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THE EVOLUTION OF CANADIAN PARTIES 
 
 If Mr. Cai-rick had read "The Consolidation of Canada " more care- 
 fully, he would not have char«,a-d me with misrepresentation of facts, lo 
 whom Canada is most indebted for Confederation is a much disputed ques- 
 tion, but the names of Sir John Macdonald, Geor<,re Brown, Alexander 
 Mackenzie, and Thomas D'Arcy McGee will always be intimately associated 
 with that event. My article did not deal with the events that preceded 
 Confederation. No reference was made to the part taken by the politicians 
 of either party in bringini,^ about Confederation. Mr. Carrick's account of 
 the part taken by Mrl Brown and Mr. Mackenzie in furtherin^^ the project 
 is substantially correct, but it does not alter the fact that after Confedera- 
 tion "most of the Dominionists allied themselves with the Conservatives, 
 while the Provincialists joined the Reformers." With Confederation Can- 
 ada entered upon a new phase of existence, and all the conditions of public 
 life were changed. The old names were retained, but it was inevitable 
 that important changes should occur in the personnel and policy of the 
 two parties. The first prominent politician to change sides was Mr. Rich- 
 ard Cartwright, now Sir Richard Cartwright. He had always been a Tury, 
 and was elected in 1867 as a supporter of Sir John Macdonald, but shortly 
 afterward went over to the Reformers. S-nce then other Conservatives 
 have followed his example, while many Reformers have joined the Con- 
 servatives. The change in policy came about gradually. The Conserv- 
 atives before long decided that with altered conditions a new policy must 
 be adopted. Confederation was accomplished, but consolidation was not 
 complete. It was a paper union, and would remain so unless the Provinces 
 were brought into closer communication and made to trade with each 
 other. The conditions of life in Canada and the United States were very 
 similar, and wishing to profit by the experience of others, the Conservatives 
 began to study the public policy of the Americans, feeling sure that much 
 could be learned from an enlightened and progressive people whose country 
 adjoined the new Dominion from ocean to ocean. Out of this grew in time 
 what is known in Canada as the "National Policy," derisively abbreviated 
 by the Reformers to " N. P." Mr. George Brown and Mr. Alexander 
 Mackenzie were patriotic, honest men, but they were British to the heart's 
 core and strongly opposed to the introduction of American methods and 
 American measures. The Conservatives said that their change of policy 
 
284 
 
 THE EVOLUTION OF CANADIAN PARTIES 
 
 was not (hic to liostilit)' to En;.[Iand, but that the conditions of life were so 
 different on this continent that we must imitate the poiic\' of our nei^dihors 
 if we would compete with them. This \ie\v of the case commended itself 
 to tile j^reat majority of Canadian electors, and the strcnj^th of tlu- Con- 
 servative part}' was greatly increased. Ui) to this time the Toronto (J/ohr, 
 under the editorial control of Mr. Geor[.^e Brown and his brother, Mr. (lor- 
 don Brown, had dictated the policy of the Reform Party and exerted an 
 extraordinary inllucnce throut;hout the country, for the Browns were men 
 of sterlint; intecjrity and f^reat force of character. Mr. Mackenzie, the Re- 
 form leader, fully sympathi7,cd with their views, but a dissatisfied faction 
 of the party who were opposed to what they called the Brown dictatorship, 
 got the upper hand, and Mr. Alackenzie was deposed from the leadership 
 to make place for Mr. Edward Blake. Shortly after this ]\Ir. George Brown 
 died, and his brother, Mr. Gordon Brown, long associated w ith him in the 
 editorial control of the Globe, became managing editor. The Globe was 
 founded by the Browns, and its success was entirely due to them, but they 
 had found it necessary to form a joint-stock company, and at the time of 
 Mr. Cieorgc Brown's death did not control a majority of the shares. The 
 new leaders wished to dictate the policy of the Globe, but Mr. Gordon 
 Brown insisted that the paper must maintain an independent attitude 
 consistent with its former policy. The anti-Brown faction obtained the 
 ear of Mr. Nelson, the principal stockholder of the Globe, and Mr. Gordon 
 Brown was forced to sever his connection with the paper which he and 
 his brother had made a power in the land. Having deposed their old 
 leaders, the Reformers completely reversed the policy of the party on 
 many important questions. The Globe under the I^rowns was strongly 
 British, and would not hear of independence or annexation, and, after 
 his deposition from the leadership, Mr. Mackenzie said \\\ a [)ublic speech 
 that Canadians would gladly spend their last dollar and shed their last 
 drop of blood in suj)port of British connection. Under the new manage- 
 ment, the Globe began to toy with the questions of independence and 
 annexation with a view to testing public opinion, and in its i.;suc of June 
 12, 1886, under the heading, "The Destiny of Canada," it went so far 
 as to say: "The situation is tolerated by the multitudes who wish to sub- 
 stitute a better one merely from consideration for the sentimentalists 
 who cling to the old form of the old connection. The flag is merely a pict- 
 ure of battle, and the throne nothing more than a gilded chair with a 
 canopy, and the crown simply a bauble stuck over with jewels, tc^ tens and 
 hundreds of thousands in the Dominion. The British and we are aliens 
 from each other by force of geography." Some of the Reform papers, 
 
Tin; r.voi.uTioN oi- canadia.v I'arties 
 
 »8) 
 
 n.,tably the Kingston / /„V an,l the (),t.,u. />•„■ Pnss. <lo not follow the 
 GMu- n, .vyarcl to nulcpcndcnc. Under the lirouns, the Ghh- stron-ly 
 oppo.e.1 an elect.ye senate, and it was lar^^ely due to the a,t;uments"of 
 George Ur.nvn n, I'arl.ament that a non,i„ative senate was decided nnon 
 n h,s speech, l-ebruary ,S, ,80;. he said : " I have always been opposjd ', 
 a second elect.vc chan,ber and an, so st,ll. 1 voted, almost alone against 
 the change when the council was made elective, but I have lived to see a 
 vast n,ajonty o those who did the deed wish it had not been don \VI ,t 
 we propose .s that the upper House shall be appointed fr„m the best n,™ 
 of the country by those holding the confidence of the representatives n 
 the people ,n this chamber. It is proposed that the govVr^.n , f^ 
 day, winch only ,ves by the approval of this chamber, shall n,ake the 
 apponuments, and be responsible to the people for the selections th v si 
 n.ake. liut the Gl.,l„- and the whole Reform Party den.and that e 
 senate be e.ther aboHshed or made elective. The (Z.- and theTf, 
 
 cs and he iMench Canadian.. Now the GMu; luUvard lilake and his 
 heutenants are making extraordinary efforts to gain the friendship of the 
 r rench Canadians and secure the Roman Catholic vote. The fr 'oners of 
 the Canadian constitution, both Conservatives and Reformers, were verv 
 s rongly opposed to the doctrine of State sovereigntv. They be ieved that 
 the American civil war was due to this doctrine, and they took p ticu 
 
 ainstohave it understood from th. first that the Dominion was bJ 
 the unit and the provinces the factors. The American constitution re 
 
 0::::, : :: ^'.?;::^--!--' ■■' ="■ -'"--^ -t delegated to the National 
 (government. 1 he Canadian constitution expressly reserves to the Domin- 
 K.n Government jurisdiction in all matters not delegated to the provinces 
 The Confederation Act also provides that any act passed by the local legi^ 
 la ures shall be subject to disallowance by the governor-g^eral in coun i 
 wthm one year o, the passing thereof. This was intended to prove, 
 sectional legisUition injurious to the Dominion at large, and to provide fo 
 the represei,t.-,tion of minorities, so that, although the Domin on canno 
 d et.ate legislation for the provinces, it can refuse to sanction a provincia 
 measure, and in the event of unjust legislation, the minority can appeal to 
 ■ t This clause was agreed to .hiring the debates „n confederat on, and 
 Mr Ihown speaking in support of it said : •■ By vesting the appointment 
 o the heu enant-governors in the general government'and giv ng "T- eto 
 for all local measures we have secured that no injustice .shall be done'vvith 
 out appeal „, local legislation." Mr. .Mackenzie said : •• The v'to p ; 
 .3 necessary in order that the general government may have a control ov 
 
286 
 
 THE KVOI.l'TION OF CANAIJIAX I'ARTIES 
 
 the proceedings of the local lef;i.slaturc-s to a certain extent. The want of 
 tb.is power was the great source of weakness in the United States, and it 
 is a want that will be remedied by an amendment in their constituti<m 
 very soon. If each province were able to enact such laws as it pl";ased 
 everyb'.)dy would be at the mercy of the local legislatures, and the general 
 legislature would K-conie of little importance." Mr. Mackenzie was of 
 the same mind some years later, for during his administration of about 
 five years twenty provincial acts were disallowed. Yet almost ever since 
 the deposition of the old leaders the Reformers have denounced the 
 Dominion Government for trenching on the reserved prerogatives of the 
 legislatures in disallowing provincial acts. This change of policy was not 
 induced by an undue exercise of the veto power. The "Provincial 
 Rights " agitation was at its height in 1883. Between the years 18C7 and 
 1882 six thousand two hundred and ninety-three acts were passed by all 
 the provincial legislatures, and of these only thirty-two were disallowed, 
 twenty during the Mackenzie administration of about five years, and 
 twelve during the Macdonald administration of about ten years. I must 
 not be understood to blame the Reform leaders for changing the policy of 
 the party, nor do I wish to argue ag:Mnst either the reform of the senate 
 or the ultimate independence of Canada. My purpose is merely to show 
 that the personnel and policy of each party has greatly changed since Con- 
 federation, and that the old party names are no longer appropriate. In calling 
 the Conservatives " Dominionists " and the Reformers " Provincialists," I 
 did not intend to offend the Reformers, but thought they would rather 
 like the new name as they have for several years made " Provincial Rights" 
 their battle-cry, and claim, in the words of Mr. Carrick, that the several 
 provinces are the units and the Dominion the multiple. There could not 
 be a better time than the present for a change of names, for owing to the 
 attitude of the Reform Party on the Riel question a number of French- 
 Canadian Bleus, who had always associated the name " Reformers " with 
 hostility to the French Canadians, are now anxious to follow the leadership 
 of l\Ir. Edward Blake, while many Protestant Reformers are joining the 
 Conservatives for the same reason, and will not wish to be called Conserva- 
 tives after voting the Reform ticket for so many years. The Reformers 
 of Nova Scotia certainly would not object to the name " Provincialists." 
 I have already stated that the Reformers strongly opposed the speedy con- 
 struction of an all-Canadian route to the Pacific, and that Mr. Blake said 
 it would be better to let British Columbia secede than to undertake the 
 stupendous work ; it will not be denied that the Reformers tell the electors 
 of each province that their natural market is not in the other provinces, 
 
Tin: r.vonjTioN ok ( axadian paktiiis 
 
 287 
 
 but in the lu-i^hhoriii;^ States ; and all w ill agree that the Conservatives 
 have always been char^a-d with centralization ; but the most telling illus- 
 tration of Ref(jrm provincialism has been furnished since the publication 
 of my article on " The Conscjliilation of Canada." The Reform government 
 of Nova Scotia went to the province with the cry of " repeal." The 
 Reform newspapers of the province daily publisiied articles bitterly 
 hostile to the Dominion, and the leading local p(jliticians of that party 
 tried in every way to arouse feelings of hatred toward Canadians in 
 general. The Conservative newspapers in Nova Scotia, on the other 
 liand, were full of patriotic articles calling upon the people to sustain 
 the union, and giving many columns of official statistics showing how 
 greatly every branch of trade in the province has increased since Confeder- 
 ation and how trade would be ruined by secession. During the contest, 
 the Reform papers in other parts of the Dominion, with one or two excep- 
 tions, said not a word in condemnation of the secession agitation, and 
 when a repeal majority of about five per cent, of the votes was announced 
 Reform papers throughout the Dominion claimed that it was a great Reform 
 victory. I believe the only Reform dailies that emphatically i)ronounced 
 against the principle of secession were the Kingston /r//4'-and the Ottawa 
 Free Press. The Daily Times of Hamilton, Ontario, one of the oldest Reform 
 papers in the West, commenting on the victory, after expressing sympathy 
 with the secessionists, said : ' There is nothing sacred about Confederation. 
 It is a human scheme devised by politicians a few years ago for the sup- 
 posed benefit of the people inhabiting the several provinces, and if it turns 
 out in practice to be an unprofitable scheme for any or all of the partners 
 there is the same liberty to unmake it as there was to make it." 
 
 In reply to the greater part of Dr. Bender's article on Canada in the 
 June number of this magazine it is only necessary to say : read my article 
 in the April number again. Ikit a few of his statements call for correction. 
 He says that according to Mr. lirydges there were, in 1875, four thousand 
 nine hundred and fifty-seven miles of railway in Canada. Well, the con- 
 federation did not take place in 1875 but in 1867. According to a report 
 recently issued by the Dominion Department of Agriculture, there were in 
 1867 two thousand three hundred and eighty miles of railway within the 
 territory which now comprises the Dominion of Canada. Dr. Bender says 
 the great Welland canal was made so long ago as 1829. There was a small 
 Welland canal before Confederation, but the great Welland canal has been 
 constructed since. Between June 30, 1867, and June 30, 1885, $14,1 17,823.- 
 88 was expended on it. He says the debt of Canada is nearly $300,000,000. 
 The exact figures are $264,808,520. With $35,191,480, the difference 
 
288 
 
 rilK i:V()| UTION OK CANADIAN lAKIIDS 
 
 between tile iiuajrinary debt aiul the real debt, the Canadian Doininionistf^ 
 could build some substanti.d public works. It should be noted here that this 
 debt includes the debts of all the proxinces assumed by the Dominion. 
 This provincial indebtedness amounted to $106,31 1,3(^2, and in makinj^ com- 
 parisons with the Unitetl States feder.d debt this must be t.d;en into con- 
 sideration. After stating the liabilitiis of the Dominion, it is only fair to say 
 soniethin^f about the assets. The Dominion Government has a sinking; fund, 
 banking; accounts, i)rovincial accounts, and other investments amounting in 
 all to S6S. 236.705, lea\in^^ a total n<t debt of $196,571,785. or without the 
 provincial indebtedness assumed, a net Dominion debt since Confederation 
 of $<>^26o,393. Besides, the country has the benefit of the rail\va>s, canals, 
 and other public works upon which there has been a government expend- 
 iture of $210,975,789. Although these public works cairiot be used to pay 
 off the national debt, they annually put into the pockets of the people much 
 more than the interest on the public debt, and practically entirely relieve 
 Canadians of taxation for federal purposes, for there is no direct taxation, 
 and the increase in prices which would naturally result from customs and 
 excise duties has been counterbalanced by the cheapness of home production 
 induced by easier communication and lower rates for the transportation of 
 freiijht Moreover, the construction of raihva\'s has brouj^ht within the 
 ran^e of settlement millions of acres of crown lands, and whether these lands 
 are sold or yiven free to settlers, they must in a few years greatly increase the 
 revenue of the Dominion Government. In suj)port of his statement that 
 the value of real estate in Ontario fell $30,000,000 last year, Dr. Bender 
 says that Sir Richard Cartwright quoted the Ontario Bureau of Industries 
 to that effect. I have in my hand a letter from Mr. A. Blue, Secretary of 
 the Ontario Bureau of Industries, dated June 9, 1886, which states that the 
 report for 1885 is not )'et out of the printer's hands, which accords with 
 my statement that no government statistics bearing on the value of real 
 C' '.ate last year had been published. I have, liowever, obtained advanced 
 sheets of the report for 1885, according to which the value of farm land in 
 Ontario increased by $943,318 last year, while $9,090,980 worth of farm 
 buildings were erected in the proxince. But i)erhaps Sir Richard referred 
 to the rejKjrt for 18S4. According to the report for 1884. there was in that 
 yi.'ar a decrease of $29,314,319 in the value of farm lands, but $10,356,250 
 worth of farm buildings were erected during the year, and the value of 
 farm implements increased $4,308,180. The report for 1883 shows an in- 
 crease of $22,450,525 in the value of farm lands, an increase of $30,319,100 
 in the value of farm buildings, and an increase of $6,492,715 in the value of 
 farm implements. Why did the value of farm lands decrease so greatly 
 
Tin: EVOIA'TION (>!• CANADIAN I'AKTirs 
 
 289 
 
 in i8<S4, a year in which the farmers wore able t(i erect over ten million 
 dollars worth of new buildings and i)urchase o\er four million dollars 
 worth of farm implements? 1 find the explanation in the Report of the 
 Ontario lUireau of Imlustries for 18S3, which makes the following st.ite- 
 ment : "The table siiowinj; the value of farm property in the province 
 has been compiletl from the returns made by f.irmers. It is tlifficult to 
 obtain reliable fi^aires under this head so lon^f as the fear exists that the 
 incjuiry is made with the object of levyin^^ taxes." So much for statistics 
 of Sir Richard Cartwri;^dit, from whose speeches Dr. Ikiuicr takes his 
 figures. Dr. Hender says: " Newfouiulland's revenue this year has f.dlen 
 short of the estimates accompanying an over-expemliture duriiij^ the same 
 period." Is it possible that Dr. Bend(;r believes that Newfoundl.inil is a 
 province of the Canadian Dominion ! It is quite probable that Newfound- 
 land will eventually be annexed to the Dominion, but at ])resent the Gov- 
 ernment at Ottawa is no more responsible for the condition of Newfound- 
 land than the Government at \\'ashin<^ton is for that of Cuba. I do not 
 wish to convey the impression that the Dominion is enjoying extraordi- 
 nary prosperity. There are very few millionaires, but the peojile in {general 
 arc well-to-do. There is ver>' little poverty, a ^reat deal of comfort, and 
 the country is making as great progress as can be expected when the diffi- 
 culties to be surmounted are considered. It may seem strange, but it is 
 nevertheless a fact, that the men in Canada who favor the disintegration 
 of the Dominion and annexation to the United States have always 
 opposed the adoption by Canada of measures and policies that have 
 already been successfully tried by the Americans; and if the provinces 
 ever do by any chance join fortunes with the States, no more patriotic 
 citizens of the great republic will be found than the Canadian Dominionists. 
 They arc not men of narrow^ sectional views. They believe that the whole 
 is greater than its part. The unit now is the Dominion, and I think it 
 always will be, but if annexation ever does come about, if they are forced 
 to give up their hope of establishing a highly civilized northern democracy 
 ranking as one of the world's great commercial nations, they will not be a 
 drag on the progress of the United States as some of the Provincialists 
 are upon tliat of the Dominion. 
 
 ^(Ct^.^^. ^^^^f^**-^ 
 
 Montreal, July Zth. 
 
 Vol. XVI.— No. 3.— ao