens short, subulate : anthers broaU-lineai', deeply emarginate at
base; Btyle very short ; stigma thi(k ; capsule oblong, triangiilar. — 21
Herbs acaulescent, with coateu bulbs, setJ^-ile Ivs., and a simple scapii
bearing a solitary, eri^ct tlower.
T. Geftoenaua i.. .'Inipi 1-ftowered, smooth; Ivs. ovate-lanceolate; Jis.
erect, serniuts obtuse. sm\x>th. — Named for Gesmr. a Zuricli botanist, its varie-
ties arc adiess, and may be produced V)y lirst planting the seed iu a rich soil,
then tniiisplanting the bulbs into a poorer soil. Thus ms length the flowers be-
come broken or variegated with colors in that exquisite nauuer so much admired.
Uore than TOO varieties are described iu florists' cataioguea. Apr., May, Jn.
^ From Pnraia.
3. LILIUM, L. Lily. (Gr. Xipiov, Celtic li, white ; one species
'} •:
.\M
i
i-k
708
Order 148.— LILIACE^.
is the emblem of purity.) Perianth cainpanulate, segments spreading
above or recurved, each with a longitudinal honey gi uove within, from
the middle to the base ; stamens shorter than the style, anthers versa-
tile ; capsule subtriangular, the valves connected with latticed hairs ;
seed? 2-rowed in each cell. — U Herbs with bulbous and leafy stems.
Lvs. sessile, alternate or verticillate. Fls. terminal, large and showy.
S Flowers white, ncxhling. Plants cultivated Nos. 8, 9
jl Flowers orange-oolored or red, spotted. (*)
♦ Leaf-axles bearing bulblets. Leaves scattered Nos. (5. 7
• Leaf-asles not bulbiferous. — Flowers erect, segments unguiculate Nos. 8 4
— Flowers nodding.— Lvs. 1-veined, oblanceolato No. 5
—Lvs. 3 to 6-veined, lanceolate Nos. 1, 2
1 L. Canad^nse L. Yellow Lily. Lvs. 'i-veined, mostly verticillate, lanceo-
late, the veins hairy beneath; j7ed. terminal, elongated, usually by 3s; ;?. nodding,
the segments spreading, never revolute. — Can. and U. S. A plant of much beauty,
frequently adorning our meadows in summer. Bulb scaly. Stem round, 2 — 4f
Iiifj;li, surrounded by several remote whorls, each consisting of 4 — 6 leaves, and
often a few scattered ones at base. Those are 2 — 3' by \ — 1'. Flowers 1 — 3,
sometimes 7 — 20, pendulous, yellow, or orange-colored, spotted with dark purpl«
inside. July.
2 L. superbum L. Superb Lily. Turk's Cap. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
3-veini'd, glabrous, lower ones verticillate, upper ones scattered ; Hs. often in a
pyramidal raceme, nodding, segments revolute. — Can., Mid. and W. States. Few
cultivated plants are more ornamental than this inhabitant of prairies and mea-
dows. Root bearing a white, squamous bulb. (Fig. 60.) St. erect, round,
straight, 4 to 6f high. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 4 to 9''. Fls. 3 to 20 or more, of a bright
urange color with purple spots. Sep. and pet. linear-lanceolate, beautifully and
fully revolute. Very distinct, at least in appearance from the foregoing. Jl.
3 L. Philadelphicum L. Piiila^belphia Ltly. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, acute,
1-veined, upper verticilkue, lower generally scattered ; fls. subsolitary, campanu-
late, terminal, erect; pet. and sej umce-ovate, ol)tuse or barely acute, erect-
spreading, unguiculate. — Dry paarures. tields and barrens, U. S. and Can. An
elegant and showy plant, 15 lo 20' liiiih. St. terete, smooth, simple. Lvs. 2 to
3' by 3 to 5", sessile, smooth, ci>ilecte'i into 1. 2 or 3, or more whorls of 3s to 5s,
with the lower scattered. Fls. usually solitar}', rarely 2 to 4, and umbellate.
Sep. and pet. deep orange color, spotted at base, '21' long, standing apart on
claws about 6" long. Jn.
4 L. Catesbeei Walt. Catesby's Lii.y. Lvs. linear-lanceolate and linear-acu-
minate, all scattered, sep. and pet. undulate, Ivny-unguiculate, ovate-lanceolate,
tapering to a long, thickened acuminattitn, which ts rodtxed aliove. — Damp pine bar-
rens, Md. to Ky. and all the >S. Stat«.-9. St. ii to 3<"' high, smooth and polished,
often purple. Lv.-<. 1 to 2' (the lower 3'), by 1 to 4 '. suberect, spreading. Sep.
and pet. 3 to 4 long, the claws 1' or more, yellow, the lamina scarlet, spotted
with red ai^d purple Jl., Aug.
5 L. Carolinianum Mx. Lvs. l-veined, oblaitcenlate, or spatulate, acuminate,
tapering 1 1, a slen< .»■!•, sessile ba*-, in whorls of about 5, the lower scattered;
tlower morttly sci!::„ii'v nod(li:::r; ttegm. lancedinear, recurved, tapering to a slender
ucuinination. n-^'t n viii'/ril . style curved upvvards. — A more delicate species
than thel»*t, Is ;.. 3fhi. ly 3-Howered. Lvs. IS" to 3' by 9 to 16", mem-
branous. Fls. deep yej_ \v, spotted with purple, the segm. strongly recurved,
but not revolute. .11, Aug.
6 L. bulbifertun L. OiANGE Lily. Lvs. scattered. 3-veined ; fls. campanu-
late, eri'ct. rough within, segm. sessfjile. — Irardens. St. thick, round, 4f high,
bearing small, roundish, dark-colored bulbs in the axils of the loaves. Fls. large,
orange-oolored, resembling in form tho«o of Z,. candidum, but are scabrous within.
Jl. t Italy.
7 L. tigrinum Gawl. Tioer-si-otted Lily. Lvs. scattered, sessile, 5-
veined, the upper cordate-ovate ; perianth revolute, papillous inside. — Uardens,
common in cultivation. St. 6f high, with a pyramid of dark, orange-colored,
spotted Us. Axils of lvs. bulbiferous. Aug. f China.
Order 148.— LILIACEJE.
709
8 L. cdndidum L. White Lily. Lvs. scattered, graded, lanceolate, nar-
rowed at the base; jls. several, campauulate, siaooth inside. — Gardens. It has a
thick stem, 4f high, supporting a raceme of very large, snowy-white tts., which
bave long been regarded as the very perfection of whiteness and purity, Jl.
f Levant. Fig. 3.
9 L. Japdnicum Thunb. Lvs. scattered, lanceolate; flower solitary, cam-
panulate, nodding. — Greenhouse. A noble species, requiring careful man-
agement. Its flower is large, nodding, terminal, white, on a stem 2f high,
•j- China.
4. FRITILLA^RIA, Tourn. Chequered Lily. (Lat. frifillus, a
chess-board ; alluding to the chequered petals.) Perianth canipanu-
late, with aljroad base and nectariferous cavity above the claw of each
segment ; stamens as long as the petals ; stigma trifid ; capsule coria-
ceous, 3-celled, septifragal. — Herbs with coated bulbs, simple, leafy
stems, bearing 1 or more nodding fls.
1 F, imperidlis L. Crown Imperial. Hoc. comous, naked below; lvs.
entire. — Native of Persia. A fine, showy flower, of easy culture. Stem thick,
striate, 3f high, the lower part invested with tlie long, narrow, entire leaves; the
upper part is naked, bearing at the top a raceme of several large, red or yellow,
nodding flowers, beneath a crown formed by the pairs of small, narrow leaves, at
the base of each pedicel. May. f (Petilium, Kunth.)
2 P. meleagris L. Lvs. alternate, linear, channeled; si. 1 -flowered. —
Native of Britain. Stem a foot high, with alternate, long, very narrow leaves.
The flower, which is usually solitary, is large, nodding, and beautifully chequered
with purple ,and pale red or yellow. May. f
5. YUCCA, L. Bear's-grass. Spanish Daggers. (The Indian
name.) I*erianth of 6 petaloid segments, withering-persistent, the in-
ner broader; stamens 6, shorter than the petals, inserted into their
base ; ovary free ; stigmas 3, sessile ; capsule oblong, obtusely hexago-
nal, 3-valved at apex, 3-celled, cells more or less divided by a false dis-
sepiment ; seeds numerous and 2-rowed in each cell. — Sts. subterranean,
or arising in a leafy or naked caudex, with rigid, linear, or sword-
shaped, perennial lvs., and a terminal panicle of showy, white, pedicel-
late fls.
§ Ciiudex scarcely arising above tlie ground. Leaf margin bearing tbt'oads No. 1
§ )audex cunspicuuus, trunli-like. Leaves entire or serrulate Nus. 2, 3
1 Y". filamentdsa L. Bear's-Thread. Acaulescent or nearly so ; lvs. linear-
lanceolate, rigidly acute, coriaceous, *ht margin fllamentoup, that is, bearing long,
thread-like flbers ; aegm. lance-ovate, acuminate, erect-sproading. — In light soils,
S. States, and oft;en cultivated. The lvs. are nearly erect, 1 to 2f long, I' to 18"
wide, all ilenscly clustered at the top of the short caudex, which is at the surface
of the ground, or a few inches above it. Scape 5 to 8f .high, bearing a largo
pyramidal panicle of simple racemes. Fls. cup-shaped, segm. 15" long. Aug.
13. RECURViFoLiA. Somewliat caulescent ; lvs. lance-linear or linear, recurved,
rarely somewhat filamentous. (Y. recurvifolia Salisb. ?)
2 Y. gloridsa L. Caulescent, caudex some 3f high ; lvs. erect, lanceolate, rigid,
thiok, subpllcate, very acute, the margins very entire ; perianth ovoid-campanu-
late, segm. lanceolate. — Sandy sea-coasts, Car. to Fla^ Caude.v half-shrubby,
thick, simple, fleshy, strongly scaiTed below with the old leaf-stalks., Lvs. 12 to
18' long, 2 to 3' wide, clustered above. Panicle of racemes 2 to 3f long, erect
from the aummitof the caudex, with numerous cup-ahuped, white, nodding flowers.
Jn., Jl. t
3 Y. aloefdlia Walt Spanish Daggers. Caulescent; caudex some lOf high,
often branched, naked and marked with leaf-scars below ; Iva. densely clustered
above, very rigid, thick, strict, deflexed when old, lanceolate, apex spineacent,
s
m ,
710
Obdeb 148.— LILIACE^.
margin rough-serrulate ; segm oblong, acutish. — Thickets, near the sea-coast, S.
Car. to Fla. A shrubby, palm-liko plant, of singular and forbidding aspect when
not in flower. Leaves a foot or more long, sharp and rigid like daggers. Fls.
white, with a violet base and violet spots. Jn. — Aug. (Y. Draconis L.)
6. NOLFNA, L. C. Rich. (For P. C. Nolin^ an American botan-
ist.) Dioecio-polygamous ; perianth (small) of 6, ovate, spreadine;, sub-
equal segments ; stamens 6, shorter than the perianth ; ovary free, 3-
cornered, 3-celIed ; stigmas 3, recurved, with a very short style ; cap-
sule 3-winged, 3 (or by abortion 2 or l)-seeded. — Root bearing a coated
bulb. St. scape-like, branched into several long, simple, nearly bract-
less racemes of very small, white fls,
N. Georgiana Mx. Dry sand hills, S. Car. and Ga. (Mettauer). Bulb very
large (Elliott). Scape 2 to 3f liigh, with a few short Ivs. at itii base, which dimin-
ish to scales upwards. Root Ivs. linear, 1 to 2f long, numerous, recurved, their
bases much dilated and imbricated. Panicle large. Rfvj. loose, If or more long.
Pedicels 5 to 6" long. Perianth spreading 3".
7. SCIL'LA, L. Squill. Perianth 6-parted, petals and sepals simi-
lar, spreading (blue or purple) ; filaments 6, subulate or filiform, smooth,
hypogynous; style filiform-clavellato ; capsule free, 3-celled, 3-valved,
obtusely 3-angled ; cells with 1 or several roundish, black seeds. — Bulb
coated, bearing several linear Ivs. and a scape with a raceme.
1 S. escul^nta Ker. Quamash. Lvs. linear, carinate, flaccid and recurved,
tapering to both ends, shorter than the scape ; bracts solitary, subulate, scarious,
longer than the peuicels, which are about the length of the flowers ; fil. filiform ;
stig. 3-toothed. — Grassy, wet prairies, along the rivers. Wis. to Olno, the uplands
of Ga., and westward. Bulb nutritious, about 1' diam., resembling a small
onion. Scape 1 to 2f high. Lvs. nearly as long, grass-like. Rac. 2 to 3' long.
Pet. and sop. linear-lanceolate, 4 to 6" long. Anth. oblong, yellow. May.
(Plialangium, Nutt. Camassia, Lindl. C. Fraseri Torr.) — Improves by cultiva-
tion as to the size both of tlie bulbs and flowers.
2 S praebracteata Ilaw. Squfll. Lvs. broad-linear, longer than the
scape ; bracts as long as the pedicels ; flowers in a large conical panicle ; perianth
spreading, persistent. — Bulb large, white. Fls. blue, f S. Eur.
8. ORNITHOG'ALUM, L. Star-of-Bethlehem. (Gr. Opw^of, of a
bird, yaAa, milk; why so-called is not obvious.) Perianth deeply 6-
parted, regular, persistent, segments many (3 to 7) veined, spreading,
(white, green or yellow) ; filaments 6, dilated at base, scarcely perigy-
nous, ovary free ; style erect, tapering or subtrilobate ; capsule 3-lobed,
3-celled, 3-valved above ; seeds few or many in each cell, shining,
black. — Bulbous plants, scarcely differing from Scilla except in the
eolor ot the fls.
1 O. crdceum Ell. Yellow Star-of-Bethlehem. Lvs. narrowly linear, radi-
ical, longer ihan the slender scape which bears an oblong raceme of saffron-yellow
flowers at top ; bracts scarious a* apex, obtuse, sheathing, many times shorter
than tlie slender pedicel ; segm. liince-ovate, obtuse, 3-veined, erect after flower-
ing, with a greenish-orange stripe on tlie back ; sty. and stam. subulate, shorter
than the segments. — Mid. Ga., rare. (On Stone Mt., 16m. from Atlanta I Also
at Macon, Dr. Mettauer.) Scape 10 to 20' high, almost filiform. Rac. 10 to 15-
flowered. Ped. 8 to 12" long, fls. half as long. Apr., May. (Phalangium Mx^
Nutt.)
2 O. umbell^tum L. "White Star-of-Eethlehem. Lvs. linear, channeled, as
long as the scape, emarginate ; scape bearing a few white, green-striped jis. in a
loose corymb ; pedicels longer than the bracts ; filaments lanceolate-subulate. —
Gardens, and naturalized in many localities. Scape near If high. Segm. of the
star-like perianth beautiRilly marked with a longitudinal stripe on the outside. May.
Order 148.— LILIACE.E.
711
9. AL'LIUM, L. Garlic. Onion. (Celtic all, hot or burning.)
Flowers in a dense umbel, with a membranous, 2-leaved spathc ; peri-
anth deeply 6-parted, segments mostly spreading, ovate, the 3 inner
somewhat smaller ; ovary angular ; stigma acute ; capsule 3 lobed. —
Strong-scented, bulbous plants. Lvs. mostly radical. Umbel on a
scape.
§ Leaves flat, lanceolate, perishing before flowering. Capsule 8-8eeded. Native No. 1
§ Leaves flat, linear. Filaments simple. Ovary crested with a crown of 6 lvs. Native. (♦)
♦ Stamens conspicuously longer than the seitals. Umbel notltling No. 2
* Stamens equaling the sepals in length. Umbels with bulblets or flowers Nos. H, 4
• Stamens evidently shorter than tlio sepals. Umbels with flowers only Nos. f), 6
§ Leaves flat, lanceolate or lance-linear. Filaments tricuspidate. Cultivated Nos. 7, S
§ Leaves terete and hollow. — Stem leafy half way up. Filaments tricuspidate No. 9
— Scape naked. Filaments not tricuspidate Nos. 10 — 12
1 A. tTic6ccum Ait. Lance-leaved Garlic. Scape terete ; lvs. lanceolate-
oblong, flat, smooth ; umbel globous ; ovule and seed solitary in eaeli cell of the
3-celled capsule. — if A strong-scented plant, common in damp woods, N. H. to
Va. and Wis. Bulb oblong, acuminate. Lvs. 5 to 8' long, an inch or more wide,
acute, tapering into a petiole, all witliering and disappearing before the opening
of the flowers. Scape a foot or more liigh, beariug a thin, 2-leaved, deciduous
spathe at top, with an umbel of 10 to 12 white fls. Jn., Jl.
2 A. cirnuum Roth. Nodding Garlic. Scape angular ; lvs. linear, flat, very-
long ; umbel cernuous ; stam. simple, much longer than the perianth. — Mid. t^.
and W. States. This is our handsomest species. Bulb 6 to 8' diam. Scape
mostly 4-angled, smooth, slender, 15 to 24' high, mostly recurved at top. Umbel
12 to 20- flowered. Pedicels 1 to 8" long. Fls. rose-colored. Ova. 6-toothed,
becoming a roundish, 3-seeded capsule, Jl.
3 A. stell^tum Nutt, Lvs. radical, linear, about equaling the nearly terete
scape ; umbel many-flowered, erect (when in flower, nodding before) ; petals ob-
long-ovate, acute, equaling the stamens ; filam. subulate, simple ; ova. 3-lobed,
each lobe bearing 2-teeth, or 2-crested above ; caps. 3-angled, 3-celled, 6-seedod.
— Mo., 111. to Can. W. Alow species, in gravelly soils. Scapo and lvs. 10 to 15'
high. Pis. roseate. Bulb oblong-ovate, eatable.
4 A. Canad^nse Kalm. Scapo terete ; lvs. linear ; umbel capitate, bulbiferous ;
filam. simple, dilated at base. — y In woods. Lvs. radical, § as long as the
scape, smooth, nearly flat above. Scape 1 2 to 18' high, round, smooth, bearing
a spathe of 2 ovate, acute bracts at top, with a liead of bulbs and flowers. Tiio
bulbs are .sessile, each furnished with a bract beneath, and among them are a few
whitish flowers on plender pedicels. Jn.
5 A. mut^bile Mx. Lvs. linear-setaceous, thin, sheathing at base, shorter than
the terete scape ; umbel many-flowered, erect ; spathe 3-leaved, purplish ; segm.
ovate-lanceolate, longer tlian the stamens ; filam. simple ; ova. crested ; caps.
S-lobed, 3-seeded. — Damp woods, Ga., Fla. and Ala. Common nt Montgomery.
Bulb small, an inch or two in the ground, clotiied with a thick net-work of fibers.
Scape 12 to 20' high, strict. Fls. 20 to 40, white or rcseate. Perianth 2" long.
Filam. purple, anth. white. Tastes strong of garlic. Mar. — May.
€ A, striatum Jacq. Scape slender, 3-angled, longer than the linear, striate leaves
which are sheathing at base; spathe of 2 ovate bracts; umbel few (3 to 1)-flow-
ered, segm. ovate-lanceolate, with aid^ein greenish purple, near twice longer than
the stamens ; fllam. dilated at base ; caps, downy, perfecting, 2 or 3 seeds in each
cell. — Woods and prairies, 111. (Hall, Lapham), and S. States. Scape 8 to 12'
high. Lvs. 1 to 3" wide. Pedicels 1 to 2 — 3' long, seldom more than 5 in num-
ber. Fls, larger than in our other wild species, spreaduig about 10 ", white.
Mar. — May.
7 A. sativum L, Common Garlic, Bulb compound ; st. leafy to the mid-
dle ; lvs. linear-lanceolate ; spathe 1-leaved, long-acuminate ; umbel bulbiferous ,•
Btam. tricuspidate. — Gardens. The bulb is composed of several smaller ones sur-
rounded by a common membrane, acrid and very strong-scented. St, 2f high.
Fla. small, white. Used in seasoning and sometimes in medicine. Jl. X Sicily.
8 A. p6rrum L. Leek. St. compressed, leafy ; lvs. sheathing at base.
V12
Okueu 148.— LI LI AC KVH
chaxueled and keeled ; umbel of fls. globous ; stam. tricHspidate, a little longer than
the rough-keeled sepals. — Gardens. Rt. bearing a scaly, cylindrical bulb. Stem 2f
liigl), bearing long, linear, alternate, sheathing Ivs., and at the top a large umbel,
of small white fis. Jl. f Switzerland.
9 A. vine^le L. Chow Garlic. St. slender, with a few leaves ; caulino Ivs.
terete, fistulous ; umbel bulbiferous ; sta. exsert ; fU. alternately tricuspidate, tho
middle point bearing tho anther. — If Meadows, Mid. and W. States. Leaves
S — 12' long. Scape 1 — 2f higli, bearing a spathe of 2 small bracts at top, and
an umbel of flowers with whicli bulbs are sometimes intermixed. Perianth pur-
ple. June, July. §
10 A. schcenopr^sum L. Cives. ^ape somewhat leafy at base, equaling the
terete, filiform, fistulous Ivs. ; spathe of 2 b.^'^ts. nearly as long as the capitate
umbel ; segm. lanceolate, acuminate, longer than iho filam. which are toothless
and dilated at base. — Lake .shores. Can. Common in gardens, growing in tufts.
Bulbs small. Scape less than If high. Umbel 1' diam. Fls. purple. Jl.
11 A. fistuldsum L. Wbu^sii Onion. Scape leafy at base, inflated in the
midst; Ivs. fistulous throughout, terete, about the length of the scape; umbel dense,
globular, fruitful ; sep. acuminate, with a green keel ; stam. exserted, with simple
filaments; ova. 3-lobed, green. — Gardens. Scape and Ivs. forming dense tufts,
18' high, f Asia.
12 A. Cepa L. Common Onion. (Scape fistulous, swelling towards the bos*
much longer than the terete, fistulous Ivs.— (E' Gardens. Bulb compressed, or
round, or oblong in figure. The "^^ope, which appears the second year, is 3 to 4f
high, straight, smooth, stout, bearing at top a large, round umbel of greenish-
white fls. Universaljy cultivated for the kitchen.
(3. PROLiFERUM. ToP OxiON. Umbels bulbiferous and proliferous, i.e., pro-
ducing secondary bulbs and plants at top, with few flowers or none.
10. AGAPANTHUS, L'llerit. (Gr. dyanri, love, dvOog ; a flower to
be loved.) Perianth funnel-forin, regular, 6-parted ; stamens 6, adnate
to the base of the tube, curved upwards ; ovary free ; style filiform,
curved at the end ; stigma entire ; capsule 3-lobed, 3-celled, many-
seeded. — Rt. tuberous. Lvs. radical, thick, linear. Scape thick, bear-
ing an umbel with a 2-leaved involucre.
A. umbell^tuB L'Her. Lvs. linear ; umbel many-flowered ; pedicels as long
as the perianth. — A fine, showy plant for the parlor or greenhouse, easily reared
in pots. Scape 2f or more hijii, with an umbel of numerous fls. of a rich blue,
f S. Africa.
il. HYACINTHUS, L. Hyacinth. (Hyacinthus of Grecian fable,
was killed by Zephyrus, 2iiid transformed into this flower.) Perianth
tubular campanulate, regular, 6-cleft, segments spreading-recurved ;
stamens 6, adherent to the tube, free at ape.x ; ovary free ; cells of the
capsule about 2-seeded. — Herbs acaulescent, from a coated bulb. Fls.
racemed.
H. orientdlis L. Perianth funnel-form, half 6-cleft, ventricous at the base. —
2^ A well-known flower, long prized and cultivated. Lvs. thick, linear-lance-
olate, 3 to 5' long. Scape twice as long as the leaves, thick, bearing a raceme of
numerous blue flowers which are often doiible. Tho tube is enlarged at base by
the roundish ovary within it. Stam. adherent a third the length of the tube,
deeply included. Segments oblong, obtuse, recurved, rather shorter than the
tube. Mar., Apr. f Levant. — Varies with fls. white, pink, red, etc.
12. MUSCA^RI, Tourn. Grape Hyacinth. Perianth tube ventri-
cous, ovoid or campanulate, throat constricted, limb of 6 very short,
obtuse, spreading segments, sometimes with a crown. Otherwise as in
Hyacinthus.
1 M. racemdsum L. Fls. fragrant, roundish-ovoid, nodding-, lvs. linear,
channeled, arcuate-recurved, flaccid. — Gardens. Soape terete, 4 to 6' high, shorter
Obder 148.— LILIACE^.
1U
than the leaves. Pis. about 2" long, fragrant. Tube deep blue, limb white,
much smaller, f Eur. — Varies to white. (Bolryanthue 'C.)
l3. PLUMATiLis. Rac. changed (by cult.) to a diffuse, feathery, sterile panicle.
2 M. botryoides L. Fls. inodorous, subglobous, nodding ; Ivs. linear-lan-
ceolate, narrowed below, channeled, erect. — Flortrers nearly a month later thaft
the other, f Eur. — Varies with fls. azure, pale, white, roseate. (Botryanthus K.)
3 M. moBoh^tum Willd. Fls. fragrant (musk-like), ovoid, subinflated, thront
constricted just below the short, spreading, 6-lobed limb, and bearing a small 0-
lobed crown; tube persistent, bluish green or greenish violet, the limb yellowish;
Ivs. fleshy, linear; rac. dense. — Gardens, f Asia.
13. ASPHOD'ELUS, L. Asphodel. (Gr. a, privative, a(f>akX(o, to
surpass ; a flower not surpassed in beauty.) Perianth 6-parted, spread-
ing; stamens 6, deelinate and upcurved, their bases dilated into as
many valves covering the free ovary ; capsule globular, 3-celled, cells
2-seeded. — 2i Rt. fasciculate. Lvs. radical, subulate. St. scape-like,
erect.
1 A. IClteuB L. Yellow Asphodel. St. simple, leafy ; lvs. 3-cornered. — A
plant of easy culture and rapid increase. St. 3f high, thickly invested with .3-oor-
nered, hollow leaves. Fls. yellow, in a long spike, reaching from the top almost
to the base of the stem. Jn. f Sicily.
2 A. ramdsuB L. "White Asphodel. «Si/. naked, branched; ped. alternate,
longer than bract; lvs. ensiform, carinate, smooth. — Gardens. Not so tall as the
preceding, but with larger, white fls. Jn. -f S. Eur.
14. HEMEROCAL'LIS, L. Day Lily. (Gr. rjnepa^ a day, KaXXog,
beauty.) Perianth funnel-shaped, regular, deciduous; limb 6-parted,
veined, spreading; stamens 6, inserted in the throat, curved upwards;
ovary free ; style slender, curved like the stamens and longer, stigma
entire ; capsule with 3 few-seeded cells. — 2i Root %sciculate. St. leafy,
erect. Lvs. linear, striate, keeled. Fls. large, xanthic, solitary or
racemed.
1 H. fulva L. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, carinate ; pet. obtuse, wavy ; veins of sep.
branched. — Naturalized in some parts of this country. A well-known, showy,
border flower. Leaves very numerous, mostly radical, an inch wide and a foot or
more long. Scape round, thick, naked, smooth, branching, 3f high. Flowers
very large, liliaceous, of a tawny red. Style striate. July. •}■ Levant.
2 H. flava L. Lvs. broad-linear, carinate ; segments flat, acute ; veins of the
sepals undivided. — A foot high. Flowers a bright yellow, much smaller than those
of H. fulva. Scape branching. Jl. f Siberia.
15. FUN'KIA, Spreng. White Day Lily. {¥ov Henri/ Funk , a Gor-
man cryptogamist.) Perianth funnel shaped, deciduous; stamens 6,
hypogynous, and with the style declinate-curved ; capsule 3-celled,
elongated, 3-angled ; seeds many, 2-rowed, winged at end. — 21 Root
fasciculate. Lvs. all rad;<;al, ovate or oblong, petiolate. Scape racemed
above. Fls. large, cyanic.
1 p. ovata Spr. Lvs. broad-ovate, subcordate, acuminate; rac. many-flow-
ered ; fls. funnel-form, soon nodding ; bracts ovate, acuminate, twice longer tlian
the pedicel. — Gardens. Lvs. large, very smooth, veined, on long petioles. Seapo
If high. Fls. white. Jn. f Japan. (Hemerocallis Jrponica Thunb.) — Varies
with violet-colored flowers.
2 F. Bubcord^ta Spr. Lvs. ovate-cordate, acuminate ; rac. few-flowered ; fls.
nodding, with a very long tube ; bracts much longer than the pedicel. — Gardens.
Fls. white, very fragrant, f Japan.
3 F. albo-margindta Hook. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, eleganily margined with
white; rac. short, with remote, deelinate fls. ; bracts ovate, all equal, twice longer
■I'i
I i
i s i W
M' '
714
Order 148.— LILIACE^
than the pedicels. — Gardens, rare,
lines, f Japan.
Fla. lilac, variegated with white and purple
16. POLYGONATUM, Toum. True Solomon's Seal. (Gr. ttoXv^,
many, yovv, knee; from the many-jointed rhizome.) Perianth tubular,
limb short, 6-lobed, erect; stamens 6, inserted near and above the
middle of the tube, included ; ostwy free, 3-celled, cells 2 to 6-ovuled ;
style slender, included; berry globular, 3 to 6-seeded. — 11 Rhizome
liorizontal, thick. St. erect or curving, leafy above. FIs. axillary, pen-
dent, greenish white.
P. multifidrum Desf. St. recurved, smooth ; Ivs. distichous, lanceolate, amplexi-
caul, smooth above; peduncles axillary, 1 to 4-fiovvered. — if In woods, frto States
and Can. Stem 1 to 3f high, most recurved in the tallest plants. Leaves more
or less clasping at base, or only sessile in the smallest plants, 2\ to 6' by 1 to 2^',
veined, smooth and glossy above, paler and generally pubescent beneath. Pfdun-
cles filiform, branching, scarcely a fifth as long as the leaves. Flowers 5 — 8"
long, pendulous, greenish, sub-cylindric. Berries dark blue or blackish when
ripe. Apr. — Jn.
a. Lvs. very amplexicaul, smooth both sides, distinctly veined ; peduncles
elongated, the lower 4-flowerod ; fil. puberulent. — In rich damp soils. This
var. is common to Europe I and America ! (P. augustifolium Ph. P. biflo-
rum Ell.)
p. PUB^SCENS. Lvs. pubescent beneath, glaucoiis, sliglitly clasping ; st. 1 to 2f
high ; fls. as short as the peduncles. — Common in N. England.
y. oiGANTEi'M. Tall, green and glabrous throughout; lvs. partly clasping;
ped. 2 to G-flowered. — In rieli alluvion. S' to 7f high. (P. caniculatum
Ph.)
6. LATiFoLiUM. Pubescent above; lvs. ovate-oblong, upper surface glabrous,
base sessile or somewhat pelioled. — Middle States. St. 2 to 4f high. (P.
latifolium Muhl. P. hirtum. Ph.)
17. CONYALLA'RIA, L. Lily of the Valley. (Lf.;,. conrallis, a
valley; the locality of some species.) Perianth campanulate, of 6 united
segments, lobes of the limb recurved; stamens 6, included, perigynous;
ovary 3-celled, 1-styled, cells 4 to 6-ovuled; berry few-seeded. — 21
Rhizome creeping, slender. Lvs. radical, and scape very smooth, low,
bearing a secund raceme of white, drooping fls.
C. maj^lia L. An elegant, sweet-scented plant, native of mountain woods, "Va.
to Ga., also of Europe, and is, or deserves to be, a frequent inljabitant of our gar-
dens. Lvs. 2, seldom 3, ovate-elliptical. Scapo 6' liigh, with the small, elegant
flowers depending from its upper half in a single rank. May.
18. CLINTO'NIA, Raf. (In honor of Gov. De Witt Clinton, of N. Y.)
Perianth campanulate, of 6 equal, distinct segments ; stamens 6, hypo-
gynous, anthers linear-oblong; ovary oblong, 2 (rarely 3)-celled ; style
olongated ; berry (blue) 2-celIed, cells 2 to 10-seeded. — 21 Rhizome
creeping. Lvs. all radical, few (2 to 6), broad. Scape naked, bearing
an umbel.
1 C. bore^lis Raf. Northern Clintonia. Lvs. broad-oval-lanceolate ; fls. 2 to
5 in the bractless umbel, cermwtts ; berry -cells many-seeded. — Mountainous or hilly
wood, Can., N. Eng. to Car., W. to the Miss. Rhizome creeping to some extent.
Lvs. 4 to 7' long, J as wide, petiolate, radical or nearly so, smooth and glossy,
fringed with scattered hairs. Scape erect, round, 8 to 13' high, bearing at top a
beautiful umbel of 3 to 6, yellowish-green, nodding fls. Perianth lilinceous, of 6
oblanceolate, erect-spreading segm. Berries of a rich aiuothystine blue. (Con-
vallaria Poir.)
2 C. multifldra Beck. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, pubescent beneath ; umbel many
(12 io 30yflowered, bracied ; fls. erect or spreading -, berry cells 2-seeded. — Woodsy
Order U^.— LILIAOK.K
715
Cbatauque Co., N. T. ^Torrey) to Car. aloug tlie AUeghaniea. Lva. 6 to 9' by 1
to 2', scarcely acuminate, striiu .'. Scape 8 to 10' liigb, pubescent. Umbel corytu-
bous, with the fls. small (4 to 5' long), white, spotted nith purple inaide, odorouH.
Jn. (Convallaria umbellata Poir.)
19. SNILACI'NA, Desf. Solomon's Seal. (Lat. diminutive of
smilax, but with no good reason.) Perianth of 6 equal, spreading
segments united at the base ; stamens 6, slender, perigynous, anthers
short ; ovary globous, 3-celled (rarely 2-celled), with 2 ovules in each
cell; style short, thick; berry gibbons, pulpy, 1 to 3-seedud. — li Rhi-
zome creeping, thick or slender. St. leafy, bearing a terminal cluster
of white fls.
S Unceine compounil. Stamens longer thnn the perianth. Ovulos collateral No. 1
S Kuueine simple. Stamens shorter than the perianth, Ovules one above the other. ..Nos. 2, 8
1 S. racemdsa Desf. Clustered Solomon's Seal. St. recurved; jvs. oval,
acuminate, subaesailo; rac. compound. — Copses, coimnon, Car. and IJ. S. Rhi-
zome thick, sweetish to the taste. Stem 18' — 2f high, downy, ahvay.s gracefully
recurved at top. Lvs. 4 to C long, a third as wide, voiuod, sharply a. uniitiate.
minutely downy. Petioles to 2" long. Fls. very many, small, white in all their
parts, in an oval panicle of racemes. Berries red, dotted, subpellucid, as large asj
peas. Apr. — Jn. (Convallaria, L.)
2 S. stell^ta Desf. St. erect; lvs. many, lanceolate, acute, ampkxicaul ; fls. few,
in a simple raceme. — Along rivers. Can. and Northern States, W. to the Miss.
St. 10 to 20' high, round and smooth. Lvs. 8 to 10, glabrous, glaucous beneath,
4 to 6' by 9 to 12", tapering gradually to the apex. Bis. wliite, about 8, 4' diam.
Segm. lance-oblong, obtuse, twice longer than the stamens. Berries nearly black.
May, Jn. (Asteranthemura Kunth.)
3 S. trifoli^ta Desf. Erect; lvs. 3 or 4, oval-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, ara-
plexicaul ; rac. terminal, simple. — A delicate little species in mountain-.swampa,
Can., N. Eng. (rare), W. to Wis. St. 3 to 5' high, pubescent, angular. Lvs. 2
to 3^' long, a fifth to a third as wide, somewhat acuminate. Fls. 4 to 10, on
pedicels 2 to 7" long, white. Segm. obtuse, liually reflexed, a third longer than
the stamens. Ovary often but 2-celled, with 2 stigmas. Berry 2 or 3-seeded,
dark red. May. (Convallaria, L. Asteranthemura Kuuth.)
20. MAJAN'THEMUM, Mcench. Two-leaved Solomon's Seal.
(Gr. Mala, a mountain nymph, dvOefiov, a flower.) . Perianth of 4 ovate,
obtuse, spreading segments united at base ; stamens 4 ; ovary 2-celled ;
otherwi as in Smilacina. — Rhizome creeping. St. bearing 2 or 3 lvs.
^. '' ' . ct imple terminal raceme.
M. bliuxium DC. A small plant frequent upon the edges of woodlands, Can., N.
Eng., W. to Wis. St. angular, about 6' high. Lvs. 2, rarely 3, about 2' long, ^
as wide, ovate, distinctly cordate, sessile, or the lowest on a petiole. Rac. erect,
an inch long, consisting of 12 to 20 white fls. Berry small, round, and when
mature pale red, si^eckled with deep purple. May.
21. ASPAR'AGUS, L. (The ancient Greek name.) Perianth 6-
parted, segments erect, slight spreading above ; stamens 6, perigynous ;
style very short ; stigmas 3 ; berry 3-celled, cells 2-seeded. — 2^ P'
fibrous, matted. Sts. with very narrow lvs. and small fls.
A. officinalis L. St. herbaceous, unarmed, very branching, erect ; lvs. setace^yus,
flexible, fasciculate. — E^caped from gardens and naturalized on rocky sliores. St.
2 to 4f high. Lvs. filiform, ^ to 1^ long, pale pea-green. Fls. axillary, solitary
or in pairs. Berries globous, red. It ia one of the oldest and most delicate culi-
nary vegetables, was no less praised in ancient Rome, by Pliny, Cato and other
writers, than at the present day. Diuretic. Jl. § Eur.
22. STREPTO'PUS, Mx. Twist-foot. (Gr. (7rpe0w, to turn, ttov^,
foot ; a twisted footstalk or peduncle.) Perianth 6-parted, campanu-
Ylfl
Order 148.— LIUACE^.
late ; segments with a nectariferous pore at the base of each ; anthers
longer 'na' the filaments ; stigma very short ; berry roundish, 3-celled ;
seeds few, hilum with a very slender raphe. — 2^ St. branched. Fis.
axillary, solitary, generally with the peduncle distorted, or abruptly
bent near the middle.
1 S. rdseus Mx. Smooth ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, clasping, margin serrulate-ciliate ;
under surface green like the upper ; pedicels short, gouerally distorted in the mid-
dle ; segments spreading at apox ; anth. sfutrt, 2-horned ; stig, trijid. — Can. to Car.
and Tenn, A common spmes, native of woods. Stem a foot or more high,
round, dichotomously branching. Leaves 2 — 4 long, ^ as wide, ending in a
slender point, smooth, but conspicuously edged with minute, rough hairs.
Flowers reddish, spotted, sus'^ended beneath the branches, one Mnder each
loaf. Jn.
2 S. amplescifdliuB DC. Smooth ; Ivs. oblong-ovate, clasping, smooth and en-
tire on the margin, glauccmt beneath , pedicels solitary, geniculate and distorted in
the middle ; sep. long-acuminate, reflexed ; avJk. sagittate, acute-pointed, entire;
stig. truncate. — Can. and Mid. States. Native of ivoods. Stem round, dichofo-
mous, 2f high. Leaves 2 to 3' long, \ as wide, very smooth. Peduncles oppo-
site the leaf, twisted and bent downwards each with a bell-form, drooping flower
gibbous at base, of a pale straw-color. Fruit oblong, red, many-seeded. Jn. (S.
distortus Mx. Uvularia L.)
23. PROSAR'TES, Don. (Gr. rrpoaaprw^), to suspend ; alluding to
the pendulous flowers.) Perianth as in Uvularia ; stamens 6, perigy-
nous, included, with long, filiform filaments; ovary 3-celled, with 2 sus-
f>en(led ovules in each cell; style elongated, trifid ; berry roundish ob-
ong, 3 to G-seeded. — 21 St. erect, with divergent branches, scattered,
sessile, ovate, thin, pubescent Ivs. and drooping, terminal, greenish-
purple fls.
P. lanugindsa Don. Lvs. ovate-oblong, acuminate, cordate or rounded at the
clasping base, pubescent beneath ; pedicels in pairs ; perianth segm. linear-
lanceolate; style smooth. — Mts. N. Y, to Car., W. to Or. St. 12 to 18' high,
2 or 3 times forked above. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, veined. Pedicels 6 to 8'' long,
downy. Fls. spreading-bell-shaped, segm. near 6" long. Berry red. May.
24. UVULA'RIA, L. Bell-wort. (Lat. uvula, the palate; the
flower depends like that organ.) Perianth connivent-campanulate, de-
ciduous, deeply 6-partcd ; segments linear-oblong, acute, erect, with a
nectariferous cavity at the base of each ; filaments very short, scarcely
perigynous ; anthers linear, half as long as the petals ; style trifid ;
capsule 3-celled ; seeds few, w ith a very tumid raphe. — Lvs. alternate
Fls. solitary, terminal, becoming axillary, nodding.
Leaves perfoliate near the base.
Leaves sessile or lialf-closping.
Capsule obovoid-triangtilar, truncate Nos. 1, 2
Capsule ovoid or oval-tritinjiular ; . .Nos. 3, 4
1 U. perfoliata L. Mealy Bellwort. Lvs. perfoliate, elliptical, subacute;
perianth subeampanulate, tuberculate-scabrotis within, segm. acute ; anths. cuspidate ;
caps, truncate. — y Can. and U. S. A handsome, smooih plant, in woods. Stem
10 — 14' high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near their bases, and dividin.-
into 2 branches at top. Leaves 2 — 3' by 5 — 1', rounded at the base, acute at
apex. Flower pale j'ellow, pendulous. Segments linear-lanceolate, IJ' long,
twisted, covered within with sliining grains. Anthers £' long. May. (U. flava
Smith.)
2 IT. grandifldra Smith. Lvs. perfoliate, elliptic-oblong, acute ; fl. terminal, soli-
tary, pendulous ; segments acuminate, smooth within and without ; anth. obtuse. —
U Can. and U. S. Larger than either of the foregoing. In woods. Stem 12 —
15 inches high, passing through the perfoliate leaves near their bases, dividing
into 2 branches at top, one of which bears the large, yellow, pendulous flower
OfcnEB 149.— MKLANTHACEiB.
Ill
Leaves ftlno^t BCumHiate, rounded at base. Anthers }' long. May. — Readil;^
di-stiii^uished by the smooth petula.
U. aessilifdlia L. Wild Oats. Lis. sessile, lance-oval, glaucous beneath ; caps.
$tiped, oi'u/-triaugnlar. — U C"Q. and U. S. A common .speciea, found in woods
and in >^ra.ss lands. Stem smooth, slender, 6 — 10' high, dividing at thu top into 3
brandies, one bearing leaves only, the other, leaves and a liower. Leaves smooth
and delicate, dark green above, paler beneath, 1 — lA long. The flower is cylia-
dric, near an inch long-, yellowish-wliite, of 6, long, linear petals. May.
U. pub^rula Mx. Lvs. amplexicaul and rounded at base. oval, of the sa/rM
shining green both sides, puberuknl along the mjirgins, as well as the stem ; peri-
aoth segm. acute, smooth both sides ; capsule sessile (no stipe), ovoid. — Mts. Va
to Car. St. 8 to 12' high. Fls. yellowish-white, larger than in U. sessilifolia.
Order CXLIX. MELANTHACE^. Melanths.
Serbs perennial, sometimes bulbous, often poisonous, with parallel-veined leaves,
perianth double, regular, persistent, of 6 consiniilar, green or colored segments,
stamens 6, with extrorse anthers, 3 distinct styles and a free, 3-cc'lled ovary, capsule
3-celled, 3-partible or septicidal, and seeds few or many with a thin seed coat.
Figs. 61, 62, 464.
Genera 80, tiperien 180, rather generally diffused in northern countries.
PropertieN.—The order Is generally pervaded by diastic, narcotic an<l poisonous qualities, most
powerful in Veratruni and Colchicuin. Tlie conns and secils of tiie latter are the most impor-
tant medicinal products of the order. Their virtue i.s due to an alkaline principle called venu
triu, which is found in this genus, as well as in most of the otliers.
GENERA.
I Anthers 1-celled, extrorso, cordate, becoming peltate by opening. (•)
* Inflorescence paniculate, or a raceme somewhat branched at base, (a)
a Sepiils glandular at base inside, clawed. Stamens pcrigynous Melantiiu-m. 1
a Sepals glandular at base inside, clawed. Stamens hypogynous Ziuadeki'a. 3
a Sepals not gland bearing. Stamens perigynous Veratbum. 8
* Inflorescence racemous, with white flowers. Stamens perigynous Amianthitm. 4
* Inflorescence spicate, with green flowers. Stamens hypogynous Scua;nocaulos. 5
f Anthers 2-celled, extrorse. Capsule loculicidal. Flowers racemous. (b)
b Flowers perfect. Filaments dilated at base. Ovary cells 2-ovuled Xkropiiyllum. 6
b Flowers perfect. Filaments filiform. Ovary cells 00 -ovuled H eloni as. 7
b Flowers dicecious, white. Stem leafy Ciiam^libiu-m. 8
§ Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Capsule septicidal. Flowers racemous, (c)
C Stamens 6. Flowers greenish or yellowish, 9 to 40 Tofieldia. 9
Stamens 9 to 12. Flowers deep yellow, 6 to 9, mostly 6 • I'leea. 10
1. MELAN'THIUM, Gronov. (Gr. ^ttXa^, black, dvdog, flower; a
false name if applied to the yellowish flowers.) Flowers moiiceciously
polygamous; perianth rotate, 6-parted, segments oblong, acutish, cor-
date or auricled, and with 1 or 2 glandular, brownish spots at basi'j
the claws bearing the stamens; ovary often abortive, capsule exsertod,
subovoid, trifid at the summit and tipped with 3 persistent styles ; seols
broadly winged. — St. erect, thickened at base, bearing an open pyrami-
dal panicle of simple racemes. Lvs. lanceolate, varying to linear.
M. Virginicum L. Wet meadows and margins of swamps, "Wis. to N. T. and
Fla. St. 3 to 4f high, leafy. Lvs. about a foot long, 6'' to 2' wide, sessile, on a
contracted and subclasping base. Fls. about 8" broad, on short pedicels, arranged
in simple, alternate racemes, and together constituting a pyramidal panicle 10 to
15' in length. Lower fls. generally sterile. Jl, Aug
(3. HYBRiDUM. Lower lvs. lanceolate and lauco-ovaL — A larger growth. (M.
hybridum B. & S.)
2. ZIGA.DE^NUS, Mx. Zioadenk. (Or. ^evyog, a pair, ddTjv, a gland.)
Perianth deeply 6-parted, spreading, colored, each segment with 2 glands
718
Oewsr 149.— MKLAxVTHACEJlJ:
above its contracted base ; stamens inserte<l in contact with the ovary ;
capsule membranous, 3-cellecl, many-seeded, sopticiilul ; seeds scarcely
winged. — H- St. simple, panirulate above, smooth and glaucous, as wel)
as the linear Ivs. Fls. greenish.
1 Z. glab^rrimus Mx. Bhizome creeping ; Ivs. linear, chunneled, recurved ; pan-
icle pyramidal ; bracts ovate, acuminate; segin. of the perianth acuminate, yluuds
2 on the claw of each. — S. States. St. 2 to 3t' high. Lower Ivs. about 10' long,
upper ones graduallv diminishing, all concave and tapering to a point. Panicle
tormiiiai, loose, consisting of many greenisli-wliite lis Sep. ovato-laneeolate, free
from the stamen.-', the 2 glands orbicular, distinct and conspicuous. Jn.
2 Z. glailcUB Nutt. St. bulfwiis, nearly naked; Ivs. shorter than the stem, linear,
rathiT obtuse ; panicle ni/np' ; brads lanceolate, shorter than the pedicels ; sey-
ments oral m- ob^-vate, obtuse, eac. tuith an obcordate gland. — Sandy shores, Cai". to
N. Y. and Wis. Stem 10 — 15' higli. Leaves glaucous, upper gradually reduced
to bracts. Raceme subsimple, sometimes a little compound at base. Flowers
few (10 — 20), greenish-wliite, on pcJicels 1' long, the segments with the 2 glands
united. Capsule oblong-ovoid, carpels divergent at apo.Y, 6 — 8-seedod. Jl., Aug.
3 Z. leimanthoides Gray. Rt.fibroiis; Ivs. linear, flat; pan. simple, tiio terminal
raeeint> elongated ; segments obovate, with a glandular spot at base, and longer than
tiie linear styles; sds. winged at the apex, lanceolate, compre.«sed. — N. J. to Liv
Stem roundish, 2 — If high, tlie lower leaves about half as long, palo green, acute.
Flowers white, on liliform pinlicels, linally recurved. Segments of the perianth
obtuse, a little shorter than the capillary lilaments. July.
3. VERATRUM, Tourn. False IIklleuoue. (Lat. vere, atrum,
truly black ; alluding to the dark color of the flowers or root.) Flowers
by abortion <5 ^ ? ; segments of tiie perianth united at base, ])ctaloid.
spreading, sessile and without glands ; stamens 6, sliorter than the ])eri-
anth. and inserted on its base ; ovaries 3, united at base, often abortive ;
styles short ; capsule 3-lobed, 3-partible, oo-seeded. — Rt. Ivs. alternate.
Fls. paniculate.
8 Stem Btout and very lonfy tlirouphout. Sepals lanceolate, acuminate Nn. 1
§ Stem slender, nearly naked. — Sepals obtusisli. Leaves oval anil lanceolate Nos. '2, 3
— Sepals acuminate. Leaves linear No. 4
1 V. vfride Ait. Lvs. lance-oval, acuminate ; st. stout and very leafy ; panicle
compound, racemous; bracts oblong-lanceolate, bracteoles longer than the downy
pedicels. — Can. to Ga. A large-leaved, coarse- looking plant, of our meadows and
swamps. Root large, fleshy, with numerous long flbers. Stem 2— 4f high, stri-
ate and pubescent. Leaves strongly veined and plaited, the lower near a foot
long and half as wide, sheathing at the base. Flowers numerous, green, in many
axillary (or bracted) racemes, which together form a very large, pyramidal, ter-
minal panicle. July. Root emetic and stimulant, but poisonous. (V. album Mx.)
2 V. Woodii Robbins. Indiana Veratrum. Lvs. niostly radical, lanceolate
and linear-lanceolate, glabrous, veined and plicate, acute tapering to a long';
winged, sheathing petiole ; st. or scape terete, tall, erect, with remote, lance-
linear bracts ; panicle simple, slender, pyramidal, many-flowered ; fls. S 5 , snh-
sess/te; segnienti oblanceolate, sessile i^he stamens nearly free and of equal length)
dark lyroionLsh-purple within. — Woods, Green Co., la.. 111. (Mead) and Iowa (Cous-
ens). Root fasciculate. Loaves 10 — IG' long (including the 4—8' petiole), 2 — 4'
wide. Bracts 1 — '.i' long. Scape 3 — Gf high, paniculate ^ its length. Flowers
9 ' diam., almost black, with red stamens, upper and lower sterile. Ovary oblong,
crowned with 3 spreading styles half its length. Seeds compressed, winged with
the broiid, loose, membranous testa. July. —Very dillerent from the next.
3 V. parvifldrum Mx. Lvs. mostly radical, oval and lance-oval, glabrous,
scarcely plicate, contracted at base into winged petioles; stem scape-like, terete,
bracted • panicle elongated, very loose, with flliform branches ; fls. dingy green, on
filiform pedicels, segin. lance-spatulate, unguiculate, the claws bearing the stamens,
toJiich are scarcely half as long. — Blue Ridge, Va. (Miss Carpenter) to the Mts. of
i^.l
Obpkb 149.— MELANTHACE^.
719
G'l. I.V8. shorter and broador than in No. 2. St. 2 to 5f liiijh. Fls. very open,
6 ' diaiii., sometimes all sterile. Jl. (Melaiithiutn nionoicuiu Walt.)
4 V. angUBtifolium Ph. Guass-leavkd Veuatkum. Lvs. narrowly iiixjar,
Mat. very long, lowest obtu.se, upper ones diinitiishiiij,' to subulate bnicts; Hs. in a
^lender panicle of racfmes, those of the terminal raceme (except a few of the
higliest) perfect and fertile, those of the lateral racemes mo.stly sterile ; segments
narrowly lanceolate, subulate, acuminate. — A very dlend(.'r, giass-liko species, in
woods, W. States to the Mts. of Car. Stem. ;{f liig'i, with green i.sh- white flowers.
Leaves 1 — 2f by '2 — ;{'', half-dusping. Panicle l^f long, pedicels shorter thin
the flowers, each with a very minute bract. June, July. (Stenanthium, Gray.)
4. AWIAN'THIUM, Gray. Fly-poibon. (Or. dfxiuvTo^, pure, iinniac-
nlate ; dv&oc ; alluding to the white flowers.) Flowers $ ; perianth
segments scarcely united at base, petaloid, spreading, sessile and with-
out glands ; st.ini. 6, hypogynous, as long as the segments ; anthers
roniform ; ovaries 3, more or less united ; caps. 3 lobe.l, 3-partible ; car-
])els follicular, 1 — 4-sci^ded ; testa of the seeds loose, at length fleshy, —
1 lerbs with scapiform steins, grass-like leaves, and a raceme of numerous,
white, long-pedicelcd fls., turning green with age.
1 A. muBcaetozicum G ray. St. bulbous ; lvs. flat, lovjer broad-linear, obtuse, up-
per reduced to bracts; rac. simple; scgnitnts ublomj, obtuse, shorter than the sta.-
ine,ns; pedicels lililbrm ; carpels di.stinct al)ovo; sty. divergent; seeds ovoid, reil.
— Shady swamps, N. J., Penn. and Southern States. Stem 1 — 2f iiigh. Leaves
mo/<tly radical, about If long. Raceme 2 to 4', rarely longer, dense-flowored,
pedicels 6 — 9" long. Perianth and stamens white, tlie latter rather the longest.
Carpels iniited only at base, the sinnmits horn-Iikc and diverging. Seeds rather
large, scarlet-red when ripe. Apr. — Jn. (lielouiaa erytlirosperma Mx.)
2 A. angustifolium Gray. St. slender, scarcely bulbous; lvs. narrowly linear,
tuptrlng to a lomj, acute point; rac. simi)le; sep. oval, acutish, scarcely longer tJian
the stamens; sty. filiform, contiguous; seeds linear. — Damp pine woods, Car. to
(Bainbridge, Ga., and) Fla. St. 2 to 3f high. Lv.s. 9 to 18' long, 2 to 3" wide,
.somewliat keeled. Rac. 3 to 5' long, 1' diam. Ped. ascending. Anth. yellow,
twice smaller than in No. 1. Plant of a deep green. Apr. — Jn.
5. SCH^NOCAu LON, Gray. (Gr. nxolvog, a rush, KavXo^, caulis.)
Perianth herbaceous, of 6 linear-oblong, siiberect, persistent sepals ;
stamens 6, hypogynous, nmch fxserted, witli large, reniform, 1 celled
anthers; ovaries 3, slightly conjoined; stigmas 3. — Herb bulbous,
acaulescent, glabrous, with the lvs. all radical, very long and narrow,
sedge-like, and a very slender scape. Fls. in a slender spike.
S. grdcile Gray. Sandy soib-, Ga. and Fla. Scapes 2 to 3f high, lvs. half as
long. Spiko 2 to 4', witli i)alo green Us. Fr. yet unknown. Apr., May.
6. XEROPHYL'LUM, M.x. (Gr. ^rjpog, dry, (/)uaaov, leaf) Flowers
^ ; leaflets of the perianth oval, spreading, petuloid, sessile, and with-
out glt»nds ; stamens 6, filaments dilated and contiguous at base ; ovary
jiubglobous; styles 3, linear, revolute; capsule subglobous, 3-lobed, 3-
celled, cells 2-8eeded. — Herbs with lunnerous dry, setaceous leaves, the
lower longer, rosidately reclined, the upper gradually redu'jed. Rac,
simple, with white, showy fls.
X. asphodeloideB Nutt. Sandy plains, N. J. to Car. St. ? to 5f high, very
leaty. Radical lvs. If long, very narrow, crowded and cjespitcus. Fls. in a long,
dense, showy raceme. Segm. spreading 5 ', obtuse. Pedicels 1'' or more longf,
bractless at base, but with 2 bractlets above the biwo. Jn.
7. HELO^NIAS, L. (Gr. tXo^, a marsh ; where some species grow.)
Flowers ^ ; perianth 6-parted, spreading, petaloid, the segments sessilcd
' ^'
■a
T20
Ordek 149.— MELANTHACE^.
persistent, without glands ; stamens 6, liypogynous, at length longer
than the perianth, anthers short, oval ; styles 3, distinct ; capsule 3-
celled, 3-liorned ; cells loculicidal, many-seeded. — Lvs. mostly radical,
narrow, often gramineous, sheathing at base. Fls. in a terminal, simple
raceme.
H. buUdta L. N. J., Penn. to Va. Scape 10 to 18 high, rather thick and
lit'shy, hollow, nearly naked. Lvs. lance-spatulate, about as long aa the scape, 1
to l|' wide. Rac. short. Pedicels as long as the flowers, colored. Fls. purple,
segm. obtuse, with blue anthers. May. (H. latifolia Ph.)
8. CHAM.£LIR'IUM, Willd. (Gr. X"'}'''^\ on the ground, keipiov, a
2ily.) Flowers ditecious; perianth 6-sepaled, spreading, persistent;
sepals narrow; filumeits 6, perigynous, filiform, longer than the sepals
(short in the $ ) ; ovary free, with 3 distinct styles ; capsule oblong,
loculicidal ; seeds many, linear-oblong, winged at each end.— Rt. tuber-
ous, premorse. St. leafy, strict, slender. Lvs. lanceolate, the radical
oblanceolatc and obovate-obtuse. Rac. spike-like, nodding, dense-
flowered, yellowish-white.
C. Iflteum Gray. Blazing Star. Low grounds, Can. and U. S. St, 12 to 30'
higli, furrowed. Radical lvs. 3 to 5' by G to 12", in a sort of whorl. Fls. small,
very numerous, in long, terminal, spicate racemes, which are more slender on the
barren plants. Ovaries as long aa the hnear petals, subtriangular. Caps 3-fur-
rowed, oblong, tapering to the base, opening at tho top. The fertile plants tuo
taller, more erect, bat with fewer flowers. Apr. — Jn. (Helonias dioica Ph.)
9. TOFIELD'IA, Hudson. (To Mr. Tofield, a Scotch gentleman, re-
siding near Doncaster.) Flowers ^ , calyculate, with 3 remotish, united
bracts ; Ifts. of the perianth petaloid, spreading, sessile, and without
glands ; sta. 6 ; anth. roundish-cordate, introrse ; ^varies 3, united ;
styles distinct, short ; ova. 3-lobcd, 3-partible ; capsule oo-seeded. —
Lvs. equitant, subradical. Scape not bulbous. Fls. spicate or race-
mous.
§ I'edicels clustered in .Ss. Stems Bcabrons-glnndiilar Noe. 1, 2
§ I'edicels sejiarate. 8teiu glabrous No. 3
1. T. glutinosa Nutt. (S<. leafy below, gland ular-seabroua, simple; lvs. a fourth
the leuijth of the stem, lineiir-ensifbrm, glabrous, obtme ; rac. oblong, few-Jtoweied,
clode, composed of 3-flowered, alternate fascicles ; caps, longer than the perianth.
— Woods, Ohio to Wise, N. to Arc. Am. Stem slender, scape-like, 1 — l^f, dot.
ted with dark-colored glands. Leaves 3 — G' by 3 — G' , carinate. Spicate raoem«
1 — IJ' long, 9 — 18-flowered. Involucre truncate, 3-toothed, a little below tht
perianth. Petals and sepals oblauceolate, less than 2' long, carpels 4".
2. T. pClbens Dryand. St. leafy at base, rough-puberulent ; lvs. nearly lialf th{
lenyth of the stem, linear-ensiform, strongly striate, acuto, glabrous ; rac. Untar.
elongated, composed of many remotish, alternate faficicles ; pedicels 2 to 3 togetlier,
as long aa tho Ilowers ; fls. 3-bracted at base ; capsule scarcely exceeding the
perianth. — Pino barrens, Del. to Fla. St. 2 to 3f higii, slender. Lvs. more tlian
twice longer than in No. 1. Rac. 6 to 8' long, 30 to ^0-flowered. Fie. small,
greenish-white. Jl. — Sept.
3 T. glabra Nutt. St. leafy below, glabrous ; lvs. nearly as in No. 2 ; rac.
elongated, dense, with the pedicels separate (not clustered), scarcely longer than
tlieir bracts ; carpels distinct to near the bivso; etig. sessile. — Car. to Ark., in wet
grounds. St. 1 to 3f high. Rac. 2 to 5' long, 20 to 30-flowerod. Seeds uuear-
oblong, not caudate.
10. PLEE'A, L. C. Rich. (Gr. 7rA«ac, the Pleiades; its flowers.)
I'crianth colored, persistent, 6-sepaloil, stelbtely spreading; staiuetw
Okdeu 150.— POXTEDERIACEtE.
721
to 1 2, hypogynous, longer than the sepals ; anthers introrse ; styles 3 ;
capsule 3-partible, oo-seeded. — 21 Herb glabrous, with a slender, rush.
like stern, dry, rush-like Ivs., and a raceme of 6 to 9 yellow lis.
P. tenuifolia Rich. Bogs, N. Car. (Curtis), S. Car. (Michx.) St. 1 to 2f high,
from red, fibrous roots. Lvs. perennial-green, very narrow, sheathing at base,
Bearly Iflong. Caps, brown.
!!» 1
Order CL. PONTEDERIACE^. Tontederiads.
Plants aquatic, with the leaves parallel-veined, mostly dilated at base. Fls. spatli-
aceous. Perianth tubular, colored, G-parted, often irregular and circiuate after
flowering. Stamens 3 or 6, unequal, perigynous. Ovary free, 3-celled. Style 1.
Stigma simple. Capsule 3 (sometimes l)-celled, 3-valved, with loculicidal dehis-
cence. Seeds numerous (sometimes solitary), attached to a central axis. Albumen
farinaceous.
Geriera 6, species 30, found exclusively in America, E. Indies, and tropical Africa. Tliey are
of no known use.
GENERA.
Flowers irregular, blue. Stamens 6. Utriclo 1 -seeded Pontedkria. 1
Flowers regular. — Anthers 3, of 2 forms. Leaves reniform Heteranthkra. 2
— Anthers 8, of one form. Leaves linear Scholi.kra. 3
i. PONTEDE^RIA, L. Pickerel Weed. (In honor of /«/iM6' /*ow-
tcdera, a botanic author and profcssoi". of I'adua, about 1720.) Perianth
bilabiate, tubular at base, under side of the tube split with 3 longitudi-
nal clefts (the 2 lower sepals free), circinate after flowering and persis-
tent ; stamens unequally inserted, 3 near the base and 3 at the summit
ot the tube; utricle 1-seedcd (2 cells abortive). — Lvs. radical, long-
petioled. St. 1-leaved^ bearing a spike of blue fls.
1 P. cordi;ta L. Lvs. cordate-oblong, obtuse; petiole shorter than the peduncle;
spike cylindrical, pubescent. — 2| Can. and U. S. A fine, conspicuous plant, na-
tive of the borders of nmddy lakes, &c., growing in patches extending from the
shores to deep water. Stem thick, round, erect, arising 1 — 2f above the water,
bearing a single leaf. Leaves 4 — 7' by li — 3', very smooth and glossy, almost
sagittate, with veins beautifully arranged to conform to the margin. Flowers in
a spike, arising above the spatlio, very irregular. Perianth 2-lipped, each lip 3-
cleft, always blue, appearing in July.
^i. ANQUSTIFOLIA Torr. Lvs. narrow, truncate and subcordate at base.
2 P. lancifdlia Muhl. Ia-s. lance-oblong or lance-lintar, rather acute at each end ;
petiolo shorter than the peduncle ; spike cylindrical, pubescent. — Pools and
ditches, Ga. (Fcay) and S. Car. More slender every way than the other, 15 to 30'
high. Wo can detect no ditferencc in its flowers, but the permanent dilVerence
of the leaves is worthy of consideration. Apr., May.
2. HETERAN'THERA, Ruiz & Pav. (Or. Ert:pa, otherwise, av0//pa ;
the anthers being dissimilar in the same flower.) Spathe sevenil-
flowered; tube of the perianth long and slender, limb G-})arted, equal ;
stamens 3 ; anthers of 2 forms, the lower oblong-sagittate, on a longer
filament ; capsule 3-oelled, many-seeded. Lvs. mostly reniform, long-
petioled.
H. reniformis R. & V. St. prostrate or floating ; lvs. suborbicnlar, reniform or
aurieulate at base ; spathe acuminate, few-llowei'ed. — On muddy or iimndated
banks. Mid and AV. States. Stem 4' to a foot or more in lengtii. Leuves Y by
f, on petioles 1 — 2 long, with a broad sinus at base, and a short, abrupt acumi-
nation. Spathe closely enveloping the 2 or 3 very evauescenl, wliite Howers.
Tube of the poriantli .V lonir, limb in 6 oblong segments. Filaments inserteil at
40
Hiil
722
Ordeh 151.— JUNCACE^.
the orifice, 2 of the anthers small, round, yellow, the other oblong, greenish. JL;
Aug. (Leptauthus, Mx.)
3. SCHOL'LERA, Schreber. (Dedicated to one Scholler, a German
botanist.) Spathe several-flowered ; tube of the perianth very long and
slender, limb 6-parted, equal ; stamens 3, with similar anthers ; capsule
1-celled, many-seeded. — Lvs. alternate, sheathing at base, grass-like,
submersed. St. floating, rooting at the lower joints.
S. graminea Willd. A grass-like aquatic, in flowing water, N. States. St. slen-
dtM-, dichotomous, 1 to 2f long. Lvs. 3 to 6 long, 1 to 2" wide, obtuse at .ipex,
slightly sheathing at base, flower solitary, issuing from a short (1' spathe), tube
1^' long, limb in 6 linoar-lanoeolato sjgrnonts, yellow. Stam. 3 (4, anthers);
filaments broad, one of them abortive, the other 2 with linear anthers longer than
the thick style. Jl., Aug. (Leptauthus, Mx.)
Order CLL JUNCACEJi:. Rushes.
Plants herbaceous, generally grass-hke, often leafless, with small, dry, green
flowers. Perianth more or less glurae-like, regular, 6-leaved, in 2 series (sepals and
petals.) Stamens 6, rarely 3, hypogynoua. Anthers 2-celled, introrse. Style 1.
Ovary 3-carpeled, 3 (or by the dissepiment not reaching the center l)-celled. Cap-
sule 3-valved, with the dissepiments from the middle of the valves. Seeds few or
many, with a fleshy albumen. Fig. 377.
Genera 15, species 200. chiefly natives of the cool parts of tlie earth. Properties unim-
portant.
GENERA.
Perianth yellow (greenish outside). Stifttna 1. Capsule oo-seeded Narthecium. 1
Perianth greon or brownisli. Stigmas 3. — Caiisulo 3-seoded Luzula. 3
— Capsule cc-seeded JuNCii8. 8
1. NARTHEXIUM, Mcehr. (Gr. vapi??/!, a rod or wand , ' allusion
to the slender inflorescence.) Perianth 6-parted, colored, ^ ending,
persistent ; stam. 6 ; filaments hairy ; caps, prismatic, 3-celled ; seeds
00, ovate-oblong, appendaged at each extremity. — 2f Root fibrous.
Lvs. ensiforin. Scape nearly naked. Fls. yellowish.
N. Americanum Ker. Lvs. radical, striate, narrow-ensiform ; roc. lax, mtor-
rupted ; pediccU with a bract at base, and a setaceous Ijracteole near the flower.
— An interesting little plant, in pine barrens and sandy swamps of N. J. Also
in Can. Scapes 8 to 12' high, terete, with 2 or 3 subulate bracts. Leaves nu-
merous, much shorter than the scape. Pedicels 3 — 7" long. Perianth green-
ish externally, yellow within, about half as long as tlio yellowish, mature capsule.
Aug.
2. LU^ZULA, DC. Wood Rush. (Italian lucciola, a glow-worm ;
from the dew glistening upon its flowers.) Perianth persistent, bibrac-
teai.c at base ; stamens 6 ; capsule l-ccll«d, 3-seeded ; seeds fixed to
the bottom. — Stem jointed, leafy. Lvs. grass-like, on entire sheaths.
Pis. terminal, green or brownish.
§ Flowers sep.irate, pedicellate, in umbels or paniculate cymes Xos. 1, 2
§ Flowers agi^regato, — in ijt'dunculalc heails forming ar uiiibcl or cyme Mos. 3, 4
— in si'ssile heads forming a nodding black 8i)ike No. 5
1 Ii. pilosa Willd. Lvs. pihus; umhil cynwtis, spreading, consisting nf au-'Kii/al
\-flowered, simple pedicels; caps, obtuse, shorter than the sepiiis ■ Tomniou in
woods and groves, N. S. and Can. St. 4 to 16' high. Radical lvs. iiiuk •oii3 2
to 4' long, linear-lanceolate, veined, fringed with long white hairs. TTiii:)i Is 8 ■ «
12-flowered, with a leafy bract. Pedieoln 5 to 10" long, Lu.i'ly deflexeii, Jr'ei.*
anth brown, with 2 green bractleta. May.
Order 151.— JUNCACI'LE.
12S
I Ik parvifldra Desv. St. elongated; Iv.i. \\\\\w\\\\k\i\\\ glabrous; corymb ckcom-
pound; pod. elongatod, the branches with '^ to 5 pedicellate fls. ; sep. ovate, acu-
niiualo, longer than the oval-liianguhir, obtuse-nmcronate capsule. — White Hills,
N. U. (Plot! Boaworth), (h-aylook Mt., Mass. (Ciiadbourne), oU'. 8tem 12 to 18'
high. Radical Iva. 8 lo 10' by 3 to 6 ", those til' tiie stem much shorter, all verv
aii.ooth. Panicle largo, nodding, niany-flowttred. Capsule black. Jn. (L.
nielanocarpa Desv.)
3 L. campestris "Willd. Field Rush. Lvs. hairy ; .'Spikes globular or ovate
some on long peduncles, Bomo nearly sesailo ; sep. lanceolate, acuminate-awn' d,
longer than the obtuse capsule; seeds loitha conical appendaije at base. — In mead-
ows, U. S. and Can. St. simple, straight, '5 to 12' high. Lvs. gra,«s-Iik('. 2 to 6*
long, with tufts of cotton -like hairs. Heads in a sort of umbel, with an involucre
of 2 or 3 short, uuequal lvs. Perianth rust-colored, capsule at length blown.
May.
13. BULBOSA. Bulbous; lvs. narrowly linear ; sep. shorter than the globular, dark
brown capsules, — Lookout Mt, Tenn. St. 6' high. "With the other, but (low-
ers earlier.
4 L. arcu^ta E. Meyer. Lvs, linear, channeled, glabrous ; heads few, 3 to h-flov-
ered, on unequal, filiform, often recurved pedicels ; bract'! ciliate ; sepals acute,
reddish-brown, about equaling the roundish-elliptical capsule ; seeds not appeu-
daged. — White Mts., N. II. (not common) and Arc. Am,
5 T. spicata DO. Lvs. linear, hairy at the base ; spike cernuous, composed of
several sessile globular heads; sep. acuminate-awned, about equal in length to
the subgloboua short-pointed, black capsule. Yv'hite Hills, N. H. (Prof Bosworth).
St. 8 to 10' high, slender, simple. Lvs. 2 to 3' long, a line wide, smootii exeoi)t
at the base. Spike an inch long, appearing greyish black when mature. Seeds
oval, with a small, oblique appendage. Jl. ' i
3. JUNXUS, L. Rush. (Lat. jurif/o, to join ; because ropes wore
anciently made of these plants.) Perianth 6-sepaled, gkime-like, per-
sistent ; stamens 6, rarely 3 ; capsule mostly 3-celled ; seeds numerous,
attached to the inner edge of the dissepiments. — St. simple, leafy or
leafless, with terete, flat or channehMJ lvs., entire sheaths and small,
bibracteate, greenish fls.
§ Cyme or pnnicle lateral, bursting from tlio side of the scapo abo\« tho middle. (a">
a Lc.ives none. Flowers separate, mostly liexandrous, preenish Nos.l— 3
a Leaves few, radical, iointles'j. Flowers c:ipitate, fi-an(lrou.s, brownish Nos. 4, 5
I Cyme or j)aniclo teriiiinal on tlie stem or scape. Leaves present, (b)
b Flowers eaiiitate, few or many in cacli liead, (c)
C Leaves jointed (nochfiis) with internal, transverse partitions, (d)
d Stamens 3.— Heads i^reen or pale straw-colored Nos. fi — 3
— llea<ls brown or chestnut colored Nos. 9, 10
d Stamens C. Heads tawny or brown,— 10 to CO-llowered Nos. 11, 12
—2 to 9-flowered Nos. 13, U
O Leaves not Jointed. — Heads many, brown. Sepals obtuse. Stamens h No. Mi
— Heads few or many, green Sepals awned No. 1(5
— Heads mostly but one. SepaKs acute. Stamens C.Nos. 17, IS
b Flowers separate, not in lieads, mostly seeund. Stamens 0. (e)
e Stems leafy, panicle dilfuse, m;my-fl<)w<reil Nos. 19, 20
e Stems naked, except at base, scape-like Nos. 21— '2o
1 J. BdlticuB Willd, Baltic Rush. Rhizomocreoping, prostrate, re oting; 5ca;)ey
numerous, sheathi'd at base, opaque terete, rigid, slender, pungently acnte; jmni-
cle mar the summit, small ; fls. separate, broivn; rep. suboqual, ovate-laiiceolat e,
very acute, equaling the elliptical, mucronate cap.-,ule. — Sandy shores. Mo. to Wits,
and Can. Scapo leafless, 1 to 3f lii<j:h, hard, tout'h, closely arranged along the
scaly rootstock, tho eheaths 3" to 3' long. Panicle 2 to 5' below the apex of the
scape, r long. Fls. 20 to 40, reddish browr,,
2 J. effiisus L. Soft Rush. Bl •.. lusii. Scape straight, not rigid; panicln
lateral, loo.se, decompound, .sometimes dense; fls. separate; sep. green, tiiper-
poiiited, as long as tho obovato, obtusr capsules. — Very common in ditches and
moist lands, forming tufts, Can. and IJ. S. Scape solid, with a spongy pith, soft.
striate, 2 to 3f high, bearing a loose, spreading panicle which protrudes from a
■t I
ill
t-^ f^<
fPI
. ^^Hfi
Sa
■■ M
w\
^ -"„t
Hfi
1
;■
1*1
{
1
724
Order 151.— JUXCACE^B.
fissure opening in the side of tlie stem about half way up. Fh. small, green,
numerous, with 3 white anthers and yellowish seeds. Jn., Jl.
3 J. filiformis L. (not Mx.) Rhizome creeping, leafless, scape nder, filiform
minutely striate, flaccid; panicle subs impk, lateral, near the middle .■/ the scajye ;
fls. separate ; sep. pale, nearly equal, lanceolate, a little longer than the pale,
sliining, obovate, mucronate capsule. Boiders of lakes, N. States and Can.
Scape 1 to 2f high, with a few brown sheaths at base. Fls., some pedicellate,
soiro sessile. JL
4 J. setaceus Rostkow. Sca2)e filiform, striate ; umbel lateral, subsimple, few-
flowered; ped. compressed, several flowered ; perianth segments very acute. —
Swamps, Penn. to Fla., growing in tufts, about 2f higli. Scapes weak and slen-
der (not setaceous), sheathed at base with the shorter leaves. Panicle small, 20
to 30-flowered, bursting from the side of the scape some distance below the sum-
mit. Fls. in small heads, scarcely brownish, Jn., Jl.
5 J. maritimua Lam. Black Rush. Scapes numerous, tall, rigid, terete, sheatlied
;ic base; panicle decompound, fur below .:e summit; fls. aggregated in roundish
heads; sep. lanceolate, acuminate, longer- than tlie roundish-obovate, mucronata
cajjsule. — In brackish marshes, L. I. to Fla. Scapes 2 to 5f high, forming dense
tufts. Panicle 2 to 3' long, with numerous heads, and subtended by a shorter
bract. Fls. dark brown. Jl. (J. acutus Ell., J. Roemerianus Engelm.)
6 J. scirpoidea Lam. St. leafy, terete, stout ; Ivs. terete, slender, with frequent
joints; panicle cymous, branches few, suberect, ho;ids 5 to 20, green, about 20-
Uowercd; sep. rigid, lance-acuminate, sharp; stam. 3, nearly as long; style much
cxserted; caps, tapsr-poinied, as long as tlie sepals; seeds oblong, merely acute at
each end. — (Jan. and U. S., especially coastwaiu, in wet places. St. 1 to 2f high,
about 3-leaved below. Lvs. shorter than the stem. Heads 3 to 4" diam.. Anally
straw-colored. May — Jl. (J. echin?itus Ell.)
7 J. polyc6phalus Mx. St. few-leaved, terete, stiict; Ivs. terete-compres.sed,
slender, strict, many-jointed; panicle decompound, loose; heads 5 to 15, globous,
many-flowered ; sep. subulate, acununate, bristle-pointed, the 3 outer longer and
wider, greenish, stam. 3, nearly as long; caps, oblong-triangular, dbrup)thj acumin-
ate, longer than tlio sepals, at length brownish; seeds oblong, with a white tail at
each end. — ^Wet places, Can. and U. S. Sts. 12 to 30' high, rigid, but slender, the
Ivs. shorter. Heads 8 to 20-flowered, 4" diam. May — Jl. (J. paradoxus Gray.)
8 J. d^bilis Gray. Sts. weak and slender, flattened; Ivs. flattened, obscurely
jointed; panicle de- or supradc-compound, loosely < ^reading; hds. few-flowered,
straw-color ; sep. lanceolate, acute, shorter than tiie oblong capsule ; seeds ob-
long, acute at each end. — Common in wet places?. Can. and U. S. Sts. 9 to 24'
long, from fibrous roots. Heads about 5-flowered (in spec, from Wis., 1 to 3-
flowered), fls. 2" long. Lvs. nearly filiform in the smaller plants. (J. subverti-
cillatus Muhl. noc Wulf.)
9 J. acumin^tus Mx. St. slender, strict, terete ; lvs. terete, many-jointed ; pani-
cle decompound, branches suberect; heads numerous, 3 to 5-Jiowered, chestnut
brown, fls. erect; sep. strongly veined, lanceolate, acute and nmcronato, much
shorter than the ohlong-triungular, abruptly pointed capsule ; seeds tailed at both
ends. — Very common in bogs, etc.. Can. and U. S. Sts. 9 to 30' high, slender or
rather stout, the slender lvs. nmcli shorter, many-jointed. Capsules becoming
deep brown or (in the Southern spec.) almost black.
10 J. Fondii. St. rather stout, terete : lvs. terete-compressed, jointed ; panicle
spreading, ditl'use, decompound; heads numerous, globular, 5 to \2-fiowered, chest-
nut colored ; sep. equal, lance-acuminate, bristle-pointed, as long as the triangular-
ovate, abruptly pointed capsule; stam. 3 ; seeds oval, merely acute at each end. —
Wet places, Car. to Ga. (Feay, Pond,) and Ky. Sts. 1 to 2f high, with 1 or 2
short leaves. Heads 20 to 40, 3 to 4" diam., in a wide panicle. Mar.— Jn. (J.
acuminatus Ell. noe Mx.)
11 J. megacephaluB. St. stout, ascemling at base ; lvs. distinctly nodous, elon-
gated, the upper usually exceeding tli'» iiifloreseonco ; heads few, glomerate, or
some pedunculate, rarely piuiiculate, largv, '^ to Q<d-flowered, ia.\\'x\y; seji). subu-
late, bristle-pointed, scarcely shorter than the acuminate capsule; stam. G; st'cds
OiUJER 151.--JUNUA0E.E.
725
h?fi
acute. — Borders of streams and hikes, N. Y. to Wis., S. to Fla St. 16' to 3f
high. Heads 6 to 6'' diam., globular, 1 to 5 to 12, '.•lustorud or panicled. Sepals
with tawny awns, greenish at base. (J. nodosum, ,i. niegaceplialus Torr.)
12 J. noddsuB L. St. erect, slender ; Ivs. slender or oltou filiform, distinctly nod-
oos, the upper often exceeding the iutloredceiice ; hds. few (1 to 5 to 9), in a sim-
ple cluster, tawuy or brown, 5 to 20-jiowe)td ; sep. ovate-lanceolate, acuininate-
awned, 3-veined, shorter than the xosivatG capsule ; stain. G ; fi«c(fe oval, acute. —
Sandy swamps and shores. Can. to Car. Sts. 12 to 18' liigh. Heads 3 to 5'
diam. — Appears very dififerent from the last. (J. Ro.stkovii E. Meyer.)
13 J. articuldtUB L. (i. I'elocarpus Gray. Stem erect, compressed, 1 to 3-
leaved; Ivs. terete-compressed, setaceous, obscurely nodous; panicle spreading;
heads 2 to 6-fiowered ; sep. oblong-lanceolate, the outer acufe, the inner obltise,
scarcely as long as the triangular-oblong, bluntly mucronate ca[)Hule ; stam. 6 ;
seeds slightly apiculate. — N. Eng. to Mich, and Can., in wet places, not com-
mon. Sts. 9 to 18' high. Hds. chestnut colored. Anth. yellow. (J. pelacarpua
E. Meyer.)
14 J. milit^ris Bigl. Bayonet Rush. St. stout, terete, sheathed at base, hear,
ing below the middle a single terete, nodous, crert kaf which much exceeds the in-
florescence ; panicle erect, compound; hds. many, brown, 4 to 9-flowered ; sep.
lanceolate, acute, as long as the acuminate capsule. — Bogs coastward, Mass. to
Ga. St. 2 to 3f high. Leaf 15 to 30', overtopping the stem by six inches or
more. Heads small. Stamens mostly 6.
15 J. marginatus Rostkow. St. compressed; Ivs. flat, smootli, gramineous;
panicle, corymbous, simple, proliferous ; hds. 2 to 9-tlowcred, tawny or chestnut-
colored ; bracteoles awued ; sep. obtuse, soft, about as long as the obtuse cap-
sule; stam. 3. — In low grounds, N. E. to Ga., W. to 111. Sts. 1 to 3f high.
Radical Ivs. numerous, sheathing, cauline 1 or 2. Panicle consisting of several
globous, 3 to 6-tlowered heads, both pedunculate and sessile, longer than the
erect bracts at base. Sep. edged with dark purple, with a green keel. Jn. —
Aug.
(J. BiFLoRus. Stouter (2f high); hds. very numerous, mostly 2 or 3-flo\vered,
nearly black, — South, common.
16 J. repens Mx. Low, tufted with creeping stolons ; Ivs. subulato-hnear,
■ fascicled at the lower joints ; cyme simple ; hds. few, 3 to 8-fiowered ; sep. subu-
late, awn-pointed, the 3 inner much longer ; caps, slender, trisuleate, much
shorter than the perianth. — "Wet 2:)laces, Ga. and i'la. Sts- many, 2 to 6' high.
Fls. 3 to 4" long.
17 J. Stygius L. St. filiform, erect, rigid, leafy; Ivs. setaceous, slightly chan"
neled, obscurely nodous ; hds. few (1 or 3), terminal, about 3-fiowered ; sep-
oblong, acute; stam. G; caps, triangular-elliptic, acute, longer than the perianth;
seeds oblong, the loose testa produced into an appendage at botli ends. — Perch
Lake, Jetferson Co., N. Y. (Gray) and Newfoundland. Fls. unusually large,
straw-color.
18 J. trifidus L. St. sheathed at base; leaf solitary, linear setaceous, near the
top; sheath ciliate; bracts fbliaceous, long, grooved; hd. solitary, sessile between
2 long bracts, about 3-flowered, terminal ; capsule blackish, globular, beaked. —
White Hills, N. IL, and Mt. Marcy. N. Y. Sts. crowded, threadlike, G high.
Radical Ivs. 1 to 2, very short, cauline leaf resembles the 2 bracts, apparently
forming with them a foliaceous, 3-braeted invol. Jl.
19 J. pelocarpus Meyr. St. low, erect, slender, leafy ; Ivs. few, subfiliiorm, ob-
scurely nodous; fls. separate, scattered, central and unilateral on the slender
branches of tho di-trichotomous panicle ; sep. lanceolate, margins scarious, rather
shorter than the acuminate caps. — Wet places, Can. and U. S., chiclly coastward.
Sts. 6 to 9' high, wiry, turfy. Stam. 6. Fls. often changed to littlu tufts of
loaves.
20 J. bufoniuB L. Toad Rush. Low, slender, tufted; sta. forking; branches
Jloriferous their whole length ; fls. separate, greenish, remote ; sep. lance-subulate,
awn-pointed, the 3 outer longer; caps, triangular oblong, obtuse, mucronulote,
much shorter than the perianth ; seeds oval, obtuse. — (D Damp, waste places, in all
726
Obder 152.— COMMELYNACE^
countriea. Sts. many, 3 to 8' long. Lvs. few, 1 to 2' long. Fls. many, seound.
Jn. — Aug.
21 J. Oreenii Oakea & Tuckm. Scape tall, subterete, striate ; lvs. filiform-seta-
ceous, subterete, scarcely channeled, shorter than the scape, with sheathing base ;
panicle dtuse, branches suberect ; bracts setaceous, one of them much longer than
the panicle ; fls. single, approximate ; sep. ovate, acute, twice shorter than the tri-
angular-acute, shining caps. — Wet grounds, R. I., Mass. (Ricard). A handsome
rush, 1 to '2f high, rigid, strict. Lvs. all radical. Panicle 2 to 3' long, one of the
bracts twice longer, the other twice shorter. Caps. 2" long, reddish brown.
22 J. tenuis Willd. St. scape-like, slender, erect; lvs. subradical, linear-seta-
ceous, shorter than tlie stem; bracts 2 — 3, much longer tlian the panicle; fls.
single, approximate, green ; sep. acuminate, longer than the subglobous-triangtUar
capsuli'. — A very common rusli, about Ibot-paths and roadsides, and in fields and
meadows, U. S. and Can. Stems wiry, 6 — 24' high. Leaves very narrow, 3 — 8'
long. Panicle subfivsciculate, 5 — 10-tlowered, varying to subumbellate and 20 —
30-flowerod, the rays very unequal. Jn., Jl.
Q. DiCHoTOMUS. Panicle regularly forked once or twice, branches erect, in-
curved, with the contiguous fls. regularly distychous ; sep. scarcely longer
tlian the capsule. — Waysides, Somerville, Mass., also South. (J. dichotomus
EU.)
23 J. bulboBUB L. /5. Gerardi. St. very slender, compressed; lvs. mostly
radical, linear-setaceous, shorter than the stem ; panicle small, few-flowered, sub-
trichotomous, longer tliau the bracts ; Jis, separate, approximate by pairs or 38,
dark-colored : sep. equal, acute, incurved, rather shorter than the subglobous, obtuse,
caps. — A common rush, in salt marshes, N. J. to the Arc. Sea, usually with dark
groeu foliage and brown capsules. Sts. not bulbous, tufted, erect, or decumbent
and stoloniferous, 1 to 2f high, tougli and wiry. Lvs. 3 to 8' long, bracts 6 to
12". Fls. 12 or more, at length brown or blackish. Jl., Aug. — It makes good
hay.
Order CLII. COMMELYNACE^. Spiderworts.
Herbs witli flat, narrow leaves which are usually sheathing at base. Perianth of
2 series, the outer of 3 herbaceous sepals, the inner of 3 colored petals. Stamens
6, some of them usually delbrmod o: abortive, hypogynous. Ovary 2 to 3-celled,
cells few-ovuled. Style and stigma united into one. Capsule 2 to 3-celled, 2 to 3-
valvcd; colls often but 2-Hoedi'd, wllli loculicidal dehiscence. Seeds Cow, with dense,
fleshy albumen. Embryo opposite the hilum. Figs. 584:, 592.
Genera \(\ specAcH id'i), cliicfly imtivos of tlu; Indies, Australia and Africa, a few N. America-
They n\\-, (if littlu iuiportanuu to uuiii. Tliu anoinulous genus, Muyuca, constitutes an urclcr by
itself ill Kuntli.
QENKUA.
% Flowers irregular, oluslovod In a spathe-lilte, cordate, floral loaf Commelyn a. 1
§ Flowers regular, clustered ; floral leaves like tlie rest. Stamens Trauescantia. 2
{ Flowers regular, solitary, axillary stamens 3. Moss-liko herbs Mayacia. 3
1. COMMELY^NA, Dill. (In honor of the brothers Commclyn, Ger-
man botanists.) Fls. irregular ; sepals herbaceous, petals colored ;
etameiis 6, 3 of thcni sterile and furnished with crucifbrni glands for
anthers ; capsule 3-eelled, 3-valved, one of the cells abortive. — Lvs.
lance-linear with sheaths at base. Fls. enfoldcil in a conduplicate, per-
sistent, spathaceous, cordate bract, eri'ct in Hower, reenrvod before an«'
after. Petals blue, open but a few hours.
♦ Prostrate ppatlie opposite tlio leaves, cotnplioate, base-lobes free Nos. 1 2
* Krect or ascending. S|iatlio subtorminal, — cornplimito, subiieltato No. 3
— cncullate-peltate Nos. 4, 5
X C. communis L. Procumbent, much branched ; branchlets marked with a hairy
line; lvs. sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at base, margin finely serru-
^'
Ordbb 162.— OOMMELYNACE^.
727
lato ; sheath open, ciliate ; spathe opposite the leaves, ronndish-cordate, compli-
cate ; ped. in pairs, 1 to 3-flowered ; petals unequal (blue), the odd one renifonn ;
sep. (pale) the 2 lateral larger, connate below. — In wet grounds, Car. and (ja.
Prostrate and spreading 1 to 3f. Lvs. 3 to 5' long. Jn. — Nov. (Elliott.)
2 C. agr^ria Kuatli. St. procumbent, glabrous, branched ; lvs. oblong or oblong-
ovate, obtuse, the upper short-peiioled ; sheatlis ciliate ; spatlie opposite the leaves,
cordate-ovattj, acuminate, complicate, 3 to 4-flo\ver'3d; odd petal {b\ne) roundish-
ovate. — River banks, S. 111. lo La. bts. If or more in length. Lvs. small (15 to
30" long). Fls. often polygamous. Sep. pale. Two of the (blue) petals clawed.
(C. Cajennensis Ricli.)
3 C. Virginica L. St. assurgent, branching, subgeniculate ; lvs. lanceolate,
subpetiolate, sheaths split to the ba.so ; spathe broad-cordate, distinct and ()j)on
at base (except a short coliesion), enfolding 2 ])oduncles and several liowers; ped-
icels contorted; pet. unequal, the lower one much smaller, unguiculate. — Dry soils
Middle! Southern and Western States! Plant nearly smooth, 12 — 18 high,
glabrous. Leaves 3 — 5' by 8 — 14", varying from lance-linear to lance-ovate.
Spathe veiny, 3 — 5-fiowered. Jl., Aug. (C. angustifolia Mx.)
4 C. hirt^lla Vahl. Strictly erect, tall, and conspicuously pubescent ; lvs. long-
lanceolalo, sheaths densely rusty-bearded at the throat : spathe sub.sessile, small,
clustered at the summit of the stem; petals subequal. — In shady woods, Va. to S.
Car. St. 2 to 3f high, rather thick and firm. Lvs. 6 to 8' long, both sides hairy.
Spathe subreniform wlien op^n, 5' long, glabrous, vjJored, base lobes cucuUate,
slightly united. — Hardly distinct from No. 5.
5 C. erecta L. St. erect, branched at base, cilia 'e-pubescent ; lvs. lanceolate,
subpetiolate, sheaths entire, elongated, ciliate-pilous ; spathe deltoid-falcate, united
and entire at base as if peltate, about 2-flowered; pet. nearly equal — Rocky
woods, thickets, Penn. (Mulil.) Harper's Ferry to Ga. St. simple or branched at
base, upright, 1 — 2f high. Leaves 3 — 5' by 6 — 12", usually lanceolate, pilous-
scabrous, the sheaths 9 to 11" long. Spathe broadly funnel-shaped. JL, Aug.
(C. Virginica Ph.)
(3. ANGUSTIFOLIA. Of very slender habit, with lance-linear Iva. and the spathe
conspicuously arcuate (hawk -bill-shape). — Southern.
2. TRADESCAN'TIiV, L. Spiderwort. (Named in honor of John
Tradescant, gardener to Cliarles I.) Flowers regular ; sepals persis-
tent ; petals large, suborbicular, spreading ; filaments clothed with
jointed hairs ; anthers reniform. — 21 Fls. in terminal, close umbels, sub-
tended by 2 or 3 long, leafy bracts.
♦ Umbi'ls sessile, terminal an<l axillary, with Iciif-liki bincis Nos. 1, 2
♦ Umljei long-pedunculate, terminal and axilluiy, bructless No. 3
1 T. Virginica L. St. erect, simple or l)ranched ; lvs. lance-linear, or linear
channeled above, sessile, ciliate or glabrous; lis. in a terminal, subumbollate cluri-
tor, pedicels finally elongated and reflexed; cal. pubescent. — Moist meadows,
prairies, &c., Mid., W. and S. States common. Stem tliick, round, jointed, 2 — 3f
higii. Leaves numerous, 12 — 18' by G — 12 ', the bracts similar. Petals largo,
suborbicular, of a deep, rich blue, soon fading. May — Aug — The juice of tho
plant is viscid and spins into thread ; hence the conmion name.
2 T. pilosa Lehm. St. erect, sniootliish, bractlets hairy ; lvs. tdnceoiiilf ii'ifh d
narrow hose, long-acuminate, complicate, on a loo.so sheath, and pilous both sides,
the floral like tho rest; umbels both terminal and axillary, many- flowered, dense;
pedicels and sepals glandular-hairy. — Shady river banks, ill. to Ohio and La. St.
2f high. Lvs. 4 to 7' by 6 to 12 , sheaths entire, 8 to 10 ' long. Fis. in the
upper axils small, bluish purple.
3 T. rdsea Mx. St. erect, simple ; lvs. linear, glabrous, channeled, araplexicaul ;
ped. elongated ; cal. glabrous. — Penn. to Ga., in moist woods. Stem 8 — 12' high-
Loaves 6 — 8' by 2 — 3'. Umbel terminal, subtended by 2 or 3 subulate bracts.
Pedicels nearly 1' long. Flowers much smaller than in tho preceding species.
Petals rose-colored, twice loiig(;r than the smooth calyx. May.
1
\i
f'
ll
^f
"1 1
h,
T 1
.u.»|a
(■ Jill
n
728
Order 153.— XYRIDACE^.
3. MAYAXA Aublet. Flowers regular ; sepals 3, green, lanceolate ;
petals 3, obovate, colored ; stamens 3, opposite the sepals, persistent ;
ovary 1-celled, style filiform, stigma simple ; capsule 3-valved, seeds
several, attached to the middle of the valves. — Moss-like aquatics, glab-
rous, creeping, branched, densely clothed with narrowly linear Ivs.
Ped. axillary, solitary, 1-flowered.
M. MichaClzii Schott. & Endl. Ped. longer than tho Ivs.. roflexed in fruit ; caps.
9 to 12-seed('d; petals wliite. — In shallow waters, Va. to Ga. (Kjay, Pond) and
¥\d. (Meitauer). Sts. several inches long, somewhat resembling Sphagnum. Lvs.
numuroiis and minute, bitid, 2 to 3 ' long, p-il. thrico longer. Sep. near 3" long.
Seeds globular, white. Jl. (Syena tluviatilis Ph.)
Order CLIII. XYRTDACE/E. Xyrids.
Herbs sedge-like, with equitant leaves and a scape bearing a head of flowers. Pa
rianih 6-parted, in 2 series, sepals 3, glumaceous, /lelals 3, unguiculate. Stamens 3,
with extrorso anthers, and inserted on the claw of the petals. Capsule 3-valved,
1-celled, with parietal placentte, or 3-celled. Seeds numerous, albuminous, ortho-
tropous, embryo at the apex.
Oenent 5, Hpecien 70, natives of tropicftl Asia, Africa and America, a fow species of Xyrl»
exteniling into tlio United States. Of no important use.
XY^RIS, L. Yellow-eyed Grass. (Gr. ^vpog, acute-pointed; in
allusion to the form of the leaves.) Heads of flowers ovoid-cylindric ;
sepals imequal, the 2 lateral glume-like, keeled, persistent, the odd one
membranous, involving the corolla in bud and deciduous ; petals equal
ovate, crenate, with narrow claws as long as the sepals ; capsule 1-
celled, with parietal placentae. — Lvs. linear, rigid, radical, sheathing the
base of the scape. Fls. in a terminal, dense head, with cartilaginous
bracts (scales) ; petals yellow.
* Leaves very short (8 to 30"). Sepals frinireless, tuftless. Small and delicate. South.... No. 1
* Leaves elongated one-third to three-fourths the length of the seape. (a)
a Sepals with a wingless, fringeless keel, rarely crested. Plant bulbous at base No. 2
a Sepals with a winged, fringed Iceel and crested apex, — short as the scale Nos. 8, 4
— twice longer than tlio scale. . .No. 5
1 X. brevifdlia Mx. (nee Ell.) Lvs. linear, subulate, falcate, acute, distych-
ously imbricated, 3 to 5 times shorter than the filiform, angular scape ; head oval,
few-flowered, bracts rounded at apex; sep. acute, lanceolate, the keel not winged,
merely scabrous. — Springy places, Oar. to Fla. Our smallest species. Scape 4 to
8' high. Lvs. 8 to 30' long, about 1" wide. Head not larger than a pepper-
corn. Apr., May.
2 X. bulbosa Kunth. Bulbous; lvs. narrow-linear, obtusish, half as long as
the angular, sulcate stem, both twisted ; head globular ovoid, bracts roundish-
ovate, very obtuse ; sep. oblong-lanceolato, minutely bearded on tho sharp keel
and tutted at apex, a little shorter than tho bract. — Bogs, N. Eng. to Ga., W. to
Ind. Scape slender, 9 to 30' high, lvs. 5 to 15'. Head about 5" long, bracts closely
imbricate, concave. Jn. — Sept. (X. Jupicai Mx. X. Indica Ph. X. torta Sm.)
3. MINOR. Dwarfish (3 to 8' high), slender; lvs. thrico shorter, scarcely twisted ;
sep. with an evident tuft at apex. — S. E. Ga. (Miss Keen.)
3 X. Caroliniana Walt. Lvs. rigid, narrowly linear, a third or more shorter
than the liexuous, rigid, slightly 2-edged scape; head elliptical, yellowish brown;
Sep. narrow, scarcely longer than the oval scales, conspicuously fringed on the
keel above the middle and crested at the obtuse apex. — Sandy swamps, N. Y. to
Fla. Sts. 1 to 2f high, more or less twisted. Lvs. 6 to 18' long, 1 to 2" or the
outer 3" wide. Head 6 to 7 " long. Petals rather large. Jl., Aug. (X. flex-
uosa Ell. neo Muid.)
4 X. ambigua Kunth ? Lvs. gladiate-linear, plain, 2 to 3 time? shorter them
scapes; scapes (often clustered) distinctly 2-edged, tall; head elliptic-ovoid, large,
* iP*!
Ordbr 154.— ERIOCAULONACE^.
7'J9
ticalts rounded-obovate ; sep. sliorter than the scales, fringnd along tlio winged keel.
— Wet pine barrens, Ga. (Feay). Soiipe.n strict, 1 to 31 hiirh. I,v3. strict, 6 to *J,
by 2 to 4", gratlually acute. Heads 7 to 9 ' long. Aug., Sept. (X. brevitblia
Ell.) — The leaves in our speeiuieus are not all rough-etiged a.s in Kunth's.
5 X. fimbridta Ell. FKATfiKRKU Xvris. Lvh. linuar-);ladiaie, erect, marly as
long as ilio scapo whicli is strict, striate, and eulanrnd at the suinniil; head uval
or oblong, scales rounded, loosely imbricated; sep. twice(I) longer than tli«
bracts, conspicuously fringed on tiie keel above. — Sandy swamps, 11. I. (Olnov),
N. J., (Rev. I. T. Holton) to Fla Scapo 2 to 3f high. Lvs. 20 to 30' long, abimt
3" wide, sheathing below. Head 6 to 8" long. Bracts tawuy-odged. tjet'da
innumerable, elliptical, minute. Jl., Aug.
m ..
Order CUV. ERTOCAULONACE.E. Vi, .: worts.
Herbs perennial, aquatic, with linear, spongy, nUular leaves, sheathing at base.
Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in a dense head. Parian" 2 to C-parted or want-
ing. Stamens 6, some of them generally abortive. Anihers mostly 1 -celled, iu-
trorse. Ovary 2 or 3-cellod, cells 1 -seeded. Seeds pendulous.
Genera 9, species 2<>i), chiefly tropical. Tlicy are of no kiK .vn u.se.
GENERA.
• Stamens (4 or fi) twice .is many as thft petals. (Scape " to 12-ribbe(I) KRtficAri.oN. 1
• Stamens ;.. us many as tlie petals. (Scajie 5-riblied, jxiberuli'nt.) I'.«;i'ALANTnrs. 2
• Stam('D-< :J, and no petals. Scape 5-ribbe(i, short, liairy IjAciinocaulon. )i
1. ERIOCAU^LON, L. Pipewort. (Gr. tfuov, wool, KavXog, stem.)
Flowers 8 , collected into an iinbricuted head ; involucre of many bracts ;
5 in tlie disk (rarely mixed); perianth double; sepals 3, snbreguiar;
petals "iiited to near the summit ; stamens twice as matiy as the petals;
$ in the margin; perianth double; sepals 3, petals 2 'or 3, distinct ;
stamens ; ovary sessile or stipitate; st\ le 1, stigmas 2 or 3 ; capsule
2 or 3-seeded. — 21 Acaulescent. Lvs. gi-ass-like, tiat, tufted at the base
of the slender, simpie, one-headed, fluted scape. (FIs. 4-parted in one
species.)
1 H. decangulare L. Scaj^e tall, slender, marked with 10 nfts and furrows;
lvs. liriear-ensiform, suberect, half as long as the scape : bracts of the depressed in-
volucre acute ; chaff acuininato and tipped with a white fringe as well as the
perianth. —Ponds, in pine barrens, S. States, common. Scape 1 to 3f high, very
strict, clustered. Lvs. 6 to 16 high, 3 to 4" wide. Head 5" broad, very whit*
with the fringes, the corollas tipped with black. Jl., Aug.
2 B. gnaphaloides Mx. Scape tall, slender, marked with 10 rihs and furrows;
lvs. ensifbrm, subulate, many times shorter than the scape, spreading; invol. de-
pressed ; bracts obtusish ; chaff acute, white fringed as well as the perianth. —
Swampy pine barrens, N. .T. to Fla., common. Scape mostly single, If to 30' high.
Lvs. 2 to 4' long, 3 to 5" wide, gradually tapering to an acute or setaceous point
Head similar to No. 1. Jn. — Aug.
3 E. septangul^re Withering. Scape slender, l-fnrrowed, short or tall, and
weak according to the depth of the water ; lvs. linear-setaceous, pellucid, 5-vcined,
very short ; head small, globular ; bracts of the invol. obtuse. — In shallow water,
Can. to N. J. and Mich. Sis. clustered, 3' to 3f, filiform, reaching the surface of
the water. Lvs. in a small tufl, submersed. Head 2 to 3' diam., white with tho
fringes of the compact flowers. JL, Aug.
2. P^PALAN'THUS, Mart. (Gr. TraindX^rj, dust or powder, avdog.)
Flowers 3-parted ; stamens in the sterile flowers 3 ; stigmas in the
fcitile flowers 3 ; capsule 3-seeded. — Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon,
from which the genus was separated.
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT~3)
"^^
//
^ A
^
/'
4^
1.0
I.I
1.25
^ 1^
■50 ^^~ IHB
|2j2
140
I
Hffli
2.0
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. MSU
(716)S72-4S03
1
730
Order 154.— ERICAULONACE^.
P. flavi'dulus Kunth. Acaulescent, turfy; sciipos uuiiierous, filiform, 5-ribbed
and furrowed, tiiiuly puberulent ; Ivs. linoar-setaceous, many times shorter than
tlie scapes ; head globular ; bracts of t!ie involucre oblong, obtuse, straw-colored,
dry ; fls. not friuged. — Wet, sandy barrens, Va. to Fla. Sts. 6 to 9' high, Ivs. 1
to 2'. Heads 3" diam. with a straw-colored invol. and silvery white periantha
Apr. — .Tn, (Eriocaulon Mx.)
3. LACHNOCAU^LON. Kunth. (Gr. Mxvog, wool, KavXo':, stem.)
Flowers and inflorescence as in Eriocaulon ; ^ calyx 3-sepaled ; corolla
; stamens 3 ; anthers 1-celled, filament united below ; $ calyx 3-
sopaled ; corolla reduced to a tuft of hairs surrounding the 3-seeded
ovfiry. — Habit of Eriocaulon.
L. Michadxii Kunth. Wot, sandy plains, Va. to Fla. Scapes 1 to 6' high,
numerous, 5-ribbed, filiform, clothed with thin, spreading, woolly hairs. Lvs.
hnear-subulate, about I' long, tufted. Head very small (1" diam.), globular,
greenish- white. Apr., May. (Eriocaulon villosum Mi.)
FIG. 746-784. 1. Cyperus dlandras. 2 Spike-
let magn. 8. A glume. 4. A flower. 6. Tri-
ebelnstylis Butumnalis. 8, Splkelet. T. Ovary
with triple Btyle. 8. Flower of T. capillaris.
9. Ovary of T. stenophylla. 10. Rhynchos-
pora alba. 11. Bpikelet. 12. Ovanr, setiB, etc.
18. Garex rosea. 14 Olume. 16. Perigyniiitn.
U. 0. flava. 17. Olume. 18. Perigynium.
ObD£R 155.— CYPKAAOJi^
731
Class IV. GLUMIFER^.
Plants of the endogenoi.i structure, haviug the flowers invested
with an imbricated perianth of alternate glumes instead of
sepals and petals, and collected into spikelets, spikes or heads.
The Class is equivalent to the
Cohort 7. GRAMINOIDEiE.
Order CLV. CYPERACEL^ The Sedges.
Herbs grass-like or rush-like, with fibrous roots and solid culms. Leaves mostly
linear, channeled, arising from entire or tubular sheaths. Flowers spiked, perfect or
diclinous, one in the axil of each glume. Perianth none, or represented by a few
hypogynous bristles {setae), or a cup-shaped or a sac-shaped perigynium. Stamens
definite (1 to 12), mostly 3. Anth. fixed by their base, 2-celled, Ovary 1-celled,
with an anatropous, erect ovule, forming in fruit a utricle. Embryo enclosed in the
base of tlie albumen.
Genera 120, specie/* 2000. The Sedges nbonrid in almost ail climes of the globe, and in all
localities, but are mure coinuiun in the meadows, marsheu and swamps of the tempo, .ite zoiutti.
About 40 genera and 400 species are known in North America.
Properties. — They are in general little used for food or in the arts. I'beir coarse herbage is
often eaten by cattle, but they are nearly destitute of the sw^eet and nutritious properties of the
grasses. The leaves of some of the larger species are used in Italy to bind flasks.and in weaving
the bottoms of chairs. Yet, although of so little apparent value, their va^t numbers authorize
the belief that they subserve many highly important ends in the economy o/ nature.
TRIBES AND GENIiRA.
5 Tribr 1. CYPEREiB. Glumes distichous (2-rowed). Flowers perfect. (*)
• Infliire.scence axillary. Perigynium or perianth of 6 to 10 seta; Dulighium. 1
• Inflorescence terminal. Perigynium none.— Spikes 2 to oo-flowered. ...Cyperus. 2
— Spikes 1-flowered, cap' .^e Kvllinoia. 8
§ Trirb 2. SCIRPEiE. Glumes imbricated in several rows, each (excei)t some-
times the lowest) flower bearing. Inflorescence wholly teruiinal or wholly lat-
eral (never both). Flowers perfect. (*)
• Perianth of 8 ovate petals and (often)of 3 setfle Fuirbna. 4
• Perianth of 8 to OO hypogynous seta;, (a)
a Achenium crowned with a tubercle. Spike solitary, terminal Ei.eociiakih. 5
a Achenium not tuberc. — Seta; 8 to 6, short, or else tawny. Spikes 1 to 00 . . . Scirpl's. fi
— Setio 00 (rarely 6), long, white, cottony Ekiophorcm. 7
• Perianth 0.— Style 2-eleft, smooth.— Spikes 2 to 8, lateral IIkmioarimia. H
—Spikes 00, in a terminal head Lipooarpiia. 'J
— Style 2-cleft, ciliolate. Spikes 5 to 10, terminal Fimhkirtvlib. 9
— Style 8-cleft, smooth. Achenium 8-angled Trioiiklusttlis. 10
I Tribk 8. RHYNCIIOSPOKEiE. Glumes Imbricated in several rows, many
of the lowest empty. Inflorescence both terminal and axillary (except in No.
12). Flowers perfect or diclinous, (c)
Achenia crowned with the persistent style or its bulbous base, (d)
d Perianth none (no sotn). — Spikes diffusely cymous..... Pbilooarva. 11
—Spikes capitate. Bracts colored Dioiirumrna. 12
d Perianth of setts. — Achen. tuberculate with the base of the style.. . .Rhvnciiospora. 18
— Achenium horned with the entire long style... CRBAToeoiiotNus. 14
O Achenia not tuberoulate, — brown like the scales. Sette none CLAnnrM. in
—white or whitish, oruitaoeous. Beta none Solbria. 16
732
Order 155.— CYPERACKifi.
S Tribb 4. CARICE^. Glumes imbricated or alternate. Setw 0. Perianth
(pcri^yniiim) of united scales, sac-like, enclosing tiie acheniiim. Style 2 or 8-
cleft. Flowers diclinous Cabbx. IT
i. DULICHIUM, Rich. (Gr. dvw two, keixov^ scale; the glumes
are in two rows.) Spikes linear-lanceolate, subcompressed ; glumes
sheathing, closely imbricated in 2 rows; style long, bifid, the perjistent
base crowning the compressed achenium ; ovavy invested with 6 to 9
barbed setae. — 21 St. leafy. Spikes sessile, alternately arranged in 2-
rowed, axillary race»>es.
D. spath^ceum Pers. Marshes, borders of streams, U. S. and Can. St round,
leafy, and somewhat .3-sided above, thick, sheathed below. Lvs. alternate, point-
ing 3 ways, 2 to 4' by 3''. Sheatlis tubular, shorter than the internodes. Clus-
ters axillary from within the sheaths, and terminal, each consisting of 8 to 10
linoar-lanceolate, alternate spikes in 2 rows. Spikes 5 to 7-flowered, nearly an
inch in length. Glumes linear-lanceolate. Aug.
2. CYPE^RUS, L. Galingale. Sedge. (Gr. Kvneipog, the ancient
name.) Spikes compressed, distinct, many-flowered ; glumes imbri-
cated in 2 opposite rows, nearly all with a flower enclosed ; flowers
without setae; stamens 3, rarely fewer; style 3-fid (rarely 2-fid\ decid-
uous. — Mostly U- St. simple, leafy at base, mostly triangular, bearing
an involucrate, simple or compound head or umbel at top.
I rYOBEirs. Style 2-cleft. Achenium lens-shaped. Spikes flat, 10 to 80-flo'.vered.—
— Stamens 2 (partly 8 in No. 1) Nos. 1—3
— Stamens always 8 Nos. 4, 5
8 Cypekus. Style 8-cleft. Achenium 8-anglod. Spikes flattened or teretish, 5 to 40-
flowered, the one lowest glume emi)ty. (•)
• Culm with many joints, teretish, and with leafless sheaths at base No. fi
• Culm jointless, triquetrous, and with leaves below, (a)
a Pair of scales within each glume free, ])ersistcnt. Heads dense No. 7
a Pair of scales adnate to the rachis, or wanting, (b)
b Spikes racemously arranged along the rachis. Stamens 8. (c)
C Spikes 10 to 20-ttowered, the clusters 2-rowed Nos. B, 9
O Spike.s 5 to 7-flowered, the clusters 2-rowed No. 10
O 8i)ikes 5 to lO-ttowered, clusters many-rowed, (d)
d S|)ikes terete or tetragonal Nos. 11, 12
d Spikes flattened, linear or lanceolate Nos. 13—15
b Spikes cnpitatc on the summit of the rachis. (e)
e Gl tunes with recurved points. Stamen 1 only. Nos. 16, 17
e Glumes with erect points. Stamen 1 only No. 18
e Glumes with erect points. Stamens 3. (f )
f Umbel simple. — Spikes terete, few-flowered No. VJ
—Spikes fl.ittish, 6 to 10-flowered Nos. 20. 21
-Spikes flat. 12 to 40-flowered No. 22
f Umbel compound. Spikes 6 to 80-flowered Nos. 23 — 25
I MA.BiBCrF. Style 3-cleft. Achenium 3-angled. Spikes teretish, 1 to 4-flowered, in
del se heads, the 2 lowest gluuiei empty Nos. 26, 27
1 C. didndruB Torn Culms slender, reclining, 4 to 10' high ; umbd contracted,
of 2 to 5 short, unequal rays; spikes flat, ovate or oblong, 12 to 24-flowered, obiu-
siah, fascicled at the top of tho rachis; glumes obtusish, 1-veined, membranous,
green on the keel, the sides rust-colored in various shades ; stam. mostly 2 ; sty.
2-eleft, exserted; ach. obovate, dull.— Marshy grounds, N. E. to W. States, com-
mon. A handsome Sedge. Scales 5 to 8" long, near 2'' wide. Aug.
/?. CASTANEUS. Scalcs of a dark chestnut color, shining, coriaceous, closely im-
bricated ; styles scarcely exserted.
y. PAUOiFLOBtJS. Spikes very siiort, 5 to 9-flowered ; glumes chestnut brown,
with yellowish margins ; lvs. linear-setaceous. — N Ohio.
2 C. Nuttdllii ToiT. Culms triquetrous, tufted, 4 to 12' high; rays few and
short, loose; spikes (2 to 6'' long) linear-lanceolate, flattened, very acute, 10 to 20-
flowered ; scales acute, loosely imbricated, yellowisli-brown ; stam. 2 ; ach. oblong
obovate, obtuse, with a half 2-cleft style. — Brackish meadows, Mass. to La. Lvs.
mostly shorter than the culm.s. Invol. of 4 leaves, 2 of them very long. Spikes
6 to 12'' long, in loose, irregular umbels. Aug.
Order 155.— CYPERACE^.
733
(t. MiKiMWS. Invol. of 1 or 2 Iva. Spikes 1 or 2, 10 to 12-flowered; glumes
loosely imbricated, acute; stain. 1. — Culm and Ivs. setaceous. N. J. (Torr.)
3 C. Oatdaii Torr. Culm 8 to 12' high, slender, obtusely 3-angled, umbel of 6
to 8 distinct, very unequal ray.f ; spikes alternate, ratlier remote, linear-lanceolate,
10 to 12-tlowered, the lowest compound; scales acute, loose, pale straw-yelloiv ;
stam. 2; sty. deeply 2-cleft; ach. obovate, obtuse, dull, dark gray. — Near Mobile,
Ala. (Gates, in Torr. Cyp.). Plant pale green. Invol. about 3-leaved.
4 C. flavescens L. Culm 4 to 10' high, leafy below; uinbel of i to 4: short rays;
spikes linear, obtusisb, 15 to 20 or 30-flowered; glumes obtuse, straw-color, broad-
ovate, 1-veined; stam. 3; sty. deeply 2-cleft ; ach. suborbicular, dark brown, shin-
ing. — Marshy grounds, U. S., common in Tenn. (Jackson). Lvs. about as hijili as
the culms. Spikes 5 to 9 " long, IJ " wide, in crowded fascicles of 3 to 6 on each
short rachis. Aug.
5 C. flavicdmuB Mx. Culm 1 to 3f high, 3-angled ; invol. 3 to 5-leaved, very
long; umbel so'mewhat compound, of many {4: to 7) spreading rays ; spikes nume-
rous, lance-linear, divaricate, loosely 12 to 30-flowered; glumes very obtuse, l^rowii-
ish yellow, green and 3-veined on the keel, with a broad, white-scarious margin ;
stam. 3; sty. sliort, 2-clefk; ach. obovate, blackish. — Bogs, also in dry soils, V;i.
to Fla. Spikelets 7 to 10" long. Glumes somewhat truncate and emarginate
May — Sept.
€ C. articuldtus L. Joixted SEoaE. Culm 2 to 6f high, with internal joints,
and several leafless sheaths towards the base ; lvs. none or sheath-like ; umbel
compound, loose, with about 5 rays; invol. 2 or 3-leaved, short, spikes linear-
subulate, alternate, 14 to 20-flowered ; glumes lanceolate, obtusish, with u green
keel, membranous sides, white, with rod dots ; stam. 3 ; sty. 3-clert ; ach. acutely
;;- angled. — River swamps, S. States. Rt. jointed, creeping. Jn. — Aug.
7 C. eiythrorbizos Muhl. Culm 2 — 3f high, obtusely triquetrous, longer than the
leaves; umbel compound; rays 5 — 9, 3 — i long, each with 3 — i sessile clusters;
sheaths entire; spikelets very numerous, 6" long, crowded and spreading in tlio
oblong subsessilo (heads) clusters, a little flattened 13 — 30-flowered : outur
glumes mucronate, closely imbricated, cliestnut-brown, veinlesa and shining, the
inner ones entirely free ivom. i\\o rachis; sta. 3; ach. smooth and shining, much
shorter than tho glume. — Wet grounds Penn. and Southern States.
8 C. H;^dra Mx. Nut Grass. Culm 6 to 12' to 2f high, 3-angled; lvs. shorter
than tho culm; umbel simple, 3 or 4-rayed, rays nearly as long as the involucre;
spikes linear, alternate and 2-rowed on the rachis, 14 to 24-flowered; glumes
ovate, veinless, acute, separate at the tips, of a fine purple brown; stam. 3; sty.
3-elert, much exserted ; ach. 3-angled. — Sandy liekls, Va. to Fla. and La. Very
trouljlesome in cotton fields. Rhizomes creeping and branching extensively,
bearing tubers. Spikes to 12" long. Apr. — Jl.
9 C. phymatOdes Muhl. Culm 1 — 2 f high, 3-angled, striate; lvs. subradical,
as long as tho stem; umbel 4 — 6-rayed; rays often branched, bearing 12 — 20
linear, obtuse spikelets somewhat in 2 rows ; sheaths obliquely truncate, involu-
celsO; spikelets 12 — 20-flowered, G — 8" long, the lowest generally fasciculate ;
glumes veiny, yellowish. — If. Moist fields, N. Y. to Wis. and S. States. Rhizomes
creeping, bearing small, round tubers at tho ends. May — Aug.
10 C. dissitifldruB Torr. Culms slender, tumid at the base, 1 to 2f high ; lvs.
narrow, nearly radical ; umbel 3 to 5-rayed, suberect, half as long as tho involu-
cre ; spikes remotely alternate, subdistychous on the slender rays, teretish, slender,
6 to 7 -flowered, 6'' to 1' hng ; glumes lance-oblong, acute; ach. brown, 3-anglod.
— E. Tenn. ? to La. Plant slender, erect. Rayb of tho umbel 1 to 3' long.
Spikes divaricate and reflexcd. Aug.
11 C. Michauxi^nuB Schultcs. Culm acutely triangular ; umbel compound, with
short lays; spikelets 6 — 9-Jlowered, the lower ones compound; rachis very broad,
easily separating at tho joints; ova. ovoid-triangular, enfolded by tho interior,
" adnate scales. — (J) Brackisli swamps, generally near tho sea. Middle and Southern
States. Stem 12 — 15' high, reddened at tho base, longer than tlie leaves. Spike-
lets 9" long, 7 — 9-flowered.
12 C. tetr^gonua Ell. Culm 2 to 3f high; lvs. shorter, channeled, serrulate en
tho mui-gins and keel; umbel maay-raycd, involucela none^ clusters obloug-cylin'
h
(ill
- ' ■ f , I'll
n
1^
734
Order 153.— CYPERACEiE.
dric; spikes 3 to b-flowered, with a broad rachis and distinctly A-angled; glumes
slightly mucronate ; ach. oblong, 3-arigled. — Marshes, S. Oar. to Pla. (Elliott
liaidwiu.)
13 C. strigdsuB L. Culm triquetrous, leafy ouly at base ; Ivs. broad-linear, rough-
margined, about as long as the stem; umbel some compound, with elongated rays
and oblong, loose clusters, ifieir sheatiis 'i-bristted; involucels or setaceous;
spikelets numerous, hnear-subulate, spreading horizontally, 8 — 10-flowered, 7 — 9"
long ; invol. of about 6 leaves, the 2 outer ones very long. — Wet grounds, U. S.,
frequent. Stem 1 — 2f high, bulbous at base. Umbel yellowish. Sept.
li. SPEOloSUS. Umbel compound, the partial umbels with leaf-like involucels.
(C. speciosus Vahl.)
14 C. otendlepis Torr. Culm 2 to 3f high, slender, 3-angled ; umbel simple, of 3
or 4 elongated rays ; invol. 3 or 4-leaved ; ochrece (sheaths) truncate, pointless ;
spikes crowded, spreading or reflexed, linear, flattened, 5 to 8-flowered, in ovoid
clusters; glumes distant, lance-linear, veined; ach. linear-oblong. — N. Car. to Ga.
and Tenn. Spikes 6 to 8" long, of a dusky yellow.
15 C. Sch'weinitzii Torr. Culm 8 — 12' high, triquetrous, rough on the angles; Ivs.
shorter than the stem, about a line wide ; umbel simple, erect, 4 — 6-rayed, rays
elongated, unequal ; sheaths truncate, entire ; invol. 3 — 5-leaved, longer than the
leaves, scabrous on the margin ; spikelets 6 — 7, alternate, approximate, in cylindric
clusters, 6 — 8-flowered, with a small, setaceous bract at the base of each; scales
membranaceous on the margin ; sta. 3 ; sty. 3-cleft, scarcely longer than the
smooth achenia. — Shore of L. Ontario (Sartwell) of Lake Erie (SulUvant) to Ark.
16 C. infl6zu8 Muhl. Culm setaceous, leafy at base, 2 — 3' high ; Ivs. equaling
the stem ; umbel 2 — 3-rayed, or conglomerate and simple ; invoL of 3 long leaves ;
spikelets oblong, 8 — \2-flowered, 10 — 20 together, densely crowded into the ovoid
heads; glumes yellowish, veined, squarrous-uncinate at tip; sta. 1. — Banks of
streams. Free States and British Provinces. Aug., Sept.
17 C. acuminitUB Torr. & Hook. Culm 3 to 12' high, slender, obtusely trique-
trous; Ivs. evact, radical, as long as the stem; umbel 1 — 6-rayed; invol. 3 — i-
leaved, very long; rays unequal, each with a globous head of 15—40 spikelets;
spikelets 3 — 11", oblong-linear, obtuse, 15 — 25-flowered; fls. very regularly imbri-
cated in 2 rows; glumes acute, with the point recurved; sta. 1; ach. dull-grayish.
— 111. (Mead.) and westward.
18 C. virens Mx. Culm 2 to 4f high, stout, 3-angled; Ivs. nearly as long,
strongly keeled, rough-edged; umbel compound, with 5 to 7 very unequal rays;
invol. of 4 or more leaves, very long, involucels leafy ; spikes ovate, in dense,
globular heads, flattened, 10 to 20-flowered; glumes acute, greenish; stam. 1;
ach. 3-angled, acute at each end. — Swamps, S. States. Spikes 8 to 5'' long. Nut
dull yellow. (C. vegetus Ell. Torr.)
19 C. echin^tUB. Culm 10' to 2f high, 3-angled, bulbous at base; Ivs. numerous,
rather shorter; invol. 6 to 10-leavcd, long; umbel simple, 6 to 10-rayed; spikes
short, teretish, acute, 3 to 6-fiowered, in dense, globular heads ; glumes striate,
tiiwny, appres.sed ; stam. 3 ; ach. obovate. — Dry fields, S. States. Root with
numerous fibres. Plant very leafy. Spikes 2 to 5 ' long, with a broad rachis.
(0. Baldwinii Torr. Mariscus, Ell.)
20 C. Grayii Torr. Culm 8 — 12' high, filiform, obtusely triangular, erect, tuberous
at base; Ivs. radical, channeled, about J" wide; umbel 4 — ^-rayed capillary, erect,
spreading; sheatiis truncate; hds. loose, of 6 — 8 spikelets; spikelets linear, com-
pressed, 8 — 7-flowered; scales ovate, veined, obtuse, imbricated, interior ones
lanceolate ; sta. 3 ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. obovate-triquetrous, f the length of the scale,
gray, dotted. — Sandy fields, Mass. to N. J. Sept.
21 C. filictiliniB Vahl. Culm slender, almost filiform, tuberous at base, 8 — 12' long,
leafy only at base ; Ivs. mostly radical, cariuate ; umbel simple and sessile, or with
1 or 2 rays; spikes linear- lanceolate, 3 — 8-flowered, flattened when old, collectL><i
into globous heads ; glumes remote, loose, ovate, yellowish. — Dry, rocky hills, N.
Eng. to Fla., W. to 111. Aug. (C. mariscoidos Ell.)
22 C. oompr^BBUS L. Culm naked, 3-angk'd, 3 to 8' high, tumid at base;
umbel sessile or simple and few-rayed, rays spreading; spikes lanceolate, 2-edg('(l,
Ordkr 155.— CYPKRACK^.
733
12 to 40-flowered, loosely aggregated ia heads; rachis winged; glumes ovate,
sliglitly veined, acuminate, yellowish, very acutely keeled ; etiim. 3 ; ach. obovate,
3-angled, shining. — Dry fields, S. ytates. Spikes 6 to 12' long, sharply serrated
by the projecting points of the glumes. Root fibrous.
23 C. dent^tus Torr. Culm about If high, leafy at base, triquetrous; Ivs. a little
shorter than the stem, strongly keeled ; umbel compound, G — 10-rayed; invol.
of 3 unequal leaves, one of them longer tlian the umbel ; spikes 3 on each peduncle,
3 — 7", lanoe-ovate, flat, 8 (rarely 6 to 30) flowered; glunies acute, spreading at the.
points, giving the spikes a serrated appearance; sty. 3-cleft; ach. triangular. — if
Swamps, Mass., to N, Y. and Fla. Rhizorao creeping, bearing tubers. Spikos
:)fton morbidly enlarged.
24 C. Lecontii Torr. Culm 3-angled 1 to 2f high, leafy at base ; Ivs. linear,
about the same height ; invol. 3 to G-lvd., longer than the umbel ; umbel com-
pound, many-rayed; spikes oblong, obiiise, flat, in small digitate clusters, 20 to 40-
flowered; glumes closely imbricated, acute, yellowish, the points obtusish, callous,
scarcely separated ; stam. 3. — Fla.! to La. An elegant species. Spikes 4 to 7"
by 2 ". Rhizome creeping.
25. C. l^ptOB Schultes. Culm weak, 1 to 2f Iiigh, 3-angled ; Ivs. radical, shorter ;
umbel compound or decompound, oi numerous (12 to l^) filiform rays, with a short,
2-leaved involucre ; spikes 3 to Sin each loose head, lance-linear, 12 to 20-flow-
ered ; glumes ovate-lanceolate, acute, keeled, the keel green, sides yellow with 2
rod lines. — Damp soils, N. Car. to Fla. and La. Spikes 3 to 4" long. Sept.,
Oct. (C. gracilis Muhl.)
26 C. ovul^ris Vahl. Culm acutely 3-angled, nearly naked, 6 to 16' high; Ivs.
shorter, nearly smooth; umbel simple; rays 3 " to 2' long; h^ls. 1 to 5, globular,
one sessile, tho rest on the spreading rays; spikes linear-subulate, 3'' long, 50 to
100 in each head; fls. 2 to 4, 1 or 2 fertile; invoL 3 or 4-leaved, outer Ivs. very
long; glumes ovate, obtuse, greenish, tho two lowest empty. — Bogs and low
grounds, M , W. and S. States, common. Aug., Sept. (Mariscus Vahl. Kyl-
lingia Mx.)
27 C. retrofrdctus Vahl. Culm obtusely triangular, nearly leafless, pubescent, 2
to 3f high; Ivs. pubescent, 3 to 4 ' wide, about half as long as the stem ; umbels
simple ; rays unequal, long, 6 to 8 ; invoi. 3 to 5-leaved ; bracts unequal, not
longer than tho rays; spikes 70 to 100, subulate, 1-flowered, finally retrorsely im-
bricate into obovate heads ; 2 lower glumes empty. — Mid., W. and S. States, raro
northward. Aug., Sept,
3. KYLLiN'GIA, L. (In honor of Peter KylUng, a Danish botanist.)
Spikes compressed ; scales about 4, the 2 lowest short and empty, the
third only usually with a fertile flower ; stamens 1 to 3 ; style long, 2-
cleft ; achenia lenticular. — Sts. triangular. Hds. sessile, solitary or ag-
gregated, invol ucrate.
1 K. ptimila Mx. Csespitous; culm 2 to 12' high, slender; Ivs. mostly radical,
shorter than the stem, smooth ; hds. generally solitary, sometimes triple, closely
sessile, oval or oblong; invol. 3-leaved, 1 to 2' long; spikes 1-flowered, very nu-
merous, about 2" long; tho lowest glume or glumes very small; sta. always 2 ;
ach. lens-shaped, fulvous. — Wet banks, Columbus, Ohio (SulUvant) to 111. (Lap-
ham) and S. States. Variable. Aug. K. sesquiflora Torr. is a taller form, with
tiiple heads. (Florida, Chapman.)
4. FUIRE^NA, Kotboll. Clot-grass. (In honor of George Fuiren^
a Dutch botanist.) Glumes imbricated on all sides into a spike, awned
below the apex ; petaloid scales 3, cordate, awned, unguiculate, invest-
ing the achenium, which is abruptly contracted to a stipe at base. — 2^
St. angular, leafy. Spikes umbeled or capitate, axillary and terminal.
1 P. squarrdsa Mx. Culm 1 to 2f high, obtusely triangular, sulcate ; Ivs. flat,
ciliato, shorter than the stem; sheaths hispid- pilous ; spikes clustered, ovoid,
mostly terminal, 7 to 1 2 ; awns nearly as long aa Vie glumes ; petals ovate, cuspl-
'I
I
m
f
.si
r36
Obdkb 155.— CYPERACE^.
date with a short bristle; ach. twice the length of the stipe. — Bogs and awamps,
Mass. to Midi., S. to Fla. and La.
/i. PDMiLA. Culm a few (3 to 6) inches high , spikes 1, 2 or 3 ; glumes ovate-
lanceolate, with short awns ; petaloid scales ovate-lanceolate.
2 F. hi spida Ell. Culm triangular, sulcate, hispid above, 2 to 3f high ; Ivs.^ linear,
5 to 8' .'ong, flat, hispid-pubescent, with very hispid sheaths; spikes 3 to 12, in clus-
ters of 3 fo 6, ovoid-oblong, mostly terminal ; awns longer than the glumes, spread-
ing-recurvfcd ; petals ovate, mucronate ; stam. 3, scarcely longer than the corolLi ;
sty. twice as long as the stamens. — Car. to Fla. and La. Differs from No. 1
chiefly in its hairiness.
3 F. acirpoidea Mx. Culm slender, 1 to 2f high, 3-angled, striate, leafless, but
with several sheaths ; spikes 1 to 6, ovoid, terminal, dingy brown, not squarrous ;
glumes short awned or cuspidate ; petals ovate, shorter than the claws ; stam. 3 ;
ach. triangular, pointed at both ends. — S. Ga. and Fla. Rhizome creeping. Heads
as large as the white bean.
5. ELEOCH'ARIS, R. Br. Spiked Rush. (Gr 'iXog, a marsh, X^^P^i
to rejoice ; plants delightinjr in marshy grounds.) Spikes terete ;
glumes imbricated all around ; bristles of the perigyniura mostly 6 (3 to
12) rigid, persistent ; style 2 to 3-cleft, articulated to the ovary ; ache-
nium crowned with a tubercle which is the persistent, bulbous base of
the style. — Mostly U . St. simple, leafless. Spike solitary, terminal.
§ LIMXOCHLOA. Spike cylindrical, elongated (!'), slumes rounded, pale, spirally arranged.
Culms stout, 2 to 4f high No". 1, 2
§ ELE0CIIAKI8. Spiltes ovoid or lanceolate, teretely imbricate (*).
* Spike lance-oblong, length thrice greater than trie diameter (a).
a Culms terete (1 to 2f). Spike rusty brown, 5 to 10" long No. 3
a Culms flattened, hair-like or thread-like, narrower than spike Nos. 4, 5
a Culms 3-angled, stout, as broad as the spike. Lvs. ? floating No. 6
* Spike ovoid-oblong, ength less than thrico the diameter (b).
b Spikes greenish wliito, globous-ovoid, 2 to 3" long. South .Nos. 7, 8
b Spikes brown, or the glumes brown in the center (c).
C Culms 4 or S-nngled, 2 to 12' high. . Noi. 9, 10
C Culms terete, 8 to 14' high Nos. 11, 12
C Culms flat. — Bristles 4 to 6, longer than the achcnium Nos. IH, 14
— Bristles few, shorter than the ach. or none Nos. 16, 16
{ CH^TOCYPERUS. Spike flat, glumes imbricated in 2 or 8 rows. Culms capil-
lary, — 1 to 8' high, never proliferous at the top Nos. 17, 13
—5 to 12' long, often proliferous at the top Nos. 19, 20
1 E. equisetoides Torr. Culm about 2( high, papilhu^, terete, 2 — 3" diam.,wiih
about 20 joints, produced by internal, transverse partitions ; sheath radical, obtuse,
membranous; spiAe oblong-cylindrical, about 1' in length, acute and slightly con-
tracted at base ; glumes roundish-ovate, cartilaginous, obtuse ; bristles 6, as long
as the achenium ; sty. 3-clefl; ; ach. brown, siiining. — Bogs, Cumberland, R. L
(Olney), Del. to Ga. It strikingly resembles Equisetura hyemale.
2 E. quadrangul^ta R. Br. Culm 2 — if high, acutely and unequally quadraii'
gUlar, the broadest side convex, the others concave ; sheaths radical, purplish ;
spike V or more in length; glumes roundish-ovate, obtuse, coriaceous; bristles 6;
ach. obovate, of a dull white. — Penn., Md. (Robbins),to Ga. and La. In swamps
and inundated banks.
3 E. paMatris R. Br. Rhisomes creeping; culms subterete (slightly 4-8ided
below), spongy, 9' to 2f high, varying from filiform to \\" diam. ; spikes oblong-
lanceolate, rather obtuse, 3 to 6 to 10' long, many-flowered; glumes oblong-
ovate, obtuse, rusty or tawny brown, with a broad, loose, scarious margin, tlie
lowest enlarged ; ach. obovate, smooth, shining, yollowisb
j3. CALVA. Bristles none ; culms filiform, — \V. N. Y. (E. ^ .ilva Torr.).
4 E. intermedia Shultes. Tufted culms setaceous, diffuse, compressed, ftir-
rowed, hard, wiry, 6 to 8' long; spike lance-ovate, acute, 2 <o 3" long, 7 to ^-flowered;
glumes, lance-ovate, acute, reddish-brown, with a green midvein; bristles C,
white, longer than the achenium ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. obovate, attenuated to the
base, striate, of a light brown color. — In running water, forming a dense turf, N
H. to Ga., W. to Ohio. JL
Ordbr 155,— CYPERACE^.
737
5 E. tricosidta Ton*. Culm filiform, flattened, striate, 1 to 2 f high; spike cylin-
dric-oblong, dense-flowered, 6 to 9" long; glumes ovate, obtuse, rusty brown, with
a broad, scarioua margin and a green midvein ; bristles ; ach. obovate, with 3
prominent, thick angles, roughish, brown, crowned with a whitish, minuto tuber-
cle ; style 3-cleft. — ^Wet places, N. J. to Fla.
6 E. Robbinsii Oakes. Culms clustered, 9 — 25' high, rigid, sharply triangular,
pale green, several of them fruitless; «/ieo<A truncate ; spike 3 — 12" long, scara'ly
thicker than the stem, placed 2 — 5'' below its apex ; glumes 3 — 9, linear-laiicoo-
late, acute, finally brownish ; bristles 6, twice longer than the achonium ; ach. I"
long, pale brown; ^wftercfe closely sessile. — Ponds and ditches, N. H. and Mass.
(Ricard). Very distinct. In water a part of the stems are floating and as flua
as hairs. Jl.
7 E. capit^ta Brown. Culm filiform, furrowed, angular, 4' to 6', in tufts ; spika
globular-ovoid, 2" long, greenish white; glumes 12 to 15, oblong, obtuse;
bristles 6, some of them a little exceeding the ach., wiiich is broadly obovate,
lens-shaped, black, shining, crowned with a minute, depressed tubercle ; style 2-
clfft. — Wet places, Ga., Fla. to La.
8 E. dlbida Torr. Culm filiform, terete, striate, sulcate on one side, 8 to 12';
spike ovoid, acute, 2 to 3'' long ; glumes 20 to 30, whitisli, ovate, rather acute ;
bristles 6, brown, longer tlian the chestimt-colored, smooth, broad-ovato ach ;
tubercle small, acute ; stylo 3-cleft. — Wet, sandy places, Ga., Fla. to La. Known
at sight by \ts whitish heads. Sheaths vary short.
9 E. oliv^cea Torr. Cuhns ccespitous, 2 — 4' high, slender, subcompressed, suU
cate, soft: spike ovate, acutish, 2 — 3" long, 20 — 30-rtowered ; glumes ovate, ob-
tuse, reddish-brown, with scarious edges and a green midvein, tiie lowest largest;
bristles 6; sty. 2-cleft; ach. broadly obovate, smooth, of a dull, blackisli-olive
color when ripe. — Sands, generally partly submersed, Providence, R. I. (Olney)
Mass. to Ga.
10 E. tenuis Schultes. Culm almost filiform, qwidr angular, the sides sukcUe,
8 — 15', with a long, purple sheath at base ; spike 2 to 3" iong, elliptic-oval, acute
at each end ; glumes dark purple, ovate, obuse, the lower ones larger and empty ;
ova. roundish, tapering below, invested with 2 or 3 or setae. — Common in wet
places. Can. and U. S. Jn., Jl.
11 E. obtdsa Schultes. Culm sulcate, subterete, 6 — 15' high; spike ovoid, vary
obtuse, often nearly globous; gluvies 60 to 100, round, dark brown, with whitish
margins ; ach. obovate, compressed, smooth, brown, invested with 6 sctie as long
as the glumes, and crowned with a broad, flat tubercle. — Shallow waters. Can.
and U. S., common. Jl.
12 E. tuberculdsa R. Br. Culm columnar, striate, 12' high, leafless, sheathed
at base; spike ovate-lanceolate, acutish, glumes very obtuse, loose; ach. somewhnt
triquetrous, not larger than the sagittate tubercle with which it is crowned ; bristles
6, as long as the tubercle. — Sandy swamps, N. Eng. to Flor. and La. Remark-
able for its largo tubercle. Jl.
13 E. simplex Torr. Culm acutely 3-angled (terete Torr.), filiform, striate, 1 2 to
18'; spike ovoid, acutish; scales ovate, obtuse, whitish with a brown center;
bristles 6, rigid, longer than the ach , which is broad-obovate, furrowed length-
wise, olive-green, crowned with a large, distinct, conic-beaked tubercle ; style 3-
cleft. — Wet places, N. Car. to Fla. and La.
14 E. rostellata Torr. Culm 15 — 20', clustered, angular and sulcate, slender,
almost filiform, rigid ; sheaths obliquely truncate, the lowest bhujkish at summit ;
spike lance-ovate, acute, 3 — i' long ; glumes 12 — 20, lance-ovate, smooth, light
brown, edge scarious ; bristles 4 to 6, longer than the smooth ach., which is bi-
convex, olive-brown, with a confluent, acuminate tubercle, shorter than the 6
bristles.— R. L (Olney), N. Y. (Sartwell), to Mich.
15 E. melanocdrpa Torr. (7«im compressed, innovfedi, slender, almost filiform,
wiry, 12 — 18' high; sheaths truncate ; spike lance-oblong, rather acute, 4 — 6" in
lengtii, 20— 40-flowered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, brownish, with scarious margins
and a prominent, yellowish midvein; bristles 3, purple; ach. obovate-turbinato.
blackish ; tubercle broad, flat, pointed in the center. — Providence, R. I. (Olney).
16 E. compr^Bsa Sullivant. Ctdm 12 — 18' high, oeespitous, much compreased,
47
I ' !a
i
i '■ ''Mil
T.;8
OiiDER ]55.— CYPERACEiE.
narrowly linear, striate; sheath close, truDcate; spike obloug-ovate, 3 — 5" in
leugth, 20 — 30-flowered ; glumes ovato-lauceolatc, acute, mostly 2-cleft at apex,
dark purple on the back, with a broad, scarious margin ; bristles ; ach. obovate-
pyrilbrm, shining, minutely punctate, o/a light, shining yellow, the minute tubercla
fuscous. — Wet places N. Y. to IlL
17 E. acicularis R. Br. Culm leafless, setaceous, quadrangular, very slender,
3 — 6' high ; spike compressed, obloug-ovate, acute, 4 — 8-flowered ; glumes ob-
tusish, the lowest one larger and empty; ach. obovoid, triangular, striated length-
wise. — Edges of ponds, often partly submersed, U. S. and Brit. Am. Very deli-
cate. June, July.
18 E. pigmfba Torr. Cvlm 1 — 2' high, setaceous, compressed, sulcate; spikes
ovate, compressed, 3 — 6-fld. ; gl. mostly empty ; bristles 6, longer than the
acheniuin, slender, scabrous backwards; ach. ovate, acute, triangular, smooth, not
striate, whitish and shining ; tubercle minute. — Sea coast, Mass., to Fla. and La.
19 E. microcSrpa Torr. Culm capillary, 4-angled, 5 to 8' long ; spike obloug,
compressed, 10 to 20-flowered, about 2" long, often proliferous; glumes ovate,
acutish, keeled, chestnut brown, the lowest much the largest, bristles 3 to 5,
shorter than the achenium which is minute, smooth, whitish, with a very minute
tubercle. — Wet places, N. J., also La.
20 E. prolifera Torr. Culms capillar}', 4-angled and furrowed, 4 to 12' long, in
dense tufts ; spike minute, 1 to 2'' long, compressed, 4 to Q-flowei-ed ; glumes ovate,
chestnut brown, with scarious margins, often proliferous, that is, producing new
culms instead of flowers; bristles 3 or 4, much shorter than the achenium which
is 3-angled and with a broad, depressed tubercle. — Fla. I to La. (Hale). (Chaeto-
cyperus Baldwiuii Torr.)
6. SCIR'PUS, L. Club-rush. Bullbush. (Celtic cirs, the general
name for rushes.) Glumes imbricated on all sides ; perigynium of 3 —
bristles, persistent ; sty. 2 — 3-cleft, not tuberculate at base, deciduous ;
achenium biconvex or triangular. — 71 Stems mostly triquetrous, simple,
rarely leafless. Spikes solitary, conglomerated or corymbous.
§ SciRiTS. Bristles retrorsely denticulate, about equaling the ucbenium. (*)
* Bpike singk', terminal, with a shurt, erect bract at its base .Nos. 1~3
* Spikes several or many clustered on each culm, (a)
a Clusters of spikes lateral — on the terete, leafless culm Nos. 4, 5
— on the triangular culm Nos. 6—8
a Clustersof spikes terminal, mostly umbellate, (b)
b Glumes lacerotely 3-toothed. Spikes large (9 to 12" loni:) Nos. 9, 10
b Glumes entire.— 8pikes small (1"), collected in globular heods Nos. 11, 12
— Spikes small (2 to 8" long), separate No. 18
§ Tkicopiiokum. Bristles 6, tortuous, tawny, much longer than the achenium, ond
asserted. Stem (culm) leafy. Umbel decompound Nos. 14, 16
1 S. planifdlius Muhl. Culm ccespitous, leafy at base, acutely and roughly 3-
angkd, 5 — 10' high; Ivs. broad-linear, flat, rough on tlie margin, equaling the
stem; sp«A;ei oblong-lanceolate, compressed, termincd,^ — 8-flowered; glumes ovate-
mucronate, yellowish ; bracts at the base of the spike, cuspidate, outer ones longer
than the spike ; ach. reddish-brown, invested with 6 bristles longer than itself. —
In cold, hard soils, Mass. (Robbins), N. Y. to Del. June.
2 S. subtenninalis Torr. Culm floating, furrowed, inflated, leafy below, 1 to 3f
long; Ivs. very narrow, almost capillary, 2 to 4f long; spike somewhat termiiiai
{the stem being continued above it in the form of a bract), lanceolate; style 2-ckft;
ijristles 6. — Streams, &c., Mass. to N. Y., Mich. Aug.
3 S. casspitdsuB L. Culm ccespitous, round, sheathed at base with riumerous ru-
diments of leaves ; spikes compressed, terminal ; 2 Iowot glumes involucre-like, as
long as the spike; ach. with 6 bristles. — Grows in dense tufts, 4 — 12' high. Spike
4 — 5-flowered, reddish-brown. On the alpine summits of Mts., N. Slates. Jl.
4 S. d^bilis Pursh. Culm csespitous, roundish, deeply striate, 9 to 16' high, with
a few subulate leaves at base; spikelets about 3, short-ovoid, sessile, crowded,
tateral, the culm continuing a fourth of its length above them, glumes ovate, obtuse,
carinate, pale greea ; ach. obovate, muoronate ; bristles 4 or 6. — Borders of ponds
and rivulets, N. Eng. to Car. Aug.
m
i'V
Order 155— CTPERACEiE.
739
6 S. validus VahU Lake Bui.'^uusn. Culm smooth, leaOess, filled with a porous
pith, 5 to 8/ high, cylindiic, laperiny above the pauiule, and abruptly eudiug in a
short cusp ; panicle cymous near the top ; ped. rough, twice compound ; ypikeiets
ovoid, closely imbricate; scales ovate, mucronate, pubescent; bracts siiorter than
the panicle. — The largest species of bullrush, frequenting the muddy margins of
rivers and ponds, U. S. to Arc. Am. July. (S. acutus Muhl.)
6 S. ptingens YahL Culm nearly naked, 3-angled, comers acute and two of
the aides concave, about 3f high and ending in a sharp point ; Ivs. few and short,
from the top of the sheath; spikes lateral, 1 — 5, ovate, crowded and sessile, at
various distances below the point ; glumes round-ovate, mucronate ; bristles ;
style 2-clefi. — Ponda and marshes, fresh and salt, throughout N. America. (S.
triquotor Mx.)
7 S. Olneyi Gray. Culm iriquetrous-winged, leafless, 2 — 7 f high; sheath radical,
tipped with a short (1 — 2') leaf; spikes 6 — 12, sessile, aggregated, 2 — 3" long,
placed 9 — 12' below the triangular apex of the stem ; glumes roundisli-ovati-,
mucronate; bristles 6 — 12; ach. obovate, plano-convex, gibbous at apox. — Salt
marslies, Sekonk river, R. I. (Olney), Tom river, N. Y., Kneiskern. Remarkably
distinguished by its S-winged stem. July.
8 S. T6rreyl Olney. CMZw2f high, 3-angled, with concave sides, rather slender,
leafy at the base; Ivs. 2 or 3, If or more long, slender; spikes 2 — i (rarely 1), ses-
sile, distinct, acute, ovate-oblong ; scales ovate, nmcronate, smooth ; sty. 3-cle/t ;
ach. obovate, acuminate, unequally 3-sided, shorter tlian the bristles, — Borders of
ponds, N. Eng. to Mich. The stem here as in the last, is prolonged above the
spikes, in the form of an involucral leaf. Jl., Aug. (S. mucrouatus Ph. ? Torr.)
9 S. maritimuB L. Sea Bullrush. Culm acutely 3-angled, leafy, 2 — 3f high ;
Ivs. broad-linear, rough-edged, carinate, taller than the stem; spikes conglome-
rate, 6 — 10, nearly an inch long, corymbous; invol. of about 3 very long leaves;
glumes ovate, 3-cleft, the middle segment subulate and reflexed ; style 3-cleft ;
bristles 3 — 4, much shorter than the broad-obovate, lenticular, dark brown, polished
achenium. — Salt marshes, N. Eng. to Flor. Aug.
10 S. fluvidtilis Gray. Culm triangular-winged, leafy, stout, 3 or 4f high ; Ivs.
broadly linear, very long; invol. Ivs. 5 to 7, far exceeding the umbel; umbel
somewhat compound, spikes separate or conglomerate, large (9 to 12" long), ful-
vous ; glumes 3-cleft, bristles 6, whitish, longer than the sharply 3-angled, oblong.
Hack aclienium, which is tipped with a whitish beak. — Borders of lakes and rivers,
W. N. Y. and W. States. Jl.j Aug. (S. maritimus, ji. fluv. Torr.)
11 S. atrovirens Muhl. Culm obtusely triangular, leafy, 2f high ; cyme cora-
pcjund, proliferous; invol. of 3 leaf-like bracts longer than the cyme; spz^-^i' ovate,
acute, crowded, 10 io 20 m a globous head ; hds. numerous, 4" diam., dark olive
green ; glumes ovate, mucronate ; bristles 4, straight, hispid downward, as long as
the smooth, white achenium. — Common in meadows, Mid. and W. States. Ju., Jl.
Very diderent from S. sylvaticus L. of Europe.
12 S. polyphyllus Vahl. Culm obtusely triangular, leafy, 2 — 3f high ; cyme
decompound, its principal branches about 5, unequal, with truncate sheaths at
base ; spikelets clustered in heads of 3 — 6 ; glumes obtuse, reddi.sh-brown ; ach.
smooth, yellowish-white, twice shorter than the 4 or 5 smooth tmituyus bristles. —
Much resembles the last species. Margins of waters, N. Eng., 111. and S. States.
(S. brunneus MuliL)
13. S. divaric^tUB Ell. Culm obtusely triangular, very leafy, 3 to 4f high ;
Ivs. flat, broadly linear or lance-linear, 3 to 6" wide, shorter than the culm; umbel
loose, large, decompound, rays filiform, divaricate, recurved ; spikes all separate,
pendulous, oblong-ovoid, 2 to 3" long, rust colored, pendulous; glumes many,
acute ; bristles tortuous, rather longer than the achenium which is tawny, elliptic-
3-angled, acute at each end. — Wet barrens, S. Car. to La (Hale).
14 S. Ziri6phonim Mx. Culm obtusely triangular, leafj', 3 to 5f high, Ivs. 2f
long, rough-edged ; invol. 4 or 5-leaved, longer than the umbel ; umbel terminal,
decompound, large and loose ; spikes mostly pedieillate, 2 to 3'' long, ovoid, in
smaller clusters ; bristles 6, capillary, curled, very conspicuous, being 5 or 6 times
as long as the white achenium. — A common, stiff, rank, meadow sedge, which
II
t
1
740
Ord«b 155.— CYPERACE^.
cattle do not eat, U. S. and Can. Aug. (Tricophorum cyperinum Pcr.s.)
Variable.
15 S. line^tUB Mx. Culm triangular, very leafy, 2 to 3f high ; umbels terminal
and axillary, decompound, at loiigth nodding ; invol. I or 2 briicts, shorter than
the umbels ; spikes ovoid, pedunculate, solitary ; glumes lanceolate, ferruginous ;
bristles 6, ow lorifj as the ylunies, hardly exserted. — Swamps iu most of the States.
Aug. (Tricophorum, Pers.)
7. ERIOPH'ORUM, L. Cotton Grass. (Gr. epiov, wool, (f>tp(o, to
bear ; alluding to the copious bristles of the perigynium.) Glumes im-
bricated all around into a spike ; achenium invested with many, rarely
only 6, very long, dense, woolly or cottony hairs. — Stem generally leafy.
Spikelets mostly in umbels, finally clothed with the long, silk hairs.
§ Bristles of the perigynium 6. 8j)iko sinulo \o. 1
§ Bristles of tbo perij^ynium numerous. — Splice single No. 9
— Spikes sevcruL (*)
* Spikes collected into a subsessile, capitate cluster No. 8
♦ Spikes sci)arate, pedunculate, in umbellato clusters Nos. 4, 5
1 E. alpinum L. Culm very slender, acutely 3-angled, naked, somewhat sca-
brous, 8 — 16' high, with 3 — 4 radical sheaths; radical Ivs. very short, subulate;
spike oblong, terminal, about 2" in length ; hairs 6 to each liower, woolly, white,
crisped, 4 times as long as the spike. — Bog meadows, often alpine, N. II. to N.
Y. and Punn. Jl.
2 E. vaginatum L. Sheathed Cotton Grass. Sts. densely caespitous, obtusely
triangular, slender, smooth and rigid, 1 — 2f high ; uppermost sheaths inflated ;
spikelet ovate, oblong, 6 — 8" long, of a blackish color, with scarious glumes;
hairs 30:— 40 to each flower, straight, white and glossy, twice as long as the
spikelet, conspicuous, as well as in other species, even at a distance among the
meadow grass. — N. Eng. to Mich., N. to Arc. Am. Jn., JL
3 E. Virginicum L. Culm strict, firm, slender, tereteish, 2 to 3f high ; Ivs.
smooth, narrowly linear, shorter ; invol. 2 to 4-loaved, longer than the inflores-
cence; spikes many, ovoid, acute, 3" long, glomerate, with very short peduncles,
forming a capitate cluster; stara. 1, tawny, exserted with 3 tawny styles; ache-
nium flattened, obovate, keeled on the back, pointed, invested with 70 to 200
pale cinnamon colored sette whicli are 4 to 7" long. — Bogs, Can. and U. S. Jl.,
Aug. In flower the heads are tawny red.
S. coNFERTissiMUM. Heads very large (20" diam.) and dense with white setfe.
— In Northern N. H. (E. confer tissimum Ed. 2il.)
4 B. polyatachyon L. Culm somewiiat triangular, smooth, 1 — 2f high ; cauline
Ivs. 2 — 3, broad-linear, flattened belmv, triquetrous at the end; invol. 2-leaved;
spikes about 10, on rough peduncles whicli are Ions' and drooping and sometimes
branched; setae 30 — 40 to each flower, white, 6 — 8" long, ach. obovate, obtuse.
— Very conspicuous in meadows and swamps, U. S. and Brit. Am.
5 E. gr^cile Koch. Culm obtusely 3-angled, 18' to 2f high, roughish above; Ivs.
triquetrous, channeled on the upper side, scarce 1' wide ; invol. one-leaved, very
short ; ped. roughish or subpubescent, nodding ; spikes 3 to 8, ovoid, some sub-
sessile, others on peduncles 1 to 4'' long; glumes striate, brownisli; bristles 50
or more in each flower, 8 to 10^' long, white; ach. lane e-obovate, obtuse. —
Bogs, N. States and Can. Common in N. J. (Jackson) (E. angustifolium Torr.).
8. HEMICAR'PHA, Nees. (Gr. ^pavf, half, Kdp<pa., straw or chaff,
there being but one scale to the flower.) Spike many-flowere I ; glumes
imbricated all around ; interior scale 1, embracing the flower and fruit ;
bristles ; stamens 1 ; style 2-cloft, not bulbous at base, deciduous ;
achenium compressed, oblong, subterete. — 11 Low, tufted, with seta-
ceous culms and leaves.
H. Bubsquarrosa Nees. Culm Betacecue, compressed, sulcate, recurved, 2 — 3*
high; Ivs. setaceous, shorter than the scape; spikes 2 — 3, terminal (appa'
rently lateral), subsessile, ovoid, nearly 2" long; invol. of 2 bracts, one appear.
IP,
Obdeb 165.— CYPERACRJi 741
Inpf like a continuation of the scape, thrice longer than the other; glumes 00,
witli iv short, recurved or squurrous point. Anally brown; ach. minute, of a dull,
brownisli-wliito. — Sandy banks, N. Eng. to Peun., Ky. and S. States. (Isolepis,
Seiirad.)
9. LIPOCAR'PHA, Brown. Spikes many-flowered ; ^lurtus spatw-
late, imbricated all around; interior scales 2, thin, subequal, involving
the flower and the fruit ; perianth none ; stamens 1 ; style 2 or 3-tid ;
achenium coated with the scales. — Culms leafy at base. Spikes numer-
ous, collected into an involucrate, terminal head.
L. macumta Torr. Culms triangular, 3 to 8' liigli, longer than the narrowly
linear, often involute, smooth loaves ; invol. of 2 long Ivs: and 1 short one, Hpikea
3 or 4, ovoid, acute, closely aggregated ; glumes very numerous, acute, nsirrowed
to the base, white hyaline, marked with rod dots, green along the niidviin, longer
than the 2 interior scales (spikelet); stamen 1 ; style bifid, longer than the tawuy,
oblong achenium. — Wot grounds, Ga. to Fla. (Kylliiigia Mx.)
10. FIMBRIS'TYLIS, Vald. (Lat. Jimbris, a fringe, stylus, style ;
from the ciliatc style.) Glumes imbricated on all sides; bristles ;
style compressed, 2-cleft, bulbous at base, deciduous, often ciliate on the
marLrin. — U With the liabit of Scirpus. Lvs. mostly radical.
§ Siiikcs in a siibsiinple umbel, rusty brown, few, ns thick ns a pcpiior-corn Nos. 1, 8
§ sjiikcs ill a dense liead. Invol. very li»ng. (No. 3.) Spilces 2 only, lateral. (No. 4).Nos. 3, 4
1 F. spadfcea Vahl. Culm 1 to 3f high, hard un<l rigid, flal toned, channeled ; lvs.
semi-terete, filiform, channeled ; umbel of few rays, longL-r than the 2 or 3 subu-
late lvs. of tlie invol,; spikes few, ovoid-oblong becoming oblong-cyUndric, when
old, 3 to G" long, 2' thick; glumes broad-ovate, nmcronato, rust-colored, finally
dark chestnut brown ; stam. 2 or 3 ; stylo fringe-pubescent ; ach. whitish, min-
utely doited. — Marshes, N. Y. to Fla. W. to 111. (Lapham). Jl.— Sept. (F. cas-
taneus Mx.)
/i. FKKUUGINEA. Umbel of many rays, somewhat compound. (P. ferrugineus
Vahl.)
2 F. laza Yahl. Culm 2 to 12' high, flattened, striate; lis. fiat, linear, glaucous,
rough-edged, shortar than the culm; umbel few-rayed, shorter than one of tiie
leaves of the involucre ; spikes ovoid, acute, 3 " lor.g ; glumes ovate, brown ;
stamen 1 ; sty. dark purple, fringed; ach. whitish, with ii to S prominent riiUjea
lengthwise. — Clay soils, Penn. to III and S. States. Jl. — Sept. (F. Baldwina
Torr.)
3 F. argentea Yahl. Glaucous; culms tufted. 2 to 4' high, setaceous, coov
pressed ; lvs. radical, filiform, as long as the culms ; spikes 5 to 8 cylindric-oblong,
acute, sessile, straw-colored, in a dense head; invol. 3 or 4-leaved, many iimee
longer than the head, usually longer than the culm ; glumes 20 or more, lance-ovate,
mucronate ; stam. 1 ; sty. 2-cleft, ciliolate ; ach. white minute. — Ga 1 to La. (P.
congosta Torr.)
4 F. dist^chya Chapman ? Culms setaceous, leafless, tufted, 3 to 4' high ;
spikes 2, globular-ovoid, lateral, sessile near the top of the culm, 1'' long, dark
brown; glumes very numerous; sty. 2-cleft; ach. minute, but as long as tUe
glume. — Mid. Fla. (Chapman. It is Heniicarpha subsquarrosa Nees.)
11. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Listiboudois. (Gr. rpixrjXog, threefold,
arvXog ; from the character.) Glumes in 4 to 8 ranks, carinate ; bris-
tles none ; style 3-cleft, deciduous below the bulb (if any) at the base ;
achenium triangular. — 'H Sts. leafy at the base. Spikes in a terminal
head or umbel.
i Spikes in a compound umbel, oblong, fcrruginaus Nos. 1, 8
Spikes ill a subsimple umbel, 2 to 4 to 6, chestnut colored No. 8
Spikes in a dense head, greenish. Involucre leaves dilated at base Nos. 4, 6
Spike solitary, greenish, lateral near the summit of the culm No. 6
1 T. autumn^lis. Culm compressed, 2-edged, oeBspitoua, leafy at base, 3 — 10'
Si li
!
&
t
742
Order 155.— CYPERACE^.
higli ; Ivs. flat, linear, shorter than the stem ; umbel compound, diflfuse ; invol.
2-leaved ; spikelets lancoolate, acute, somewhat 4-sided, 2 — 3 together ; glumes
brown, niucronate ; ach. white. — Wet places, along rivers, etc., N. Eng. I to Ga.,
W. to Mo. July. (Fimbristilis, R. <k S.)
2 T. coarct^ta. Culm filiform, teretish, 8 to 12' high; Ivs. setaceous, with bearded
sheaths ; umbel compound, contracted ; invol, Ivs. many, short setaceous, one a
little longer than the umbel; spikes 15 to 20, linear-obloug, 3" long; glumes
about 12, acute, rust-colored ; stam. 2 ; sty. deeply 3-cleft; ach. obovate, 3-angled.
— Dry, sandy soils, S. Car. to Fla. (Isolepis Torr. Scirpus Ell.)
3 T. capill^ris. Culm caespitous, nearly naked, 3-angled, capillary, 4 — 8' high ;
ivs. subradical; setaceous, shorter than the stem ; spikes ovoid, 2 — 4, in a simple
umbel, inner one S'^gsile; glumes oblong, ferruginous, margin pubescent; ach.
white. — In sandy fields, Mass. to Fla., W. to Ky. and Ohio. Aug. (Isolepis, R.
& S. I. cihatifolius, Ell., a taller form (7 to 10) with 4 to 6 spikes.)
4 T. stenophylla. Culms twisted, 2 to 4' high, setaceous, as long as the seta-
ceous Ivs. ; spikes 4 to 6, ovoid, acute, few-flowered, sessile, in a dense head ;
invol. Ivs. 3 or 4, dilated at base, ciliate, 2 or 3 times longer (3 to 12 ") than tlio
head ; glumes ovate-acuminate, keeled, greenish ; sty. 3-cleft; ; ach. short-triangu-
lar, black-pruinous when mature. — Dry soils, Car. to Fla. Jl. — Sept. (Isolepis,
Kunth. Scirpus, Ell.)
5 T. "Warei. Culm filiform, terete, funowed, near If high ; Ivs. 2 to 3' l&nsr,
channeled; spikes 6 to 12, ovoid, in a dense head; invol. Ivs. 3 or 4, longer than
the liead, base dilated and cut-fringed; glumes ovate, obtuse, ciliate; ach. white,
rugulous, obovate-triangular. — W. Fla. (Ware, Torr. Cyp.). Very near the preced-
ing. (Isolepis, Torr.)
6 T. carinkta. Culm flattened, setaceous, 3 to 6' high, v/ith a short, solitary
setaceous leaf near the base ; spike single, ovoid, lateral near the top of the culm :
glumes green, 5 to 8, broad-ovate, veined acuminate ; sty. 3-cleft ; ach. short-
triangular, grayish, half as long as the glume. — Near N. Orleans (Hale) (Isolepis,
Hook. & Am.).
12. PSILOCAR'YA, Torr. (Gr. ^pi^og, naked, Kapva, nut; no
bristles.) Flowers ^ . Glumes oo, imbricated all round, all fertile ;
perigynium ; stam. 2 ; filaments long, persistent ; style 2-clcft, dilated
or tuborculate at base ; achenium biconvex, crowned with the persis-
tent style, — Stems leafy. Spikes lateral and terminal, cymous,
1 P. scirpoides Torr. Culm slender, leafy, smooth, S-sided, 5 — 9' high; Ivs.
linear, smooth, 3 — 5' by 1", cauline about 2 ; cj/toas terminal, and one from the
sheath of each cauline leaf; spikes about 3" long, oblong-ovate, in small, loone
clusters, 20 — 30-fiowtred; glumes chastnnt-colored, thin ovate, acute; ach. tumid,
dark brown, crowned with the long style, which is much dilated at base. — Bor-
ders of ponds, Sniithfleld, R. I. (Olney), Mass. (Greene), and Ai'k. (Hale).
2 P.rhynchoBporoides Torr, Culm 8 to 14' high, leafy, smooth; Ivs. linear, 2''
broad, overtopping the culm; umbel few-rayed ; spikes ovoid, 2 to 3" long, all pe-
dunculate, 8 to 10-fiowered; glumes roundish ovate, obtuse, pale brown; ach.
roundish, lenticular, strongly rugous; tubercle short, obtuse,. — Quincy, Fla.
(Chapman).
13. DICHROM'ENA, Richard. (Gr. 6ig, two, ;:^pwjua, color.) Spikes
flattened, collected into a terminal head; glumes imbricate on all sides,
many abortive ; perigynium none ; stamens 3 ; styles 2-cleft ; achenium
lens-shaped, crowned with the broad, tuberculate base of the style. —
Khizome creeping. Culms leafy. Lvs, of the invol. usually whitened
at the base.
1 D. leucoc^phala Mx. Culm triangular, 2 to 3f high ; hs. concave, narrow,
shorter than the culm; invol. 6 to 8-lcavcd, the Ivs. lanceclate, long-pointed,
whitened below, spreading, 1 to 4' long ; ach. truncate at the rummit, transversely
rugulous. — Bogs, Md. to Fla. and La. Kno^t^n at a distance by its white in-
volucre.
Order 155.— CYPERACEiE.
743
2 D. latifdlia Baldw. Culm tereteish, stout, 9' to 2r high ; Ivs. broadly linear,
very long, overusing the culm ; invol. 8 to lO-leaved, whitish, becoming dull red
at the base; ach. roundish in outline (except the tubercle), roughened, dull, the
tubercle broad, conical at top, base 2-horned, decurrent on the edges of the ach.
with its horns. — Ponds in pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla.
14. RHYNCHOS'PORA, Vahl. (Gr. pvvx(K, a beak, anopd, seed;
from the character.) Flowers or $ ^ ^, few in oach spikelet ;
glumes loosely imbricated, the lowest small and empty ; perigynium of
6 to 12 bristles; stamens 3 to 12 ; style bifid; achenium lens-shaped
or subglobous, crowned with a tubercle, the distinct, bulbous base of
the style. U St. leafy, 3-sided. Inflor. terminal and axillary. Setw
hispid (under a strong magnifier).
S Setae densely plutnous. Achenium sulglobous-ovoid (terete) Nos. 1, 2
{ 8et» naked, denticulate or hispid. Achenium more or less flaUened. (•)
* Achenium transversely rugous. Setae upwardly bearded, (a)
a Setaj shorter than the achenium Nos. 8 — 5
a Setae equaling or exceeding tlie achenium (b)
b Spikes in drooping panicles. Achenium oblons No. (\
• b Spikes in eroct or spreading i)anicles. Achenium roundish Nos. 7 — 9
b Spikes corymbuus or fasciculate. — Achenium ort^icular Nos. lo, 11
— Achenium oval Nos. 12, 13
* Achenium smooth and even, (c)
Culm and leaves very sleiider, filiform or setaceous, (d)
d Seta) 6 to 10, retrorsoly hispid (under a strong magniflor) Nos. 14—16
d Setae 6, upwardly hispid Nos. 17 — 19
Cuhn wiry, firm. Leaves linear, (e)
e Stamens 3 or 12. SetiE 10 or 12 Nos. 20, 21
S Stamens 3. Seta; 6, — rctrorscly hispid, longer than the ach. . .Nos. 22, 23
— upwardly hispid, — shorter than the ach. .Nos. 24, 25
— long as the achenium No. 26
1 R. plumdsa Ell. Culm rigid, wiry, 8' to 2f high ; Ivs. rigid, involute, seta-
ceous above, half as long as the culm ; spikes lance-ovate, chestnut red, in a ter-
minal fascicle, rarely a smaller axillary fascicle below on an exserted peduncle;
glumes broad-ovate, acute ; Iristle (setce) 6, densely plumovs, as long as the globu-
lar-ovoid, rugous achenium ; tubercle short. — Dry pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla.
/?. SEMIPLUMOSA. SetSB feathery half way up, naked and denticulate above. —
Near N. Orleans (Ingalis. R. semiplumosa Gray., Monog., Rhyn., p. 213).
2 R. olig^ntha Gray. Culm filiform, 8 to 12' high, with one or two filiform-
setaceous Ivs. about the same height ; spikes 2 to 6, pedicellate, rarely solitary,
lance-ovate, fuscous-red, lateral near the summit of the culm ; glumes ovate, mu-
eronate ; setae 6, as long as the ach. and short tubercle, plumous below, hispid
above. — N. Car. to Fla., in sandy bogs.
3 R. cyradsa Nutt. Culm 1 to 2f high, triangidur, angles acute; radical Ivs. linear,
shorter than the stem, caulinc rising above the stem ; corymbs 3 to 4, the terminal
largest ; spikelets ovoid, in close fascicles of about 5 ; glumes broad-ovato, dark
brown ; bristles 6, § as long as the broad ovate, transversely ruguous achenium ;
tubercle depressed, much shorter than the achenium. — N. J. to La. Jl., Aug.
4 R. Torreykna Gray. Culm 2f high, ieretish, slender, casspitous, striate ; Ivs.
setaceous, the radical 6 to 10" long, cauline much shorter; corymbs few-flowered,
the lateral, if any, on capillary peduncles ; spikes o\oid, pedicellate or sessile ;
glumes ovate, niucronate, brown ; bristles 6, scarcely half as long as the oblong-
obovate achenium ; tubercle short, nearly as broad at base as the achenium. — N.
J. Jl, Aug. (Holtou.)
5 R. rarifldra Ell. Culms tufted, 6 to 16' high, filiform; with much shorter, seta-
ceous leaves ; spikes lanceolate, fuscous, near 2" long, pedicellate, few in 2 or ;{
loose, simple, corymbous panicles lermiuul and lateral ; bracts capillary ; glumes
ovate, awite ; seta; about G, nearly as long as the strongly rugous, roundisli obo
vate achenium ; tubercle very short. — S. Car. to Fla. and La., in bogs. Has tlie
aspect of a Trichelostylis.
€ R. iXMxp^naa Vahl. Culm slender, teretish, rather rigid, 18' to Sf high; Its.
narrowly linear, flat, smooth, half as long as the culm ; spikes lanceolate, fusoous,
about 3 long, 3 to S-flowered, formiag several axillary and terminal, rather long,
I
i
744
Order 155.— CYPERACE^.
drooping paraicfes; setoe nearly twice longer tliaii the rugous, oblong, flattish acho>
nium and short tubercle. — Wet soils, S. Car. to Fla. and La. (Schoenus Mx.)
7 R. mili^cea Gray. Culm slender, triangular, very leafy below, 21" hijrli, fistu-
lous; Ivs. rather rigid, flat, lance-linear, smooth, glaucous, 6 to 8' long, 3 to 4'
wide; spikes obovate, aU pedicellate, 3 to 5-flowered, forming diffMse, compound,
axillary and terminal cymous panicles; seice 6, a little longer than the roundish
obovate achenlum and very short tubercle. — Wet pine barrens, N. Car. to Fla.
and La. (R, sparsa Vahl. Schoenus Lam.)
8 R. cadiica Ell. Culm acutely triangular, 1 to 3f high ; Ivs. broadly linear,
Bmooth, 2 to 3" wide; spikes ovate, large (4 to 5" long), pedicellate or sessile, in
several rather close, erect, axillary and terminal panicles; gluwis caducous, ovate,
the outer broad ; setce. tivice longer than the orbicular-ovate, rugous achenium ;
tubercle flattened, conical, a third as long as the achenium. — Wet soils, N. Car.
*o J^^a.
9 R. achcenoides. Culm triangular, 2 to 3f high, leafy at base; Ivs. linear, 2''
wide, glabrous, not half the length of the culm; spikes very numerous, lance-ovate,
small (2 ' long), sessile or nearly so, clustered, forming several axillary and terminal,
pedunculate panicles; glumes fuscous, broad-ovate; setae twice as long as the
obovate, flat, rugous achenium and small tubercle. Bogs, Ga., Fla. to La. " (Scir-
pus, Ell.)
10 R. patula Gray. Culm 3-angled, thick and stout at the base, 2f hisih«; Ivs.
linear, short; spikes ovate, sinaH (2' loui*;), forming several spreading, loose-Jiow-
ered corymbs, of wiiich the terminal one is much the longest; sel;e scarcely ex-
ceeding the roundish, flattened, strongly rugous achenium, and tubercle, the latter
nearly half as long as the former. — Ga. and Fla., rare.
11 R. Elliottii Gray. Culm 3-angled, slender, 1 to 2f high ; Ivs. linear, flat,
glabrous, serrulate on the margins, the cauline short; spikes ovate, sessile in fasci-
cles forming 3 or 4 few-jimvered, subsim2>le corymbs, borne on exserted peduncles ;
setae a little longer than the roundish-ovate, minutely rugous achenium ; tubercle
very short, flattened, conic. — Wet soils, Ga. and Fla. Jn. — Sept.
12 R. micrncdrpa Baldw. Culm slender, teretish, tufted, nearly naked; iv«.
narrowly linear, setaceous at end, mostly radical ; spikes turgid-ovate, dark brown,
1 to 2'' long, loosely fascicled in several approximate, pedunculate corymbs ; seta
very fragile, scarcely equaling the minute, ovate, flat, rugous achenium. — Wet
grounds, N. Car. to Fla.
13 R. punctata Ell. Culm slender, i-angled, 1 to 2f high; Ivs. lq,nce-linear,
acute, rough-edged ; spikes ovate, chestnut brown, fascicled, in several peduncu-
late corymbs ; setae a little longer than the achenium, which is ovate, compressed,
oiid rugous-netted, with impressed dots in the furrows. — Marshes, Ga. and Fla.
14 R. alba Vahl. Culm triangular above, very slender, leafy, smooth, 10 — 16*
high ; Ivs. linear-setaceous, channeled ; corymbons fascicles pedunculate, both ter-
minal and from the axils of the sheaths, with setaceous bracts; apikelets lancco'
late, acute at each end, with crowded, lanceolate, whitish glumes; setui 9 or 10,
as long as the ach. and tubercle. — In wet, shady grounds; common. July — Sept.
15 R. Kniesk^rnii Carey. Culms in tufts, G to 16' high, slender; Ivs. mostly
cauline, setaceous, linear, shorter; spikes small (I'' long) in 4 or 5 dense fascicles,
distant along the whole length of the culm; setae 6, downwardly hispidulous, as long
as the minute, obovate achenium. — In bog iron soil, N. J. (Holton), rare. (R.
distans? Nutt.)
16 R. capilldcea Torr. Culm 6 to 12' high, filiform, glabrous, triangular; Ivg.
seta 'ous, much shorter than the stem ; spikes 1 to 3 to 6 {mostly in \ terminal
fasc fe), oblong, each with a setaceous bract ; glumes chestnut-colored, with scar-
ious edges ; bristles G, much longer than the oblong, substipitate achenium ; tuber-
cle about half the length of the achenium. — Swamps, N. Y. (Sartwell), Penn. to
Mich.
17 R. fdaca Roem. & Schult. Culm 3-angled, about 2 f high; Ivs. setaceous-car in^
ate ; smooth ; fascicles alternate, pedunculate ; bracta setaceous, longer than the
ovoid spikes ; glumes brown, ovate ; a£h. obovate, its pointed tuiercle as long, both
eqVfuUng tfie hispid seUe. — Wet places, Mass. to N. J., rare.
;.ii
OftDEB 155.— CTPERACE^E,
745
18 R. gracil6nta Gray. Culms 1 to 2f high, very slender or filiform, smooth ;
Ivs. linear-setaceous, much shorter than the stem ; corymbs small, fasciculate, the
lateral on slender peduncles exserted from the slieatha; spikes ovoid; glumes
ovate, acute, dark brown ; bristles 6, a third longer than the roundish-oroid acheni-
um ; tubercle flat, sub alate, as long as the acheniuiu. — Dry grounds, N. Y. to Fla.
19 R. filifdlia Terr, (nee Kunth). Culm filiform, 6 to 12 to 18' high, Ivs. fili-
form, or almost capillary, many, much shorter; spikes very small (1 ' long), in
2 or 3 small fascicles, the lateral pedunculate ; setce 6, upwardly scabrous-hispid,
as long as the roundish-ovate, lens-shaped, smooth achenium and the hispidrseaih
rous tubercle. — N. Car. to Fla. Its hispid tubercles distinguishes it from Nos. 17
and 18.
20 R. Baldwinii Gray. Culms slender, acutely S-angled, 2 to 3f high ; Ivs. linear,
acute, keeled, 2 ' wide, glaucous, not ciliate, spikes ovate, in a crowded, fasciculate,
terminal cor\imb; setce 12, upwardly hispidulous, as long as the smooth, roundisU-
ovate acheniura ; stam. 3. — Pine barrens, Ga.
21 R. dode'.'.dndra Baldw. Culm rigid, 3-angled, 1 to 3f high ; Ivs. rigid, cori-
aceous, keeled, rough-edged, broadly linear (2 to 4," wide), all nearly equaling the
culm at first, at length the culm longer ; spikes ovate (lance-ovate wiien young),
4' long, liglit chestnut color, pedicellate, in 4 to Q pedunculate corymbs ; setaj 6 t«
12, as long as the large (IJ" diam.), roundish, smooth achenium; stam. 10 to 12,
much longer; tubercle broad, depressed. — Bogs, S. Ga., Fla. (R. megalocarpa
and pyncocarpa Gray.)
22 R. glomer^ta Valil. Culm slender, smooth, leafy, a foot or more high ; Ivs.
flat, carinate, rough-edged ; corymbed fascicles very remote, in pairs, axillary and
terminal ; spikelets lanceolate ; glumes keeled, mucronato, brown ; ach. obovoid
or cuneiform, very smooth as long as the tubercle ; setJB 6, rough, backwards. —
In bogs. Can. to Fla. July, Aug.
23 R. cephal^ntha Gray. St. 2 — 3f high, triangular, stout; Ivs. linear, very
narrow, the lower and radical nearly as long as the stem; hds. roundish, axillary.
and terminal, dense, 5 to 7" diam., the 2 upper often near; spikelets lance-oblong;
glumes ovate-oblong, dark brown ; seta3 6, twice longer tlian the achenium ; ach.
rouudish-ovoid, a little compressed, very obtuse. — N. J. pine barrens.
24 R. fascicularis Nutt. Culm teretish, 1 to 2f high, veiny ; Ivs. narrowly linear,
much shorter; spikes small (IJ" long), fuscous brown, densely fascicled, in several
terminal fascicles, and usually several axillary ones ; seta3 half as long as th«
roundish-obovate achenium. — S. Car. to Fla. Inflorescence quite variable, some-
times copiously terminal, again scattered down the culm.
25 R. ciliata Yahl. Plant light glaucous; culm 8' to 2 f high, ancipital, striate;
Ivs. lance-linear, sliort, obtusish ; spikes elliptical, chestnut-colored, all collected
into a dense terminal fascicle with several short bracts ; setae very short, at tlw
base of the roundish, lenticular achenium. — N. Car. to Fla.
26 R. distana Nutt. Culm slender, wiry, teretish, 1 to 2f high ; Ivs. linear se-
taceous, shorter, mostly at base; spikes small (l"loug), ovate, in a terminal fasci-
cle, usually with 1 or 2 lateral, somewhat distinct fascicles ; setse upwardly Iiis-
pidulous, about as long as the broad, ovate, smooth achenium vvliich is not hall" as
large as in R. glomerata. — N. Car. to Fla. Name not very appropriate.
15. CERATOSCH(E^NUS, Noes. (Gr. Kspag, — arag, a horn, axoivog,
rush ; alluding to the long, persistent style of the achenium.) Spikeleta
2 — 5-flowered, one flower i^ , the rest $ ; glumes loosely imbricated,
Bomewhat in 2 rows, lower ones empty ; perig. of 6 or 6 rigid, hispid
or scabrous bristles ; stam. 3 ; style simple, very long, persistent f nd
crowning the smooth, compressed achenium. — 2f Stems leafy. Corymbe
compound.
1 C. longirdstris Torr. Glabrous and glaucous, culm 3^-4f high, triangular;
Ivs. 12 — IG' by 4 — 6'', flat, rough-edged; fls. in very large, terminal and axillary
corymbs, terminal one the largest; spikes lanceolate, acuminate, 8" long, loosely
fa^seicled in 4s or 6s 0n the long peduncles ; glumes brown, ovate ; brMles shorter
• J
I
f
740 Order 155.— CYPERACE^.
than the achenium, which is 2" long, and crowned with the (1") long, subulate,
horny style. — Ohio to Fla. Commoa in wet places. Aug. Bhyucospora oor-
niculata Gray.)
2 C. macrost^chya Torr. Glabrous ; culm 2 — 3f high, triangular ; Ivs. 1 — 2f
by 2—4', rough-edged; axillary corymbs sv^simple, terminal ones compound;
upper spikelets densely fascicled ; ach. ovate, smooth ; bristles erectly hispid,
twice as long as the achenium ; stylo persistent, nearly 4 times as long as the ache-
nium. — Mass. (Robbitis). (Rhynconpora ejusd.)
16. CLA^DIUM, Browne. Flowers (5 <J $ ; glumes imbricated some-
what in 3 rows, lower ones empty ; bristles ; stam. 2 ; style 2 — 3-
cleft, deciduous ; achenium subglobous, the pericarp hard, thickened
and corky above. — U Stem leafy. Corymbs or panicles terminal and
axillary.
1 C. mariacoides Torr. Boa Rush. St. terete, leafy, 20—30' high, hard and
rigid ; Ivs. narrmoly linear, channeled above, rounded beneath, much shorter than
the stems ; bracts short ; umbels 2 — 3, erect, the lateral on long, exsertod pedun-
cles ; rays 3 — 7, some of them very short ; spikes aggregated in heads of 4 — 8,
lance-ovate, 3'' long ; glumes tawny-brown, about 6, the upper usually ^ , the
next $ , and the rest empty ; ach. ovoid, short-beaked with the remains of the 3-
cleft style. — Bogs, Can. to Ponn. July. (Schoenus, Muhl.)
2 C. effiisuin Torr. Saw-grass. Culm obtusely 3-angled, 6 to 1 Of high; Ivs. 3
to lOf! long, 4 to 10" wide, tapering to a very long, 3-angled point, margins
sharply serrate-barbed; corymbs numerous, decompound, diffuse, approximated
an'l forming a large, elongated panicle ; spikes 2 " long, 3 or 4 together, browf. ;
acli. ovoid, 1 ' long. — Ponds and swamps, N. Car. to La. (Hale). A coarse and
rank sedge.
17. SCLE^RIA, L. Nut Sedge. (Gr. <T«A?/p6f, hard ; alluding to
the indurated shell of the fruit.) Powers 5* , staminate spikes inter-
mixed, fertile spikelets 1-flowerod, glumes fasciculate ; perigynium cup-
shaped or ; achenium globous, ovoid or triangular, with a thick, bony
pericarp ; style 3-cleft, deciduous. — U Stems leafy. Spikes in fasci-
cles or panicles.
§ ScLERiA. Achenium ovoid or globous, base Invested with a short perigynium. (*)
* Aclieniuiu smooth, ovoiil. Perijrynium annular, subentire Nos. 1, 2
• Achenium rugous-warty, globular. Perigynium 6 or 3-lobed Nos. 3, 4
♦ Achenium reticulated or liispid-rugous, globular. Perigynium 3-lobed Nos. 6, 6
$ Hypoporum. Achenium ovoid-triangular, base fluted. Perigynium none, (a)
a Fascicles 4 to 7, interruptedly spiked. Ach. smooth or rugous Nos. 7. 8
a Fascicles single, terminal. Achenium ribbed or smooth Nos. 9, 10
1 S. triglomeTElta Mx. Whip-orass. Culm erect, acutely triangular, rough,
leafy, 3 — 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, rough-edged ; spikes lateral and terminal,
alternate, in about 3 subsessile, triglomerate fascicles, and much shorter than the
leafy bracts ; glumes ovate, cuspidate, dark purple ; ach. globous, smooth and
polished, white, nearly 2" diam., invested at base with an entire, crustaceous rim.
— Swamps, in nearly all the States. Jn., Jl.
2 S. leptocUlmia. Culm very slender, acutely 3-angled, 2 f high; Ivs. smooth,
flat ; sterile spikes elongated (4' long), in 2 fascicles, the lateral one remote from
the terminal, on a long, filiform penduncle ; glumes dark purple ; stam. 3 ; aclu
ovoid, obtuse, white, polished minutely corrugated; perig. annular, with about ^
minute tuberaes. — Fla. Pairs of spikelets 3 or 4. (S. oligantha Torr. nee Mx.)
3 S. cili^ta Mx. Culm 1 to 2f high, acutely 3-angled, the angles scabrous above ;
Ivs. clianneled, pubescent as weP as the sheaths; bracts fringed with long, whitish
hairs; fascicle subsolitary, terminal ach. subglobous, white, roughened with
scattered warts ; perig. a narrow border, bearing 3 obtuse tubercle-i. — Damp soils,
S. Car. to Fla.
4 S. paucifl6ra Muhl. St. 10 to 16' high, triangular, slender, sraoothish; Ivs.
narrow, nearly smooth ; sheaths pubescent ; fascicles 1 to 3, few-flowered, the
Order 155.— CYPEUACE^.
V47
lateral, if any, pedunculate; bracts foliaceoua, ciliate; apikes in pairs; glumes
membranous, mucronate, somewhat oiliate ; sty. S-cleft ; ach. globous, rough,
white and shining ; perig. a narrow ring upon which are 6 roundish, minute tvbercks.
— Wet or dry soils, N. n. to Ohio and Fla. Aug. — There are several welJ market)
varieties.
/}. Very slender, smoothish ; lateral fascicle 1 -flowered, sessile, or none. — Mass.
to Ohio. About If high.
y. Very slender, scabrous-hirsute; lateral fascicle 1 to 2-flowered, sessile;
lower bracts much exceeding the culm. — Ga. and Fla. (S. Carolina
Willd. ?)
6. Stouter, tall (2 to 3f high), edges denticulate-ciliate ; lateral fascicles on
sliort (1 to 2') peduncles.— -S. States.
5 S. reticularis Mx. St. 1 — 2f high, triangular, rather slender; Ivs. 1" wide,
channeled, radical 6 — 12' long, cauline few; fascicles 2 — 5, latenU and terminal,
distant, loose-tiowered, subsessile; spikelets somewhat in pairs, the i many-
flowersd, at the base of the ^ ; glume light brown, ovate acuminate ; sta. 2 ;
perig. 3-lobed ; ach. globous, of a dead white, f " diam., conspicuously reticulated
and deeply pitted. — Borders of ponds, R. I. (Olney), to Fla The achenium is a
curious and beautiful object.
6 S. 16xa Torr. St. 1 — 2f high, weak, diffuse, acutely triangular, slender; Iv.s.
flat, 2" wide, smooth ; fascicles about 3, open one terminal, the others lateral and
very remote ; ped. 2 — 6" long, compressed, slender, often recurved ; spikelets dis-
tant, in pairs, the sterile at the base of the 5 ; sta. 2 ; perig. deeply 3-lobed ; ach.
about 1" diam., globous, whitish, marked with brownish, papillous transver.se
ridges and pits. — Near the sea coast, N. J. to Fla. Sept. (S. reticularis Mubl.)
7 S. verticill^ta Muhl. St. 6 — 8 — 12' high, triquetrous, slender, glabrous; Ivs.
linear, narrow and flat, shorter than the stem ; fiiscicles smooth, purple, 4 — 6, sessile,
few-flowered, appearing as if verticUlato ; bracts minute, setaceous, about as long
as the fascicles, scabrous upward; scales of ? ovate, smooth, scabrous and
keeled; ach. globous, rugous, a little more than ^" diam., abruptly mucronate and
somewliat 3 -sided at base. — Very abundant in Junius, N. Y. (Start well) to Car.,
W. to Ohio (Sullivant). (Hypoporum verticillatum Nees.)
8 S. interrdpta Mx. Palo green, sparingly hirsute ; culm 3-angled, 1 2 to 30'
high ; Ivs. linear, flat, striate, 3-veined, much shorter than the culm ; fascicles
few -flowered, 5 to 7, alternate, approximate at the summit forming an interrupted
spike 2 to 3' long; glumes conspicuously cuspidate and bristly-ciliate, rusty brown;
ach. ^'' long, smooth, purplish white, 3-sided and fluted at base. — N. Car., Fla.
and La.
9 S. gracilis. Filiform, smooth, 1 to 2/ high; culm 3-angled; Ivs. few, shorter;
spikes 3" long, few (1 to 5 pairs), in a terminal fascicle ; glumes ovate, mucronate,
purplish brown ; bract erect as if a continuation of the culm; stam. 3; ach. I"
long, white, ovoid, obscurely 3-angled, longitudinaily ribbed.— 'S. Ga., Fla. to
Texas. (Hypoporum Torr.)
10 S. Baldwinii. Culm sharply ?i-angkd, edges scabrous, jointless, 2 to 3/ high ;
Ivs. radical, long, linear, keeled; spikes 3 to 5 pairs, 5' Jong, in a terminal fas-
cicle; bracts 3, the longest erect, all purple at base; glumes brownish purplo,
lanceolate, acuminate; stam. 3; ci£h. large (near 2" long), ovoid, dull, even,
whitish. — Ga. and Fla. (Chapman.)
18. CAREX, L. Sedge. (The classical name, perhaps from Lat
carco, to lack; referring to the sterile spikelets.) Fls. diclinous; spikes
1 or more, either androgynous (with both staminate and pistillate fls.),
or with the two kinds in separate spikes on the same plant (monoecious)
or rarely on separate plants (dioecious) ; glumes single, 1-flowered,
lower ones often empty; (5 stamens 3; $ stigmas 2 or 3 ; perigynium
(of 2 united scales) of various forms, persistent, enclosing the lenticular
or trianjjular achenium. — U Culms triangular, growing in tufts.
m
n
I
748
Obuer 155.— CYPERACE^.
I
The following account of our species of Carex Is from the pen of Prof. C. Dewey (D,D.), re-
Ttscd by liini expressly for the present Edition. Tlie annexed Analytical Table bos been pre-
pared by ourselves (with the aid of copious and well authenticated specimens, amont; which is a
full set communicated bv Dr. Sartwell), on the basis of the artficlal subdivision of the genua
adopted by Prof. Dewey in the former edition. It is useless to admonish the student that this
table is not perfect, and may sometimes lead him astray. Tet, in the main, its subdivisions aro
correct, and cannot fail to lead to correct results, and thus greatly facilitate the study of this the
must extensive and didlcult genus in our Flora.
N. B. — In the specific descriptions the reader is often referred a& follows : (Boott, illust.) or (B.
tX These refer by number to the Illustrationa of the Genus Carex, in the recent splendid work
at Fruncis Boott, M.D., President of the Liunsean Soc. of England.
J I. STIGMAS 2. AoHKNiuM dopble-convex. (♦)
* A. Spike single,— mmimcious, staminate at the top No. 1
— dioecious, or $ spike with stamens lit base So. 2, 3
* B. Spikes several, androgynous (with both kinds of flowers). (^)
1 I. Stamens variously situated, above, below, or in the middle, sometimes
the whole spilce S . — Spikes 4 to 8 Nos. 4 — 6
—Spikes 10 to 20 Nos. 7, 8
^ 2. Stamens at the summit of the spikclets. (a)
a Spikelets evidently paniculate and perigynium not rostrate Nos. 9, 10
a Spikelets 3 to 6, approximate into one spike, (b)
b Spike ovate. — Glume equaling the perigynium Nos. 11 — 18
— Ulumo shorter than the perigynium No. 14
b Spike oblong, a little loose. Glume shorter than the perigynium... Nos. 15 — 17
a Spikelets 3 to 8, remote. Perigynium radiating, — longer than glume Nos. IS — 20
— shorter than glume No. 21
a Spikelets 8 to oo, approximate in a decompound spike, (c)
Pcrii;yniuni rostrate, not longer than the glume Nos. 22, 28
Perigynium rostrate, longer than the glume, (d)
d Spike cylindrical, of 8 to 15 spikelets Nos. 24, 25
d Spike large, branched, of 00 spikelets Nos. 2fi, 27
d Spikes elliptical, of 8 to 10 spikelets No. 28
5 8. Stamens ot the base of the spikelets. (e)
e Peiiii^ynia radiating, in remote spikelets. — Glumes green .Nos. 29 — 31
— Glumes hyaline, white Nos. 32, SS
e Poriarynift snberect, spikelets ovate-lanceolate, few-fruited Nos. 34—36
e Pori;,'ynla snberect, spikelets oval, (f )
f "Perlcynia not winged, about equaling the hyaline or brown glume. . .Nos. 37, 38
f Perigynia distinctly winged, broadly or narrowly, (a)
g Perigynia sliort-rostrate, — shorter than tlie glume Nos. 39, 40
— equallnj; the glume No. 41
—longer tlian the glume, (h)
h Perigynia spreading (not radiate) Nos. 42, 43
h Perigynia siiil)eruct or appressed Nos. 44 — 40
g Perigynium long-rostrate, — equaling ine glume No. 47
— longer than the glume Nos. 48 — 50
* C. Staminate and pixiilkite flowers in se^Mi rate S2>ikefi. (1)
IT 4. Statninate spike single. — 9 Spikes sessile, 1 or 2 only No. 61
— ¥ Spikes sessile, 3 to 5 Nos. 52—54
— 9 Spikes pedunculate Nos. 55, 50
% 5. Staminate spikes 1 or more and the 9 spikes often staminate at summit, (k)
k Glumes awnless, mostly obtuse and dark colored. {\)
1 Sterile spikes 1 or 2.— Glumes all obtuse and black Nos. 57, 58
— Glumes, at least the lower, acute, brown Nos. 59 — 61
1 Sterile spikes 2 to 4. Glumes acutish or acute Nos. 62, 63
k Glumes of the fertile spikes awned. (m)
m Sterile spikes 1 or 2. Plants not maritime Nos. 64, 65
m Sterile spikes 2 or 3. Plants maritime Nos. 66, 67
% II. STIGMAS 3. AoiiENiuM Tuiquetrous. (♦)
* D. Spikes androgynous (with both kinds of flowers). (^)
H 5. Stamens at tlio summit of the spike, (n)
n Spikes single.- Leaves 2, broad, flat, with no midvein No. 68
— Leaves several, linear or setaceous Nos. 69 — 71
n Spikes several, some of them on long, radic.nl peduncles, (o)
O Glumes of the fruit not longer than the perigynia Nos. 72, 78
O Glumes of the fruit long and leaf-like Nos. 74 — 76
IT 6. Stamens at the base of the 1 or more spikes No. 77
* E. Spikes dioecious, i. c., the fertile and sterile on dilferent culms Nos. 78, 79
* F. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at top : the others pistillate, (p)
p Perigynium hairy (at least, when young) as well as thelvs.,and bright-green. Nos. 80—82
P Perigynium smooth.— Spikes erect or nearly so. Glumes green No. 83
—Spikes erect or nearly so. Glumes dark Nos. 84—86
—Spikes drooping. — Glumes acute, dark. .. No. 87
— Glumes awned or cuspidate . . .Nos. 88—90
* G. Staminate spike single, entirely staminate. (1)
^ 7. Pistillate spikes sessile or solitary, few, mostly ovoid, (q)
Q Pistillate spikes oblonar, dark brown. $ Spikes stalked No. 91
q Pistillate spikes ovoid,— all or mostly solitary Nos. 92. 98
— all sessile, .ipproximate Nos. 94, 96
— «11 sessile, remote Nos. 96, 97
1!'
Obueb 165.— CTPERACEiE.
749
1 8. Pistillate spikes with enclosed or ne»rly enclosed peduncles. Peripjnia
mostly inflated, bvitkvd, angular -strliite. i!|iike> ol'teii quite larg *. (r)
T Perisryniiiiii pul)escent, brownish, iibriiptly beiiked Nos. 9S, 99
r Perigyniuin Hinuutli, yellowish, with s short, recurved beak Nos. luu, lUl
r Perigyniiiin siiiouth, intliited, with it loni;, straight beak, (s)
8 Spikes very short— VVIiole pliiiit yellowish jfrcen Nos. 102—104
— Wiiole pltint (lurk preen or lirigiit green Nos. 105, lijfl
B Spikes oblong-cylindric, — very large, Perig. conlc-rostrute Nos. lo7 — 1()S»
— middle size, very abruptly rostrate No. 110
1 9. Pistillate spikes with e.\serted peduncles. Perigynia 3-angled, scarce inflated,
not much beaked, and (as vfcll as tlio glumes) more or less colored, (t)
ft Leaves lanceolate or lance-linear, 4 to 10' wide, (u)
U Perigynliim acuminate with a recurved point Nos. Ill — 119
U Perigyn. acute or obtuse. — Lvs. lanceolate, shorter than culms Nos. 114, 115
— Lvs. lance-linear, long as culms Nos. IIC, 117
Leaves linear or setaceous (1 to 2" wide or less), (v)
V Perigynia smootii and not rostrate, (w)
w Bracts all exceeding the— oblong, dense spikes Nos. US, 119
— slender, loose spikes Nos. 1*20, 121
W Bracts shorter than the spikes or culm, (x)
X Leaves setaceous anil all radical. Glumes white No. 122
X Leaves linear. — Spikes blackish. White Mts No. 123
—Spikes t.iwny Nos. 124, 125
— Spikes green. — Ol. (mostly) obtuse. .. No.s. 126,127
— Glumes mucronate Nos. 128, 129
T Perigynia smooth (scabrous in No. 185), rostrate, (y)
y Bracts leafy, exceeding the stem and fruit Nos. 180 — 13£
y Bracts not exceeding the stem or fruit, (z)
z Spikes linear, slender, quite loo.se-nowered Nos. 133, 134
z Spikes cylindrical, rathur close, 3 in number Nos. 135, 18S
z Spikes oblong, 6 to 00 -fld. —Culm 4 to 6' hlirh, very delicate. . No. i;!7
—Culm 1 to 2f high Nos. 13S— 140
V Perigynia hairy, — sterile spike linear, slender Nos. 141, 143
— sterile spike oval-oblong Nos. 143,144
T 10. PLstillato spikes with peduncles (long or short), scarcely slieathed at all. (aa)
aa Spikes all erect.— Perigynia not rostrate or but slightly so Nos. 145 — 147
— Pcri?ynia r )strate, the orifice entire, or nearly eo. . ..Nos. 143, 149
— Perig. rostrate (lew), spindle-shaped, 2-tootlied No. 160
aa Spikes (the pistillate) soon mostly nodding, (bb)
bb Perigynia not rostrate. — Spikes ovoid, thick Nos. 151 — 153
— Spikes linear or cylindric Nos. 154, 155
bb Perigynia rostrate, — the beak short, scarcely 2-toothed No. (lOl) l.'iO
— the beak long and 2-parted.* Nos. 157 — 169
Hi Stuminate npikes itsuaily 2 or more. Perigyniti rostrate, (cc)
CO Perigynia clothed with wool, hairs or mealiness, (dd)
dd Perigynia long-beakecl, hispid-pubescent. 2-cleft, green No. ICO
dd Perigynia short-beaked, — mealy glaucous, chocolate-colored No. 161
— <lensely woolly, greenish Nos. 162, IftJ
— hispid pubescent, brown Nos. 164, 165
CO Perigynia glabrous (or merely scabrous in No. 172). (ee)
ee Spikes ( 9 ) on exserted peduncles, (ff )
ff Glumes dark brownish purple. Bracts shorter than culm No. IM
ff Glumes greenish or tawny, or yellowish, (ggj)
gg Perigynium tapering into very sliort beaks Nos. 167, 168
gg Perigynium long-beaked, horizontal or reflexed Nos. 169, 17d
gg Perigynium long-beaked, ascending. — Beak conical. .Nos. 171, 172
—Beak cylin<lrlc.Nos. 178, 174
•e Spikes ( S ) on sheathed, or very short peduncles, or sessile, (hh)
^ hh Spikes cylindrical, length more than thrice diam. (kk)
kk Perigyniuoi short-beaked or beakless. Hank aquatics.Nos. 175, 176
kk Perigynium decidedly beaked. — Glumes awned Nos. 177, 178
— Glumes lanceolate. Nos. 179, 180
hh Spikes oblong or oval, tnrgid, length not thrice the diam. (nn)
nn 9 Spikes 2 or 8 in number.— Beak cylindric Nos. 181, 182
—Beak conical No. 188
nn ? Spikes 1 or 2,— peduncalr.te. Beaks cylindric. . . .Nos. 184, l'<6
— sestiile, small. Beaks conical No. 13S
I. Stigmas 2*— Achenivm double convex.
'J
il f
m
■ft
s
k
i
1 C. capit^lta L. Spike capitate or nearly globous, $ at the summit ; fr. (perU
gynium) roundisii-ovate, close compressed, convex-concave, glabrous, acutiab,
longer than the ovate and rather obtuse glume ; lvs. slender. — Heights of the
White Mts. (Bobbins).
2 C. gyn6crate8 Wormesk. ? Spike oblong, rather looeo-flowered ; perigyTiiur)^
750
Orukr 155.— JYPERACEiE.
:
:
suboval or oblong, tapering at base, veined, convex-terete, attenuaff above into a
terete, shortish, straight or subrecurved, bidentate beak, nearly horizontal in iiuturity,
longer than tlie ovate and acute gluiuo ; culm slender, 4 to 6' high, with long slen-
der leaves sheathing at baae. Wayne Co., N. Y. (Sartwell), N. to Greenland.
(0. Davalliana, 2d edit.)
3 C. ^zilis Dew. (Boott, TUust., No. 45.) $ Spike terminal, ovate or oblong*
close flowered, stamiuate below, son'etiniea a single $ spiico or a single S spike i
perig. ovate- lanceolate, convex above and slightly below, serruUUe on the margin,
minutely veined above, 2-toothed, diverging, some longer than tiie ovate-lanceolato
glume; culm 12 to 20' high, stiffly erect, and Ivs. setaceous. — Swamps, E. Mas&
(Oakes), Sandford Lake, N. Y. (Sartwell).
fi. ANDRooYNA. One or more short $ spikes below the terminal. — Manches-
ter, N. Y. (Kneiskern).
4 C. aterilis Willd. (Boott, Illus., No. 135.) Spike compound, S below, often
dicEcious ; spikelets 4 — 6, ovate, subapproximate ; perig. ovate, acuminate or sub-
rostrate, bifid, compressed, triquetrous, scabrous on the margin, equaling the ovate,
acutish glume ; st. 2f high, erect and siiflf. Wet places, common. (C. stellulata
^. STEUiLis Torn, Carey.)
5 C. bromoides Schk. Spikelets numerous, alternate, j below, sometimes all
? ; perig. lanceolate, erect, acuminate, scabrous, nerved, bifid, twice longer than
the ovate-lanceolate t/ZMwe.-— Common in small bogs, in wet places.
€ C sicc^ta Dew. (Boott, Tllust., No. 50.) Spikelets numerous, f, above, often
wholly $ , ovate, close or approximate; perig. ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, com-
pressed, nerved, bifid, scabrous on the margin, equaling tlie ovate, lanceolate glume.
— Sandy plains, Westfield, Mass. (Davis) ; Ipswich, Mass. (Oakes) ; widely spread
over the country, but not abundant, W. to 111.
7 C. Sc^rtwellii Dew. Spikelets 12 — 20, ovate, sessile, compact, hractesAe, lower
ones especially fructiferous; upper often (J at apex, sometimes wholly i; perig.
ovate, laiceolate, convexo-concave, subulate, slightly 2-toothed, marg'ned and
scabrous on the edge, a little longer than tho ovate and acute glume ; Ivs. flat,
linear, shorter than tho stem. — Junius, Seneca Co., N. Y. (Sartwell).
8 C. disticha Huds. Spikelets many, 2-rowed or compressed into a flattened,
compound, loose spike ; spikelets oblong-ovate, close, alternate, often branched be-
low and the lowest sometimes remote, upper and lower often ? , and the inter-
mediate wholly S , or from the middle wholly $ upwards ; perig. ovate, narrow-
rostraie, margin serrulate, narrow, equaling the ovate, acute glume ; culm erect,
leafy below. — Wis. (Lapham), 111. (Vasey), Mich. (Cooley), N. to Arc. Am. (0.
intermedia Good.)
9. C. decomp6sita Muhl. (Boott, lUust., 53.) Spike decompound or paniculate;
spikelets very many, ovate, alternate ; perig. ovate, convex on both sides, triangu-
lar, acutish or short rostrate, short, brownish, glabrous, larger than the ovate, ocm-
minate, whitish glume; st. 18 — 30' high. — Found in swamps, Michigan, and in
Yates Co., N. York (Sartwell). '
10 C. prairea Dew. Spike below branched ; spikelets ovate, sessile, 5 to 7 on a
branch ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, convex both sides, scabrous on the margin, slightly
bifid, smaller than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 2 — 3f high, leafy towards the
base. — Abundant in the prairies of Michigan, and sparingly found in N. England
and N. Y. Resembles C. paniculata L., which has a much broader ovate glume
shorter than the perigynium and is far more paniculate, and for which this has
been taken. From No. 24 it is far separated by its panicle, and the color and
shape of its fruit.
11 C. cephal6phora Willd. Spikelets ovate, densely aggregated into an ovate
head {I ^' long), hracteate, about 5 ] perig. ov&te, acuminate, compressed, bifid,
scabrous on the margin, with a short, ovate, and scabro-cuspidate glume, which
equals it; st. 8 — 16' high. — Borders of fields and woods, common, but not
abundant.
12 C. Muhlenb^rgii Schk. Spikelets alternate, obtuse, approximate into an
ovate-oblong head, f long, with a long bract at the lower one ; perig. ovate, con-
vex above, very smooth, nerved, bifid, scabrous on the margin, some diverging,
A little shorter thiui the ovato and mucronate glume; st. 12 — 18' high. — 7n
I*
Order 158.— CYPERACEiE.
751
fluids, not Tery common, readily distinguished from the three preceding and fol-
lowing.
13 C. Btenoph^Ua Wahl. Spikes 3 to 6, aggregated into a roundish head ; perig.
ova^ roundish-ventricous, subpluno-convex, v:>incd, scabrous or serruljito on the
margin, bidentate, about equaling the ovate^ aaute glume ; culm 3 to 6' high, smooth,
with long, narrow leaves. — III. to Nebraska and Brit. Am.
14 C. ohordorhiza Ehr. Spik<!lets 3 — 5. aggregated into a head, ovate, sessile ;
perrg. ovate, acuminate, subrostrate, convex above, equaling the broiid, ovato and
aruto glume ; st. branching towards the base and sending out roots at the joints ;
spikes rarely bearing only stamens. — Marshes, N. Y., common (Sartwell), Mich.
(Cooley.)
15 C. Leaven'w6Tthil Dew. Spikelets 4 to 6, small, ovate, sessile, bmcteate,
aggregattd into an oblong head, the lower sometimes separated a little ; perig.
ovate, broad, shwi, convex above, abruptly short-beaked, slightly bifid, glabrous,
scabrous on tlte ed^ \ scarcely twice longer than tho short, ovato, acute glume;
culm rarely If high, slender, leafy towards the base; Ivs. narrow, flat; whole
plant pale green. — Ky. (Short) to Ala. (Wood), Fla. (Chapman) and I.a. (Leaven-
worth.)
16 C. cephaloidea Dew. Spikelets 4 — 6, ovato, aggregated closely, sessile and
bracteate; perig. ovate, ohtusish; bifid, scabrous on the margin, plano-convex,
very diverging in maturity, about twice as long as the short, ovate, obtusish glume.
— Dry fields, not abundant, but common over New England and New York. In
hedges it is often four feet long, and subrostiate, leafy towards the base. (C.
sparganoides, /3. Carey.)
17 C. murickta L. Spikelets about 5, ovate, sessile, approximate, bracteate, lower
ones sometimes remotish ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, plano-convex, 2-toothed, hori-
zontal, scabrous on the margin, sometimes longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume, —
Fields near Boston (Green, Curtis), and common in Arc. Am.
18 C. aparganioides Muhl. Spikelets 1 — 10, ovate, rather distant, bracteate,
sessile ; perig. ovate, acute, compressed, diverging, acuminate, 2-toothed, scabrous
on the margin, nearly twice the length of the ovate, acute, or mu^ronate glume ; st.
about 2f high, with long, striate leaves.
j3. RAMEA Dew, has one branch or more at the base, with several spikelets in
the place of the lower spikelet, and is tho C. divulsa of Pursh. — About culti-
vated and moist fields, common.
19 C. rdaea Schk. Spikelets 3 — 6, subremote, sessile, alternate, stellate, even
before maturity, lowest long-bracteate ; perig. oblong-lanceolate, 5 — 12, convex
above, scabrous on tho margin, 2-toothed, ver^' diverging, or even reflexed, twice
as loni, as the ovate-obtuse glume; st. 8 — 16' high.
y3. RADIATA Dew. spikelets distant, about 3-flowered, with setaceous bracts ;
perig. oblong, acute ; st. 4 — 8' high, flaccid or lax, setaceous, with very nar-
row leaves. — Conmiou in pastures and moist woods ; the variety is about
woods, or open places in woods.
20 C. retrofl6xa Muhl. Spikelets about 4, ovate, alternate, subapproximate,
sessile, bracteate and stellate in maturity ; perig. ovate, aculish, 2-toothed, sub-
Ecabrous or smooth on the margin, reflexed and spreading, about equal to tJie ovat€
and acute glume; ct. about a foot high. — Readily distinguished from the precjed-
ing. Woods and pastures, not abundant. (C. rosea, [3. Tourn.)
21 C. disp^rma Dew. Spikelets 3 or 4, erect, subapproximate, lowest bracte-
ate ; perig. 1 or 2, rarely 3, ovate, obtuse, nerved, plano-convex, short-beaked,
glabrous, twice longer than the ovate, acute, submucronate glume ; st. slender, 6
to 12' high, flexile, in tufts of several, with narrow and linear leaves. — "Wet
woods, N. Eng. to Wis. (C. tenella, Carey, Boott, not of Ehrh.). — The species is
common in N. Eur., but had never been recognized in this country, when de-
scribed, 1824.
22 C. vulpinoidea Mx. Spikelets ovate-oblong, obtuse; spike decom;x»und,
bracteate, conglomerate ; perig. ovate, acuminate, densely imbricate, bifid, tripli-
nerved, diverging, a little shorter than the ovate-cuspidate glume; st. obtusely
triangular, round and leafy towards the baiie.—Common in fields. (C multiflora
Muhl.)
'f
ivtof si
* 9 "I!
f
752
Order 155.— CYPERACEiE.
«
fi. MICROSPERMA D«w. SpikeUts closely aggregated, whole c^^ike less com«
puct ; perig. more convex, aliorter, lesa acuminated into a beak, very abuii*
dant. — Grows with tlie oilier, in dry and moist situations. (C. inicrosperaia
Wahl.)
23 C. setdcda Dew. Spiktlets ovate, alternate, obtuse, conglomerate, bractcatu ;
perig. ovate-lanceolute, acuiaiuaie, compressed, bilid, some diverging, about equal
to the ovate-1 mceolate, aivned glume ; st. 2f high, acutely triungiilur, scabroiis
above and striate. — Wet places, not abundant
24 C. teretitisnula Good. Spiktlets ovale, acute, sessile, decompound, brown-
ish, lower one bracteato ; perig. ovate, acute, convex and gibbous, scabrous on
the edge, spreading, longer tiian the ovate, acute glumo; fr. brown; st. 18 to 36'
liigii, leafy towards the root. — Wet places, common, in tufts.
25 C. Btip^ta Muhl. Spike often decompound; spikekts ohlong, aggregated,
numerous, bracteate ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, round at the base, plano-convex,
nerved, bifid, subscabrous on the margin, diverging, tiuice longer than the ovate-
lanceolcte glume; at. thick, acutely triquetrous, concave on the sides. — Wet places
and rnarshes, abundant.
26 C. Crua-Corvi Shuttl. (Boott. lUus. No. 64.) Spike decompound, subpani-
culate, commonly large, and branching below ; spikeleta ovate, numerous, aggro-
gated, sessile; perig. short-ovate, very long-rostrate, veined, convex-concave,
often horizontal, thrice longer than the ovate, acute ghime; culm leafy; Ivs.
rougii-edged ; plant light green. — Rivor swamps, Wis. to Ohio and Fla. (C.
Halei Dew. C. sicaeformis Boott.)
27 C. vulpina L. Spike long, large, decompound, forming densely aggregated
heads, often with single but close and oval spikelets, and often less compacted ;
perig. ovate, broad, tapering into a 2-toothed beak, often diverging in ripening, a
little longer and narrower than the ovate, acute glume ; culm large, strong and
rough. — Ohio (Sullivant) to Nebraska (Hayden).
28 C. alopecoidea Tuckerman. (B. t. p. 67.) Spike compound, rather loose,
spikelets 8 to 10, aggregated into an oblong head, bracteate, sessile ; perig. ovate,
plano-convex, scarcely nerved, acuminate, serrulate on the edge, bifid, subros-
trate, a little longer than the ovate and acuminate glume ; st. triquetrous, scab-
rous on the edges. — Moist woods, Ponn. and N. Y. (Sartwell).
29 C. atellul^ta Good. Spikelets 4 — 6, ovate, remotish, sessile ; perig. broad-
ovate, contracted into a short beak, compressed, slightly bifid, scabrous on the edge,
diverging and reflexed, a little longer than the ovate, obtusish glume ; st. erect,
stiff, leafy below, 8 — 24' high. — Common in wet places over the Northern
States.
30 C. Bcirpoides Schk. Spikelets about 4, ovate, approximate, sessile, obtuse,
lowest bracteate ; perig. ovate, cordate, compressed, lanceolate or rostrate, scabrous
on the margin, diverging or horizontal, longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acute
glume; st. 6 — 16' high, leafy towards the base. — Wet places in the country.
The more lanceolate fruit p.nd glume, and more flexible stem, separate it from the
preceding. C. scirpoides has the stamens chiefly below the upper spikelet. (0.
etellulata /?. Torr. &c.)
31 C. Btickleyi Dew. Spike compounded of about 5 ovate, alternate, approxi-
mate spikelets ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, 2-lobed at the orifice, concave or flattish be-
low, smooth, about twice longer than the ovate-acute glume; culm about If
high, slender, with lance linear Ivs. towards the base; stam. chiefly at the base
of the upper spikelets. — Mts. of Car. and Ga. (Buckley.) (C. Gibhardi, Buckl.
nee. Schk.)
32 C. ciirta Good. Spikelets 4 — 7, ovate-oblong, upper subapproxiraate, lower
often remote ; perig. round-ovate, obtusish, diverging, convexo-concave, 2-toolhed,
slightly scabrous, longer than the ovate, white, hyaline glume ; st. 1 — 2f high, usu-
ally light green, with silvery or hoary spikelets. — Moist places over the country.
(C. Richardi Mx.)
33 C. ten^Ua Ehrh. nee Schk. Spikelets 3 or 4, ovate, roundish, remote, sessile,
few (2 to 6)-fruited ; perig. lance-ovate or roundish, rostrate, longer than the ovate,
hyaline, white glume ; culm 1 to 2f high, slender, flaccid, and with the Iva. green
Order 155.— CYPERACE^.
753
— N. Enjy. and N. T. Common in wet places. (C. spbaerofltacliya Dew., Ed. 2.
C. canescoua fi. vitilis, Carey. C. vitilia Fries., &c.)
34 C. Dewey^a Sclik. (B. t. 69.) SpikeUts about 3, sessile, ovale- lanceolate,
alternate, aubremott?, highest bructuato ; perig. oblong-lanctolate, rostratt, acumi-
nate, bifurcate, plauo-coiivex, slightly scabrous on the margin, a little longer tiian
the ovate-lanceolate, awned, hyaline glimie ; at. 1 — 4f long, subprocumbont, with
radical leaves ; whole plant yellowish-green. Commoi in open woods or on the
borders of woods.
35 C. trisp^rma Dew. (B. t. 78.) Spikelets about 3, remote, sessile, alternate,
highest ebracteato; perig. ovate-oblong, acute or short-rostrate, plano-convex, at
the orifice entire, nerved, subacabrous on tlio edges, somewhat diverging, longer
than the oblong, acute, and hyaline glume; st. 10 — 24' high, prostrate or recurved,
filiform, sk'iider, longer tlinn the leaves. — In tufts, in marshes or wet woods;
common in N. Eng. and N. Y.
36 C. argyrdntha Tuckm. M S. Spike compounded of spikelets 6 to 8, roundishi
obovate, altcniate, subaggregated above, rounded below, with sqiiarrous bracts,
except the lowest, which has a long, leafy point ; perig. ovate, compressed, at
lengtli spreading, green, man3'-vcined botii sides, and winged by a wide margin,
lacerated above, glabrous, acuminate in a siiort, bifid beak, equaling the membran-
ous, wliite, lanceolate, acute glume. — Amlierst and Sunderland, Mass. (Tucker-
man.) Culm 1 to 3f high, weak, obtuse-angled, twice longer than the lance-lin-
ear leaves.
37 C. tenuifldra "Wahl, Spikelets 2 — 3, ovate, clustered, sessile, alternate,
h)wer one bracteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acutitih, plaru-convox, equaling the
oblong-ovate, hyaline or wliito glume ; st. a loot or morr hi^,h, slender, subproa-
trate, longer than tl;e flat and narrow leaves. Light green. Spikelets whitish. —
Burh'ngton and Salem, Vt., in swamps (Robbins), Oriskany and Ogdensburg, N.
Y. (Kneiskorn), Southampton, Jtlass ((!hapman).
38 C. Lidddni Boott. (Illus. 51.) Spikelets 5 — 7, oblong-ovato, Josoly aggre-
gated ; perig. ovate, lanceolate, acuminate, oblique at the orifice, glabrous, margin
serrulate, scarcely longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume, which is acute and
hyaline on the edges; perig. and glumes rather chestnut brown; plant yellowish-
green. — Brit. Am. (Boott.) Mich. (Cooley).
39 C. alhta. Torr. Spike composed of 4 to 8 spikelets, ovate, large, approximate
and sessile; perig. roundisli, sometimes obovate, nearly fiat and close, abruptly
short-beaked, 3-veincd on ihe back, 2-toothed, broadly winged, finally scabrous on
the beak, shorter than tho lance-ovate glume ; culm smooth, 3 to 4f high ; Ivs.
rough-edged and pale green. — N. Car. to Fla.
40 C. Btramiuea Wahl. Spike compound, erect ; spikelets about 6, ovate, short-
oblong, alternate, sessile, subapproxiinate ; perig. broad, roundish-ovate, com-
pressed, ciliate-serrate on the maigiii, acuminate-beaked, l-veined on the back,
2-toothed, widely winged, commonly sliorter than tlie ovate-lanceolat' glume,
St. 12 — 20' high, longer than tho leaves; spikelets whitish or tawny. — Common
in woods and fields. (C. festucacea Ell. ? nee Schk.)
a. BREVIOR Dew. Spikelets 3 — 5, often closely approximate, and more
nearly round ; perig. shorter-ovate and shorter-rostrate, scarcely longer than
the ovate-lanceolate glume. — This is tho plant originally described by Will-
denow.
/3. MINOR Dew. Spikektta small, 5— r6, globous or obovate, less approximate ;
perig. small, ovate, acuminate, less winged, serrulate, about equaling the
ovate, acute glume.
41 C. fofenea Alubl. Spike compound, 5 to 10 ovate spikelets, aggregated above;
perig ovate-acuminate, winged, scabrous-margined, large and close, 2-toothed,
about equal to the oblong-lanceolate glume ; cuhn large and smooth, leafy below ;
plant glaucous. — Penn. (Muhlenberg) and salt marshes, R. I. (Olney).
42 C. mirdbilis Dew. Spikelets 7 — 11, ovate-globous, alternate, sessile, often
closely aggregated into a lance-ovoid head, bracteate below ; perig. ovate, sublan-
ceolate, scabrous on the margin, concavo-convex, rostrate, 2-toothed, subdiverg-
ing, scarcely twice longer than the ovate, lanceolate glume; st. 18 — 36', erect.
48
■ 1
754
Ori»kr 155.— CTPERACRiE.
§tiff, rough above, rather slender ; plant light greea — Common about fences and
hedges, and has a specially rigid appearance. (0. festucacea /i. Torn Carey.)
43 C. oriatlkta Schw. SpikeleLi 6—14, globous, sessile, closely aggregated into
an ublony, thirk head of a crested form, bracieaie ; perig. ovate, oblong, compressed,
winged, rostrate-acuminate, bifld, concavo-conve-x, scabrous on the margin, longer
than the oblong, lanceolate glume ; at. 1 — 3f, acutely triangular. — Plant y«'llo\\ -
ish-greca Common in fields and meadows on colder soils. (C. lagopodioides li
Carey.)
44 C. lagopodioldea Schk. Spikelets 8—20, heakless, green, orate, rattier
near, alternate and sessile; perig. round-to/jocoto<e, tapering at both ends, concavo-
convex, nerved, bidentate, scabrous on the margin, nearly twice aa long as tlie
ovate-lanceolate glume ; at. nearly 2f, leafy ; the whole light green. — Common.
(C. scoparia, (3. Ion.)
45 C. t6nera Dew. Spike compound, recurved ; .spikelets about 6, ohovaie, remotish,
alternate, sessile, attenuated below, the lowest bracteate ; fr. taimy, ovate, com-
pressed, somewhat winged, rostrate, nerved, ciliate-serrate, longer than the ob-
long-lanceolate scale; at. 16 — 30', smaU and slender, erect, with a nodding spike,
longer than the leaves. — Light green. Common. (C. straminea /i. Torr. C.
festucacea 3. Carey. The inconsistency of these synonyms favors our own view
of this species.)
46 C. festuodcea Schk. Spike erect; spikelets 5 — 8, obovate and clubform, ees-
s'lo and alternate, approximate, lower one bracteate ; perig. tawny, roundish-ovate,
rostrate, winged, striate, 2-toothed, scabrous on the margin, longer than the ovate,
lanceolate glume; st. 15 — 30', erect and stiff, leafy below. — Plant pi-^le green.
Spikelets greenish to brown. Common in fields, but not abundant The club-
form spikelets fVom the decurrent scales of the S fiowers, especially mark this
species.
47 C. adusta Boott. Spikelets several, 4 to 8 or more, oflen not approximate,
tapering below in maturity ; perig. ovate-lanceolate, or ovate, long-rostrate, nar-
row-winged and serrulate, veined, scarcely bifid, as long and broad as the glume ;
culm 15 to 24', leafy towards the base. — R. I. (Olney) to L. Sup. and Brit. Am.
48 C. BCopdiria Schk. Spikelets 5 — 10, usually 6 — *?, ovate, sessile, approximate,
the lowest with a long, deciduous bract; perig. ovate-lanceolate, nerved, erect,
slightly margined, glabrous, longer than the lanceolate, acuminate glume; st.
18 — 24', leafy towards the root. — Moist places, very common. (C. ovalis Ell.)
/?. AOQREOATA Dew. Spikelets aggregated into a head, somewhat spiral
49 C. sychnocSphala Carey. Spikelets ovate, closely aggregated into a head
(as the name purports), sessile, slender, with long, leafy bracts; perig. ovate, very
long, lanceolate, or tapering into a long beak, with scabrous edges, a little longer than
the lance-ovato glume; plant short and very pale green. — N. Y., Jefferson Co.
(Boott. Ill , 111), at Little Falls (Vasey, Kneiskern). Remarkable for its slender,
beaked fruit.
50 C. drida Schw. and Torr. Spikelets oval-oblong, 5 — 10, somewhat tapering at
both ends, large and approximate, close-flowered, dry and chaff-like ; perig. lance-
linear, compressed, thin, distinctly winged, bidentate, nerved, acuminate, twice
longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; plant light green in all its parts. — Com-
mon ill Ohio and Mich., 18 — 36' and further W. and S. (C. Muskingummensis
Schw., scoparia, /?. Torr.)
51 C. miliaria Mx. (B. t. 187.) Culm erect, slender, rough above; Iva. flat,
very narrow; ? spike sessile, sometimes 2 and distant, ovoid, tawny; bract seta*
ceous, short; S spike pale, rather long-peduncled ; perig. spheroidal, smooth. —
Marshes, Can., especially at L. Mistassins.
52 C. Floridetna Schw. i^ Spike short and sessile ; $ spikes 2 to 4, approxi-
mate, ovate, sessile, bracteate, the lowest sometimes a little recurved; perig. ob-
long, tapering below, rather obovate, plano-convex, abruptly rostrate, short-bifid,
scabrous above and on the back, about as long as the ovaie-oblong, red-edged, scab-
rous, cuspidate glume ', culm 2 to 6', slender, 3 -sided; Ivs. radical, flat, twice to
thrice longer than the culm ; plant pale green ; ach. oval, lens-shaped. — Fla. to La.
©»1>«R 165.— CYl»ERACKif!.
155
53 C dabitita Dew. $ Spike erect, oblong, short, with obK.iig, obtuse, black,
white-odjged glumes; $ spikes 2 to 4, ovate, SL'ssilo, uppro\iiiuto, tiio lowest
oblong and short-pedunculate, subreinote, leufy-braetod, uU bliick ; periij. oval,
short-apiculate, concavo-convex, orifice entire, equaling or slightly exceeding the
oblongobovate, black, white-edged glume; culm, 8 to 12', triquetrous, Hni(M)th. BtilF,
with flat, smooth Ivs. (C. saxutilis Ed. 1st.)— Probably this is tins plant called C.
Raxatilis L. in the Flor. Dan., in Eng. Bot. and of 8clik. But as Dr. Boott provi>fl
C. saxatilis (L) and C. pulla (Good.) to be the same, this plant can belong to neither.
It is called C. rigida (Good.) by Carey in the Manuel of Gray, but differs from it
in many characters given by Goodeuough in his full description.
54 C. lenticuldrls Mx. (B. t. 16). Spikes cylindric, obtuse, mthor slender,
near, sessile except the lowest; $ spike 1, rarely 2, 1' long, or the lower shorter;
S spikes 2 to 5, mostly 4, leafy-bracted, not donse-flowerud, tlio lowest more
remote and attenuated below ; perig. ovato-oUlptic, sligiitly convex both sides,
pale, then yellowish, short-beaked, longer than the narrow-oblong, obtuse glume ;
culm 8 to 12' high, smooth, triquetrous, with flat leaves; bracts not sheathing,
the lowest overtopping the stem. — At L. Avalanche, N. Y. (Torr. ft Gray), to
Bear L. (Richardson).
3. Albi-montana. Ptrig. ovate-oblong, acuminate or tapering above to a
point longer and more convex, and sometimes beginning to curve back-
wards, with a less obtuse, or short acute glume variable in length. — Ponds,
White Mts. (Oakes, Tuckerman.)
y. Blakei. Intermediate between tho two forms preceding ; fruit less acute,
nearly elliptical, its glume obtuse and always shorter. — Harrison, Mo. (Rev.
J. Blake).
55 C. afirea Nutt. S Spike short, cylindric, pedunculate ; 9 spikes 3, oblong,
kx)se-flowored, subpendulous, exsertly pedunculate, subapproxiinate, bracteate;
perig. globous, obovate or pear-form, obtuse, nerved, entire at the mouth, longer than
the ovate, acute or short-mucronate glume ; st. 3 — 10', slender, often subprocum-
bent. — Plant glabrous, green. Common in wet grounds, N. Eng. and westward
and northward. (C. pyriformia Schw.)
56 C. Mitchelli^na Curtis. $ Spike sometimes with $ fls. in tho middle ; $
spikes 2 or 3, cylindric, slender, loose-flowered, reraotish, pedunculate, and tho
lowest short-sheathed; perig. ovate, acute, short-rostrate, entire at the orifice, about
equaling the ovate, cuspidate glume; culm 15 to 20' high, acutely triquetrous,
subscabrous above, leafy towards the base. — Wet places, N. Car. (Curtis).
57 C. torta Boott (111. 156). Spikes cylindric, slender; ^spikes 3 or more, very
long, rather loose-flowered, attenuated behw, staminate at vertex, upper nearly ses-
sile, lower pedunculate and diverging recurved; perig. ovate, convex, terete up-
wards, often acuminate, recurved, about equaling the narrow-lanceolate, rather
obtuse, black glume ; culm nearly 2f high, erect, rather slender, triquetrous, but
scarcely rough-edged, leafy towards the base ; color light green. — Wet places in
most of the States. (C. acuta, fi. sparsiflora, Ed. Ist.)
58 C. caeapitoaa. i Spike single, oblong, cylindric, sometimes 2, with oblong,
black scales; ? spike 2 — 3, short-cylindric (1' hng), erect, obtuse, rather thick,
reraotish, bracteate, lowest one short-pedunculate; perig. ovate, obtuse, glabrous,
entire at the orifice, scarcely rostrate, a little longer than the oblong, obtuse, black
glume ; st. 6 — 14', scabrous oti the edge, leafy towards the base ; Ivs. flat. — Wet
places, Ipswich, Mass. (Oakes) N. Y. and Michigan. (Caespitosa Good. nee. L.)
59 C. ap6rta Boott. i Spikes 1 or 2, cylindric, erect ; ? spikes 2 to 4, oblong-
cylindrie, approximate above, sessile, stam. at apex, lowest somewhat remote and
pedunculate ; perig. ovate, roundish, short-rostrate, 2-toothed, short-pedicellate,
shorter than the lanceolate acute glume ; culm 1 to 18', rough-edged above. — Wet
meadows, N. Eng. and far westward and northward. (C. acuta /i. erecta Dew.
Ed. Ist.)
60 C. atrictior Dow. $ Spikes 1 — 2, with oblong and blackish, acutish glumes ;
$ spikes 2 — 3, cylindric, S above, and hence acutish, lowest .«<hort-pedunculate ;
perig. ovate, compressed, acute, glabrous, entire at the orifice, early falling off,
glabrous, a little longer than the oblong and acute rtisty glume ; st. a foot and more,
triquetrous and rough on the angles, with reticulated filaments connecting th»
^
150
OttDKR 155.— CYPEUACK^.
■ f
111
I
leave3 towards tho base ; Ivs. erect, close ; whole plant glaucous except the spikes
— Wet places, common. Nearer C. ci«spitosa than C. stricta.
61 C. Btricta Goaden, $ Spikes 1 — 2, cylimiric, lower one sessile, and the scale
rusty brown and obtuse ; $ spikes 2 — 3, long-cylindrie, upper half i , lower
longer, short-j)edunculule, lousely-Jiowertd below ; perig. ovate-acuniiiiate or ellip-
tic, compressed at the orilice entire or slightly cmargiuate, and its ylume stromjly
ferruginous, the lower ones acute-lanceolate, the upper linear and obtuse, commonly
longer and namnver than the jierujynia ; st. 2f with reticulated tiluments connect-
ing the leaves (lioott). — Wet places, as bogs, common.
62 C. angust^ta Boott. l Spikes 2 or 3, cylindric, slender ; $ spikes 1 to 4,
c^rlindric, sessile, often nodding, the lowest short-pedunculate, the upper stani. at
apex and henco tapering above or acuto ; perig. oval or ovate, acutish, entire at
orilice, or short-beaked, scarcely veined, equaling or shorter than the narrow or
oblong, subacute, variable brown glume; culm 2f, acutely triquetrous, scabrous, not
robust, longer than the stiff, narrow, glaucous leaves. — ""/"ery conmion in large
bogs over tho country. (0. acuta, ed. 1st. and Am. auth. not of L.)
63 C. aquatilis Wahl. $, Spikes 1 — 4, erect, cylindric, lowest bractente, tho
glume oblong, obtusisli ; $ spikes often 3, cylindric, thick above, 1 — 2' long, sub-
erect, short-pedunculate, densely-flowered; jicrig. elliptic, lenticular, rather small,
entire, glabrous, protruded at tiie orifice, scarcely equaling the green, ovate, acutish
glume; st. 20 — 30' high, rather obtuse-angled and scarcely scabrous. — lu marshes
and wet places, common.
64 C. gyndndra Schw. (B. t. 48.) $ Spikes one or more, lax, oblong, some-
times with a lew 2 flowers; $ spikes about 3, oblong, cylindric, pedicellate, nod-
ding, attenuated below, and more loosely flowered, often f, at summit; perig. ovate,
sub-inflated, short-rostrate, entire at tlio orilice, glabrous, about ^ as long as tlio
oblong, obtusisii, scabrous-awned glume; st. 12 — 24' high, rough, triquetrous. — .
Common in we t places.
65 C. crinita Lam. (B. t. 47.) ? ^ Spikes mostly 1, Ion"' slender ; spikes about
4, long -cylindric, densdy-Jloivered, recurved, with a long, reclined i)efiuiicle ; perig.
ovate, suborbicular, obtusisii, emarginate at the orilice, convex both sides; glumes
terminated by a long, serrate point more than thrice tho length of tho {)erigyiiia;
8t. 20 — 42' high, recurved, rough-edged, pale green. Common in drv grounds.
(C. paleacea Wahl. Ed. 1st.)
66 C. marftima Vahl. (Schk. fig. 74.) Spikes long, cylindric, subj)endulous or
recurved; $ spikes 1 to 3, pedunculate, bracted; perig. suborbicular, short-ros-
trate or apiculato, emarginaie, veined, rather close, much ohorter than the long-
awned, ovate-oblong, or emarginate-awned glume; oulm 10 to 18', erect, with smooth
leaves. — Sea coast, Meiulon, Mass. and nortliward (Carey). — This is the real C.
paleacea Wahl. described by him in almost tiie same language as his next species,
C. maritima.
67 C. salina Wahl. (Schk. fig. 185.) Spikes cylindric, erect; 9 spikes 2 or 3,
remotish, short-pedunculate, dense-flowered, leafy-bracted ; perig. elliptic, sliort-
apiculate, double-convex, entire at the oriflce, shorter than tho oblong, acute, short-
awned glume; culm 8 to 16', leafy below, with long leafy bracts auriculate at their
base. — Salt marshes, Mass. to Arc. Am.
!
II. Stigmas 3.— Achenium triquetrous.
68 C. Friaeri Sims. Spike oblong, $ glume oblong, acutish ; ? fls. at tho base
in an ovoid or globous mass; perig. ovate or oblong, short-beaked, apex entire,
longer than the oblong, obtuse glume; culm 8 to 10', flat, leafless; Ivs. 2 radical,
flat, wide, veined, with no midvoin, pale or glaucous and longer than tho culm.
— Tyger valley, Penn. (Muhl.), Mts. of N. Car. (Curtis). (C. lagopus Muhl.)— A
peculiar and striking plant.
69 C. polytrichoidea Muhl. Spike oblong, terminal ; perig. 3 — 8, oblong, alter-
nate, erect, suotriquetrous, glabrous, emarginate, twice longer than the ovate and
Order 155.— CYPERACP]iE.
7b1
obtuse, and rarely mucrcnate glume; st. 4 — 12', very slendor, with setaceous and
subradical leaves. — Common in wet, cold grounds. ((I mierostacliya Mx.)
70 C. leuccglochin Eiirli. Spike about 4-tlo\vered, witli 1 or 2 5 Hovvers ot
the apex; periy. lauctvUile, subtriquetrous and taperiiuj, 'inucli rcjinxtd, twieo
longer tlian the oblong-lanceolare glume; culm 3 — 8, with subrailical and linear
leaves. — In Ashtield and Uawley, Mass, iu a marsh (Porter.) C. paueillora Light-
foot.)
71 C. obtUB^ta Lilj. (Schk. fig. 159.) f, Glumes oblong, obtuse, white; peritj.
about 4, ovate-<jU)bous, or tUipwid, taper iiKj-rosI rate, smooth, searious at tiie orilicu,
a little longer than tlio ovate, acute, membranous glume; culm 2 to G , erei.'t, IcaiV
below, longer than the Ivs., with the fruit nearly black in maturity, color pale
green. — N. States and Brit. Am.
72 C. pedunculata Muhl. Spikes about 5, 3-sided, distant, on slender, recurved
peduncles; purig. obovate, triquetrous, rccurvnd at the apex, coinmonlij ijlahruas, a
little longer than the oblong or obovatc, mucronatc, linally brown glume • culm 4
— 12', triangular, rather procumbent; stii, sometimes removed a little irom the
$ spike. — Oommon in wooda Flowers early in the spring.
73 C. Baltz^llii Chapm. (B. t. 41.) Si)ikes cylindric, long, dark-colored, with
oblong-obovate, obtu.so or emarginatc, submucronato glumes; ^ spike taperiug
below; $ spikes 1 to 4, the caulino one peduncled, remote I'rora the staiuinatd,
with some f, fls. at its apex, the others on long, slender and nearly radical pedun-
cles, all lax-flowered ; perig. oblong-obovate, oldu-se, short-rostrate, pedicel fi I, reined,
pubescent, equaling or surpassing the glinne; culm G to 10' slender, triquetrous,
much shorter than thejiat, ratker wide radical leaves. — Fla.
74 C. Willdenovii Schk. (B. t. 95.) Sts. or radical ped. 1—3 ; spike com-
monly single, stamenifcrous above, or tho stamens removed a little; perig. 5 to 9,
scabrous, alternate, loose, oblong and inflated a little, tapering at the base ancl
conic-roslrato above ; $ ghmies ovate and acute, the lower ones long and leaf-
like, much surpassing tho stem. — On dry grounds, common throughout the V. S.
— One variety has tho (5 spike distinct; another is destitute of tlie long and leiiiy
scales, and is frequent at the North as well as in Fla.
75 C. Steuddlii Kth. (B. t. 9(i.) Sts. or radical ped. 1 — 8' long; spike ctim-
moidy single, with about 12 sterile fls. above; ^ver/j/. 2 or '.\, scabrous ahovr ; .sub-
globous or ellipsoid and inflated, alternate, stipitate, terete; conic-rostrate, with
an oblique orilice; $ glumes Tisually long and leafy; Ivs. smooth, sotV, nurrow,
longer tar than tho cidics. — Jetferson (Jo., N. Y., and in Ohio and tho \V\\stern
States.
76 C. Bdckii Boott. (t. 97.) Ped. radical, 1— 4f high, stiff, thick, or lur,n-;
spike single, with about 3 sterile fl,^. above ; perig. ovate, globons, smooth throughout,
2 to 4, conic-rostratc, entire at the orifice, when mature pear-shaped, the beak
articulated to the fruit; $ glimie.s usually long and leaf-like, inclosuig the fruit;
Ivs. radical, flat, thick, rough or scabrous and short. — Jefferson Co., N. Y. and
Arc. Am. — The two prcccdhig species are closely related, and 3'et look very dif-
ferent. The first (No. 74) is the slenderest.
77 C. squarrdsa L. Spikes 1 — 4, oblong, cylindric, obtuse, upper one attenuated
below at first by tho decuirent S flowers, all very densely flowered; perig. ovate,
Bubgloboiis, long- rostrate, 2-toothed, horizontal, glabrous and subsquarrous, longer
than tho lanceolate glume; era. 1 — 2f, slender for the large spike or ."^pikes; lower
spikes pedunculate. — Large and fine. It is C. typhina Mx. when only one spiku
is present. — N. Eng. to III. and southward.
(3. (C. TYPHlNOiDi'iS Schw.) Spikes 2, the lower on a very long peduncle, and
both longer and smaller,
78 C. scirpoidea Mx. Spike oblong, cylindric, ncutish ; $ glume oblong, ob-
tusish ; perig. ovate (oval), subrostrate, pubescent, longer than th« ovate, acutisfk,
searious dark purple glume; st. 4 — 10', erect; Ivs. flat and long. — White Mt><.,
N. H. (Oakes), Willoughby Mt., Vt. (Wood), Drummond's Isle, Mich, and north-
ward ((Jarey).
79 C. Bootti^iia Bcnth. (B. t. 42.) Spikes obloiig-cylindric, attemiate at base,
with a scak-like bract ; a $ spike on one culm and a 9 spike (or 2) on another,
eparso-rtowered below; ptrig. oblong-obovate, hairy, apiculate, entire at orilice,
Xfil
m\i n
768
Order 155.— CYPKRACE^.
► ■■"■!
iii
pedicellate, veined, smaller than the oblong-obovate, short mticroncUe, dark purple,
white-edged ylume ; culm 6 to 12' high, longer tlian the cauline, but shorter than
the radical brii^fht-g-eon leaves. — La. (Drummoud), Ala. (T. M. Peters). Curiouii
and distinct, allied to C. Saltzellii.
80 C. virescens Muhl. (B. t. 72.) Spikes 2 — 4, oblong, erect, alternate, the lojuer
subsessile, bracteate ; upper .spike very rarely wholly $ ; perig. ovate, obtuse,
costute, pubescent, longer than the ovate, pubescent and mucronate glume, or about
equal to it; st, 1 — 2f; rather slender; Ivs. towards the base. — Whole plant pubes-
cent and li^'Iit greeu.
fi. COSTATA Schw. Perig. strongly costate, outer sheaths purplish-brown ; Ivs.
numerous and larger. Both are common in open woods and hedges.
81 C. triceps Mx. (B. t. 117 in part). Spikes 3, short-ovai; erect, quite near, the
upper short-peduucled, lowest leafy-bracted ; perig. obovate, obtuse, roundish-
triquetrous, pubescent when in flower, roughish, usually viuch longer than the
ovate acute glume; culm 1 to 2f; triquetrous, scabrous above, with shorter, sub-
radical, scabrous Ivs. — N. Car. (Curtis) to Pia. and Ala. Differs considerably from
the following, although the two are united by Boott.
82 C. hirsiita "Willd. (Schk., fig. 172.) Spikes 3, sJiort-oblong, thick, alternate,
ertct, rather near, upper subsessile, lowest pedunculate, all dense-flowered ; perig.
ovate-triquotrous, obtusish, entire at the orifice, veined, very pubescent when young,
rough and glabrous in maturity, longer than the ovate, acuminate, glabrous
glumes; culm 12 to 18', stout, erect, scabrous above; Ivs. and sheaths strongly
scabro- pubescent, grayish green. — Moist upland meadows. Can. to Penn., and
far West.
/?. PEDUNCULATA (Torr.) Spiices oblong-cylindrie, pedunculate ; Ivs. slightly
pubescent ; young glumes much longer than the perigynium.
y. CUSPIDATA. (Dew.) Glumes ovate, cuspidate, longer than the perig. ; Ivs.,
slieaths, and culm very hirsute. — 111. (Vasey).
83 C. aestivalis Curtis. (B. t. 133.) Spikes 3 to 5, cylindric, slender, suberect,
loose-flowered, bracteate ; S glumes oblong, rather obtuse at the base of the upper
spike, lowest spike pedunculate; perig. elliptic, 3-sided, tapering at both ends,
glabrous, entire at orifice, longer than the ovate, obtuse, often mucronate glume ;
culms in tufts, 16 to 24', slender, with flat, pubescent Ivs., and leafy bracts. — Mts.
of X. Car. (Curtis), also on Saddle Mt., Mass. (Dewey). Jl., Aug.
84 C. Shorti^na Dew. S2nkes 4 or 5, long-cylindric, erect, dense-flowered, the
highest half-staminate below, the otJiers nearly all fertile, exsert-pedunculato ;
perig. obovate, obtuse, convex-compressed, tapering at base and subpedicellate,
minutely apiculate, scarcely longer than the ovate, acute glume; culm 12 to 30', with
lung Ivs. ; plant strong and fine, bright green. — Marshes, Penn. to 111. and farther
South. A distinct and beautiful species.
85 C. osr^lepis Torr. (B. t. 131.) Spikes 3 to 6, long-cylindric, erect, exseri-pe-
duncled, bracteate, the lower remotish and loose-flowered at the base ; perig. ob-
long, Hubtriquetrous, glabrous, tapering at either end, 2-!obed or notched at orifice,
a little longer than the ovate-oblong, cuapidate, white edged glume; culm 15', erect,
rather slender, leafy, pale green; spikes rather dark. — Fla. (Chapman) to Tex.
(Torr.)
86 C. Buxbaumii Wahl. Spikes about 4, short, cylindric, thick, upper one
sometimes wholly <? , and sometimes ? above and below ; pistiliferous oblong,
subremote, subsessile, bracteate; perig. ovate-oblong, acutish, or obovate, obtuse,
subtriquetrous, entire at the orifice, nerved and glabrous, scarcely equal to the ob^
long and mucronate glume; st. 10 — 18' high, leafy towards the base. — Common in
wet grounds. It is described as sometimes having 2 stigmas in Europe, but placed
by Schk., Wahl, Ac, in the division having 3.
87 C. atrdta L. Spikes 3 to 5, oblong-ovate, somewhat nodding, tiie upper rather
near and sessile, lower pedunculate, scarcely sheathed; perig. roundish-oval, com-
pressed, glabrous, short-beaked, slightly bidentate or notched, a little shorter than
the dark, oblong glume; culm about If, with light green foliage and black spikes.
White Mts and Brit. Am.
88 C. gracillima Schw. (6. t. 134.) Spikes 3 — 4, long, graceful, sub-looae-
tiowerod, distant, long-pedicellate, recurved in maturity', bracteate, upper one
T^y
Order 155— CYPERACE^.
759
rarely all $ ; perig. oblong, triquetrous, obtuse, oblique at the orifice, slightly 2-
lobed, longer i/ian the oblong, obtuse, and short-awned glume; at. often 2f, reddish
towards the base, leafy and subprocumbent, palo green. — Common in damp
meadows.
89 C. formdsa Dew. (B. 1. 130.) Spikes 3 — 4, oblong, short and thick, distant,
1-sided, on a long and slender peduncle, recurved ; perig. oblong, triquetrous, sub-
inflated, acutish at either end, nearly entire or 2-lobed at the orifice, twice longer
than the ovate and acute glume ; st. 1 — 2f, 3-sided, dark brown towards the base^
yellowish bright green. — Common in wet meadows.
90 C. Davfsii Torn (B. t. 132.) Spikes 4, oblong, cylindric, subsparsely flow-
ered, remote, pedicellate, pendulous in maturity; perig. oblong-conic, bubiufiated,
subtriquetrous, nerved, acutish, short-rostrate, 2-lobed at the orifice, glabrous to-
wards maturity, about equaling the oblong, scabrotis-avjned glume; st. 1 — 2f, trique-
trous, scabrous above, with leaves equaling it; Jvs. and sheaths pubescent some-
times but very little, light green. — First found on the alluvial meadows of tlie
Housatonic in Mass. (Uewey). Sometimes nearly pubescent.
91 C. praecox Jacq. $ Spike erect, subclavate ; $ spikes 1 — 3, ovate, bracte-
ate, approximate, lower one short-pedunculate; perig. 6 — 12, ovate and subglo-
bous, triquetrous, pubescent, short-rostrate, equal to tike ovate, acute, or mucron-
ate glume ; cm. 2 — 6', leafy at the base. — On rocky hills, Salem, Mass. (Pickering),
Ipswich, Mass. (Oakes).
92 C. nigro-margindta Schw. $ Spike erect, short-cylindric, with oblong, obtuse,
da7-k glumes, white on the edge and green on the keel; $ spikes 1, 2, rarely 3, ovate,
4 to G-flowered, the lowest squarrous-bracted, near the $ , on one long, scabrous
stem or ped. (6 to 8' long), 2 or 3 sliort (2 to 4'), and radical ped. all on the same
root ; perig. ovate or oblong, tapering below or pediceled, slender-beaked, rough-
isli, about equaling the ovate or lance-oblong, dark glume, which is white on the
edge and keel; Ivs. radical, scabrous, recurved, bright green, longer than the culm.
— Dry hills, Penn. to Fla. and La.
93 C. umbellita Schk. Dwarf; $ spike short, erect ; ? spikes several, each on
its low, radical peduncle, ovate, subumbellate, green; perig. ovate or globous, 5 — 8,
acutish at either end, rostrate, sliort-bidentato, pubescent, equaling tlie ovate-
lanceolate glume ; st. J— 4', with very long leaves.
fi. viciNA Dew. 1 or 2 ? spikes close to the $ , sessile ; the other $ spikes
on their own stems or radical peduncles. — In small tufts on dry hills. Both
varieties grow on the same root, but Schk. saw and figured only the first.
94 C. Emmdnsii Dew. $ Spike sessile, short (3") ; ? spikes 2 — 3, approximate,
sessile, few-flowered, very short, often one long, radical peduncle ; perig, globoua-
triquetrous, attenuated at the base, rostrate, pubescent, at the orifice oblique, about
equal to tlie ovate glume; culm filiform, decumbent, G — 10', leafy at the base, pate
ash-green. — On dry fields and hills ; common. (C. Noveai-Angleaj, /:<. Carey.)
95 C. Pennsylvanica Lam. i Spike erect, pedunculate, long (6 to 8"), subtri-
quetrous, with an obtuse glume; $ spikes 1 — 3, ovate, subsessile, subapproximate,
few-flowered; perig. ovate-globous, tomenious, short rostrate, slightly 2-toothed,
about equal to tlie ovate-acuminate, or oblong-acuminate, deep reddish glume ; st
4 — 12', erect, stiff, with short; culni-lvs., and often with long, stift", root-lvs. (when
it is C. marginata, as in Schk., fig. 143). — Open woods and hedges, common—
niuciii resembles the preceding, but readily distinguished by its difiereut asped
and its deep reddish-brown scales.
96 C. Novae -Angliae Schw. $ Spike short, slender, oblong; $ spikes 2 — 3,
ovate, alternate, sessile, remotish, few-flowered, bracteato ; perig. 3 — 6, oval-lri-
fueirous, rostrate, costale, slightly pubescent, a little longer than the ovate, mucron^
ate glume; st. 4 — 8', slender, subdecumbent, longer than tlie leaves. — Pale greea
Open woods in high grounds. (C. varia ji. minor Boott.)
/^. COLLKCTA Dew. St. 10 — 16', very slendei, erect; $ spikes 2 — 4. lowe*
short-pedunculato ; perig. more tapering into a beak, slightly bidentate.- •
High lands of Mass. ; not abundant.
97 C. varia Muhl. S Spike erect, short or subelongated ; $ spikes 3, ovate, aeosile,
rather n<>ar, bracteate, few-flowered; perig. ovate or sub-glolmis, subtriquetroui,
acuminate-rostrate, bifid, scabro-pubescent, about equal to the ovate, acurninait
M
I- m
760
Orueu 155.— CYPERACE^.
i
glume; st. 6 — 15', erect, slender, purple towards the base. Pale grocn. — Dry
woods and hedges ; common.
13. PEDICELLATA Dew., has pistillate spikes ovate-oblong, short-pedicellate
erect, loose-flowered ; perig. more numerous. — Grows in the same situations.
98 C. vestita Willd. (B. t. 120.) 3 Spike single, rarely 2, cylindric-oblong;
$ spikes 2, ovate-ohlong, sensile, subapproximate, bracteate, often with stamens
above; perig. ovate, suborbicular, subtriquetrous, nerved, sliort-rostrate, bifid,
pubescent, a little longer than tlie ovate-oblong, acutish, submucronale glume ;
St. 18 — 30', acutely triangular and leaty below. — Common in wet places over tho
country.
99 C. pub^scens Muhl. (B. t. 60.) $ Spikes 2 — 3, oblong, rather hose-flowertd,
erect, bracteate, the lowest iiedimcukite ; perig. lance-ovate, triquetrous, rostrate,
nearly entire at mouth, pubescent, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, carinate,
mucronate glume ; st. 10 — 20' high, and with tlie leaves, pubescent, — Moist woods
and meadow.s; common.
100 C. flava L. ? Spikes 2 — 4, ovate-oblong, approximate, sometimes aii'lro-
gynous; perig. ovate, closely imbricate, costate, bidentate, rejiexed with a long, curved
beak, longer than the ovate-lanceolate glume ; st. 10 — 20' rather obtusely angled
or triquetrous ; glabrous ; yellowish-green. — Wet and cold soils ; common in this
country as well as in Eur.
p'. LEPiuocARPA. Taller and more slender, with sliort, round-ovate spikes
aggregated, or except the lower, with perig. rostrate and recurved in matu-
rity, about twice as long as the ovate, obtuse glumes. — Witli the other. (C.
lepidocarpa, Ed. 2.)
iOl C. CE^deri Elirh. Spikes sometimes androgynous ; $ about 4, clustered,
nearly sessile, short-oblong, sometimes $ above or below, bracteate ; perig. rather
ubovate, subinflated, nerved, bidentate, diverging xuith a subulate beak, a little longer
tiiun tho ovate glume ; st. 2 — 10', leafy. — Palo yellow. Mass and N. Y., abun-
dant in Pittstield, Mass., and at Niagara Falls.
102 C. follicul^ta L. nee. Sclik. $ Spikes 2 — 4, ovate or capitate, densely
flowered, distaut, the peduncles sometimes projecting far beyond the sheaths, often
$ at the apex, long bracteate ; perig. oblong-conic, much inflated, diverging or
horizontal, long-rostrate, twice \ox\gev i\\'AnW\e oblong-ovate, acute, long-awned glume;
St. 2 — 5f, leafy ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, long and flat. — Pale yellow, in wet or
marshy places; common. (C. Xanthophysa Wahl.)
103 C. rostr^ta Mx. S Spike short and small ; 9 spikes 2 — 3, sub-globous, or
capitate, bracteate ; perig. aggregated into a head, small, erect, or subdiverging,
oblong-eonic, very long-rosirate, slightly inflated at the base, twice longer than
the ovate-oblong, acutish glume; st. 8 — 16', few-leaved, erect, stiff". — Pale yellow.
At the base of the White Mts., N. 11., Oakts; also in Canada, where Mx. Ibund
it. Not recognized as the plant of Michaux till 1810, Sil. Jour. XXXIX, p. 52.
104 C. turg^Bcens Torr. Spike oblong, cylindric, erect; ? spikes 2 or 3,
ovate-globoii , few (10 to 12)-flo\vered, highest sessile and near the S , lowest
often quite remote, exsertly peduncuhte, perig. ovate, inflated, diverging, conic-
rostrate, bidentate, striate, twice longer than the ovate, acute glume ; culm 2 to 3f,
slender, longer than the leaves, yellowish or pale green. — Fla. to La. (Chapm.
Ingalls.)
105 C. Elli6ttii Schw, S Spike cylindric, 1' long, with oblong, obtuse glumes!
? spikes 2 or 3, ovate, roundish, sessile, upper staminate at apex, lowest some-
times pedunculate; perig. ovate-triquetrous, glabrous, veined, rostrate, 2-toothed,
about twice as long (3') as the ovate, obtuse glume; culm 1 to 2f, triquetrous, re-
curved. — N. Car. to Fla. (C. castanea Ell. iiec Wahl. C. Baldwinia De\V. in Sil.
Jour.)
106 C, intum^scens Rudge. (B. t. 148.) i Spike oblong, pedunculate; $
spikes 1 — 3, few-flowered, approximate, bracteate, erect, nearly sessile, the lower
one sometimes remote and exsertly pedunculate ; perig. ovate-conic, large and much
inflated, acuminate-rostrate, bidentate, nerved, diverging, very glabrous, thrice
longer (5 to 6") than the ovale-cuspidate glume; st. a foot or more high, erect, stiff",
leafy, dark green and very glabrous.— Wet grounds, in open woods or marshes,'
common. (C folliculata Sclik.)
»?. .,
a
Ordkh 155.— CYPERACE^.
761
107 C. lupulina Muhl. (B. 1. 149.) $ Spike erect, siendor, subsossile ; $ spikes
2 — 4, ovate-oblong, lurge, (20" by 9 ') and thick, or oblong-cylindric, stioit-pedun-
culate, erect, densely flowered, approximate, tlie lowest sonietimes long-peduncu-
late and distant; pmig. ovate-conic, ventricous, long, conic-rostrate, bicuspidate,
nerved, glabrous, about thrice longer than the ovate-lanceolate, acuminate glume; at,
I — 3f, triquetrous, leafy; Ivs. and bracts long, flat, wide, striate, scabrous on tlio
edge. — Bright green. ^Vell named from its bop-like spikes. Marshes and about
ponds, common. (C. lurida Wahl.)
108 C. lupuliformis Sartwell. (B. t. 150.) $ Terminal spike long eylindric,
pedunculate, sometimes 1 or 2 short sessile ones below it ; ? spikts 3 to 5, Uirge
(2 to 3 ), eylindric, (9 ' thick) near, subsessilo, the lowest more or less remote on
a long, exsert peduncle, all leafy bracted aiid subloose-flowered ; perig. globoui-
ovate, inflated, long and large, terete, scabrous-rostrate, 2-hornod, more than twice
longer than tlio ovate, cuspidate glume; culm 2 to 3f, erect, large, stiff, surpassed
by the leafy bracts as well as by the lanceolate, rough, bright, green leaves. —
Borders of marshes, common. (C. lupulina, 13. polystachya Torr.)
109 C. tentaculata Muhl. $ Spikes 2 — 4, oblong, eylindric, (24" by Q or 1")
bracteate, upper one sessile, the rest nearly sessile, densely flowered ; perig. ovate,
inflated, long-rostrate, bidentate, nerved, diverging, glabrous, twice longer than the
ovate and small scahro-mucronate glume ; st. 1 — 2f, often large, triquetrous ; Ivs.
linear-lanceolate, longer than the stem. — In clusters in wet or mai shy places ;
common.
110 C. stenolepis Torr. $, Spike short and small, rarely wanting ; ? spikes
3 to 5, eylindric, obtuse, oblong or rarely short, highest sometimes androgynous,
upper aggregated on the zigzag stem, lowest long-pedunculate, all very dense-
flowered, erect and stiff, with long and leafy bracts; perig. obloug-obovato, infla-
ted, tapering below, abruptly obtuse, long-beaked, bifurcate, a little longer than
the ovate linea"", awned giumo; culm 1 to 2f, erect, strong, smootli, striate, with
flat, rather wide, rough-edged, bright green loaves. — Va. to 111., in marshes, rare,
late-floweriug.
111 C. plantaginea Lam. nee Muhl. (B. t. 88.) ^ Spike erect, large, sub-
clavate, with oblong and acute glumes ; ? spikes 3 to 5, oblong, erect, remote,
sparse-ilowered, 2 upper nearly indosed-pedunculate, the lower ones exsertly-
pedunculate, with subulate bracts ; perig. oblong, triquetrous-elliptic or cuneitbrm,
tiipering at either end, recurved at the apex, and entire at the orifice, longer than
tlie ovate-cuspidate glume ; st. 8 — 18' high, erect, triquetrous, with dark brown
sheaths ; Ivs. radical, broad, (9 to 10"), ensiform, strongly 3-nerved. — Bright green.
Hedges and open woods, common, and one of the first appearing species in the
spring. (C. latifolia Wahl)
112 C. Carey^na Torr. (B. t. 89.) i Spike erect, oblong, with oblong and
obtuse glumes ; $ spikes 2 or 3, ovate, loose and few-flowered, distant, upper sub-
sessile, all leafy bracteate ; perig. ovate, triquetrous, subinflated, nerved, acuminate,
tapering at the base, smooth and glabrous, entire at the orifice, twice longer than
the ovate, mucronate glume ; st. 1 — 2f, erect, smooth, leafy towards the base ; Ivs.
linear-lanceolate, 6" wide. — Pale green. Woods, Auburn, N. Y., (Carey) and
Ohio (Suliivant). Closely related to C. plantaginea.
113 C. laziflora Lam. nee. Schk. (B. t. 87.) $ Spikes 2^-4, sxibfiliform, erect,
attenuate, sparse-flowered, I'emote with a 2-edged peduncle, leafy bracteate, upper
one subsessile ; perig. oval-triquetrous, tapering at both ends, short-rostrate, atten-
uate, glabrous, striate, excurved at the apex, a little longer than the oblong-muoron-
ate or ovate-acute glume; st. 6 — 12', acutely triquetrous; Ivs. radical, of medium
(3 to 4') width. — Glaucous or light green. Woods and hedges, common. "Va-
riable. (C. anceps Willd, Am. auct.)
li. PATUUFOLi.\ Dew. (C. anceps. Schk., fig. 195.) Lts. radical, broad, many-
veined, narrower at the base; sheaths with long and leafy bracts; perig.
longer-rostrate.
y. ANQUSTIFOLIA Dew. (Schk. fig. 128.) St. a foot high ; Iva. narrow, striate,
long ; perig. short-rostrate and much recurved.
114 w. platypb^Ua Carey. (Boot. t. 90.) $ Spike with oblong, acute glumes ;
2 spikes 2 or 3, oblong, slender, few (3 to (j)-flowered, erect, not compact ; perig.
ovate, triquetrous, acute, short-beaked, subrecurvod, entire at the orifice, longer
fiii
%
762
Obdkr 155.— ^yPEKAOE^.
than the ovate, acute or cuspidate glume ; culm 3 to 8', erect, triquetrous, slender,
at length nearly prostrate, witli sheathing, leafy bracts; ivs. radical, broad (7 to
10'), 3-veined, pale green. — Shades, N. States. Confounded with No., Ill or
113, 3, until described by Carey in SilL Jour, and Gray's Manual.
115 C. zanthospSrma Dew. (B. t. 86.) $ Spike cylindric, short, sessile, with
oblorg, obtuse glumes; $ spikes 3 to 6, oblong, cylindric, rather loose-Jiowered,
leafy-bracted, suberect, subremote, the lowest sometimes recurved; purig. ovate,
oblong, obtusish, mitiutely veined, slightly apiculate, yellow oJire color in maturity
twice or tlirice longer than (or the lower equaling) the broadij ovate, acute or
mucronate glume; culm 10 to 16', erect, smooth, and with the lanceolalf, sheathing
Ivs. at length yellowisli. — N. J. to Fla. and Tex. (C. flaccosperma Ed. 1 .)
116 C. bldnda Dew. $ l^ikes 2 — 4, oblong, cylindric. subsparse-flowered, alter-
nate, approximate, bracteate, highest subsessile, the lowest on a long, 2-edged
peduncle; perig. obovate and scarce'/ attenuate below; subtr'^ nerved, re-urved
at the apex, entire at the orifice, little longer than the ovate, scabro-mucronate
glume; st. 8 — 12', triquetrous, leafy towards the base; Ivs. long an the stem. —
Pale green or glaucous. Meadows and dry, open woods, common. (C. conoidea
Muhl. nee Schk., C. laxiflora /?. Carey, Eoott.)
117 C. retrociirva Dew. ? Spikes 2—4, on long, filiform, recurved peduncles,
bracteate, subdense-flowered, short and thick, oblong; perig. ovate, triqu. nerved,
obtusish, equaling the ovate, cuspidate glume; st. 6 — 12' high, prostrate; lv.<».
radical and wide. — 'CHaucous. Open woods, rare. Has been considered C. digit-
alis, Willd., but is different.
118 C. conoidea Schk. ncc Muhl. (B. t. 81.) s Spikes 2 — 3, oblong, or ovate-
oblong, remote, erect, rather dense-flowered, bracteate; perig. oblong-conir, obtusish,
glabrous, nerved, subdiverging, entire at the mouth, a little longer than the ovate-
subulate glume; st. 8 — 12' higli; Ivs. towards the base, shorter than the stem. — •
Bright green. Moist, upland meadows, common.
119 C, grisea Wahl. (B. t. 85.) $ Spike oblong, slender; $ spikes 2 to i oblong,
la.K-ttowered, few-flowered, erect, remote; perig. ovate, or oblong-ovate, obtusish,
glabrous, ventricous, nerved, subtriquetrous, entire at the mouth, a little longer
than the ovate, scabro-mtxronate glume; st. 10 — 18 " high, triquetrous, leafy. — ■
Bright, to pale green. Woods, hedges and meadows, common, N. and Mid. States.
(C. laxiflora Schk. et Muhl. nee Lam.)
120 C. jlincea Willd. $ Spike short-cylindric, with oblong, obtuse glumes ; 2
spikes 2, rarely 3, filiform, loose and alternate-flowered, pedunculate, long-seta'
ceous-bracted ; perig. lanceolate, slender, subtriquetrous, longer than the ovate,
obtuse, white-edged glume; culm If or more, slender, longer than tlie radical, bristle-
form leaves ; aspect light green, rush-like. — Roan Mts., N. Car. (C. miser Buckley).
121 C. digitalis Willd. (B. t. 92.) ? Spikes about 3, loosely ^—\0-flowered,
oblong, distant, lax and recurved, leafy-bracted; perig. ovate, triquetrous, alter-
nate, nerved, glabrous, short and obtuse, entire at tlie orifice, longer than the
lance-ovate glume; st. 4 — 12', shorter than the long, linear, decumbent leaves. —
Pale gretn. (C. Caroliniana Buckley.)
3. Van Vleokii Dew. Smaller ; perig. more remote and smaller. — Open, moist
woods, common. Has been mistaken for C. oliocarpa, Schk. & Muhl.
122 C. eburnea Boott. (t. 184). $ Spikes 2 — 3, eiect, 3 — 6-flovirered, ovate,
with white, leafless sheaths, and the upper higher than the ^ spike ; perig. ovate-
globous, rostrate, or slightly obovate, glabrous and brown in maturity, twice
longer than the white, ovate, hyaline glume; cm. 4 — 10', erect, with subradiciil
and bristle-form-leaves. — Pale jreen, common, limestone grounds. S. W. Vt to
Kan. and southward.
123 C. 'WaBhingtdnlana Dew. f, Spike erect, slender, with oblong, obtuse, dark
brown glumes; $ spikes 2 to 4, rarely 6, upper short, sessUe, near, lower much
longer, loose-cylindric, subremote, stalked, loose-flowered, all brown ; perig. ovoid,
tapering above, compressed-triquetrous, orifice entire, about equaling or often
shorter than the ovate-lanceolate, dark-brown, white-edged glume; culm If or
more, triquetrous, smooth, longer than the fat, smooth Ivs. ; light green. — White
Mts. N. ii., the most common Gaicx there, forming a turf witli the mo.s.s8s mA
in
Okdeb 155.— CYPERACEiE.
76.1
lichens on tho borders of pouds. \C. rigida, ^. Carey; but differs in its fruit,
glume, loose spikes, Ivs. Ac.)
124 C. granuldris MuhL (B, t. 84.) ? Spikes 2—4, cylindric, oblonj?, rf^^ve-
Jlowered, subrrect; perig. roundish'ovate, nerved, very sh-yrt-beaktii and recurved^
entire at the oritice, neaily twice »< long as the ovate-acuminate glume ; st. 8 — Ifi',
erect or suhdecnmbent, smooth, leafy. — Olaucous green except the mature, yellow
spikes. Moi«t soils in meadows and hedges, along brooks, abundant.
3. RECTA. Perig. ovate, slightly inflated, short-acute, straight-beaked or acl^
minate ; in some the lower spikes are also long-peduncled. — S. 111. (Vaaey;
and La. (Hale).
125 C. panicea L. ? Spikes 2- -3, loose-flowered^ remotish. lowest long-pedunoo-
late ; perig. subglobous, obtw^e, entire at the mouth, a little greater tluin the ovale,
subacute glume ; st. a loot high, triquetrous, leafy at the base; Ivs. shorter than
the stem. — Light green. Near Boston (Pickering).
126 C. livida Yahl. $ Spike ohlong; $ spikes 2 — 3, oblong-cylindric, subloose-
flovverod; perig. ovate-obhng, subtriquetrous, subinllated, obtuse or acutisli, erUirs
at the orifice; longer than the obtuse, oblong glume; st. 6 — IG' high, eiect, tri-
quetrous, striate, with leaves about its own lengtli. — C41aucous green. Sphagnous
swamp, near Ulica. N. Y. (Gray) cedar swamp, N. J., and more northern regions.
(C. Grayana, Ed. 1.)
127 C. tetdnica Schk., fig. 307. ? Spikes 2 — 3, oblong, loose-flowered, remote;
perig. obovate, recurved at the apex, entire at the oriflce, with an ovate glume, ob-
tusish at the upper and mucronate at the lower part of the spike; st. 6 — 10' high,
triquetrous, longer than tho flat and linear-lanceolate leaves. — Liglit green. Up-
land meadows, rare. Its recurved short beak or era aped neck (wlienco its name)
distinguisiies it from C. Woodii.
128 C. Woodii Dew. ? Spikes 1 to 3, erect, cylindric, loose-flowered, the lowest
pedunculate, finally recurved; perig. obovate, tapering below, subpedieeled, tri-
quetrous, obtuse, orifice mature closed, sometimes short-apiculate, veined, glab-
rous, longer than the broad, hyuj„ae, green-keeled, rarely mucronate glume; culm 10
to 20 , slender, stiff'; Ivs. very short; plant with a close, slight pubescence, pale
green. — Shores of Perch Lake, &c. Jefif. Co., N. Y. (Drs. Crawe and Wood).
A clear species (Dr. Yasey).
129 C. Meddii Dew. (B. t. 82.) $ Spike ovate-oblong, often long, with glumes
oblong, obtuse, tawny-edged; ? spikes 2 to 4, oblong or cylindric, rather lax-
flowered, upper often starainate at apex, lowest long-stalked, remote, all leafy-
bracted ; perig. oval or oblong, tapering some at both ends, veined, with entire
orifice, scarce equaling the broad-ovate, acute or obtuse-mucronate, tawny-edged
glume; culm 8 to 10', erect, leafy below, rough above, longer than tiio leaves;
pale green. — Augusta, 111. (Mead), Mich, and Ohio. (C. panicea Carey ; but clearly
distinct.)
130 C. oligocarpa Schk. (B. t, 93.) ? Spikes 2 or 3 erert. 3 or A-flowertd,
bracteate; perig. obovate, roundish-triquetrous, sliort-rostrate^ entire at tho moutli,
longer than the obloug-mucronate glume; culm 6 to 12' high; Ivs. flat and shorter
towards the base ; plant light green. — Open woods or hedges, rare. DitVers frem
the following species in its fruit, pubescence, and stouter, coarser aspect.
131 C. Hitchcockiiina Dew. (Boott. t. 94.) ,; Spike erect, pedunculate;
$ Spikes 2 — 3, erect, 5 to 10-flowered, lowest distant; perig. oval-iriquetroas, ta-
pering at both ends, inflated, alternate, bent at the apex, striate, with a short,
truncated and open beak, about equaling or shorter than the oblong or ovate, niu.
cronate glume ; st. 10 — 24' high, erect, stiff, scabrous above, with long and leaty
bracts; st. Ivs. and bracts scabrous and subpubescent. — Borders of woods, N.
Eng. to 111. a.id Ky.
132 C. Btylofl^za Buckley, i Spikes cylindric, short, slender, erect, with ob-
long, obtuse glumes ; $ spikes 1 to 4, oblong, dense, some of them near the stami-
nate and subsessile, the others distant or very remote, on long (2 to 6'), filiform,
exsert, drooping peduncles, leafy-bracted ; perig. ellipsoid, tapering below, rostrate,
often recurved, once to twice longer than the ovate or lance-linear, membranous
glume ; culm 2f, slender, flaccid, triquetrous, longer than tho smooth, light grcea
^1
764
Order 155.— CYPERACE^.
Ifavfs. — Mt8. N. Car. (Buckley) and Va. to Fla. (C. laxiflora, fJ. styloflexa,
lioott. t. 87).
133 C. d^bilia Miclix. S Spike erect, filiform ; $ spikes 3 — 4, not very rarely
j)istillate above, filiform, loose-fiowered, Jiexiiuiui, nodding, reinotisli, 1 — 2' long;
p>rig. obloiuj-lanctulate, subtriquetrous, alternate, ro.strate, bitid, glabrous, nerved,
nearly twice longer than the ovato-lanceolato glume; st. 1 — 2 f, triquetrous i' d
scabrous above, leafy towards the base. — Bright green. Moist woods and mead-
ows, common. (C. flexuosa Schk.)
13-1 C. arctita Boott. $ Spikes 3 — 4, long anasle..'ler, loose-flowered, nodding
and remote ; perig. ovate, triquetrous, lanceolate or long-rostrate, subvenVieous,
bind, glabrous, little surpassing the ovate, membranaceous, mucronate glume ; st.
10 — 20', scabrous aljove and leafy below. — Pale green. In the same situations
as the preceding, common. (C. Sylvatica Dew. Sill. Jour.)
135 C. Sullivantii Boott. (t. 122). $ Spikes 3, oblong, erect, cyHndric, rather
loosc-tiowi red, bractod, tiie lowest long-pedunculate and sparse-flowered below ;
perig. ovate or oval, apiculale, scarcely veined, scabrous-hairy, short-pediceled ; $
glume on tlie lowest spike obovate, obtuse or emargitiate, long-cuspidate, the
cu.sp extending above the fruit; on tiie upper spike the cusp is shortened and
the oblong glume scarce equals the fruit ; culm 1 to 2f, longer than tlio leaves
plant slightly hairy, light green. — Columbus, Ohio (SuUivant).
136 C. Kneiskemii Dew. S Spikes 3, long-cylindric, rather distant, sublax-
fiowered, with recurved peduncles ; perig. ovate, oblong, subtriquetrous, glabrous,
terete-conic, rostrate, short-2-toothed, a little longer than the ovate and oblong
glume which is obtusish and short-mucronate. — Woods, Oriskany and Rome, N.
Y. Closely related to C. Sullivantii, but differs materially when mature, in the
fruit, glume and long triquetrous achenium. Also, by tlie same marks, from C.
art'tata Boott. to which Carey improperly (as mentioned by Boott. t, 122) re-
fers it.
137 C. capillaris L. $ Spike small ; $ spikes 2 — 3, ovate, oblong, about 6-
flowered, loose-flowered, long and recurved pedunculate ; perig. oval, short-ros-
trate, oblong, oblique at the orifice, longer than the oblong, ovate, obtuse glume ;
St. 2 — T higli, leafy at the base ; Ivs. narrow, long. — Grows in tufts, very deli-
cate, 4 to G , pale green. Alpine regions of the White Mts. (Robbins).
138 C. ftilva Good. ? Spikes 3, ohhng, subdense-flowered, erect ; perig. ovate,
round, sliort-rostrate, bicuspidate, smooth, binerved, twice longer tlian the ovate,
dark broivn, subacute glume ; st. a foot high or more, triquetrous, leafy towards the
base. — Pale green. Near Boston (Greene). (C. binervis Ed. 1.)
139 C. Icevigllta Smith. $ Spike one and erect, sometimes 2 ; $ spikes 2 — 3,
oblong, bracteate, pedunculate, nodding; perig. ovate-lanceolate, triquetrous,
nerved, rostrate, bifurcate, subdense-flowered, about equal to the ovate, ctispidaie
glume ; st. 1 — 2f, scabrous above, leafy towards the base. — Light green. Near
Boston (Green). Rare. This and the last probably introduced from Eur. (C.
Grceuiana Ed. 1.)
140 C. flcxilia Rudge. (B. t., 79). ? Spikes 2 — 4, ovate-oblong, cylindric, nod-
ding ; perig. ovate, subconic, rostrate, bidentate, scarcely shorter than the ovate,
obiuMsh, oblong glume; st. 12 — 18', erect, striate; Ivs. short, and shorter below ;
Ivs. and bracts ciliate. — Bright green. Oneida Co., N. Y. (Gray), and far west-
ward. (C. castanea Wahl.)
141 C. venusta Dew. (B. t., 123.) $ Spike long, slender, with oblong, obtuse,
tawny glumes; $ spikes 2 or 3, long-cylindric, rather loose-flowered, lowest dis-
tant, on a long, exsert staik, often sparse-flowered, recurved, dark; perig. conic
above, tapering below into a pedicel, short-beaked, 2-toothed, veined, rough-pubes-
cent, twice longer than the ovate, obtuse (sometimes mucronate) glume ; culm 1
to 2f, longer than the linear-lanceolate, light green leaves. — S. Car. to Fla.
142 C. tenaz Chapm. (Boott. t., 59.) $ Spiko short, cylindric, with oblong,
acute glumes ; $ spikes 2 or 3, ovate or oblong, dense, subsessile, the lower some-
times remote ; perig. oval, triquetrous, some tapering below, conic-beaked or shorter
and 2-toothed, finely striate, pubescent, twice longer than the narrow-ovate, acute
KH
Ordeb 155— CYPERACE^.
706
glume,' culm If, erect; Iva. short, flat, botU glabrous. — Ga, Fla. (C. Cnapmaiiii
Sartw.)
143 C. Richardsonil R. Brown, i Spike oblong, erect, stalked, with ovata,
obtuse, brown, wliito-borderod glumea; 'i spikes 1 to 3, smaller, oblong, lax, th«
upper near, the lowest more remote, ail longer than the broad, membraiwus, white,
obtuse bract ; perig. ovate-triquetrous, very obtuse, scarcely beaked, orifice entire,
below tapering, pubescent, scarcely equal to the brown, ovate, acute, white-
edged glume ; culm 4 to 10', scabrous, longer than the scabrous leaves. — Woods,
Greece, N. Y. (Bradley), 111. (Mead.), and Arc. Am. A fine species with a wide
144 C. dasyodrpa Muhl. (B. t., 57.) t, Spike oblong, erect, subsessilc, small;
$ spikes 2 or 3, short-oblong, alternate, hoary, the lowest remote, bracts longer
than the culm ; perig. oblong-o'.'ate, triquetrous, short-beaked, veined, dense-vil-
lous, eraarginate at orifice, longer than tlie ovate-acuminate glume ; culm 8 to 14',
triquetrous, glabrous, longer than the hairy, narrow-lanceolate Ivs. ; grayish green.
—Dry fields, N. Car. to Fla.
145 C. Michi^ansis Dew. Terminal spike staminate, oblong-clavate, erect,
short stalked ; $ spikes 1 to 3, rarely 4, oblong-Jiliform, lax, some or all three
stam. at apex, squarrous-brcu:ted, the upper sessile, lower short-stalke '. ; perig. (too
young) oblong-obovate, lance, acute, bifid, some villous, shorter tliun the oblong,
acute, rusty brown yl. ; culms clustered, 6 to 14', slender, triq., shorter than the
linear, stiff, rough-edged Ivs. — Midi. (Wm. Boott, Esq.).
146 C. T6rreyi Tuekm. $ Spike oblong, short pad. ; $ spikes 2 — 3, short, oblong,
subsessile, erect ; perig. oblong, obovate, very obtuse, glabrous, subtriq. entire at the
orifice, subrostrale, twice longer than the acute gl ; st. 12 — 18' erect, triq., with
subradical and pubescent Ivs. —Palo green, N. Y. (Tuckermati.)
147 C. Crkyrei D >w. $ Spikes 3 — 6, cyl. short and thick, densely flowered, some-
times aggregated, sometimes remote, tlie lowest often subradical and long-ped. ;
perig. ovate, terete, scarcely rostrate, diverging, entire at the orifice, twice longet
than the ovate and obtusish gl. ; $ spike with one or two small ones at its base.
— Jeff. Co., N. Y. It conimemoratea the name of Dr. Ciawe, its discoverer, who
was soon after drowned, on a botanical excursion, in Griffin's Bay.
148 C. igndta Dew. $ Spike cyl., slender, erect, long-stalked, ecale-bracted,
with oblong, obtusish gls. ; ? spikes 2 or 3, oblong, lax, orect, leafy-bracted, the
lowest long-ped.; perig. elliptic-triq., tapering below, conic-iostrate, slender, entire
at the orifice or slightly 2-toothed, recurved more or less, £ little longer tlian the
ovate, acute, lane, or cuspidate gl. ; culm 18 to 24', pale green. — La. (Hale).
/i. FusiFoBMis. A smaller form ; perig. more spindle-form, and the glume
acute, shorter in proportion. Fla. (C. fusiformis Chapman.)
149 C. Bcabrita Schw. $ Spike shori-slalked ; i spikes 3 — 6, cyl., subrecurved,
remotish, long-ped. ; perig. ovate-oblong, subinllated, subbifid, rostrate, quite
scabrous, longer tlian the ovate-lunc, acuminate, short-bidentate, ciliate gl. ; culm
1 — 2f| acutely triq., rough, above, longer tlian the Ivs. towards the base. — Bright
green. Along brooks and streams, common. N. States, N. Car. (Curtis).
150 C. Bubulita Mx. $ Spike erect, small, short, with lane, white gl. ; 9 spikes
3 to 5, oblong, 3 to 7 -fruited, distant, sessile above, the highest close to the stam-
inate, the lower exsei t-ped., leafy-bracted, sometimes $ at apex ; perig. subulate
or lance-ovate, lorg, rostrate, slender, veined, glabrous, with 2 curved teeth di-
varicate or reflexed, more than tlirioe longer than the white, lane, gl ; culm 6 to
14 to 24' high, very slender, lax, smooth ; Ivs. smooth, striate, flat, shorter than
the culm ; very light green. — Can, to N. J., along the coast,
151 C. pallescens L. ? Spikes 2 — 3, oblong, short, cyl, distant, yellowish
green, nodding towards maturity ; peri(/. oval, obtuse, round, about equal to, or a
little shorter than, the ovate, pale gL ; st, 6 — 16', hardly erect; bracts sometimes
transversely rugous. — Plant often subpubesceut, and of a lij;lit green. In dry
meadows. Common, — C. undulata Kunze, is admitted by Kunze iiimaelf to be
only \ an, differing cliiefly in ita wavy, lowest bract.
152 C. limdsa L. 5 Spikes 1 — 3, ovate or oblong, long-ped., subloose-flowered,
Bmoothish, pendulous ; perig. elliptic, compressed, very short-rostrate, entire at
:|l
!■' %
m
ml
m
i".
M m
i
t "^
1
i
In
;»
' ;l|
766
Ohukr 155.— CYPERACE^.
the orifice, about equal to the ohhng and obtuse, or ovate, cu-tpidate, rwit-rohred gl. ;
culm 8 — 16', ascendiiiK, obtiisely triq., with Bubradi.al fiat and narrow Iva. —
Glaucous green. Marshes, common.
153 C. irrfgua Smith. $ Spikes 2—3, ovatc-oblong, thickish, nodding ; perig.
roundish-ovate, short-rostrate, subcompressed, shorter than the ovate-lanctolate,
chestnut-brown gl. ; st. near a foot high, longer than tiie flat, subourved Iva.;
glaucous. — S Spike rarely 9 at the summit, or $ spikes with stamens at tlie
base. Marsh. Bridgewator, N. Y. (Gray) also in marshes in Mass. and Mick
(Cooley), rare. (C. limosa, /i irrigua Wahl.)
154 C. rarif!dra Smith. $ Spikes about 2 linear, quite loose-flowered, long-ped.,
nodding ; perig. ovate, oblong, iriqu., depressed, equaling the ovate, subcircinate,
brown gl. ; culm 10'. — Glaucous. White Mountains, N. 11. (Barratt). (C. limosa
/3. rarittora Wahl.)
155 C. Barrdttii Torr. (B. t. 17G.) S Spike 1, erect, cyl, long (rarely 2), with
ovate, obtuse, dark gh. ; $ spikes 2 to 6, oflen \oug-cyl., staminate at apex, the
lower on slender, recurved pedicels, upper erect, commonly single, sometimes 2 or
4 from the same bract, purple or dark ; perig. ovate or lance-ovate, often with a
very siiort beak, obtuse, slightly diverging, roughish, longer than the ovate dark
gl. ; culm 1 to 2f, longer than the long, rough leaves ; glaucous green. — N. J. to
N. Car. (Curtis). (C. flacca Carey. C. recurva Huds.)
156 C. millidcea Muhl. i Spike erect, slender ; 2 spikes 2 — 3, long-cyl., slen-
der, loose-llowerud below, nodding; perig. ovate, triq., glabrous, subrostrate, en-
tire at the orifice, longer than the oblong, emarginate or obcordato, awned gl. ;
St. 1 2 — 24', slender, scabrous ; Ivs. linear-lane. — Yellowish green. Wet meadows,
common.
157 C. hystricina Willd. (B. t. 152.) $ Spike rarely pistillate at the sum-
mit; ? spikes 2 — 4, oblong, cyl., attenuate, subdistant, long-bracteate., nodding,
rarely sheathed ; perig. ovate, diverging, inflated, subtriq., nerved, bifid, glabrous,
twice longer than the oblong, emarginate, submucronate gl. ; culm 12 — 24', scab-
rous above, with long, linear-lance. Ivs. — Yellowish green. Wet places, very
common. (See Sill. Joum., 1848, C. Georgiana.)
/3. cooLEYi. $ Spikes short small, ? spikes often short-ovate, the lowest on a
very long (5 to 8' ), recurved, filiform peduncle ; culm very slender, prostrate,
shorter than the long, narrow Ivs. — Mich. (Cooley). (C. Cooley i, Ed. 1.)
158 C. Pseudo-cyp^nis L. (Schk. fig. 102.) i Spike cyl. and elongated; $
spikes 3 — 4, cyl., long-ped., rather remote recurved-peiidulous, with long and leafy
bracts*; perig. ovate, lane, bidenddte, reflexed, and a little shorter than the ovate-
lane, or setaceous gl. — Common about ponds and ditches. It is smaller ui all its
parts than C. comosa (Boott), the fruit of the latter is deeply and widely bifurcate,
and its glume is hispid or ciliate. The two have been confounded in cur country,
though long known.
159 C. comdsa L. (B. t. 36.) $ Spike long and slender, rarely pistillate above ;
? spikes 2 — 5, long-cyl., pendulous, thick, dense-flowered, with very long and
leafy bracts; perig. o\&\,e-\aii\c., acuminate, rostrate, deeply 2-forked, rejiextd, triq.,
glabrous, generally longer than the lane, mucronate, setaceous gl. ; culm 18 — 30',
large, rough, with long and wide, rough leaves and bracts. Phint very glabrous
and yellowish-green. Wet places about ponds and ditches, common. (C. fur-
cata Ell.)
160 trichocdrpa Muhl. S Spikes about 3, erect, rarely 1, or $ above, cyl.,
lower shorter ; $ spikes 2^-4, ertct, long-cyl., smoothish, rather loose-tiowered ;
perig. ovate, conic, inflated, nerved, rostrate, bifurcate, densely pnbe.«cent, about
twice longer than the ovate-lane. gl. ; culm 15 — 30', scabrous above, and with
pubescent leaves and sheaths. — Light green. In wet and marshy places, com-
mon.
/3. turbinata Dew. $ epikee ovate or short oblong, thick, remote, dense-
flowered ; perig. subdiverging, ovate and conic, rostrate, longer than the
ovate-oblong, mucronate gl ; st. 2 — 3f — Glaucous green. In a pond in
Beckmau, N. Y., there abuodani;
161 C. vemicosa Muhl t Spike (rarely 2) cyl, large, obtuse, stalked, with
I* VH
Order 155— CYPKRACK^.
obloBg, retuse, muoronato g\a ; $ 3 to 6, soon nodding, cyl., leafy-bracted. $
above, lowest exsert-ped. ; perig. ovate-compressed, triq., glaucous, ahort-rostrate-
bifld, scarcely veined, about equal to the ovate-oblong, einarginate, mucronate or
awned brown gl. ; the awn extending beyond the perig. ; culm 2 to 3f, erect, stiff,
triq., striate ; Ivs. and bracts stiff, rough, often over-pas.sing the culm ; color glau-
cous green, with dark spikes. — "Wet grounds, Penn. to Ga., La. and Ky. Apr..
May. (C. glaucescens Ell.)
/3. ANDRoGYNA (!urt. Spikcs 4 to 1, large, 3 to 4' long, upper one ataminato at
base, the others pistillate and in part stamiiiate at apex. — Wilmington, X
Car. (Curtis). "An autumnal var.," flowers in Oct.
162 C. lanugindsa Michx. S Spikes 2, oblong, slender, erect ; $ .spikes 2 — ,1,
cyl., erect, dense-flowered, sometimes short-oblong and thick, subrostrato; perig.
ovate, short-rostrate, bicuspitate, subtriq., thick, pubescent and woolly, aViout
equaling the ovate-lane, awned gl. ; culm 12 — 24', nearly round below, \v\th fiat,
linear-lane. Ivs. and bracts. — (ilabrous and yellowish-green. Wet places and
marshes, common. (0. pellita Muhl.)
163 C. filiformis L. (B. t. 121.) ,? Spikes 2 — 3, with oblong glumes; $ spikei
2 — 3, ovate, oblong, short-cyl., close-flowered, remotish, irect; perig. ovate, villous,
short-rostrate, bifurcate, about equaling the ovate, acute gl. ; culm 20 — 30', erect,
slender, stiff, with convolute Ivs. and bracts. — Pale green. Marshes, common.
164 C. striata Mx. (B. t. 141.) $ Spikes 1 to 4, commonly 2, oblong, cyl., erect,
the lower sessile, shorter; 5 spikes 2, rarely 1, long-cylc, erect, dense, with peda.
inclosed, upper oflen S at apex; perig. ovate, acuminate, inflated, rough-downy,
orifice bifid, scarce rostrate, twice longer than tlio acute, taivny gl. ; culm 14 — 20',
erect, leafy-bracted, longer than the striate, lane. Ivs. — Penn., N. J. to Flu. (C.
polymorpha, Ed. 1.)
165 C. Houghtdnii Torr. (B. t. 49.) ^ Spikes 1 to 3, oblong, erect, purjjle to
pale, with oblong, obtu.so, mucronate, white-edged gls. ; $ spikes 2 or 3, thickish,
oblong-cyl., leafy-bracted; perig. ovate, inflated, short-rostrate, dirty brown, bifur.
cate, veined, hispid-downy, nearly twice longer than the ovate, mucronate, white-
edged gl. ; culm about If, erect, stiff, triq., rough, about equaling the Ivs. — Fla.
(Chapman!), also Lake La Biche, N. \V. Ter. (Houghton).
166 C. polym6rpha Muhl. Var. 2. (B. t. 56.) f, Spikes 1 to 3, of^ener 2,
oblong, erect, sessile, with oblong, obtuse glumes; ? 2, sometimes 1, oblong-
cyl., erect, rather loose, upper staminate at apex, lower remote, exsert-ped. ; pe-
rig. oval-ovate, slightly inflated, subtriq., short-rostrate, orifice oblique, veined,
glaucous, a little longer tiian the ovate, reddish, white-edged gl. ; culm 2 to 20',
erect, stiff, triq., longer than the light green Ivs., which are reddish at tiie root. —
Sandy plains, Mass. to Penn. and W. N. Y. (C. Halseyaiia, Ed, 1.)
167 C. Cheroke^nsis Sohw. (B. t. 1%.) i Spikes 2 or 3, cyl, erect, tlio high-
est larger, pedunculate, rarely pistillate at base; $ spikes 3 to 6, cyl, distant, often
staminate at apex, highest sessile, the others exsert-ped., nodding, loose, rarely
twin; perig. lance-ovate, glabrous, veined, compressed-iriq., subinflated, tapering
into a whitish beak, much longer than the ovate, acuminate gl. ; culm 10 to 20 high,
leafy below and long as tho Ivs. ; plant flaccid, grayish green. — Ga., Fla., La. and
Mo. (C. Christiana Boott.)
168 C. paluddsa Good. (Schk., fig. 103.) $ Spikes 2 or 3, cyl, erect, the
lower shorter, smaller, sessile ; $ spikes 1 to 4, cyl, erect, rather dense, not dis-
tant, alternate, lowest often long-stalked, scarcely sheathed, attenuate below, and
there loose-flowered, all bracted ; perig. ovate, tapering into a short beak, biden-
tate, distinctly many- veined both aides, nearly equaling the narrow, cuspidate gl. ;
culm 18' to 2f, erect, scabrous above, longer than the light green Ivs. — Near Bos-
ton (Wra. Boott).
169 C. gigdntea Radge. (B. t 151.) i Spikes 1 to 3; er«cf;, cyl, slender,
near, the lower shorter, sessile, with ovate, acute, or lane. gls. ; $ spikes 2 to 4,
cyl, loose, staminate at apex, remote, the lower on long, exsert stalks, often nod-
ding, with long, leafy bracts; perig. ovate or globous, ventricoua, abruptly c-on-
tracted into a long, slender, cyl. beak, veined, smooth, divaricate, in maturity much
longer than the lance-ovate, awned, white-edged gl. ; culm 18 to 30 to 36', stout,
longer than the broad, strong Ivs. — Marshea, Ky. to S. Car. and La.
ill
m ii
i ii I
■; I i«
1 m
His
Obdbr 156.— OYPERACK.E.
170 C. retrdrsa Schw. $ Spikes about 3, rarely 1, often with a few perig. at
the base; 9 spikes 4 — 6, oblong, cyl., appro.v., Uense-flowerefl, with long ai:il
leafy bracts, the lowest often remote and long pou. ; perig. ovate-intlated, subglo-
bous, roatrate, bifurcate, nerved, refltxed, twice longer than the lane. gl. ; culm
15 — 30', scabrous above, large, stiff, and leafy. — Bright green. In clusters, about
pools of water, common. Tlio lower spikes sometimes have 1 or 2 smaller spikes
attaclred to them.
171 C. Schweinitzii Dew. i Spikes 2, rarely 1, upper long and slender, lower
with a few perig. at the base; 9 spikes 2—4, oblong, cyl, subapprox., subrecurved,
rather close-flowered, lowest often long-ped. ; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering above,
rostrate, inflated, nerved, glabrous, bifurcate, long(T than the suhulate, svhsetaceiiui
gl. ; culm 6 — 12', scabrous above, very leafy. — Palo yellowish-green. Wet sandy
grounds, N. Y., N. J., and northward.
172 C. mir^ta Dew. i Spikes 2 or more, long-cyl., near, loose, with long,
linear, rough-awned gls. ; $ spikes 2, long-ryl., stalked, lax-flowered, suberect,
braoted, yellowish, staminate at apex ; perig. lunce-ovate, slender, long-conic, ros-
trate, scarcely inflated, scabrous, oblique at the long-cuspidate beak, diverging,
long-pedicele'd, eqiialing or longer than the narrow, rough-awned gl.; culm 2f,
erect, very rough, stiff, shorter than the stiff, rough edged Ivs. ; light-yellowisU
green. — Greece, N. Y. (Bradley). (C. aristuta, Boott, Ac, but very different.)
173 C. longiroBtris Torr. (B. t. 77.) i, Spikes 3, short; $ spikes 2—3. cyl,
quite hose-flowered, pendulous, subiHstant, with filiform ped.; perig. ovate, globous,
inflated, glabrous, long-rostrate, hispid, a little longer than the lance or ovate, cus-
pidate gl. ; St. 15 — 30', rather slender, stiff, leafy below. — Bright green. On light
soil of hedges in N. England and N. York, common.
174 C. V^seyi Dew. 6 Spikes 2 to 4, slender, the highest long-cylindric. the
next sl)orter; ? spikes 2, often 3, long-cyl., loose, remote, bracteate, only th*
lowest long-ped. ; perig. ovate-oblong, inflated, long-terete-rostrate, some what triq.,
serrate on the bifurcate beak, glabrous, veined, much longer than the lance-oblong
glume ; culm about 2f, erect, stiff, shorter than the rough Ivs. ; bright green. — Wet
places, N. Y. to IlL (Vasey). (C. vesicaria ji. Boott., &c.)
175 C. lacustria Willd. ^ Spikes 3—4, erect, sessile ; 5 spikes 2 — 3, erect,
oblong, cylindric, short-pedunculate ; perig. ovate-oblong, tapering or lanceolate,
bifurcate, glabrous, a little longer than the oblong, mucrouate gl ; culm 2 — ''.fj scab-
rous above, erect and large, with long and large leaves and bracts. — Light green.
Marshes. Common. (C. riparia Muhl. nee Gooden.)
176 C. riparia Gooden. i Spike 3 — 5, oblong, thick, erect, sessile; ? spikes
2 — 3, erect, oblong, often long-cylindric; perig. ovate-elliptic, contracted into a
short, bifurcate beak, glabrous, about equaling or shorter than the ovate, mucro-
nate, or oblong-lanc. gl ; culm 2 — 3f, scabrous above, leafy belov/. — Bright green.
Mich. (Coolcj') and w tward. Distinguished from the preceding by its broader,
more inflated fruit, ari its oblong-ovate, mucronato glume, which often surpasses
the perig.
177 C. arist^ta R. Br. (B. t. 68.) ? Spikes 2—4, cylindric, distant, close-
flowered, erect ; perig. ovate, oblong, nerved, deeply bifid, very glabrous, long-
rostrato, longer than the oblong, awned, greenish glume ; Ivs. and sheaths villous
on the imder side; st. a foot or more high. — Bright green. Watertown, N. Y.,
far west and north. Is not this very closely related to No. 160 ?
178 C. utriculdta Boott, (t. 37.) ^ Spikes 3 or 4, slender, cyl., long, often
bracteate ; 2 spikes about 3, long-cyl., large, often stam. above, subremote, the
lowest tap'.ring below, loose and stalked, with bracts surpassing the culm; perig.
oval-oblong, diuwn into a terete, tapering, bifurcate beak, smooth, veined, straw-
colored, larger than the lanceolate, purple, rough-awned glume; culm 2 to 3f!
shorter than the broad, stiff, nodous, netted, glaucous Ivs. — Abundant in marsliy
places wide over the country. (C. ampullacea, ft. Carey.)
/3. SPARsiFi^RA. Spikes all very long (4 to 6'), slender, the 5 spikes very
loose, and more so below, the lowest long-pedunculate ; perig. smaller and
glume longer. — Watertown, N. Y. (Crawe).
179 C. ampullacea Good. S Spikes 2 or 3, cyl., erect; $ spikes 2 or 8, loner-
cyl, erect, quite dense, short-ped., bracteate ; perig. ovate-globous, a little inflated,
T »'
Orukh 156.— CYl'KKACK/K.
169
uiverging, veiued, glabrous, abruptly contracted to a small, rouud, bifurcate beak,
a litlU: longer than tfie kmcfulale ylume; culm 20 to ao, obtuse-angled, with long
Ivs. aud bracts; light groeu. — Marshes over the couutry, not abundant.
180 C. monile Tuckra. (B. t. 71.) $ Spikes 2 to 4, loug-cyl., slender, with
long-lanceolate gls. ; $ spikes 2 or 1, longcyl., short-ped., rather loose, tapering
ht-low sometimes and more loose, remote, erect, bracteate ; perig. globous or ellip-
8(«d, inHated, short- rostrate, bidentatc, yellowish, many-veined, more than twice
longer than the oblong-lanc. gi. ; culm 15 to .30, erect; lv.s. and bracts long, bright
green. — Marahea, not abundant, N. Eng. to 0. aud westward.
181 C. Olneyi Boott (t. 40.) i Spikes about 3, cyl., slender, near ; $ spikes
commonly 2, cyl., thick, dense, yellowish, approx. more or less ped., the lowest
tapering below, more lax at the base, often some nodding and bractcd ; per''^ in-
flated-ovoid, with a short, cyl., scabrous, bifurcate beak, diverging, longer t.'ari M o
lane. gi. ; culm 15 to 22', stout, obtuse-angled, rough above, shorter than the
long, stiff, white-edged Iva. — R. I. (Olney).
182 C. Ttiokennlkni Boott (t. 38). $ Spikes 2 — 3, cylindric, lower ones sessile
and shore, with an oblong, acutish glume; $ spikes 2 — 3, oblong, cvl., thick aud
large, scarcely pedunculate, subloose-flowered ; perig. much inliatcd, ovate, large,
conic, costate, bifurcate, all glabrous, nerved, twice longer than the ovuto-lanc.
gl. ; culm about 2f^ erect, scarcely scabrous ; bracts and Ivs. long, not wide ; light
green. — Wet places in meadows, common, and has been ranked under C. bul-
lata. Distinguislicd from No. 181, by the short, smooth beak of its membranous,
pellucid perig. as well as by its different ? spikes.
183 C. vesicAiia L. S Spikes about 3, erect, oblong; ? spikes 2 — 3, cyl,
erect, dense-flowered, alternate, long-bracteato ; perig. ovate, oblong-conic, terete,
inflated, rostrate, nerved, diverging, glabrous, bicuspidate, r.oarly twice longer
than the oblong-lanc. gl. ; culm about 2f, shorter tlian the ivs. — Bright green.
Marshes. Not common.
184 C. buU^ta Rchk. $ Spikes 3, erect, slender, cyl, with oblong-lanceolate
glumes ; $ spikes 2 — 3, rather oblong, cyl., nearly erect ; perig, ovoid-globous, in-
flated, glabrous, costate, with a long, scabrous beak, bifurcate, longer than the
lane, gl ; culm 20 — 30' high, ratlier slender, triquetrous, scabrous above, leafy
and shorter than the leaves. — Glabrous, light green. In wet meadows. Com-
mon. This is C. bullata as described in Sill. Jour., Vol. ix. p. 71, and named by
Schk. from its (ball-shaped) globous perigynium, comporting with his fig. 1G6.
Carey and others have adopted another form under that name, which hero follows,
named from the inflation of the fruit.
L85 C. physfema Dew. $ Spikes 2 or 3, cyl, slender, contiguous, the lowest
bracteate ; $ spike 1, rarely 2, subrotund or obbng-cyl., thick, dcnse-liowered, re-
mote, yellowish, the lowest ped., at length nodding, with a bract leaty and surpass-
ing the culm ; perig. turgid-ovate, with a long, cyl, scabrous beak, divaricate, in-
flated, glabrous, broader and longer than the lanceolate, acute, winte-edged gl. ;
culm 12 to 24', slender, firm, shorter than the narrow, tlat, firm, light green Ivs.
— N. Eng. to Penn., in humid meadows. (C. bullata Boott, t. 39, nee Schk.) ^ ,
186 C. oligosp^rma Michx. $ Spikes several, sometimes one, erect, slender,
long-cyl, with sn oblong, obtusish gl. ; $ spikes 1 — 3, ovate, globular, sessile,
distant; perig. few, ovate, inflated, acute, nerved, short-rostrate, entire at the
orifice, glabrous, a little longer than the ovate-lane. gl. ; culm 1 — 2f, scabrous
above, leafy below ; Ivs. involute and rush-like, light green. — Marshes and lake
boMers, Can., N. Eng., N. Y., Mich, and Ga.
49
^?'i.
Mi y
ipl 111
1 1
I
770
OuuHU 156.— GUAMINE^.
iff'
i
If
I III
Order CLVI. GRAMINE^. Grasses.
Herbs, rarely woody or arborescent, with (mostly) hollow, jointed culms; with
teaves alternate, distychous, on tubular sheaths split down to the nodes, and a ligula
(stipules) of membranous texture where the leaf joins the sheath. Flowers in little
■pikelets of 1 or several, with glumes distychousiy arranged, and collected into
spikes, racemes or panicles. Glumes, the lower pair of scales in the spikelet, alter-
Bate. enclosing the fls. Paks (pala-) tlio outer pair of scales of each particular flower,
unequal. Scales (periantii) usually 2 or 3, minute, hypogynous, distinct or united.
Stainens 1 — 6, commonly 3, anthers versatile, of 2 distinct cells. Ovary simpio
witii 1 ascending ovule, 2 styles and 2 feathery stigmaa. Fruit a caryopsis. Em-
bryo lateral, at the base of the farinaceous albumen.
Genera 300, species about 3800, iiniversally diffused throughout the world, havine no other
limits tiiaii tliose that bound vegetution in general. But the spucics and their characters are
widely ditt'erent in different climes. In temperate zones the grasses clothe a large portion of
the earth's surface with a compact, soft, green, carpet-like turf; but in tropical regions this
beautiful grassy turf disappears and the grasses become larger, more isolated like other plants,
fewer in the number of individuals, with broader leaves and more showy Howers.
Properties. — This family doubtless contributes more to the .sustenance of man and beast than
all others cOHibined. Its sweet and nutritious properties reside both in the farinaceous iilbuuien
;' the seed and in the herbage. No poisonous or even suspicious herb is found among them,
with the single exception of Lolium temulentum. The poisonous and medicinal Ergot or Spurred
Rye is only a parasitic fungus, and tlierefore forms no exception to this remark. The sterns of
inanv grasses contain sugar, as the Mauie and Sugar Cane. Bilex is also a frequent ingredient.
To this Order belong the common grain*. Maize, Wheat, Rye, Rice, Barley, Oats, etc. The most
important of the cultivated grasses are Phleum or Timothy grass, several kinds of Poa, Agrostin,
Alo])ecurus, Festuca, Aira, Pauicam, Cinna, Brizo, etai
FIG. T21. Agrostis alba ; a 1 -flowered spikelet; a, the two glumes. 2. A flower, with th«
two paleie, three stamens and two plumons stigmaa. 8. Leernia oryzoides ; a flower removed
from its glume8, showing Its 2 hypogynous scales, three stamens and ovary with the two algma.*.
4 Phleum praCense ; a 1-flowerea spikelet; «, glumes; 6, truncate palew; etc. 6. Polypogon :
a 1-flowered spikelet; glumes and lower paIeK awned. 6. Holcus lanatus ; a two-flowered
8i)ikelet ; a, glumes ; ft, the two flowers (upper staminate). 7. Poa nratensls ; a 4-flowered spike-
let • (I the two glumes ; b, a single flower, with two paleo;, etc. S. Festuca duriuscula ; a S-flow-
•reil spikelet; o, two glumes; 6, a single flower. 9. The caryopsli af Jlordeum, ahowing thf
eiubryo at the bue of the eopiousalbuinea.
55?!
Orukr 15G.— GRAMINEJB.
711
M'
.Tribe 10
TRIBES AND GENEBA.
I ^pikelet 1 -flowered with no apparent rudiment of a second 9. (2)
I ^pikeli-t 2-flowered, ono of the tls. sterile or rudimentary. (7)
S Spikelt't 3-flowered, the 2 iower (lutt-rul) fls. sterile or rudimentary, (i) Tribfl I
S Spilielet 2 — 00 -flowered, 2 or more of the fls. perfect. (9)
2 Inflort'scence paniculate. (3)
2 Inflorescence strictly spicatu, spikes equilateral. (5)
2 Inflorescence strictly spicute, spikes unilateral. (6)
3 Glumes none (or minute and the stamens C). (a) Tribe I
3 Glumes present, at leust 1 conspicuous. (4)
4 Pules of the flower thin and soft, often awned. (b) Tribe 3
4 Pales of the flower corioceous, — tipped with awns, (f ) Tribe 4
— awnless. (g) Tribe 5
5 Spikes cylindric, the spikelots condensed all around, (e) Tribe A
6 Spikes prismatic, spikelets sessile in rows, (v) Tribe 9
6 Spikelets rounded on the buck, appressed to thi. rachts. (g) Tribe
6 Spikelets acutely keeled on the back, imbricated on ui>ch other, (z) \
7 Upper fls. of the spikelet abortive. — Fls. in unilateral spikes, (x) ) ""
—Fls. paniculate, (k) Tribe 7
7 Lower flower of the spikelet abortive. (8)
8 Pales coriaceous, firmer in texure than the gis. Paniculate, (g) Tribe 5
8 Pales membranous, thinner than the glumes. Spicate. (bb) Tribe 11
9 Flowers in 2 or 4-rowed, — equilateral spikes, (v) Tribe!)
— unilateral spikes, (x) Tribe 10
9 Fls. in panicles more or less ditfuse. (10)
10 Pule awned at the tip or awnless. (n) Tribe 8
10 Pale awned on the back or I low the tip. (k) Tribe T
Tk. 1. ORYZE^E. (Spikelets 1-flowered, panics ' Gls obsolete. Stam. 1— «.)
a Flowers ]ierfect, flattened laterally, awnless. — Gl. 0. Stam. 2 or 3 Lrrrsia. 1
— Gl. minute. Stam. 6 Orvza. 2
a Flowers monoecious, convex on the back, awned. Stamens 6 Zizamia. 8
Tr. 2. AGltOSTIDE^^. (Spikelets i-flrd., panicled. Gl. ai.d pales thin. Groin free.)
b Fls. surrounded at buse with a tuft of long, silky hairs Calauaorostis. 9
b Fls. naked or thinly bearded at base, (o)
C Glumes both lon^-awned an i longer than the awned pales Polvpooon. 8
O Glumes both awn-pointed (or ndnute and the pale awned) Muhlknuekuia. 7
O Glumes awnless, conspicuous, (d)
d Pale stalked in the glumes, awnca on the back, monandrous Cinna. 6
d Pule sess. in the gls. d-androus, — acute, awnless. Gls. shorter Sporobolus. 5
— obtuse, often awned on the back. . . . Aorostis. 4
Tr. 8. PIILEOIDE.J!. — e Gls. nnited at base, awnless. Pale 1, awned Alopecurus. 10
— e Gls. distinct, mucrcnate. Pales 2, awnless Piileum. 11
Tr. 4. STIPACEiE. — f Awn of the flower simple, straight, deciduous Oryzopsis. 14
— f Awn of the flower 8iini)le, twisted, very long Stipa. 13
— f Awn of the flower triple or 3-parted Aribtida. 12
Tr. fi. PANICIEiE. (Spkl. 2-fl., lower fl. abortive. Gls. very unequal, e Pale coriaceous.)
g Sitkl. apparently 1-flowored, the lower glume wanting and the single abortive pale
supplying its place. — Fls. spicate, unilateral Paspautm. V5
—Fls. diffusely panicled, all alike Millium. 16
—Fls, paniculate, 2 sorts, one under ground Aupiiigaiipi/m. 17
g Ppkl. evidently 2-f.owered, both gl present, abort, fl. neutral or i . (h)
h lis. paniculate,— without awns or spines. Gl. very unequal Panicpm. 18
— with the glumes and pale coarsely awned OptisMENua. 10
h Fls. sp.kc-panlcled, — each with an in vol. of awned pedicels Srtaria. 20
— each with a hardened, bnrr-llko Invol CRNCiiRirs. 21
Te. 6. PHALARIDEJE.— i Sterile fls. 2 minute rudiments. Panicle spicate Phalauis. 22
— i Sterile fls. 2 iwned pales. Panicle spicate. ...Antiioxantiicm. 28
— i Sterile fls. both 2-valved, i. Panicle open Hierooiiloa. 24
Tr. T. AVENEif:. (Spkl. 2— 00 -flrd., panicled. Gls. large. Pale awned below the tip.)
k Spikelet with 1 perf. flower and 1 awned stam. flower— above IIoLcns. 85
—below § Abkiienathrritm. 28
k Spikelet with definitely 2 perfect fls. Palo subentlre awn dorsal Aira. 24
k Spikelet with 2 c: more perfect fls. Pale 2-to«thed »t apex, (m)
m
11
7V2
Order 156.— GRaMINE^.
m Awn between the 2 teeth, twisted ; gluincs very largo Da!*tho!«ia. 27
m Awn dorsal below the iniildle (except in the ciiltivatod Oiit) Avkna. 28
m Awn dwrsal above the middle. — FIs. 2—6. Teeth cuspidate Trisetcm. 29
— Fls. 8— 00. Teeth acutish Bromcs. 80
T& 8. FESTUCACE.^. (Spkl. 2— 00-flrd. panicled, awnless, or the lower pale tipped with
a straight bristle or awn. Glumes 2.)
n Glumes definitely 2, all the lower fls. of the spkl. perfect, (o)
n Glumes .several, indefinite, the lower fls. abort and glume-like, (p)
O Lower pale 8-cuspidato at aiiex, fringe-bearded below, (q)
O Lower pale mueronato or awn-pointed (except in 1 Festuca). (r)
O Lower pule obtuse or acute, not at all awned. (s)
q Upper pale naked, lower with 3 cusps and 2 teeth Tbiccspis. 31
q Both pales fringed, lower with 1 awn and 2 cuspidate teeth Uralepis. 82
r Glumes and pales keeled, — herbaceous, 5-velned. Fls. glomerate Dacttlis. 38
— iiiembranou*, 3-veined. Pan. spicate Kceleria. 34
r Gls. and pales rounded on the back, — both coriaceous. Grain free Diarriirna. 85
— pale papery, gr. adherent Festuca. 36
B Spkl. 2 — l-flrd. with some abortive terminal fls. Pale papery, not keeled, (t)
t Ujtper glume broad-obovate, shorter than the flower Eatonia. 3T
t Ui»per glume oblong, 7 — 9-veined, longer than the fls I r ..ioa. 38
B Spikelets 2 — 5(»-flowercd, all perfect. Pales usually thin, (u)
U Lower pale keeled, 3-veined, membranous like the glumes Eragrostis. 39
u Lower pale keeled, 5-veincd, usually cobwebbed at base Poa. 40
u Lower pale convex-keeled, obscurely 9-veincd. Pan. spiked Brizoptrum. 41
u Low«r i)alo convex, 7 (— 6)-vcined, never webbed at base Glvcekia. 43
U Lower palo convex-ventricous, cordate, obscurely veined Briza. 48
p llerb.iceous. — Fls. glabrous, awnless, falcate-pointed Uniola. 44
— Fls. silky-villous at base. Tall, stout Piikaomitrs. 45
p Woody, tall (the flowering branches low). Fls. short-awned. ..Arundinaria. 44
Tii. 9. IIORDEACEyE. (Spkl. 1—lO-fld., sessile, alternate in a spike. Rachis jointed.)
V 8i)ikes several. Spikl. solitary at each joint, 1-flowered Lepturcs. 47
V Spike single.— Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint IIordeum. 48
— Spikelets 2 — 00 -flowered, — several at each joint Elymub. 49
— 1 at each joint, (w)
w Glume 1, in front of the splkelet which is edgewise to rachis Lolicm. 60
yr Glumes 2, opposite. — Spikelet 3 — 00 -flowered Triticum. 61
— Splkelet 2-flowered Secalb. 63
Tr. 10. CHLORIDES. (Spkl. in 1-sided jointless spikes, 1— OO-flrd. Up. fl. abortive.)
X Spikes very slender, many, in an equilateral raceme, (y)
y Spikes raceme-like. Spkl. with several perfect fls. Leptochloa. 53
y Spikes with sessile, 2-fl<)wered spkl., 1 fl. a rudiment Gymnopooo.x. 54
X Spikes slender, several, digltately arranged above, or, in No. 55, axillary, (z)
8 Spikelets with 1 perfect flower, — awnless, globular, no rudiment M.> '-i -aRCS 55
— awnless, oblong, with a rudiment ' ^ ;. ..os. ud
— awned, glume 8-lobed Ef^i \.' s-s. 67
R Spikel-^ts with several perfect flowers. — Fls. awnless Klkcktn 58
—Fls. awned Dactvloctemu^. 59
X Spikes thick and dense, 1— 00. Spikl. with 1 perfect flower, (aa)
aa Spikes several or many. — Flowor with no rudiment Spartina. 6t
aa Spikes 1, few, or many. Flower with a terminal rudiment Bouteloua. 61
aa Spike solitary, recurved. Awns terminal and dorsal Ctenium. 63
Tb. 11. SACCIIARIE.^. (Spkl. in pairs or 3», 2-rtowercd, the lower flower abortive.
Fertile pales thinner than the glumes, except in No. 66.)
bb Fls. (the fertile) imbedded In the cavities of glabrous, jointed spikes, (co)
00 Spikes monoecious, i abortive, 9 below, both naked Tripsacum. 68
00 Spikes mono3ciou8 $ above panicled, 9 below envelopwl in huskn Zea. 64
00 Spikes uniform,— terete. The pedunculate spkl. abortive Kottikkllia. 65
—compressed. Both spikelets fertile Sten jtapiibum. 66
bb Fls. not imbedded, spicate or panicled, mostly long-bearded, (dd)
dd Both spikelets of each pair fertile.— Lower fl. awned Erianthcs. 67
—Flowers awnless Saccharum. 68
dd Only one spikl. of each pair fertile.— Fls. and rachis hairy Andropooon. 69
— Fls. and rachis smoothish Soboiium. 70
dd The lowAr splkelet on each spike fertile, iu a bony eheil Coix. 71
OnDER 156.— GRAMINE^.
r73
i. LEER'SIA, Soland. Cur Grass. False Rice, (In honor of
John Daniel Leers, a German botanist.) — Spikelets 1-tloweicd, ^ , flat;
glumes none ; palesjo boat-sliaped, compressed, awnless, bristly-ciliate on
the keel, nearly equal in length bat the lower much broader, enclosing
the free, flat grain (caryopsis). — 2f Swamp grasses, with flat, rctrorsely
rough-edged leaves, and the fls. racemous-paniculate, somewhat secund,
jointed to the pedicels.
1 D. oryzoides Swartz Cut Grass. Culm retroraely scabrous, 3 — 5f high ; Ivs.
liuicoolate, carinate, the margin very rough backvjards; sheaths also very rough with
retrorse prickles; panicle much branclied, diCfuse, sheathed at the base; spikelets
spreading; palece full 2' long, ciliate on the keel, white, compressed and closed ; sta.
3. — 11 A very rough grass, common iu swamps, by streams, etc., U. S. and Can.
Aug.
2 L. Virginica Willd. White Grass. Culm slender, branched, geniculate or
decumbent at base, 2 — 3f long, nodes retrorsoly hairy ; Ivs. lance-linear, roughish ;
sheaths rougbish backwards, striate ; panicle simple, at length much e.xserted, the
lower branches diffuse; fls. pedicellate, in short, appressed, flexuous racemes;
lower palea scarcely more than 1" long,, green-veined, mucronate; sta. 1 — 2.-..^ if
Damp woods, U. S. and Can. .^.ug.
3 L. lenticulSris Michx. Catcii-flt Grass. Plant smoothish; culm erect,
2^-4f high ; panicle erect; ^. large, roundish-oval, near 'i" diam., imbricated;
sta. 2 ; pales with the keel and veins ciliate. — 1(. Wet places, Ct. (Eaton) to 111.
and S. States. Not common. Said to catch flies by the sudden closing of its
pales.
2. ORY^ZA, L. Rice. (Gr. 6pv^a, from the Arabic, Ernz.) — Spike-
lets 1- flowered, ^] glumes 2, very small, cuspidate; pales 2, boat-
shaped, flattened, the lower one broader and mostly tipped with a
straight awn ; stam. 6 ; stigmas with branching hairs; grain oblong,
free, smooth, enveloped in the pales. — Mostly ®. Fls. in a branching
panicle of racemes. Spikes hispid, jointed to the pedicel.
O. sativa L. Culm 2— 4f high, striate ; Ivs. long, rough, lance-linear ; ligul*
long (near 1), erect, pointed; panicle with erect branches, 6 — 9' in length ; outer
pale strongly 6-veined or keeled, hispid-ciliate and commonly tipped with a short
awn. — Extensively cultivated in the S. States, both in upland rneadov/s and in
low inimdated grounds. The former variety — the upland rice, is usually awnless,
the latter is awned. A most important Cereal, f Asia.
3. ZIZA^NIA, Gron. Indian Rice. (Z^sav^ov, the Greek name of
some similar plant.) — 8 Glumes 0; spikelets 1 -flowered ; paleaa 2,
lierbaceous. $, Paleae subequal, awnless ; stamens 6. $ Spikelets
subulate ; paleae unequal, linear, lower one with a straight awn ; styles
2 ; caryopsis enveloped in the plicate paleaj. — Stout, aqua+ic grasses,
with a large panicle of both kinds of flowers.
1 Z. aquitica L. Culm \' in diameter, fistular, smooth, 6f high ; Ivs. lance-
linear, 2 — 3f long, an inch wide, smooth, serrulate ; panicle a foot or more long,
pyramidal, the lower branches divaricate and sterile, the upper spicate and fertile^
spikelets on clavate pedicels; awns long (18'), hispid ; fr. slender, |' long, black-
ish, very caducous, farinaceous. — % Inundated shores of ponds and rivers, U. S,
and Can. The iVuit, which is very abundant, affords sustenance to wild geese,
ducks, and other water fowls. Aug.
2 Z. mili^oea Michx. Culm erect, 6 — 1 Of high ; Ivs. very long, narrow, glau-
cous; panicle large, diffuse, pyramidal; glumes with slwrt (I — 3') awns; > and
? fls. intermixed; sty. 1; fr. ovate, glabrous. — if Growing in water, Ohio to
Fla. and La. Lvs. coriaceous, 2 — 3f long, 6 — 12' wide. Apr. — Aug.
8 Z. ? flMtans Hichx. Culm long, Blender, branching, floating in the water :
y
.^ r
h ' i
in
11- 'li ? ■■■
Ill
774
O&DB* 156.— GRAMINE^.
Iva lance-linear, flat, clustered, 1 — 2' long, 2 — 3" wide; "spike solitary, axil-
lary, setaceous, about 4-Howered ; palet awnleas ; stig. 2, very long ; fr. reni-
funii," — U Water, S. Car. to Fla. and I \ (Hale, whose specimens are witiiout
lis. or fruit.) (Hydrochloa, Palis. Hy "•''pyrum, Kunth.)
4. AGROS'TIS, L. Bent Grass. (Gr. dypog, a field ; growing in
fields and pastures.) — Spikes, 1-liowered ; glumes 2, siibequal, awnless,
usually longer than the flower ; pales 2, thin, pointless, naked, the lower
3 — 5-vciued, sometimes awned on the back, the upper often minute or
wanting; grain free. — It mostly, and caespitous, with slender culms
and an open panicle.
S Agrostis proper. Upper palea i to f as long as the lower. Fls. rather dense Nos. 1, 2
$ Tkicuouium. Upper palea minute or wanting. Panicle thin. (*)
♦ Lowi-r )iaU'a with a long exserted awn on the hack. .Nos. 3. 4
* Luwur jmleui awnlesi>, ur bearing; a very short awn..Nus. 5, ti
1 A. vulgaris "With. Red Top. Dew Grass. Herd's Grass of the S. State?.
Cidm erect, 1 — 2f high ; panicle purple, oblong, with short, spreading or divari-
cate, rougliish branches ; Iva. linear, with very short ligules (sometimes the upper
one elongated) ; lower pale twice as large as the upper, and nearly as long as the
lanceolate, acute glumes, mostly awnless. — U. S. and Can. A very valuable
grass spread over hills, vales and meadows, forming a soft, dense turf. Variable.
(A. polymorpha Huds. A. pumila L. A. hispida Willd.)
2 A. dlba L. "White Bent. English Bent. Bonnet Grass. Florin GRAsa
Culm decumbent, geniculate, rooting at the lower joints and sending out stolons ;
IvB. linear, smooth, those of the stolons erect and somewhat subulate ; ligules long,
memWanouf ; panicle dense, narrow and contracted after flowering, greenish white
or slightly purplish ; lower ,pale 6-veined, rarely awned. — A common and valuable
grass in old fields and drained swamps. It is quite variable in aspect. § Eur.
(A. stolonifera L. A decumbens Muhl.)
^. STRiCTA. Lower pale with an awn from its base twice longer than itself.
(A. stricta "Willd.)
y. DISPAR. Southern Bent. Larger (2 — 3f high) in all its parts ; outer pale
obtusely 3-toothed. Much valued in some parts of the S. States. (A. dia-
par Mx.? Kunth.)
3 A. canina L. Brown Bent. Dog's Bent. Culm rooting at the lower nodes,
slender, somewhat branched, about 2f high ; Ivs. setaceous involute, the upper
linear ; panicle diffuse, ovoid, at length brownish, branches rough, diverging, dividing
beyond their middle ; glumes subequal, shorter than the lower pale which bears
a long awn a little below the middle of the back ; upper pale minute. — "Wet mead-
ows, E. States, rare. § Eur.
/3. alpIna. Culms low, in small tufts, with contracted panicles, nearly smooth,
purplish ; awn twisted. — Mta., N. States. (A. Pickermgii Tuckni.)
4 A. arachnoides Ell. Culm erect, slender, 5 — 8' high ; paniculate more than
balf its length ; Ivs. linear-setaceous, 1 — 3' long ; panicle narrow, branches capil-
lary, floriferous half their length; glumes green, ovate, acute, i'' long, equal;
pale a little shorter, bearing on its back above tfie middle a contorted awn 5 or 6
times longer than itself, and as fine as a gossamer. — Car. to Ga. (Feay). The awns,
from their fineness, can hardly be seen without a lens. Apr.
5 A. BC^bra Willd. Rough Hair Grass. Thin Grass. Culms tufted, erect
from a decumbent vase, very slender, 1 — 2f high ; Ivs. linear, 3 — 6' long, rough,
tlie radical involute-setaceotis ; ligule oblong, obtuse ; panicle large, with long,
capillary, erect, or divergent, scabrous-hispid whorled branches, trichotomously
divided near the end; spikelets in terminal dusters, at length purplish; glumes
iance-liuear, acuminate, scabroiis-hispid on the keel. — Fields and pastures, U. S.
and Brit. Am. Remarkable for its thin and airy panicles which are at length
driven before the wind. Jn., JI. (T. laxiflorum Mx. T. montanum Torr.)
/3. OREoPHiLA. Culm 6 — 12' high, simple, panicle less diffuse; pale with a
sliort, twisted awn at Us back. — Mts. and rocky woods. (A. montana Turkm.)
y. PER^NNANS. Panicle pale green, branches shorter, floriferous more than
half their length. — la damp sliades. (T. scabrum Muhl. A. scabra, ed. 2d.)
ORDKR 156 GRAMINE^.
m
6. A. elkta. Trin. Tallkh Thin Grass. Cidm erect, rigid, thin, simple, rather
stout, 2 — 3/high, leafy; Ivs. broadly (1 — 2") l^'^^ar, scabrous, flat, 6 — 8' loug, the
sheatha scarcely smooth; panicle purple, contracted, with long, whorled, ereet-
spreadiug branches detise-Jiowered half their length; glumes lanceolate, \i", the
the upper a little longer than the 5-veined pale. — Swamps, N. Jer. to Ga., Ala. and
Ky. (Jackson). — JL, Aug. (T. datum Ph. A. altissimum Tuckui.)
5. SPOROB'OLUS Brown. Drop-seed Grass. (Gr. OTTopd, seed,
OaAAw, to cast.) — Spikelets 1-flowered; glumes 2, unequal, the lower
smaller ; fl. sessile ; palere 2, beardless, awnless, usually e.xceeding the
glumes, the upper 2-keeled ; stain. 2 or 3 ; stig. pluinous with simple
hairs ; caryopsis free, often with a loose pericarp, deciduous. — Tough,
wiry grasses with mostly rolled and rigid leaves and the i>anicles more
Oi' less contracted.
I ViLFA. Grnin (caryopsis) linear-cylindric. Glumes Bubeqiml Nos. 1, S
I Spokoholub. Griiin ovul or globous, some loose in tho pericarp. (*)
♦ Glumes very un«qiial, one of them as long a.s the palee. (a)
a Panicle open and stalked, pyramidal Nos. 8, 4
a Panicle sheathed at the base more or less Nos. 5, 6
* Glumes somewhat equal, both shorter than the palesB. (b)
b Panicle contracted and spike-like, sheathed or not Nos. 7, S
b Panicle open and stalked, long and raceme-like Nos. 9, 10
1 S. Virgfnicus Beauv. Culms numerous, assurgent, procumbent and hairy at
base, branched, about a foot long; Ivs. somewhat 2-rowed, involute, rigid, erect,
2 — 3' long, with smooth sheaths which are hairy at tho throat and swollen with
the enclosed panicles; panicles spike-form, terminal and lateral, the lateral Oi.os
concealed; glumes nearly equal, nearly as long as the subequal palece. — U Sandy
soils. Middle and S. States. — Sept., Oct. (Agrost. L.)
2 S. vaginaefldrus Torr. Culms simple, ascending, slender, forming tufts 6 — 12'
high ; Ivs. involute-subulate, rather rigid, short (2 — 4 ) ; panicles contracted, spike
form, lateral and terminal, mostly concealed in tho sheaths ; glumes about equal,
and equaling the svhequaJ, pales; caryopsis linear, a third shorter than the pales. — •
(X) Dry, gravelly fields, U. S. more common "W. and S. (Agr. Mukl. (Jrypsis, Nutt.)
3 S. heterdlepis. Culm 1 — 2f high, smooth ; Ivs. eetaceous, somewhat convo-
lute, scabrous on the margins ; lower sheaths pubescent, upper ones smooth ; panicio
spreading, pyramidal, few-flowered ; glumes purplish, very unlike, outer one siiimli'
form, inner one ovate, cuspidate, membranaceous in texture, 1-veined; pales ob-
long, obtuse, thin, a little shorter than tho superior glume, tho lower 1-veined, api-
culate, the upper 2- veined, shorter; sta. 3; anth. linear, reddish; fr. roundish,
smooth. — Conn, to Wise, not rare. Aug., Sept. (Vilfa, Gray.)
4 S. jlinceus Mich. Glaucous; culm erect, 1 — 2fhigh, terete, slender; Ivs. erect,
2 — 6" by 1", concave, convolute when dry, margin scabrous; sheaths much
shorter than the internodes; stip, short; pan, oblong-pyramidal, branches vertl-
cillate, about in 6s ; glumes purple, similar, lanceolate, acute, upper as long as the
palcfe, the lower twice shorter ; palea subequal; anth. and sty. whitish. — U Penn.
to Flor. and La., in barrens. Aug. — Oct.
5 S. crypt Andnis Gray. Culm 2 — Sfhigh; Ivs.hroadly (2") linear, flat; sheaths
bearded at tho throat; panicle pyramidal, its base enclosed by the terminal sheath,
branches spreading, hairy in the axils ; fls. bluish ; pales subequal, as long as tha
upper glume, twic» longer than the lower. — Dry, sandy soils, W. and S. States,
rare northward. Aug. (Agr. & Vilfa crypt,mdra Torr.)
6 S. asper Kunth. Rt. white, fibrous ; culm stout, glabrous, geniculate at baa«,
2f high; Ivs. rigid, involute, rough-edged, 2 — 8' by 1 — 3", tapering to a pungent
point ; branches with sliort leaves, barren, also ending in a long, pungent point ;
sheaths ciliate at edge and bearing dense tufts of long, white hairs at top; panicles
terminal and lateral, nearly enclosed in the long sheatlis ; spikelets blackish-green ;
lower glume very short, upper a little longer than the pales ; fr. compressed, obo-
vate i" in length.— y Ohio, (SuUivant) to 111. (Agrost. Mx. Vilfa, Beauv.)
7 S. longifdliua. Culms slender, tufted, 2 — 3f high, from long fibrous root." ;
Iva. all involute, very long (1— 3f), tapering to a lonjf thread-like point; panick
i
776
Order 156.— GRAMINEJi.
slender, 3 — 6' long, wholly iyiclosed in the terminal swelling Mieath; glumes uno-
qual, very wliite, much sliorter than the while, subequal, obtuse pales ; grain oval,
I as long (§") as the pales. — W. N. Y. (Mr. R. S. Brown) and soutli westward.
After the sheuth falls away the mature lis. turn brownish. (Agrost. longitl
Terr. ?)
8 S. Indicus Brown. Culm erect, terete, glabrous, 2— 3 f high; Iva. involute,
tapering to lihtbrm; slieat' '. pardless at throat ; joints blackish; panicle long {W),
slendtr, open, composed of sJiort, erect, alternate spike-like racemes; glumes 2, un-
equal, much shorter than the subequal pales; grain dark resin-colored, oblong,
§ as long as pales. — Pastures and waste grounds, S. States. (A. Indica L.) ^ W.
Indies.
9 S. compr^BBUS Torr. Glabrous; culm erect, much compressed, simple, kafy,
branciied at base, 1 — 2f high ; Ivs. narrowly linear, scarcely shorter tlmn tlio
stem; keel prolonged into the open sheath; stip. very short; panicle purple, .sub-
simple, contracted, the branches few and erect ; glumes equal, acute, shorter tlian
the piilei-3, the upper emarginate, rarely mucronate ; palese ovate, obtuse, smooth,
sometimes deeply cleft; stig. purple. — Sandy swamps, N. J. Sept.
10 S. Berdti.TiuB Torr. Culm 12 — 18' high, filiform, compressed, growing in
patches, smooth, often viviparous at the nodes; Ivs. 2 — 3' by ^", keeled, smooth;
sheaths open; stip. ovate, short; panicle 3 — 10' long, capillary, diffuse, branches
flexuous, alternate; spikelets elliptical, scarcely \" long; glume ovate, 1 -veined,
unequal, half the length of the paleae ; pale* smooth, the lower one shorter ; sta. 3.
— Long Island (Kneiskern) to Me. and Mich. July. (Vilfa, Torr. Poa niodesta
Tuckm.)
6. CIN'NA, L. SwEKT Reed Grass. Spikelets 1-flowered, com-
pressed ; glumes 2, subequal, without awns, upper one 3-veined ; paleie
2, naked at base, on short stipes, lower one larger, enclosing the upper,
with a short awn a little below the tip ; stamen 1 ; grain oblong, iree.
— 2i Erect, simple, tall, with a large panicle.
1 C. p^ndula Trin. Culm smooth, 3 — 5fhigh; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 12 — 18' oy
3 — 5 ", pale green, rough-edged, with smooth, striate sheaths ; stip. long, lacerated;
panicle white-green, near a loot in length, rather attenuated above and nodding,
with Die f^-^^ndies capillary, drooping, and arranged somewiiat in 48; glumes 2'
long, linear-lanceolate ; lower palcce with a short straight awn a little below tlie
tip. — U A beautiftil grass, sought by cattle, in rich, shady soils, N. States
and Can.
2 C. arundinilcea Willd. Culm and leaves as in No. 1. Plant bright green ;
panicle purple and green, erect and with ascending or erect branches which are
floriferouB more than half their length ; glumes 3 " long, lanceolate, lower pale(Z
awnless or the awn scarcely equaling the obtuse point. — U. S., in shady woods,
chietiy southward. A finer looking grass than the preceding. Jl., Aug.
7. MUHLENBER'GIA, Schreber. Drop-seed Grass. (In honor of
Henry Muhlenberg^ I>.D., an eminent American botanist.) — Spikelets
1-tiowered, fl. sessile in the glumes and mostly bearded at the base ;
glumes 2, unequal, shorter than the pales, acute or awned, sometimes
minute, the lower rarely obsolete ; pales 2, the lower awned or mucron-
ate at apex, upper 2-keeled ; stam. 3 — 2 ; stig. 2, plumous; caiyopsis
free. — Culms often branched. Panicles simple, mostly contracted.
§ MsHLENBEROiA. Ghimes manifest. Panicles slender, terminal and lateral. (*)
♦ Glumes awued and twice longer than the awnless iiale« No. 1
* Glumes pointed, not longer than— the mucronate palea; Nos. 2, 3
— the i«ne-awned pnleK Nos. 4, 5
iBsAOHTBLYTUCH. GlumoH minnte, the lowoT obsolete. Panicle slender Nos. 6. 7
Tkiouoohlua. Glumea small, both present. Panicle diffuse, capillary No. t(
1 M. glomerita Trin. Glaucous; culm oocnpressed, erect, smooth, with ap-
preased branches or subsimple, 1^-— 4f high ; Ivs. aomewbat 2-rowed, erect, flat,
rough, 3 — 5' long, with closed sheaths ; paaicle spioate, deuae, oouglomerated, iu-
Ordeh 156.— GR amines.
777
temiptea, 2 — 3' long, many-flowered; glusuea liuear, ^ the length of their awns;
lower paleae mucronato. — y Bog meadowa, also ou rockj mountains, N. Eng. to
Mo. Aug., Sept. (Polypogon racemosus Nutt.)
2 M. Mexicana Trin. Culm erect or ascending, with swelling nodes, much
branclied and leafy above, often nearly leafless below, IJ — 3f high ; Iva. lanceolate,
scabrous, with half-clasping sheaths; panicles numerous, terminal and lateral,
S'pike-clixsttred, dense-flowered and purple-spotted, lateral ones partly enclosed iu
the sheath ; glumes narrow acuminate, mostly sliorter than the subequal, pubes-
cent pales. — y Wet shades, N. Eng. to Wise, common. Aug. (Agrostis L.)
3 M. BObolffera Gray. Culm erect, slender, producing shoots at base, branched,
18 — 30 iiigh; branches erect and ttUform; nodes not swelling ; Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, with open slieaths ; panicle simple, filiform, with apprcssod branches, and
rather crowded spikelets; paleae equal, longer than the acute glumes. — U Rocky
hills, N. Eng. to 111. and S. States, frequent. Aug. (Agrostis Muhl.)
4 M. sylvdtica Torr. & Gr. Culm ascending, 2 — 3f long, much branched, diffuse,
sraooth, with swelling nodes ; Ivs. lanceok.to, scabrous, veined, 4 — 6' long, with
smooth, open sheaths; panicles slender, Ta.i. lev dense ; glumes nearly equal, acu-
minate, a little shorter than the paleoe; awns several times longer than the spike-
let.— K Rocky shades, N. Y. to 111., N. J., Penn. Sept. (Agrostis Torr.)
5 M. Willden6wii Trin. Culm erect, subsimplo, pubeiicent at the nodes, with
a few appressed branches; Ivs. 6 — 9' by 2 — 3', lanceolate, veined, scabrous,
spreading, with pubescent sheaths; panicle contracted, very slender and long,
with remote, fllifonn branches ; glumes subequal, acuminate, half as long as Uie
palece ; awn 3 — 4 times the length of the spikelet. — y Rocky woods. Can. and
U. S. July, August. (Agr. tenui^ora Willd.)
6 M. diffClBa Schrcb. Culm decumbent, diffuse, branching, slender, compressed ;
branches a.ssurgent; Ivs. 2 — 3' by 2", linear-lanceolate, rough, with smooth,
striate, open sheaths; panicles terminal and lateral, with remote, appressed,
rough branches; spikelets 2" long, pedicellate, often purple; awn about as long
as the paleae ; glumes extremely minute. — 1^ Borders of woods and shady fields,
N. Eng. to Car. and Ky. Aug.
7 M. ariat^ta Pers. Culm erect, simple, retrorsely pubescent at the nodes, 2 — 3f
high ; Ivs. lanceolate, scabrous, ciliate on the margin, 4 — 6' long, 3'' or more
wide, with somewhat open sheaths; panicle terminal, simple, raceraous, con-
tracted; spikelets 6" (16" including the awn) long, pedicellate; glumes luinute, the
lower obsolete ; lower palese half as long as its awn, upper paleae with a short
awn (abortive pedicel) at base lodged in the dorsal groove. — y Rocky hills. Can.
and U. S., frequent. July. (Brachyelytrum Beauv. M. erecta Roth.)
8 M. capill^ris Kunth. Caespitous ; culms erect, very slender and smooth, 18 —
24 high; Ivs erect, becoming fihform towards the end. 1 — l^f long; panicle
diffuse, with the branches 1 — 4' long, in pairs, and as fine as hairs; spikelets
purple; lower paleae produced into an awn 3 or 4 times its length. — y Sandy
soils, N. Eng. to Ga. and Ky. An exceedingly delicate grass, with large, purple,
glossy and almost gossamer-like panicles, waving in the breeze. Jn., Jl. (Tri-
chochloa DC.)
8. POLYPO'GON, Dcsf. Polypoo Grass. (Gr. TroAvf, many, Trwywv,
beard.) Spikelets l-flowered, densely paniclcd ; gls. 2, subequal, thin,
carinate, both similarly awned, much longer than the flower ; pales
thin, the lower usually awned near the tip, upper bicarinato ; grain tree,
oval, smooth. — Leaves flat. Panicle spike-like.
P. Monspeli^nsis Desf. Culm simple, decumbent below, If or more high; Ivs.
lance-linear, much shorter (2 to 5' by 2 to 3''), acute-pointed, minutely downy ;
panicle much-branched, spicate-lobed, 2 to 3', the branches very short and denso-
flowered, pale ; gls. hispidulous, 1" long, the awns a little longer. — Fields, coast-
ward, N. Eng. ? common South. § Eur.
9. CALAM AGROSTIS, Adans. (Name compounded of Ca/amu* and
Agrostis.) Spikelets l-flowered ; glumes 2, subequal, acute or acumi-
1l
m
, 'i
IIS
l!i^= I
m
778
Order 156.— GRAMINE^.
iiate ; palcae 2, mostly shorter than the glumes, surrounded with white,
bristly hairs at base, lower one mucronate, mostly awned below the tip,
the upper one often with a stipitate pappus (abortive rudiment of a
second flower) at base. — U Rhizomes creeping. Culms simple, tall,
with a contracted or open panicle.
{Pdiclo expanding. Glumes some shorter thnn the palcK. Rudiment none Nos. 1, t
Panicle contructod. <f I. soinu longer than ]);ilua;. Uiidiment plumuus. (*)
• Glumes 2—3" long. I'ulea short-awnetl — above the middle No. 3
— below the middle Niw. 4. ft
• Glumes 6—7" long. Palea scarcely awned near the tip No. T
1 C. brevlpilis Torr. Culm terete, slender, 3 — 4f high ; Ivs. broad-linear, the
sheaths glabrous ; ligulo hairy ; panicle pyramidal, loose, with the ditluse, capil-
lary branches solitary or in pairs ; glumes unequal, bearded at base, ovate, acute,
1-veined, shorter than the equal, obtuse, awnless pales ; pappus or hairs very shorty
not half the length of thepaleoe. — y In sandy swamps, N. J. (Torroy). (A. Epi-
geios Muhl.)
2 C. longifblia Hook. Culm 2 — 4f high, stout; Ivs. rigid, involute-filiform,
tapering to a long point ; panicle pyramidal ; glumes unequal, lanceolate, the upper
as long as the equal pales; pappus-like hairs copious, more than half the length cf
the pales. — Sandy shores of the great Lakes, N. Mich, and C. W.
3 C. coarct^ta Torr. Glaucous ; culm erect, 2 — 4f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
scabrous, with the veins and keel white ; sheaths striate ; stip. oblong, obtuse ;
panicle condensed aud spike-form, the braLches rigidly erect, short and aggre-
gated ; glumes acuminate, lanceolate, lower ] -veined, upper 3-veined, lower palo
5-veinod, bifid at the apox, with a short, strf<ight awn juit above the middle of the
back. — U Bogs, Mass. to Minn, and S. States? July,- August. (Agroslia
glauca Muhl. Arundo stricta Spr.)
4 C. purpurdscens BrovTi. Panicle spicate, purplish, 3 — 6' long, half the
length of the culm ; glumes scabrous ; palese 2, the lower scabrous, toothed at
the apt;\, awned upon the back below the middle ; abortive rudiment plumous,
twice longer than the hairs at its base, and twice shorter than* the pales. — "Wliito
Mts., N. H. (Tuckerman), Rocky Mts. (Richardson). — Rare and unimportant. (0.
Pickeringii Gr. 0. sylvatica Trin.)
5 C. confinis Kutt. Culm 2 — 5f high, erect simple; Ivs. 2 — 3" wide, smooth;
paiiicle 4 — 8' long, sleuder, coiitracted, branches short, appressed, 4 or 5 together;
glumes oblong-lanceolate, 2|" long, rough on the keel and sides, barely acute ;
paiem nearly equal, acute, oblong, as long 05 the glumes, lower oiie rough, 3-veined,
notched at tip, with a short awn inserted below the middle, nearly as long as tha
flower ; hairs § the length of the pales. — Penn. and Penn Yan, N. Y. (Sartwell),
Aug. (C. inexpansa Gr.)
6 C. Canadensis Beauv. Reed Grass. Blue Joint. Culm smooth, erect, rigid,
3 — 5f high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, striate, with smooth, veined sheaths ; panicle
erect, rather loose, oblong, the branches capillary, aggregated in 4s and 5s ; glumes
very a^,ute, smoothish, much longer them the pakoe ; lower palace bifid at the apex,
with a hair-like awn arising from below the middle of the back; hairs as long as
the pales. — U Wet grounds, N. Eng. W. to Mich, and Can. Makes good hay,
common. Aug. (C. Mexicana Nutt. C. agrostoides Ph. Arundo Mx.)
7 C. aren^ria Roth. Mat Grass. Sand Reed. Rt. creeping extensively;
culm erect, rigid, 2^-4f high; Ivs. involute. If by ^', smooth and glaucous, pun-
gently acute; sheaths smooth; stip. oblong; panicle dense, with erect, appressed
branches, 6 — 10' long, and an inch thick ; spikelets compressed, greenish-white ;
lower palese longer than the upper. — y On sandy lake shores and sea coasts.
Can. to N. J. t)f great value in confining loose, sandy beaches. Aug. (Ammo-
pbila, Host. Psamma, Palis. Arundo, L.)
10. ALOPECU'RUS, L. Fox-Tail Grass. (Gr. oAwttt/^, fox, ovpd,
tail.) Spikelets 1-flowered ; glumes subequal, connate, distinct, flat-
earinate ; lower pale flat-cariiiate, generally equaling the glumes, awne<l
on the back below the middle ; upper pale wanting ; styles often cou'
•m
Ordbr 156.— GRAMINE^.
779
nate, stigmas plumous, elongated. — Panicle contracted into a cylindric,
dense spike.
1 A. prat^nsis L. Culm erect, smooth, leafy, about 2f high, bearing an erect,
dense, many-flowered, cylindric, obtuse, compound spike, about 2' long; Ivs.
flat, smooth, the upper shorter than its swelling sheath ; stipules ovate ; glumes
ciliate, connate below the middle, as long as the pale ; awn twisted, acahraus,
uarly thrice the length of the flowei\ — U Fields and pastures, Northern 6tat«ji.
An excellent grass. Jn., Jl. §.
2 A. geniculktus L. Bent Fox-tail. Culm ascending, geniculate bebw, spat'
ingly branched^ 1 — 2f high; spike cylindrical, about 2 long; Ivs. linear, 3 — 6'
long, the upper equaling or exceeding the smooth, flat, acute, slightly inflated
sheath ; stipules oblong, entire ; glumes slightly connate at base, hairy outside ;
paleat truncate, smooth, half as long as the geniculate awn. — 1( Wet meadows, N.
Eug., Mid. States and Brit. Am. Jn. §
3 A. ariatul^tua Mx. Wild Water Fox-tail. Glaucous; culm decumbent
at base, bent at the joints, ascending 1 to 2t'; Ivs. linear, flat, gradually acute ;
glumes subequal, pubescent, obtuse, shorter than the obtuse pale, which bears on
the middle of its back a short awn scarcely exceeding its apex; anHi. oblong,
yellow. — 4 Native in Oiiio to Mian. (Lapham) and 111. Jn. — Aug. (A, geni-
cularus, /3. Ed. 2d.)
1.1. PHLEUM, L. Cat-tail Grass. (Gr. (pkeog ; used by the an-
cients probably for a different plant.) Glumes 2, equal, carinate, much
longer than the pales, rostrate or mucronate ; pales 2, included in the
glumes, truncate, awnless. — Compound spikes cylindric, very dense.
1 P. prat^nse L. Timothy or Herd's Grass. Culm erect, simple, terete,
smooth, 2 — 41' high ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, flat, glaucous, roughish ; sheaths stri-
ate, smooth ; slip, obtuse, lacerated ; gls. cuspidate, in a dense, long, cylindric, green
spike; anth. purple; stig. white. — This is prob ibly the most valuable of aU
grasses. It is extensively cultivated in N. Eug., Mid. and W. States, but it faik
further South. Jn., Jl. § Eur.
2 P. alpinum L. Mountain Herd's Grass. Culm about If high, simple, erect;
Ivs. shorter than the sheaths, broad and clasping at base, acute at apex, smooth ;
sheaths inflated; spicule pan., oblong-ovate, very short (4 to 5" long); gLs. truncate,
mucronate, with a fringed keel; awns as long as the glumes. — If Alpine regiooe
of the White Mts., N. H. Also native of Arc. Am.
12. ARISTFDA, L. Beard Grass. Poverty Grass. (Latin arista^
an awn ; characteristic of the genus.) Panicle contracted or lacemous ;
spikelets l-flowered, flower stipitate ; glumes 2, unequal ; pales pedi-
cellate, lower one with 3 awns at the tip, upper one very small, awn-
less ; ovary stipitate ; scales 2, entire ; stamens 3 ; stigma plumous.
S Awns twisted-confluent below, nnd jointed to the pale, very long No.
§ Awns distinct lielow and not jointed to tlie pak'. (*)
* Awns about equal and divaricate, — thrice as long as the flower Nos. 7, 8
— twice as long as the flower Nos. 6, 7
— as long as the flower Nos. 4, 5
* Awns unequal, the 2 lateral twice shorter (6") and suberect No. 8
* Awns very unequal, the 2 lateral 4 times shorter (2") and erect Nos. 1, 2
1 A. dich6toma Mx. Caespitous ; culm dichotoraously branching above ; pani-
cle contracted-racemous ; gls. 3 to 4" long; lateral awns very short, erect, the
intermediate one nearly as long as the pales (3"), spreading, contorted.— <X A slen-
der grass, in sandy soils, U. S., common. Culms 8 — 12' high, branching at each
joint Lvs. very narrow, with very short, open sheaths, and a very short stipule.
Spikelets slender, on clavate peduncles. Aug.
2 A. ramoaissima Engelm. Culms diffuse, tufled ; rac. loose-flowered, sun pie,
slender ; glumes with shoi t awns, 3 or S-veiaed ; lower pale about as long as th©
glumes (7 to 9''), lateral awns short (2") erect, middle one spreading, 1' long.—(^
Dry places, III (Engelm.)
-' S«
f 1
1 i
I
I m
11^ I
! :iH
780
Ordbb 156.— GRAMINEiE.
3 A. fprdcilis Ell. Culm very slender, a foot or more high ; Ivs. setaceous, ncaroe
1 ' wide, erect, with short sheaths, pilous at the tliroat; panicle very slender;
epikelets somewhat remote, appressed; lateral awns short (6 to 7"), erect, interme-
diaJe one bnger (10 to 12 '), spreading. — IC Bandy places, Mass. to Ga., W. to 111.
A grass of little value, as well as the other species of this genus.
4 A. lan^ta Poir. Culm erect, 2 to 4f, luiiry and branched below ; Ivs. linear,
flat, If long, 2 to 3" wide, hairy, especially on the upper surface; sheaths longer
than the joints, clot/ied with a woolly tomentum ; brandies of the erect, contracted
panicle, tomentous at base ; glumes unequal, longer than the pales ; awns about
equal, spreading, as long as the pale (4 to 6"), the middle rather longest. — 2^ In
poor, sandy soils, S. States. Sept, Oct. (A. lanosa Ell.)
5 A. 8picif6rmi8 Ell. Culm 1 to 3f high, simple ; Ivs. and sheaths glabrotts, the
latter shorter than the joints ; panicle dense-Howered. spike-liko and cylindrical ;
glumes much shorter than the flower, both awned; middle awn of the flower long-
est, villous at the base, all three about as long as the pale. — U Wet pine barrens,
S. Car. to Fla. Sept, Oct.
6 A, purpurdscens Poir. Culm erect, simple, filiform, 2 — 3f; Ivs. very narrow,
flat, erect, a foot in length, with short, open sheaths ; panicle long, loosely spicate ;
spikelets on short, clavate, appressed pedicels; gls. 4 to 5" long, purplisii; awns 1'
long, nearly equal, divaricate, twice the length of the glabrous pale. — U Sandy
woods, Northern States. Sept. (A. affinis Kunth. A. racemosa Muhl.)
** A. stiicta Mx. Upright Aristida. Culm strictly erect, caespitous, branched,
1 — 3f; Ivs. straight, erect, pubescent, linear, convolute above; panicle long,
loosely racemous; spikelets appressed ; gls. (3 to 5" long) unequal, very acute, lower
pales hairy at base ; awns twice as long as the pales, spreading, the middle one
the longest — 2| Penn. to Fla. (Chapman), "W. to Mich.
8 A. oligdntha Mx Culms erect, sparingly branched, 1 2 to 20' high ; pan. ra-
ceme-like, remotely few-flowered; gls. short awntd, equaling the pale (|'), which
bears 3 divaricate awns thrice its own length, the middle one some longer ; ivs.
involute setaceous. — U Prairies, 111. to Ark. and Va.
9 A. tuberculdsa Nutt. Culm erect (declinate at base), 8 — 20', rigid, with
small tubercles in the axils of the numerous branches ; nodes tumid ; Ivs. long and
narrow-linear; pan. large, loose, simple ; spikelets pedicellate ; gls. nearly 1' long,
linear, awned; upper paleie involute, the awns 2' long, hispid upwards, twisted
together to near the middle, thence finally horizontally divaricate. — U A very sin-
gular species, in dry prairies, 111., Wis. to Ky., Tenn., also found in N. J.
13. STIPA, L. Weather Grass. (Lat. stipa^ a foot-stalk ; allud-
ing to the stipitate fruit.) Spikelets 1-flowered, the flower deciduous,
with its thick, bearded, pointed stipe ; glumes menibi'anous ; pales cori-
aceous, shorter than the glunoes, the lower with a long, twisted or bent
awn, jointed at the apex ; caryopsis striate ; stamens 3 ; stigma plum-
ous. — 2^ Fls. paniculate. Lvs. very narrow. The long awns are deli-
cately hygrometric twisting or untwisting according to the state of the
atmosphere.
1 S. aven^cea L. Black Oat Grass. Culm naked above, 2 — 3f ; lvs. smooth,
striate, setaceous, chiefly radical ; panicle spreading, somewhat 1-sided, 4 — 6' long,
at length diffuse, branches capillary, solitary and in pairs ; glumes nearly equal,
mucronate, as long as the dark brown, cylindric fruit; scales 2, lanceolate; awn
twisted below, bent above, 2 — 3' in length. — U. S. and Can. (S. Virginica Pers.)
2 S. jtincea Pursh. Culm 2 — 3f; lvs. convolute filiform, smooth inside, long;
pan. loose ; gls. loose, filiformly acuminated to moie than twice the length of the fruit ;
fr. attenuated at base into a stipe, which is a third of its length, stipe acute, pu-
bescent ; paleae obtuse, distinctly articulated to the awn, which is smooth and slen-
der, at length contorted and 4 — 6' in length. — U Prairies, 111., Mo. When in Iruit
the pungent stipe adheres to everything thai; comes in its way. Aug.
14. ORYZOP'SIS, Mx. Mountain Rick. (Gr. 6pv^a, rice, oipi^, ap-
pearance.) Spikelets 1-flowered ; glumes membranous-bordered, veined.
Order 156.— (iRAMINEiE. 781
suboqual, and about equaling the oblong, terete, deciduous, sbort-stiped
flower; lower pale coriaceous, involute, inclosing the caryopsis and tipped
vrith a simple, jointed awn; scales linear-oblong. — 21 Fls. in a slender
or spike-like panicle.
i Sheaths all lenf-bt'iiring. Stlpo of tho flowor nearly plabroiio, yerv short No. 1
Siheathii, ul least the upper, leatlcss. Stipe uonapiuiiouhly beurdi. Nos. 'i^ :1
1 O. melanocdxpa Muhl. Cuha erect, siniple, leafy, 18 — 24'; pauicle siniplf,
flexuou?, few-flowered ; spikeleta raceriious, ovoid-lauceolate ; glumes acuininatt>,
mucronate, 5 — 6" in leiigtli, smooth; pales hairy, nearly blaek wlien ripe, tlio
lower one tipped with au awn an inch in length ; fruit black. — Rocky hills, U. &
and Can., frequent. Aug. (Piptatherum nigrum Torn)
2 O. asperifdlia Mx. Culm nearly naked, purple at base, 10 — 20'; Ivs. subrad-
ical, erect, rigid, pungent at the point, nearly as long as tiie stem, cauline ones few
and very short ; spikelets in .\ raoemous, simple, flexuous panicle, 2 to 4' lotig,
1 — 2 upon each branch; glumes abruptly acuminate; pales white, the lower one
with a long, bent awn. — Woods, N. States N. to Subarctic Am. Leaves green
tlirough the winter. Caryopsis white, about as large as rice, farinaceous. May.
(Urachne Trin.)
3 O. Canadensis Torn Culms slender, 9 to 18' high, naked above; lower
sheaths bearing rigid, involute-ftliform Ivs.; pan. 1 to 2' Umg, narrow, the branches
mostly in pairs ; gls. often purplish, 1 to 2" long ; pales white, bearded with whit-
ish hairs, the awn sliort and deciduous or wanting. — Rocky woods, N. Eng., to the
sliores of L. Superior. May. (Stipa juncea Mx., nee L. S. Canadensis Poir-
Urachne Trin. Milium pungens Torn)
15. PAS'PALUM L, (Gr. naarraXog, millet; from the resemblance
of the seeds.) Spikelets plano-convex, in unilateral spikes; glumes
(apparently) 2, membranous, equal, ovate or orbicular, closely pressed
to the fertile flower ; stigmas plumous, colored ; caryopsis coated with
the smooth, coriaceous pales. (But theoretically, the lower glume is
obsolete and its place supplied by the empty pale of an abortive flower.
In Nos. 19 and 20 the lower glume appears, under a lens, as a mere
rudiment.) — Spikes linear, the fls. in 2 or 4 rows ; rachis not jointed ;
pedicels articulated.
§ Paspalum. Spikelets suborbicniar, obtuse, crowded. Spikes alternate. (•)
♦ Spikes many (7 to 80), with the spikelets mostly 4-rowed Nos. 1, S
♦ Spikes few (1 to 3), mostly solitary, slender (1" wide), 2 or 8-rowed No. 8
♦ Spikes few (2 to 6) — with the spikelets in 2 rows, near 2" wide ... .Nos. 4, 5
— with the spikelets in 3 rows, near 8" broad, (a)
a Leaves very hairy. Culms decumbent No. t
a Leaves only ciliato on the nuirgins Nos. 7, 8
a Leaves very glabrous, margins scabrous Nos. 9, 10
$ DioiTARTA. Spikelets ovate or lanceolate, acute. Spikes mostly digitate. (**)
** Kacliia leuf-like, broader than the 2 rows of spikelets beneath it Nos. 11, 18
** Rachis narrow, triquetrous or flat, with the spikelets close-appressed. (b)
b Glumes (glume and pale) about equal, oa long as the flower, (c)
O Spikelets lanceolate. Spikes in pairs or threes Nos. 18, 14
Spikelets ovate. Spikes 2 to 4 oftencr in pairs Nos. 15—17
b Olume scarce half as long as the pale. Spikes 5 to 12, clustered.... Nos. 18, 19
** Eachis filiform with the spikelets loose and subrcmote Nos. SO, 21
1 P. virgdtum L. Culms decumbent at base, glabrous, 18 to 30'; Ivs. broad-
linear, rough-edged, 12 to 18' by 5 to 6''; sheaths glabrous, with a hairy throat;
spikes numerous (7 to 12) ; rachis straight {not fleocuous\ flat, narrower than the
4-rowed, dense, orbicular, obtuse spikelets. — 11 Moist soils, S. States, common in
the low country. Jl. — Oct. — A very smooth variety is the P. confertum Le Conte.
^. PURPURASCENS. Culm bclow, Ivs. and sheaths dark purple. (P. purpu-
rascens Ell.)
2 P. unduldtum Poin "Plant very glabrous; Ivs. long and linear, tomewhai
carinate; margin scabrous, base cili'xt«, sheaths glabrous; spikes many; racLiii
flat, glabrous, margins scabrous, narrower than the 2 to 4-rowed spikelets ; lower
glume pubescent, upper glume (palea) smooth, transversely plaited near the margin)!.)''
Kunth. Ga. and Fla. A variety of No. 6 ? (P. plicatum Mx.)
I n
,\a 'ill
.: Il
'■Ji
782
Ohdbr 156.— GRAMINE/10.
3 P. oetdceum Mx. Culm ascouding from a decumbent base, vcrj slender, 1 to
2(, with very remote joints; Ivs. lance-linear, 3 — T by 2 — 3 ', ciliate and soft
hairy ; alieaths pubescent, upper one very long ; spike generally solitary, often 2,
on a long, very slender peduncle, sometimes witli another scarcely oxserted from
the sheaths ; spikeUii plano-convex, with the Hat side out, i" diam., 1 or 2 on
each very short pedicel, appearing 2 — 3-rowed in the 1-sided spike. — Dry fields,
Mass., to 111. and S. States. Aug. (P. debile and ciliatifolium Mx.)
/J. LONOiPKDUVCuiiATUM. Larger, less hairy, and spikelets evidently 3-rowed.
— S. States. (P. longip. LeC.)
4 P. IsBve Mx. Culm erect, rather firm, 18' — 3f| glabrous; Its. generally smooth,
pilous only at the base, broadly linear; lower sheaths sometimes hairy, spikes
2 — 6, alternate, spreading, with a few long, white hairs at the base ; spikelets in 2
rows ; ruchis flexuous, flat on the back ; pedicels undivided, with one spikelot ;
spikelets twice as large (1^'' diam.) as in the preceding; glume orbicular-ovate,
3-veined. — Grassy banks of rivers, Conn, to Ind. and S. States. Aug. Quite vari-
able, including several reputed species.
|3. UNDULosc'M. Lvs. father long and broad, with wavy-margins. (P. Lecou-
tianuin Scliult.)
y. Flokiuanum. Spikekts enlarged (near 2' long), glume 5-veined. (P. ma-
crospermum Flgg.)
6. ALTI8SIMUM. Strict and tail ; sheaths much compressed. (P. altisaimura LeC.)
5 P. angUBtifdlium Le Conte. Culm erect, wiry, glabrous, 2f high ; lvs. glab-
rous, narrowly linear, almost setaceous, compressed carinate, 9 to 18' long ; sheaths
long, smooth; spikes 2 or 3, alternate, divaricate, 1 to 2' long, with a few hairs at
base ; spikelets orbicular, 1" diam. in 2 rows, with a very narrow rachis. — 1( Wet
places, Ga., Fla. to La. A distinct species. Seeds blackish.
6 P. dasyphyllum Ell. Culm decumbent at base, 12 ^-^ 30' high, glabrous-,
lvs. broadly linear, clothed with copious soil hairs as w s the long sheaths ;
spikes 2 to 4, large, spreading, tlio ped. slightly exsertei tl ) upper sheath ;
spikelets oval, obtuse, large, in 3 rows ; teeth of the rachia ^-uowered. — Dry fields,
S. States, common. ^? Jl. — Oct.
7 P. latifdlium Le Conte. Glabrous; culm erect, stout, tall (2 to 3f), from a
slightly decumbent base; lvs. fiat, large, lance-linear, 6 to 12' 6?/ 5 to 10", margins
ciliate ; sheaths hairy at throat, shorter than the long interuodes ; spikes 2 to 4,
2 to 4' long, alternate, suberect, pilous at base; spikelets large (l|" diam.), in
3 rows on the narrow, flexuous rachis. — 1i Car. to Fla. and La.
8 P. tenue Kunth. Glabrous; culm erect, very slender ; lvs. narrow, very hug,
ciliate on the margins, sheath ciliate; spikes 4 or 5, very slender, alternate,
spreading, hairy at base ; spikelets orbicular, in 3 rows ; rachis flexuous, narrow,
the tectli 2-flowered. — U N. J. to Ga. (Le Conte). Differs from No. 6, in its ciliate
lvs. and 3-nerved spikelets.
9 P. arundin^ceum Poir. "Glabrous; lvs. somewhat sword-shaped (com-
. pressed-carinate), the margin scabrous ; spikes alternate, elongated ; spikelets iu
3 rows ; gls. (gl. and pale) equal, obtuse. — Carolina." Poiret.
10 P. precox "Walt. Glabrous throughout; culm erect; lvs. lance-linear, very
long ; spikes 3 to 5, alternate, dense-flowered, with a tuft of long iiair at base ;
rachia linear, straight {not flAixuous), narrower than the 3 rows of very smooth,
orbicular, compressed spikelets; gls. 3-veined. — % Wet places. Car. to Fia. May.
— Aug. (P. lentiferum Lam.)
11 P. fliiitans Kunth. Culm decumbent and ascending 10 to 20', generally
floating; lvs. scabrous, lance-linear, 2 to 5' by 4 to 6'; sheaths inflated, open,
ciliate at base ; spikes 20 to 50, 1 to 2^' long, the lower somewhat verticillate ;
rachis fbliaceous, nearly 1" broad, covering the 2 rows of ovate, acute spikelets
and projtcting ii a point beyond them. — (Ij River swamps, S. Ill to Va. and S.
States. Oct. (P. mucronatum Muhl. Ceresia, Ell.)
12 P. Walteridnum Schult. Culm decumbent, branching, ascending; Iva.
glabrous, lance-linear, 2 to 4' by 3 to 5 " ; sheaths open, all glabrous; spikes 2 or
3 on each branch, 1 to 2' long; rachis very broad (near 2"), covering the 2 rows
of oval, acute spikes but not projecting beyond them. — (X)Wet soils, Car. to Fla.
and La. Jl. — Sept (P. vaginatum Ell.)
r
Okdku 156.— gram ink. -B.
78;{
13 P. Digit&ria Poir. Mostly gliibroua; <'ulm erect from an inclined base, 1 to
2.U' liigli; Ivs. lunce^liuenr, fiat, 6 to 16' by 5 to 8 , on long siicutbH; spikes •
pair, conjugate, slender, 2 to -1 long, at top of the long uai\e(l ped. or upper int»f-
node of culm ; spikeleta lanceolate, in 2 opposito rows on the vertically coinpres.>*ed
floxuoua rachis. — ? Damp pine woods, Va. to Fla. and La. (Miliiuni pa.><pa-
loided'EU. P. Michauxiana Kth.)
14 P. tristichyum Le Conte. Glabrous, decumbent below, 12 to 20' high;
ciUm lililorm above; Ivs. linear, flat, 3 to 8 by 2 to 3", margins sparingly ciliato;
sheaths coinpreased; spikes usually 3, approximate (the 2 higliest paired), very
slender; racliis flcxuous, triquetrous; spikelets lanceolate, 2-rowed, whitisli,
1' long, close-pressed, gl. and pale scarcely longer than the flowers. — 'X»Wei
places, Ga. Fla. to La.
15 P. conjug^tum Berg. Nearly glabrous and erect, 1 to 2f, slender; Ivs.
broadly linear, 2 to 4' by 2 to 4' , on compressed sheaths ; upper sheath very long
and nearly leafless ; spikes 2, a conjugate pair, on the tilitbnn upper internode,
very slender, 2 to 3' long; rachia nearly as wide as the 2 rows of mj«u<e (J'' lonij\
round-ovate, acute, white, ciliate spiktlets. — '^ Waste places about N. Orhjang
(Hale).
16 P. diatichuin L. Nearly glabrous ; culms some inclining at base, 12 to 18'
high; Ivs. lance-linear, bearded at the tiiroat, 2 to 3' by 2 to 3'' ; spikes 2. a pair
nearly or quite conjugate, dense-flowered, 1 to 2^' long; rachis narrower than the
2 rowaof ovote, acuminate {\\'' tony), glabrous spikelets. — y Wet grounds, S. States.
/J. TRiSTACUUM. Spikes in Ss, closely approximate.
17 P. ambfguum DC. Glabrous; culms clustered, decumbent, 8 to 15' h'ljih; Ivs.
lance-linear, shor. r than the slieaths (2 to 4' by 2 to 4 '); spikes 2 to 4, about
2' long, slender; spikelets crowded, 2-rowed, ovate, § ' long, gl. and pale about
equal, not longer than the puiplinh fower, both hairy. — Sanily field?, especially
Soutli. Often purplish. Aug., Sept. § Eur. (Pauicum glabrum Gaud.)
18 P. serdtinum Fluegge. Decnmhent, creeping and rooting, with upright
branches ; Ivs. and sheatlis vilbus with white soft hair/<, the former lance-linear, short,
about r by 2 " ; spikes digitate, about iu 5.s, slender, 2 to 3' long; rachis flat,
about as wide as the 2 rows of elliptical spikelets (i' ); spikelets all pedicellate,
in 2s; gl. a fourth as long as the striate pale, and flower. — QpSaudy fields. Car. to
Fla. and La. Forms a dense carpet. Jl. — Oct. (Digitaria viiloaum Ell.)
19 P. sanguindle Lam. Purple Finger Grass. Crab Grass. Oulms de-
cumbent at base, radiating and branching at the lower joints, 1 — 2f ; Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, on long, loose sheaths, softly pilous, the sheaths strigously hairy ; spikes
3 — 5' long, fascinate at the top of the stem, 5 fc> 9 together ; spikelets in pairs,
oblong-lanceolate, closely appressed to the flexuous rachis, in 2 rows, g'uine A as
long as the flower. — X> Common in cultivated grounds, N. Eng., W. Ind. Aug. —
Oct. (Pauicum, L. Digitaria, Scop.)
20 P. filiforme Swartz. Culm erect, filiform, nimiAe, 12 — 18'; Ivs. short, nearly
smooth, narrow-lanceolate; lower sheaths very hairy, upper glabrous; spikes
2—4, filiform, erect ; rachis flexuous ; spikelets in 3 s. all pedicellate ; glume soli-
tary, as long as the pale (abortive flower). — Qj Dry, gravelly soils, N. Y. to Ky.
Aug.
(Panicum, L. Digitaria, Muhl.)
21 P. interrtiptum. Culm strictly erect, wiry, tall (2 to 3f); Ivs. long, linear, 8
to 15' by 3 to 4", clothed with copious soft hairs, as well as the sheatiis; spikes
3 or 4, raceme-like, 2 to 6' long, the spikelets ovate, acutish, in remote pairs dis-
tinctly pedicellate, rachis filiform. — Dry soils, La. and Tex. (Hale). (P. racemosum
Nutt. nee Jacq.) The inflorescence is almost paniculate.
16. MIL'LIUM, L. Millet Grass. (Probably from the Latin millc,
A thousand, on account of its fertility.) Spikelets 1 -flowered, not articu-
latt'd with their pedicels ; glumes 2, without involucre or awns ; pales
2, shorter than the glumes, awnless, oblong, concave, persistent and car-
tilaginous, coating the caryopsis. (Comparing Millium with Panicum,
it appears that the 2 glumes of the former are, in fact, a glume, and a
'm
^1
fi I
Y84
Oroeb 1S6.—GR amines.
pale of a second (abortive) flower, the upper pale and the lower glume
being obsolete,) — Inflor. an open panicle.
M. efiiiBUin L. Culm upriglit, simple, smooth, 3 to 6 or Sf high ; Ivs. flat, 8 to
12' by 6" to 1', on smooth, striate sheaths; branches of the panicle clustered,
spreading, remote; spiitelets ovate, few and scattered, acute, about 1" long. — In
woods, Penn. to Can. and Wis. Plant pale green. Summer.
17. AMPHICAR'PUN, Kunth. . (Gr. dficfUj both or twain, Kapno^,
fruit.) Spikelets (apparently) 1-flowered and perfect as in Millium, but
of 2 kinds, terminal, deciduous and sterile, the radical fertile ; glun^es
2, lanceolate, acute, awnless, as long as the 2 coriaceous pales ; stamens
8; stigmas 2, plumous, purple. — 21 Caespitous, erect, strict, with erect,
lance-l'inear Ivs., the terminal fls. in a strict, contracted, slender panicle,
the radical fls. are each solitary, on a slender ped., and subterranean.
A. Piirshii Kunth. Pine barrens, N. Jer. (Long-a-coming, Jackson). Culm 2f
high, glabrous. Lvs. 2 to 3' by 2 to 3", hairy, as well as the sheaths, the upper
sheath long and without a leaf. Pan. on a long, exserted ped. Spikelets 1^ '
long, the radical ones 2^', veiny, the glume clasping the longer, i^eutral, singl*
pale. Aug. (Millium Amphicarpon Ph.)
18. PAN'JCUM, L. Panic Grass. (Lat. panicula, the mode of
flowering, or panisy bread, which some species afford.) Glumes 2, un-
equal, awnless, the lower much smaller ; flowers 2, dissimilar, the 'ower
abortive or sterile, with 1 or 2 pales, the upper pale membranous ; the
upper V? , with the pales cartilaginous, polished, equal, concave, awnless,
coating the caryopsis ; stamens 3 ; stigmas plumous, purple. — Diff"era
from Paspalum in the presence of the lower (true) glume. Paniclei
simple or compound.
{ Spikelets acute or pointed, very niimermis, racenied in lariee panicles. (*)
* Abortive flower neutral, consistini; of a siniiie palea. (a)
a Panicle capillary, with the spikelets solitary Nos. 1, i
a Panicle not capillary, dense-nowerod No. 8
• Abortive flower neutral, conisisting of 2 paletc (pales), (b)
b Panicle contracted, cylindrio. Upper glume gibbous N«. 4
b Panicle open. — Glume 3-veined, The 2 pales equal No. 5
— Glume 6 to 7-velned, — longer than abortive flower Nos. 6, 7
— shorter than abortive flower No. 8
♦ Abortive flower staminnte, with 2 pales. Tall, very smootn Nos. 9, 10
I Spikelets obtuse or barely acute, solitary, pedicellate, not numerous. (♦♦)
*♦ Abortive flower (neutral) consisting of a single pale Nos. 11 — 18
** Abortive flower of 2 pales, the upper small and scarious. (c)
U Leaves narrow, obscuruly veined, 1 to 6" wide, (d)
d Spikelets densely fringed with silky hairs; fer'ile flower colored No. 14
d Spikelets glabrous or sparsely pilous; fertile flower white, (dd)
dd Spikelets less than I" long, roundish or oval ; glume &-veined.. .Nos. l.\ 16
dd Spikelets 1 to 1^" long, oval; glume 9-veined Nos. 17, 18
Leaves broad, conspicuously veined, 6 to 20" wide, (e)
e Abortive flower usually staminate with 8 stamens Nos. 18, 10
• Abortive flower neutral, never with stamens, (f >
f Plant very downy, with soft, dense, velvety hairs No. il
/ Plant stnoothish or pilous-clliate, branched or simple Nos. 21. 2S
I Spikelets barely acute, in short (1'), dense, secund, alternate spikes. Southern Nos. 23, 24
1 P. capill^re. Culm nearly simple, assurgent and thick at base, 1 — 2f; lvs.
hairy, broad-linear, acuminate, 4 — 6' long; sheaths covered with bristly hairs ; pan.
large, pyramidal, capillary, loose, expanding; spikelets small (§" long), olleu pur-
ple, oblong-ovate, purple, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, on long, hispid peduncles ;
abortive fl. of 1 palea. —(D Fields and roadsides, U. S. and Can. Aug. — Pani-
cles often If or more long, with a very light, airy appearance. In poor or shady
slJs it k«: 'nuch reduced.
2 P. siutAmnMe Bo»c. Culm very slender, aasurgent, 10 to 20' high; lvs. gla-
brovji, lance-linear, at length coMvolute, 2 to 3' long; sheaths glabrous; pan. dif-
fuse, bearded in the axils, with lonfi; strict, roughieh, capillary, 1-flowered branchee;
Orueb 156.— GHAMINK^E.
785
(pikelets oblong-lanceolaie, acute, glabrous ; glumes veiny, very unequal, the lower
Aiinutc. — iSund iiills, Maaou Co., 111. (Mead, in Gray's Manual).
ii P. proliferum Lain. Culm assurgent, geniculate at base, VF^ry smooth, thick
and succulent; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 4 to 6 ' wide, 10 to 15' long, on tumid
£iheaths, lii^^les ciliatc; pan. latge, pyramidal, terminal and axillary, smooth;
spikolets oblong, acute, veiny, 1 " long, densely racemed ; lower glume \ as long
as the upper ; abortive fl., with 1 pale. — (t) Marshes, especially brackish and
sandy, Mass. to La., also along the Western rivers. Au^., slept. (P. geniculatum
Muhl.) In uplands more slender, not succulent.
4 P. gibbum Ell. Culm terete, assurgent, 2 to 3f, wiiih black joints ; Ivs. lanoe-
Hnear, glabrou.s, 4 to 8' by 4 to 8 ', on smooth, strongly striate sheaths; pan.
densely contracted, often purple, fusiform, about 6' long, strict; spikelets near 2"
long, obtusish, lower glume very small, upper very large, 11-veined, remarkably
gibbous at base, upper pale nearly as long as the lower. — (^ Wet soils, S. States.
Jl.— Sept. (P. EUiottianum Schl.)
5 P. hians Ell. Culm very slender, almost filiform decumbent and rooting at
the lower joints, about 2f high ; Ivs. narrowly lineir, 8 to IG' long, glabrous;
sheaths hairy only at the throat; panicle pyramidal, iJi{)ikelet8 racemed, ^" long;
lower glume half as long as the upper, neutral pales .;qiiai, conspicuous (gaping\
a little longer than the fertile. — Damp pino barrens, S, States, common. Aug. —
Oct. (P. debile Poir. P. divaricatum Mx.)
6 P. agroBtoides Muhl. Culm compressed, glabrous, li — 3f high, often genicu-
late at base ; Ivs. long and numerous, cauiine linear-Janceolate, cariuate, rough-
edged, on short, striate sheaths; panicles terminal anJ lateral, pyramidal, com-
posed of racemed, spreading or detlexed branches; spik,lets 1 ' bng, purple, lauco-
ovate, acute, crowded; upper glu a", 'i-veined, ^ longer than the lower ; upper neur
tral, pale, nearly as long as the hwer. — If Meadows, frtquent. July. (P. fusco-
rubens Nutt.)
7 P. ^nceps Mx. Culm compressed, 2 to 3f; Ivs. linear, carinate, very long,
rough-edged ; sheaths ancipital, pilous on the throat and margin ; pan. erect,
pyramidal, with subremote, subsiinple, interruptedly racc'.uous branclies ; ^pikelets
l.Jr" long, lanceolate, very acuminate, and when mature, forked; lower glume and
upper pale half as long cu> the lower pale, scarcely shorter than the fertile Jlower ; ud-
per glume 1 -veined. — Wet soils, N. J. and S. States.
Aug. — Nov.
8
P. vilfiforme. Glal lus throughout; culm decumbent, ascendii<g 2 to 3f|
branched ; Ivs. long, linear, scarcely rough-edged ; sheaths with a tuft of hairs at
throat; pari, simple, with racemed, spreading branches; spikelets 2" long, lan-
ceolate, acute; luwsr nlnms \ to ^ as long as the upper, T-veined glume which ia
shorter than the loiver pale (while in Nos. 6 and 7 it is longer than tlie lower
pale !). — Wet meadows, E. Tenn. I Jl., Aug.
9 P. amanim Ell. Glabrous, leafy; culm 2 to 3f high, stout; Ivs. glaucous, cor-
iaceou^, rigid, linear, 10 to 18' long, margins involute, not scabrous; sheath some
shorter than the joints ; pan. large, contracted, its very smooth branches ajjpressed ;
spikelets thick, 2'' long, ovate, acuminate, lower glume nearly as long as the
sterilo pales, which contain 3 orange-colored stamens. — 2| Sandy shores, Conn.
to Fla. and La. (ilale). Lvs. excessively bitter (Elliott). Aug. — Oct.
10 P. virgktum L. Glabrous and often purple ; culm 3 — 5fhigh; Zrs. flat, long,
linear-lanceolate, hairy at hn^e; sheaths striate; stip. with long, white cilia;;
pan. pyramidal, loose, spreading, diffuse, very large ; fls. acuminate, the glumes
2f' long, very pointed, divarievto, tlie lower § as long as the upper; pales of tho
abortive llower nearly equal, enfolding the purple stamens. — U Salt-lick prairies,
fields, Ac, N. Y. to Ind., S. to tho Gulf. Aug.
11 P. vernicdBum Muhl. Culm slender, decumbent and geniculate, branching
from the base, 1 — 2f high ; lvs. lance-linear, flat, 4 to C by 2 to 4", spreading,
smooth ; pan. much expanded, few-flowered ; spikelets J to J" long, covered with
warty points {verrucous} obovate, bluish ; abortive llower of one palea, and neuter. —
(D? Swamps and thickets, Mid. and 8. States. Panicles terminal and lateral, looss
and capillary. Aug. (P. debilis Ell. nee Poir. P. ramulosum Mx.)
12 P. fragile Kunth. Culm geniculate at base, assurgent, branched, very brittle,
60
j. «
SI I
786
OttDEB 156.— GR AMINES.
If; Its. subulate, scabrous, 2 to 4' loug; sheaths glabrous, longer than tho joiuts;
pan. very simple, the few, solitary, small spikelets on very long setaceous pedicels ;
lower glume subulate : sterile pale single, as long as the glume, a little longer
than the fertile flower. — Dry, sandy soils, rare, N. Car. to Ga
13 P. vi .Idsum Ell. Villous throughout with soft white hairs; culm geniculate
below, i to 2f ; Ivs. flat, erect, 2 to i' by 3 to 4" ; sheaths much shorter than tlio
joints; pan. small (2 to 3' loug), loose; spikelets ovai, 1 ' long, green ; lower glumo
roundish, \ as long as tlie 7-veiued, upper one, which equals the single, sterile
pale and fertile flower. — Evergreen in damp places, S. States (Feay, Ac). Apr.,
May.
14 P. ciliatifl6rum. Fbinqkd Grass. Culm ei«ct, strict, 1 to Sfj glabrous;
Ivs. erect, long, linear, flat, narrow, scarcely distinct from their sheaths; pan.
virgate, subsiropie, 3' long; spikelets pedicellate, oval, the glume and lower
abortive pale obtuse, subequal, the 5 veins ciliate-fringed with silky, purplish
hairs ; upper pale much smaller, oblong ; fertile pales thinly chartaceous, brown
or blackish when mature. — Varies with tho leaves more or less hairy, and tho
curious silk fringe of the spikelets more or less copious. In pine barrens, S.
States. Sept. (Phalaris villosa Mx. Aulaxanthus ciliatus and rufa £11. P.
igaoratum Kth., an absurd name which we venture to discard.)
15 P. dichotomum L. Culm at first subsimple with a single terminal panicle,
becoming more or less branched, with lateral, subsimple panicles ; Ivs. lanceolate,
1 to 4' by 2 to 4" or 5 ', hairy or smooth, as likewise the sheaths; terminal pan.
exserted, often long-pedunculate, small (I to 3' long), oval in outline, loosely few-
flowered; spikelets small (about J" long), oval or roundish; lower glume very
amall, upper equaling the sterile pale and fertile flower, upper sterile ^ to ^ asi
long as the lower, scarious, bifld. — U Common everywhere, in meadows, fields
and woods. Jn. — Sept. — The following are the more striking forms of this ex-
ceedingly variable species (which includes P. nodiflorum, laxiflorum, nitidum
L&m., barbulatum Mx., sphserocarpa Muhl., lanuginosum, ensiforum Ell., &c.).
^. NITIDUM. Smooth and shining; spikelets pale purple; upper pale very
short.
y. SPH.fiBOCi(RPUM. Hairy ; Ivs. suberect ; spikelets dark purple ; upper pale
deeply bifid.
d. BARBULATUM. Taller; nodes with a ring of retrorse hairs; Ivs. spreading;
spikelets purplish ; upper pale entire.
e. LANUGINOSUM. Woolly ; Ivs. linear-lanceolate ; spikelets green ; upper pale
elongated, very obtuse. Approaches the next species.
16 P. depauper^ktum Muhl Culm cseapitous, erect, 9 to 12' high, simple above
the base; Ivs. linear, rigidly erect, lower short, upper about 5' by 2^"; pan.
simple with ascending branches, the peduncle very short or becoming very long ;
spikelets green, oval, acute, § to 1" long; outer glume roundish, ^ as long as the
inner, 7-veined one ; upper neutral pale (always?) bifid, half as long as the lower.
— Hilly woods, N. States and Can. Jn. (P. rectum R. & S.)
ji. ixvoLUTUM. Lvs. involute, ending in a long, rigid point. (P. involutum,
Torr.)
17 P. pauciflonim Ell. Culm mostly erect, at length, somewhat decumbent
and branched ; lvs. erect, linear-lanceolate, faintly 9-veined, tapering to near tho
base ; 3 to 5' by 5 to 7 ', sparingly hirsute as well as the close sheaths; pan. ex-
serted, simple, raceme-like, few-flowered; spikelets 10 or more, obovate, obtuse,
1" long ; lower glume broad-ovate, J as long as the upper one; upper neutral palo
similar to the lower. — Wet or shady places. Mid., W. and S. States. Jn., Jl.
18 P. pub^acens Lam. Culm slender, finally branched, glabrous, 2 to 3f long ;
Iva. lance-lmear, 9-veined, 3 to 6' by 3 to 5", clothed with reflexed hairs as well
08 the open sheaths; pan. small, expanded, few-flowered, pubescent; spikelets
liirge (IJ ' long), hairy, oval, obtuse, green; outer glume, lanceolate, | as long as
tho inner 9-veined one ; inner neutral palo nearly as long as the outer. — Dry
fields, etc., N. Y. to Ohio and S. States. Jn. (P. dichotomum /3. Gray.)
19 P. latifblium L. Culm mostly erect, 1 to 2f high ; lvs. lanceolate, base dikUed
and cordate-clasping, 3 to 6' by 1', 11 to Vi-veined, smoothish; shoaths hirsute at
tliroat; pun. exserted. compound, loose, about 3' long; spikelets oval, obtuse^
Oeuer 156.— GRAMIXE^.
787
IJ'' long, green; lower glume ovate, not half as long as the upper; abortive
pales subequal, usually with 3 stamens. — In moist, shady places, U. S. and Can.
Jn., Jl. (P. 8Co.parium and nervosum Lam. P. ciliatum Ell., etc.)
20 P. zanthoph;^8Uin Gray. Culm generally simple, glabrous, 9 to 15' high ;
lv8. lanceolate, 3 to 6' by 5 to 7", not dilated at tfie ciliate, clasping base, smooth,
9 to 11-veined; pan. hng-exsertedy simple, raceme-like, few- flowered; spkl. round-
ish-obovate 1^'' long ; lower glume ovate, 3-veined, acutish, J as long as the up-
per many- veined one ; abortive pales oftener with 3 stamens. — Dry soils, N. Eng.
to Wia (Lapham). Rare. Jn.
21 P. viscidum Ell. Hoary, with a dense, short, soft, viscid pubescence; culm
decumbent, assurgent 2 to if, stout ; joints p. smooth brown ring ; Iva lance-
linear, 3 to 6' by 6 to 16'' ; sheaths much shorter than the internodes; pan. rather
large (4 to 6' long); loose; spkL light green, 1" long, oval, acutish, lower glumo
very small, upper pale very small, truncate. — li Damp places, N. J. to Ga. (Feay).
22 P. clandestinum L. Culm with short, axillary, appressed branches, 2 to 3f
high, rigid, leafy ; Ivs. 3 to 6' by 1', lanceolate, subcordato at base ; sheaths his-
pid with papillss in the grooves bearing bristly hairs, and enclosing the short
lateral panicles ; spkl. elliptical, acutish, 1^" long, striate, often purple ; upper
pale of the neutral fl. obtuse. — ii Moist woods, Mass. and Mid. Stiites. Jl, Aug.
23 P. microcdzpon Muhl, Darl. Culm 18 to 30' high, erect, simple, glabrous;
joints glabrous ; Ivs. lanceolate, veined, ciliate at base, undulate and scabrous on
the margin, scabrous above, smooth beneath, 6 to 10" wide; sheaths deeply
striate, smooth; slip. 0; pan. much branched, nearly smooth; spkl. smaU, (\''
long), roundish-obovale, purple, numerous, scarcely pubescent ; upper sterile pale
minute; fr. shining, bluish white. — If.
24 P. Wdlteri Ell. Culm slender, glabrous, erect, 2f ; Ivs. linear 3 to 6' by 2 ta
3', glabrous as well as the open sheaths; spikes thick, dense, 1-sidcd; alternate
(the 2 lower sometimes opposite), 6 to 12' long; spkl. imbricated in 3 rows,
broad-ovate; glumes minutely hispid, the lower half as large, upper 3-veined ;
abortive pales unequal, staminate ; fertile Jl. roundish. — Damp grounds, Can. to
Fla. and La. Jn. — Aug. (Nearly allied to Oplismenus.)
25 P. Aureliaxmin Hale (MS.). Culm decumbent, geniculate, slender, branched,
glabrous; Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous, 1 to 2' by 3 to 4", sheaths ciliate; spikes
slender, 6 to 12" long, alternate, 1-sided; spkl. ovate, acute; lower glume ^ as
long as the upper, smooth and 6-veined one ; abortive pales equal, staminate ;
/trtile Jl. ovate. — Damp soils, about N. Orleans (Hale).
26 P. mili&ceum L. Millet. Lvs. lance-linear and sheaths hairy ; culm
2 to 3f high ; pan. large, open, nodding ; spkl. solitary, ovate ; gls. acuminate*
mucronate, subequal ; pales obtuse. — Cultivated, f Turkey.
27 P. Jumentdrum Pers. Another cultivated species, from N. Africa.
Much valued South, It is tall, stout, smooth. The spikelots are singularly
arranged in 2s or 3s, one or two sterile to each fertile. Seeds black.
19. OPLIS'MENUS Beauv. Cock-spur Grass. (Gr. onXiOfia^ ar-
mament, fievog^ courage ; alluding to the stout awns.) Spikelets, <kc.
as in Panicum, except that the lower abortive pale (and often the
glumes) is prolonged more or less into an awn. — Coarse grasses with
the fls. in dense paniculate racemes.
1 O. CruB-gdlli Kitnth. Barn-yard Grass. Terete, smooth, .3^f high ; lvs.
linear-lanceolate, flat, serrulate, with smooth, striate sheaths and no stipule ; patL
simple or apparently so, branches spike-fmm, compound, alternate and in pairs;
rachis hairy and rough ; glumes scarcely awned, hispid-bristly ; lower abortivf
palea ending in a rough awn, 6" to 18 ' long; fertile fl. ovate. — (X' A coarse, weedy
grass, introduced into cultivated grounds, barn-yards, Ac, common. Aug., Sept.
I Variable. (Panicum, L.)
/i. MUTicus. Awns very short, or the pale merely subulate- pointed. Common.
y. Hispmus. Sheaths very bristly ; awMS very long.
2 O. hirt^llus R. ^ S. Culm glabrous, decumbent, branched; lvs. lanceolate,
flat, 1 ) 2 by 2 to 4', with scattered, appressed Lairs ou the ui)per Burfivco;
II
i i
f ■'If
ill
1. '«
tv .fl
! I
! 1
78S
Obdbr 156.— GRAMINE^.
sheaths ciliate ; pan. of remote, short (6"), deitse, alternate apikes, the rachis flex-
uous; glumes nearly equal, both awned; lower pale with a stout awn which ia
much longer than those of the glumes; upper pale minute; feniUefl. lanceolate. —
Dry shades, Car. to Ga. and La. Aug. — Oct. (Panicum, L.)
20. SETA'RIA, Beauv. Bristly Fox-tail Grass. (Lat. seta^ a
bristle.) Spikelets, &c. as in Panicum, but each subtended by a cluster
of awn-like bristles (abortive pedicels), forming a sort of bristly invo-
lucre. — FIs. in dense, cyliudric spikes or spike-like panicles.
S Bristles of the involucre rough backwards, in pairs, short No. 1
§ Bristles rough uj) wards. — Fertile pales strongly rugou.s crosswise Nos. 2, -i
—Fertile pales smoothish, striate lengthwise No. 4
— Fertile i)ttle8 suioothish, not striate Nos. 5, 6
1 S. verticillata Beauv. Culm smooth, about 2f high ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-
edged ; sheaths smooth, hairy on the margin ; spicate pan. composed of short,
divided bra.xhes in interrupted verticils, 2 — 3' long ; bristles of the invol. in pair.s,
rough backwards, as well as the upper part of the culm ; paleseofthe 5 roughish-
punctate. — ij) Sandy fields, N. Eng. to Ohio, more frequent South. July. §
2 S. glauca Beauv. Bottle Grass. Culm 2 — 3f ; Ivs. lance-linear, carinate, rough,
hairy at base ; sheaths striate, smooth ; ligules setous ; spilce cylindric, yellowish-
green, 2 — 4' long, nearly simple ; invol. of 6 — 10 fa.scicled, scabrous bristles much
longei* than the spikelets; fertile pale, transversely rugous. — (J) Fields and road-
sides, N. Eng. to Oliio. Jl., Aug.
j8. PURPURASCExa Sheaths and spikelets pilous, awns purple.
3 S. comigdta Schul. Culm terete, 2 to 3f; Ivs. linear, 8 to 12' by 3 to 4'
very scabrous, as well as the sheaths ; ligules setous ; pan. terete, dense, spike-
like, 3 to 6' long, compounded of many oppressed spikes, each of many spikelets;
bristles as many as spkls. (one at the base of each) and 3 or 4 times as long ;
caryopsis and its pales strongly corrugated (Elliott). — Savannah (Baldwin).
4 S. vfridis Beauv. Wild Timothy. Culm smooth, 2 — 3f ; Ivs. lanceolate, flat,
minutely serrulate ; sheaths striate, hairy on the margin, and with a setous stipule;
spike 1 to 3' long, cylindric, compound, terminal, green; involucre of 4 — 10 fas-
ciculate bristles, much longer than the spikelets ; paleae of the perfect flower longi-
tudinally striate, punctate, and minutely corrugated under a lens. — (1) Common in
cultivated grounds. Northern States. July, Aug.
5 S. Itdlica Kunth. Culm somewhat compressed, about 4 to 6f high ; Ivs. lan-
ceolate, 1 — 2f long, an inch wide ; sheaths roughish, pilous at the tliroat ; gpike
compound, interrupted at the base, nodding, 6 — 8' long sometimes 12 to 18' long
and V thick (Feay) ; spikelets conglomerate ; invol. of 2 or more bristles, several times
longer than the flower ; fertile fl. polished, shining, J" long. — (I) Ditches, Mid. and
S. States. July.
6 S. Germanica Beauv. Millet. Bengal Grass. Culm 2 — if high, simple,
leafy ; Ivs. lance-linear, flat, acuminate, serrulate on the margin ; sheaths strlnte,
close, pubescent; stip. bearded; spike compressed, yellowish, oblong-cylindric ;
rachis densely hirsute ; involucrate bristles 4 — 8, as long as, or longer than the
spikelets, yellowish; glumes unequal, ovate; g palece 1" long, obscurely 3-veined,
dull with minute corrugations. — In fields, often cultivated. § (S. ItaUca \i.
Kunth.)
21. CENCHRUS L. Burr Grass. (Gr. Kevxpog, the ancient name
of the millet.) Flowers racemons or spicate ; involucre burr-form,
laciniate, echinate, persistent, and becoming hard in fruit, including
1 — 3 spikelets ; glumes 2, 2-flowered, outer smaller ; flowers dissimlar,
the lower sterile, the upper perfect; scales 0; branching; spikeleta
sessile.
1 C. tribuloides L. St. 1 — 2f long, erect or procumbent and geniculate at
base; Iva. lance-linear, conduplicate, gradually acuminate, 3 — 5' by 2 — 3 '; sheatlis
open, about as long as the colored joints; spike with the burr-like involucres
approximate ; Invol. cartilaginous, beset externally with many sharp, retrorsely
Order 156.— GRAMINEiE.
r8{>
hispid spines as long as itself and containing 2 — 3 spikelets ; glumes acuminatc-
mucronate, about 3 ' long, producing but 1 caryopsis. — (X) Sandy alluvion, X. J.
to Can. and Wis. The adhesive burrs are annoying.
22. PHAL'ARIS L. Canary Grass. (Gr. ^aXap'x;^ white crested, as
are the flowers.) Spikelets 1 (theoretically 3) -flowered ; glumes 2, sub-
equal, carinate ; pakse 2, coriaceous, awnless, shorter than the glumes,
coating the caryopsis, each with an external, accessory palca or abor-
tive rudiment at base. Grasses with flat Ivs. contracted, often spiko-
like panicles.
1 P. arundinkcea L. Culm erect, sparingly branched or simple, 2 — 5f high ;
Ivs. spreading, lance-linear, veined, rough-edged, on smooth, striate slieatljs ; pan.
very dense, eUiptic-oblong, somewhat secund, 3 — 6' long, glumes 3-veined, whitish,
scabrous; rudiments pilous. — y Common in ditches and swamps, Can. to Car.
and Ky. A large, showy grass, but not valuable. July, Aug. (P. Americana
Torr, nee Ell.)
/3. PICTA is the well-known striped or ribbon grass, with beautifully variegated
leaves longitudinally striped in endless diversity, f
2 P. Canari^nsis L. Canary Grass. Culm erect, or geniculate at the lower
joints, round, striate, leafy; If or more high; Ivs. knee-linear; panicles spicate,
ovoid, erect ; 1 to 2' long ; glumef whitish, with green veins ; winged on the keel ;
rudiments smooth. — (X) Fields and pastures, not common. The glumes are cu-
riously marked with white and green. The fruit is the chief food of Canary birds.
JL § Isle Fortunatus.
23. ANTHOXAN'THUM, L. Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. (Gr.
dvdog, a flower, ^avOo^, yellow ; from the color of its spikes.) Spiko-
lets 3-flowered, the central one ^ , the 2 lateral ones neuter, each con-
sisting of one bearded palea ; glumes 2, unequal, the upper one larger,
inclosing the flowers ; palese of the ^ 2, short, awnless ; stamens 2,
A. odor^tum L. Slender, erect, 10 — 18'; Ivs. short, striate, pale green; pan.
spicate, oblong-ovoid ; spikelets pubescent, on short peduncles ; pales of the
lateral fls. linear-oblong, ci''ate on the margin, one of them with a bent awn from
near the .. .e, the ctlier with a straight awn from the back near the summit. —
An early-flowering, deliciously fragrant grass, in most of the States and Can.
May, Jn. § Eur.
24. rilEROCH'LOA, Gmel. Seneca Grass. (Gr. hpor, sacred,
X^oa, glass ; from its fragrance.) Spikelets 3-flowered ; ghunes 2,
scarious ; lateral flowers staminate, triandrous ; central flower ^ , dian-
drous (rarely triandrous). — Sweet-scented. Inflor. paniculate.
1 H. boredlis R. & Sch. Smooth, glossy; culm simple, erect, 15 — 20'; radical
Ivs. as long as the stem, cauline 2 — 4' long, lanceolate, mucronato ; poniiie rather
1-sided and spreading, pyramidal, few-flowered, 2 — 3' long; hranchlets flexuous,-
spikelets broad, subcordate, colored, unarmed; glumes acuminate; lower pate c'lli
ate. — 2XWet meadows, Virg. to Arc. Am. Very fragrant. May.
2 H. alpina R. & S. Smooth; culm erect, stout, 6 — 8'; Ivs. linear-lanceolate^
acute; sheaths tumid, longer than the intemodes; j:)anicfe ovoid, 1^ — 2' long, witl.
the branches in pairs ; spikelets purple, compressed, large, longer than the branches;
glumes lanceolate ; lower fl. with an awn about as long as the paks. — U Summits
of the White Mts. (Bigelow). Jn.
25. HOLXUS, L. Soft Grass. (Gr. d^Kog, something which draws ;
application obscure.) Spikelets 2-flowered ; glumes herbaceous, boat-
shaped, mucronate ; flowers pedicellate, the lower one perfect and awn-
less, upper one $ or neuter, awned on the back. — Kls. in an open
panicle.
H. lanlktUB L. Hoary pubescent ; culm 1 J — 2fhigh; ii;«. lance-linear, 2 — 6' long;
lU
'i\
lii:
790
Obdeb 15G.— GRAMINE^.
sheaths striate; pan. ohlong, doBbe, wliilish, with a purple tinge ; Jls. shorter than
tiiG glumes; ttterile one with a recurved, included awn. — U Common in wet
meadows, N. Eng., to tlie uplands of Ga. A beautiful grass, very soft with
whitish down. Jl.
26. APR A, L. (<ir. aipa, a deadly weapon ; originally applied to a
poisonous grass.) Spikelcts 2-flowcred, without abortive rudiments ;
glumes 2, membranaceous and shining, snbequal ; one of the flowers
pedicellate ; paleaj subequal, pilous at base, the lower one lacerate at
apex and awned on the back. — Fls. in panicles of a silvery purplish
hue. ■
|t Glumes much longer than tlie pales. Awns lonj; No. 1
I illumes about as lung as the pales. Awns long or i>hort Nus. '2, 3
1 A. atropurpilrea Wahl. Caespitous, s, foot high; culms very slender; Iva.
flat; pan. thin, with spreading branches ; glumes much longer than the flowers ;
pales hairy at apex. — High Mts. of N. Eng. and N. Y. Aug.
2 A. flexuosa L. Culm smooth, 1 — 2f high, nearly naked; Ivs. setaceous,
smooth, with striate sheaths and truncate stipules ; pan. loose, spreading, trichoto-
mous, with long, flexuous branches ; awns geniculate, twice longer than the pales.
— y Vales and hills, U. S. and Brit. Am., common. An erect, elegant grass,
growing in tufts. Jn.
3 A. caespitdsa L. Gsespitous, glabrous ; st. 18 — 30' high ; Ivs. narrow-linear,
scabrous above, smooth beneath, flat ; panicle pyramidal, capillary, oblong, finally
diffuse ; awns straight, about as long as the pales, which are longer than the bluish
glumes. — U Swamps, N. States and Can. May. (A. aristulata Torr.)
27. DANTHO'NIA, DC. (In honor of M Danthoim, a French botan-
ist.) Spikelets 2 — 7-flowered; glumes 2, subequal, longer than the
spikelet of flowers, cuspidate ; paleae hairy at the base, lower one bi-
dentate at the apex, with a twisted awn between the teeth, the upper
one obtuse, entire.
D. spicdta Beauv. St. slender, nearly erect, 12 — 18' high, lower Ivs. numerous.
4 — 6' long, flat, hairy above, cauline Ivs. much shorter, subulate, erect, on very
short sheaths; panicle simple, spicate, short, erect ; spikelets 3 — 8 or 10, about 1-
flowered; glumes a little longer than the flowers ; lower palea hairy, about half as
long as its spirally twisted awn. — Pastures and open woods, common. June
— Aug. (Avena, L.)
28. AVE^NA, L. Oat. Spikelet 2 to 5-flowered ; glumes 2, loose
and membranous, awnless, often as long as the pales ; pales 2, herba-
ceous, at length subcoriaceous, the lower one bifid and usually with a
twisted or bent awn at the back. — Fls. paniculate.
I ARKIIENATHERUM. GIs. nneqiial, 2-flowore(l, with a rudiment; lower fl. staminate.No. 1
I AIUOP816*. G Is. subequal, '2-tlowt're<l, with no rudiment, fls. both perfect. Uwarf. No. 2
$ AVKNA proper. Gls. equal, longer than the '2 lis., and strongly striate. Cultivated....No. H
1 A. eldtior L. Culm 2 — 4f, geniculate, smooth ; Ivs. lance-linear, rough on the
iiiargir and upper surface ; panicle loose, equal, nodding, branches in pairs or ter-
nate; spikelets 2-flowered; awn twice as long as the palea; upper flower 5,
mostly awnless. — U A tall grass, introduced and naturalized iu cultivated
grounds. May, June. (Arrhenatherura avenaceura Beauv.)
2 A prebcoz Beauv. Caespitous; culm erect, a few inches high; Ivs. ^ — 1'
lung, rough; */ica</w deeply striate; panicle dense, racemous; spikelets ovate, 2-
flowerod, glumes as long as the flowers ; lower palea with a bent awn from the
lower part of the back twice its length. — (J) N. Y. to Virg. Jn. (Aira, L.)
3 A. sativaL. Common Oat. Culmamooth, 2 — 4fhigh; ira. linear-lanceolate,
vi'ined, rough, with loose, striate sheaths ; stip. lacerate ; panicle loose ; spikelets
pedunculate, pendulous, 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the lower one mostly
*wned ; palea .eomewhut cartilaginous, closely embracing the caryopsis. — OD A
Obueb 15G.— GRAMINE.fl.
191
highly important grain, one of the staple productions of the soil ; said to huwt
been first discovered in tlie Island of Juan Fernandez.
,i. NiQKA. Black Oats. Paiece dark brown, almost black, awnless.
y. 8ECUNDA. UoRSE-MANF Oats. Fanicle l-sided; awns short.
29. TRISETUM, L. (Lai. /r/a, three, «^/Mm, a bristle; a character-
fstie term.) Spikelet 2 — S-tioweied ; glumes 2, shorter than th«
flowers; lower palea with 2 bristles at the apex atul a soft, floxiioiM
awn from above the middle of the back ; scales ovate ; fruit coated,
furrowed. — Very closely related to Avena.
1 T. paMstre Torr. Culm erect, contracted at the nv.-^es, slender, smooth, aboui
2f higli ; Ivs. lance-linear, about 3' long, roughisli, on smooth, striate sheatlis ;
^anifve oblong, contracted, nodding, yellowish-green ; spikelets about 3" long, 2 — 3-
flovjtrtd, middle flower abortive, upper one pedicellate, its lower palea ending m
2 setous teetii, and awned below the tip, lower one mostly awnless. — y Wet
meadows, Mass., N. Y. to Fla. May— July. (Avena, Mx. Aira pallcns,
Muhl.)
2 T. m611e Kunth. Minutely and softly puherulent throughout ; culm If high; Ivs.
narrow, 2 to 4' long; pan. contracted and spike-like, 2' long; awn at length de-
flexed, longer than the beardless flowers. — Mts. and rocks, N. II. to Mich. and.
Can. (.\vena, Mx.) Scarcely ditfers from the foregoing, which is also sometimes
downy.
3 T. purpu.rd8cenB Torr. Culm leafy, 2f high; Ivs. narrow-linear, keeled,
4 — 6' long, and with tiio sheaths smooth ; panicle very simple, almost a raceme,
few-flowered, 4 — 6' long ; glumes 3 to b-flowefi'd, very unequal, entire ; spikelets 6
to S' long, lanceolate, terete, often purple, smooth; lower palea 7-veined, cleft
into 2 bristly points at the apex; awn geniculate. — U Mountain bogs, N. Eng.
to Wis. and Can. June.
30. BRO^MUS, L. Brome Grass. (Gr. fipCJiia, food ; the name
was anciently applied to Oats.^ Spikelets 5 to oo -flowered ; glumes un-
equal, membranous, veined ; lower pale 6 to 9-veined, convex or cari-
nate on the back, awned from below the mostly bifid tip ; upper pale
ciliate on the 2 kjels, often bifid ; caryopsis linear, adherent to the
upper pale. — Coarse grasses with flat Ivs. and large, paniculate, nodding
spikelets.
I Glumes narrow, the lower 1-veined, upper 8-velned. Pale keeled Nos. <5, 5
I (iliiincs veiny, the lower 3 to 6, upper 5 to T-veineil (a).
a Lower pule uomprussed-carinate. the awn scarcely any No. 4
a Lower pale rounded on the back, the awn conspicuous Nos. 8 — 1
1 B. secaliuuB L. Smooth Cheat or Chess. Culm smooth. 2 to 4f high ; Ivs.
l-uice-linear, 6 to 12' long, rough and some hairy above, on smoothish sheaths;
piin. spreading in fruit, branches subsimple, with few nodding spikelets ; spkL
ovate, turgid, smooth, 7 to 10-flowered ; fls. soon diverging and rather distinct,
ohlcng, longer than the short, flexuous au)n. — (p A handsome but worthless grass,
in fields of wheat and other grains, and in waste grounds. Ju., Jl. § Eur.
2 B. mdllis L. Downy Chess. Culm slender, some downy, 12 to 18' to 2f •,
Ivs. flat, hairy both sides, lance-linear, on sheaths clothed with deflexed hairs ;
pan. erect, contracted in fruit ; spikelets ovate, C4)mpressed, about ^-flowered, downy
ail over ; fts. oblong, closely imbricated, not longer than their straight awn. — CD ®
Wheat fields and waste grounds, rare. Lower pale ^ longer than the upi)er.
Jn. § Eur. Varies in pubescence. (B. racemosus L. (i. arvensis, Ed. 2.)
3 B. Kdlmii Gray. Culm slender, 18' to Sf; Ivs. and sheaths more or less hairy,
sometimes excessively so ; pan. simple, small, 3 to 4' long ; spkl. drooping, closely
7 to 12-flo\vered, densely silky all over; lower glume 3-veined, upper 5; hwer
pale much longer than the upper, 5 to 7-veined, the awn ^ of its length. — U Dry
hilly woods, U. S. and Can. Jn., Jl. (B. purgans Torr. nee L. fide Pro£
Gray.)
4 B. unioloides Thunb. & Kth. Rescue Grass. Culm 18' to 3f, glabrous:
I Ml
792
Obukb 156.— GllAMINE^.
Iv3. smouthish, on sheatha more or less hairy or almost smooth ; paa large, 6 ta
10' long, branches subsimple, whorled ; spikeleta smooth, linco-ovate, much com-
pressed, 2-edged, 1' long, ^ as wide, 8 to 12-flo\vered; lower gluuio 3, upper 6-
vcined; lo\/er pale 7 to 9-veined, much larger tlian the strongly 2keeled upper,
with scarcely any awn. — (J) Cultivated at the Soutli (iu 1857) from seeds distri-
buted by the government, but proved no better than our Cliess. f Peru,
5 B. cilisktus L. Culm erect, smootli, 2 to 4f liigh ; Ivs. flat, some pubescent, 6
to 12' long, on sheaths more or less pilous with deflexed liair.^ ; pan. large, erect,
6 to 8' long, finally nodding, branches in 2s and 4s, compound ; spikelets at fii'st
lance-fusiform, 7 to W-flowtred, the Us. soon separating; glume lower 1, upper 3-
veined; pales compressed-carinate above, silky-haired near the margins, twict
longer than the straight awn. — U Damp woods along rivers, U. S. and Can. Jn.,
JL (B. Canadensis Mx. B. pubescens Muhl. B. purgans, Ed, 2.)
/?. PURGANS. Pan. more open; spkl, silky-hairy all over. — Mid. and S.
States.
6 B. tectdram L. Culm slender, 1 to 3;', pubescent above; Ivs. pubescent;
sheaths ciliate witli few long hairs ; pan. compound, at length 1-sided and nod-
ding; pedicels capillary; spikelets linear-oblong, minutely downy, about 5-Jiowered;
glumes lower 1-, upper 3-veined ; lower pale 3-veined, carinato, scarious-edged,
lance-subulate, scarcely a« long as its awn. — (3^ N. York (Sartwell), Penn. (Jack-
son). (B. sterilis Torr.) § ,
31. TRICUS'PIS, Boanv. (Lat. tres, three, cuspis, a point; lefor-
ring to the structure of the lower pale.) Spi'ielets terete or tumid, 3
to O-flowered, upper flower abortive ; glumes J, unequal, awnless ; pales
2, the lower larger, hairy-fringed along the l:eel and the 2 lateral veins,
and ending in 3 short cusps or mucrones (the projecting veins and mid-
vein) and 2 intermediate teeth, upper pale 2-toothed ; stamens 1 to 3 ;
stigmas plumous ; caryopsis smooth, free, 2-horned. — Erect, simple.
Pjin. mostly with racemous branches.
1 T. seslerioides Torr. False Red-top. Culm hard and firm, glabrous, 4 to
5f high; Ivs. glabrous, linear, involute when dry, sheaths hairy at tlie throat;
pan. open, loose, 8 to 12' long, the slender hanches at length spreading ; spikl. te-
retish, lanceolate, about 5-flowered, purple, 2 to 3 " long; cusps of the lov\er palo
very short. — U A splendid grass, in dry fields, N. Eng. to 111. and S. States.
Aug., Sept. (Po!i Mx. Windsoria poseformis Nutt. Uralepis cuprea Kuith.) —
A variety has smaller, 3 to 5-flowered, pale purple spikelets and flexuous brunches.
Another var. has tlie spikelets white.
2 T. ambigua Kunth. Culm strictly erect, 2 to 4f high, slender and flrra,
glabrous as well as the linear, convolute-filiform Ivs., and the sheaths which are
scarce half the length of the internodes ; pan. contracted, small, 3 to 5' long ; spike-
lets few, subsessile, ovate turgid, 5 to 7 -flowered, thefls, at length divaricate, more
or less purple. — y Car. to Ga. and La. Spkl. not longer, but much thicker thaa
in No, 1. Sept. (Poa, Ell.)
3 T. stricta. Glabrous ; culm slender, firm, erect, 3 to 6f high ; pan. very strict,
spike-like, dense ; ppkl. sessile, flat, nearly as broad as long, 7 to 9-flowered ; glumes
lance-linear, much longer than the pales, about as long as the spikelets. — U Miss.
and La. Lvs. very long, flat. Pan. about 6' long, 6" wide, A singular grass,
(Windsoria Nutt.)
32. URAL'EPIS, Nutt. Sand Grass. (Gr. dvpd, tail, Xenig, a scale ;
a characteristic name.) Spikelets 2 to 6-flowered, fls. distant ; glume*
2, shorter than the flowers, unequal, awnless ; pales 2, very unequal,
both conspicuously fringe-bearded along the 2 or 3 veins, the lower 2-
cleft, with the midvein produced into a short, straight awn between the
2 segments ; upper 2-keeled. — Culms decumbent, branched. Pan. small,
the branches racemed.
1 U. purpClrea Nutt Caespitous; culms prof\»mbent at base, bearded at tbt
i 'v!
Okdeb 156.— GRAMINE^.
793
tMxleii, 10 — 18'; Iva. subulate, the unrer onea shorter than the sheaths, lialry be-
neath ; pan. simple, ruceriioiis, terminal and lateral, coneealud in the sheaths of
the leaved, the upper one partly exserl ; spikelet 3-tlowered ; awn of the pale aboxJ
as lonij as the latently obtuse segments, — Sea coast, among the driltmg stinds, Mass.
to Ga. Taste of the plant biltur. Aug. (U. aristulata Niitt.)
2 U. cornttta Ell. Culm 2f high, and with the narrow (1") loaves and sheaths
hairy ; pan. slender, composed of a few small, few-flowerc-d branches ; glumes 2,
subequal, very acute, purple as well as the 2 pales; upper pale lonj^er tlian the
glume, ike midvein prolonged in an elongated, at length recurved awn beyond tlio
segments. — S. States. (Triplasis Americana Beauv,
33. DACTYLIS, L. Orchard Grass. (Gr. ^aKTvXog, a finger ;
from the form of the spikes.) Spikelets aggregated, eompressed, 3 — 5-
flowered ; glumes unequal, herbaceous, the larger one carinate, shorter
than the flowers ; palese subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, the lower one
emarginate, carinate, mucronate, upper bifid at apex ; scales dentate. —
Lvs. carinate. Pan. composed of dense clusters.
D. glomer&ta L. Culm roundish, 2 — 4f ; lvs. linear-lanceolate, carinate, a little
scabrous, glaucous; sheaths striate; stip. lacerate; pan. remotely branchtvl,
rather secund ; spikelets about 4-flt)wered, in dense, glomerate, unilateral, termi-
nal oJusters; glumes very unequal •, anth. large, yellow. — U A fine, well-known
grass, of rapid growth, introduced in shady fields, as orchards, &c. June. § Eur.
34. K(£LE^RIA, Pers. (In honor of M. Koeler^ a German botanist.)
Spikelets compressed, 2 to 7-flowered ; glumes 2, subequal, acute or
acuminate, shorter than the flowers ; upper flower pedicellate ; pales 2,
the lower often acuminate-mucronate. — 11 — Grasses caespitous, erect,
simple, with dense panicles.
K. crist^ta Smith. Culm 20 — 30' high, smooth, leafy to one-half its height,
rigidly erect; lvs. flat, erect, pubescent, 2 — 3 " by 1 — 2", shorter than their pu-
bescent slieaths ; stip. short, lacerate; panicle spicate, narrow, 3 — 5' long, 6 — 8"
diam., branches very short; spikelets 2" long, silvery and shining, compressed,
about 2-flowered, with an abortive pedicel ; glume linear-oblong, acute, serrulate
on the keel, upper one longer. — Mid., W. States and Can. — A variety (K. nitida
Nutt.), is smaller and more delicate.
35. DIARRHE^NA, Raf. (Gr. dtV, two, dppT/VT/^, rough ; from the
two scabrous keels of the upper paleae.) Panicle racemous or simple ;
glumes 2, very unequal, 2 — 5-flowered, rigid, acuminate, mu ronate ;
palex cartilaginous, lower cuspidate, upper much smaller, emarginate ;
caryopsis coated, as lonjr as the upper pale ; scales ovate, ciliate.
D. didndra. Culm erect, nearly leafless, slender, rigid, 15—30'; lvs. few, sub-
radical, broadly linear, flat, rough-edged, 10 — 16' by 5 — 7", nearly glabrous;
sheaths close ; stip. obsolete ; panicle very simple and slender, branches erect, few ,
spikelets 2-flowered; glumes broad- ovate, upper twice larger, 5-veined; pales
much longer than the glumes, the upper with 2 roughish, green keels, and coo-
spicuoui^ly mucronate ; sta. 2 ? — River banks, Ohio to 111. (D. Americana Beauv.
Festuca Mx.)
36. FESTUXA, L. Fescue Grass. (The ancient Latin name.)
Spikelets 3 to Qo-flowered ; glumes 2, unequal, mostly carinate ; pales
firm, naked, the lower rounded (not carinate) on the back, obscurely
veined, acute, or mucronate, or awned ; stamens 3, rarely 1 or 2 ; stig-
mas plumous ; caryopsis linear-oblong, mostly adherent to the upper
pale. — Spikelets in racemes or panicles, the fls. remote, not webbed at
base.
.,
hi
I
794
Obdeb 15G.— (JRAMiNE.'E.
I Flii. awned. — Awns eonspicaous, about eqaalinfr or excccdinz the pales Nm. 1.1
— Awns iiiiiuli i)lioi-ter than the hinceuliite |>ule.t Nuii. A, 4
I KU. awnless. — I'uniclu contiocted, with short, usui-ndiii); briiiichf« No;*, fi, 6
— I'unicle very looite, with itpreading ov redexed briuiches Noa. 7, i
1 P. MyiiruB L. Culm 6 — 12' long, erect, geniculate near the base; Ivs. 2 — 3'
lonfr, subulate, concave ; slip, bilid or retuse; panicle slender, crowdeil; spikeluts
4 — y-Ho\vered ; yluinefi minute, equal ; Jin. subulate, hairy ; lower pale with an awn
twice its lenijth; ata. 1 ; stig. plumous, white. — X) Sandy fields, Car. to iJa. Mar.,
Apr.
2 P. ten611a Willd. Slender Fescue. Culm filiform, wiry, often growing in
tufts and geniculate at base, 6—12'; Ivs. erect, linear-seta<:eowi, 2 — 3' long; sheuth.s
subpubescent, with lacerated stipules ; pan. simple, contracted, rather secuini,
branches alone or in pairs; spikelets 6 to ^-flowered, with subulate, suboqual
glumes, at length brownish ; fls. subulate, tfieir awns of aJ)out equMl lemjth. — V)
Sandy fields, N. Eng to 111. and S. States.
3 P. ovina L. Sheep's Fescue. Culm erect, ascending at base, 6 — 10' ; Ivs.
very narrow, rough, radical ones very numerous, 2 — 4' long, cauline few, siiort,
erect; pan. few-flowered, simple, contracted; spikelets ovate, about i-floW'-red;
pale lance-ovate. — 4 -A. valuable grass for pasturage. Jn. § Eur.
/?. viviPARA. Glumes and pales changing to leafy tufts. — Mts.
4 P. duriUsoula L. Hard Fescue. Culm smooth 12 — 18'; Ivs. linear, very
acute, a little scabrous; stipules membranaceous, lacerate; paii. oblong, spreading,
inclining to one side, branches in pairs; spikelets nearly terete, 5 — 1 -flowered;
lower glume smaller, upper one 3-veined ; palese unequal, lower witii short awns.
— U Fields and pastures. A fine grass, common, Car. to Can. Juno, July.
fi. RUBRA. Spikelets 7 to ll-flowered; herbage often tinged with red. — Dry
fields, eastward.
5 P. pratSnsis Iluds. Meadow Fescue. Culm smooth, 3 — If high ; Ivs. lanoo-
linear, smooth, rough-edged, a foot long, on smooth, loose sheaths ; panicU* sub-
erect, branches short, in pairs, ascending ; spikelets lauce-ovate, acute, 6 to ^-flow-
ered, 6 — 9" long, racemous on tlio branches; lower glume shorter; lower palwc
acuminate or mucronate. — A fine grass, in meadows, U. S. and Can. Jn. §
6 P. el^tior L, Tall Fescue Grass. St. smooth, 2 — 3f high ; Ivs. lance-linear,
veined, smooth, rough-edged, about 8' long ; sheaths veined, smooth with obso-
lete stipules ; panicle branched, erect in flower, spreading, somewhat 1-sided,
branches subsolitary, spikelets short, alternate somewhat sfcund, 2 to 5-flowered,
about 3" long; pales smooth, chartaceous, barely acute. — Fields and meadows.
Jn., JL §
7 P. ligida Kunth. Culm decumbent, ascending 3 to 5' ; Ivs. much shorter, subu-
late, involute when dry; pan. subsimple, secund, an inch or two long, the brauches
alternate, oppressed; spikelets lance-linear, 5 to 9-rtowered; ft'i. acutish, terete,
purplish. — In dry soils, Car., near the coast. Plant dwarf anu rigid. Ai)r., May.
8 P. niitanB "Willd. Nodding Fescue. Culm erect, slender, smooth, with black
nodes, about 3f high ; Ivs. narrow-linear, a foot long, veined ; panicle slender, dif-
fuse, at length nodding, and the slender braiv-hes deflexed; spikeltts lance-ovate, 3 — 5-
flowered ; fls. smooth, awnless and nearly veinless. — 11 Open woodlands, in most
of the States. June. (F. Shortii Kunth., when the grass is stouter and the spike-
lets about 5-flowered.)
37. EATO'NIA, Raf. (Dedicated to Prof. Amos Ettfo»,the well-
known author of the " Manual of Botany," which bears his name.)
Spikelets mostly 2-flowered, numerous, paniculate, silvery ; glumes 2,
very dissimilar, the lower linear, 1-veined, upper broadly obovate, ob-
tuse or abruptly pointed, 3-veined, with broad, scarious marjrins ; pales
obtusish, awnless, chartaceous, j^iabrous ; caryopsis oblong. — 4 Smooth
and delicate grasses with simple, caespitous culms.
ZS. obtusdta Gray. Culm erect, geniculate below, leafy, 1 to 2f ; nodes pubes-
cent, blackish, contracted; Ivs. 3 to 6' by 2 ", scabrous, acuminate, shorter than
the sheaths; stip. lacerate; pan. conliracted, 3 to 5' long, 6 <o 12 " diam., dciuse,
branches fascicled, short, appressed; spikelets \\" l®iig, 2-tiowercd, tumid; lower
Order 156.— ORAMINK^. 795
giume about as long but very much narrower than the obovato, obtuse, pul.eru-
leut upper one ; palos scarious at summit, a little cxstTted. — Penn. (Jaeksoti)
to Wis. (Laphani), and S. States. Jn., Jl. (Aira, Mx. A. tnmcata Muhi. K.^v•
leria Torr., and Ed. 1. R. paniculata Nutt. Re>x>ulea, Kuuth. E. purpurw-
ceus Raf.)
3 B. Pennsylvdnioa Gray. Erect, tufted, minutely puberulent. usually alwut
2f high ; Ivs. flat, short, 1 to .3' by 2V' ; pan. slender, open, usually witli'divLifr-
ing branches, and 5 to 10' long; spilcolets rather loose, 1^' long; upper glume
abruptly short-pointed ; palos acutisli, exserted half their length. — Rocky wotnis
and meadows, U. S. and Can., frequent but not abundant. The larger varittii'<i
are very elegant. Jn., Jl. (Aira mollis Muhl. Koeleria DC. Reboulea, Kunili.,
Gray.)
38. MEL'ICA, L. Melic Gra.ss. (Lat. mel^ lionoy.) Glumes 2,
unequal, membranous, obtuse, 2 to 5-flowered ; flowers a little longer
than the glumes, the upper incomplete and more or less contorted;
pales truncate, veiny, as well as the gir.mes ; caryopsis tVee, not fur-
rowed. — Lvs. flat. Spikelets pedicellate, in a subsimple j)anicle.
M. miitica Walt. Culm 3 — 4f high, glabrous ; lvs. linear, flat, pubescent beneath ;
stip. lacerate; panicle glabroas, loose, few-flowered, erect or a little nodding,
branches simple, solitar}'; spikelets — 8' long; Igwer glume shorter, very
smooth ; paleiB veined ; upper fl. neuter, pedicellate, consisting of veiy short,
roundish pales often twisted together. — U Rich upland .soil, Penn. to Wis. and S.
States. Varies, with a panicle reduced to a mere racenia. Jn. (M. glabra Mx.
M. speciosa MuhL)
39. ERAGROS'TIS, Beauv. Spikelets 5 to oc(rarely tewor)-flowered,
compressed ; glumes and fls. membranous ; lower pale carinate, 3-veine<i,
not webbed, upper pale persistent on the flcxuous rachis after the free
caryopsis has fallen with the lower. — Hairy or rou!»;hish grasses with
involute lvs., sheaths at throat and axil of branches often bristly and tis.
in panicles, the branches mostly scattered. (Poa, L.)
§ Spikelets few-flowered (fls. 2 to 4, rarely more) Nog. 10, 9, 8
§ Si)ikelets many -flowered (lis. 6 to 3i»). (b)
b I'iinifle ditfuse, capillary, longer than the rest of the c-iilni \os. 7, fi, 5
b Panicle contractefl, ratlier dense. — Culms (U'cuniluiit below Nos. 4, 8, '2
— C\dius procuuibent, creepiiit; No. 1
1 E. reptana Nees. Culm branched, creeping, rooting at the juiiita, 6 — 12' ; lvs.
subulate, flat, 2 — 3' long; sheaths open, pilous on the margin and throat; pan.
I — 2* long, branches short, simple, in fascicles, few-flowered; spikelets linear-
lanceolate, with 12 — 20 acuminate flowers. — OD On sandy banks of rivers, N. Y.
to Ky. and La. JL, Aug. — The plant is somewhat dioecious.
2 B. poaeoides Beauv. Culm oblique or decumbent, geniculate, 1 — 2f long ;
lvs. lanceolate, attenuate at end, scabrous on the margin and above ; sheaths
pilous at the throat ; stip. short, bearded ; panicle expanding, branches subdivided,
Hoxuous, subpilous in the axils ; spikelets ovate-oblong^ 12 — 20-flowered; glumes
nearly equal. — (D A fine-looking grass, fields and waste grounds, common. Jl.,
Aug. § Eur. It has a strong, peculiar odor. Varies much ; the later growtlis
are in more dense tufts, with smaller spikelets. (E. megastachya Lk. P. Era-
grostis L.)
3 E. pil6sa L. Culms in tufts, geniculate, ascending, 6 to 12'; lvs. narrow-linear,
or 5;ubulate, short ; sheaths slightly bearded at the throat ; pan. oblong, some of
the middle branches opposite ; spikelets linear, bluish, about as long (3 to 4 ) a»
the pedicels, 6 to 12-flowered, the rachis at length becoming pectinate or serrulate
with the persistent upper pales. — (p In sandy or gravelly waste places, Conn.
to Ga. and W. States. Jl., Aug. § Eur. (E. pectmacea Mx., a more appropriaia
name, as the plant is scarcely pilous.)
4 E. confirta Trin. Ctdm rather stout, geniculate below, branched, 2 to of; lvs.
broad-lanceolate, rough, flat, and sheaths naked; pan. long (i> to 12), narrow,
branches and branchlets very numerous, suberect, each racemoua with iii« small,
u
Too
Orueb 156.— GRAMINEJ5.
numerons spikeleta which are 7 to U-flowered and only IJ' lonj?; pales hyallnr\
oviito, pointed, 3-voined. — Ij Car. to Ga. and La. (Poa conferta Ell.) The 2 pales
fall together.
5 E. nitida. Culm erect, glabrous and fwlished as well as the whole plant, 1 2 to
20'. Lvs. long, linear, involute when dry, with a few hairs at top of slieath ;
pan. dilluEO, much longer than the culm ; spikelets lanceolate, about S-Howercd,
I'.yaline glumes and palea sharply serrulate on the keel. — ^X) 8. Car. and adjacent
i.sian(is. Ju. — Aug. (Poa nitida Ell.)
6 E. hirsiita. Culm subsimple, compressed, erect, 1 — 2f; lvs. lanco-lincnr, attenu-
ate at end, surpassing tiio stem, haay at base ; sheaths loosi", longer than the inter-
nodes, lower ones hairy, upper ones smooth ; stip. fringed ; panicle very largo,
capillary, branches spreading, reflexed in fruit, hirsute in the axils ; spikeleta ob-
long, 2 to 3 , purplish, 5 to 16-flowered, long pedicelled; pale ovate, acute, dis-
tinctly .S-veined, upper ciliato. — U Sandy fields, U. S. Jl., Aug. The rachis
never (?) becomes pectinate. (Poa hirsuta Mx.) — Varies with the lvs. and sheaths
nearly smooth and spikelets larger (P. spectabilis Ph.) Also with the whole pani-
cle, except the spikelets, hirsute like the axils. And thirdly, with the spikeleta
racemously appresaed along the branchlets (P. rofracta Ell.)
7 E. Purshii Schrad. Culm decumbent at base, ascending 6 to 12 or 20'; lvs.
subulate, 1 to 3' long, upper surface rougli ; sheaths very hairy at throat ; pan.
long and loose, the lower branches, or all, hairy in their axils; ped. capillary,
longer than the spikelets "^vhich are lance-oblong; 5 to 12-flowered; pales merely
acute, purplish. — X) Dry fields, Md. to Ga., common. Jl., Aug. (P. tcnella ? Pli.
Ell.)
8 E. capill^ris Nees. Culm branched at base, smooth, 1 to 2f ; lvs. linear, at-
tenuated above, flat, smooth ; sheaths striate, with long hairs about the throat
and margin ; stip. short; pan. very large (near a foot long) with difiusely spread-
ing, capillary branches, axils not bearded, or the lower slightly ; spikelets ovate,
acute, about 3-flowered, on rather rigid, long, capillary pedicels ; j'ljtfes scabrous,
J" long, acute, the 2 side veins scarcely visible. — Dry grounds, U. S. Aug.
9 E. trichodes. Culm simple, 12 to 20', erect; lvs. long (10 to 18"), rough,
thinly l>airy, as well as the sheaths, throat with long hairs ; pan. rather longer than
culm, narrow, capillary, only the lower axils bearded ; spikelets not colored, 2 to
5 (mostly 3)-flowered ; paks and gls. hyaline, distinctly '^-veined, lanceolate, \\''
long. — y Sandy soils, S. and W. States. (P. trichodes Nutt. P. tenuis Ell.)
10 E. erytlirdgona I?.^ s. Culms very branching, in tufts, ascending 3 to 10'<
joints a narrow red ring ; lvs. narrow, convolute when dry, the upper about equal-
ing the oblong, rather dense panicle ; spikelets 2 to 5 (mostly 3)-flowered, 1 to V\"
long, bluish ; gls. lanceolate ; pales ovate, all acute and nearly veinless. — (1) Waste
and cultivated grounds, Penn. (Jackson) to 111. and South. Whole plant bluish.
40. PO^A, L. Spear Grass. Meadow Grass. (Gr. noa, grass.)
Spikelets 2 to 6 (rarely 9)-flowered, compressed ; glumes subequal, point-
less, shorter than the contignous flowers ; pales herbaceous, soft-awnless,
the lower compressed-carinate, 6-veined, usually clothed on the veins
below with a cobweb-like, matted wool, the upper pale bicarinate ; stig
mas simply plumous ; caryopsis free. — Smooth grasses with soft flat lvs.,
the fls. paniculate.
H Branches of the panicle in 28, Ss, or often single. (•)
• Flowers not webbed, merely pubescent on the back, (a)
a Annual. Panicle dense with subsessile spikelets No. 1
a Perennial. Panicle loose, spikelets long-pedicellate Nos. 2, 8
• Flowers webbed.— Spikelets mostly 2-flowered, 2". Pan. very slender No. 4
—Spikelets mostly 2-flowered,— many, panicle diif use Nos. 6, 6
— few (4 to 8). Mountains No. T
—Spikelets mostly 6-flowered, ovate, short-pedicelled Nos. 8, 9
5 Branches of the panicle in about 6b, half-whorled. (b)
b Spikelets 2 to 4-fiowered, — obtuse, pedicellate, loose No. 10
—acute, pedicellate, very loose Nos. 11, 18
b Spikelets 8 to 6-flowercd, subsessile In rather dense panicles Nos. 18, 14
1 P. dnnua L. Annual Speab Qbass. Culms decumbent and rooting at tha
Order i5G.— GRAMINE.E.
7U7
bftm, compressed, 3 to 8' ; Ivs. lance-liuour, short, emuoth, carinato, on loosu,
glabrous slioaths ; stip. obloDg, dentuto ; piiniclo spreading;, the braiich(>9 gener-
ally solitary, at length horizontal ; spikulets ovate-oblong, rather numerous, con-
tuiuing about 5, loose Howers. — (li A small, abundant, annual grass. Can. and
U. S., forming a dense, sott and beautiful turtl May — Sept.
2 P. flezudsa Muhl. Culm erect from a tuRed base, 12 to 20' ; Ivs. 2 to 6' by 1^
to 2i', gradually acute ; upper half of the culm naked, bearing a thin, open pan.;
ln-anches mostly in pairs, tiliforra, often flextwva, long (2 to 3), witli the few
pedicellate spikeleta at the etid ; fls. 3 or 4, lanceolate, scarious-pointod, pubes-
cent but not webbed at base, tlie gls, about as long (2^ '). — U Woods, Vu.,
Ky. to Ga. Spikoletd not purplish. Apr. — Jl. (P. autumnalis Muhl.)
3. SCAR1&8A. Fls. of the spikelet 4 to 6, narrowly lanceolate, remote, nearly
glabrous, with conspicuously scarioua (blunt) points. — E. Tenn.
3 P. hexdntha. Culm weak and slender, 18 to 24', erect from the documbont
lower joint; Ivs. 3 to 6' long, very gradually attenuated, the upper reaching i\w
panicle which la very open, the branches in pairs, long (2 to 4'), bearing the lonjj
pcdiceled spikelets near the end; spikeleta oblong (4"), mostly 6 (5 to h)-flowered,
fla. remote, oblong, villous (not webbed) at base, very obtuse and compressed at
the scarioua apex. — U Found at Atlanta, Ga., in meadows, perhaps a foreigner.
Spikelets few but large. Jn.
4 P. dindntha. Culms in dense tufts, very slender, 18' to 2f, from fibrous roots :
Ivs. narrowly linear, about 3' by 1", sooa reflexed, sheaths rather shorter; ligulo
short, truncate ; pan. very slender and fow-Howered, branches erect, very few,
solitary or 2 together ; spikeleta 2 or '5 (mostly 2)-flowered ; Hs. acute, obscurely
veined, smooth, except tho copious web at b:*se, the acute glumes much shorter.
— Fields, Montgomery, Ala. May, Jn.
5 P. brevifdlia Muhl. Culm compressed, 1 to 2f ; Ivs. of the culm about 2, flat,
oblong, cuspidate and pungent, lower about 1' hng, upper 6 ", root Ivs. long and
narrow, all erect, keeled and pungent at the point; ligule truncate, lacerate;
sheaths nearly as long as the nodes ; pan. loose, branches tiliform, in pairs ; spike-
leta ovate, 3 to4-flowered ; fls. rather obtuse, 2\" long, slightly webbed. U Penii.
(Jackson) to Va. and III. Spikelets often tinged with purple. Apr., May. (P.
pungens Nutt. P. cuspidata Bart.)
6 P. dSbilia Torr. Culm erect 18' to 2f; Ivs. lance-linear, flat, gradually axute ;
ligule oblong, acute ; pan. loose, few-flowered, some spreading, branches mostly in
pairs, flexuous; spikelets ovate, obtuse; 3 (rarely 2)-flowered; fls. very obtuse,
1^" long, faintly 3-veined, webbed at base; palea green; glumes ovate, acute. —
Rocky woods, Conn, to IlL
7 P. Idza Hoenke. Culm csespitous, 6 — 8'; Ivs. linear, acute, erect; stip. lanceo-
late; pan. 1 — 2' long, contracted, nodding, branches mostly in pairs, smooth,
flexuous; spikelets 2 J'' long, ovate, 3-flowered; fls. often purple, acute, hairy,
eoiuewhat webbed at base; glumo lance-ovate, slightly scabrous on the keel;
lower palea hairy below, upper rough-edged ; anth. violet. — U Mountains N. Fng.
and N. Y. to Arc. Am.
8 P. alpina L. Culms erect, 6', from fibrous roots; Ivs. short, broadly linear,
obtuse, lower with short, truncate ligules, upper with oblong, acute ones; pan.
equal-sided, erect, ovate or oblong, hose, the branches m pairs, ^reading, with
rather large, ovate, short-pediceled, 5 (4 to 9)-flowered spikelets; fls. ovate.—
Can. West and high northward. Jn.
9 P. compr^asa. Blue Grass. Culm decumbent and rooting at base, much com-
pressed, 12 — 18'; Ivs. linear, short, bluish green; sheaths rather loose, with a
short, obtuse stipule; pan. contracted, 3' by 1 or less, somewhat secund, branches
"very short, in 2s and 3s; spikelets ov.'»tc-oblong, flat, 3 to 7 -flowered, subsessile,
fls. rather obtuse, webbed. A valuable grass, with sweet and nutritious herbage,
propagating it8:5lf everywhere (Va., Tenn., northward) in woods, pastures and
meadows. May, Jn. (a month later than P. pratonsis).
10 P. sylv^atria Gray. Culm erect, compressed, 2 to 3f; Ivs. flat, soft, 3 to 6'
long, 1 to 2" wide, gradually attenuated; ligules blunt; pan. oblong-pyramidaL
tliin, branches in Ss or more, flexuous, 1 to 2' long, spikelets (2 ") pedicellate,
broad-ovate, 2 or 3-flowered ; fls. oblong, obtuse, copiously webbed. — Rocky wood^
;
ros
Order 1 5G. — < J It A M I X K /E.
Wis. to Ohio, S. to Miss, and Ala. Upper lialf of culm naked. Pan. 4 tr> 6' by 2
to 3'. Apr. (Soutli) to Jn.
11 P. serdtina Ehrh. Meadow Redtop. Foul Meadow. Culm erect, weak,
2 to 3f; Ivs. narrowly-linear, flat, 10 to 15'; liyules elongated (2 to 3'), lacerate;
pan. (6' to 10' or 12' by 2' to 4'), branches in 5s, flexuous, capillary; spikelets
all pedicellate (IJ to 2 ), 2, 3, rarely 4-flowered; fls. webbed, acute, tawny red
at apex, or at length c^ljred throughout. — Wet meadows and woods, common in
the N. States and Can. Jn. — Aug. Varies with the spikclots all 2-tlowpred and
colored, on the diffuse, capillary branches (in woods and swamps), or ail 3 or moie-
flowered, branches suberect. — Makes excellent hay.
12 P. caesia Smith. Wood Spear Grass. Culm slender, 2 — 3f; Ivs. narrow-
linear, pale green, smootli as well as the sheaths; ligtdes scarcely any ; pan. 6 — 10'
long, .slender, nodding when in fruit, branches capillary, flexuous, in 5s (2s to 5,«);
<?& very acute ; ppikclets ovate, about 3-flowered, spreading and at length remote,
slightly webbed at base. — U A tall thin grass, in wet, open woods, N. Eng. to
Wi.Sw and Can. Jn., Jl.
13 P. trivi^lis L. Rough Meadow Grass. Culm sometimes .stoloniferous at
base, roughish backwards, 2 — 3f ; Ivs, lance-linear, acute, romjh-edyed, lower ones
very long, cauliue as long as the roughish sheatij-s with hng, acuminate liijulesj
panicle diffuse, expanding, scabrous, branches 4 — 5 together in half-whorls ; spike-
lets oblong-ovate, 2 — 3-Ho\vered. — 2^ N. States. June, July.
14 P. prat^nsis L. Spear Grass. June Grass. Culm terete, smooth, 1— 2ri
Ivs- carinate, linear, abruptly acute, radical ones very long and numtirous, eaulino
shorter than the veined, smooth sheaths ; liy. slwrt, truncate; pan. diffuse, branches
3 — 5 together in half-whorls ; spikelets ovate, acute, with about 4, acute flowers :
glumes lanceolate, rather acuminate. — IX -A.n excellent grass both for hay ami
pasturage, very abundant. Apr. (South) May (West) Jn. (North.)
41. BRIZOPY'RUM, Link. {Briza, nvpog, wheat.) Spikelets cc-
flowered, compressed, crowded in a spikelike panicle ; glumes herba-
ceous, unequal; pales awnless, subcoriaceous, lower compressed, but
not carinate, faintly many-veinca, acute. — Lvs. mo.stly involute, smooth
and rigid. •
1 B. spic^tum Hook. Culm branched at base, erect 1 to 2f; cauline lvs. nu-
merous, 3 to 6' long; sheaths longer than the joints, close, upper onus hairy at
throat; spike-like pan. oval, yellowisli, consisting of^ short, fasciculate branches
with sessile spikelets ; spkl. oblong, 5 to 9-flowered ; fls. triaudrous. — Salt marshes,
N. Y. to Car. Jl. (Uniola ed. 2. I'o'\ Michauxii Kunth.)
42. GLYCE^RIA, Brown. Manna Grass. (Gr. yXvKvg, sweet, on
account of the sweet taste of the grains.) Spikelets many-lioweriM.1,
teretish or turgid, rachis jointed; glumes «ubequal, pointless; pales
awnless, webless, herbaceous, the lower usually t-veined, rounded on
the back (not carinate) ; stigmas doubly plumous ; ovaiy smooth, grain
free. — 2i Smooth grasses from creeping rhizc:nes in wet places, with
simple panicles. Sheaths mostly fistular (not split).
I Salt marsh Grasses. Lower pale 6-velned. Stigmas sesslK', simply plumed Nos. 9, 10
S In fresli .twamns, i&c. Lower pale 7-veiiu>d. Si^ti^mas doubly pluuious. (a)
a Splkelatsi linear-lanceolate, in a very simple panicle Nos. 1, 2
a 8i)il{elots linear-oblonjar, in compound, spreading; panicles Nos. :), 4
a Spikelets ovate, short, turgid, — in slenilcr, apprcssed paninlcs Nos. .\ «»
— in uu opi'M, recui'ved pauicli- Nos. 'i, S
1 O. fluitans Brown. Culm compressed or ancipitous, ascending at base, 3 — 5r;
lv8. lance-linear, smooth beneaMi, about a foot long; sheaths veined, smooth,
with a very large stipulo; panicle secund, long, slender, slightly branched ; spike-
fcto 8 to 10" long, linear, appressed, 7 to 12-Jiowered; fls. obtuse; lower pale 7-
veined, denticulate. — U Swales, &c. Can., N. States to La. Jn., Jl. (Festuca
fluitans, L.)
2 O. aoutifldra Torr. Culm somewhat compreased, 1 — 2f; Wx narrow, attcn-
OHDKU 150. — UHAMINE^E.
7i^9
uated above, half n.s long as the Btem ; paniclo simple, long, raceme-like, appreasoii ;
apikekta liuear, 9 to 12' long, 4 — G-Howerod; distant Jis. very slender, acute, in-
diatinctly veined. — '4 Inundated meadows, N. Eng-., N. Y. June. (Festuca bre-
vifolia Mulil.)
3 Q-. aqu^tica Smith. Culm stout, leafy, 4 to 5f; Ivs. broad-linear, flat, thin;
pan. erect, difluse, branches at lengtii spreatling, flexuous, U to 5 together, in
half whorls; spikelets linear-oblong, purjple, 2 to 3 ' witii G to 8 ovate-obtuse flow-
ers. — U Wet meadow.s, N. States and Can. A largo and handsome grass, culti-
vated for hay in Eur. (Poa, L.)
4 G. pdllida Trin. Culm weak decumbent, ascending 1 to 2.]f; Ivs. flat, linear,
10 to 16' long, glaucous beneath; stip. elongateil ; pan. loose, few-flowerfd,
branches capillary, spreading; spikelets 3 ", oblong-Hnear, 5 to 9-flowored ; lowi-r
glume 3-vciued; lower palea 5-veined, 5-toothed at t!" . j;.:^ when old. — If
Swamps, Can. to Va. and West? June, July. (Poa dc; tatt, i'jT.)
5 G. nervata Trin. Culm smooth, 3 to 4f ; Ivs. lance-liv v ar, strii.te, rough above,
about a foot long, on striate, rougliish sheatlis ; lig. laceraio ; o' i- larye, loose, dif-
fuse, equal, brandies weak, pendulous in fruit, long and capillary, in 2s or 3s;
spikelt'ts ovate-oblong, containing about 5, obtuse, conspicuously 7-veined flowers.
— y A valuable gras.* in wet meadows, N. Eng. to 111. Ju. (Poa, VVilld.)
6 G. elong^ta Trin. Culm round, erect, smooth, Hf ; Ivs. narrow-linear, smooth,
8 to 15' long; sheaths striate, smooth; lig. very short; pan. (8 to 10) elongated,
■xaccme-Uke, nodding, blanches solitary or in 2s, appressetl ; spikelets ovate-obtuse,
tumid, containing abouc 3 obtuse, 5-veiued flowers. — It Wet meadows, N. Eng.
to Penn. and 111. Jl. (Poa, Torr.)
7 G. obtiisa Trin. Culm smooth, firm, 2 to 3f; Ivs. dark green, linear, ollen
surpassing the culm, and with the sheaths smooth ; pan. dmise, ovate, many -flow-
ered, 3 to 4', erect; spikelets ovale, acide, tumid, thick, containing 5 to 7, smootli,
ovate, obtuse ^ciifers ; lower pale obscurely 7-veined. — IX iSwamps, N. Eng. to
Penn. Aug., Sept. (Poa, Mulil.)
8 G. canadensis Torr. Culm round, smooth, erect, 3 to 4f; Ivs. broad-linear,
rough, glaucous, on smooth sheaths ; lig. lacerate, ovate-ootu.so ; liaii. kinje, 6 to
8' long, branches Jlexiijus, in half whorls, much spreading or pendulous in fruit;
spikelets short, ovate, tumid, 6 to 8-Howered; glumes much shorter than the
lower flower ; upper pale very obtuse, lower about 7-Vi'inf .1 ; stain. 2. — It A large
grass, in shady groimds, N. States, Can. Jl., Aug. (Poa Torr.)
9 G. maritima Wahl. Culm somewhat geniculate, rou.-a, about a foot lii,s;h ;
Ivs. somewhat glaucous, rough-edged, involute ; pan. erect, dense, branches in pairs,
scabrous ; spikelets terete, linear, purplish, about S-flowered ; fls. obtuse, indis-
tinctly 5-veiued. — 1( b<.H, marshes, Mass. Ju. (Poa, Iluds.)
10 G. distans Wahl. Very smooth ; culm firm and leafy, oblique, round,
branched at base, 1 — 2f; Ivs. flat, lance-linear ; pan. spreading, branches fascicu-
late, in is to 5s, crowded, straight ; spikelets ohlong. somewhat racemed, sessne,
crowd' d, about 3-flowered ; glumes niinute, unequal. — IC Salt marshes, N. Y.
(Poa (kv Mjulata Torr.)
43. BRIZA, L. QuAKiNa Grass. (Gr. /l^nVfiJ, to no<l, as in sleep ;
alludiri;^^ to th<' p<'iidulous spikelets.) Spikelets cordate, G — O-flowcred ;
glumes 2. shorter than the lower flowers ; paleaa ventricous, lower one
oordate at Uiw, iin bracing the upper which is snborbicular and niuidi
shorter ; caryopsis beaked. — Paniculate spikelets large, drooping on
slender pedicels.
1 B. media L. Cuhr, naked aiiove, 1 — 2f; Ivs. flat, smooth, lance-linear; atip.
short, obtuse; pan. eri^t. few-flowered, branches wide -spreading, capilliu*y, pur-
plish, bearing the ovate ordaie, tumid, pendant and tremulous spikelets at tiie
ends, these are abo^it 7-ytou;«r'-<i, greenish-purple ; paleuj veinless. — y Meadown
•nd pastvires, coastward, N. Eng. to Penn. May. ^ Eur.
2 B. maxima L. Pan. nedding at tb« sunmit; spik(>lets oblong, cordat»,
13 to l7-dowered. — {X Uardens, occauioDaily cultivated as oruameutal. f Eur.
900
Order 156.— (JRAMINE^.
44. UNrOLA, L. Union Grass. (Diminutive from Lat. Mnu«, one •,
many floweis in one spikelet.) Spikelets compressed, 2-edged, 3 to
20-flowered ; lower flower or fls. neutral, of one pale ; glumes 2, cari-
nate ; lower pale flattened and wing-keeled, the upper double wing-
keeled, both awiiless ; stam. 1 or 3 ; caryopsis free. — 21 Smooth, erect,
flat-leaved grasses.
5 Spikelets on slender podicols. liirge, elliptic. Pales unequal. Stamen 1 No. 1
I Spikelet!! subsessile, — liir^je (6 to 16" long). Pales about ecjual No.s. 2, -l
— small (2 to 3" long). Pales very unequal No. 4
1 U. latifdlia Mx. Culm 2 to 4f, smooth, 3ub.simple; Ivs. 8 to 18' bj 6 to 12' ,
lance-linear, glabrous, rough-edged ; sheaths longer than the iutemodes ; panicle
loose, 8 — 12' long, nodding; spikelets all on long peduncles, about 10" long
ovate, flat, about lO-flowered ; glumes unequal, near twice shorter than the fls.—
Dry woods, middle and Western States. Singularly elegant and showy. Aug.
2 U. paniculdta L. Sea-side Oats. Culm 4 to 8f; Ivs. narrow, convolute,
very long ; sheaths fringed at the throat ; pan. large and spreading ; spikelets ovate,
short-pediceled, 12 to 20-Jlowered, several of the lower fls. neutral; pales about
equal ; the lower 9-veined, obtuse ; stam. 3. — Sand hills along the coast, Va. to
Fla. A tall rank grass. Jl., Aug.
3 U. nitida Baldw. Culm very slender, wiry, branched below, 2 to 5f; Ivs.
narrow, 2 to 4" -wide; pan. slender and spike-like or with several spike- like
spreading branches ; spikelets subsessile, broader than long, about 1 -flowered, the 2
or 3 lower and the 1 highest abortive ; paies about equal, long-pointed, the upper
re-incurved at base , stam. 1. Ga. to La. Whole plant very smooth and shining.
Jn., Jl.
4 U. grdcilis Mx. Culm slender, leafy, 3 to 4f; Ivs. broadly-linear, tapering to
a slender point, flat. 12 to 18' long; sheaths shorter than the joints; pan. long
racemous, branches solitary, short, remote, erect ; spikelets with about 3 fertile
fls.; lower pale spreading, ^longer than the upper; glumes rigid, acute. — Sea-
coasts, N. Y. to Ga. and La. Aug.
45. PHR AG 'MITES Trin. Reed. Spikelets 3 to 6-flowered, the
lowest flower sterile and monandrous; rachis beset with long, silky
hairs ; glumes 2, acute, keeled, very unequal ; lower pale subulate,
silky-villous at base (except in the lowest flower) ; stam. 3 ; style 2 ;
caryopsis free. — 2^ (brasses tall, with broad, flat Ivs. and a large, diftuse
panicle.
P. commiiniB Trin. Culm smooth, stout, erect, 6— 12f high, often an inch in
diameter at base; lv.s. lanceolate, 1 — 2f by 1 — 2', rough-edged, smooth and glau-
cous ; panicle large and loosely branched, branches in half whorls, rather erect,
slender; spikelets 3 — 5-tlowered, very slender, erect; glumes shorter than the
flowers which are of a dark hue, with tufts of white, silky hairs, about as long as
the paleaj. — 2^ Swaiups and about ponds, Mass. to 111. and Con. July. (Arundo
Phragmites L., ^d. 2.)
46. ARUNDIIA'RIA Rich. Cane. Spikelets compressed, 5 to 12-
flowered ; flowers imbricated, distant; glumes 2, small, awnless ; lower
pale ovate, acuminate-mucronate, not carinate ; stamens 3 ; stigmas 3 ;
plumous; scales 3, entire ; caryopsis free, deciduous. — 7i Grasses shrubby
or arborescent, often branched, the branches verticiliate-fascicled. Fls.
both perfect and staminate.
A. maoroBp^rma Mx. Culm woody, from strong, running rhizomes; Iva.
Unear-lanceolate, smooth, glaucous, all dimensions from 1' b; ' to If by 2';
sheaths fringed at throat ; flowering branches mostly arising from the rootstocks,
6 to 12' or 18' high, with Hheathn only, bearing 1 to several large (1 to 2^) spike-
lets; pales herbaceous, 8" lone. — In swampy soils, thToughou'c the S. States. The
fertile plants are small and ....couBpicuous, while tlio .^i-en arise 16 to 25f in tli«
1.
II.
III.
iif
ii
IV.
V.
i,j,.*.«fc* 'fitfriaiit^wc^
/,/V^^ LIBRARY, ^t>\
(t JUL 2 2 1902 J
^' „DESCRimON OF PLATES
ritUSTIlAfiNG THE GENERA OF GRAMINE^.
I.
Lbebsia. a, L. orizoides, a raceme, b, spikelet, an open flower, e, a spikelet
(flower) of L. leuticularis. d, Flower opeu. e, Ovary and stigma?.
ZizANiA — a Z. aquutiea, etamiaate flowers, natural size (u. m.). b A staminata
flower, enlarged (m). d A piiitillate flower, m. with one stigma visible and one
k>iijj;-awned pale.
Aguostis. — {• A. vulgaris, spikelet, m. with glumes and pales. 6 The flower
with its 2 pales, 3 stamens and 2 styles. « A. soabra, 2 glumes, m. d Flower
witb 1 pale, 8 stamens, and 2 styles.
Sporoboi.us. a S. asper, a spikelet m. b The grain, c S. loogifolius, spikelet
H). d Grain.
C.NNA. a C. pendula, a spikelet m. open, b C. arundiuacea, a spikelet m. open.
IfuHLKNBEROiA. o M. MoxicHua, Spikelet m. b M. soL>oIifera, spikelet m. « M.
•ylvatica, spikelet m. w M. Wildonowii, spikelet ni. d M. diffudu, spikelet m.
g The 2 small glumes
PoLYPoooN. a P. MoDspeliensis, panicle, diminished (dim.), b A spilrelet,
with glumes, Ac. e Flower with pales, stamens and styles.
Calamaurostk. a C. confinis, spikelet m. b A flower — the 2 pales, ovary and
2 styles. « C. Canadensis, spikelet m. d Grain.
Alopeciirus. a A. aristulatus, spikelet m. b Lower pale, c Ovary and 2
styles, d A. pratensis, spikelet m. e Lower pale. / A. geuioulatus, spikelet m.
Phleum. a P. pratense, spikelet m. b The 2 pales and ovary.
AmsTiPA. a A. dichot«raii, spikelets n. m. 6 A sirigle spikelet m. e A. pur-
punisccns, spikelet va. d K. tuberculosa, pale n. m. with its 3 large twisted and
bent awn^.
Stipa. a S. avenacea, spikelet. b pale with the long twisted and bent awu,
«. m. e Flower, m. with 3 stjunens, ovary, 2 styles.
11
Oryzopsis. « O. asperifolie, n. m. b Spikelet, ra. -m O. melanocarpa, spike-
let m. showing the black fruit.
Paspalum. p P. laeve, n. ni. a Spiikelet, m. ft Spikelet, with its true glume
open, d Paspahun sajiguinale, n. m. a spike. « A spikelet, showing the glum«
ie front rf A pale.
DIJbClUPTlUN UF ^LATKH. U
MiLLii'M. a M. effueuni, n. m. b Spikelet elt^ed. e Spikelet opeu. i Ovarj
and pistils.
Ahphicarpum. / A. Purshii, n. in. / Leaf, i Staminate fluwer, uf the pa»
icle. $ Piatillatu flower, of tlie root.
Panicx'M. a P. agrostoides, u. in. b Spikdet. e P. paucifloruin u. e Spike*
k*. d Fertile pales, x Neutral pales.
Oplismenus. o O. Crus-galli, dim. a Spikelet in. b Spikelet of ,i inuticus.
Setauia. a S. viridis. b Spikelet m, with its bristly iuvoluere. e Spikelet
of the »>aine in flower, showing two of the bristles.
CEN'riiRis. a C. tribuloidee, the burr-like involuci'e. 6 Spikelet. c Pales in
fruit d Pales iu flower.
Pha LABIS, a P. aruudinacea m. b Flower, and the 2 hairy rudiments at base.
« P. Canarieueis, spikelet.
Antiioxanthum. a A. odoratum, spikelet m. 6 The 2 awned rudiments, e
The perfect flower, 2 pales, 2 stamens, 2 styles.
HiERocHLOA. a H. borealis, n. m. b Spikelet. c Same, with the glumes re>
moved, showing the 3 flowers.
II0LCT8. a H. lauatus, n. m. b Spikelet m. c llie two flowers separated
from the gliuues.
III.
AiRA. c A. cnespitosa n. m. a Spikelet. b Flower, d A. flezuose, spikelet
D. m. e Part of the same magnified.
Danthonia. a D. spicata n. m. 6 Spikelet m. c Lower pale, rf Upper pale.
A VENA, a A. elatior, spikelet n. m. g Gluoies. f Flowers, p A. praecoz,
t)>ikelet n. ni. 6 (xlumes. « Flowers.
Tbisetum. a T. palusti-e, spikelet, am. 6 Same m. e Pales of the lowest
flower, p T. pi'rpurascens, spikelet, u. in. g Glumes, d A flower, closed,
IIromus. I B. secalinus. spikelet, b. m. a A flower, b B. ciliatus, spikelet
bef >re flowering, n. m. c A flower opeu.
Tricuspis. s T. seslerioides, n. m. a Spikelet. m Lower pale of flower.
n Upper pale, st T. stricto, spikelet enlarged 2 diameters.
Uralepb. a U. purpurea, n. m. b Spikelet m, e Lower pale, d Grain.
* Upper pale.
Dactylis. a D. glomerata, n. m. 6 Spikelet in flower.
Koeleria. c K. cristata, n. n*. a Spikelet. 6 Flower.
Diarbhena. a D. diandra, n. m. 6 Spikelet. e Flower.
Festuca. a F. tenella, spikelet, n. n. b Same nx <r F. nutans, spikelet, a.
m. d Flower.
FiAToNiA, a E. obtusata. spikelet n. m. b Same m. « Lower flower, d Upi>er
flower, with an empty pedicel,
Melioa. e M. mutiea, spikelet n. m. / Pales of a fl*ver.
IV.
Eraorostts. a E. poaeoides, spikelet n. ra. 6 Same m. e Pales of a flowen
d Grain, e E. hirsuta, spikelet n. m. / Same m.
iif
UHSCHIPTION or fLATtUt.
PoA. a p. (fiuautha, n. m. 6 Spikekt tu. c Fluwer. d P. deUlis, a in
• Spikelet iii. / Flower.
BaizopYutH. a B. apicatum, $ , n. n. 6 Spikelet $ , n. m. $ Spikelet i , u.
III. d Fluwer 9 open, e A stumen of ^ .
Glycicria. a G. aquatica, n. ni. 6 Spikelet m. « Flower, d G. CaiiadooHia
M. 111. * 8pikelet in. / A pale.
buizA. a li. media, dim. b Spikelet n. m. c Flower.
Uniola. a U. latifolia, spikelet u. m. b Flower. « Glames. d U. gracilk
B. 111. « Spikelet iii.
PHRAGMITE8. o P. commuois, spikelet n. ra. b A flower open.
AiWNDiNAEiA. a A. niacrosperma, spikelet n. m. b Flower. « Same with
fruit.
Lkpturi's. a L. paniculatus, dim. b Raceme n. m. e Spikelet in flower, m.
HoRUGUM. a II. jubatuin, half size, b Spikelet d. m.
Elymus. a E. Virginicus j3 arcuatus, spikelet n. m. 6 E. Canadensis, spikelet
n. m. c Flowers, d E. Hystrix, spikelet n. m.
LoLiuM. a L. perenne. n. m. 6 L. temulentum, spikelet n. m. c Flowor
upeii, m.
V.
Tritioum. a T. repen? n. m. 6 A flower. « T. vulgae, spikelet n. m
4 Ovary, scales, and styles.
Leptociiloa. a L. fascicularis, branch, n. ra. b Spikelet. e L. filiformis, n. in.
d Spikelet.
Gtmnopogon. a G. raoemosum, branch, p. m. b Glunaes. t Pales, d G. fil-
iformis, branch, n. in. e Spikelet m. d Spikelet cloHed.
Ctnodon. a C. Dactylon, dim. e Spikelet in flower, b Portion of spike.
d Glumes.
Eleusike. a E. Indica, am. 6 Spikelet m. « Spikelet in fruit
Spartina. « S. polystachia, branch, n. m. b Spikelet. « Flower without the
pales.
Bouteloca. c B. curtipendula, n. m. a Spikelet. 6 B. hirsuta, spikelet. d Tlw
abortive flower.
Tripsacum. a T. dactyloides, n. la, S pistillate flowero. $ staminate flowers.
RoTTBCELiA. b. R. Tugosa, n. m. « A joint of the spike with one sessile, fer-
tile spikelet, and one pedicelled, abortive spikelet.
Stenotaphrum. e S. dimidiatum, under side of the spike.
Ctenium. a C. aroniaticum, n. m. b Spikelet in fruit.
• Eriantitos. m E. alopecuroides, a joint of the raehis and spikelet, n. m.
h Spikelet m., in fruit, c E. brevibarbis, spikelet and joint of raehis, n. m.
\ndropooon. a A. scoparius, several spikelets, n. m. b One spikelet, m..
with a joint of raehis. e A. Halei, 2 spikelets, n. m. d Spikelet, m., with a juiiit
of raehis.
Zea. a Spikelet, staminate, from the tassel, b Spikelet, pistillate and fertile
from the ear, with its long style.
Orokb 156.— GRAMINtlifi.
mt
bmkcs and scarcely over flower. The firm, jointed, hollow, straight und toll
culma are Viiriously useful.
47. LEPTU'RUS, Br. Spikclnt 1 on each joint of the filiform racliis,
iininersi.'d in a cavity, I or 2-flowered ; gluuioa coriaceous, acutf, the
lower often wanting; pales membranous, awnless*, shorter than tho
glumes ; grain free. — Lvs. and spikes very narrow.
Zi. panicul&tus Nutt. Culm .scarcely Ifj compressed; Iva. short, rig. u. sheathing
tho base of the paiiiclu; pan. or naked racliis incurved, acutely triaugtjiar, rigid,
bearing 6 — 10 couifirossed, subulate spikes on one side, each 1 — 2 long; spiko-
k ts renjote, on one side the rachis ; glumes rigidly lixed, unequal, parallel ; palia
2, tlie outer of tho sam' > texture as the glumes, iuner membranaceous. — 111. (Mead),
Mo. (Nuttall).
48. HOR'DEUM, E. Barlev. (The ancient Latin name.) Spike-
lets 3 at each joint of the rachis, 1-flowered, the lateral ones sometimes
abortive ; glumes 2, subulate, nearly equal, awned ; palese 2, lower
iance-ovate, long-awned, upper obtusely acumitiate ; caryopsis adhering
to the paleae.
1 H. vulgire L. Four-rowkd Barley. Culm smooth, 2 — 3f; lvs. lance-lin-
ear, carinate, nearly smooth ; sheaths auriculate at the throat ; npike thick, about 3'
long; spikelets all fertile, 1-tiowered, with an awn-like rudiment at the base of
the upper palea ; glumes collateral, shorter than the tlowers ; fr. arranged in 4
rows. — 11 Extensively cultivated. May.
2 H. distichum L. Two-rowed Barley. Culm 2 — 3f; lvs. lance-linear,
scabrous above ; sheaths auriculate at the throat ; spike 3 — 4' long, linear, con.-
jiressed; lateral spikelets abortive, awnless; //•. arranged in 2 rows. — ^ More
common, and is generally preferred for malting to the former species. June,
3 H, jubdtum L. Squirrel-tail Grass. Culm slender, round, smooth, simple,
about 2f; lvs. broad-linear, 4 — 6' long, rough-edged, otherwise smooth, as well
as the sheaths; spikes 2 — 3' long spikelets with the lateral flowers neuter;
glumes and palese produced into fine, smooth awn.t, 6 times (W Umg (2') as the
flowtfrs; abortive flowers on short pedicels. — (g) Marshes, N. Eng. to Mo., N. to
Subarc. Am. June.
4 H. pusflluin Nutt. Culm 4 — 6', decumbent or geniculate at the base; lvs.
about 1^' long, rather obtuse, glaucous, striate; upper sheath tumid, embracing
the spike; spike linear, about IJ' long; glumes by 3.s, collateral, imbricated,
lateral ; aljortive fls. awnless ; awn of the central sessile 5 , as long as those of the
involucre, twice the length (7") of the pales, glumes all awned, the inner setaceoui
from the base. — Ohio to 111. and Mo.
49. EL'YMUS L. Lyme Grass. Wild Rye. (Gr. cAvo), to en-
velop ; as the spike iu the sheath.) Spikelets 2 to 4 at each joint of
tlie rachis, 2 to 6-llowered ; glumes 2, subequal, subulate, both placed
on the outer side of their spikelet forming an involucre to the group,
sometimes minute or obsolete ; pales lanceolate, coriaceous, the lower
mostly awned.
(a)
{ Eltmis proper. Involucre present, consisting of Mie conspiciK-i. £;1nmes
a ijpikelets 1 to 5-flowered, bard, rough, with con.spicuous aw (b)
b Spikelets glabrous, merely rough, 2 or B-flowcred No«. 1, 2
b Spikelets hispid with hairs, 1 to 8, or 2 to 5-ttowered Nog. 3, 4
b Spikelets glabrous, merely rough, 2 or B-flowcred.
b Spikelets hispid with hairs, 1 to 8, or 2 to 5-ttower
a Spikelets 5 to 8-ttowered, soft-pubescent, without awns No. 5
§ GvMNOSTACUUM. IdvoI. obsolete or the gls. luinute. Awns divaricate No. 6
1 B. Virglnicus L. Culm smooth, 3 or 4f, erect ; lvs. lance-linear, flat, scabrous,
deep green, 4" broad; sheaths striate ; lig. very short ; spike erect, thick, 3 to 5'
long ; spikelets in pairs, 2 or ^-/lowered, the collateral glumes in front, thickened
and subconnate at base, striate, and with the pales, produced into rather short (6
to 10'), scabrous aums. — U Banks of streams, U. S. A Southern variety has
the glumes very thick an'l arcuate at base (like E. Caput-Meduase L.). Aug.
51
m%
Ordbe 15G.— GliAMlKK^
2 B. Buropieus L. Culm t-rcct, 3 to 5f; Ivs. lance-linoar, Poabroo!*, with mvnf"
what hairy sheaths; spike suberect, 5 to 8', very scabrous but uearly ^ittbrons;
apikelets temate, 2-flowored, with long (15 to 26"), Htout, straight, divrrgiiig awui
all of similar length. — Along rivers, S. States. The loug parallel uwna give it
quite a diQ'erent appearance from No. 3.
3 B. Canadensis L. Culm erect, 3 to 5f-, Ivs. laneo-liuoar, flat, stnootli, dark
green, or often glaucous; spike rather loose and spreading, 4 to 8 long, generally
nodding, rachis hairy, spikelets more or k'ss hairy, in 23 and '.in, 'A to 6-flowore(i,
awns of the fls. usually curved, longer (7 to 17) than those of the glumes. — ,\
tall grass, looking like Kyo, with long, recurved, waving spikes. Uivi r banks. Aug.
4 B. strilitus Willd. St. slender, erect; Iv.s. and shcallis smooth, the former
lance-linear, acuminate, scabrous on thi- upper surfai-o ; spike erect, 2 to .T lotiir;
invol. 4-leave(l, strongly veined ; spikvlels in pairs, somewhat spreading, hispid,
1 to 3-Jtowered; awns 3 or 4 times as long as the pale. — U Ma.ss. to Pfiui.. W. to
Ohio, rare. A small and slender species. July. (K. villosus Muhl. is some larger,
with very hairy glumes.)
5 B. m611is Trin. Culr. velvety pubescent above, stout, 2 to 4f ; iv.s. involute-
compressed, glabrous as well aa the striate sheaths; spiko thick, erect, Q to 8' ;
ppikeleta in pairs, about 7-tiowered, awnlcss, all clothed with u soil pubc^vnco ;
ghimes shorter than the fls. — Lake shores, Min. and Can. \V.
6 B. H^striz L. Culm round, smooth, 2 — If; Ivs. lance-linear, carinate, scabrous,
generally glaucous and with the sheaths striate; spiko 4 — G long, ereet; rachi.'i
nearly smooth, floxuous; spikelets remotL-, diverging;, almost horizontal, 2 — 3-
flowered; glumes 0, rarely 1 or 2 ; fls. Hmoothisli; lower palcfc terminating in a
very long awn. — If An odd-looking grass, in moist wood.s, N. States, common. Jl.
50. LO^LIUM, L. Darnel Grass. Spikelets maiiy-flowered, sessile,
remote, with the edge to the raehi.s ; glume to tlie lower spikelct single,
to the terminal one 2 ; palejc herbaceous, subequal, lower one short-
uwneJ or mucronate, upper bifid-toothed.
1 L. perdnne L. R.\t Darnel. Smooth ; culm terete. 1 — 2f; Ivs. lanco-linoar,
ehining-green, on striate sheaths with truncate stipules; rachis ilexuous grooved,
5 — 6' long; spikelets awnless, about IG, hnger than the glume, 7 — 9-floweroil,
alternate, in two opposite rows ; lower paleae 5-veined, upper with 2, prominent,
rough keels. — y Meadows, cultivated grounds, etc. May, June. J$ Kur.
2 Ij. temul^ntum L. Poisonous Darnel. Culm terete, smooth, 2f ; Ivs. lance-
linear, rough-edged, and with the sheaths, smooth on the surface ; stip. truncate ;
rachis flexuoua, 4 — 6' long; spikelets much compressed, 5 — 7 -flowered, rw'< longer
than the glume ; louver pale 5-veined, produced into an awn twice Us length. — '
Remarkably distinguished from all other grasses by its poisonous seed.s. N. Eng.
to Penn. July. § Eur.
51. TRIT'ICUM, L. Wheat. (Lat. tritum, rubbed or ground ; al-
luding to the manner of its preparation for food.) Spikelets imbricated
in 2 rows, sessile on the teeth of the rachis, about 5-tiowered, with the
upper flowers abortive ; glumes 2, equal, opposite, ovate, concave, mu-
cronate; paleae 2, lower awnedor mucronate; scales 2, collateral. — Fls.
arranged in spikes.
I Triticum proper, (i) Ghimos oblonir, obtuse, ventricous-concave. Spike 4-si(letl N". 1
I AoRoi'YKON, Kth. ii Glumes lanceolate, pointed. Spikelets mostly 2-runke(l Nob. 2, i
1 T. vulglkre Villars. Common Whbat. Culm terete, smooth, the inter-
nodes somewhat inflated, 3 to 6f ; Ivs. lance-linear, veined, roughish above ; atip.
truncate ; spike parallel, somewhat 4-sided ; spikelets orowded, broad-ovatu,
about 4-flowered ; glumes ventricoua ; awns of the upper paleae generally longer
than the flowers. — (j) and © This ia without doubt the most valuable plant of the
Order. Cultivated from the earliest historic times. Many varieties are known to
fiumers, classed aa Summer Wheat, and Winter Wheat ; Awned or Awnless.
d. COMPOSITUM. Egyptian Wheat. Spike compound. Spikelets awned.
2 T rdpens L. Couch-grass. Quuh Grass. Culm trailing at the lower
OftDM 1&6.— GKAmNEiB.
SOS
Joints ; from creeping rhizomes, 1 to 2f ; Its. lance-litiear, rough above and somc-
AvIiAt hairy; etip. sliort truncate; epiku compressed, about 'X in length; spikelets
remote, ulteruate, lance-oblong, 5 — 6-flowered ; awns short or none ; glituiM
lunceulate, 5-veiued, acuminate. — 1i A vile weed, in helds uud garUius, extremely
difficult to eradicate. June— Aug. §
fi. DASYSTACHlUll. Glaucous, Very smooth ; spikelets 5 to 9-flowered, wliitiah
all over with downy liair.-'. — Luke shores, Wia., Mich., Can.
8 T. oanlnum R. & S. Dog's CotcH (iRASS. St. 2 — 3f, erect or oblique; Ivs.
flat, smooth; stip. almost wanting; spikcletrt about 5-tlowered; jrlunies iJ-veim-d,
and with the outer palea, terminating in a strai^dit, scabroas bristle, longer tluui
the flowers. — Delaware (Muhlenberg) to Mieli.^
52. SECA^LE, L. Rye. (Celtic styal, from xcc/o, a sickle ) Spike-
lets solitary on the teeth of the rachis, 2 — li-flowered, tlie 2 lower flow-
ers fertile, sessile, opposite, the upjwr one abortive ; iifl nines snbnlate,
opposite, shorter than the flowers ; lower palea with a very long awn,
upper often bifid at apex ; scales abortive, hairy.
8. Cereile Ii. Culm hairy beneath the spike, 4 — Gf; Ivs. lance-linear, rouirh-
edgo, and rough above, glaucous; spike about 5 long, linear, compressed ; pale«
smooth, lower ciliate on the keel and margin; awns scahrous-ciliate, long, straight,
erect. — CT or (§t) The native country of this highly valuable grain is unknown.
It has long been cultivated. Jn., Jl.
53. LEPTOCHXOA, Beanv. ((Jr. Af:7rror, slender, x/^6a, grass.)
Spikelets 2 to QO-flowercd, subsessile, in one-sided spikes forming a pani-
cle raceme; glumes carinate, awnless; pales membranous, lower JJ-veitn-d,
carinate, awnless or awned; stamens 3; stigmas simply plumous. —
Lv8. flat and soft. Pan. composed of many slender spikes. (Oxydenia
Niitt.)
I Spiki'lcts scs.'iilo, fewflowcroti, lower l>ftle entire at tlie .leiitish apex Nim. 1, 2
I sjiikclets pedicellate, 6 to 9-ttowcreil, lower piiK' iiotciicit hiiiI inuuroiiute at i-inl .No. S
1 L. mucron^lta Kunth. Culm geniculate at the lower joints, 2 to ^f, ascend-
ing; sheaths hairy, loose; Ivs. lance-linear, tapering to a long acuniination; paii.
a foot or more long, the numerous spikes very slender, 2 to 4', flowering their
whole length; spikelets green, sessile, minute, 2 to 4-flo\vered, awnlfss, .•,h<trler
than the 'inucronate-2^ointed glumes. — 'V Fields, S. States, conmion. JI. — Oct.
2 L. filiformis R. & S. Culm geniculate below, upright 8 to 4f ; sheaths some
hairy; Ivs. lance-linear, rough-edged, twice larger (If by 9" or less) tiian in the
la.st ; pan. near 2f long, the numerous spikes very slender, straight and subereet,
6 to 8' long ; spikekii purple, sessile, mimitc, sub-3-fiowered, a little exceeding
the merely acute glumes ; ils. obtuse. — Cl.'? Fields, S. States. (Oxydenia attenu-
ata Nutt.)
3 L. fascicul^ris Or. Glabrous, stout, ascending from a geniculate base 2 to
4f; Ivs. long and broad (If by 9", more or less); pan. dense, oblong, 9 to 15',
with very many sessile, S( cund spikes 2 to 3 long; spikelets sliort-pediceled,
lance-oblong (;5 to 4 ), Hat, about 9-flowered; lower pale oblong, ciliate below,
mucronate-awned in tlie notch at the apex. — Marshy soils, N. Y. to La., \V. to
111. (Fegtuca, Lam. F. niultiflora Walt. F. poly.stachia Mx.)
54. GYMNOPO^GON, Jieauv. (Gr. yv/u-or, naked, 7rc5) ojv, beard.)
Spikes setaceous, corymbously paniculate : spikelets remote, 1 -flowered,
■with a rudiment ; glumes 2-keeled, subetjual, lance-linear ; lower pale
with a straight awn from a little below the tip ; rudiment aristiform. —
Low, reed-like. (Anthopogon, Nutt.)
1 O. racemdsum Beauv. Culm ascending 18 to 24', with short intomodoa;
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 2' by 4 to 8 ', glabrous, flat, spreading, in 2 rows;
fiheaths hairy at the throat ; lig. obsolete ; pan. large, pyramidal, hrawhes simple,
rigid, flowering near their whole length, soon spreading or refleied, 3 to 5 long;
804
Ordir 156.— GRAMINE^.
glumm linear, pungent ; awn of the fl. 3 to 4 times its length, that of the rudi*
ment half as long. — 7i Sandy tields, N. J. to Ga. and La.
2 O. brevifdlium Trin. Culm slender, decumbent below, ascending 8 to 16' ;
interuodes short (1'), sheaths about as long, smooth; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 1 to
2', very auuto; spikes almost hair-like, somewhat corymhed, flowering only above
the middle ; glumes subulate ; awn of the flower as long as the pale, that of the ru-
dirnent wanting. — 2f Md. to La. (liale).
55. MANISU^RUS, L. Lizard-tail Grass. (Gr. //avt?", lizard, ovpa,
tail.) Spkl. in pairs, 1-flowered, the lower ^ , upper abortive ; ^ gl. 2,
the lower roundish, saccate-concave, coriaceous, larger than the flattish,
membranous upper gl. ; pales 2, much smaller than the glumes, thinly
membranous ; stam. 3 ; styles 2 ; abortive spkl. of merely 2 empty,
subequal, subcoriaceous glumes. — (I)
Af . granul^ria Swtz. Culm 2f or more, erect, branching, with hairy sheaths ;
leaves flat, 1 to 4' in length; spikes solitary, on short, lateral branches, partly
involved in a spath-form leaf, jointed, unilateral, ^ to 1' long, colored ; 5 fls.
globular, the gl. warty-tesselated. — About Charleston, S. C. (Bachmau 1). § E.
Ind.
56. CYN'ODON, Rich. Beumuda Grass. (Gr. «va)v, a dog, odoc, a
tooth ; alluding to the singular one-sided spikelets.) Spikes digitate or
fasciculate ; spikes unilateral, in a single row, 1-flowered, with a rudi-
ment, glumes membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, persistent ; 5
upper palea bifid-toothed ; rudiment minute, pedicellate, in a groove of
the upper palea ; scales truncate.
C. Ddctylon Pers. Culm creeping extensively; stolonitferoua at base, 6' to
2f long ; Ivs. hairy on the margin and towards the base, narrow-linear ; sheatha
hairy; spikes 4 — 5, digitate, spreading, 2 — 3' long, 1'' wide, serrated with the
uneven spikelets ; glumes scabrous on the keel, lanceolate, acute ; palesB subequal,
the lower broader, enfolding the upper. — % A vigorous creeper, in sands and hard
soils, Penn. to the Gulf
57. EU'STACHYS, Desv. Sea side Finger-grass. (Gr. ev, well,
ardxv^t a row.) Spikes digitate; spkl. sessile on one side of the rachis,
2-flowered ; upper fl. sterile ; upper gl. larger, short-awned at the 2-
lobed apex ; lower pale thin, keeled, mucronate below the tip. — 2f Culm
creeping, compressed. Lvs. flat.
E. petraea Desv. Diffusely branched ; rooting at the joints ; Iva linear, ob-
tuse, rough-edged, 2 — 4' ; aheuths compressed, keeled, serrulate on the keel ;
longer than the joints ; spikes strict, erect, fascicled, 4 to 6 ; lower 5 pale coria-
ceous, brown, silky-ciliate on the keel below and margins above, the midvein
extended into a short subterminal awn. — Brackish soils, S. Car., Ga. (Bachman).
Jn.— Aug. (Chloris, Ell.)
58. ELEUSrNE. (From Eleusis, where Ceres, the goddess of har-
vests, was worshipped.) Spikes digitate, unilateral ; spikelets 6 — 7-
flowered ; glumes obtuse, unequal, lower one smaller ; paleae unequal,
upper one bifid toothed ; scale truncate, fimbriate ; caryopsis triangu-
lar, ovate, enclosed in a separate membrane or perigynium.
E. Indica L. Culm oblique, compressed, procumbent and branching at base, 12 —
1 G' lotig ; lvs. linear, somewhat hairy, on smooth, loose sheatha hairy at the throat ;
spikes 2 — 4, rarely more or less, linear, straiglit divaricate, 2— -4' long; 2 ' wide ;
si)ikelets closely imbricitte, smooth ; upper glume 5-veined ; fr. dark brown. — (X
Common about houses, foot-patiis, &c. Mid. and W. States. Aug.
59. DACTYLOCTrNIUM, Willd. Egyptian Grass. (Gr. do'/crvAor,
finger, KTtviov^ a small comb ; bc. spikes digitate, pectinate.) Spikelets
Order 15G.— GRAMTNE^. 806
2 to QB-flowered, arranged in several unilateral, digitate spikoR ; glumes
cariniite-comprcssed, the upper tiwned ; pales iiieinhranous, tlie lower
carinate-boat-shaped, aeute-mucronate ; stamens 3 ; caryopsis tree,
glabrous.
D. Egypticum Willd. Culm geniculate and rooting below, ascending If to
18 ; slieatlus half au long as tli(3 internodes. sniootiiish ; Ivn. ciliate at base, G' by
3 ', more or less; spikes usually 4 (cariiiaf'), racliis macronato at tiio naked ti[)';
spikelets 3-tlowered, the upper sterile. — (f i Fields, coinnion, Va. to Fla. .11. — Oct.
60. SPARTTNA, Schreb. Marsh Grass. (Gr. onapTtov, a rope ;
from the resemblance of the creeping rhizomes ?) Spikes imbricated
in a <louble row on one side of the raehis, strictly 1-flowered, no rudi-
dimeut ; gl. laterally compressed, carinate, coriaceous, pointed or awiied,
unequal ; j)ales sub(M]ual, awnless ; style or styles very long. — U Rigid,
chiefly maritime. Spikes in a racente,
§ Spikflcts witli tlio u|)|)i'r frluino lecidcilly awncil nni\ liispii] No, 1
R Hpikelot unu "^ncil, of iiiordy iniicriin;ili'. — Styles imitiMl Nos. 2
— Styles distinct Nos. ;i, 4
1 L. cynosuroides Willd. Culm slonder, smooth, 3 to -If; Ivs. 2 to 4f long,
sulilinear, con\okitc and filiform at tlio end; sheaths striate, glabrous; pan. loose,
Blender, composed of ft to 12 alternate, one-sided, peduneulato spikes 2 to 3' long;
spkl. subloosc-imbricated ; gl. acuminate, one of them with an awn about its own
length, tlie other about equaling tlie wliite pales. — Marsiies, Can. to Flu. and west-
ward, about salt licks! A coarse, sedgy grass, not valuable.
2 S. polyst^chya Willd. Culm stout, thick, 4 to 8f, erect, smooth ; Ivs. smooth,
long, broadly linear; spikes numerous (20 to ;")()), still! suberect, subsessiie; spike-
lets coriaceous; U})per gl. ban^ly nnicronaie, little longer than tiio unecpial pali's,
twice longer than the .subulate lower glume. — Marshes, cliielly soutliward. Tiio
hollow culm is often 8 or 9" thick.
3 S. juncea Willd. lit. creeping extensively ; culm slender, smooth, 1 to 2f,
erect, rigid; Ivs. convolute, setaceous above, rigid; sheaths very long; spikes
few (3 to G) r or more long, dense, subsessiie; (Is. awidess; gls. very unei(ual,
the upper little exceeding the pales, thrico longer than tiie lower glumo; tlie long
styles scarcely united. — Marshes along tiio coast.
4 >. alternifolia Loisel. Sort M.vrsii Grass. Cuhn succulent, terete, 3 to 5f,
erect from long creeping roots; Ivs. channeled, very sniootli, continuous with the
open sheallis, often exceeding tiio culm; si)ikes G to 12 or more, appres.sed, ses-
sile, the racliis . f each produced beyond the fls, to a subulatts point; gls. very
unequal, upjier near twice longer, acute; sty. nearly tlistinet. — Salt marshes, it
is gree iil}'- eaten by cattle, has a strong, rancid smell and all'octa the milk niady
of it. (Klliott). (S. glabra Mulil.)
61. BOl'TELOU^A, Lagasca. Spikelets sessile, in unilateral short
gpikea; glumes carinate, the upper one larger, shorter than the several
flowers ; lower flower perfect, upjier oiu's abortive ; lowcir pale 3-clcft.
segments subulate, inucronate, in the ^ tl., conspicuously awned in the
short-stalked sterile ones ; stamens 3. (Atheropogon, Muhi. Eutriana,
Trin.)
§ Ppikes 20 to 40, very short, In one lonp, iiniluteriil raceme Na 1
§ Spikes 1 to 6, lon^'or, ihany-tlowerod, bul)ternniiul Nos. 2, 8
1 B. curtipendula Gray. Cuhn 1 to 2f high, genii'ulate at base, ascending,
terete; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, smoothish beii'.adi, pilous above; lig. short, trun-
cate; spikes 4 to G" long, 20 t(» 40, on sho't, ttat jied., thinly arranged in 2 lat-
eral rows, each with 4 to 8 spikelets; spki. 2-l!owered arranged in 2 rows on (he
under side of the flat, partial raeliLs; gls. unequal, the lower awn-like and slightly
■•dhermg to the raehis; antli. 3. bright red; fr. oblong; abortivo (I. with its mid-
die awn conspicuous. — ?r Mid. and W. States. Guilford Conu. (Kobbiua). (A.
apludioides Muhl Ohloris i-^irtipendula Mx.)
806
Order 156.— URAMINE^.
2 B. oligostdchya Torr. Culm filiforinly slender, 6 to 12', erect, nearly naked;
Ivs. glabrous, cetaceous; tia. condensed in 2 or ;^ (rarely 1 to 5) short spikf^s vvhicli
are uejirly terminal; spikelets numerous, pubescent; vnddlr awn of the villous
pi.de loiiyest, equaling the glume. — Min., Iowa, S. to Miss. (Bacliman I)
3 B. hirsCita Lag. Culms cajspitous, leafy at the base ; Ivs. lance-linear, hispid
on till) margin and midvein; Ha. condensed in 2 or 3 (rarely ] to 4) short spikes
which are nearly terminal; pale pubescent, its 3 awns subequal, exceeding the
glandular bristly lower glume. — Sandy soil, 111. and Wis.
62. CTE^NIUM, Panzer. Toothache Grass. {Gr. ktevCov, a smaW
comb ; from the resemblance of the spike.) Spikelets 4 or S-flowerod,
closely imbricated on one side of a flat rachis ; middle flower ^ , the 2
iower and 1 or 2 upper sterile ; upper glume exterior, with an awned
ttiber ;le on the back ; lower ^ pale awned near the apex, silky-fringed
below, — Spike solitary, recurved. (Monocera, Ell.)
C. aromaticum. Culm 3 to 5f high, rigidly erect, glabrous ; Ivs. much shorter,
involute-setaceous above; spike 4 to C-,' in length, curved backwards, very
dense, beset with 3 rows of short, stout awns, tiie lateral awns obliquely divari-
cate. — U Swamps, in pine barrens, S. States. The appearance of the spikes is
very curious and striking. Taste of the fresh herbage pungent (^gilops, Walt.
C. Americanum Spr.)
63- TRIP'SACUM L. Sesame Grass. (Gr. Tpi(3o), to grind ; ap-
plication not obvious.) Spikes staminate above, fertile below ; glumes
2, coriaceous ; pales 2, membranous ; $ spikelets 2-flowered, outer
iiower staminate, inner neuter; ? spikelets 2-flowered, the lower flower
abortive ; outer glume enclosing the flowers in a cavity of the thick,
jointed rachis, with an aperture each side at base, the joints readily
separating.
T. dactyloides L. St. slightly compressed, smooth, solid with pith, brown at
the nodes, 4 to 6f ; Ivs. near an inch b, oad, long, lance-linear, Bmooth beneath,
roughish above; spikes 5 to 8' long, usually 2 to 3 together, digitate, terminal,
evidently unilatert-.l. — U River banks and seashores, Mid., W. and S. States. A
large, coarse and very singular grass, of little value as food for cattle.
^ itONOSTACHYON. Spike single.
64. ZE^A, L. Indian Corn. (Gr. ^d(o, to live ; as a life supporter
of animals and man.) Flowers 8 , awnless ; S in a terminal panicle
of racemes, the spikelets 2-flowered; glumes herbaceous, subequal;
pales membranous, upper bifld ; anthers 3, linear ; $ partly imbedded
ill a thick, contimioiis axillary spike (spadix) which is enclosed in many
spathaceous bracts ; lower flower of each spikelet abortive ; glume
broad, thick, membranous, obtuse ; style filiform, very long, exserted
and pendulous ; abortive flower of 2 pales. — 'J) Culm solid.
Z. Maya L. Rt. librous; culm erect, stout, 5 to 15f, grooved on one side, very
smooth and leafy ; Ivs. ample, linear-lanceolate, 2 to 3f by 2 to 3', channeled. —
The varieties of this noble plant, produced by climuto and culture, are numerous.
It is native in S. Am., but how widely cultivated and how important to man we
need not write. Every part is known by tamiliar names. The panicle of (5 fls.
at the summit is the tassel. The spiko o? the ? fls. is the ear, its rachis the coh,
its pLstila tho silk, and the bracts of its spathe the Imaks. The kernels are in 8, iO,
12, etc., rows, always some even number, yellow, white, red or spendidly purplo.
65. ROTTB(EL'LIA, Brown. (A personal name.) Rat-tail Grass.
Spikelets in pairs at each joint of a terete, jointed spike, one sessile in
a cavity of the rachis, 2-flowered, the other pediceled, abortive ; sessile
!![>ikl. with the lower flower abortive ; glumes 2, subequal, outer con-
Order 15t5.— Gil AMINES.
807
cave, coriaceous, inner thin or hyaline, like the (smaller) pales ; sta-
mens 3. — Grass erect, tall.
1 R. camp^stris Nutt. ? Glabrous ; culm simple, slonder (2 to 4f ), with black-
isli, somewhat peuiculate joiuta ; Ivs. very narrow, involute-setaceous; f^pike soli-
tary, tenainal, little thicker than the culm, 2 or 3' long ; ped. spikekt obsolete ; g
gl. ovate, acute, faintly impressed-dotted. — La. (Hale.)
2 R. rugdsa. Glabrous ; culms rather stout, 3 to 5f, erect, branched ; Ivs. flat,
linear; spikes solitary, several, terminal and axillary, 2 to 3', less thick than Ilia
base of the culm; ped. fl. of 2 empty glumes; 5 outer gl. ovate, acute strou^'ly
reticulately rugous. — Prairies, La. (Hale.) (Apogonia, Nutt.)
66. STENOTAPHRUM, Trin. Spike compressed ; spikelets 2-flow-
ered, in pairs at each joint, imbedded, 1 sessile and 1 pedicellate (or iu
4s to 6s) ; glumes membranous, the outer minute, inner large ; flowers
each of 2 coriaceous pales, similar, but the lower S ; styles 2, slender;
stamens 3 ; grain free. — 21 Culms decumbent, branched joints of spikes
not separable.
8. dimidiatum. Glabrous, very leafy ; culm 2 to 4f ; Ivs. flat, broadly linear, on
broad, open sheaths ; spikes lateral and terminal, solitary, much compressed, 3'
by 2 to 3", the rachis flat on the back, spikelets in 2 lateral rows in front, the ses-
sile embraced by the pedicel of the other. — Low grounds, coastward, S. States.
Jn. — Sept. (Rottboellia, Thumb. S. Americanum Schrank.)
67. ERIANTHUS, Rich. Plume Grass. Beard Grabs. (Or.
tpiov, wool, dvdog.) Spikelets 2-flowered, all fertile, in pairs at each
joint of the slendei rachis, one sessile, the other pedicellate ; glumes
membranous, subequal, longer than the flowers ; pales hyaline, the
lower flower of 1 neutral, the upper of 2, perfect, with tlie lower pale
iiwned ; spikelets involucrate at base, with a tuft of bristly hairs. — 2^
Stout, erect grasses, remarkable for their large woolly or silky, tawny
panicles.
♦ Hairs of the involucre much longer than tlie spikclet Nos. 1, 9
♦ Hairs of the involucre shorter than the spikelet, or nearly none Nos. 8,4
1 E. alopecuroides Ell. Culm 5 to 8 or lOf, erect, stout, silky bearded, espe-
cially at the joints; Ivs. broadly linear; flat, silky pubescent, 2 to 3f by 1 to 2 ;
pan. dense, cylindric-oblong, very large (12' to 20' long); hairs of the invol. twice
longer than the short (2 to 2| ') spikelets, a third as long as the siraightish awn
which is terminal on its pale. — Swampy pools iu pine barrens, Va. to Fla. and La.
The plume-Uko panicles are magniliceut I
2 E. cont6rtus Ell. Culm 4 to GfJ erect, glabrous; Ivs. broadly linear, flat,
smooth, except a tuft of silky hairs at base; pan. contracted, oblong, 6 to 10' ;
hairs of the invol. long, silky, thrice longer than the spikelet (which is 3"), § the
length of the spirally contorted awn which issues from near the base of it.« deeply
bifid pale. — Wet grounds, about Charleston, S. C. to N. Orleans. Pan. of a lighter
hue than the last.
3 E. brevibdrbia Mx. Culm stout, 3 to If, erect, glabrous ; Ivs. broad-linear,
smooth, except at the base; pan. largo (1 to 2f), contracted, lance-oblong, the
rac. more distinct from the fewer hairs ; fiairs of the invol. hardly as long as th«
larger (4'') spikelet, \ the length of the awn which is some twisted and its palo
bifld. — Low grounds, S. States. Sept., Oct
*4 E. Btrictua Baldw. Culm 4 to 7f, strictly erect and glabrous ; Ivs. very long,
narrower (3 to 5'') than in the other spocies, rough-edged ; pan. very strict, I to
2f lo-ng, branches erect, appressod ; invol. of hairs minute ; awn straight, ierminui
on its deciduous pale. — Ga. to La. The whole panicle is reddish brown. Aug.,
Sept.
68. SACCHARUM, L. SuoAurA>fE. (Gr. aa^^ap, Arabic, sow^c/r,
Eng. sugar.) Spikelets all fertile, in paiis, one sessile, the other pedi-
808 Ordkr 156.— GRAMINEiE.
eel late, 2-flowered, lower fl. neuter with a single pale, upper fl. perfect,
of 2 {)ales ; gl. subecjual, awnless; pales thin and hyaline, awnless ;
stani. 1 to 3. — 2f Gigantic, tropical Grasses with branching panicles.
Spikelets cinctured at base with long silky hairs.
S. ofBcin^rum L. ' Culm solid with pith, closely jointed, 8 — 20f, erect, with
mauy broaii, fiat, liuear-kmeuohito leaves; panicle 1 to 2f in leugtli, composed of
numerous long, filiform ioosely erect-spreading racemes, richly clothed with tiie
long white silky involucrate hairs. — Native in S. Asia. Among sugar plan's
this still holds the preeminence. lis delicious product, now the indispensable
hixury of tho world, was unknown to the ancients. It is propagated from cut-
tings of the rhizome, and seldom permitted to waste its sweetness in flowering.
69. ANDROPO'GON, L. Beard Grass. (Gr. avdpog, a man's, Trwyow,
beard.) Spikelets in pairs at each joint of a slender rachis, one on a
f)luinous-bearded pedicel, incomplete, the other sessile, 2-flowered ;
ower flower of 1 empty pale ; upper ^ ; pales thin, hyaline, the lower
of the ^ tipped with an awn ; glumes subcoriaceous ; stamens 1 to 3 ;
grain free. — IX Coarse Grasses. Inflor. various.
§ Inflorc^sconoo in a naked (leaflo.ss) pniiicle. Sterile spikclet a mere pedicel No. 1
§ Inllorescciu'o in <listiiict spikes e.vserted tVoin the slieatlis. (a)
a HtiTiie spikelets nothing: but barren pedicels. Spikes sheathed at base Nos. 2, 3
a Sterile sjiikelets with ghiines on the pedicels, (b)
b Spikes silver/ white, in conjnpate jiairs Nn. 4
b Spikes digitate, 2 to 5, brownisli Nos. Ti, (i
b S])ikes single, terininal, otie on each branch Nos. 7. S
I Inflorescence spicatc, enclosed in the sheaths Nos. 9, 10
1 A. nutans L. Indian Grass. Wood Grass. Culm simple, .3 to Gf, ercet,
with smooth sheaths and glaucous Iv.s. ; pan. rather dense, oblong, slender, at
length nodding; spikelets in pairs or Hs, apparently pedicellate, but the fertile is,
in fact, sessile as in tho other species, all tawny, the sterile reduced to more pedi-
cels in contact with tho ^, clothed with short bristles; $ spikelet bristly-ciliate,
with a ring of bristles at base, and tipped (tho lower pale) with a contorted awn.
— Sandy iields or woods. Can., N. Y. to Ga. and (A. avenaceus Mx. A.
ciliatua Ell. Sorghum, Gray.)
2 A. niacrurus Mx. Culm 2 to 3f erect, much branched and bushy ; Ivs. long,
linear, uj^per spathiform, lance-linear; racemes small, very nuTOero^/.f, fascicled at
tho upper joints forming o large leafy and silky panicle; spkl. minute, with a
straight bristle-like awn, tho neutral only a fine pedicel merely, with white, silky
hairs half as long (3 — 4") as tho awn; stam. 1. — Damp soils, S. States. Sept.,
Oct.
3 A. virginicus L. Culm tall (3 to 6f ) compressed, more or less downy with
scattered hairs as well as the long and narrow, carinato Ivs. ; upper half diffuaelij
paniculate; spikes conjugate, sort, feather-like, hardly as long (8 to 12") as their
bract; abort, fl. a mere capillary pedicel, longer than the ^ fl. with thin silky
white hairs half as long as the straight similar awn. — Dry soils, S. States, common.
Oct. (A. dissitiflorus Mx.)
p. VAOiNATUS difl'ers oidy in its fewer, shorter spikes and longer bracts whien
often much exceed them. (A. vagin. Ell.)
4 A. arg^nteus Ell. Culm purplish, slender, much branched, glabrous, branches
mostly solitary, spikes conjugate, 1 to 1^' long, exserted beyond tho sheath; spkl.
appressed to the raehis ; abortive fl. a minute, subulate glume on a thick ped.
appreaseii to tho >? , its fawn-white hairs eopious, half tho length of the roughish,
brown awn. — Dry .soils, S. States. The silvery hairs conceal the fls.
5 A. furcatiis Muhl. Forkkd Spike. St. semitereto above, 4 — 7f high ; Ivs.
lauce-linear, rough-edged, radical ones very long; spik lijiuif^ or fa.sciculate, in
28 — Ss, 3 — 5' long, purple ; spikelets appressed, a'.oi'ti" e otioon aid'ii.^ous pedicel,
S with 2 palojE, awnless, perfect one with 2 unoqual jrii^mcs; Iovvxm- palea bifld,
awnod between the divisions.— 2i Meadows and low ('■n \ i\dy, Oaii,, N. Y. to Ga.
and W. States. Aug. (.\. ternarius Mx.)
€ A. tetrastychuB Ell. Culm glabrous, 2 to 3f croct, v.ith lotj, keeled, ver^
Orubb 156.— nU\MlNE^.
809
hairy Ivs. and sheaths ; lu'iuiolu'S solitary, alternate, forming a contracted panicle ;
spiUc'S usually in 4s, conjugate, terminal; gla. serrulate, longer than the liJiirs of
the pedicel; perf spkl. nionandrous, and witli a straight awn. — Damp pine bar-
rens about (./harUston (Kiliotl).
7 A. BCop^rhiB Mlciix. HltmiM IIkass. St. slender, paniculatf, 3f liigh, branched,
one Hide lurruwed, brancliLM .suMtary or 2 or 3-1'ascie'led, erect; Ivh. lance-linear,
somewhat hairy and glaucous ; spikes simple lateral and terminal, on long pe-
duncles, 2 — ."{ from cLich sheatli, purple; spikclets remote, ahortivi' one neuter^
mostly subulate-awiied, the hairs of its ped. as long as the 5 spikelet. — In dry fields,
forming tufts, U. S. and Can.
8 A. Hdlei. Culm rigid. 3 to 5f high, strict, witii long, slender branches above,
each with a single terminal short (12 to 15",) spike; Ivs. long, rigid, roiigli-edgcd ;
sterile spkl. .? both gls. short-awned, ped. broad above, witli stiff hairs shorter than
i;he lis. ; awn of the perfect 11. twisted. — S. W. States. A coarser plant than No. 7.
9 A. clandestina, with the soft, silky, white spikelets always concealed in a
fascicle of sheaths, and
10 A. Nedsii Kunth, with very .slender glabrous spiki ,ts almost concealed, are
found in W. La., and possibly E. of the Miss.
70. SOR'GHUM, L, Broom Corn, &c. Spikelets diffusely panicii-
lato, in 2s or 38 on the slender, sprciidintij branches ; the middle spikelet
complete, 2-flowercd, the lower flower abortive, lateral spikelets sterile,
awnless, the pedicels smooth or merely pubescent; glumes coriaceous;
pales membranous ; stamens 3. — Stout Grasses, with solid culms.
i S. aacchar^tum L. Broom Corn. Culm thick, solid with pith, 6 to
lOf; Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent at base; pan. large diffuse, with long,
verticillate, at lengtli nodding branches; gls. of the perfect spikelet hairy, persist-
ent. — CX)'fho uses of this fine, cultivated plant are well known. X E. lud.
2 S. vulg^re L. Tndian Millet. Culm erect, round, solid with pith, 6 to
lOf; Ivs. carinate, lanceolate; pan. compact, ovn\ erect until mature; gls. and
pales caducous ; fr. naked. — (i) Rarely cultivated as a curiosity, or for the seed as
food for poultry. I E. Ind.
The Chinese Sugar Cane, recently in cultivation here, is probably a variety of
this species; also the African Millet, Imf)lice. Neither variety will yield a crys-
tallizablo syrup, and cannot, therefore, rival the supremacy of the Southern Cane.
71. CO'IX, L. Jon's Tears. Spikelets 2-flowercd, sessile, several
in a spike which is involute at the base, the involucre closed around
the lower (fertile) spikelet, becoming bony and poli.shed ; upper (sterile)
spikelets several, remote froio the fertile, all awnless ; grain roundish,
free. — Culm branched ; Ivs. broad, flat.
C. Ldcryma L. Culm half terete ; sterile fls. naked ; fr. (ossified involucre)
ovoid. — CD ^^'''iGns. Plant 1 to '2f high, bushy, with lanceolate Ivs. Spikes
pedunculate, aggregated at the end of the sheathed branch. The curious fruit
is finally very hard, perforated, used by the children for beads.
'if
(111
SIO
Oadsb 157.— MAKSlLEACfiifi.
SuBKiNGDOM, CRYPTOGAMIA,
Or Flowerless Plants. Vegetables destitute of true stamens
and pistils, gradually descending to a mere cellular structure,
with reproductive organs of 1 or 2 kinds, producing, instead of
seeds, minute, dust-like bodies (spores) having neither integu-
ments nor embryo.
Province, ACROGENS. Flowerless plants, having a regular
stem or axis which grows by the extension of the apex only,
without increasing in diameter, generally with leaves, and
composed of cellular tissue and scalariform ducts. (Ferns,
Mosses, Club-mosses, Horsetails, etc.)
Order CLVII. MARSILEACE.^. Pepperworts.
Heibs creeping or fioatiug, with the kaves petiolate or sessile, circinate in verna-
tion. Fruit (sporocarps) situated at tlie base of the leaves or leafstalks, containing
Ibo capsular sporanges of one kind with 2 kinds of spores, or of 2 kinds with the
ditlerent spores separated.
(lenerd 6, apeeies 20? inlmbiting ditches and inundated places in nearly all conntries, but
oliii fly in toiiipeiate latitudes.
1. MARSIL'EA, L. Sporocarps at the base of the leaf-stalks, of one
kind, 2-celle(J, cells transversely many-celled ; spores inserted on each
horizontal placenta. — 21 Stenif* keeping, rooting; Ivs. petiolate.
1 M. quadrifolia L ? Glabrous ; prostraLe stems slender, wiry, 8 to 16' long ;
Ivs. palmately 4-foliate, on fllitorra petioles 1 to 3' high, ifts. broadly obovate or
fan-shaped, obtuse; fr. (sporocarps) rouud-oval, borne on short, axillary stalks,
and as large as a pepper-corn. — Sent from La. by Dr. Hale. Perhaps the locality
is beyond our limits.
2 M. vestita, a very delicate species, with stems and petioles as fine as threads,
with tlie quaternate leaflets and the very small sessile sporocarps clothed with
minute, silky, brown hairs, is sent from Iowa, near the Mississippi R. by Dr.
Couzens. It probably grows in 111. Height of Ivs. 1 to 2'.
2. ISOETES, L. Quill- WORT. (Gr. laog, equal, erog, year; alike
all the year round ?) Sporocarps oval, membranous, 1-celled, iinmersed
ill the dilated base of the frond ; spores subglobous, slightly angular,
attached to immerous filiform receptacles, thoft* in the outer fruits larger,
angular, triple or in 4s, apparently of a different nature.
I. lacuBtris L. Lvs. ca^spitous, subulate, somitorcte, dilated and imbricated at
base. — A curious aquatic, in water at or near the margin of ponds and rivers, N.
Kiig. and Mid. States, often wholly submersed. Lvs. radical, numerous, tufted,
simple, 2 to 10' long, soinovvhat spreading, containing numerous cells divided by
longitudinal and transverse partitions. Vr. wliitiah, rather large, in the excavate J
base of the leaves whioh dilated portion is ordinarily as long as wide; in var.
BIPARIA, broader than long; in var. En'ORLMannt, longer than broad.
3. AZOL'LA, Lam. (Gr. dCw, to dry, dXXt'iu, to kill ; quickly
Order 158.— LYC0P0DIACEJ5.
8U
killed by drought.) Fruit sessile on the under side of the branches, of
2 kinds ; the sterile smaller, opening all around, containing a thick
body bearing 3 angular lobes (antheridia) above; the fertile a thin
pericarp bursting irregularly, containing many globular, stalked sporangia
each with a few spores. — Minute, floating, resembling a Jungerniannia,
with filitbrni stems and lobed fronds.
A. CaroliniSna Willd. Lvs. ovate-oblong, obtuse, imbricated, fleshy, floating;
reddisli beneath, scarcely more than ^'' in length ; sterile fruits in pairs or soli-
tary, at the base of the fertile, many tiipea smaller than it. — Lakes and mar.-lica
N. Y. to 111. and S. States.
4. SALVIN'IA natans L, inserted in previous editions on the au-
thority of Pursh, has not been observed since.
Order CLVIII. LYCOPODIACE^. Club Mosses.
Plants creeping or erect, branching, rarely J\^
simple, abounding in ducts, with the leaves fflffi^\
small, numerous, crowded, entire, lanceolate tJ^.k^ '"'
or subulate, 1-nerved. Fruits sessile, axillary -^hfw/^^ p^ ^ ||
or crowded into a spike, 2-valvcd, containing
few rather large spores, or numerous minute '^Q^
ones appearing like powder. ^
Geneva S, species 200 ? Like tho Equisetacose, those wju. '^a^i^msi
plants appear to have been very abundant in the first '*'" .» «li«/*.l
ages of tho world, and to havo attained a giirantic
size, although at i)resent but a few feet in lengtli.
Properties unimportant. Some are emetic. The
powder contained in tho sporangia is hiffhly inflam-
mable, and is used in tho manufacture of fireworks.
LYCOPO DIUM, L. Club Moss. (Gr.
Xviiog, a wolf, irovg, a foot.) Spore cases
all of one kind, l-cclled, rcniform, open. '^ M 190
ing transversely, 2-valveu ; spores nu-
merous, minutJ, sulphur-yellow.— Lvs. reO.Lycopo.liumdendroideu.n. 7.S1,A
in 4, 8 or 16 ranks. single spike. 732, a scale with lt» axillary
sporange bursting. 738, Spores.
§ Fruit in pedunculated spikes (the fertile branches nearly leafless), (a)
a Spikes several (2 to 6) on each jieduncle Nos. 1, 2
a Spike solitary on each peduncle Nos. 8, I
S Fruit in sessile spikes (tho branches leafy throughout), (b)
b Leaves of tho spiko bract-like, discolored Nos. .•). 8
b Leaves of tlie sjiikes and stems all alike Nos. 7,8
§ Fruit scattered, axillary, forming no distinct spiko Nos. 9, 10
1 L. clavatum L. Common Cluij Moss. St. creeping; branches ascending;
lvs. scattered, incurved, capillaceous-uciiminate ; spikes in pairs, rarely in 39, cylin-
drical, pedunculate ; bracts of the spiko ovate, acuminate, erosely denticulate. — A
well known evergreen, trailing upon tho ground in shady pastures and woods,
common. Stem and branches clothed with numerous linear-lanceolato leaves
wliioh are entire or serrulate, and end in a pellucid, curved bristle. Spikes per-
fectly straight, parallel, erect, and upon an erect peduncle. July.
2 L. complan^tum L. Fkstoon Ground Pine. St. trailing; branches dicliot-
oinous; lvs. 'i-ranked, unequal, tho marginal ones connate, diverging at apex, llio
supei licial ones solitary, appressed ; ped. elongated, supporting 4 — fi cyliridric
spikes. — A trailing evergreen, common In woods and shady grounds. Stem round,
creeping among tho moss and leaves, ofton lOf in length. Branches numerously
subdivided, compreased, somewhat resembling tho briuichleta of the cedar. Lvs.
minute, very acute. July.
812
Ordkr 168.— LYCOPODIACE^.
3 L. sabinaefdlium Willd. Ground Fir. St. elongnted, creeping; brancfut
erect, short, dichotomoug, with faatigiato divisions; Ivs. imlyricated and branches
erect, torate-subulate, spikes peduncled by thu attenuated and 8li<;htly leafy sum-
uiits of tlie branches, cyiindric, solitary, with cordate, acuminate bracts. — White
Mts. and Brit. Am., creeping among rocks, with erect, numerously divided branches,
a few of the divisions terminating iu spikes an inch in length. July. (L. chamse-
cyparisaus Braun.)
4 L. CaroliniSnum L. Southern Ground-Pinb. St. and hraitches creeping ;
Ivs. lanceolate, entire, appearing 2-ranked, the lateral rows spreading with
the 2 intermediate rows appressed ; peduncle erect, solitary, elongated, bearing a
single spike ; bracts sublanceolato, entire. — In muddy grounds, N. J. to Ga. Both
I lie stem and its branches are prostrate, with erect, slender peduncles 3 — 6' high.
July.
5 L. dendroideum Michx. Tree Club Moss, Ground Pine. St. erect;
branches alternate, crowded, dichotomous, erect; Ivs. linear-lanceolate, in 6 equai
roius, spreading ; spikes several or many, I on each branchlet. — An elegant little
plant, common iif woods, readily distinguished by its upright, tree-like form. Plant
about 8' high, with branches more or less diverging. Tiiese are subdivided into
numerous, forked branchlets, radiant, so as together to represent a spiral arrange-
ment. Spikes 2 — 6, an inch long. July.
l3. OBSCUKUM. (L. obscurura L.) Branches spreading ; spike one.
6 L. annotinum L. Interrupted Club Moss. <Si/. ci-eeping; branches twice
dichotomous, ascending; Ivs. in 5 rotus, linear-lanceolate, raucronate, spreading
and serrulate near tiie tip; spike oblong, solitary. — In mountain woods, N. Eng.,
Can. Branches subdivided near their base, branchlets simple, 4 or more, 6 — 8'
high. Leaves at length reflexed at end. Spike rather cylindric, an inch in
length, distinct from the branch, July.
7 L. alopecuroides L. Fox-tail Club Moss. St. creeping, subramous;
branches simple, long, ascending, bearing a single sessile spike at top ; Ivs. linear-
subulate, ciliate-dentaie at base, spy'eadnng ; spike leafy.— Swamps, N. J. to Fla. and
La. Stem extensively creeping. Branches 6 — 16' high, rarely subdivided, densely
clothed with a line, soft foliage. Spike 1 — 2' long, very leaty. Aug.
8 L. inund^tum L, Marsh Club Moss. St. creeping, often submersed;
branches aimpk, solitary, erect, with a single leafy spike at top ; Ivs. linear, scat-
tered, acute, entire, curved upwards. — In swamps, Can. to Car. Spikes -h — 1' long,
at 'he summit of branches which are 5 — 7' long, arising from the base of the stem.
Bracts of the spikes loaf-like, dilated at base, spreading at the end, larger than
the stem loaves which are I — 2" long. July.
9 L. lucfdulum Mx. Siiinino Club Moss. St. ascending, dichotcrnously
divided ; Ivs. in 8 row-s, linear-lanceolate, denticulate, shining, spreading, or a little
rejiexed ; sporangcs in the axils of loaves not changed nor crowded into a spike. —
In wet woods, U. S. and Can. The foliage of tliis species is dark green and
shining, more ample than is common to tlie genus. Stems 8 — 1(5' long, nearly
erect. Loaves iJ — 5 " long, distinctly serrate. Thecfe hemispherical or reniform,
in the axils of the leaves near the top of the stem. Jl.
10 L. Sel^go L. Fir Club Moss. St. erect, dichotomously and fastigiately
branched; Ivs. scattered, imbricate, lance-linear, entire, rigid and pungent, but
awnless. — A smaller species than the last, found on the summits of the White
Mts. Sterna 2 to 6', branches compact, densely clothed with stiff, shining, spread-
ing loaves arranged somewhat in 8 rows and 2 — 3'' in length. Sporanges axil-
lary. Aug,
2. SELAGINEL'LA, Spr. Dwarf Club Moss. Fruits of two kinds,
viz., antlieridia, which are I-coIKmI, opening at apex; an«. oophi)ridia
containing 1 to 4 (rarely 6) globoiis angular grains. — Habit various.
Spikes quadrangular. Bracts in 4 rows, (Lycopoiiinni lj.)
§ Leaves all alike, many rimked, surrounding? tho stem Nos.
§ Leaves 4-rankeil, those of the lateral rows much l.irger Nos.
1 S. rup^Btre Spr. Stems in dense, branched tufts, ascending, subdivided;
3, 4
Im-
scatUTod, imbricaU', liuear-laiicoolate, capiliaceous-acuminate, ciliate; spike soli-
Ordbb 159.— EQULSErACBiB.
813
tary, quadrangular. — A very small species, creepiiig on rocks, moss-like. Stem a
few inches in length, with numerous branches, whicli are J — 1' long, clothed with
grayish-green leaves. Spike ^' long, 4-rowed, seeming a mere continuation ol' the
branch. Jl. (S. rupestre L.)
2 S. selaginoides Gray. St. filiform, creeping; branches nearly erect, the flow-
ering,' ones simple ; Ivs. scattered, lanceolate, a little spreading, ciliate-dcnticulatf ;
spike solitary, leafy. — In moist woods, N. States and Can. Spikes yellowish-
green, about j" long, the bracts foliaceous and twice larger than the true loaves,
which are about a line in length. Branches 3 — 6' high, the sterile ones much
divided. Jl. (L. selag. L. S. spinosa Beauv.)
8 S. kpuB Spring. St. branching, prostrate and rooting near the base; Ivs. or-
bicular-ovate, acute, membranaceous, alicrnate, amplexicaul, in 2 row.s, with
minute, acuminate, superficial ones in a third row on the upper side ; spikes sub-
solitary. — A small, creeping, moss-like species, in wet, 'ocky shades. Can. to (In.,
not common. Stem 2 — 5' incl)es long, filiform. Leaves less tlian a line in length.
Spikes leafy, scarcely distinguishable from the branches. July, Aug. (L. apo-
dum L.)
4 S. ornithopodioides Spr. Bird-claw Moss. Lvs. semicordate, ovate,
obtuaish, entire, in 4 rows, the lateral spreading, distant below, crowded above,
the superficial much smaller, appresscd ; spikes lateral, axillary, sessile ; stums and
branches prostrate. — Greenhouse and gardens. A pretty moss-like creeper, with
light green foliage, f Eur.
3. PSILOTUM, R. Br. (Gr. xpi/log, Tiakod.) Sporangia sessile, 3-
celled, imperfectly 3-valved by terminal chinks, filled with farinaceous
spores. — Stem fork -branched, with alternate, minute leaves, as if leafless.
(Bernhardia, Wilid.)
P. triquetnim Swtz. Stem erect, many times forked, and branches three-angled,
8 to 10' high ; lvs. remote, subulate, less tlian I'' long, and the 3-lobed fruit ses-
sile along the branches. — Rocky cliffs, on the sea-coast of E. Fla, (Michx. in
herb. Bach man.)
Order CLIX. EQUISETACEtE. Horsetails.
Plants leafless, simple stems, or with whorled branches. Steins striate-sulcate,
jointed, fistular between, and separable at, the joints. Shtaths dentate, crowning
each internode. Fructification a dense, oblong-cylindric, terminal and cone-Uke
spike, composed of 6-sided, peltato-scalea arranged spirally, bearing beneath 4 to 7
spore-cases which open laterally. HpiiriH globular, each with 4 elaters attached,
involving thorn spirally, or open when discharged. (See Figures.)
An Order consisting at j)n'sent nf a single geiiun, growing in wet grounds, on rivor banks, and
boniiMS of woods, tlirimglunit most countries. _ Tlic E()uisL'tacea> alionnil in tlio fossil rcinahn of
coal measures with other C'ry|)togami/i, a-* Ly
plants were once of gigantic dimensions,
ami formed a large jiart of tlio original Horn
of our globe. Species iibout 10.
l'riij)ertien.— r\u'y ahound in silex, and
hence arc used by cabinet-makers, comb-
niakcrs, <fec., in polishing their work.
EQUISE TUM, L. Scouring
Rush. (Lat. eqnus, a horee, svta^
hair.) Character tiie same as that
of the order. — The sheaths may
be regarded as a whorl of united
leaves. The ridges of the stem
jioiliacoffi and Filices, Imlicating that ilioa*
7
aro air-tnbos and the p-rooves 7f?4, Equisetum arvense. 7:?.% K,.sylvaticum. T.Sp,
arc air-UlUGS, auu Uie S'""^^'' gectlon of the spike, enlarged. 737, a peltate scale
ah>ne are pierced with the StO- with 7 sporanstes benemh (or one eonipoun<l spo-
. range), inagniliod. 788, A sporo witli its elators,
m^ta. highly magnified.
su
Obdbb 159.— EQUISETACE^.
S 3peoie8 fl-uiting in spring and decitying befor* tbo following winter, (a)
a Fertile steins never brunching, the sterile with simple, whorled branches.... Nos. 1, 3
a Fertile stoins at length, like the bterile, with compound, whorled brancbea No. 8
I Hp«cies fruiting in summer and lasting through the roUowing winter.
b Stoma with whorls of simple brunches froin the middle Joints No. 4
b Stems mo.stly simple, lar^i.', 'i<i to 40-furr<)we(l Noa. fi, 6, 7
b Stems always simpiu, very slouder, 3 to 9-furrowed Nos. 8, t
1 E. arv^nao L. Field Horsetail. Fertile sts. erect, simplo ; sterile, 12 to l^
furrowed, with simple, ascending, quadrangular branches, and decumbent at base.
— Low grounds, Can. to Va. and Ky. Fertile stems first appearing, 6 — 8' high,
with 3 — 5 joints surmounted by largo, inflated sheaths cut into long, dark brown
toetii. Spiico oblong, \ — 2' long. Sterile stems rather taller than the fertile,
remaining through the season, after theso have decayed. At each joint is a whorl
of simple, rough branches, issuing from the base of tho abeaths, their joints also
ahealhod. April.
2 E. ebilrneum Schreb. Ivory Horsetail. Fertile, st. simple, its sheaths
numerous, of 3 Ivs. with subulate teetii ; sterile at. very smooth, ivory-white, about
'^Q'jurrowed ; branches simple, sheaths 4 or 5-loaved, with erect, subulate teeth.—.
Shores of the Great Lakes. Barren stems 2 to 6f high. May.
3 E. aylvdticum L. Wood Horsetail. Sterile and fertile sts. 12 or 13-fur-
rowed, with compound, rough, defiexed, angular branches. — Grows in woods and
low grounds, N. States and Brit. Am. Stems 9 — 16' high; the fertile with 4 — 5
wliorls of branches from tlio base of the sheaths which are 2 — 3' apart, and cleft
into several large, tawny red teeth or segments; tho sterile taller and more slen-
der, with more numerous whorls of branches. The branches are all subdivided
and curved downwards. Spike oval-cylindric, pedicellate. May.
4 E. limdaum L. Pipes. Sts. somewhat branched, erect, etriate-sulcato ;
brandies from tho middle joints, simple, short, 5-sidcd, smooth ; spike oblong-
ovoid ; sheaths appressed. — Borders of ponds and swamps, frequent. Stems 2—
3f liiyh, slender, rarely simple, generally with 2 — 6 whorls of branches about the
middle. Branches very irregular in length and position. Sheaths 3 — 4" long,
white at the sunnnit, tipped with as many black, subulate teeth as there are fur-
rows (15 — 20). This species is greedily devoured by cattle. July.
5 E. laevigktum Braun. Tall, erect, simple or somewhat branched; sheaths
elongated, appressed, green, with a black border, of about 22 Ivs., sheaths of the
branches about 8-leaved, with subulate, persistent points. — Dry soils, Wis. and
South, along the Miss. River. Stems 18' to 2 or 3f. Apparently distinct.
€ E. robuBtum Braun. Very tall and stout, simple or somewhat branched
above ; sheaths short, appressed, with a black girdle above the base, rarely with a
black border, consisting of 4:0 (in tho branches 11) leaves, tho ovate-subulate points
deciduous, leaving an exact truncate margin. — Banks of the Western rivers, Terro
Haute, to St. Louis and South. Forma with fewer Ivs. in the sheaths seem to
connect this with the next.
T E. hy^male L. Scouring Rush. Sts. aU simple, erect, very rough, each
bearing a terminal, ovoid spike ; sheatheinereous white, black at the base and sum-
unit, short, with about 20 subulate, awned and deciduous teeth. — Very noticeable
in wet, shady grounds, and by brooksides. Stems about 2f high, often 2 or more
imited at base from the same root. Sheaths 2 — 3 " long, 1 — 2 J' apart, the white
ring much broader than tho black, at length entire from the falling oflF of the teeth.
The roughness of the cuticle is owing to tho silex in its composition. June.
8 E. varieg^tum Schleicher. St. branching only at base, 6 to 12', simple^
straight and very slender, roughish, 5 to d-furrowt^j; t-heaths very short, brown,
teeth 5 to 9 ovate wilh broad, ecarioua margins and tipped with deciduous seta-
ceous points. — Banks of streams, N. Ens-, to Wise, and Can., not common. Inter-
nodes about 1'. July.
9 E. Bcorpoides Mx. Stems growing in tufts, thread-like, 4 to 8', JUxuous and
recurved, 3 or 4-furrowed ; f-lieaths black, 3 or 4-tootbcd, teeth short-ovate, sc*
riouB, bristle-pointed.— Hilly woodsy Pean. to N. Eng., Wise, and Can. Juiy.
UBD£B 160. —
Order CLX. FILICES. Ferns.
Stem a perennial, creeping, horizontal
riiiznrae, or sometimes erect and ariiorea-
cont. Fronds (fruit-bearing It ^u'ofii vu-
riouwly divided, rarely entire, with furliod
Vtina, and mostly circinate vernation.
Fructification occupying the back or mar-
gin of the fronds, arising from the veins.
Sporangia (spore-cases) of one kind, scat-
tered or clustered in sori, 1-celled, con-
tiining numerous, mimitf spores, ^l?i-
thiridia and pistiUidia fori.i.-d after ger-
mination, on tho young plant. (See llt's.
491—501.)
Gfiiera 200, »j)rcitx 2<l0(i.— A l;irco and In-
tcrobting oidor of flowv^rk'ss pliiirs, distin-
giii.shed for their elegant, plimic-lil- ■ foliiiije.
Thoy are usually A few inciies to .. few fert
high, but soiuo of tlie tropical specie.-*, as the
Cyntlieie of both Indies, arc 1'— 25 feet high,
vieing with the palms In size und beauty.
Properties. — Genernlly nuicilaginous and
mildly astringent, henco considered jiectoral.
Aspidiuni and I'teris are antlielniiniic. Os-
mii.nda regalis has been successfully adiiiinis-
tered for the rickets.
Oh.<<ervation. — The fructification of the ferns
with its various appenditires, ia too minute to
be well observed by the naked eye ; but iin
examination of it with the aid of ;i good lens
eannot foil to be interesting and satisfactory.
815
739 Polypodinm vulgaro. 740 Frond. 741
Lobe of the frond enlarged, showing the eoii.
742 One of the sori enlarged, showing the spor-
angia. 748 One sjiorango further magnitled,
bursting mid discliarging tlie spores. 744 Soriis
of Aspidiuiti marginale covered with tho indu*
slum. 745 Same, side view.
SUBORDERS AND GENERA.
{ Frond canline, solitary, straight in vernation. Stem erect, (a)
S Fronds cauline, several, palmate (or radical and filiform), (b)
. f Fronds all radical, clustered (never filiform), circinate in vernation, (2)
2 Sporangia spiked or panlclcd, naked {not inrolve<l In revolute fronds), (b)
2 Sporangia on the back of the fronds,— but involved in the revolute segm Nos. S| 10
— not involved ; segments flat, (c)
9CB0RDF.R I. 0PIII0GL0SSEJ5. (Sporangia naked, smooth, cartilaginous, 2-valvcd ; no ring.)
a Fructification spicate. Frond entire, reticulate- veined Opiiioglossum. 1
a Fructification paniculate. Frond divided, fork-veined Botktchium. 2
BiTBOBDER II. OSMUNDE.<E. (Sporangia reticulate-roughened, papery, 2-valved,
with no ring, spicate or p.nniculate.) — b Fronds palmate. Climbing. Lygodium. H
— b Fronds filiform. Erect Sniiz.K. 4
— b Fronds 1 — 2-pinnate Osmunda. 5
UuBORDRR III, POLYPODINE^E. (Sporangia minute, on the Ixick of the frond,
valveless, torn open by the elastic ring which encircles it vertically.)
C Sporangia scattered singly all over the surface (not in sori), naked Acrosttcum. V
C Sporangia collected In dots (sori) springing from the veins, (d)
d Fruit-dots naked, having no indusium (speci.il covering), (e)
e Fronds all alike, flat. Fruit-dots orbicular Polypouivm. 7
e Fronds sterile and fertile very different; the fertile spike-like Stbutiiioptkkis. S
d Fruit-dots Invested witli special coverings (indusia). (g)
g Fruit-dots marginal ; indusium a narrow, reflected edge of frond, (h)
h Indusium contiauous all around the segment Pteiiik. 9
h Indusium from the apex of the segm. — Midvein central Ciibilanthes. \-%
— Midvein lateral or AniANxr^r. It
h Indusium a reflected *.(nA\\ at tbe siniu between the segments. . . .DiCKfiOHiA. 1>
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
/>
^
'^ ^ik(
/.
K.
1.0
I.I
1.25
■^ Kii 12.2
Ml 12.0
■IS
u
1.4
II
1.8
1.6
/
(?
/
#
#
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STMIT
WEBSTIR.N.Y. 14S80
(716)873-4503
4
#^>ft
V
'# °^-*^
'^^ V
^v
1
916 Ordbr 160.— FILICEa
g Frnit-(lot9 dorsal, oblong or linear, parallel with the midvein 'Woodwardia. 1)J
g Fruil-dota dorsal, oblong or linear, transverse to the midvein. (k)
k Indusia single, regularly arranged in 2 rows Ashlknium. 14
k Indusia single, scattered irregularly, placed angularly A.ntkikam.ma. 'i!i
k Indusia double, regularly arranged. Frond simple Sgolupendkil'ii. 16
g Fruit-dots dorsal, orbicular, (o)
o Indusium cup-shaped, Sxed beneath all around the sorus Woodsia. IT
O Indusium liood-shaped, fixed at the base and 2 sides CiSToPTKitif. IS
O Indusium peltate or reniTni, — :ill involved in the berry-l'lite segm.ONocLKA. 19
— all superficial on the flat segm Aspiuil'm. 20
1. OPHIOGLOS'SUM, L. Adder's Tongue. (Gr. o<pic, a serpent,
yXCdana, tongue.) Sporangia roundish, depressed, opening transversely,
arranged in two rows along the margins of the fertile frond which is
contracted into a linear spike ; indusium none, veins reticulated.
1 O. vulg^tum L. Frond simple, oblong-ovate, obtuse, reticulations elimgated ;
spike cauiiue, root of thick up reading Jihres. — A curious little plant in low prouiids.
Fronds solitary, 2 — 3' long, § as wide, aniploxicaul, entire, smooth, without a
midvein, situated upon the stem or stipe a little below the middle. Stipe 6 — 10'
iiigh, terminating in a lance-linear, compressed spike, 1 — 2' long, with the fruit
arranged in 2, close, marginal ranks. Sporangia opening outwards and horizontally,
becoming lunate, distinct, straw-colored. Vernation straight, not circinate. June.
2 O. bulbosum L. Frond simple, ovate or orbiculate, or reniform, .=ubcoidate.
nearly or quite radical, obtuse ; reticulations shoH, spike cauline ; root a suhglolous
bulb. — ^Wet pine barrens, N. J. (Pursli) to Ga. and La. Sts. about 3' higli, otlen
2 from the same br.lb, spike short, oblong (4 to 8 "). Lvs. 2 or 3, one of Ihcm
cauline. Bulbs, 3 to 6" diani.
2. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Moonwort, Grape Fern. (Gr. ftorpv^, a
uluster of grapes ; from the resemblance of the fructification.) Sporangia
subglobous, 1 -celled, 2-valved, distinct, coriaceous, smooth, Jidnate to
the compound rachis of a racemous panicle ; valves opening transversely.
I Frond ternatoly divided, situated near the base of the stipe or stem Nos. 1. i
I Frond pinnately divided, situated at or above the middle of the stem Nos. 8, 4
1 B. lunarioides Swartz. Scape bearing tlie frond near the base; frond in 3
hijnnnatijid divisions ; segments obliquely lanceolate, creuulate; spikes bipinnatf.
— Native cf shadj' woods and pastures. Prond almost radical, of a triangular
outline, 3 — 5' long and wide, of a stouter texture than No. 4, distinctly petiolate.
Scape thick, 8 — 12' high, bearing a tawny, compound panicle 2 — i-' in lengtli,
composed of numerous iittlo 2-ranked spikes. Aug. (B. obliquum Muhl. B.
fumarioides Willd.)
(i. DissECTUM. Frond near the base of the scape, more numerously dissected,
almost tripinnatilid. (B. dissectum W-.ld.)
2 B. simplex Hitchcock. Frond ternate, borne near half way up the stalk; Ifis.
cuneate-obocate, subentirf. or incised, tmequal; spike compound, interrupted, uni-
lateral; capsules sessile, yellow. — Dry hilly pastures, Vt. and Mass. Stipe or
scape 3 to 6' high. Closely resembles B. lunaria of Eur. Frond varies from
simply ternate to ternate-pinnatifid. .In.
3 B, matricariaefolium Braun, 1843. Frond simpli/ pinnate, with oblong,
ovato or oval, incised leaflets, and borne near the summit of the scape ; capsules
pedicollate, subaolitary, in an oblong panicle. — Rocky woods N. FI., Vt . to Pa.
Allied rather to the next than to No. 1. St. 5 to 8' high. Frond 9 to 20" long.
half as wide. Lfts. 3 or 4 pairs. Pan. often larger thau the fronds. Caps,
brctwnisli, on very short, thick stipes. July. (B. neglectura Wood, 1846.)
4 B. Virgfnicum L. Rattlesnake Fern. Stipe with a single frond in the mid
<llo; frond twire and thrice pinnate, tlie lowest pair of pinnse springing from the
bnse; ultimate segments obtuse, somewhat 3-toothed ; spikes decompound ; plant
Bubpilous. — A beautiful fern, the largest of its genus, in low woods. Stipe or
Bcape 1 — 2f high, bearing the frond about half-way up. This is apparently ter-
nate, the lower pair of divisioDS arising from the base. It is almost tripinnate^
Order 160.— FILICE3.
817
the ultimate segments being decurrcnt and more or loss confluent at base, witli
3 — 6 cut serratures. Panicle terminal, 3 — 6 long, reddish-tawny. June, July.
3. LYGO^DIUM Swartz. Climuino Fekn. (Gr. XvyioSrig, flexible,
■ieiuler ; from the habit.) Sporangia sessile, arranged in 2-ranke j
spikelets issuing from the margin of the contracted frond, opening on
the inner side from the base t>o the summit ; indusium ;; scale-like veil
covering each .sporange. (tig. lO'J )
Zi. palm^tum Sw. S*«^ in floxuoug, climbing; fronds conjugate, palmate, S-lobod,
lobes entire, ol>tu i' ; spikelets oblong-linear, liom the upper Ironds, which aro
divided and contrtAited into a compound spiko. — This is one of the few ferns wiiii
climbing stems, and the only one Ibund in the U. S., Mass. to Ky. and S. States,
rare. Plant of a slender and delicate sti ucture, smooth. Stem 3— 4f long, Stipes
alternate on the stem, forked, supporting a pjiir of fronds which are palmately
divided into 5 — 9 segments. Fertile fronds terminal, numerously subdivided into
linear-oblong segments or spikelets, with the fruit in 2 rows on the back. July.
4. SCHIZ^^A Smith. (Gr. oxi^(>), to cut, cleave ; alluding to the
many-cleft spikes.) Sporangia oval, radiate at top, sessile, bursting later-
ally ; indusium continuous, formed of the inflexed margins of tlie leaf-
lets which are contracted, spike-like, crowded at the summit of the fertile
frond.
S. pusilla Pursh. Frond simple, linear, tortuous ; spikes few, crowded at the
top of a long, slender stipe or scape. — A very delicate fern, found in the pin»
barrens, Quaker Bridge, N. J. (This is the only locality clearly known.) Fronds
numerous, caespitous, 2 — 3' long, i — 1" wide. Fertile stipes several, 3 — 6' high,
filiform, with a few short unilateral spikelets at top arranged in 2 rows. Capsules
somewhat turbinate, in 2 rows on the inner side of each spikelet. August.
5. OSMUN'DA, L. Flowering Fern. Sporangia globular, half 2-
valved, roughened on the surface somewhat in lines, pedicellate and
clustered on the lower surface of the frond or a portion of it, which is
more or less contracted into the form of a panicle ; spores gre^u. — Tall,
handsome Ferns. Veins forked, straight.
§ Frond blpinnate with distinct pinnip ; tlio upper part conti acted nnd fertile, ..... . .No. 1
§ Frond pinnate with pinnatitid i)innii', partially or !ie|iarateiy fertile Mcis. 2, 8
1 O. reg^lis Mx. Fronds bipinnate, fructiferous at tlu summit; segments of tho
leaHets lanoo-oblong, distinct, serrulate, 8ub.ses.«ile ; ro •, largo, termmal, decoiU'
pound. — A large and beautiful fern, in swamps p' ^ meadows. The fronds are
3— -4f high, smooth in all their parts. Leaflets or pinnai opposite, remote, eacli
with G — 9 pairs of leaves with an oad one. These are an inch or more long, \ as
wide, obtuse, the petioles — J-" long. Above, the frond is crowned with an ample
blpinnate panicle of a deep fulvous hue, with inimmcrable, small, globular, 2-
valved spore-cases covering the segments. Jn. (0. spectabilis Willd.)
2 O. cinnamdmea L. Cin'n.amon Fkrn. Sterile frond pinnate, leaflets clongatod,
piunatilld, segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, very entire; fertile frond InpinAatc,
leaflets all contnicted, paniculate, subopposite, lanuginous as well as the stipe. — This
is among the largest of our ferns, growing in swamps and low grounds. F.-onds
numerous, growing in clumps, 3 — 5f high, most of them barren, the stipe and
racliis invested with a loose, cinnamon-colored wool. The fertile fronds resemble
spikes, 1 — 2f long, an inch wide. Leaflets all fertile, erect, with the segments
covered with fruit in the form of small, roundish capsules, appearing, under a
microscope, half-2-cleft. June.
3 O, Claytonillna L. Interrupted Fuowering Fern. Frond smooth through-
out, pinnate with lance-linear pinnatitid Ills. ; lobes obtuse, entire, the veiniets all
once forked, some (2 to 7) of the intermediate leaflets fertile. — Common in low
grounds. Fronds ample, 2 to 3f high, light green, interrupted near the middle
by 2 to 4 pairs of fertile leaflets, which are so miich metamorphosed as to rcsomblo
deaae, compound racemes, densely covered with small reddish-brovvu sporuugui.
J) 2
818
Okdek KJO.— FILICES.
Jii. (0. interrupta Mx.) As the sterile Ifts. unfold latest, early specimena shoU
tlio upper Ills, fertile. Rarely the bwent Ifta. are all fertile.
6. ACROSTICHUM, L. Golukn Fern. (Gr. awpo^", apoint, <TT/;^of,
a line or row ; from the fruit dots und lines.) Sporanges scattered (not
in sori), occupying the under surf".ce of the whole or a part of the frond.
— Fronds of various habit.
A. aureum L. Frond pinnate, pinnae alternat'\ oblong-lanceolato, entire, equi-
lateral, cuneate at base, the upper bearing the fructilication. — lu deep swamps
near tjie sea coast, Fla. (Pursh). Cultivated occasionally in the greenhouse. It
is a noble Fern 3 to 5f high. Common in the W. Indies.
7. POLYPO^DIUM, L. Polypod. (Gr. TTO?^vg, many, noSa, feet;
from the multitude of creeping rootstocks.) Sori roundish, scattered on
various parts of the under surface of the froad, with no indusium (cover
or involucre). — Ferns of various habit.
§ Maroinaria (simply plnnntc) reticulate-reined, clothed with scales No. 1
§ PoLYPOuiuM. Frond with the veins forlied, distinct,— .simply pinnate No 3
— bipinnatiild Kos. 2 4
— ternate, bipinnatiild No. &
1 P. inc^nuin Ph. Fronds deeply pinnatifid; segments alternate, linear, very
entire, obtuse, scaly beneath, the upper ones gradually smaller; stipe scaly, bear-
ing the fertile segments near the apex; sori solitary and distinct. — A parasitic
fern, 3 — 6' high, growing on the inclined, moss-clad trunks of living trees, parti-
cularly of the huge Sycamore, and the Magnolias, in the damp forests along rivers,
"VV. States 1 and also Southern. The scaled resemble the indusia of other Ferua,
but have no fruit under them. The veins are invisible.
2 P. vulg^re L. Common Polypod. Frond deeply pinnatifid, smooth; segm.
linear-oblong, obtuse, crenulate, the upper ones gradually smaller; sori large,
distinct. — Rather common on shady rocks and in wooda, forming tangled patches
with their roots which are clothed with membranous scales. Fronds 6 to 12',
divided into alternate segments nearly to the raidvein. Stipe naked and smooth.
Segments parallel, a little curved, about J' wide. Fruit in large, golden dots in a
double row, at length brownish. July. (P. Virginianum Willd.)
3 P. Fheg6pteria L. Beech Polypod. Frond bipinnatifid, triangular in out-
line, veins hairy, the lower pinnae deflexed but curving forward toward the apex ;
segments linear-oblong, obtuse, entire, ciliate, the lower adnate and decurrent;
niipe retrorsely pubescent, rachis chaffy. — Shady woods. Can. to "Wis. and N. States.
Frond longer then wide (3 to 6' by 2^ to 5). Sori small, about 4 on each seg-
ment. July,
4 P. hezagon6ptnrum Mx. Triangular Polypod. Frond bipinnatifid, pinnct
rather distant, the lowest deflexed ; segments lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate, crenate or
dentate, glandvlarly puherulent beneath, the lowest decurrent and forming a con-
spicuous wing to the rachis; stipe smooth. — Moist open woods, U. S. commuu
South. Frond wide as long (5 to 8 ) triangular. Sori many on each segment,
n. (P. Phegopteria (i. ed. 2.)
6 f. Dryopteria L. Ternate Polypod. Frond ternate, bipinnate; branches
of tii9 frond spreading, deflexed, segments obtuse, subcrenate; sori marginal;
root filiform, creeping. — This beautiful fern grows in shady places and mountJiiu-
ous woods, common North. Root black and very slender. Stipe slender ar.d
delicate, smooth, nearly a foot high, dividing into 3 light green, drooping, com-
pound leaflets of a very delicate texture. Jl.
p. caloareum. Branches of the frond erect, rather rigid. (P. calcareum Sm.)
8. STRUTHIOPTERIS, Willd. Ostrich Fern. (Gr. aTpovOoq, an
ostrich, TTTepig^ a fern.) Fertile fronds contracted, the margins rolled
backwards and coveri*5g the round, confluent sori, which are otherwise
^without an indusium. — Fronds bipinnatifid, the fertile pinnee mouiliform
linear.
Ordeb 160.— FlLlCEa
819
8. Genndnica "Willd. A Fern of noble port, in low woods aad swamps, N.
States and Can., common. The sterile fronds are often 5 or 6f higii, commonly
about Ht| numerous, in a bircular clump. Stipes smooth, chanuelod. Piunaa nu-
merous, crowded, long, linear, each with numerous oblong segments of wliich the
lowest is longer and acute, all more or less connected at base. Fertile fionds few
in tiie midst of the sterile, much smaller, the pinn;e subtercte, I to 2 long, crowded.
Sori about 5 in each segment, on the raised ends of as many veinlets. Aug.
9. PTE^RIS, L. Brake. Rock Brake. (Gr. rrrepov, a winp.)
Bori borne on the ends of the veins forming a marginal line, covererl
with the membranous, reflected edge of the frond. — Fronds once to
thrice pinnate or decompound.
§ Frond pcdate, or terniite and bipinnatlfld. Sori in a continuous line Nos. 1, %
S Froud partly bipinnatc. Sori at first distinct but soon continuous Nos. 3, 4
1 P. aquilina L. Common- Brake. Frond 3-parted ; branches bipinnate ; Ifls.
oblong-lanceolate, lower ones piuuatifld, upper ones entire; segments oblong,
obtuse. — Abundant in woods, pastures and waste grounds. Fern 2 — 5f in height,
upon a smooth, dark purple, erect stipe. Frond broad- triangular m outline, con-
sisting of 3 primary divisions, which are again subdivided into obtusely pointed,
sessile leaflets. These are entire above, becoming gradually indented towards
the base of each subdivision. Sori covered by the folding back of the very mar-
gins of the segments.
0. CAUDATA. Segm. of the pinnae linear oblong, the terminal one much elon-
gated. — ^The common Southern form.
2 P. pedaia "Willd. Frond temately parted, the lateral divisions 2-parted, all
pinnatifid; segm. linear-lanceolate, acute, the lowest segment of the terminal
uivision pinnatifid; terminal division long-cuneiform at base, recesses acute. — On
rocks, Va. (Pursh). Fern about 6' high.
3 P. atropurpClrea L. Rock Brake. Frond pinnate; rachia hairy; lower
Ifts ternate or pinnate, segments lance-oblong, obtuse, obliquely truncate or .sub-
cordate at the petiolato base. — Fern G — 10' high, growing on rocks. Can., Wis.,
Yt. to Tenn. I and Ala. I Frond twice as long as wide, of a grayish hue, the two
lower divisions consisting of 1 — 3 pairs of leaflets with a long, terminal segment.
All the segments distinct, with margins conspicuously revolute. Some of the
larger have 1 or 2 auricles at base. Stipe and mchis dark purple, with dense,
paleaceous hairs at base. June — Aug. (AUosorus, Gr. P. Alabamensis Buckley,
when the upper segments are generally auricled.)
4 P. gracilis Michx. Frond slender, lanceolate, sterile ones pinnate, leaflets
pinnatifld, segments broad-ovate, obtuse ; fertile bipinnate, leaflets linear-oblong,
crenate. — A delicate species, growing on rocks. Fern 4 — 6' high, smooth and
shining throughout. Both this and No. 3 are homogeneous in habit with the
others. Their separation to a new genus is an over-refinement. ( A.llosorus, Presl.)
iO. CHEILAN'THES, Swartz. Lip Fern. (Gr. x^lXog, a lip, avOog ;
from the form of the indusia.) Sori roundish, distinct, situated at the
margin or apex of the segments ; indusia distinct, formed from the
reflected margin and opening inwards. — Segments of the frond with the
midvein central.
1 C. vestita Swartz. Stipe and rachis hairy; frond bipinnate, oblong-ovate in
outline, hairy on both sides; leaflets alternate; segments oblong, alternate, ses-
sile, distinct, crenately pinnatifld, the ultimate segment very entire ; sori distinct,
their indusia unchanged. — Rocky banks, Penn. to Mo. and South. Stipe slender,
rigid, 2 — 3' long, dark brown. Fronds 3 — 6' by 1 — 2'. Leaflets lance-ovate in
outline, 6 — 12" long. A small and delicate, hairy Fern. Jl.
2 C. tomentdsa Link. Stipe stout, and with the rachis and frond clothed with
a dense ferruginous wool; frond tripinnate, ultimate segments rounded or oblong,
obtuse (upper ones confluent), fruit-bearing around the whole margin. — N. Csii'.
(Curtis) and Tenn. Fero If to 18' high, much larger and more hairy than the
preceding. Both species are loss hairy on the upper tUau the under surtace.
820
Ohukk IGO.— PIL1CJJ6.
11. ADIAN'TUM L. Maiden-hair. (Gr. a, privative, diaivo), to
moisten ; as tho rain slides oft' without wetting it.) Sori oblong or
rounfjish, marginal ; indusia membranaceous, formed from the reflexed
margins of distinct portions of the frond and opening inwardly. — Stipo
polished. Ultimate segments dimidiate, the midvein on the lower
margin.
1 A. peditum L. Frond pedate ; divisions pinuate ; Bogments oblong-riiomboid,
iiicisely lobed on tlie \ipper side, obtuse at apex ; aori oblong, subulate. — This is,
doubtless, tlio most beauiiful of all our ferns, abounding in damp, rocky woods.
Stipe 8 — 14' higli, slender, of a deep, glossy purple approaching to a jet-black.
At top it divides equally into 2 compound bninclies. each of which gives oil", at
regular intervals, 6 — 8 simply pinnate leaflets from tho outer side, giving tlie
whole frond tho form of the crescent. July.
2 A. Oapillus-Veneris L. Delicate, bright green, (\ — 18', smooth, thrice pinnate
at base; segments round-cuneate, lobcd.orthe sterile toothed ; sori reniforni.one
on each lobe; stipe and branches ca/wWrm/. Lime-rocks, S. : rare Eur. Cultivated.
12. DICKSO^NIA L'ller. (In honor of James Dickson, a distinguished
English cryptogamist.) Sori marginal, roundish, distinct, terminating
a vein ; indusium double, the proper one cup-shaped, opening outwards,
the other formed of a reflected lobule of the margin and opening inwards.
D. pilosiuBCula Willd. Fine-haired Mountain Fern. Frond bipinnate ; leaf-
lets lanceolate, sessile; segments pinnatitid, decurreut, oblotig-ovate, ultimate
segments toothed ; stipe a little hairy. — A large and delicate fern, in pastures,
roadsides, amcmg rocks and stones. Fronds 2 — 3f high, in tufts, and remarkable
for their numerous divisions and subdivisions. Stipe and rachis smooth, with tiio
exception of a few, soft, scattered iiairs. Leaflets alternate, approximate; seg-
ments deeply divided into 4-tocitlied, ultimate segments. Sori minute, solitary, ou
the upper margin of the segments. July. (D. punctilobula, Hook.)
13. WOODWAR'DIA, Sm. (To Thomas J. Woodimrd, an English
bota'iist.) Sori oblong, straight, parallel with, and close to the midvein,
on transverse, anastamosing veinlets; indusia arising from the same
veinlet on the outer side, free and opening on the inner side towards
the midvein. — Fronds pinnate or pinnatifid.
1 "W. onocleoides Willd. Fronds of two kinds; the sterile simply pinnatifid
piniiai, lanceolate, repand, slightly serrulate; fertile fronds pinnate, the pinnaj
entire, linear, acute. — In swamps, not common. Fern about a foot high, growing
in tufts. Barren fronds numerous, of a narrow-lanceolate, acuminate outline.
Leaflets with decurrent or confluent bases. Fertile fronds fewer, with linear
segments nearly covered on the back with the fruit iu oblong, longitudinal sori ^'
in length. Aug. (W. angustifblia Sm.)
2 W. Virginica "Willd. Fronds all similar, pinnate, very smooth, tho leaflets pin-
natifld, lanceolate, sessile; sori in interrupted lines near tlie midvein of the leaflets
and oblonij, obtiisish segments. — In low woods and swamps. Frond about 2f high,
on a smooth stipe, lanceolate in outline, and pale green. Leaflets alternate, deeply
pimiatifid, with numerous, spreading, obtuse and slightly crenate lobes. Fruit
arranged in lines along each side of the midveins, both of the segments and leaf-
lets. July, Aug. (Doodia, R. Br.)
3 W. thelypteroides Ph. trends nearly similar, pinnate, the pinnce sessile, vilhnis
at base, linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid ; the segments in tho sterile fronds oblong, obtus-
, iah, in the fertile short-triangular, acute, all entire ; stipe pubescent, angular. — Sandy
swamps, near Charleston, S. Car. Resembles the preceding but is not half ita
size. Jl. (Pursh.)
14. ASPLE^NIUM, L. Spleenwort. (Gr. a, privative, ottAtJv, the
tjpleen ; from its supposed medicinal virtues.) Sori linear, or lincar-
oDlong, separate, oblique to the midvein, arising with its indusium, from
Order IGO -FILICE&
821
tile upper or forward side of the lateral veins and opening towards the
midvein. — Ferns of various habit. Veins forked or pinnate.
$ Atiiykiitm. Indiisiuin oblong:, subreniform, opening balf aronnd. Frond bipinnata...No. 7
§ AsPLBNiuM proper. Indusiuin narrow, stralglitish, opening only on one edge, (a)
a Frond bipinnatifld, with numerous pinnas (luanets). Stalks green No. S
a Frond bipinnatifld, with few divisions. Stalks greeiiisb Nos. 4, 5
a Frond simply pinnate,— thin, large, with green stalks No. 8
—subcoriaoeous, with dark purple stalks Xos. 1, 3
1 A. Trich6inaneB L. Dwarf Spleenwort. Froud pinnate ; Ifts. roundish, sub-
sessile, small, roundish-obovate, obtusely cuneato and entire at base, crenate above :
stipe black and polished. — A small and delicate fern, forming tufts on shady rocks.
Frond 3 — 6' high, lance- linear in outline, with 8 — 12 pairs of roundish, sessile
leaflets, 3 — 4" long. Fruit in several linear-oblong, finally rouncMsh sori on each
leaflet, placed oblique to tli» midvein. July. (A. melanocaulon Muhl.)
2 A., eb^neum Willd. Ebony Spleekwort. Frond pinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, svJb
falcate, serrate, auriculate at base on the upper side ; stipe smooth and polishud. —
A beautiful fern, in dry woods, hills. Fronds 8 — 14' high, on a slender stipe of
a shining brown or black color. Foliage 5 — 9' long, 1 — 1^' wide, linear-lanccolato
in outline. Leaflets near an inch in length, rather acuminate and curved at apex,
dilated at base on the upper side, and sometimes on the lower. Fruit arranged
in short lines on each side the midrib. July.
3 A. angustifdlium Michx. Froud pinnate; Ifts. alternate, upper ones sub-
opposite, linear-lanceolate, serrate towards the apex, somewhat repand, iho base
truncate on the upper side and rounded on the lower. — In low woods, frequent,
Vt. to Ga. Fronds thin, fragile, 1 — 2f high, in tufts, the outer ones barren, inner
fertile. Sori large, diverging from the midrib, parallel with the veins, at length
confluent. July.
4 A. Ruta-murkria L. Frond bipinnate at base, simply pinnate above; l/ts.
small, petiolate, cuneate at hase, erose-dentate at the blunt apex. — An extremely
small and delicate fern, in dry, rocky places. Frond 2 — 3' high, ^ as wide, smooth,
growing in tufts, somewhat coriaceous. Segments usually 3 on each leaflet, lesH
tiian ^' long. Stipe fiat and smooth. Sori linear-oblonp, slightly oblique, of a
rusty-brown color, finally confluent. July.
5 A. montanum Willd. (A. Adiantum-nigrum. Michx.) Frond glabrous,
bipinnate ; Ifts. oblong-ovcte, parted into a few (5 or 6) 2 or 3-toothed segments ; sori
linear, finally confluent. — Mountain rocks, Penn. to Car. (Curtis), W. to Ky.
Fronds growing in tufts, 4 — 8' high, rhombic or oblong-lanceolate in outline,
mostly bipmnate, but more or less divided according to the size. Segments mora
obtuse than in the foreign A. Adiantum-nigrum, July.
6 A. thelypteroideo Michx. Silvery Spleenwort. Frond bipinnatifld ; Ifts.
pinnatifid, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; segments oblong, obtuse, serrate-crenate ;
sori in parallel, oblique lines. — A fine, large fern, on shady banks of streams.
Fronds \\ — 3f high, of an ovate-acuminate outline, on a slightly chaffy, pale stipe.
Leaflets distinct and rather remote, narrow, 4 — 6' long. Segments rounded at the
end, near ^' long. Sori arranged in 2 rows on each segment, one on each sido
the midvein, convergent below, with shining, silvery indusia wlien young. July.
7 A. Filiz-fcemina Bemh. Frond bipinnate ; Ifts. lanceolate, acuminate ; seg.
oblong-lanceolate, deeply cut-pinnatifld ; ultimate seg. 2 — 3-toothed ; sori reniforra
or lunate, arranged near the veins ; stipe smooth. — A delicate, finely-divided fern
in moist woods. Fronds 1 — 2f high, with subopposite divisions. These are sub-
divided into distinct, obtuse segments, which are themselves cut into oblong, deep
serratures, and lastly, the serratures are mostly with 2 — 3 teeth at the summit.
Sori large, at first in linear curves, finally confluent, giving the whole frond a dark
brown hue. July. (Aspidium, Swtz.)
15. ANTIGRAM'mA, Presl. Walking Ferv. (Gr. avri, like,
ypdi^ij-ia, writing; said of the fruit dots.) Sori linear or oblong, scat-
tered withoiit order on the transverse veins, oblique at various angles,
often in pairs and facing each other; indusium simple, linear. — Frond
simple, veins reticulated in the midst, foiked and free only in the margin.
622
Ordeu 160.— FILICJBS.
1 A. rhlzoph^lla J. Smith. Frond mostlj undivided, lanceolate, stipttato, sub*
crenate, cordato-auriculate at base, the apox attenuated into a long, slender acu-
mination, rooting at the point. — This singular fern grows in rocky woods, not very
nommon. The frond is 4 — 8' long; the long, slendei, linear point bending over
backwards, reaches the earth, and there strikes root, giving rise to a new plant,
Thus the plant may ttfct^/s by yearly steps. July. (Asplenium, ed. 2. Camptosorus.
Link.)
8 A. pinnatifida. Frond pinnatifid, lanceolate, abrupt at base, the apex atten*
uated into a long acumiiiatioii and sometimes striking root; segments or lobes
roundish-ovate ; sori irregularly scattered, at length large and oonHuent, covering
the lobes, and oven the slender summit. Crevices of rocks, on the banks of the
Schuylkill (Nuttall), Ky. and Tenn. (Curtis) rare. Fronds tufted and spreading,
4 to 8' long. (Asplenium, Nutt.)
16. SCOLOPEN'DRIUM, Smith. IIart's-tonoue. {Gr.aKoXunEvdpa^
the centipede ; suggested by the appearance of the under side of the
leaf.) Sori linear, transverse, scattered ; indusium double (arising from
3 contiguous parallel veins), occupying both sides of the sorus, along
the middle, finally opening lengthwise.
8. officinarum Willd. Frond simple, ligulate, acute, entire, cordato at base. —
Shady rocks, Chittens.ngo, N. Y., (Sartwell.) Stipe rather short (3 — f -v^ng), chaflfy',
bearing the frond subercct, 8 — 15' high, 2 — 3' wide, bright green, paler beneath.
Sori oblique to the midvein, 6 — 9 ' in length. Rhizoma large, creeping, July. —
This curious fern appears to be confined to the vicinity above mentioned, where
it was first detected by Pursh. It is there abundant. (Asplenium Scolopen-
drium L.)
17. WOOD'SIA, Brown. Rock Polypod. (In honor of Joseph
Woods, an excellent English botanist.) Sori roundish, scattered ; indu-
sium beneath the sorus, early opening above it, with a multifid or fringed
margin, including the pedicellate spore cases, like a calyx. — Small, caes-
pitous, ferns with pinnated fronds.
I IItpopf.ltks, Torr. Indusium closed over the sorus at first, toothed when open No. 1
I WoouBiA proper. Indusium concealed under the sorus, fringed witli long huirs. . Nos. 2, S
1 W. ilv^nsls Br. Rusty Polypod. Frond pinnate, leaflets piunatifld, lan-
ceolate ; segments ovate-oblong, obtuse ; sori near the margin, at length confluent ;
stipe, rachis and mid veins cliaSy. — Growing in tufts, on rocks and in dry woods
North and South. Fronds 5 or 6' high, on brown stipes which are more or less
c])affy. Foliage 3 or 4' long, J as wide, oblong-lanceolate in outline, with rust-
colored chaS" beneath, with opposite and alternate leaflets hardly an inch in
length. The lower leaflets are pinnatifid, upper ones wavy on the margin or en-
tire. (W. rufidula Beck.)
2 "W. obtClsa Torr. Frond subbipinnate, or nearly tripinnate, minutely glandu-
lar-pilous ; Ifts. distant ; segments of the leaflets pinnatifid ; ultimate segments
roundish-oblong, obtuse, bidentate; sori round, one at each cleft between the
lobelets, at length crowded ; stipe somewhat chaft'y. — About a foot high, among
and on rocks, N. Y. to Ky. and Tenn. Fronds lance-oblong in outline, 3 times as
long as wide. Segments of the leaflets crenate-serrate, the lower ones distinct,
mpper confluent. Sori orbicular, becoming nearly confluent, each at first inclosed
in the silvery indusium which when open is notched into little teeth on the mar-
gin. July. (W. Perriniana, ed. 2.)
3 W. glabella R. Br. Fern smooth and glabrouS, pinnate, lance-linear in out-
line, 2 to 5' high ; Ifts. distant below, subopposite, ovate, very obtuse, a few linos
lonjr, the upper with the .margins only crenate, tlv lower deeply cleft into 3 to 7
lobelets; indusium fringed, open. — Rocks, Little Falls, N. Y. (Vaaey! in herbt
Curtis), Willoughby Mt., Vt. and.Can.
18. CISTOP'TERIS, Bernh. Bladder Frrn. (Gr. Kvari^, a blad,
(ler, Trrept?, fern.) Sori roundish; indusium hood shaped, vaulted.
Order 100.— FILICES.
823
closed and subtending the sorus on lluve sides, opening on the fourth
which looks towards the apex of the segment ; veins forked, free.
1 C. bulbifera Berab. Frond bipiiiuate, niirrowly lauceolate, set^ments of the
Ifts. opposite, oblong, serrate, tlie lower one pinnatifid ; rachis bulbi/erous, whig-
lii8.s ; sori roundish, placed singly at the clefts between the lobelets. — In damp
woi)>l3, frequent. Frond 12 to 18 high, remarkable for the little bulbs prodiieed
in the axils of the rachis, which, falling to the ground, take root. Foliage iiar
row, tapering to an acute summit. Stipe smooth. Jl. (As[>idium, Swtz.)
2 C. frdgilia Bernh. Frond bipinuate, oblong-lanceolate in outline, delicate in tex-
ture; Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, 8eg?n. oblong, obtuse or acute (3 to 5') incisely lolit-d
or pinnatifid, its lobes subentire; rnchh winged bt/ the decurrrcnt Ifts.; sori i-inglc
at the base of each tooth ; stipe slender, longer tlian frond. — A delicate Fei-n on
moist rocks, frequent. Fronds 6 to 12' high, dark green, its divisions ralhei
remote, and with the subdivisions, considerably variable in form. Sori smali,
about I at the base of each lobe, soon naked. Ju., Jl. (Aspidium tenue Swtz.)
19. ONOC'LEA, L. Sensitive Fern. (Gr. ovog, a kind of ves-
sel, KXeib), to close.) Fronds sterile and fertile ; sori clustered, con-
fluent; proper indusium very thin, lateral: common indusium
formed of the segments of the frond, whose margins are revolute
and contracted into the form of a berry, opening, but not expand-
ing. — Sterile fronds deeply pinnatifid, ample ; fertile hlpinnate, with
recurved and globular, contracted segments.
O. aenslbilia L. Common in low grounds. Fronds about a foot high, the barren
ones broad and somewhat triangular in outline, composed of broad, oblong, sitmat*
divisions, the upper ones smaller, nearly entire, becoming united at base. The
fei'tile frond is very dissimilar in its form to the others, resembling a compound
spike enclosing the fruit in the globular segments of its short divisions. Color
dark brown. Jl. — Very sensitive to frost.
(3. OBTUsiLOBATA Torr Fertile frond segments leaf-like, only partially revohite,
not concealing the sori. — Mass., N. Y., very rare. (0. obl.usiloba Sclik.)
20. ASPID'IUM, L. Shield Fern. (Gr. aanig, a small shield;
from the resemblance of the indusium.) Sori orbicular, scattered,
terminal or lateral on the pinnate veins ; indusium orbicular, peltate
or reniform with a deep sinus, covering the sorus, opening all around.
S Upper half of the frond fruitful, cnntracted, unliko tlio lower sterile half Nos. 1, 2
§ Upper lialf of the frond like the lower, not contracted, (a)
a Frond simply i)innate, Ifts. ovate, seniiauriculate No. 8
a Trond bipinnate, segments semiauriculate, sharp-toothed Nos. 4, 5
a Fionil bipinnate, segments equilateral, deeply i)innatilid No. 6
a Frond pinnate with pinnatifid leaflets, (b)
b Segments subcoriaceous, with the sori near the midvein Nos. 7, 8
b iJegments subcoriaceous, with the sori at the margin No. 9
b Segments soft and thin, — stnoothish. Sori in 2 rows Nos. ID, 1 1
— hairy. Sori without order No. 12
1 A. acrostichoides Willd. Leaflets of the frond undivided, subsessile, falcate-
lanceolate, auriculate on the upper side at base, ciliate-serrulate, only the upper
ones fertile ; Bori at length confluent ; stipe chaffy. — Common in rocky shades.
Frond 15 — 18' high, of a narrow-lanceolate outline. Stipe with loose, chafty
scales. Leaflets numerous, slightly curving upwards, 1 — 2' in length, (incised in A.
Schweinitzii Beck), the terminal ones, which alone are fruitful, are contracted in
size, the under side becoming overspread with the sori. June — Aug.
2 A. Ludovicikntun lliddell. Frond tall (2 to 4f ), rigidly erect, narrowly oblong-
lanceolate in outline, pinnate and bafren below, bipinnate, fruitful and contracted
above; lower Ifts. incisely pinnatifid with very obtuse, snbentire lobes, upper with
distinct, oblong, obtuse, crenate-serrate segments; indusia peltate, in 2 intra-
marginal rows. — Swamps, Ga., Fla. to I^a. The shore stipe and long rachis chaffy.
3 A. lonchitiA Wmd. Frond pinnate, linear-lanceolate in outlitie, rigidly erect
824
Obdeb 160.— FILICES.
(8 to 12'); Ifls. obliquely triatigular-ovatc, auricled on tho nppor side at baae,
lar^^t'st (1' luug) in the middle, gradually reduced above and below to the base, all
beset with close, spiny teeth, and covered with fruit beneath. — N. Mich. Br. Am.
4 A. acule^tum Swtz. Segments of the leaflets ovate, subfalcate, acute, acu-
leate-serrate, truncate and auricled on the upper side at base, upper leaflets fer-
tile; stipe aud rachia chafTTy. — Mansfield Mt., Vt., and Mts. in Essex Co., N. Y.,
(Maerie). Fronds dark green, in tufts 1 — 2f high. Segments of the leaflets on
very siiort petioles, somewhat dilated at base on the upper side, deeply aerrato,
eacli sorrature tipped with a short spinous bristle. Sori in rows, distinct. Aug.
6 A. fr^grans Swtz. Frond coriaceous, pinnate with deeply pinnatifid or pinnate
Ifls., lance-ovate in outline, glandular and fragrant; Ifts. narrow-pointed, with a
dozen pairs of small, obtuse, bristly serrate segments which are unequal at base ;
indusia large, orbicular, peltate, covering segments. — Rocks, Penokoe Iron Range,
L. Sup. (Lapham) and northwest. Frond 6 to 12' high. Stipe and rachia chafly.
6 A. spinuldaum Willd. Leaflets oblong-lanceolpte, distinct ; ciegments distinct,
oblong, obtuse, incisely pinnatifid; ultimate segments mucronate-serrate ; stipe
chaffy ; indusium umbilicate. — Woods aud shady pastures. Fronds 1 — 2f high,
nearly tripinnate, the foliage about twice as long as wide, acuminate at apes,
abrupt at base. Leaflets also acuminate, but the segments rather obtuse, all dis-
tinct at base, except those near the summit, serratures with short, soft bristles.
Stipe with large, tawny scales. Sori large. Jl. (A. dilatatum Swtz.) Variable.
7 A. Goldi^num Hook. Goluie's Ferm. Frond ample, oval or ovate, in out-
line (10 to 16' long, two-thirds as wide) pinnate, as long as the smooth stipe; Ifts.
broad-linear, alternate, deeply pinnatifid, crenate-appressed-sorrate, acutiah, with
2 rows of distinct fruit-dots near the midvein ; indusium reniform-poltate. — A large
Fern in rocky woods, N. and W. States and Can. Lfts. close together, about 30
pairs, with about 20 pairs of segments. Stipe chaffy at base, scarcely so above.
6 A. criatdtum Swtz. Stipe with a few large, oblong, torn scales, chiefly at
base ; frond narrowly lanceolate ; leaflets deeply pinnatifid, remote, short-petiolu-
late, broadest at base, the lower triangular-ovate ; sori largo, in a single row each
side the midvein of each dentate segment; indusium fixed near one side. — Woods,
Can., N. U. (Rickard) to N. Y. and N. J. A beautiful Fern, 20 to 30' high. Frond
dark green, 15 — 18' by 5 — 8'. Leaflets gradually narrowing from base to apex.
Segments nearly distinct, more or less distinctly serrate-dentate, each with 1 — 25
dark-brown sori (lower leaflets fruitless). July. (A. Lancastriense Spr.)
9 A. margin^le Swtz. Mabgixal Shield-Fern. Segments of the leaflets
oblong, obtuse, decurrent, crenate-sinuate, repand at base, lower ones almost pin-
natifid ; sori marginal ; stipe chaffy. — A large, handsome Fern, in rocky woods,
common. Frond 12 — 18' high, very smooth (rachis a little chaffy), its divisions
nearly opposite. Segments of the leaflets distinct, near an inch long, J as wide,
contracted at base, then decurrent, forming a narrow margin along the rachis.
Fruit in round dots, in regular rows along the margins of the segments. Indusium
large, orbicular, with a lateral sinus. July.
10 A. Tbel^ptera Swtz. Lady Fern. Frond smoothish, lance-ovate; ^ts.
slender, distant, deeply pinnatifid, gradually shorter from near the hose upwards ;
Begm. acute, margins reflexed in fruit; sori in 2 lines, as near the midvein as the
margin. — A delicate Fern, in damp shades, frequent, about If high, hulf as wide.
Lfts. 2 to 3' long, about 20 pairs, lowest pair as long as any. Segm. 25 paira JL
11 A. Novaborac^nae Willd. New- York Fern. Frond smoothiah, elliptic'
lanceolate; Ifts. slender, near or distant, deeply pinnatifid, gradually shorter bo:h
ways to a point from the middle, the lower reflexed; segin. obtuse, oblong, flat;
sori in 2 rows close to the margin, at length confluent. — Fein as thin and delicate
as the last, 12 to 18' high, 3 to 4' wide, with about the same number of divisions.
12 A. patens Swz. Frond sofl and thin, pubescent with rusty hairs all over,
lanceolate, pinnate; Ifls. linear, pointed, pinnatifid, lobes short-oblong, very obtuse
entire, with simply pinnate veins ; indusia round-reniform, small, scattered without,
order near the midvein. — Dry woods, Fla. (Cli.ipman). Fern 12 to 18' high, ti-e
stipes a third of this length. Lfls. about 25 pairs, segm. 18. (Amolle KunzeV
ADDENDA.
NYMPHiEA. Page 220. Add—
N. Piavfc Leitner. Yellow NvMPHiKA. Root-stock erect ; leaves ovate>
orbicular, spotted, lobes sharp-pointed ; flowers yellow. Grows in the St
Johns River, Fla., where it was recently rediscovered by Mrs. Mary Treat.
Figured in Audvbon's Birds of America, 1843. It propagates by runners.
Add—
SISYMBRIUM. Page 233.
4 S. Allionia Kotcli. Hedoe Garlic. Lvs. ovate, cordate, repandly
toothed, petiolate ; pods prismatic, erect-spreading, much longer than their
pedicels. 2^ Near Brooklyn, L. I. {W. H. Leggett). Plant 3— 8f, fls. white,
pods, i' long. The lvs. smell like Garlic, hence the specific name. § Eur.
ALYSSUM. Page 236. Add—
3 A. Oalycinum L. Calyx persistent ; lvs. linearspatulate, caruscent ;
pods orbicular, lens-shaped, with a thin border, 4-seeded ; fls. yellowish.
® Infields, sparingly naturalized, Mass., N. Y., etc. Height nearly If.
Petals little longer than the sepals.
VESICARIA. Page 237. Add—
2 V. Lescurtt Gray. Pubescent ; stems many, ascending 6 — 10' ; lvs. ob-
long, clasping with a sagittate base ; fls yellow, in lengthening terminal
racemes; silicle roundisli, hispid, twice longer than its stylo; seeds 1—4
in each cell. Meadows and hills, Edgefield Junction, Tenn (Hamlin) ; and
Nashville {Lesquirieux). Fls. 4" broad.
CLEOME. Page 240. Add—
2 O. Integritblia N. Glabrous, glaucous, 1 — 2f ; lvs. 3-foliolate, Ifts. lance-
oblong, entire, mucronate ; raceme dense , clyx 5-toothed ; petals rose-color,
subsessile, 4" long ; stara. 6. equal ; pod much longer than its stipe. Banks
of the Mississippi, in N. 111. (F. Friese) and West.
PARNASSIA. Page 252. Add—
Tills genus has been transferred to Order LXI., Saxifraoacils. Under it
insert —
4 P. Parviflora, DC. Scapes very slender; lvs. ovate or oblong, acute at
base, the cauline one linear-lanceolate, sessile; fls small, petels sessile,
scarcely exceeding the sepals ; sterUe filaments about 5 in each bundle. Lake
shores in N. Mich, and islands of L. Sup. {Wheder). 3—6'. Fls. 5— «"
broad.
ELATINE. Page 253. Add—
2 E. Olintoniana Peck. Stems erect about 4", in very dense tufts from mat-
ted roots ; lvs. spatulate, i" ; fls. 3-i)arted ; seeds slightly curved. Shores
of Sand Lake, N. Y. {G. H. Peck). One of the smallest of the Phaenogama
ALSINE. Page 259.
This genus should be stricken out, and the species restored to Abbnabia.
826
ADDENDA.
SESUVIUM. Page 264.
This genus has beon transferred to the Order MeskmrrtacB/S, and the species
changed as follows (see Hot. and Ftor., p. 183) :
8. Pentandrum Ell. Lvs. spatulate-obovate ; fls. sessile ; stamens 6. ® ?
Sea-coast, Long Isl. to Fia. Hitherto mistaken for S. portulacastrum.
GERANIUW. Page '^76. Add—
6 O. Diss^ctum L. Diffuse, pul)e8cent ; leaf-lobes and segments nnrrower
than in (J. Carot.inianum ; sepals acuminate, mucronate, as long as the
emargiiiattj, purple petals ; carpels hairy , seed ovo\CLg\o\^\x»,dixti)tctly and
finely reticulated, (i) Waste grounds, rare. Internodes and petioles elon-
gated, g Eur.
6 G. columbinum D. Decumbent, puberulent, with long, filiform flower-
stalks ; lvs. and seeds nearly as in No. 5 ; sepals awned, enlarging after flow-
ering , carpels glabrous, j^ Dry places, L. I. to Va. Very rare. § Eur,
Order XL, The Mapleworts, page 285, are now included under Order XLI,
Sapimdack.£. See Botanist and Florist, p. 73.
ACER. Page 285. Add—
8 A. Platanoides L. Norway Maple. Lvs. bright green both sides, as
broad as long, 5-lobed, lobes toothed and short-acuminate ; corymbs nearly
erect; fruit smooth; 3' long, wings very diverging; juice milky. A fine
compact tree.
Order XLII. CELASTRACE/E. Here insert—
3. Pachystima Raf. Petals and stamens 4, inserted on the throat of the 4-
lobed calyx ; style very short, expanded at base into the disk which covers
the ovary and lines the calyx tube ; caps, oval, 2-celled, seeds 3 — 4 inclosed
in a white dissected aril. Low shrubs with opposite, crowded, subsessile,
evergreen leaves and minute axillary flowers.
P. myrsinites Raf. 3. Canbyi (Gray). Stems and branches creeping,
ascending, bark blackish ; lvs. oblong and linear-oblong, obtuse, with a few
minute teeth ; caps, obtuse. Mountain bogs, Wytheville, Va. {H. Shriver).
Stems 8 — 15'. Lvs. 6—9", edges revolute.
POLYGALA. Page 294. Add-
4 P. Alba Nutt. Stems clustered, angular, branched above ; lvs. Jincai*..
spikes lance-linear, pointed, on long stalks; seed very hairy, longer than its
2-lobed caruncle. Ala. to Tex. (Buckley) 6 — 13'. Spikes 1 — 3', with
•white corollas. Calyx wings oval. (P. bicolor Kth).
BAPTIS'IA. Page 303. Add—
12 B. Serenae Curtis. Glabrous, diffusely branched ; lvs. petioled, Ifts. oblong-
obovate, cuneate ; fls. in terminal racemes, the pedicels longer than the
calyx in fruit ; sep. villous within, shorter than the stipe of the turgid pod.
— S. Car. {M. A. Curtis). Plant 1— 3f. Lfts. 1'. Pod 8" long.
DESMO^DIUM. Page 308. Insert—
2 D. ochroleucum Curtis. Plant decumbent, smoothish ; lfts. ovate, the
lateral smaller or sometimes wanting; racemes much elongated; cor. whitish;
lomeut twisted, downy-edged, 3 — 4-jointed. — In woods, Delaware and south-
w&rd
TRIFOXIUM. Page 313. Add—
6a T. hybridum L. Stems ascending, glabrous ; lfts. rhombic-oval or obo-
vate, denticulate, stipules long and narrowly pointed ; heads globous, on
ADDENDA.
837
lon^ peduncles ; fls. stalked and deflexed after flowering ; calyx subequal,
longer than the tube, ascending, sliorter than the corolla ; legumes 2 — 4-
seeded. — Fields and meadows, Mass. to Pa. (C'wW>, Porter). Fls. pink-color.
§ 9. Eur. T. ELEOAN8 Savi.
PETALOSTE'MON. Page 316. Add—
6 P. foliosuB Gray. Glabrous ; stems sulcate, leafy to the top ; Ifts. 17 — 25,
narrowly oblong r spike solitary, dense, on a short penduncle ; bracts subu-
late, long-pointotl, scarcely shorter than the purple banner and alee. — Otta-
wa, 111. (//. L. BoUicood), and northwestward. Leaves and spike 1 — 2' long.
ASTRAG'ALUS. Page 317. Insert.
2 A. alpinus L. Diffuse ; Ifts. 13 — 21, ovate ; cor. blue above, thrice longer
than the calyx (5^6'); pod pubescent with black hairs, 2-celled, deeply
grooved on the back. — Mts. Vt., Me., and Can.
7 A. plattensis N. Villous, diffuse; Ifts. 8 — 12 pairs, oblong ; stip. lance-
olati- ; racemes capitate, shorter than tJie leaoea ; cor. pale, tipped with pur-
ple ; "pod ovoid, mUou8. — Gravel, III. to Tenn. and West.
DRY'AS. Page 337. Insert—
1 D. octopetala L. Lvs. elliptical, coriaceous, clothed with a white, silky
tomentum, especially beneatli, the margin tootht;d and revolute* peduncle
Bcapi'-like, erect, whito-tomentous ; calyx with black hairs ; tails of carpels
1' long, plumous, forming a large showy tuft. — A plant of striking aspect,
Michipicoten Isl., L. Sup. (0. B. Wheeler), and North. Caudex woody,
prostrate, leafy. Ped. 6 — 8' erect. Fls. 1' diam.
Order XLVII. ROSACEiE. Page 345 Insert—
29. Neviusia Gray. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes leafy, cut-«errate, persistent ;
cor. ; stam. numerous, filiform ; ov. 2 — 4, each 1-ovuled ; achenia drupe-
like. Shrub with alternate, simple, ovate, petiolate leaves, and free, subu-
late, stipules. Flowers terminal, numerous, showy.
N. Alabam6nsis Gr.
Shrub 2— 3f. high.
Shady cliflfe, Tuscaloosa, Ala. {Rev. B. D. Nevins).
DIDIPLIS Raf. Page 350.
This being the earlier name, should be substituted for " HtfoBBICHIA Cur-
tis": and D. diandra (N.) for " H. Nuttallii Curt."
OENOTHE'RA. Page 353. Add-
4 OS. huniifiisum N. Hoary and silky-tomentous ; stem rigid, spreading or
l)rocumbent ; lvs. linear-oblong, sinuate-dentate or entire ; cal. tube little
longer than the ovary ; petals little exceeding the sepals ; caps, prismatic.
Sands of the sea-beach, Del. {Canhy) to Fla. Stems If long. Fls. 1' broad.
Pod sessile. Jn. , Jl.
6 Oj. triloba N. Stems very short, caespitous, glabrous ; lvs. runcinate-pin
natifid, segm. lance-linear, often toothed; cal. tube very long, filiform, the
lance-linearsepals rather longer than the somewhat .S-lobed, 3- veined petals;
caps, sessile, ovoid, 4-winged. 2^ Dry banks, Memphis, Tenn. {Mrs. J. M.
Highee) to Ark. Fls. nearly radical, cor. pale yellow, 1' or more broad.
Order Qii088mjACEi!E(Page 360) has been annexed to Saxifbaoace^. Under
5 B. RUBRUM belongs variety y, cbrasoidbs, the Cherry -currant, with fruit
twice the ordinary size.
8S8
ADDENDA.
SE^DUM. Page 3G7. Insert—
2a. S. rhodiola DC. Steins clustered, 5 — 10' erect ; Ivs. crowded, obovate,
often toothed above ; flowers 4-parted, in a small cyme at top, yellowish,
dmcious. — Red sandstone cliffs on the Delaware K. near Easton {Porter) ;
also Me. and Can.
SAXIF'RAGA Pennsylvanica. Page 371. Add—
/9. Forberii (Vasey). Scape slender and weak, with a loose, thin panicle ;
petals white.— Rocky bluffs, S. Ill {8. A. Forbes).
HYDROCOT'YLE umbellata. Page 377. Add—
/8 ambigua • umbels proliferous, 3 or 4 on each peduncle ; fls. pedicellate, ped.
as long as the fruii, which is truncate at base. — Waters Del. to Ga. Ap-
proacMng H. vulgabis of Eur.
PASTINA CA. Page 379.
Archemora, Tiedmannia, and Anethnm. For various changes in nomencla-
ture, see Botanist and Florist, p. 136, under Pencedanum.
THAS'PIUM. Page 382.
See Botanist and Florist, p. 138, under Carum, for changes in nomenclature
in TiiASPiUM, ZiziA, and Afium, made in accordance with Bentham &
Hooker's Genera.
Neuzophyllum longifolium T. & G. (p. 387) is the same plant as that de-
scribed in Hblosciadium leptophyllum DC, p. 386. It is now Apium
LEPTOPHYLLUM (Benth. and Hook.).
ATIUM. Page 388. Add—
3 A. ang^stifolium Wood. Weakly erect, 18 — 20' ; Ivs. pinnate, elongated ;
Ifts. toothed, cut, or pinnatifid, Milong in outline ; ped. as long as the rays ;
involucre and involucels 5 — 7-bracted, fruit round-oval, ribs and vittsB
obscured by the thick pericarp. — Wet places, Peoria, 111. {Dr. Stewart), und
W. Used as celery (Berulc, Kotch, Siesm, L.).
COR'NUS. Pago 390.
O. striata, i3. aspbrifolia. We now regard this plant as an independent spe-
cies, viz. : COBNDS ASPERIFOLIA Mx.
DIERVIL'LA. Page 396. Add-
3 D. Japonica Fortune. Wiegelia. Shrub 6 — 8f high, with long branches ;
Ivs. oblong-ovate, acuminate ; cor. rose colored, limb abruptly spreading ;
ovary slender, stalk-like, abortive here. A hardy shrub from Japan, covered
in spring with innumerable flowers.
GALLIUM. Page 400. Insert—
6 G. Mollugo L. Stems weak, elongated, very smooth ; Ivs. in whorls of 8
(often of 7's and 6'si, narrowly oblanceolate, or oblong, rough-edged above,
mucronate-pointed ; fls. minute, in terminal panicles; fruit smooth. — U
Waste places in and around N. Y. City {Ruger, Denslow). Stems 1 — 3f.
Leaves 6". § Eur.
ASTER MCTABiLis. Page 424. Add—
6. gracill6ntuB (T. & G.) Very smooth and slender ; lower leaves cut-serrate,
above the middle ; achenia quite glabrous. N. Car. (Gurtio).
y. bellidiflbruB has very numerous and smaller beads {2^'' long). West.
ADDENDA.
829
ASTER. Page 426. Insert—
42 A. augustus (Lindl.) Erect, with erect branches; Ivs. linear, acute,
ciliate-serrulate ; scales linear, in about 3 series, nearly equal ; rayc very
short or 0; pappus copious, white; ach. hairy. — ® Streets of Milwaukie,
Wise. {Dr. Sherman), and northwestward. Stem 1 — 2f high, racemous-
panicled above. Lvs. S^J — 3''.
SOLIDA'GO LATiFOLiA. Page 431. Add—
y. ciliata. Upper racemes elongated and spreading, resembling in this respect
S. ulmifolia. 111. (J. Wolf. Q. ciliata, DC.)
SOLIDA'GO Canadensis. Page 434. Add— •
y. scabra. Stem and lvs. scabrous ; lvs lance-oblong, subentire, pubescent
beneath.
Order COMPOSITE. Page 442. Add—
Silphium scaberrimum. (3. sessile,
to ovate.— 111. (S. Radula N.).
Leaves nearly all sessile, lance-oblong
41a. Acanthospermum Schrank. Heads radiate, rays small, $ fertile, disk
§ sterile ; invol. herbaceous, inner scales closely investing the ray achenia;
recept. chalFy ; ach. few, oblong, without pappus, each inclosed in the
hardened prickly scale. — ® Diffusely branching. Lvs. opposite, toothed or
incised. Fls. yellow.
A. xanthoides DC, Stems creeping, rooting at base, scabrous-pubescent ;
lvs. ovate or obovate, the lower petiolate ; heads stalked ; rays about 5 ;
ach 5, spreading, 6 ' long, the sack muricate. — Atlanta, (ia. {T. B. Oould-
ing). § S. Am. July, Aug.
Rudbeckia. (Page 445.) To this genus are now restored, in Bentham &
Hooker's Genera, Echinacea, Lepachys, and Dracopsis. Here belongs —
10 R. Porteri Gr Scabrous and hispid; stem paniculate-branched; lvs.
lanceolate and lance-linear, cilJate at base, entire, the lower opposite ; invol-
scales linear, bristly-ciliate, as long as the convex-disk ; chaff concave,
spinescent ; rays 7 — 9, yellow, longer than the yellow disk. — Stone Mt. Ga.
{prof. Porter). Stem 2 — 3f. Rays spreading 1'. Ach. crownless.
BI^DENS CONNATA. Page 453. Add—
p. petiolata. Lvs. more or less petiolate. — 111. («7. Wolf). (B. petiolata N.)
SENE'CIO. Page 464. Add—
9 S. scandens. German Ivy. Stem climbing and twining; lvs. «<jp!^fe<«/
smooth, broad, cordate, 5 — 7-angled or lobed ; corymbs axillary, of small,
yellow, rayless heads. — A popular house-plant, from S. Afr. Remarkable
among the Compositse for its well-defined stipules.
NAB'ALUS. Page 471.
It now appears that Pbenanthes should be substituted for Nabalub, being a
prior as well as a better name.
Order PLANTAGINACE^E. Page 507. Add—
fl. liittorella L. (Lat. litt^is, a shore.) Moneecious ; i fls. solitary, termi*
Dal ; calyx 4-parted ; cor. tubular ,4 lobed, scarious ; stam. 4, long exserted ;
? fls. below, sessile ; calyx of 3 unequal bracts : cor. urceolate. scarious,
8-toothed ; stam. ; style long exserted ; fruit 1-seeded. — Little aquatlo
herbs, acaulescent, from creeping rhizomes. Lvs. linear-subulate.
830
ADDENDA.
L. lacustris L.— Sandy shore of L. Champlain, Alburgh, Vt. (C. O. Pringle),
and Nova Scotia (Miss E. O. Knight). Lvs. semiterete.equalir jr (1 — 3) the
sterile scapes, which are 1 — 2-bracted above. Fertile flower enveloped L*
bractlets. Sept. Eur.
Order ERICACEAE. Suborder V. Page 495. Insert —
26a. Shortia, T. & Q. (Dedicated to Dr. C. W. Short, an early botanist of
Kentucky.) Calyx bracteolate, 5-parted, segments unequal ; corolla bell-
form, 5-lobed, lobes crenulate ; filaments 5, adnate to the cor. tube, anthers
2-celled ; starainodia 5, on the base of the tube; style slender; capsule
globous, 3-celled, oo-seeded. — li Glabrous. Lvs. radical, jjersistent on 'ong
petioles, round-oval, toothed. Flower large, white or roseate, terminal and
nodding on the scape. Apr.
S. galacifblia T. & G.— High Mts. of N. Car. (Michaux). Re-discovered in
McDowell Co. by if. E. Hyams, 1879. (ScnizocoDON UNiPLORns Maxim., of
Japan, is the same plant.) Scape 3 — 4' high, with several bracts above.
LYSIMACH'IA. Page 504. Insert-
4a. L. vulgaris L. Erect, jmbescent, paniculately branched ; lvs. opposite
and in 38 and 48, lanceolate, short-pointed, ciliate, subsessile ; panicle leafy,
with bracts and bractlets ; petals ovate, obtuse. — U Naturalized about New
York, from Flatbush to Peekskill (M. Ruger). Plant 2 — 3f high. I-eaves
8 — 5', varjring to ovate. Filaments united half their length. Eur.
PLANTA GO. Page 507. Insert—
7a. P. gnaphaloides N. Lvs. white-woolly both sides, 3-veined, oblong to
linear ; spikes exceeding the leaves, dense, cylindric, on hairy scapes ; bracts
deltoid, densely woolly, not exceeding the obtuse calyx lobes ; cor. lobes
roundish.—® Wise, to Tex. Spikes 1—3' long, 4—10' high. (P. lagopus Ph.)
LOBE^LIA. Page 476. Add—
9a L. Feayana Gr. Glabrous ; stems very slender, clustered, If high,
mostly simple, naked above ; radical lvs. orbicular, petiolate, the cauline
obovate to oblong, serrulate ; racemes elongated, lax ; bracts minute ; pedi-
cels as long as the blue flower. — Ga. and Fla. Dr. Feay.
LINA^RIA. Page 518. Insert-
la L. Oymbalaria Mill. Trailing, with leaves cordate-reniform, 5 — 7-lobed,
pedicles in flower as long as the leaves, sepals shorter than the capsule, and
spur shorter than the tube of the corolla. — In conservatories, and naturalized
in Iowa (Colman). Eur.
DASYSIS'TOMA. Page 529. Insert-
la. D. grandiflbra (Benth.). Minutely pubescent, much branched ; lvs. peti
elate, lance-ovate, pinnatifid, toothed, or entire : ped. as long as the calyx,
the corolla 4 times longer. — Prairies and barrens. Wise. {Lapham), 111.
( Wdf) to Tex. {Hale). 3— 4f high. Corolla 3' long.
Oerardia Mettaneri, y1 nuda. Page 580. Add synonym, (G. aphylla, 8.
FiLiCAnLis Benth. G. filicaulis Chapm.)
GERAR'DIA.
11 O. setacea Walt, (not Benth.),
Page 531. Add—
Glabrous, widely branched ; lvs. bristle-
form, 1' and less ; fls. mostly terminal on the filiform-bracted branchlets,
large (8 — 10"); pedicel 2 — 4'', calyx 1 " long, teeth very acute, short ; cor.
densely fringed. — Barrens, Penn., S. and W.
ADDENDA.
DIPTERACAN'THUS. Page 534. '
The species are now restored by Benth. and Hook, to Rubllia. (See Botanist
and Florist, p. 234.) Under D. strepens, insert —
fl. clandestinus (Nees.) Smooth, erect ; fls. crowded in the axils with the
corollas reduced to a slender tube (3' ) and an obsolete lip-shaped border, or
quite cpetalous, fertilized in the bud. — Borders of ponds, Mt. Carmel, 111.
{Dr. Schneck).
Page 543, under LYC'OPUS, add—
4 L. sessilifblius Gr. Glabrous, low, ascending, Ivs. lanceolate-ovate or
oblong, sharply and remotely toothed, all closely sessile or clasping ; calyx-
teeth subulate, rigid. — T^ . 3 . {Porter ; Canhy). Produces filiform stolons
with small remote leaves like L. rubellus. Sterile filaments minute,
flattened. Aug., Sep.
Page 551, under LOPHANTHUS, add—
3 L. anisatus Benth. I/es. ovate to lance-ovate, pointed, petiolate, crenato-
serrate, white beneath ; spikes dense, interrupted below, 3 — 6' ; calyx teeth
subequal, blue, cor. \ longer ; stem-exserted. — Wise, to Dak. (Matthews)
and Ark. Plant 3 — 4f high, with anise-like fragrance very attractive to
beee. Lvs. 2 — 3', gradually reduced to bracts. Cor. 6', pale blue. Jl., Aug.
Page 568, after "Phlox pilosa," instead of "(3. Floridana," etc., read —
5a P. AM(ENA Sims.
Page 571. In Bentham & Hooker's Genera, these four genera— QUAMOCLrr,
Batatas, Pharbitis, and Ipom(ea, are reduced to mere subgenera under
the one genus Ipomcela ; a change, but no improvement.
Page 573. Under IPOMffi A.
9 I. MichaiTxii SWeet. Pubescent and tomentous in parts ; lvs. deltoid,
cordate but decurrent on the petiole, obtuse, wavy ; pedunr'^s 1 — 5-flow-
ered ; sepals oblong, obtuse, thick ; cor. pubescent, rose-white, purple in
the tube ; caps, partly 4-celled ; seeds clothed with silky, brown wool. —
Sandy soils coastwurd, S. Car. to Fla. The root becomes immensely large,
weighing 40 to 50 lbs. (Elliott). Cor. 3 — 4' long. Jn.— Oct.
Page 592. Under ASCLETIAS. Add—
5a A. tomentosa Ell. Woolly, stout, leafy ; lvs. oblong or lance-oblong, short-
petioled ; umbels lateral, with many large flowers, subsessile ; hoods obovate,
truncate, shorter than the ei'ect broad horn ; cor. greenish, ^ as long as
the pedicels. — Pine barrens, S. States. Stems 2 — 4f nigh. Lvs. 2 — 3', peti-
oles 3—6".
6b A. obovata Ell. Tomentous, stout, leafy ; lvs. obovate, obtuse, mucro-
nate ; umbels crowded above, subsessile, with 12 — 14 large yellowisii -green
flowers half as long as the pedicels ; crown purplish, horn incurved. — Ga.,
Fla. to Tex. Height 1— 2f. Lvs. thick, 2—3', petiole 2—3".
Anan'theriz (page 594), should be annexed to Acerates ; both have been
subjoined (by Bentham & Hooker) to the African genus, Gomphocarpub.
Page 604. Add—
la. Brunnichia, Banks. (Dedicated to F. Bruunich, a Danish botanist.) Calyx
colored, 5-parted, lobes oblong, at length augmented and closed on the ob-
scurely 3-angled achenium ; filaments 8, capillary, stylfs 3, slender, stigmas
entire. — A smooth perennial vine climbing by terminal tendrils.
B. oirrhbaa Banks. — River banks, Car. to Fla. and W. Climbing 10 — 201
Leaves cordate to ovate, entire ; sheaths obsolete. May.
832
ADDENDA.
RU^MEX. Page 605. Next before R. crispus, insert —
1 R. patientia L. Patience Dock. Stem 3— 5f, stout ; Ivs. lance-oblong,
6' — 2f long; valves large (2 — 3'), broad-cordate, one of them bearing a
small grain or all naked. — Grows at New Baltimore, N. Y. {Dr. Howe).
§£ur.
POLYG'ONUM. Page 609. Add—
lOa P. persicarioides K. GHabrous, 3— 4f long ; stipules ciliate ; Ivs. linear-
lanceolate, subsessile, ppotted, not acrid ; spikes linear, erect, pale purple ;
stamens H — 8 ; style 3-cleft, achenia 3-angled, shining. — Low grounds,
111. {Mr. Wolf) and Mexico.
Page 631, imder the LOR A NTH S. add—
2. Arceuthobium, Bieb. Differs from Phorodendron in having the anthers
1-ce led, the $ perianth 2-toothed, the herbage yellowish and leafless. The
species grow only on trees of the order Conifers.
A. abigenium Wood. Stems 3 — 9 ' long, jointed, each joint terminating in a
truncated sheath ; fls. terminal and opposite ; berry somewhat 3-angled. —
Found growing on the branches of small starved spruce trees (Abies nigra)
in marshy grounds, Sandlake, N. Y. (6*. //. Peck). The other sjjecies, A.
OXYCEDRI, on pines and cedars in Cal. ! is 5 — 8' tall, and much branched.
CASTA^NEA. Page 646. After C. vesca L., add—
p. denuda, Burrless Chestnut. Involucre reduced to a mere rudiment
at the base of the naked mature nuts ! Otherwise complete as in var. a.
— In a mountainous district, N. Y. , near the Hudson, such a tree has been
known for many years, and recently specimens are distributed by Messrs.
P. V. Le Roy and Geo. W. Wright.
Sa^lix. Page 654. S, myricoides and angustata rank as varieties of S. COR-
DATA Mubl. according to Andersson. Another variety grows in Iowa, called
Red Willow, attains the sise of a tree with trunk 0—8' diam. marked by
diamond-shaped cavities (Mr. R. Burgiss).
POTAMOGETON Page 675. Add—
9a P. crispus L. Stem compressed ; Ivs. linp>r-oblong, half-clasping, obtuse,
serrulate, crisp-wavy, 3-nerved ; fruit acuminate-beaked. — In quiet waters,
Del., Penn. and N. J. (Porter). Jn. and Jl.
Platan' thera (page 685,) No. 19? This plant is Qoodyera quercifolia
Lindl., and should be removed to that genus.
SPIRAN'THES. Page 689. Add-
6 S, Romanzoviana Cham. Lvs. lance-oblong to linear ; spikes dense, 1 — 3' ;
lip much recurved, ovate-oblong, crenulate-wavy ; sepals and petals all
connivent above into a galea. — Bogs, Maine to L. Sup.
6 S. simplex Gr. Leaves all radical, fugacious ; scape 5 — 9' high, the flowers
very small (1 — 3' long), in a thin one-sided spike ; lip obovate-oblong, thin,
white, the apex eroded and crisped. — N. J. (Porter), Mass. (Robbins) to Del.
Izia. Page 700. I. ccblestina Bartram, is apparently the same plant as Nb-
MAfc,TYiii8 GEMMiFLORA, which should therefore be changed to N. C(ET.bs-
TINA (Bart.)
TRILLIUM. Page 705. After T. cernuum, add—
^. atrorubens. Petals brownish purple, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. — Hano*
ver, Ind. {A. H. Young).
ADDENDA.
833
Uvula'tia. Page 716. Watam, in Proc. Am. Acad. Vol. XIV, June, 1879,
assigns our species 3 and 4 to a new genus, Oakesia, in commemoration of
the late Mr. William Oakes.
Oarex. Page 747. For additional species, see Nos. 38, 39, 49, 54, 62, 73,
78, 82, 102, 127, and 132, in Botanist and Florist, pp. 368-380.
CYPE^RUS. Page 733. Add—
26a O. cylindricus N. L. Britton. Umbel of about 7 rays, 6" to 2|' long,
each bearing a cylindrical or sometimes oblong head ; spikes numerous,
somewhat reflexed, mostly 2-flowered. Otherwise much like C. Ovularis,
with which it has been confounded. — L. I., N. J., and South. (Mariscus
CYLINDRICUS Ell.)
22a O. Wolfii Wood. Glabrous, slender, erect 2 — 3f ; Ivs. at base, narrowly
linear, 3f, those of the invol. 2f long ; rays about 5. very unequal, eiich bear-
ing a dense globular head ; spikes numerous, 4 — 5-flowered, oblong ; scciki
ir^rkated, obtuse, 9 — 11-veined, rachis broadly winged. — Anna, 111. {J. Wolf).
SCIR'PUS. Page 738. Add-
1 S. panciflorus Lightfoot. Culm filiform or capillary, erect 3 — 8', leafless ;
involucre 0; spike oval, 1 — ^2''; glumes 5 — 9, brown , ach. 3-angled, re-
ticulate, beaked, but not tubercled. Otherwise an Eleocharis. — Western
N. Y. (Hankenson) to 111. {Porter).
3a S. Clintonii Gr. Culm acutely 3-angled, very slendei, If high, sheathed
at base with short bristle-shaped leaves ; bract subulate, shorter than the
ovate, chestnut-brown spike (3 — 5') ; glumes pointless.— N. Y. {Clinton,
Porter).
4a S. Smithii Gr. Culm slender, 3—12' high ; sheaths often with a short
blade ; spikes 1 — 3 ovoid, greenish, 2 — 3", sessile about half way up ; setae
— 1 ; ach. smooth, lens-shaped ; culm-leaf always erect. — Shores, Penn.
(Porter), Sodus Bay (Ilnnkenson).
TRICHELOS TYLIS. Page 742. Add—
3a T. borealis Wood. Culm filiform, angular, 2 — 4' high ; Ivs. linear, flat,
i — 2' ; bracts similar, as long as the leaves ; spikes capitate and in cymes,
1 — 5 together, ovoid, green, 1" ; glumes pointed ; stamen 1 ; ach. white,
3-angled ; stylo bulbous at base. — ® Banks of the Miss. R., 111. {Wo^).
Shores of L. Sup , Mich. {Perkins).
SPOROB'ULUS. Page 775. Add—
2a S. cuspidatus (Torr.). Glumes very acute, the lower pale cvspidate ;
panicle terminal, slender, few-flowered ; spikelets nearly 2' long. — U
Maine and Canada {Ooodale).
MUHLENBER'GIA. Page 777. After M. sylvatica, add—
/3. ? vnlpina. Very glaucous; panicle very dense raceme-like; glumes ab-
ruptly short-awned ; pale about as long as its awn — N. Y. {H. B. Lord).
CALAMAGROS'TIS. Page 778.
4a O. Porteri Gr. Slender, 2 — 4f high ; Ivs. flat ; panicle very narrow, 4 —
6' ; glumes fully 2", exceeding the pales ; hairs few, short, almost none at
the base of the lower pale ; awn contorted. Huntingdon Co., Penn. {Por-
ter).
DANTHO NIA. Page 790. Add—
2 D. sericea Nutt. Taller (2 — 21f); Ivs. and sheaths silky-hirsute ; spike-
lets 9 — 17, evidently panitulate ; glumes 8 — 9" ; fls. about 7, densely
884
ADDENDA.
clothed with silvery-silky hairs ; awns brown at base (as in No. 1), very long:
— U Rare North, common South. June.
AVE^NA. Page 790. Add—
2a A. caryophyriea L. Culm 5 — 10' ; Ivs. very narrow ; pan. loose, open ;
glumes silve-y-purple, scarcely 1" pales shorter, awns exserted.— Dry fields,
N. Y. and S. g Eur.
TRIT'ICUM. Page 802. Add—
4 T. violaceum Horum. Erect 2-3f from Jibroua roots; spike slender,
dense, 2—4' long, usually purplish ; spikelets closely imbricated, 3— 5-flow-
ered; awns straight, 1—3' glumes 5- veined.— Mountains, Penn. {Po7'ter)
and N,
Page 810.
413.
For other species of this genus, see Botanist and Flo-
Add—
Isoe^tes.
rist, p
OPHIOGLOS'SUM. Page 816.
3 O. palmatum N. Frond palmately lobed, lobes 3 — 5, much longer than
the several (1 — 6) spikes which arise from its base ; spikes about 1' long
— S. Fla. {LeRoy, Atistin).
BOTRICHIUM. Page 816. Add-
3a B. lanceolatum Augst. Frond bipinnatifid, closely sessile, triangular in
outline, with lanceolate incised segments , panicle 2 — 3-pinnate. — N. J.,
Penn., to L. Sup. (0. B. Wheeler). Frond 3—8' high. In bud. the sterile
frond is recurved its whole length, covering the fertile which is also reclined
{Davenport). (See Bulletin Torr. Bot, Club, Jan., 1878, for a diagnosis of
onr species by their different modes of vernation.)
Schizae'^a. Page 817. S. pusilla Ph. has recently been found in Nova
Scotia on the shores of Grand Lake, by Miss E. O. Knight.
Ceratopteris Brogn. (Kepag, a horn, TrTE'uq, fern.) Sporangia very thin, sur-
rounded by a broad, articulated, complete ring, with longitudinal veins ;
spores globous, striate with angles. Aquatic ferns, with sterile and fertile
fronds different, the latter covering the large fruit with its re volute edges.
(May be added to page 823.)
O. thalictroides Brogn. Stems in tufts, thick, inflated with air-cells ; fronds
succulent in texture, the barren floating, simple or slightly divided when
young, bi- or tripinnate, with linear segments when mature, the fertile bi-
or tripinnate, ultimate segm. linear-subulate. — Along the St. John's R., Fla.
[Le Roy).
POLYPO DIUM. Page 818. Add—
1 p. Phyllitidis L. Fronds lance-linear, 1 — ii long, thin and papery, with
the fruit dots arranged in a double row between the veinlets.^ — Grows in
Fla. and the W. Indies. Cult.
PTE^RIS. Page 819. Add—
6 P. Oretica L. Frond pale-bright-green, 1—1 if long, smooth ; pinnate ;
pinna) lance-linear, the lower 2 or 3-parted, petiolulate, the fertile longer
and linear. — Fla. and cult, in baskets.
CHEILAN'THES. Page 819. Add—
8 O. microphyl'la Swtz. Rhizome creeping ; stipe 2 — 6', wiry, flexuous,
polished, dark-brown, frond lanceolate, bi- or tripinnate, pinnae many oppo-
ADDENDA.
88S
Bive?'?!."'"/'*^: '""" ««*«i; «,,! „.„di.h. eo«a„eB..-St. John',
apei i stipe polished tajwn H . "hl.-i, ™" «P'?'><'"ig, often rooling at
to b«o, o.Vb^noSi's.'sids'ran^i^u.srtrKi.TB^i^^^^^
ASPID'IUM. Page 823. Add-
BRASE'HIA. Page 219. Add-
LATIN INDEX.
# »
Th« names of the Natural Orders, and of the hiffher divisions, are in Capitals,
Synoiiyma iind Subgtnera are in ItulicH. Tlie nunibera inclosed in parentheses refer
also to Synonyms.
Abelmosehui 270
Abifs. CvJl
Abuiilon 268
Acacia 299
ACHlyplm 629
AOANTIlAOKiE.... KW
Acaiitliolomon 5lK)
Acer (287) 28.-)
ACKrtAOEiE 285
Aoenites S9i
Arff^a 60j
AcUfllea 457
Achyrantheae 616
AcmeOtt 453
Aciiiila 61S
Acoiiitiira 211
AcoriiB 6r0
AJROlJKN.B 81t)
Acrostichiim 818
Actaaa 211, 212
AutiiioinerU 450
Acliiinipf.r mum 457
M-Hii 600
Aiteiiiti iuin 261
Ail3Mocaiilon 419
Adiaiitiirn 8J0
Alice 6.i7
Ailtiimia 225
Ailoiiis 205
JE'iilopi 806
if!^o|>o(liiim 388
iKscliynomene 306
^sLMilus 287
vBthiisii 386
A^apaiithus 712
Ai/tith// 1 !<uii 474
A({ave 694
At;eratiiin 412
Agriiuoiiia 337
Ai^rosteinma 256
A^'rostis a75-778) 774
Ailauthiis 283
Aira . .(79i), 791, 795) 790
Airo/mH 790
Aiax 693
Alcea 266
Ali'lieinilla .325
Aletiis 697
Alisma (677) 676
AlilSMAOEiE 676
Allium 711
Allononm 819
Alum 649
AlopeciiniR 778
AlDysia.... 5.39
Al.<ine 259
Althea 266
Alyssiim 236 ,
AM VRkNTAOK^.. 616
Amarintus (618) 617
AM ARYI.MD ACK^ 692
AiiKiryllia 693
Arabsrboa 466
Ambroiia 443
Amelanchier 329
Amelliu 438
Arainnthium 719
Aramaiinia 349
Ammi 387
Ammophila 778
Amor)>ha 315
Aiiipt-lupsis 293
Aiiiphiauthus 625
Ampbicarpa^a 322
Amphicarpum 784
Arasoiiia 589
AinyKdalese 325
Amygdalug 329
ANACARUIACEiE. 28;<
Aiiacbaiig 679
AiiaKallia SO.i
Anautherix 694
Andromeda 486
AndropoKon 808
Androface 503
Anemone 202
Anetbum 382
AnKelica .WO
AN(HU.SPEK.MjB... 199
Anona 215
AN()>fACEiE 215
Annnymm 6.34
Antennaria 461
Antbemis 457
A nihopof/on 803
Antboxantbum 789
Anti^ramma 821
Antirrbiniim 519
Aiiyrhid... (263) 262
Apnrifia 470
APETALiE 601
Aphyllon 512
Apios 320
Apium 388
Aplectrum 687
APOUYNACE^.... 588
Apocynum 688
ApoKOii 469
Apogonia 807
Apteria 680
AQUIKOLIACEiE .. 496
Aqiiilegia 209
Arabii 231
ARAOEiE 667
Aracbis .306
Aralia 389
ARAUACEiB :m
Arbutwi 486
Arc:<nngelica ,380
A rcbemora .380
Arctium 468
.\ rctostaphy ill* 485
Arcyphj/Uum, 321
Arenarirt....(260, 2i>l) 2,59
Aretbuna 690
.\rgemone 22.3
Arisaama 668
AWhUcU 719
Aristoloehia 601
ARISTOLOCHIACEiE,
601
Armeria il)8
Armoracia 237
Arnica 464
Arrhenatherum 790
Artemisia 459
ARTOUARPACEiE. 634
Arum 668, 669
Anindinaria 800
Arundo 778, 800
Asarum 601
AS(;i,EPIADACEiE. 690
Ascleplas (594) 591
Ascyrum 247
Asimina 215
AspHrngns 715
AKphodelns 713
Aspidium 823
Asplenliim 820
Anteraiitliimiim 716
Aster (420-429) 420
ASTEKOlDEiE 419
Astilbe 371
AKtrafcaluB 3i7
Atfieropoi/on 805
Alrni/ene 201
Atiiplex (615) 614
Atropa f)79
Aiilajrtinthiis 786
AUUANTIA(;RiE... 274
A vena (790, 791) 790
Azalea, (489). Azolla. . 810
Baccharis 439
Haldwinia 456
Hallota 555
lialsamiflnae 375
BAI.SAMINACEiE . 2N)
Uaptisia .301
Barbarea 2.33
Bartouia (368) 586
Bnrtiia 532
BASELLACK^E 611
Batatus 671
hattchia 561
Befaria 491
Begonia 366
BEGUNIADEJi W6
Bfjaria 491
Bellis 429
Benzoin 621
BKRHKRlADAt'E^2l7
j Bcrlieiis 21"
I Berobcmla 291
Herlniidiera 442
I lifriihurdia 813
i Beta 612
1 Betula 618
BKTUI.ACEiB 648
I Bidens 453
BiKelovia 436
' BiRnoniii 513
BIUXUNIACB.A... 6U
Biotia 421
Blepbilia 551
Bletia 686
Blitum 614
Boobmeria 63T
Boerbavia 603
Boltonia 429
Bonttia 343
Borkhaufia 473
BORRAOINACEiE. 658
Borrago 659
Borricbia 440
Borya 600
Botrychium 816
Bonteloiia 805
Boykinia .371
Bracbycba'ta 4.'i0
Bruchyelytrum 777
Braeenia 219
Brussicn 2.36
Brickellia 415
Briza 799
BROMELIACEiE ... 696
Bromus 791
Broiissiiigaiiltia 611
Broiis.sor.jtiu 636
Browallia 517
Briii/niaiisia 581
Bruiiellu 552
Bryonia .364
Bryopliyllnm 367
Bryzoiiyrnm 798
Bucbnuia !)'2&
Bnckleya 622
Bumt'lia 600
Jiiiphlhnhiium 440
Bupluiirniii .382
Biiiniiinnia G80
BUK-MANNIACKiE. 680
Buxus 632
Cabomlia 219
CABOMBACEiE.... 219
Cacalla 462
CMTACEiK 359
Cactus 3.''9
Cakile 239
('alumaprobtiN 777
Calatninlba 647
(-alccolaria 517
Calendula 465
(.•alia 6<>9
('ulliaftrvm 421
C'alUcarpa 538
( (iHiopsis 451, 452
Cillirrhnii 267, 268
Ciillislepbiis 429
('AUJTRI(;HACEiE657
Callitricbe 657
(Talnplianes 534
(?alopogon 690
I'altha 208
CAI,Y(".\NTHACK>E3J5
Calycanthus 346
Calycocarpum 217
INDEX.
887
Cilymtnitt. 003
Ciklyuy ctioa bVA
CmI * psio 0^
CftlynteKia 67H
CbiN'Wtia 710
Cninelina 2i;
Camellia 2^3
OAMBLiaA(;tt'.iB.... 273
Campanula (479) 478
CAMPANUI.Aty'KvE. 478
Camptonriu 822
Canna 691
Cannabis KM
CAPl'ARlDACKifi. 240
Ciipraria 623
CAPRIPOLIAC;^^. 393
Capiella 238
Capsicum 678
Citrdamine (233) 230
Oar(lio!«permiiia 2K8
Cbrci'tiM 468
Carex 747
Carya 640
Carphepliorus 412
CarpinuM 648
Carthamu 460
Carum ;i89
CABYOPHYLliACKifi.
253
OouKaniim 487
OasNia »I0
O.issiope 186
Caitanea ; . . . , (J46
Castileja Ml
Catalpa .... 613
Catananche 471
Ciiulinin 673
Caiilophyllum 218
Ce^notliiis 291
Ce:lronella 552
CBI.ASrRAOICrB.... 289
Cel«,struii 2«a
Celoxia 6lii
Celtig 6;U
Cenchrns '88
Centaurea (466) 465
Centiiitrrlln 68)
Centro.sema 324
Ceiituiiciilus 505
Cephalantlius 401
Ceranthertt 647
Cerastium 267
Cerasus (328) 326
Oeratiola 639
CBRATOPHYl. LA-
CK^ 658
Ceratoschoenus 745
Cercis 301
Ctruiit 782
Ueieus 359
ChaBiophylluiu 384
Chmtoi-yper u» ........ 736
ChamiBliriuiu 720
Chaiuaerops 667
Cliaptalia 475
Cheilaiithes 819
Cheininthiis 2;i2
Cbelidonium 22.3
Chelone 620
Chtinopodina 616
Clieio'xidium (614) 612
CHK.VOPDDIAOKiB 611
Chim»phila 494
ChlogeneH 484
Chiouiintluii 699
Chironia 58,3, 684
Chlorit 805
Chrysanthemum 458
Chrj/aeis 224
Chry sobalaneo) 326
Chrysobalanus 326
Ch rydogonum 440
(Thrysopsis 437
Chrysosplenium 369
Ohrusotfemma 452
Chthiamia 696
Cicer 303
Ciclioracea 407
Cichorium 469
Civuta 386
Otmieiruga (206) 211
Oinchonea 399
Cineraria 463
Oinua ... 776
Clreiea 366
Ciritium 467
Cimuii 29.1
CISTACKiB 246
ClHlopteris 822
(;itiulluR 365
Citrus 274
Cladastrig 3UI
Ciadium 746
Clarkia 354
(Maytoiiia 264
ClemaliM 200
CItfonie 240
(/'lerodeudrum Ki9
Cletlaa 492
Clintonia 714
Clitoria 324
Cnicns (468) 466
CnidoscoluH fSO
Coccnius 217
Cochlearia 237
Coi.x 809
Collinsia 621
Collineonia 644
(^olutea 319
(^omandra 622
Oomarum 342
Commelyna 726
COMMKIiYNACKiE. 726
CO.MPOSITjE 400
Comptouia 651
CONIKKB.E 659
Cunioxelinum 384
Coniura 386
Conobea 623
Conoclinium 418
Conopholis 612
Conontylia 697
CIoiivHllHria (715) 714
(JONVULVUI..\(;KiE670
Convolvulus.. (571, 4) 673
(onyza (420, 440) 438
Copionmatithua 701
Coptis 208
Corallorhiza 686
(^orchorus 272
Coreraa 6;19
(Joreopsis (450, 4) 450
Corirtiidrum 388
CORNACEiB 390
(^ornus 390
(^oronilla 306
(Jorydttlis (228) 226
C'oiylug 647
Coiythinm 092
(!osmaiithus 666
(y'ranicliis 688
t/'rantziii 378
CRASSULACEifi ... 366
Crateegus 330
Crocus 7(X)
Croomla 703
Crotalaria 310
Croton 630
("rotonopsis 631
CRUCIKKR^ 226
CryphiiiCHuthus 635
Ciypnu 775
Crupta 263
0RYPTO(}A.MIA.... 810
Cryptottenia 'tUti
Cteninm 806
t'ucumis 365
Cucurbita 3t>5
CUCURUITACEiE.. 363
Cunila 64;{
Cuphea 348
CupresBus 663
CUPULIFERiE 642
Cuscuta 674
CYCADACE.fi 665
(;yca8 665
Cyclamen 603
l^ycloloma 612
Cydonia 333
Cymbidiuin 690
(^ynara 465
Cynarea: 465
Cyiiodon 804
(^yDOgloBsum 663
Cly nonciadium 389
Cynthia 470
cVPERACE.(B 731
Cyperus 732
Cypi ipediam 681 '
Cyrllirt 49;l
(^yrilleie 492
('yrtanlbera &:i6
t;ytlgu8 312
Dactylis 793
Dacty locteniura 804
Dahlia 429
I)iilea 316
Dalibarda 841
Dunthonia 790
Daphne 623
Daibya 623
Varliiiytonia 299
Dasyutoraa 629
Datura 681
Daucus 381
Decumnria 374
Delphinium 210
Dentariii 230
1 )(;gnianthns 299
Desmudium 307
Deutzia 374
Diamorpha 368
Viaitlhera 636
Diantbus 264
Diapensia 670
Dinrihena 793
Dicentra 225
Dicerandra 646
Dichondra 674
Dichromena 742
Dickisonia 820
Dicliptera 635
Dictamnus 282
Vieh/t! a 225
Diervilla 396
Digitalis 526
Viaituria 781
mlutris 696
Diodia 402
Diunaea 262
Dioscorea 701
DIOSl'OKEACEiE.. 700
Diogpy 1 08 6(X)
Diphylleia 218
Diploclinium 366
l)iplopiippuH 427
DlP.SAt'E.^ 406
Dipsacus 405
Dipicracunthus 534
Dirca 62;j
Discopleura 387
Dodei-Htheon 60.3
Dolichos (310) 323
Doodia 820
Draba 236
DrHcocephalum 652
Drosera 251
DROSERACEiE 251
Dryas 337
Vuchemia 342
Duiichium 732
Dyeodia 464
Eatonia 794
EBENACEiE 600
Echinacea 446
Echinocyulis 363
Echinodorus 676
Kchiiiospermum 66.3
Echiuni 659
Echeveria 368
Eclipta 440
ELATINACEiB 263
ElHtine 253
KI,^A(iNACEiE ... 623
Kleagnus 624
Kleocharis 73o
Elephaiitopus 411
Kleiisine 804
Klliottia 492
Ellisia 665
Elodea 260
Klymus 801
Klvtiaria 61U
Emilia 403
K.MPETRACEiE.... 638
Empetrum 639
ENDOUENiB 666
Enxlenia 696
EpidendrniB 691
Epigaea 486
Epilobium 350
Epipbegue 611
EQl'ISKTACEJl.... 813
K^lli^elum 813
KrHgro.itis 796
Krechtites 402
Erianthus 807
Erica 484
ERICACEiE 479
Kricineae 480, 484
Erigciiia 384
Erigeron 427
Kriobotrya 329
Eriocanlon (7.30) 729
ERIOCAULONACE.t:,
729
Eriogonnm 6(14
Eriophorum 'iO
Erodium 277
Ertum 3U5
Eryngium 378
Erysimum 2:i3
Ery'.hrtpa 684
Erythriiia 322
Eryibronium "07
FyKCallonia 373
ENchscholtzia 224
Euehronia 5."il
Eulophus ;->5
Euonynius Ifc9
Enpatoriiiccic 412
Eupato.'iiim 416
Euphorbia 61:6
EUPIIOKHIACEiE . 624
Euphrauia 633
Eiiryhia 421
Eustiichys 804
Eutocha 6(^6
Eutriana 805
Euxoliis 618
Euiiniiii 584
EXOGENiK 199
Falm ;-,03
Kngoiiyrum 010
KngiiH 646
Fesiuca (798, 7'J9) "193
Kicn.s t);;5
Kiliigo 401
FIl.lCES 815
Finibri.stjhs 741
Firmiana 27 1
Floerkea 281
FLORlDEiE 676
Fixdia 405
Fwiiiculum .'.82
Forestieni (MO
Forsteronia 6h9
For.sythia 609
Folhergilla 375
Fragaria 341
Franhlinta 271
Frasei a 686
Fraxinus 597
Fritillaiia 709
Fra'lichia 620
FucbHia 354
Fuirenit 736
Funiarin 226
FUMARIACi;.*:.... 224
Funkia 713
Uaillardia 454
(ialaciiiea; 4H), 496
Ualactia c'23
UalanthuH 694
(Jalatella 419
Oalax 496
(iaieopsis 566
Ualium b99
GAMOPETALjE.... 393
(iaultheria 486
Uaura 863
GayluKKHcia 481
Ueli-eminuin 616
Genihta 310
Gentiana 684
(iENTIANACEiE... 682
GEUANlACEiE.... 276
(ieraninm 276
Gerardia 629, 6c0
Geum 337
(iilia 669
Gillenia 346
Gladiolus 700
Glaucium 223
Glaux 503
UlMUUchiu 300
biiti
INDEX.
(Hottldiura SIS
ULUMIFKB/K 731
<ilycorift 79rt
Glyrin)! 'A'M
Onaplmliiim 460
Gomi'lireiitt 019
Qsniolnmon BHU
Goiir'iobiii 699
C.odyera «89
(iordunia 273
<io«sypium 271
OKAMINKyK 770
(IRAMINOlDKiti... 731
(irutioU !>Zi
(!KOSSUI,ACKyK... 300
Oymnaileiiin 6H2
Uyninooliidiis 3Uj>
Oymiiopojfoii W)3
<JYMN().sPI'.KM.«:.. 659
(JyniiidropsiH 210
HifiMODURACKyE. 09<i
Hiileiiia AMi
Hiile!(ia 499
HAMAMKLAC'KiB.. 37-«
lliiniiinifli.s 375
Uiimilloiiia 622
Iledeuiiia 644
Hedfia 390
IleUyiith 403, 404
Ilcdynrtriira 307
Helfiiium (456) 455
Helianthellii 450
Heliaiitlieraum 246
Uuliaiithiis 447
Ilelichrysiim 462
Ili'Iiopli^-tiim 659
Ileliopsis 445
llelioscindiiiin 3M6
Heliotropium 559
llulleboius 209
Heloiiias 719
Humerocnilis 713
Bemitmthus 625
Hcniiciiipliii 740
Ilepaiica 204
Hei acleiim 379
Jlermiime 69, i
Herniariit 26.S
Heipestis (525) 62:5
Hespeiis 23l
Iletcranthera 721
H'-tiromeris 246
llcterotheca 437
H^- iolicra 3(2
Uibiscii8....(270, 271) 269
Hicraciiim 410
liierochlon 789
HippocastaneK 287
Hippopha; 624
Hippiiris 358
Holous 789
Uoiikcnya 261
Hordeiira 801
Hottuiiia 501
Hoii8tunia 402
Hoya 69iJ
Ilndsonia 246
Hnmnliis 638
Hyaeiii.hus 712
HydrniiKea 373
Hydrastis 212
liyOKOCHARIDACEiB
679
Bydroeharis C79
IlydrorMoa 774
HydrofOtyle 377
HyUolea 666
HudropeUU 219
HVUROPHYLLAOEjE,
663
Hydrophyllnm 664
Ilygiophila 535
UlimtiiornUis 693
Uvmeiinpappiis 455
Hyosc-yamu!: G80
UurfiriK 470
HYPKRKJACEiE.. . 246
HypeiiciMn 247
Hypobiieliia 350
Uypoporum 747, 774
Hypoxlb 695
Bypti» Ml
Hysdopus (551) 645
tlMriii 238
Iclodm 669
IleJi 496
I llecelii'ineie 253
Illklum 213
llynanthiit 524
Inipatiens 280
IndlKorera 319
Inula 438
lodaiitlms 229
Ipomii-a (571) 672
Iftomoimi 670
Ireslne 619
IRIDACKie 697
Ms 697
iNanthiig 612
Uatis 23C
Imivdia 365, 356
iHoetcB 810
IsolepU 741
If'.opiippug 4'i7
Isopyrum 208
Ilea 273
Iva 443
Ixia 700
JASMINACE^ 696
Jasmiiiiini 696
Jiitrnphu 630
.leffersoiiia 218
JUC.LANDAOEiE .. 640
JiiKlnns 640
JL'NlJACKiE 722
Jiiiicagineie 676
Jiiiicua 723
tluiiiperug 663
Jii.sHiH-a 351
Jiisiicin 636
Kiillsticemia 2H)
Iviiimla 484
Kenirt 345
K«>Ieila (795) 793
lvo>teletzkya 269
KiiKia (470) 469
Kuhiila (417) 415
ICylllnKla (741) 735
I,AUlATiE 639
I.al)ialiflor» 475
Ltibrcta 259
Ijiibiirnum 311
liachnocatilon 730
Laria 658
liacimmheg 696
Iiiictiica 473
I.ii^enaria 364
i.iiM:>''rstr(Bm!a 348
I.iiiiiium 655
Lainpsaua 469
Liintiina 638
Liipaihum 605
Lapilhaa 683
Lapoi'tea 637
liKppa 468
litirix 662
F.iilhvnis Wi
LAURACE^ 6:!0
LauruK 620, 621
Lavandula 641
Lavatera 2(57
lieavenworthia 232
liecliica 245
Lfcontia 669
Ledum 491
Leersia 773
LK(;UMlNOSiE 296
Leiophylhira 492
Leipocarplio. 7-tl
Lemiia 670
Lenmacea; 670
LENTIUULAOEiE.. 609
Leonotig 668
Leonlice 218
Leontodon . , . , . .(473) 470
Leonui'ui 657
Lepacliyg 447
Lepidlniu 238
Lrptnndra 627
LeptatilhuK 722
Leptocanlig 386
Leptocliloa 803
Leptopoda 456
Leptiinig 801
I<ep(iropetalon S73
Leipedcita S09
Lenciinthemnm 468
Leneiui M7
Leuoiijiin) 695
Lfiirothoe 48H
LiatriH (4.2) 413
.iKiiHticnni :i8'>
IjiK'istrnm SAO
LlLIAt'KiB 7>6
liilinm 707
LIMNANTUACE/J.. 281
Lininanthemum 687
Litn nobiiim 679
LimnocMoa il^
liimogella 525
UNACE^ 275
tnaria Slri
lAnilnrniu 524
Liniiwa, (393).LIniim, 276
LIpaHs 688
Llpocarpha 741
Lippia (539) f^
liiqnidanibar 375
iiirlodendroii 216
Listera 688
Lilhugperraiim. ..(662) 661
LOASAUEiE 368
Iiobelia 476
L(>liELIA(;Kifi; 476
LOOAMACE^ 614
lioi.-ii-leuria 489
Loliiim 802
Iionicera 394
Lo))bantliu8 651
Lopliiola 696
Lopospliermiim 619
LoRANTllACEiB .. ;21
Liidwigia 354
Lunaria 2''<6
Liipinng 311
Luziila 722
LyclinJB 257
Lyclum 581
LYv'Ol'ODlACEiE,. Ml
Lycopodium 811
Lycopsis 5t)0
Lycopin 643
Lycospersicnni 676
Lygodesmia 473
Lygodlum 817
Lyonia 695
Lysimachia 604
lA'THRACEiB 348
Lythrum 349
Macbridea 654
MacUiiB 635
Maoranlhera 528
Marroli/a 21 1
.MAli>OLlA 21.)
Magnoliacese 1^13
iliihnnia 218
Mnjantliemum 715
3l(iltixis 68;
Mnlva (269) 266
Jlal vaceac 265
MalvavisciiB 2()8
Mamroillaria .S60
Manisnins 804
MAKANTAOEiE. ... 691
Maiiscns (734, 735) 732
Minrnbiiim 557
MnriibHllia 457
Maihilea 810
MARSILEACEiE ... MO
Marlynia 614
Maiiita 457
Mati'icnria 458
Matlliiola 2:9
Manrandia 519
.Mayaca 7i8
MeconopgJR 22:{
.Medeola 705
.Medicago 313
Melainpyrnm 633
MELANTIIACE^.. 717
Mplaiitbera 444
Melantbliim 717
MELASTOHACK.£.. 347
Mulia 275
MELIAOEiB 275
Melica 795
Melilotiis 314
UeliHga 548
MeloractuB .160
Mrlothria 964
MEMSPRKMACBiB 216
Mviiispermnin 216
Mentha 542
Meiitlelia 35fl
Mcnyantliet 587
MenzleHia .... 4^9
.Moi'tennia 562
.ME.SKMHRVA<:Ei«. 265
Mehenibiyanthemtitn.. 269
MfupHui XM
.Miriantliemum 629
JUirronirria 644
MioioHtylJg 6^7
.Mikanla 418
.Mllliiira (784) 783
.Mimosa 2U8
Mimiiliig 522
.MiiablllR 602
.Mitchella 401
.Mitella 369
Mitieola 615
.Modiola 2»i7
Mipiirli ill y, I
Mtrrini/in 259
.Mollngo 263
Muliivcclla 655
Momnrdica 3ii4
.M onarda . . e.'iO
JUoiiaidtlla 646
.M oneseg 494
ilonocera 806
Moiiotiopa .(496) ■•'J5
Mionotropeo! (495) itO
.Montelia 619
.Moius 6.54
Mnlilenbergia 776
.Muti.siacea) 407
.Mnlgedium 474
.Miisciiri 712
Mylocarium 493
.Myosotis 6l>2
•Myosinug 208
Myrica 058
.MYKKJACEA" 0,^0
Myrlophylluni 357
.MYRTACEiB 346
.Myitns 346
Niibulug 471
NAIADACE^ 672
Nnjag 672
Napuja 267
Narcissus 693
NHi'dosraia 419
Narthecium 722
Nasturtiimi i'Ji
Naumbiirgia 604
Nt'Kiindo i.H7
nelu.mi!Ia(;e^... 219
Nelumbium 220
Nemastylis 699
Neinopanlhes 497
Nemopliila 565
Xepcta 651
Nerium 690
Nesa>a 349
Nenrophyllum 387
Nieandia 578
Nicoliana 681
Nierembergia 680
Nigella 209
Nolina 710
Nuphar 220
Niitlallia 267
NYCTACJINACEiE.. 602
NY.Ml'HyEA 220
NY.MPU^ACEiE... i2(»
Nyssa 392
(kikenia 6:)9
Ubione 619
Obolai'ia 687
Oboliscaria 44?
Uciraum 641
CEnanIhe 380
(Knollifia 362
Oldeulundiu 403
Olea (600) 699
()LEACE.(E 697
ONAORACEiE a.W
Onoclea t23
Onopordon 467
Oiiosmodium 660
Opliioglossum 816
Ophiorhiaa 616
Ophry$ 687
Oplismeuus 787
Upuntia 359
INDEX.
Sb'J
nlt(;iIIDACR.« 680
Oicliiii (683-«8S) 6t»2
OriKHnum M7
OiiiiiliuK>il»n> 7IU
OltOltANCUACUifi. 611
Oiit'iimcht 612
Oiontium 6iU
C)i yzt 77:J
Ory/.i)|miK 'M
Osiii'iiitliiis &')9
Osiniiiliiut .HK)
OHmiiiiila 81'
Osliya 6»7
OXVI.IDACKiE 279
<>xit\i» 271J
Oxylmphiis 6aT
Oxycoeciis 4KJ
Oxydemlrura 488
Orydnnia 8(«
Oxyrin 604
PiiL-liyiaiidra 6.'12
PiBDiiia 212
fstipalHiitlius 729
}'iiliii'it.iia 465
r.VLMAUK^ 666
Paimx 390
Pniicratium 692
Pttiiicum (787) 784
Papa vet- 224
PAPAVERACEiB... 222
Piiriliinthua 700
Parietaria 638
Purnusiiia 262
I'lirnasHieie 262
Paronychia 262
Pai'theiiiuoi 442
Paspaliim 7HI
Passifloift 36:1
PASSIKI.ORACEiE. 362
Pa.stiimca 379
Paulo wnia 622
Pavia 288
Pavoni-i 269
PEDALIACEiE 614
Pediculari ^2
Pelargonium 277
Peltaiidra 668
Ptiitalophu$ 661
I'enthoriim 368
Pentaiemon 620
Pfplis 360
Periploca 691
PeristyUu 684
Persea 620
PerBica 328
FBTALIKER^ 666
Petalostemon 316
Peliliiim 709
Pftiuseliiium 388
Petunia 680
Phaca 317
Phacelia 666
Phalangiain 710
Phalaris (786) 789
Pharbitii 671
Phaseolus 321
Philadelphiu 374
Philipaa 612
Phleiim 779
Phlomis 655
Phlox 66"
PhoradendroD 621
Photinia 329
Phragmites 800
Phrynia 638
Phyllanthus 631
Physnlis 678
Pbysostegia 664
Phytolacca 610
PUYTOLACCACEiE 610
Pilea 637
Pimpinella 388
Pinckneya 401
Pinguicula 609
Finns (661,662) 659
PiptiUhenim 781
Pisnm (304) 303
Pistia 671
Pilrheria 321
PITTOSPORACEiE. 285
Pittosporum 286
Planera 633
PLANT AGINACEiB fiOfi
Plwitago soa
PliATANAORiR.... tao
Platanlhera b8:i
PlatanuH 640
rieea 7-0
Pluchea i.VJ
PI.t'MliAUINACEJi: 607
I'luinUagu 608
Poa (796, 799) 796
Podophyllum 218
PODOSiKMIACEiE. 65;
I'oiloRtemiiin 667
Pudohtignia 694
I'oKonia 69()
I'olaniHia 2-.I
Pol.E.MONIACEifi.. 667
I'olenioniiiin 669
PolyanthfH 694
I'olycarpon 262
Polygala iOl
Pol.yOAI.ACEie.., 29:<
p»):,Y(i(>NAi;Ei*:... 603
KolyKoiiatnm 714
Polygonella 606
Polygonum 607
Polymnia 440
Polypodium 8U!
I'olypoKon 777
Polypremum 616
Poiyplciis 455
I'olyla-nia 379
Pontederia 721
pontederiacea; 721
Pnpniiis 655
rortnlaca 264
PORTULACACEiE.. 2t)3
Potamoitelon 673
i'otentilla 342
Poterium 326
I'lithot 669
I'rtiianthet (471) 473
Primula 602
I'UIML'LACE^ 601
Prinos 497
Prioncpsis 437
Prosartes 716
I'roserp'iiaca 367
Prunella 652
Prunus (326) 327
I'xnmma 778
Psilocarya 742
Psilontemon 860
Psilotum 813
Psoralea 314
Ptelea 28,)
Pteris 819
Pterocaulon 439
Pterospora 496
Piilmouaria 562
Fithadlla 202
Pnnica 346
Pycnantbemum 645
I'l/i'ieus 732
P'yrelhrum 469
I'yrola 493
Pyroleae 493, 480
Pyrrhopappus 473
I'yrularia 622
Pyrus 332
Pi/xidanthera 670
Qiiumoclit 671
Qufltia 693
Uuercus 642
RANUNCULACEiE. 200
Ranunculus 206
Raphanui 240
Hehniilem 795
Kcseda 241
KESKDACEiE 241
KHAMNACEiB 290
Rlianiims 290
Kheum 604
Rhexia 347
KhinanthuB 632
Rhododeudroii...(489) 490
lihedora 491
Rhus 2Xi
Rhynchosia 320
Rhynchospora...(746) 743
RhynchosporeK 731
Rhytiglossa 636
Ribes 360
RIchardia 669
Ricinus 630
Riviiitt 610
Rnbinia 319
liwhtlia 663
Rosa 333
ROSACBiE 324
Rosmarinui 660
RottbcEltIa (807) 806
Ronlileva 614
RUXUL'KUHIACE,^.
703
Rubia 401
RUHIACEiC 398
Rubiis 339
Kndlieekia (447) 445
liutlliii 531, 536
Rumex (604) 606
Ruppia 673
Rula 282
RlTACEiE 281
Sabal 64)6
Sabbatia 58:i
Saccharum 807
Sugeretia 292
Sagina 260
Sagittaria 677
SAI.IOA(JEi£ 651
Salicornia 615
Salisburia 664
Salix 661
Salsola 616
Salvia 648
Salvinia 811
Sambiicus 396
Siimolus 606
Sangiiiiiaria 222
Sanguisorba 326
Saiiiciila 378
SANTA LACE a; 622
sAPlNDAUEiE 287
Sapinlus 288
Sapor aria 264
SAPOTACEiE 600
Sariucenia 221
SARRACENIACEjE 221
Sast^Hfras 620
iSatureJa 546
HAURURACEiE.... 656
Saururus 657
.Saxifraga 370
SAXII'RAGACEiE.. 369
Scubiosa 406
Scandix (384) 383
Scariosi 426
Schenchzeria 678
richizandra 216
SCHIZANDRACE^ 216
Schizaea 817
Schizanthus 517
Sclia>nocauloD 719
Sehueuun 744, 746
Suliollera 722
Schrankia 299
Schwalbea 632
Schweinitziu 496
Scilla. 710
Scirpeae 731
Scirpus (742, 7U) 738
Scleranthus 263
Scleria 746
Sclerolepis 412
Scolopendrium 822
Scropbularia 520
SOROPHUIiARIACE^,
616
Scutellaria 652
Secale 803
Sedum 367
Seliiginella 812
Sempervivum 368
Senebiera 239
Senecio (462) 463
Senecionide 439
Sentera 595
Sericocarpus 419
Sesamnm 514
Sesbaiiia 316
Sesnvium 264
Setaria 788
Sey meria 529
Sliepherdia 624
Sibbaldia 343
Sicyos 364
Sida 268
Silene 256
iUlphlum '442) 441
RInapli 234
.Si»«ii 386
Sisjmbrium (228) 2Xi
Sisy rinchium t;>/J
■"<i"m (3B6) ;!87
SMILAIE/E 701
SmilHcina 71a
Smilax 701
SOl.ANAl E/E 676
Solniinm 6(6
><ole» 245
Solidligo 4r.O
Sollva 460
Soiichus 474
Sorghum ^08, H/J
SPADICIKI.OK.'E... 616
Spargaiinfthoruf 412
Sparganum 672
Sparlina, HI5
Sperularia 4'i9
Speigtila 261
Spergularia 261
Spetmacuce 402
Spigelia 515
Spilan(lie$ 454
Spinacia 616
Spirsa 343
Spiranthes 689
Sporobtilus 776
Sprekelia 691
StachvH 656
StHpelia 696
^taphylea 289
Statice 608
Stellaria (269) 258
Stenanlhiuni 719
Stenotaphrum 807
Sterculia 271
STKKUt'LIACEiE .. 271
Stillingia 6^9
Stipa (781) 780
Stipaces 771
Stipulicida 262
Stokcaia 411
Streptopns 715
Strophioi'ti/iiii 322
Struthiopteris 818
Stuartia 273
StylipuB 338
Stylinma 574
Slylophorum 224
Stylosanthes 306
SiYRACACEiE 498
Styrax 499
Subularia 2:8
Sullivantitt 372
Siceitiu 687
Hyena 728
Symphoricarpus c94
Symphytum 560
Symplocarpus 669
Symplocob 499
8y nandra 554
Synthyria 526
Syplionicliia i63
Syrinpa ^.. 098
Tagetcs (454) 466
Talinum 264
Tanacetum 459
Taraxacum 473
TAXACKiE 664
Taxodium 603
Taxus 664
Tecoma ;i3
Telauthera (JI9
Tephrosiu sig
TetragonoUuca 445
Tetrauthera 62I
Teucrium 541
Thalia (;91
Tbalictrum (103) 204
Thapida £83
Thnspium £82
Thuja 662
Thiniburgia 534
TUYMl-a.ACEiE.... 623
Thymus 647
ThyonaiithiiK 320
TUyrsanella 6(l«
Tiarella 370
Tiedmamiia 380
Tigridia 69»
Tilin 278
TIUACK^iE 271
840
INDEX.
niltea 367
rillitndHia 695
'ripiilitriu 686
TuUvldU 72U
T'Tieya 664
'r<)iii'iiefortia &58
Tinilt'scnntiit 727
Trm.'i'» 629
TiiitfopnKoii 470
Trniitvetlei'ia 2(M
Trupooiirpus :)89
Trihiilan 2M0
Trli'hfloBtyliH 741
Trirhorhloii 777
'rt irhophorutn 740
TriolioKtumma 542
Trictispis 7'J2
TrieiitalU 6U3
Trifolium 312
TiiKlooliin 678
TUII.MACKiB 704
Trillium 704
Triusieiim 393
Trtplioru 690
Triplasis 793
Tripiiitcum 806
Trisetura 791
Trltioum 802
Trolliu» '.Oe
THOVMOLACKM... 280
Trupa-olum 281
Troximoii 473
TiihulinoriD 410
Tiilipn 707
Tiirneru 362
Tl KNKRA(;Kit:.... 362
Turrllin 229
TiiKNiliiKu 419
Typlm 671
TYl'HACEi*: 671
L'dorn 679
LI.MACE^ 632
L'Iniim 632
U.MHKI.IFEKiE 376
L'nloln 800
Vrachne 781
I'rnlepiN 792
Liiicrt (637) 6^"6
LKTICACE^ 63()
Utricularitt fi09
Uvaria 216
UvulRritt 716
Vttcviutice 480
VHCcininm (484) 481
VHchellia 299
Valeriana 404
VAI.KKIANACKiG. 404
Valeriaiiella 409
Valliiiieria 679
Veratrum 718
Vui'baBciim 618
Verbena 637
VKUUENACKiK.... 63«)
VerboHiiia (460) 464
Vernoiiia 410
Veronica 6:6
VeHicaria ZVt
Vicia 304
Victoria 221
ViKiia 320
Villa 776, 776
Vilfartia 687
Vinca 689
Viola 242
VI<)I,A(;E^ 241
ViKiBiiia 600
VlTACKiK 292
Vitex..(639)..Vllis... 292
Waldstttiuia 341
WarM 234
Windtoria ;Vi
WiBtaria 320
Woodiiia 822
Woodwardia 8U)
Xaiilliium 444
XHiilhoxyluin 1>2
Xeriiiillitniiim 462
Xeiupliylliiin 719
Xyloeteoii 394
XYHlDAt Kit VJi
XyriH ^28
Yucca 709
Xaiinichellia 673
XHiitliorriza 209
Xupun ia 638
/ea ^06
XeiiiMii 487
ZepliyrHiilliUH 193
ZiKH(tenii8 717
Ziiiiiiii 444
Zizaiiia 773
Zizia (382) ;i83
Zoriiia :',06
ZoBiera 673
ZYUUFUYLLACE.f! 2)9
INDEX OF ENGLISH POPULAR NAMES.
Abele 656
Acacia 299
Acaiithads KU
Adam-iind Eva 687
Adder's-tongue 816
AKrimoiiy 337
Albany Beechdrops . . 496
Aider 649
Allseed 262
Almond 329
Aloe 694
Alpine Bistort 609
Alum-root 372
Alyssum 2:«, 236
Amaranths 616, 617
Amiiryllids 692
Amarylliil 693
Ameiican Centaury.. M3
American Laurel iSl
Anemone 20i, 20i
Ancelica 3SJ, ;«1
An','elicaTree 389
Ani?alico 381
Anise. 38S
Anonads 215
Apet ilous Plants 601
Apple 3;12
Apple Haw 3U
Appleof-Peru 578
AppluofSodom 578
Apricot 3ir, 3-8
Aralirtds :589
Arbor-vitiB 6 52
.\roiil3 6J7
Arroworts 691
Arrow-grass 678
Arrowhead 677
Arrow- wood 3i)7
Articlioke 418, 465
Artocarps 6U
Asdepiads 51tJ
Ash .W
Ash-maple 287
Asparagus 7 15
Aspen 653
Asphodsl 713
Aster I2)-Ii;
Ai terwort* 41)3
Atamasco Lily ((93
Auricula ,102
Aven-i ... ;B7
Awlwort 238
A&ile'i 489
■iichelor's-button, 465,466
Balloon Vine 288
Balm S48, 655
Balmof-Oilead 666
Balsaniine 280
Baneberry 212
Banyan 636
Barley 801
Barn-yard Grass 787
Basil 645, 648
Bass- wood 272
Bastard LoosuNtrit'e.. . 364
Bastaril Toadtlax 622
Matli-llower 705
Bayberry 650
Bay (ialls 620
Beach Pea 304
Beach Plum 327
Bean Caper .-.. 279
Bearberry 485
Beard Urass 779, 808
lieard -tongue 620
Bear's Orass 709
Bear's- Thread 709
Beaver Tree 214
lioistraw 399
Beech 646
Beech -drops 496, 511
Beet 612
Beetle- weed 495
Beggar-ticlts im
Begoniads .366
Bellwort 716
Bell worts 478
Bengal Urass... 788
Bent Urass 774
Berberlds 217
Berberry 217
Bermuda Urass 804
Big Laurel 214
Bilbe iry 482
Bina-weed....670, 673, 609
Birch 648
Birchworts 648
Hird-clawMoBS 813
Bird's-nest 495
Birth wort.... 601
Bishop's-cap .370
Bishop-weed 387
Bitter Cress..., 2;iO
Bitter-nut 641
Bitter-sweet .'577
Bizarre 254
Black Alder 498
Mliickherry ,3.39
Blaokhaw .398
Black Hoarhound.... 555
Black Mom 696
Black Nightshade. .. 577
Black Oat Urass 780
Black -root 439
Black Saltwort 603
Black Snake-root.... 211
Black Thorn 328, 330
Bladder Kern 822
Bladder Ketmia 269
Bladdernui 289
Bladder pod 237
Bladder SenuB 319
Bladder wort 609
Blazing-star 413, 'i.O
Blessed Thistle 466
Blite 614
Blood-root 222
Bloodworts 696
Blueberry 481, 48;^
Blue-curls 642, 652
Blue-dangles 461
Blue-eyed Urass 699
Blue Flag 69.-
Bine (rrass 797
Blue-hearts 528
Blue-joint Urass 778
Blue Palmetto 667
Bluets 402
Bog Rush 746
itoneset 416, 417
Bonnet Urass 774
Borrage 569
Borrageworts 558
BottleUracs 788
Bouncing Bet 266
Bowman's root 345
Box-berry 486
Box Klder 28;
Boxwood 632
Brake 819
Bramble 239
Bridal Rose ,340
Broccoli 2.35
Bromeliads 69.i
Brooklime ,5;.'7
Broom Corn 809
Broom Grass 791, 809
Broom-rape 612
Bryony .364
Kuck-Bean 587
Buckeye 287, 2H8
Buckthorn TOO
Bnck wheat 610
Buckwheat Tree 493
Biigl)ane Dll
Bugle-weed 643
lingloss 669,560
Bull rush 722, 7:8
Burr Dock 4ti8
Burnet, 328, X<y
Burning Bush.. . . 289, ^90
Burr -flower 664
Burr Urass 788
Burr Marigold 463
Burr Reed 672
Burr-seed 668
Bush trover 309
Bush Trefoil 307
Button Bush 40I
Bnltoiiwood 640
Bnttei cups 206, i07
Butterfly weed 693
Butternut 640
Butterweed 404
Butterwort J(;9
(Rbbiige i;<5
("Hctus ,«tio
CalnbHsh SM
Cale 235
t'alaminth 647
(Calico Bush 465
t.'aiifornia Poppy 224
(Hniellias 1:73
Calypso 686
Campion 266, 257
*/'antida Thistle 4(J8
Canary Crei per 18I
I'nnary (Jrai-s 789
(Jaiidluberry tso
Candytuft ^03
Cane 8(jo
Canterbury Bells 479
(.'aper Spurge 626
Cappnrids 240
Ca|)(i('hin rg|
(Jaraway 289
Cardinal flower 476
Ciirdoon 466
('arnatioii 264
Cat pet Cress £39
(■:arpet Weed i63
Carrion -flower 703
Carrot ?.81
CassenaTea .. 497
Castor oil Plant 6.30
Catalpa 613
Catch fly ?i56
Catoh-fly Grass 773
Catgut .'"8
Catnep £61
INDEX.
HI
Cut-tall 871
Cnuliiiowar 23S
* ^Hy ctin« Kappar fi7H
reclur 863
('-oUnUine 223
«;«lery 3«8
4;eiittiry Plant 694
(^liiiffMi-tt S:S2
4'liitniomile 4S7
Cliiute Tree 539
VhtM 791
«;heekerl)erry 48(>
4'heM()podH 611
♦niBiry 326, ;cr7
<;iierry LHurel 326
<;ii»-H« 791
(^liestiiut 6»ti
Cliick l'e» sat, 301
Chick wted 257, 25«
(.'liii'k Wlntergreeii. .. 803
<'liinn Atiter 429
<Milni|Uiipin 640
Cliokeberiy 333
(Jhoke-clierry 3-6
('iiiiiAmnn r'urn 817
<;inqiief.>ll 342
Oitruii 'I'roe 275
Oiveo 712
Oliiiy 549
CluHveiH 399, 4(KI
<MlrabiiiK lioiieset. . . . 418
<7litiibiiii; Fern ^^17
l/'liiitoiiiii 714
Clot (iriiBS 7''^
Clot-wecJ 444
4:loiiil-burry 340
Clover 312
Club Moss 811, 812
ClubKiish 738
Cock'acorab 322, 616
Cocksjitir Urass 787
Cocoa Plum 326
4;oflee Heiin 303
Coffee Tree 300
Coliosh 218
Colic-root 697
Colocynth 366
Colls-foot 419
t-'oliimbiiie 209
Coltimbo 686
Conifrcy 660
Cone-Hower 445
Conifers 659
Coral-root 686
Corn-cockle. 256
4;oriander 388
4.'ornels 390
Corn Flag 700
4;ornel 391
Cotton (irass 740
Cotton Plant 271
Cotton Rose 461
4/oiton Thistle 467
i-'otton Tree 655, 656
4;on 1 Grass 802, K03
4'ow 'dine 380
4/"ow -wheat 533
Crab (irass 783
4;rabTree XVi
4;runberry 48!
l^raiie's-bill 270
Ciape Myrtle 348
Cieepiug Qreenheud. . 403
Cress 228, 232,233
t-'rest-flower , 690
4;roc»s 700
4,'ross Vine 613
Crowberry 638, 639
Crowfoots 200, 205
Crowubeard 454
Crown Imperial 709
Oucifers 220
4;uckoo-flower 2;^!
tyiicumber 364-360
Cucumber Tree 214
Cucurbits 363
Cudweed 460,401
(Jul ver'H Physic 627
Clip-plant 442
Cupseed 217
(/urrants 360
Cut (irass 773
4'ycHdes 66")
Cypress 663
Cyprtss Vine 671
Daffodil 693
Dablia 429
Dahoon 49i'
Daisy 419
Dandelion 469, 4; 3
Daplinads 62.<
Darnel (irasi 8ii:
Day l.ily 713
Deadly Nightshade.. 579
Deerberry ixi
Deer-Kruss 347, 774
Deer's-toiigue 413
Devil's bit 4(W
Dewberry 339, .340
Dew Urass 774
Dill :482
Ditch (irass 673
Dllch Moss 679
Dittany 643
Dock 605
Dockraackie 397
Dodder 674
Dogbam 688
Dogwood.... 284, 390, 391
Dragoiihead K)'2
Dragonroot (kW
Drop-flower 471
Dropseed (irass., .776, 776
Dry Strawberry .341
l>ucknieat 670
Dutch Myrtle 650
Diitchman'M-breeches. 225
Dtitchman'B Pipe 602
Dwarf Dandelion 469
Dwarrpiiik 402
Dyer's-broora 310
Dycr'sweed 241
Kardrop 225, 354
Kbonads 600
Kel Crass 679
Kixg Plant 678
Kglaiitine 335, 'XVt
Kgyptian (;alla 6<)9
Kgyptian Urass 804
KUier 3116
Klecampane 4'AS
KIcphant'H-ears 36ti
Klephaiit's-lbot 411
Klin, Klmworts.. 632, 633
Enchanter's Night-
shade ."iSO
Endive 400
Riidogens OOii
English Uent 774
English Mint 438
English Moss 36s
Eternal Flower 462
Evening Primrose . . . 362
Everlasting 460, 461
Everlasting Pea 304
Eyebrlght 5.13
False Aloe 694
False Hiiiiiweed 672
False Dandelion 473
False Doglennel 454
Falsa Flax 237
False Hellebore 718
False Mermaid 281
False Nettle 6.37
False Pennyroyal .... 642
False Redtop 79J
False Rico 773
False Rocket 229
False Scabish 457
False holidago 430
False Syringa 374
False Violet 341
Felwort 68I)
Fennel 382
Fennel-flower 209
Ferns 815
Fescue Grass. . . . 793, 794
Fetter Bush 487
Feverfew 468
Feverwort 3; 3
Fig 6.36
Figwort 5'JO
FIgworts 616
Filbert 647
Finger Grass 78 1, 804
Fireweed 462
Fir, Fir lialsam 661
Flakes 254
Flaming Plnxter 490
Flax. Klaxworts !(76
Flealwne 427
Klixwred Za
FloatitiK-huart 687
Floiiii Grass 774
Fluw«i-de-l<uce 698
FlowMTing Fern 817
Flower nt an-hour.... 269
Fly-poison 719
Fog-frnlt 5:«
Fool's Parsley iVii
Fnrget-me not 5ti2
Forked spike WW
Foiil-nieadow 'iW
Four-o'clock 402
Foxglove 62l>
Foxtail 7T9
Foxtail Grass. 778, 779, 7W
Fiaxitiella 282
French Mulberry 6:<8
Fringe (iiass 7Hti
Fringe Tree 6'.W
Frogbits 679
Frost Plant 246
Funieworts 224
Fumitory 226
Gale, (iale worts dM
Galingale 632
(iarget-weed 610
(iarlic 711
(iay feather 414
Gentian 684, 585
(ientianworts 682
Geranium 276-278
(iermander 641
(Jilia 669
(iill-over-the-ground . 662
(iinseng 390
Glasswort 616
Globe Amaranth 619
Globe Flower 208
(inatbane 4.'<8
Goai'H-beard 345
(ioat's-foot ;iC8
(ioat'sKue 318
(i olden A lexanders ,382,.' 8.)
Golden llartonia i168
(ioldencliain 312
GoUlen-club 670
(iolden Fern 818
(ioldenrod i'M)
Gold-thread 208
Good-king-Henry.... 614
Gooseberry 361, 362
(ioose-f'oot...(Gen. 3), 612
(ioose-grass 343,400
(iourd 364
Gout-weed SUm
(irammell 561
Grape Fern 816
Grape Hyacinth 712
(irnpe Vine 292, 293
(irasses 770
Grr.3S of Parnassus. . . 252
( i rass I'ink 690
Grass-poly 349
(ircek Valerian 669
Green llrier 701
Green Dragon 668
Green Violet 245
Gromwell 661
Ground (Uierry 678
(ironnd Fir 812
Ground Hemlock 664
(ironnd Ivy 651
Oiound-nnt 320,390
Ground Pine 811,812
Groundsel 463
(Jroundsel Tree 439
(iuelder Roke 397
GimiTree 392
Gymnospermi iVtl
Hair (Jrass 774
Hardback 344
Harc-bcll 478
Hart's tongue 822
Haw 331,3:^2
Hawthorn 3:^0
Hawkbit 470
Hawk weed 470
Hazelnut 047
Heartsease. 244
Heart-seed 288
Heath, Ht-atbar 4iM
Heathwi-irw 470
Hedgehog 313
U0'\kv Hyssop.. 6;3, 561
HeiiKu Mustard 1'33
Hodge Nettle ... Afi6
Heliotrope ibts, !!M
Hellebore ifciJ
Hemlock (;61
Hemp e3«
Hemp Nettle. t5tf
llenbHiie &tlO
Henbit 666
Herb Robert 177
Herd's (irass ',',4, ",9
ileion'S'bill 177
Hibiscus.. Kill, Sit
Hickory .... 640
High I ranbtriy ;i97
High-water .ohnib 443
Hoarhouiid 417, .W7
Hobble Kiish oW
llogweed 443
Holly, Hollyworls.4<i(i, 497
Hollyhock lt.6
Honesty 236
Hoiiewort 3>6
Honey Locust ?.tlO
Honeysuckle 394-396
Honeysuckles ;<93
Hop 6.8
Hop Hornbeam 647
Hornbeam 648
Horn Pondweed 673
Horn Poppy 2:3
Hornwort 658
Horse Kalm 644
Horse liean 303
Horse Chestnut . 287. 28»
Horse Devils 303
Horsemint £43, 6.W
Horse Nettle 578
Horse Radish '237
Horse-tail 813,814
Horse-weed. 443
Hoiind's-tongue fi63
Houseleek ;;68
Hoiiseleeks 3(i6
Huckleberry 481
Hyacintli 712
Hydrangea 373
Hydniphylls 563
Hyssop 546
Ice Plants 265
Indiana Veratrum ... 718
Indian (.'orn 8I16
Indian (^ress 'J8l
Indian Cucumber .... 70.'>
Indian Figs 359
Indian Grass ^08
Indian Mallow 268
Indian Millett ^09
Indian Physic 345
Indian Pipe 495
Indian Rice 773
Indian Shot 691
Indian Soapworts .... 287
Indian Tol)ac< ■) 477
Indian Turnip 668
Indigo Plant 319
Inkberry 498
Innocence 402, 621
Irids 097
Iron weed 410
Iroiiwodd 647
Italian May 344
Ivy 284, 390
Jack-in-the-Pulpit ... 668
Jacobea 464
Jacobea Lily 694
Japan (ilobetlower .. . 346
Japan Rose 273
Jasmine 696
Jasmineworts 596
Jersey Tea 291
Jerusalem Artichoke. 448
Jerusalem Cherry. . . . 577
Jerusalem Sage 655
Jessamine 696
Jewel-weed 280
Jimson-weed t'>81
Jingko 664
Job's-tears 809
Jonquil 693
842
INDEX.
JiiiM'Trt* 901
July-Hower., 229
JiiiiH Grais 798
ffimiper 663
Kidney liean 321
Kiiiip weeil 463
Kimwel ■ 263
Knot DiiKlweud 609
Kuct-Kf"*"* W
Labrador Tea 491
Ladies Kardrop 851
Ladies' Man.le 323
I,adios' Slippef.681,682,517
Ladies' Tressoa 6H9
L-idy Fern 824
Lamb Lettuce 41)3
Laruh Ct<2
Liirl<8pur 210
Laurel 620
Liiiirestine 398
Lavender 641
Lead l*lant 315
Lead wort ... ....607, 508
Leaf-cnp 440
r<eatl>er-flower 201
Leather-leiif 487
Leather wood 623
Leek 711
Leguminous Plants .. 296
L^inon 274
Lettuce 473
Leverwond 647
Lilac 598
Lily 707-7<J9
Lilyworts 706
Lily-of-tlie-valley .... 714
Lime Tree , 272,274
Limnantlis 281
Linden 272
Liiidenblooms 271
Llou'i-ears 558
Lion's foot 472
Lion'g-heart 554
Lip Fern 819
Ijiveforever 368
Liverwort 204
Lizard-tail 657
liizardtail Grass 804
Lo)i8ads 358
Lobc'iiads 475
Loblolly bay 273
Locust 319
Lout; .Mnss 695
LAOsestrife 349, 504
Lopseed..... ... 538
Loquat 329
Loranths 621
Louse wort 532
itovago 384
Love-lies-bleeding ... 618
Lucerne 313
Lungwort Mi
Lupine 311
Lychiiidia 66^
LycUnis 267
Lyme Ciraiis 801
Madder 401
Madder worts 398
Madwort 233
.Magnoliads 213
MaMenhair 820
Miillow ...266-268
Miillows 265
Miiijjel Wuitiel 612
Mitniia <Jrass 798
.Maii-of the Ka.'th b'i'S
•Miple 285, 286
Mara'8-tail 358
Mari»;oId 463
.M^irjiirara 647
.Marsli KIder 443
.Marsh Kleabane 439
Marsh (IriMS 805
.Marsh Mallow 266
•Marsh .MarJKold 208
Marsh Rosemary 808
Marvel-of.Peru 602
.Marvel worts 602
Mastworts 642
•Mati.mony Vine 88!
Mat Grass 77H
•May Apple 218
M»y-flowei 488
Mayweed 4S7
Meadow-beauty 347
.Meadow Urass . . .'%, 798
Meadow Kedtop .. .. 798
Meadow line 204
.Meadow Sweet 344
.Medick 313
.Melanths 716
.Meliialonies 347
.Melic CiraBS 795
.Melilot 314
.Melon Thistle 360
Menispermads 216
Mermaidweed 367
.Mexican Tea 613
.Mexican Vine 611
.Miami-mist 566
Mignonette 241
-Millt weeds 591
Milkworts 293, 294
Milk Vetch 317
Millet 787, 788
Millet Grass 783
.Milllbil 357. 457
.Mint 642
.Mistletoe 621
.Mitrewort .369
•Mockcrnnt 641
.Mock Orange 374
.Modesty 382
.Mole-tree 626
.Molucca lialm 555
.Moneywort 505
Monkey flower 522
-Monk's-hood 211
Moonseed 216
.Moonwort 816
Morning Glory 571
Moss Pink 669
•Moss Plant 486
Motherwort 557
.Mountain Ash .333
.Mou'itHMi Fern 820
.Mountain Fringe 225
.Mountain Heath 489
Mountain Mint 550
.Mountain Rice 780
Mountain Sorrel 604
Mourning Hride 406
.Mouse-ear 461
Mousetail 2i)8
.M ud Purslane 233
Mudwort 626
Mugwort 459
Mulberry.... 340, 634, 6;«
.Mullein 618
Mullein Pink 257
Musk Mallow 267
.Muskmelon 365
Musk Plant 52;i
.Mustard 2J3-23:->
Myrtle 346, 492
My rlleblooras 346
.Naiads 672
.'Vailwort 262
Narcissus 693
Nasturtion 281
Neckweed 627
Nectarine 328
Nelumbo 220
Nettle, Nettle worts... 636
.Nettle Tree 634
New York Fern 824
Nightshades 676, 677
Ninebark 344
Nipplewort 469
.Nonesuch 313
Nut Grass IX^
Nu'meg-flower 209
.Nut .Sedge 746
Oak 642-616
Oak -of' Jerusalem... . 613
Oat 790
Ogeechie Lime .392
Okra 270
Oil-nut 622
Oilseed 614
Old-man's-beard 699
Oleander 690
Oleaster 623, 624
Olive 699
Olives 597
Onagrads .350
Onion 711, 712
Opiinn Poppy 224
Orache 615
Oran;.{ewort8 274
Orchard Ornss 7^3
Orchids 680
Orchis 682,683,685
Orpine .368
< >8age Orange 636
Osier 661
Ostrich Fern 818
Oxeye 445
Pwony 212,213
Painted cup '>3I
Palmetto 666
Palms 666
Panic Grass "84
Pansy 242, 244
Papaw 215
Paper Mulberry 6i;5
Pappoose Koot 213
Parf ley 388
Parsley Piert 325
Parsnip 379
Pnrtridgeberry 401
Pasque-flowe • 202
Passion-flower 3
Passion worts 362
Pea 303
Peach 328
Peanut 306
Pear 332
Pearlwort 260
Pea Vine 322
Pecan-nut 641
Pedaliads 614
Pellitory 638
Pencil-flower 306
Pennyroyal 644
Pennywort 377,687
I'epper 578
Peppcr-andSalt 384
Pepper-grass 238,239
Peppermint 643
Pepper-root 230
Pepperworta 810
Periwinkle 589
Persimmon 600
Pettymorrel 389
Petuniii S80
Pheasant's eye 203, 234
Phlox 667
Phloxworts 567
Pickerel- weed 721
Picotees 264
Pie Plant 604
Pigmy-weed 367
Pignut 642
Pigweed 61.3, 617
Pimpernel 603, 606
Pine 669-661
Pine-sap 495
Pink 254
Pink -root 616
Pinkworts 253
Pinweed 245
Pinxter-bloom 490
Pipes 814
Pipewood 488
Pipewort "29
Pipsissiwa 494
Pitcher Plant 221
Plane Tree 640
Plantain 606
Plum 327,328
Plume Grass 807
Poison Haw 398
Poison Hemlock 386
Poison Ivv 284
Poison Oak 284
Poke, Pokeworts 610
Polar Plant 441
Polypod M8
Polypog Grass 777
Pomegranate 346
Pond I-lly 220
Pond Spice 621
Pond weed 673-676
I'oorman's Weather-
glass 805
Poplar 215.655
Poppy 223, 224
Poppy worts 222
Potato 576
Poverty Grass 779
Prairie Burdock 441
Prickly Ash 282
Prickly Pear 369
Prickly Poppy 223
Pride o( India 276
Pride of (Jhio 5U3
Pride of the .Meudow . 345
Prim 69l>
Primrose 502
Primworts 601
Prince's-leather. . .009, 6I7
Prince's Pine 494
Privet 699
Puccooii S6I
Pumpkin ;-;ti5
Purslanes 2G.'i, V()4
Pntly-root Ci^l
Quaking Grass ',99
Quamash 710
Queen-of-ilie-Pruiiie. . 344
(Juich (irasB 802
Quillwort 810
Quince 333
Kadish 240
Ragged Robin 257
Ham's-heiid 682
Raspberry K-l»
Ra»-tail Grass S06
Ratile-pod 310
Rattle snake Fern 816
Rattlesnake Plantain. 689
Red Hav 62t>
Red Hud 301
Red Osier 391
Red root 291, 696
Red-top 774
Reed 800
Reed Grass 776, 778
Reed .Mace 071
Rescue Grass 791
Rhubarb 604
Ribworts 606
Rice 773
Richweed 637
River-weed 657
Robin's Plantain 428
Rock Cress 231
Rocket 234
P.ook Poiypod 822
Rock Rose 245, 246
Rose 333, ;«7
Rose Acacia 319
Rose t'ampion 267
Rose Ray 3,50, 490
Rosemary 650, 639
Roseworts 324
Rosin weed 441
Rue £82
Rue Anemone 203
Rueworts 281
Rush 722-727
Rutland lieauty 673
Rye l!J03
SaHron 466, 700
Sage 648
Si'ltwort 615, 616
Samphire 616
Sandalworts 622
Sand Grass 792
Sand .Myrtle 492
Sand Reed 778
Sandwort 269
Sanicle 378
Sttr8apariUa..ab9, 701, 702
Sassafras 6^0
Satin -flower S?,6
Saururads 666
Saw Grass 746
Saxifrage 3;;6, 369, ;i70, S'l
Sea; h 406
Scarcity 612
Scorpion Senna 306
Scouring Rush . . 813, 814
Scratch Grass 610
Screw-stem 6H>
Scullcap 654
Scuppernong ^^}
Scurvy Grass 2.').'<
Sea Ox-eye *^^
Sea Rocket 239
Sea Sandwort 261
Seaside Oats 80O
Sea Wormwood 4fiO
Sea-wrack . . 673
Sedge T82, 747
INDEX.
I
848
.'JlO,
Sedjtes
See(J-l)OX
:Suli'tiual
Setieca Urass
JSceoa Snake lool . . .
Senna aoi),
Sensitive Uiier
Sensitive Kern
Sensitive Pea
Sensitive Piant.. .2fM,
Surpent ('nciiraber . . .
SBsiime Urass
Sl-.aidoelt Tree
Sliiid-flower . .
Slia<;l>itrl{ ....
Sliiiiiirocic
Slu!(!|) poison
Sliett|) sorrol
SiK'lilijwer
SliepliBrii's-piirsj ....
Sliield Fern
Shrnt) Trefoil
Sicklepod
Sidt)saiidle-flo wer ...
Silk-L'ottoii8
•Silk weed
.Silver-weed
•Sinsiesedd Cucnraber
Skull o.ip 527,
■Skiinkcabbiige
«!'>« 328,
Wimils....
Siiike lieiid
Simp-draKon
Sneeze wort 455,
8.I0W l)rtll
Snow-berry
Snow-drop
Snowdrop Tree
Siiow-flake
Sotipberry
.Soiipwort
Soft Orass
Soloraon's-seal . ..7U,
Sorrel 035,
Sorrel Tree
Serrelworls
.S<>nthernwood
S)v> Thistle
.Spanisli-diiRKer*
Spaiiisli-moHS
Spanish needles . .45:>,
Spear (Jruss TUti,
Si)earmint
Hpaiirwort
Speedwell bai,
Spico-wood
•Spider-llower
.S|iidurwort 7-IJ,
Spiked Rush
Spikenard
Spinach, SpinajjC
Spindle Tree
Spleen wort.. 350, »^(),
Sponge Tree
SpooMwood
.Springbeanty
Sprnce
Spurge
Spurge N'Mtle
SpurKeworis
7S1
355
!)bi
7S9
295
3U1
299
8J3
•M)
.•<J0
.'i'jj
»lo
271
;i2i'
(i41
;U2
48-1
tiOli
555
238
823
283
21 :
2-1
5U2
315
3 i4
552
Hiii)
39 S
313
520
519
458
397
394
(594
499
1)95
288
254
789
715
6Jt5
488
603
40U
474
709
69ti
709
798
542
20i>
527
621
240
727
736
389
615
289
821
299
485
264
661
625
63U
624
Spurry
.Squash
Squaw-root
Squill
Squirrel-corn
Squirrel-tail UrasN . . .
Staff Tree
Stagger Hush
Standing (^'ypress ....
St. Andiew'scross. ..
Star Anise
Star-of-Uetlileheni
Star (irass 695,
Star Thistle
Starwort
St. Jolm's-wort . .246,
Stock
Stone-crop 367,
St. Peter's-wort
St. Peter's-wrealh . . .
Strawberry
.Strawberry Toiniito . .
Succory
.Sugar llerry
Sugar ('ane 807.
Sugar Tree
Sumac 283,
Summer Savory
Sundews
Sunflower 447,
Supple .lack
Swamp l.anrel
.Swamp Pink
Sweet Uasil
Sweet Hrier
.■^weet ('icely
Sweet Fern
Sweet Flag
.Sweet dale
Sweet Gnin Tree
Sweet Pea
Sweet Pepperbush . . .
Sweet Potato
Sweet Ree<lgrass
Swcel-bcented (Mover.
Sweet-scented Shrub .
.Sweet-sultan
Sweet Vernal (Irass ..
Sweet Viburnum
Sweet-william 254,
Swiue-cress
Sycamore 287.
Sycamores
Tacamehac
Tallow Tree
Tamarac
Tansy
Tansy Mustard
Tares
Tassel-flower 462,
Tea Rose, Teaworts . .
Teasel
Thimble Uerry
Thin (trass
Thistle
Thorn 3,30,
Thorn apple
Thoronghwax
Thoroughwort
Threadlbot
Threv-birds 519,
261
365
512
'.10
225
801
289
488
61)0
2t7
213
710
697
466
0.57
247
2J9
3I>8
247
344
.341
.J79
469
634
808
281)
285
516
251
448
2<>l
485
489
541
3'«
651
670
6.50
.375
301
492
.Vl
771)
314
345
4i)t)
789
398
257
239
•)40
639
li.iti
629
662
459
234
305
463
273
40:>
340
77.5
467
331
.581
•Ml
417
6.-)7
690
Three-seed Mercury..
Thr; t
Thyme
Tick-seed
Tiger-Uower
Timothy (irass
Toad Flax 618,
Tobacco
Toiualo
Tongue gra.ss
Tooih-aclie (irass
Touch meiiot
Tower Mustard
Trailing Arbutns
Tree Aaialea
Tree-of Heaven
Tree Orchis
Trilliads
Trophyworts
Trnmp<;tMower. . 512,
Trnmpel leaf
Trnmpet-wee! 416,
Tuberose
Tnlepo
Tulip
Tnlip Tree
Turmeric .ot
Turk's (' 1 360,
Turnip
Turtle-head
Twayblade
Twin-Hower
Twin-leaf
Twist-foot
Typhads
L'ml>elworts
Umbrella leaf
Umbrella Tree
Unicorn Plant
Union Urass
Valerian
Vanilla Plant
Vegetable Oyster
Vonus'-comb
Veuus'-fly-trap
Venus' Looking-glass.
Vervain 5.'t(i,
Vetch 304,
Victoria Lily
Violet 241,
Virginia (Jreeper. . . .
Virginia Snakeront. ..
Virginia Stone-crop . .
Virgin's-bower
Wake-robin
Walking Fern
Wall-Mower 2152,
Wall Pepper
Walnut
Water Ueans
Water-carpet
Water-CresB
Water Dropwort
Water-feather
Water Hemlock
Water Hemp
Water lloarhound. . . .
Water-leaf
Water Lily
Water Melon
Water Millfoil
629
508
647
460
699
r.9
.519
581
f.76
238
806
280
229
48:
49(1
283
691
704
180
613
2221
474
694
392
7i '
215
212
708
2;«
52U
688
393
218
715
671
37o
218
214
514
800
4U4
413
470 I
383
252
479
637
305
221
212
293
602
;3«8
200
704
821
368
610
219
369
228
.380
501
385
018
543
664
220
305
357
Water Nymph 072
Water Pai snip ; jij
Water Pepper jj^nj
Water Peppers 153
Water Pitchers 221
Water Plantain ...... hi^e
Water Purslane ;-£(;
Water Shield j)|9
Water '1 arget 219
Wax Myrtle C'.O
Wax Plant ,'96
Weather (irass ;^{)
Wheat Hi2
Wheat-thief !.til
Whip (irnsK 746
Whistle-wood LHJ
White Hav 214
White Hent ;74
White (iriiss 773
White Lettuce 472
White-weed 4!s7, 486
White-wood 216
Whitlow grass Z'6
Wild JU'rganidt 6.50
Wild Hullace 328
Wild (faraway 462
Wild Klder .'^t-g
Wild (iinger COl
Wild Indigo ;ol
Wild Lettuce 474
Wild Mandrake 219
Wild Oats 717
Wild Pink 264
Vyild Potato 673
Wild Kosemaiy 4H7
Wild Rye H)l
Wild Sarsaparilla.... 389
Wild Service 3:9
Willow 6.51-6.55
Willow-herb V.tM
Willoworts 661
Wind-tlower i'(l3
Winter-berry. . -t"'?
VVintergrecii 486, 493
Witch Hazel 378
Woad 2,39
Woad-waxen 310
WolPsbane 211
W^olfberry 394
Woodbir.e ; 94
Wood (irass 808
Wood Nettle 6.37
WoodSoirel 279
Worinseed 013
Wormwood 4.59
Xyrids 728
Yam root 701
Yarrow 4.57
Yew 664
Vellow-eyed (IrHL ; .. 728
Yi'l low Foxglove 629
Yellow .Jessamine 51,5
Yellow Phlox 2;«
Yellow Pond-Illy 2::0
Yellow Poppy 223
Yellow Rattle 6:52
Y'ellow-root 209
Yellow-seed 239
Yellow-wood 301
Ynlan 214
ZiKudeno 717
\