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Wi^l tlii»^'»«^?«« -ixictf^ •f-'' : '"■ "' / '.;.■■- • :■? ■ Wm ".',V'^''' .-"j 1 .. ■.w-:.,.r^-. ^v :'**>JpP<^gn;' ,.fl,-, .^jj^ -■^•<': i^ftw^...vS^';^'':;v«^ ' \,as p^\ •tfi)-/' :^ ^.. ^W.^i^- >^-f,H,.i':; ' V'';. , ;vr;» '^'.'i • , . ,! -:; •>. ; , •'■:!.-;S^ ^^ksa*^^"^' 'ii^'fe^'*?'^*' V> ^^^^ • / «.>« ■'>-^ 5*^ :^,cjRtwjiRyr X4^j^ REMARKS ON TUB MINING REGION OF LAKE SUPERIOR; ADDUKSSKD TO IHH committj;:e of the honorable tjie executive council, VNP R E P R T ON MINING LOCATIONS CLAIMED ON TJIK CANADIAN SHORES OF THE LAKE, \DURES.SKl) TO TlIK COMMISSIONER OF CROWN LANDS. Br W. E. LOGAN. rnOVINCIAL GEOLOGIST. MONTREAL : PRINTED BY LOVELL & GIBSON, AT THEIR STKAM-raiNHNG ESTABLISHMENT, ST. NICHOLAS STREET. 1847. ' \ If I I REMAUK8, ADnnF.rsF.n Tf> tmf. •OOMMIT'lKr: OF TIIF. IIONOIlAni.E TIIK KXECTTIV-: COIJNC.L ■, If I havt^ giithcrcd uriutlit the (jucsijonis pui lo mo by the Coinmitloo of the Iloiiorabh! the; Executive Coniieil, respecting lh(! mineral ivf^ioii of Lake Superior, I uiuler.slund the Government to be desirous of haviiii,' the expn'Hsion of an opin- ion as to the (hila upon which it woultl bi; judicious to proceed, in ascertaining the value of the min(;ral district in (jueslion ; and the prin(;iples which shouhl be taken into consideration, in dividini^ it into lots for the pur[).)se of mining locations. To tlie possiljh; existence of a mining region of some valu(! on the north shore of Lake Sujierior, allusion was made in lh(^ H<'port I had the iioiior to submit to the Govermnent, of th(^ progress made in the Geoh)gical Survey of the Province in 1843; and, in assuming its probable importance, I do not feci myself so much inllueuced l>y the reports that have been so diligently spread since th(> commencement of the present mining excitc^nent in the Unitetl States, as by the nnpreju- diced account regarding the mineral riclies of tli(^ southern shore, furnished to the Legishiture of Michigan, by the late Mr. Douglas Houghton in 1811, in his report i-n the geological structure of the Upper Peninsula of the Stale. The geology of Michigan o'jcupied the attention of I\Ir. Houghton for eighteen years, during the last eight o^ wiiicli he was ofiicially emj)loyed by his Govermnent in investigating its mineral resources ; and it was in the prosecution of ids duties, as state geologist, that he lost his life at the end of last season. His character stands high among those who have paid attention to the same branch of science ; and his reports are noted for great caution and moderation in the statement of his opinions. It is understood that he had visited the British shores of Lake Superior, and considered their mineral charac- ter much the same as that of his own side of the water, though, I believe, he has made lo published statement to such an effect. What the extent of the mining region may be on the British side of the \/.\\n\ imd liow lar, :iii(l in wlial dirccliori it iriav pciiclratc into the inlciior, can he ascertained only l»y patient and lal)orions exploration ; aii;« ascertiiined with f;n-ilily. In the instance of coal, for e\ampl<', wliich is always deposited in extensive sheets of ]irelly uniform thickness, the rule is, that about lOOO tons could be obtained from (»v(^ry one foot thick of (>verv su- perficial aire of a bed. lint it is not so in respect to mineral veins, the mo die rece|)i;i(|(' of the vein ; or by a coud)ination of both llies(> causes. In this casi', the endless modification of the a(!tinij: forces, may have produced an almost ( iidless variation in tli(^ arran,i>'eiiieiit of tlii' mineral subsiance^, in rci-i^ard l)othto their (piality and distribution ; and the irrei:;ularities thus occasion. •(!, would 1,'really enhance the dilliculty of estimating the (|naiitity of the productive part of a mineral vein. Tliese theories are mentioned, not so much for the purpose of assert- ing their truth, as for that of alliidini,' to the generalization of th(! facts which have led to their adoption. Metalliferous veins, or metalliferous hulrs, as they are termed by nnir-rs, are of tlu^ complicated descri|)tioii last m(Mitioned. 'I'hey are sometimes ])erpendicular, but usually at a high angle of inclination to the horizon; and in general they are partly lilled up with metallic, and paiily with earthy minerals, the proportions these bear to one another being very various in dill'erent cases, and often very ditrereut in separate parts of the saine lode ; and it often liaj)pens that in some parts of the lode there will be a very great deliciency in the produe- tive material, giving intervals of what is term«>d dead ground. In a great mineral district, siudi as the ('ounties of Cornw^all and Devon, in England, where 30,000 of the inhal)itants are engaged in working upwards of 160 mines, and the value of the metals annually raised exceeds JC1,v500,000 — more than half the value of all the metallic products of Great Britain and Ire- land, with the exee})1ion of iron, which amounted to £8,000,000 according to Sir Ily. T. I)(; la Beche's Report, in 1838, and probably, now surpasses it — there is a vast amount of floating knowledge in regard to almc st all the mineral veins, even to n llicir iiimosl j);ir(s ; and so ?ii;iMy aiialotifU's lor the solnlion of iM'ii,'Iil)oiiriii<^' cases nrn rslahlislicd, by (acts ascertained in siicli an extensive ranv''' of excavations, which, in sotn*^ sinufh^ Iar\(e mines, takinL,' adit-levels, lioiizontal i^'allcries, and verti- cal shafts, <'(nial upwards of sixty miles, that a fair j^uess can often be made ojllie productive contents of a vein, from careful surface inspection. Vet, even in Cornwall, the hopes of the miner are very iVccpienlly disappointed ; and adventurers in a riew mine are seldom very sure of their operations, until a trijil level has been (lriv<'n lon/j^iludinally in the lode, and mon* than one shaft ;>iml\ vertically, to ascertain lads upon which to found a ealenlation of what the produce* of the whole mine miiflit be. (n("ornwall, however, tlie prodiietiveness has been so far ascertained, that ;\\\ avevai^e rate of loi'^ or rent, to be paid the o>\-ner of the mineral trrouad, is pretty well establish- ed. For eop|)(>r and tin i^round, the lord's dues vary from four to six per cent, of the i^'ross |)ro(liU'e of the mine ; if the mineral i^round l)e e(pial!y Cfood, deep mines would })ay N'SH than shallow ones. It is {ronerally miderstood that the charj^e doe- not commence imtil the mine has be:^'tm to j)ay cost ; for it is jnreatly to the interest of the landlord to fa(rilitate as imich as possible the openinii^ of the lodes, and thus ascertain their true character, which, if it be a favorable one, may establish ti revenue f;)r Iiim for a i,M('at p(>rio(l of time. The ai,r'^rei?^ale value of the ore, raised in the Con- solidated Mines in (iwennep, in Cornwall, for 13 years, from I !S2.3 to 1835, was £1111270 The lord's dues, in that time, amounted to . . . . 58797 Beinjj^ rather over four per (rent, of the i^ross produce. Th(! value of the ore in these mines, in the year 183G,\vas 1J5717 The lord's dues were C071 Loaviuij^ ,1 nett value of the ore of 139616 The l(^ d amount of expenses was 102007 Leaving a profit of £37639 I 7 So thill wliih? ihc lord's (lues v re over four per crril. of llir gross produce, they aiuouuk-d 1o nearly (Miosixtli of iIk; profits. In 111*' United Mines, wliLli iidjoin tlie Consolidated Min(!s, and are luider the same inanagenjeni, the value of the ore raised, in lajG, was .... £20379 The h)r(l'8 dues ttinouiUed lo 1099 Leavin<)f a netl value of the ore of £25280 The total ainotiiit of expenses was 35960 Leaviiiy a loss of £I0G80 The extent of the Consolidated and (^nit«>d Mines is nearly two miles lonj^' : their greatest depth is 1,800 feet. In the Kovvey Consols Mini', the (juantity of ore raised, in 1837, was 15,710 tons of 21 ewl. ; which j)roir carriage, the true lordshij) value of them must be some- ihing less than the sum stated ; and the lord's du(>s would, on this reduced sum, show a larger per centage, probably upwards of six j)er cent., while they amount to between one-third and one- fourth of the profits. The extent of this mine is two miles in length, the greatest depth is upwards of 1 100 feet. Fowey Consols, including Lanescot Mine, which had merg- ed into it, had divided among the Shareholders, at the time of Sir H. T. De la iieche's Report in 1838, a total profit of nearly £133,000, after paying all the original outlay for bringing the mine into a productive condition, as well as all the machinery and materials still on the mines, the value of which, with the balance in hand, was about £50,000. 8 Though the Consolidated Mines and the Fowey Consols arc given by Sir H. T. l)e la Bcehe as perhaps the largest mines in Cornwall, in 1838, the former enij)loying 2,387 persons, and the latter 1,1(»6 persons, he does not mention them as the most profitable. Tresavean Mine is staled to i)e the most valuable, its average profits for five or six years, to 1838, having been between £40,000 and £50,000 per annum. The following list, however, of the copper ores sold to the British smelters, in the year ending 30lh June, 1838, at public ticketing, as it is termed, (which is a species of auction, where each bidder, being a sineller, makes a written olTer for each parcel as it is put up, — all making them simultan(!Ously, and none knowing what the bid of his neigbour is — and the highest tender gets the parcel,) will show, by the small (piantily ])ro- duced from many of th(> mines, that a gTcat number of them must be concerns of litth? or no })rolit. The total quantity of copper om in tons of 21 cwt. was 145,688 tons. The average produce of the whole was 7^- per cent. The total quantity of fine coj>per in tons of 20 ewt. was 11,529 tons. The average })rice of the ore j)er ton of 21 cwt. was £5 17s. 6d. The total value of the ore was £857,779. The number of mines which produced it was 76. The value, as distributed among these seventy-six mines was as follows : — £ 8. d. 1 1 do do 80,000. III nuKj do 15,'254 1 WII?. . do ... . 86434 19 17 1 do do 70,000. do 12.303 (io . . 76272 9 2 do do 40,000 each, do 16,052 do . . . . 81648 11 1 do do 30,000. do 2,910 do .. . . 37070 1 5 do do 20,000 eacli, do 21,770 do .. . . 121588 18 11 do do 10,0' do do 27,482 do . . . 158872 11 14 do do 5,000 do do 18,021 do .. . 101297 17 2 do do 4,000 do do 1,291 do .. 9447 17 1 do do 3,000 do do 5,136 do . 24982 7 6 do do 2,000 do do 2,778 do . , . 14714 9 6 do do 1,000 do do 1.838 do .. 9227 16 11 do do 600 do do 1,832 do .. 8462 16 3 do do 400 do do 372 do .. 1293 8 2 do do 800 do do 70 do .. 708 17 1 do do 200 do 8". do .. 270 12 2 do do 100 each, do ?8 145,6b8 CO . . do 383 15 76 £857778 15 a i i 9 was was About fonrleon of llio above sevonly-six miiirsyieid lin as woll as ( opper, which is iioi taken iiilo acconiit in the list, and wonld servo to im|)rove the as|)cct of so manj of tlieni ; ])nt they are chie/iy those whieh produce a considerable ([uantity of copper. The value of the total quantity of tin raised in 1837, from seventy-two mines, inchidini^ the above fourteen, which might yield about .£25,000 of the amount, was £363,322. The minerals bearing economic vahie which occur on the shores of Lake Superior, are the ores of copper, and though Mr. llouffhton mentions that these are octcasionallv associated with the ores of zinc, lead, iron, manganese and silver, the copper ores appear to be those which, in his opinion, render th(! region wt)rlhy of mining attention. The chief difficulty, therefore, in obtaining the elements of a calculation by which to arrive at the value* of the Canadian part of the region, will be to d(!termine the- quantity of these coj)per ores: and the only data on which an estimate of this can l)e founded, arc the number of veins holding the ores, the extent to which they run, and the (piantity of ore in each. !t will not be until the shores of LsUvc Siq)erior have been operated on as a mining district for a considerable immber of years, that anything like an accurate knowledge of these facts can be obtained : but, by a careful surface examination, a rude imperfect guess may be made at the productiveness of parts. The examination would necessarily be such as a miner would institute in searching for copper v.'ins, with an intention of working them. The veins must tirst l)e discovered, then fol- lowed to ascertain their direction and extent, and a calcula- tion be made of the approximate quantity contained in them, by taking what is seen on the surface in as many parts in the run of each vein as possible, as an index of its interior quality both horizoi/ially and vertically. But, as no surface examination can equal trial levels and shafts in the veins, it would be to the interest of the Govern- ment, as landlords and owners of the lodes, to encourage, to a limited extent, the working of some of them, by such com- panies of respectable person j as might be found willing to risk their capital in mining adventures ; especial care beiwg taken? 10 in granting mining locations, to secure a bond fide intention of working the minerals, and to avoid tlie encouragement of mere slocN-jobljing s})eculation. One judicious means to this end, il appears to me, would be, that the mining locations should nol exceed in magniludc the strength of the working ca})ltnl of the adventurers. It would no doubt be judicious that the /irsi adventurers should obtain iheir locations on the most liberal terms; l)u1, in my humble opinion, it would not be impolilie that there should be some stipulation on the part of the Government that a certain number of miners should be employed on each local ion. To drive one level with full vigour M'ould require six miners, who, working two at a time in stents^ or oeriods of eight hours, would occu[)y the day. The minerrd character of both shores of the Lake being mucli the sam(>, the mining operations now in progress, on the American sidi^, at Keweenaw l^oint, will be of (;ssential service in tducidiitinii^ wliat may ])e expected on the Canadian; and the knowhxlge to he gametl by these experiments, avast num- ber of which cannot fail to prove unsuccessful, may be made the means of diminishing useless expenditure of capital in proving the Provincial ground, and render it the less necessary to extend tiie scale of present Provin(;ial adventures. In some of the American accounts which have apj)eared before the pul)lie, it is represented that between 300 and 400 tracts have been located on the south shore, but a small num- ber of which have been tiioroughly examined ; and the names of twenty-four companies are given as being at work, and employing about 500 resident miners. In the American system, connectiul with the disposal of public lands, after they have been sold by the General Govern- ment at an uj)set price, for the general benefit, they become subject to the laws of the particular stale within the territory of which they lie ; but the General Government cliim also the right to lervse public mineral lands for the public benefit ; in which case, if \ am rightly informed, though the protection of the laws of the particular state in which they lie, is extended to those who occupy them, it is doubtful whether the lands can be taxed for their share of state expenses. n 11 a tune The mining localions in ihe Norlhern Peninsula of Michi- gan, Avhich have been granted on lenses of this description, have been given for three years, at a lordship of six per cent., as I am informed, on the value of the ores smelted, which no doubt was intended to be equivalent to six ])oy cent., either o^ the gross produce; of the mine, after tin; ores should have been reduc(;d to a shape fit for market ; or, what would be a heavier charge, of the pun; mt^tal after it had been cxtracte 1 from the ores. In the first instance, the size of the locations, with- out due consideration, was made nine stjuare miles; but the applications for them became so inimerous, that it was i-nbse- ([uently considered judicious to limit llicmlo one scpiare mile. The first step in obtaining the lease of a location, seems to have been to procure a license or permit, to cxplor(> ; which remained in force for one year, at the end of which the a|)pli- catit made his election of an unap[)r()prial(Hl lot, whicii was given on the usual terms. No licenses of cxj)loration have, I understand, been granted since May, 1815, so that all the leasees will have expired a little over three years from this time. The leasing system does not appear to work harmoniously between the General Government and the })articular State; and an expectation seems to be entertained, that the locations will, lat the termination of the })rcsent leases, be sold at the ordinary price of public lands, when, no doubt, the present occu- pants on lipases will, as is but just, have the right of preemp- tion. No revenue, as I am informed, has been eoneeted from these leases, there having been no establishments erected for smelting the ores ; but several oiUcers have been appointed, and tlomieiled in the vicinity of the mines to receive the Government dues ; whose only acts have been to sign permits for the removal of the ores to Boston and other distant places. On the expiration of the leases, it seems probable the only operation that will have resulted from them will be, that they will have attbrded the adventurers three years to prove their mines. Those who have made fortunate selections will Decome the purchasers of their locations, and those who find they have drawn blanks in the lottery, will abandonihem, sacrificing the expenses of their experiment. 12 If a syslf'm of loasos should be adopted by Ihc Provineial Govoviiniciit, llio 1(>nii ijfraiilcd should, in iny ()j)iMioii, be a loni^ one. 1 shoidd not feel disposed lo j)lace confidence in lh(! bona fide niiiiinj^ inlenlion of any company of advenlnrers who would lake ;i short one. A mine, unless it be an excep- tion lo a i^enei-id rule, can scarcely be j)roperly wt)rked with- out coiisideral)le onlhiy to j)ut it into a productive condition, particularly in a new locality, at a distance from a well settled country, and fn)iu a market with which to estal)lish a trallic; and it is but reasonable that the adventurers should have ample liin(> to receive it back, with a large profit lo reward lh(>ir enter|Kise, The 'Cornish l(^!is(>s, I believ(% are usually i»ranle(l for a term of Iwenly-one years, with perpetual rifrjit of renewal. The lord- ship, as already mentioned, is frt)m four lo six ])er cent, of the gross ])rodiic(> of the ores sold; and there is always some sti- jmlalion in the lease, that a certain amount of work sliall bo done, by the ( ini)loyment of a certain mim])erof miners, or the operation of one or more sleam-engines, according to the ex- tent of the Sf//, en- mining ground h-ased. The extents of the setts are as various as the )uuul)er of mines; a s(|uar(^ mile would be considered a large oiic. Dolcoath sell, as gathered from a surface plan given in Sir IF. T. De la lieche's Report, is about 1200 vards in the run of the lodes, by about 800 yards across them; this Mine is about 300 I'athoms deej) ; in 1815, it produced copj)er or(>s to llie value of JCGG,839 ; iii the list of copper ores sold in the year ending 30tli .June, 1838, given above, the value of its ore;? is i)ut down at £13,787. Fowey Consols sell, as already mentioned, is staled by Sir If. T. D(^ la Beche, to be nearly two miles on the run of the lodes, which are numerous, and, as gathered from his |)lan of the mine, about 500 yards across them ; the depth of the mine, as men- tioned before, is about 190 fathoms. The value of the ores raised from it in 1837, was £89,083 ; the value of its ores in the list of ticketing sales for the year ending 30th June, 1833, is put down at £85,434 ; it then employed upwards of 1700 persons. The Consolidated Mines, which are probably the largest in Cornwall, as already stated, have a length of nearly two miles ; 1 am not aware of the breadth of the sett, but I am 18 porsnndcd it is over stfitod at half a mile ; a much less space would probably incbide all llio paralUd lodes. The greatest de|)lli is 300 lilt hoiiis ; and it is stiitrd by Sir II. T. l)e la Heehe, that dnrinj^ twenty years, to 1.S.5H, tnKlcriifroiiiid opera! ions in sinkini^ and driviujUf, mostly in solid rock, lor the i^oli! piu'pose of discovery, had been cxecnicd in the mine, to the extent of abonl 55,000 fithoms, or about sixty three miles, at an expense which cannot have fallen short of ii;30(),()00. Should the Government, for the purpose of provinif a portion of the lodes, pursue the plan of ij^ranlini^ a limited nmnber of niiniuiif locations, in free ;uid common soccaL^e, at a fi?;e(l j)ri('e, with the hope that the jjrivate inten>st.s of j)arties will induc(^ them to work the mines, it is (piit(> imj)ossil)lo to form any opinion of a fair value. A very low pri(u! mii^ht be too much, and a very high one too little ; but it would oidy be in some; extraordinary case that anv j)rudent miner would, in my ojjinion, be justilied in j)aying a high cash value for a distant unimproved mine. In such sales of locations, it must be recol- lected that all control over the working and proving of the mines woidd ix' relin(iuished by the (lovernment ; and the l)rivat(> interests of parties might, in some cases, carry them no farther than the cstal)lishm(!nt of a company for the j)ur- pose of a trallic in shares; while in othiM's, [)ersons of a less sanguine temj)erament than their neighbours, might ])atiently wait to observe the success or failure of the more adventurous. (:i some of the documents that arc j)laccd in my hands by the Committee of the Council, [ observe that some of the a])prK^a- tions for mining locations, from single parties, look to an extent of mineral tract that (in one case) would not fall greatly below about one-third of all the good mineral ground of Cornwall and Do\v»ii,which, asfar as lean make it out from the six districtsinto which Sir II. T. l)e La lieche divides it, after tracing them on the Index to the Ordnance Geological Maps of those counties, (which Index, accompanying his Report, is, however, on a very small scale,) compris(^s an area of about 700 square miles. Such an unbounded claim, it a}>pears to me, can only arise from an imperfect exploration. The ])arty perhai)s have not exactly fixed, to their own satisfaction, the precise spot they would choose for their mining operations ; and a hasty applica- 14 lion for a largo tract, or several largo tracts, whicii contain indications of luinenl lodes, is preferred, in order to secure surface enougii, from wliich to select a good locality without interference, at a more leisure niomenl. It is scarcely necessary to state, thai it appears (piite beyond the bounds of probability such an enormous district can be worked to the public, advan- tage, by any one party ; and the accpiirenieut of it wouKl there- fore assume much the character of a mono|)ly. On the American side of the liake, I understand much con- fusion has arisen, much inconvenience been experienced, and many disputes occasioned, from the circunislance of locations having been assumed, previously to a lint'ar survey lor the deter- mination of boimdaries. It apj)ears to me that it would be for the pul)lic advtuilage, on the Canadian side, if some plan of systematic division into lots, for mining locations, were curried into operation, before m:uiy of tlu>m were granted. The duty of running the lines would come within the depart- ment of a sworn provincial surveyor; but the proper direction to be given them, and the most advanlageous form of the lots, may be connected \vith considerations of a geological character. Cracks, or dislocations, which have become the seals of mineral veins, appear, in general, to run in one or other of Iwo directions; one is parallel to the general range of the rock masses, and the other transverse to it. In Cornwall, the metalliferous veins appear to be in the range of the rock, the general direction varying from twenty degrees North to twenty degrees South of East and West. On Lake Supc -icn*, they appear to run transverse to the range; of the rock masses, approaching N. 15 W. to N. 25 W. This, however, nmst not be taken for granted. On referring lo Captain Bayfield's Map of the Lake, it will be observed, that the Northern Shore all the way from its upper extremity to Fluor Island, Isle Royal, and Keweenaw Point on the South side, have a rude parallelism lo one another. This geographical feature, it is probable, will be found to result from the range of the rock masse;? ; and it appears to me not unlikely that the metallic veins will present a general bearing at right angles to it. The proper direction of the side lines of the mining loca- tions would be parallel to the average course of the veins. Thoi ^5 contain ) secure without ('('(•ssnry )babilily 3 adviin- Kl tlit'vu- loli con- ned, and ocatlons lie d('l('r- [ would it" some K'JltioilS, ii;r;uilod. de});irt- liicction the lot??, uiraeter. seats of other of ) of the ^•^all, the ock, the twenty appear oaching iken for e Lake, ay from veenaw to one will be and it present ig loca- 3 veins. There is litth^ doubt it would ho, iho. direction most agreeable to the mining adventurers; for if the superficial an.-a be a fixed quantity, it would be iiuieh to their advaiUagc; that the form of it should have a greater measure on the run of the veins than across them. The average gci.cral bearing of the veins can only be determined by observation; and it will not be the inspection of one, two, thr<'e, or a doxcn of lliein that will sulKce to establish it. It will re(|uin- ;i very (!xtended examination of avast collection of them, and thai fen- some distance on their course to attain any thing like; precision ; and it therefore would l)e many months after an examinalioii was (commenced, before the proper direction of the si(l(> lines could be de(!ided on. Tlu; parallelism of the mineral veins, however, will not ho found so precise, that any direc- tion fixed upon will do for every case; whatever di- rection is adopted, it will interfere with the veins in some instances. The task will bc^ to choose such a bearing that the interferences will be as unfreiiuent as jiossible. In such an extended length as Lake Superior presents, the range of the rock masses may gradually chajige its course ; the course of the mineral veins would probably (;hange with it ; and it may therefore become expedient to adopt directions for the side lines, diflTering in a moderate d(>gree in districts widely sepa- rated from one another. The direction of the lines determined, it would come within the province of an experienced provincMal land-surveyor to point out the most conveniiMit and economical mode of effect- ing the divisions. It appears to me much more ersy to find objections to any mode I have heard proposed, than to suggest a satisfactory one. Any attempt to refer the divisions to lati- tudes and longitudes, could not fail to be unsuccessful ; it would be attended with perpetual disputes and litigation; for it seldom happens that any two observers w^ill make the lati- tude and longitude of a place exactly the same, nor will any one observer bring out the same result at diiferent times of trial. Marked points along the coast might be arbitrarily as- sumed, from which to start the divisional lines ; but with such a broken front as the coast of Lake Superior presents, the points could not be so chosen as to preserve any approach to 10 viniformily in sizf or sliiipo in lln' lols; and witlioiit constnict- iii^ a inaj) of llic coiisl, it wcmlcl he iiiipossibk- to calciilaf*! approxiiuiilcly even, llic brcadlli or area of any of lliciii. If liiirs were laid dow ii on a map aln^idy consiriiclrd, with a view to idciilify tli<' position of their termination on the coast, the dillicidty would he even greater; it would he less tedious to map llie <-(iast, than to search out the points. Possihiy, the best plan would he to run a i^eneral line throuijfh tin* woods, at a certain avcrai^e distance from the liake, in the direction transverse to the mineral veins when the tnaid of the coast was across them, making oll'sets in lh(> hearini^ of the side lines to or from the coast as its iijeneral varying distance recpiircd, ueglecliui^' all but important turns; and when the coast and the coiuse of the veins were more niNirly parallel, then makiiii^ the general line in the direction of the veins, and the oll'sets transverse. On this i^'eneral line, when it was transverse, the ends <»!' the locations might he carefully marked and munbered, and the sides when it was |)arallel to the v<'ins; and it woulil be the duty of any claimant for a location to identify his posi- liou by a reference to this general govermnent line. The most con\('ni<'nt distance for the position of this general line; from the coast woidd be a subject for consideration. It should be suliiciently lar to a\oid the interruption of all bays and in- lets of minor imj)ortance, and suilicieutly near to obviat(^ any extraordinary amount of dilliculty or expense on the part of those who may have to fix their localities by carrying their boundaries up to it. To run the generid lines properly, woidd requin^ the skill of the best land surveyors of the Province ; for the bearing of every one would have to be determined as- tronomically, there beuig no depcuidcnce, as I understand, on the magnet, in conse([uence of the great amount of disturbing local attraction experienced in almost every part t)f the country. The objection that may be raised against this plan would proba1)ly ])e on the score of its costliness ; and it would be for tin; Government to consider wh(;th(>r tlu; necessary outlay , would be justilied, before it has been proved that the shores of Lake Suj)crior arc to become a great permanent mining region. 17 eonstmct- eiilculiitti tlxMii. If (1, with a the {'o.'ist, ss Icdioiis *Hil)ly, llio ho woods, direction coasl was Ic lines to rccjnircd, coast and ■M luakini^ the o(l's(!ts •yor mi^'lit run wliiilsover ol them were re(|Uir(!d, and whih" he wan thus eni^ii^ed, th(« examination of the ^^eoh)- gieal eliaraeter of the vieinity niii,dil oeenpy my attention. The services of a sworn Provineiid hind surveyor would be of fur- tlier vahie from the fact, that his work, in ease of need, would be reeo«,nii/ed tis of some weight in a court of law ; and should any minerals of value be discovered and worked on a granted location, a strict and legal defmition of its boundaries, made in all due form, may be of some consetjuencte. According to tlu^ best information I have been able to collect, the expenses of navigiiting on f.akc Superior will be greater than they have been found in other parts of the Pr()vince. TIk^ absence of trallic will render it dillicult to transport such speci- mens as may be reipiired to illustrate the geology of the (coun- try, and such as it may be n(H'essary to analyse for the purpose of ascertaining economic; results. The room in our i^anoes, or whatever craft may be employetl, will therefore be of value ; and it appears to me it would be but fair that the charge of conveying the land surveying party should not fall upon the funds provided by the Province for the geological part of the work. The mining experiments now in progress at Keweenaw Point, in Michigan, will, without doubt, disj)lay many facts which it would bo of great value to know ; and it appears to me, a visit to the spot would much facilitate the subsequent examination of the Canadian shore. In any instructions, therefore, with which I may be favored, it would perhaps be advantageous to leave it within my discretion to cfTect such a visit, if it should be deemed fit, and can be done without a great expenditure of time. Montreal, 24th March, 1846. (Signed,) W. E. LOGAN, Provincial Geologist. 1. After lu'tl, iho r(M|uir(!(l, lie geolo- )n. The 3e of fur- [], would i\v ; juul kcd on !i iiidaries, 1 collect, ' greater lee. The c'h speci- lie (!oun- l)ur|)ose uioest, or f value ; charge of u|)()n the irt of the wccnaw my facts )p(;ars to bsequent ructions, rhaps be !t such a without a eologist. II E POUT ON TWKNTY-SKVKN MINING LOCATIONS AUI)a8«iKI> TO THE COMMISSIONER OF CROWN LANDS. 1* REPORT AnoaEs'SED TO TIIK COMMISSIONER OF CROWN LANDS. Montreal 12lh January, 1847. Sir, III conformity with the instructions you did mo the honor to transmit to m(^ on the 12lh May last, by command ol" His Ex- cellency the Governor ttene/al, I proceeded, towards the end of the month, to Lake Superior, for the ))urpos<^ of making a general geological inspection of its British shores, and of assisting to phice such mining locations as might be claimed under th(^ various expUiring licenses, twenly-scven in number, of which a list was enclosed with your comnmnication. Accompanied by my assistant, Mr. Murray, and by Mr. M'Naughtan, tlu> provincial land surveyor, appointed by you to determine the admeasurements, and topographically de- lineate and describe the locations, the party arrived at Sault Ste. Marie on the 11th June. Having determined to commence our operations at the highest point of the Lake at wliich lo- cations might he claimed, and work downwards, in order that we might be drawing nearer home as the season advanced, the chief part of our men were forwarded to Fort William, in the " White Fish," a schooner belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company, while we arranged to proceed to the same point by a imjpel'er to Copper Harbour, on the south side, where we hoped tj have an opportunity of inspecting some of the Michi- gan copper luines ; and thence by a vessrl across the Lake. We reached our destination on the British side on the 10th July, only a few days after the arrival of the " White Fish," and immediately proceeded to work on the task assigned us. A description of the geological character of the country will hereafter be furnished ihe Government, in the report of progress 24 in the survey of the Province it is my duty annually to place before His Excellency the Governor General. A topographical delineation of the locations measured and assigned to claim- ants will be found in Mr. M'Naughtan's diagrams (this moment received,) aicompanying the picsent communication. His field-notes, and his written description of remarkable objects by which abutments of boundaries upon the coast are to be re- cognized, will be forwarded so soon as they rerch my hands. The duty devolving on me, in placing these locations, more immediately referred to such geological facts as might have a bearing on the probable diniction of their boundary-lines, which, in cases of collision or interference in neighbouring locations, it was left within my discretion to adjust in such a maimer as might in my judgment be consistent with the gene- ral interest. The Government having determined that each location should consist of an area of ten scjuare miles, assigned to it a length of live miles by a breadth of two, with the int(Mition that the length of the location should, as nearly as possible coincide with th(i direction of the mineral veins, apparently considering it for the interest of the discoverers, as undoul)tedly it is, that they should be alloweda greatermeasurementonlherunof their lodes than across them. With the impression 1 hat ea<'h claimant would be sulficiently awake to his own interests to ascertain the facts of his own case, it was expected he would be j)re(nired to point out the course of the veins on his location, thus aiding its geological examinutioii ; and concluding, that, as in other countries, the metalliferous veins discovered would be found to possess an average degree of uniformity in their courses and parcllelism, it was conceived the facts which might be ascer- tained, would afford some rule by which to establish the best direction for lines of boundary in a future general symmetrical division of tlie region into mining locations, should its miM^al importance be found sufficient to authorise the ex- pense. By reference to Mr. M'Naughtan's maps, it will be observed, that, commencing at the British boundary, on Pigeon River, seven locations have been placed between that point and Fort- 25 to place graphical to claim- I moment m. His i objects to be re- hands, ns, more It have a iry-lines, libouring n sueii a he genc- jocation d to it a tion that coincide deringit that Ihey eir lodes lit would the facts to point ding its in other found to ses and e ascer- ihe best metrical mid its the ex- jserved, 1 River, rid Fort- William. In the order in which they succeed one another on the coast, they are the locations of 1, John Stuart. 2, James B. Forsyth. 3, O. D. M'Lean. 4, W. B. Jarvis and others. 5, John Prince. 6, Charles Bockus and Donald Ross. 7, George Desbarats. Several of these locations adjoin, and they are all parallel to one another. The whole of the parlies claiming them agreed precisely in the longitudinal direction indicated as coincident with th(^ mineral vein^s; and it was therefore deemed expedient to assume the direction as correct. This direction is nearly at right angles to the general run of the coast; and if it had been precisely so, it would probably still further have approximated the truth in regard to that system of mineral veins, on which chielly the claimants appear to found their expectations of metalliferous results. The district in which these locations are situated, consists of argillaceous shales or slates, overlaid by a (low of trap, all displaying a general dip towards the coast at an inclination of about fifty degrees Both slates and ovisrlying trap are cut by a great collectit)n of parallel trap dykes rumiiiig with the strike, and also with the (!oast, of which they hav- 'oditied the form, and determined the general direction, which is about N. 55 E.; and coincidingwilh the beanngofthesedykes, there is asetof veins which are occasionally observed to carry some of the ores of copper. Both the dykes and these veins are cut transversely by a very conspicuous system of spar veins, consisting usually of a combination of calcareous spar, heavy spar, and amathystine quartz ; and it is upon the run of these that the locations have been longitudinally placed. One of these spar veins is decid- edly metalliferous, and is strongly marked up to the very sur- face by the presence of some of the ores of copper. It is the character of this vein which has attracted attention to those parallel to it. The combination of earthy minerals being the same in the whole, it is inferred by the claimants that the whole 26 will prove isimilarlymotalliforous. Hiil the absence of such strong surface indications in all but the one, (though there arc occasional specks ofcoppcrore in some of them,) suggests the ])ossibility that this one may be an exception to instead of an cxa.nple of the rest ; and indnct^s a hesitation in recommending the course of these veins for the longitudinal direction of the locations in this i>art of thc! country in any general plan of future division, until farther and deeper trial shall have been made upon them by the operations of the miner. The facts ascertained up to this time concerning them, are not quite sullicient to authorise either the assertion or denial of their general metalliferous quality, or to concludi! whether the less conspicuous veins, running with the dykes, mny not be j)rov(^d by farther expe- rience to he in tlie true metallif»'rous course ; in which case the proper longitudinal direction of the locations would be with the coast, and nearly at right angles to those surveyed in this part. Proceeding along the coast, the next set of locations are those of 8, Joseph Woods. 9, Stewart Derbishire. 10, Abner Bagg & Stanley Bagg. 11, John Ewarl. 12, W. 11. Mcrritt. 13, S. J. Lyman. The longitudnal direction of the whole of these, with the exception of Nos. 8, and 9, which last is confined to a small group of Islands, is at about right angles to that of the pre- viously mention(!d set. The Pigeon River slates and overlying trap are suddenly €ut off, about five miles eastward of Thunder Cape, by a trans- verse dislocation ; and a later formation, consisting of sand- stones, limestones, and indurated marls, interstra-wied with, or overlaid by trap, let down by it, constitutes the coast and islands to the north-eastward. As in the ease of the Ir'wer formation, thes(; rocks are cut through by a multitude of trap dykes, a continuation of those to the south-west, running about parallel with the general trend of the coast. In this instance, - % i 87 ich strong ►ccasional ibililythat |)lo of the course of nations in ! division, ipon thorn led up to authorise lalliferous DUs veins, iicr expe- h case the [1 he with ed in this itions are with the o a small the prc- snddenly y a trans- of sand- with, or oast and lo louver e of trap ng about instance, however, the metalliferous lodes appear elcarly to coincide in direction with the dykes and strike, with the exception of that which occurs in No. 8. This has some probable connc-xion with the dislocation which has been mentioned. It apparently belongs to tlHi Pigeon River system of spar veins, and paralhd with them, the course is north-westward. The longitudinal direction of the location, however, as clainu'd and surveyed, has not been made to (H)incide with the course either of this vein, or of those which have guided the direction of "e loca- tions numbered after it ; it was partially oblique to bom, in the bearing of a five-mile fragment of the coast at the extremity of Neepigon Peninsula, out of the great g(>neral trend, at an acute angle to the dykes, and the strike of the strata. But as no locations were <-laimed immediately near, to interfere with its boundaries, I did not consider that it came within the com- pass of my instrnclions to etlect any alteration in its direction. The length of tlu; locations Nos. 10 to 13, inclusive, runs with the metalliferous veins, and is in perfect accordance with the intention of the Government. The succeeding group of locations are those of 14, James Ferrier. 15, S. B. Harrison. 16, James Hamilton. 17, Peter M'Gill and others. 18, R.J. Turner. 19, James Wilson. The country ov(!r which these are spread is a continuation of the same series of arenaceous, calcareous, and igneous rocks, which support the previous group. But the present group is classified separately, in consecpience of a bend that occurs in th(; direction of the dykes, of the sedin^entary and igneous strata, and of the coast, the whole of v hich still pre- serve their relative parallelism to one another. F-om Pigeon River to a point about five miles eastward of the upper end of St. Ifi^nace Island, the run of these is about N. 55 E. they then bend round to a direction nearly due east. The cupriferous veins turn with them, and the bounding lines of the locations have been modified in their bearings accordingly / V. 28 by tho claimants. But iho lon^iludinal diroctioii of Nos. 15 ami 16 on vSl. Ignace Island, and No. 18 on Simpson's Island, have been chosen transverse lo the v(!ins. This, however, happens to suit well with the configuration and dimensions of the Islands. From No. !9, which is on the middle island of the Battle Group, no locations have been claimed, until reaching Mi(dii- picoten Island. On this two have been surveyed, one at each extremity, namely, those of 20, Charles Jones. 21, Angus M'Doncll. The Island of Michipicoten, like the Neepigon Peninsula and its adjacent Archipelago, is composed of sandstones, occasionally })assing into (;ongloinerates with inter-stratified and overlying beds of Iraj). Few or no trap dykes are met with. The general dip of the strata is a little to the east of south, and the metalliferous veins appear to run, for the most part, nearly at right angles to the strike. The directions of the bounding- lin(?s of the two locations having been claimed oblique to one another on th(^ opposite^ sides of a north and south line, with a view lo a future symmetrical division of tin? island, Mr. M'Naughtan was instnicted to run them N. 5 VV. ; but tlu; length of No. 21, at the lower (extremity, is transver.^ie to the aj)parent metalliferous courses. The breadth of the island, however, being there less than five miles, I have not considered the matter to be of suflicient imi)ortancc to eflect any change. The remaining locations may be classed togf^her. They are those of 22, Thomas Ryan. 23, Arthur Rankin. 24, Edward Ryan. 25, John Douglas. 20, Allan M'Doncll. 27, W. C. Meredith. The first of these is claimed at Cape Garganlua, and the re- mainder at Poirite aux Mines and Mamainse. None of them have been definitively surveyed and allowed. Cape Gargantua 29 )f Nos. 15 ii's Isliind, however, lousioiis of the Baltic ing Mielii- me at each Peninsula saiulstones, er-sl ratified •1^ met with, f south, and part, nearly i'. bound ing- i(|ue to one south line, island, Mr. It the length he apparent ever, being natter to be . They arc and the re- ine of them ; Gargantua had been passed both by my own party and that of the Provin- cial land surveyor, before the claim for No. 22 was lodged, the claim not having been presented to me until my nMurn to Sault Ste. Mari(! ; whilst, in regard to the locations claimed in the vicinity of Pointe aux Mines andMamainse, several circum- stances conspired to render a postponement of their final adjust- ment not only ex])edi(mt, but unavoidable. As laid down by the claimants, several of the locations over- lap and interfere with one another; and to the longitudinal direction of no less than the whoh; five, diHercnt bearings have been given. That an adjustment of the claims would be re(iuired was very evident ; but, in regard to thn^e of them, Nos. 25, 26, and 27, no agents of suilicient authority were pre- sent to discuss the subject, and to point out which parts of the locations were considcTcd most improtant. In respect to two of them, Nos. 25 and 26, though a sketch from Bayfield's Chart, on a small scale, without actual aduieasuremenlR, had been furnished, no point of departure had been indicated in the description to enable a land surveyor to understand where his lines were to commen(!e. The season also being far advanced before the land surveyor could reach the vicinity, I directed him to limit his work to a measurement of the wMiole coast, comprehending the claims ; and to mark, as nearly as he could, the pouits at which the various bounding lines abutted on the coast, with a view to the construction of an accurate map, to enable such a division of the surface, and arrangement of the claims to be arrived at, as the Government might consider just. The rocks composing Cape Gargantua, and the coast ad- jacent to Point aux Mines and Mamainse, are much of the same quality in both localities. They are of a granitic, or gneisoid order at the base ; and upon the granite reposes, con- glomerates, and interstratified, or overlying trap floors. Trap dykes occur, cutting the whole ; but there is sufficient irregu- larity in their bearings to render it difficult to say which is their master course. Those which came under my observation, appeared to have two prevailing directions — one to the west of north, and the other to the south of west ; the latter being in the direction of the dip of the strata, which are tilted to a considerable angle. so ft is not snrprislns?, itmt ihcro should bo some disciropancy in the dircoliou of the boundiiii,' lines cljiinicd forllie locations ; for tho mcltilliferouH veins on this side of the lake exhibit a little more eonipiicalion than in other parts. One well marked vein, by the side of a trap dyke, runs to the west of north, much in the direction of tiie neighbourin,i< stratification. The course of others is partially oblicjuc to the strike, for short dis- tances ; but it appeared to mo, that tlu; main bearing of IJie principle lodes is in tiie dip and rise; of the strata, ruiniing about N. 70 K. to N. 75 E. Soinn of \\w locations were claimed with the length in this bearing (N. 73 E.) ; and as such would be in accordance with the intention of the Govcrunicnt, and with such a division of the surface as would giv(> all the claimants room to have their locations abutting on the coast ; it seems to me the one most consistent with the general interest. To sav that tlic irHMallifcrous cours<'s given as connected with the twenty-seven locations that came within the scope of my instructions, are an infalliable index of the general direc- tions the copper bearing veins will exhibit, wherever they exist on the British shores of the Lake, would be hazarding more than the ncccessaril^' rapid nature of the examination will authorize. The locations have, as yet, been but partially explored, and, in general, it is only that portion of them resting on the water, which has been subjected to scrutiny. No •serious contradi(;tions, however, to the evid(mcc they afTord, have been observed on other j)arts of the coast, the whole of which has been cursorily inspected ; and it appears to me enough has been ascertained to make it probable something approaching the true averagi; run of the lodes may be pre- dicated. Commencing at Pigeon River, they seem to hold a course about thirty five dcgreet to the north of east, as far as St. Ignace Island; they then assume a bearing nearly due east, maintained to the eastern-most island of the Neepigon Archipe- lago ; while on the east side of the Lake they turn up about twenty degrees north of east. When exceptions to these courses occur, the lodes are found to be at right angles to them. I have, &e. W. E. LOGAN, Provincial Geologist. I 31 crepancy H^Htions ; •xliibil a I marked of north, on. The short di»- iig of the , ruiuiing [ill in this tjoordance a division n to liav«' le the one octcd with ope of my eral direc- rever tliey hazarding lation will partially cm resting itiny. No ley afford, c whole of ars lo me something ly be prc- to hold a s far as St. due east, n Archipe- i up about to these 3S to them. Geologist. The plans of Nos. 1, 8, 20, and 21, are still ineomplel<'. They will be forwarded so soon as received. Montreal, 2C)th February^ 1817. ^ Sir, In compliance with your rccpiest of yesterday's dale, that I would state my opinion in respect to the course of the metalli- ferous veins in the vicnnity of Isle Verte, on the shon; of Thun- (h'r Bay, in Lake Snperior ; 1 have tin honor to in(\»rin you, that those veins holding metal, which came nnder iny observation in that neighborhood, appeared to run about N. 50 E. ; or in general terms with the coast, taking Bayfield's map as truly representing the shores of tin; Hay. V They seem to mi^ to belong to that system of veins which, in * the general report, 1 had the honor to transmit you on the Lake Superior mining locations, is described as coinciding with the dykes and stratification from Pigeon River to St. Ignaee Island, whose averag(! course is considered to be about thirty-five degrees to the north of east. I have, &c. W. E. LOGAN, Provincial Geologist. To the Hon. D. B. Papineau, Commissioner Crown Lands. 4