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NEW-STKEET SQUARE, LONDON 1884 4—' -^ M U6910 11 ' To the Governor, Treasurers, and Members of the Company. The New England Company having thought it desirable that a short history of the origiu and objects of the Company should be written for the benefit of all such as are interested, and yet do not know of the work accomplished either now or in the past by the Company, the task of composing such a sketch has been placed in my hands. Besides my long con- nection as member of the Company for more than fifty-three years, the work of it has been endeared to me by the memory of my father and brother having been Governors for over twenty-one years, and my uncle and his son having been Treasurers for fourteen years ; my uncle, during his term of office, visiting all the stations in Canada at which the Com- pany worked, wher locomotion was by no means so easy as it is now. Led on by my interest in the work of the Company, I have for the last half century devoted much labour to tracing out the oldest records of the origin of the Company, and have consulted, amongst other books, John Gorham Palfrey's " History of New England," published at Boston in 1858, and have obtained most interesting information from a " Catalogue of Indian Bibliography," compiled by Thomas W. Field, of Brooklyn, and published at New York by Scribner, II ArmstroDg, & Co., in 1873. From the latter, with some difficulty, I have been able to extract much of the facts uuout John Eliot's tracts. I have also consulted Alexander Young's " Chronicles of the First Planters of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay," and Rev. Dr. William Brown's " History of the Propagation of Christianity among the Heathen since the Reformation," and Miss Yonge's "Pioneers and Founders." The information that during this long period I have been able to collect, supplemented by condensed matter from our various reports and histories, I now gladly lay before the New England Company, and trust it may be useful in making their good work more generally known and appreciated. HENRY WM. BUSK. January 1884. f i A SKETCH OF THE OEIGIN AND THE BECENT HISTOEY OF THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. The New England Company was first established by the Long Parliament in 1649. The first Pilgrim Fathers bad led the way to America in the "May Flower" in 1620. The celebrated John Eliot followed in 1631. Through the work of John Eliot, and the publication of his eleven tracts, the wants of the North American Indians became known in England. The result was the original establishment of the Company now known as the " New England Company." As Eliot's work is so much connected with the commence- ment of the Company, and as his tracts are very rare now and scarcely to be procured, a short sketch of his life and the titles of his tracts are here given. This celebrated man, long distinguished as " the Apostle of the North American Red Men," was born in 1604, at Nasing, in Essex, and educated at Cambridge. At first he became assistant to John Hooker, the Master of Little Baddow Grammar School, near Chelmsford, and continued so till Hooker himself was displaced as a strict Puritan and fled to Holland. >4pMt^Ui^lih*Hte ( THE ORIGIN AND RECENT HISTORY OF Eliot thereupon sailed in November 1631 in "The Lyon," with Governor Winthrop's family and other emi- grants, bound for Boston, in New England. The Governor himself was already there. Arrived at Boston, Eliot's first occupation was, by desire of the Pilgrims, to conduct the worship of their congregation for a short time until their regular pastor returned from England with his wife and family. Soon afterwards Eliot's own aflBanced bride and other English emigrants went out, and settled at Roxbnry, near Boston, with Eliot as their ordained pastor. The native tribes were usually at war with one another, and often the emigrants took part in their wars. Violence, barbarity, and retaliation sadly marked the first intercourse between the settlers and the Red men. In 1634 Eliot first appears in connection with the Indians ; and, strange to say, as opposing a treaty with some of them. " The Great Swamp Fight " was three years later, and ended in the slaughter of 700 Red men and 13 Sachems by the English and their allies— native and Dutch. Peace ensued for nearly forty years. As yet Eliot had not earned the Apostolic title, but with laborious care and skill he mastered one or more of the native languages and compc sed a grammar, and by his in- tercourse with them became interested in the natives and their present state and future welfare. The royal charter for establishing the Colony hfid declared that—" To win and incite the natives of that c >untry to the knowledge and obedience of the only true God and Saviour of mankind an«l the Christian faith, in our royal intention and the adven- turers' free profession, is the principal end of the Plantation." The Colonial seal, too, represei ted an Indian with a label in his mouth, inscribed, " Come ( ver and help us." Probably ""^iff ■ I TUB NEW ENGLAND COMPANT. T Eliot^H missionary enterprise was inspired by the remarkable zeal of the Komish missionaries — principally French Jesuits, whose labours had begun many years earlier. Eliot con- versed much with individual Ked men, and one at least of Die chiefu was induced to place his son at an emigrants' school. Many letters were sent to l^ondon, and some of the emigrants revisited England. The news thus received formed the basis of the eleven tracts known as " The Eliot Tracts." The first of these was publislied in London in 1643, under the following title : Tract I.* " New England's First Fraits in respect — {conversion of some ^ conviction of divers sof the Indians." preparation of sundry J " Second. Of the progress of learning in the Colledge at Cambridge, in Massachusetts Bay, with divers other special matters concerning that country. Published by the instant request of sundry friends who desire to bo satisfied in these points by many New England men who are here present, and were eye or ear witnesses of the same, London, 1043." In 1646 the first Act was passed by the General Court of Massachusetts for encouraging the propagation of the Gospel amongst the Indians, and the elders of the Churches were recommended to consider means for carryingout this intention. One of the first to comply with this recommendation was John Eliot, of Roxbury, who for two years previously had been learning the native language from a young Indian who knew some English. In October 1646 he for the first time preached a Christian sermon in the native tongue to a meeting of Indians wliich he had convoked four or five miles from his homo. His sermon, wlncli was from the text * Tract I. was reprinted for Joseph Sabin, New York, in IS )5. 8 THE ORIGIN AND RECENT HISTORY OF Ezek. xxxvii. 9, 10, was followed by many questions from the people, who were much interested. These neetings were repeated a few times, and soon afterwards the Indians were allowed to build towns of their own wigwams, each of which John Eliot visited once a fortnight to preach to and teach them. The chief town was Natick, eighteen miles S.W. of Boston — which was built in 1651 — and it was into the language of these Indians that Eliot afterwards translated the Bible. In the next three years three more of the tracts appeared, entitled : Tract II. " The Day breaking if not the Sun rising of tho Gospel with the Indians in New England. London, 1G47." Tract III. " The clear Sunshine of the Gospel breaking forth upon tho Indians of New England. Thos. Shepard, London, 1648." Tract IV. " The glorious progress of tho Gospel amongst the Indians in New England. Edward Winslow, London, 1G49." From England Eliot had in 1648 received some pecuniary assistance for schools amoi'.g the natives ; and such was the effect of the news on Cromwell, Calamy, and others, as well as on the Long Parliament, that on 27 July, 1649, an Act or Ordinance * was passed with this title : " A Corporation for the Promoting and Propagating the Gospel of Jesus Christ in New England." This Ordinance recited that the Commons of England in Parliament assembled had rp^*^ived certain intelligence that divers heathen natives Ol N^w England had, througi. the blessing of God upon the pious care and pains of some godly English, who preached the * See the folio volume published in 1658, part 2, page 66, of Scobell's Acts and Ordinances, from 1640 to 1666. '^^ 1 •.X* ■^r^ THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. ff Gospel to them in their own Indian language, not only of barbarous become civil, but many of them forsaking their accustomed charms and sorceries and other satanical delusions, did then call upon the name of the Lord ; and that the propagation of the Gospel of Jesus Christ amongst these poor heathen could not be prosecuted with that expedition and further success as was desired, imless fit instruments were encouraged and maintained to pursue it — universities, schools, and nurseries of literature settled for further instruct- ing and civilising them ; instruments and materials fit for labour and clothing, with other necessaries, as encouragement for the best deserving among them provided, and many other things necessary for so great a work. This Ordinance there- fore enacted that there should be a Corporation in England consisting of sixteen person?, viz. : a President, Treasurer, and fourteen assistants, and to be called " The President and Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in New England," with power to accjuire lands (not exceeding the yearly value of £2,000), goods, and money. A general collection or sub- scription was directed to be made through all counties, cities, towns, and parishes of England and Wales for the purposes of the Corporation. Nearly £12,000 were forthwith collected by voluntary subscription throughout England and Wales, and out of this collection an amount of at least £11,430 was ex- pended in the purchase of landed property at Eriswell, in Suffolk, and a farm at Plumstead, in Kent, as well as several houses in London. All these purchases were conveyed to this Parliamentary Corporation, or to some of the sixteen members as its trustees. The Corporation at once appointed Commissioners and a Treasurer in New England, who, with the income transmitted - mt— •'•■• '* •' " mii''*^i *J f f* *' 10 THE ORIGIN AND RECENT HISTORY OF to them by the Corporation from England, paid itinerant missionaries and school teachers amongst the natives. The work was chiefly carried on near Boston, in New England, but also io other parts of Massnchusetts and New York States. Ill 1651 the fifth Eliot Tract appeared in London, as: Tract V. "The light appearing more and more towards the perfect Day, or a further discovery of the present state of the Indians in New England, concerning the progress of tlio Gospel amongst them, manifested by letters from such as preached to them there. Published by Henry Whitfield, lato pastor of the Church of Christ at Gilford, in New England, who came iatc thence. London, 1G51."* The sixth tract was dedicated " To the Supreme Authority of this Nation, The Parliament of the Common Wealth of England." It bears the following title : Tract VI. " Strength out of weakness, or a glorious manifestation of the further progress of the Gospel among the Indians in New England, held forth in sundry letters from divers ministers and others to the Corporation established by Parliament for promoting the Gospel among the heathen in New England, and to particular members thereof since the last treatise to that effect formerly set forth by Mr. Henry AVhitfield, late pastor of Gilford, in New England. Published by the aforesaid Corporation. London, 1052. "f This tract appears to have been tlie first that was pub- lished })y the Parliamentary Corporation in England, and all Eliot's subsequent tracts were so published, as well as his Indian Bible. * Reprinted at New York, 18Go. t Reprinted in three different editions, all at New York, in 1865. THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. 11 '•^ tl In 1653 the seventh tract was published under the follow- ing title ; ^ Tract VII. " Tears of repentance, or a further narrative of the progress of the Gospel among the Indians in New England, setting forth not only their present state and condition, hut sundry confessions of sin by divers of the said Indians wrought upon by the saving power of the Gospel, to- gethe'r with the manifestation of their faith and hope in Jesus Christ and the work of grace upon their hearts, related by Mr. Eliot and Mr. Mayhew, two faithful labourers in that work of the Lord. Published by the Corporation for Propagating the Gospel there, for the satis- faction and comfort of such as wish well thereunto. London, 1653." Two years later came the next tract, nearly the rarest of all. It was dedicated to Oliver Cromwell. Tract VIII. «' A late and further manifestation of the progress of tho Gospel amongst the Indians in New England : declaring their constant love and zeal to the truth, with a readiness to give account of their faith and hope as of their desires in Church Communion to be partakers of the ordinances of Christ. Being a narrative of the examinations of tho Indians about their knowledge in religion by the elders of the churches. Related by Mr. John Eliot. Published by the Corporation established by Act of Parliament for Propagating the Gospel there. London, 1655." Four years later came the rarest tract of all : Tkact IX. "A further account of the progress of the Gospel among.st the Indians in New England, and of the means used ctfec- tually to advance the same, set forth in certain letters sent from thence, declaring a purpose of printing the Scriptures in the Indian tongue, into which they arc already trans- lated, with which letters are likewise sent an epitome of ^' 12 THE ORIGIN AND RECENT HISTORY OV some exhortations delivered by the Indians at a fast, as testimonies of their obedience to the Gospel, as also some helps directing to the Indians how to improve natural reason unto the knowledge of the true God. 1. By lead- ing them to see the divine authority of the Scriptures. 2. By tlie Scriptures the divine truths necessary to eternal salvation. Undertaken at the motion and pub- lished bv the order of the Commissioners of the United Colonies by Abraham Pierson. Examined and approved by Thomas Simpson, Interpreter-General to the United Colonies for the Indian language, and by some others of the most able interpreters amongst us. London, printed by M. Simmons for the Corporation of New England. 1669." The tenth tract came in 1660, the eleventh not till 1671. Tract X. " A further account of the progress of the Gospel amongst the Indians in New England, being a relation of the con- fessions made by several Indians (in the presence of the elders and members of several churches) in order to their admission into Church fellowship. Sent over to the Corporation for Propagating the Gospel of Jesus Christ amongst the Indians in Now England at London, by Mr. John Eliot, one of the labourers in the Word amongst them. London: printed by John Macock, 1G60." It was not till this year that Eliot baptised any Red men. The next day after baptising them he admitted them to the Lord's Supper, many years after he had begun to preach. This same year, too, came the Kestoration (29 May, 1660), and then of course the Corporation created by the Long Parliament became defunct. There was, therefore^ a short cessation of the income, for the Royalist vendor of the property at Eriswell, in Suffolk, re-entered and obtained from the tenants a good deal of the rents until the Company was revived or created anew by the Order in Council, when •^i THE NEW ENGLAND COHPANY. 13 '^' he was obliged by the decree in a Chancery suit to fulfil the contract he had entered into with the former Corporation. The Ordinance could no longer be recognised, but by the exertions of '* the excellent liobert Boyle, so notable at once for his science, piety, and beneficence," and others, an Order of Charles II. in Council was obtained 10 April, 1661, for a new Charter of Incorporation vesting in the Company then created (and now subsisting) the property which had been given or bought for the purposes of the late reputed Corpo- ration. The Order in Council is as follows : — At the Court at Whitehall, the 10th day of April, 1661. . Present. The King's Most Excellent Majesty. His Royal Highness the Duke Earl of Sandwich. of York. Lord Chancellor. Duke of Albemarle. Marquis of Dorchester. Lord Great Chamberlain. Lord Chamberlain. Earl of Northumberland. Earl of Berks. Earl of Norwich. Earl of Laudei'dale. Lord Viscount Valentia. Lord Roberts. Lord Seamore. Mr. Comptroller. Mr. Vice-Chamberlain. Mr. Secretary Nicholas. Mr. Secretary Morris. Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper. Upon reading of Mr. Attorney- General his report to this Board upon a petition of divers for Propagating the Gospel in America, to him referred by Order of the 14th of November, 1660, and a draft prepared for renewing the Charter of the Corporation therein specified and full debate thereof had : It is ordered that the said Corpora- tion may by the said Charter have pv^wer to purchase £2,000 per annum, and may have liberty to transport yearly £1,000 in bullion or foreign money, making entry from time to time of what shall be so transported in the Port of London in the Custom House there. And the Lord Viscount Valentia is to consider of and examine the li^t of names of the members whereof the said Corpora- 14 ' THE UIUaiN AND RBOENT HISTORY OF ' tion is to consist, and to offer the same to the Board, and according to this direction Mr. Attorney is to fill up the blanks and perfect the said draft of a Charter. And also to add thereunto a clause that all lands, tenements, and hereditaments heretofore given or bought to the use or uses in this Charter mentioned, shall from henceforth be vested in the saia Corporation and their successors, with power to sue for and recover the same and any arrears thereof due. John Nicholas. The Charter was completed on the 7th of the following month of February, 1661-2. Seep. 55. The members of the Company were forty-five in number, and included Churchmen and Dissenters. Lord Chancellor Clarendon and other noblemen head the list, and Boyle, the first Governor, with several surviving members of the late reputed Corporation, and many Aldermen and Citizens of London, are included in it. The yearly revenue of the Company's lands, money, and stock was to be applied for the promoting and propagating the Gospel of Christ unto and amongst the heathen natives in or near New England and parts adjacent in America, and also for civilising, teach- ing, and instructing the said heathen natives in or near New England, and their children, not only in the principles and knowledge of the true religion, and in morality and the knowledge of the English tongue, and in other liberal arts and sciences, but for the educating and placing of them or their children in some trade, mystery, or lawful calling. The first Court of the new and still existing Company was held on 27 March, 1662, and no time was lost in auditing the accounts of Mr. Henry Ashurst (who had been Treasurer to the late reputed Corporation, and was also a member, and the first Treasurer of the new Company), and in obtaining possession of the Suffolk and other property. THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. 15 Fit Commissioners in America were appointed, and the labours of the missionaries and teachers there revived without delay. The printing of the Old and New Testaments in the Natick or Mohican dialect of the Indian language, into which John Eliot had for t^n years been engaged in translatmg the Bible, was at once undertaken. He was assisted in this work by John Cotton, whose son, Josiah, afterwards compiled a vocabulary of the Natick language, which, however, remained in manuscript until 1829, when it was published at Cam- bridge, U.S.A. The New Testament title page is dated 1661. Ihe general title is : « The Holy Bible, containing the Old Testament and the New, translated into the Indian language, and ordered to be printed by the Commissioners of the United Colonies in New England at the charge, and with the consent ot the Corporation in England for the Propagation of the Gospel amongst the Indians in New England. Cambridge : Prmtedby Samuel Green and Marmaduke Johnson, Ibbd. This edition of 1,500 copies sufficed apparently for twenty years. In 1870 a single copy was sold for ^^250. A Second Edition of Eliot's Bible (2,000 copies) was printed in 1680-5. A copy of this Second Edition was in 1883 on sale at a London bookseller's for 4^120. The title of John Eliot's eleventh tract is as follows : Tract XL •« A brief narrative of the progress of the Gospel amongst tho Indians in New England in the year 1670. Given in by the Rev. Mr. John Eliot, minister of the Gospel there, m a letter by him directed to the Right Worshipful the Commissioners under His Majesty's Great Seal for Pro- pagation of the Gospel amongst the poor blind natives m these United Colonies. Lond., 1671."* • Reprinted in 1868, at Boston, by John K. Wiggin and Wm. Parsons Lunt. 16 THE OBiaiN AND RECENT HISTORY OF The Rev. Increase Mather and the Rev. Cotton Mather were among the Commissioners mentioned in the title of this eleventh tract, and were frequent correspondents of the Com- pany after 1671. Eliot resigned his pastoral charge at Roxbury in 1688, and died at the age of 86, in 1690, leaving his work at Natick to be carried on by one of his Indian converts. Eliot had received for some years a salary from the Commis- sioners of the New England Company. At the same time other missionary efforts amongst the Indians were supported by the Corporation and subsequent Company, but there is not such a distinct account of them. The work begun at Martha's Vineyard, Nantuket and Eliza- beth Islands, by the Rev. Thomas Mayhew, is, however, worthy of note. He is mentioned on the title page of Eliot's seventh tract as working at the same tim» After labouring fifteen years with great success, he was unfortunately ship- wrecked, but his fr-ther. then a man of 70, was so much interested in the good work that had been begun, that he determined to do what he could to carry it on. He first perfected himself in a knowledge of the Indian language, and then began to preach to the natives, often travelling more than twenty miles on foot to reach the places of meet- ing. He continued to preach till he died, when he was 93. The work was taken up by one of his grandsons, and mis- sionaries of this same family of INIayhew were in the employ- ment and pay of the Corporation and subsequent Company for over 150 years. Another Indian town or settlement was called Mashpee, fifty miles from Boston, and here also missionaries were supported by the Company until the American war broke i THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. 17 :'■ out. Mr. Bourne obtained the first gfrant of land at Mashpee, and began preaching and teaching the Indians there and in the neighbourhood, Mr. John Cotton, Eliot's friend and helper with his translations, was the successor to Mr. Bourne. Mr. Hawley also was one of the Company's missionaries for fifty years in this district. • .. .,.-. , » Although so few records exist of the work then accom- plished, it is evident that the labours of the missionaries were those of itinerant preachers, who each travelled over large districts, preaching the Gospel, and teaching where they could obtain a hearing among the natives. There were no fixed stations and no settled schools, but the Company supported many teachers, both English and native, who went from place to place. -■ The appointment and superintendence of both missionaries and teachers were in the hands of the Commissioners in New England, who were appointed by the Corporation in Eng- land. The income arising from the property in England was transmitted to the Commissioners and a paid Treasurer, who had the entire responsibility of apportioning it, and it was this Company which supported the various missionary under- takings in New England during the seventeenth century. For a few years after 1775, when the American War of Independence broke out, no missionary work was done in America at all, and the funds were allrwed to accu- mulate. But when the four provinces of Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Maine (part of the ancient province of New England), together with the nine other provinces, had been declared independent of Great Britain, the Company could no longer carry on its work there, and was advised to remove its operations to New Brunswick. In 1786, therefore, the work was begun in New Bruns- B 18 THE OllIUIN AND ItUCKM' Uli^TOUY OF wick, and carried on in the same way as before by itinerant missionaries and teachers (under Commissioners) until 1804, when the Commissioners resigned, owing to the ill success of their endeavours. After much inquiry, the Company in 1808 appointed General Coffin and five others to be their Commissioners in New Brunswick, and they devised a plan of apprenticing children of Indians in various families in Sussex Vale, New Brunswick, with an annual allowance of from £10 to £20 each. But, after fourteen years' trial, the scheme was found to have been greatly abused, and was therefore abandoned gradually as was found possible. Some of the apprentice- ships expired each year, and the last one terminated in 1 835. "When, in 1822, it was determined to abandon this scheme the employment of the superintendent and missionary was discontinuea, and all the Commissioners resigned except the Hon. Judge Ward Chipman, who continued till the end his services as Secretary and Treasurer to the Company. The means that the New England Company has of carrying on the various works that it undertakes are derived, 1st, from the money that was collected as a fund to start the Parlia- mentary Company in 1649; 2nd, from a fi nd arising under the will of the Hon. Robert Boyle, the first Governor of the Company, as re-established after the restoration ; and 3rd, from property derived under the will of the Rev. Dr. Daniel Williams, who died 26 January, 1715-16, and whose will was confirmed by his sister and heiress-at-law, and by decree in Chancery in 1720, The original fund was chiefly expended in the purchase of estates in England as before-mentioned. The Hon. Robert Boyle died in December 1691, and by r TU£ NEW ENQL.\MD COMPANY. 19 virtue of his will the Company in 1695 acquired a perpetual rent-charge of £90 a year for missionaries to the natives of New Enu'land. Dr. Daniel Williams having died, and his will been confirmed, the New England Company in 1 745, on the death of the tenant for life of his reversionary property, Ccinar. into possession of considerable landed property in Essex, in trust partly for supporting itinerant preachers in the West Indies, and partly for the benefit of the college of Cambridge in New England. During the suspension of remittances to America the Company accumulated and invested the income of all its three funds, and subsequently all these three funds, with their accumulations, were regulated by three decrees in Chancery in or before 1836. 1. As to Charter Funds, dated . . 26 July, 1836. 2. „ the Hon. Kobert Boyle's Funds 23 April, 1 792. 3. „ Dr. Daniel Williams' Funds . 8 Aug., 1808. In accordance with these decrees, the income of the Com- pany's Trust Funds is applicable to the following objects : — :. 1. — The income of the Charter Trust Fund is applicable to the following purposes : — " For promoting and propagating the Gospel of Jesus Christ unto and amongst the heathen natives in the parts of America now called Upper Canada, and elsewliere, in or near the territories by the Charter described as New England, and parts adjacent, in America ; and also for civilising, teaching, and instructing the said heathen natives and their children not only in the principles and knowledge of the true religion, and in morality, and the knowledge of the English tongue, and in other liberal arts and sciences, but for the educating and placing of them or their children in some trade, mystery, or lawful calling." -^Tzr: ' 20 THE OUIlilN AND llECENT HISTOUY OF 2. — The income of the funds subject to the Hon. Robert Boyle's Trust is applicable to the following purpose : — " For the advancement of the Christian religion among infidels in divers parts of America under the Crown of the United Kingdom." 3. — The income of the funds subject to the Trusts of Dr. Daniel Williams' will is applicable to " the advancement of the Christian religion among Indians, Blacks, and Pagans, in any of Her Majesty's plantations and colonies, and in main- taining, educating, and relieving the necessities of the said Indians, Blacks, and Pagans so far as such application in the maintenance, education, and civilisation, and relief of the necessities of the same Indians, Blacks, and Pagans is con- nected with or subservient to the purposes of advancing the Christian religion." Since tlie resignation of the last Commissioners in New Brunswick the business of the Company has been managed directly by the members, who, by the Charter, are required to meet in the city of London. A court is a meeting to which all the members are summoned, and such a iDeeting must he held for all the more important business of the Company, such as the election of a Governor, Treasurer, or new member; but the ordinary business has been transacted by Committees which each member has a right to attend, if he be aware of the time of such meeting, and he may request that notices of the Committee Meetings be sent to him by the clerk. The usual Committees are the Estates and the Special, but parti- cular sub- Committees have from time to time been appointed for special purposes and with special powers. Deputations formed of a few of the members have visited, as occasion required, any of the Company's farms and other property in England. i THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. ai "4«r-- .. The clerk has always been a solicitor, who transacted the ordinary legal business of the Company, as well as conducting the correspondence, under the direction of the Company or of the Committees, both with the missionaries and agents in Canada and elsewhere, and also with the tenanis, &c., in England. He has been assisted in these duties by an accountant or assistant clerk, giving daily attendance at the office of the Company within the city uf London [1 Furnival's Inn, E.C.] These two have been the only paid officers of the Company in England. In the year 1822 the Company transferred its operations from New Brunswick to other parts of British America, and has since established stations at various times and places. Those stations which have been most permanently main- tained, and at which the Company have done most of its work since 1822, are the following: — I. Among the Mohawks and other Six Nations Indians settled on the banks of the Grand RlveVy between Brantford and Lake Erie. II. On the shores of two smaller lakes. Rice Lake, twelve miles south of Peterborough and (Mud or) Chemong Lake, ten miles north of Peterborough. III. On the banks of the Garden River, near Sault Ste. Marie (the rapids between Lake Superior and Lake Huron) ; ^ .aad;' "■ IV. On Kuper Island, in 5r?7«Wi Co^wmWrt. A short summary of the work done at each of these stations follows. . ,j.^tj 22 THE ORIGIN AND RECENT HISTORY OF I. STATIONS NEAR THE GRAND RIVER, ON THE RESERVE OF THE SIX NATIONS INDIANS. •V The Indians of the Six Nations include the Mohawk?, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas, and Tuscaroras. Up to the time of the American War of Independence the five first-named inhabited the valleys on the rivers and lakes of Central New York, including the Mohawk and Genesee valleys ; the sixth, the Tuscaroras, had earlier migrated to North Carolina. Being all of the same stock they were admitted into one confederacy when they were driven from their south- ern hunting grounds, and have since borne the name of the Six Nations Indians. In the treaty concluded after the war, G-reat Britain made no stipulation on behalf of her Indian allies; but official pledges had been given them that they should be restored at the expense of the Government to the condition they were in before the war. Captain Joseph Brant, the celebrated chief of the Mohawks, claimed the fulfilment of the pledges, and selected first a tract of land at the lower end of Lake Ontario, in the bay of Quinte. Many of the Mohawks continued to reside there, but a portion of the tribe of Senecas remained in the United States, and wished that the rest of the Six Nations might settle somewhere nearer them, therefore Captain Joseph Brant also obtained the grant in 1782 of several hundred thousand acres along both ri^ XHB NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. 23 ■^ sides of the Grand River which flows frr i the north into Lake Erie, and here they settled down and have gradually become farmers. In the year 1823, after preliminary investigation on their behalf by the Rev. John West, and with the concurrence of Captain Joseph Brant, the New England Company adopted resolutions respecting the placing fit persons, either indivi- dually or in mission families, at eligible sti *ons in those parts of America in which the trusts of the Company could be carried on. By this means it hoped to promote the purposes of its trusts as efficaciously and extensively as might be practicable with an especial view to the Mohawk and other Six Nations settlement. Accordingly the Company, in concurrence with Captain Joseph Brant, and with his assistance as a sort of lay agent, before 1827 commenced operations under the Rev. William Hough, as its first missionary on the Grand River, and built two schools near the Mohawk village, as well as a parsonage for the church there. This church possesses the Communion plate and Bible presented by " Good Queen Anne " to the Indian church in the Mohawk valley, which the Indians had been obliged to abandon. The Rev. William Hough did not long retain his post, and before the year expired the Company engaged the services of the Rev. Robert Lugger as its missionary to the Six Nations Indians. He arrived at Brantford in October 1827, and in the next few months visited all the tribes of the Six Nations aiong die north-east bank of the river down to Lake Erie, and was commissioned by the Bishop of Quebec to superintend the composing and printing of a Mohawk grammar for Indians and Whites. He found the population of the Six Nations about 1,900 in 24 THE ORIGIN AND RECENT HISTORY OF numLer. Two schools already existed, one for Wliites and another set on foot by the Indian department of the Colonial Government, besides the two which the Company had built. Two other schools were soon established by the Company, and that school founded for the Mohawks was gradually developed into a school specially for teaching handicrafts, and was the forerunner of the Mohawk Institution. At a distance of fifteen miles or ther?abouts above Lake Erie, Mr. Lugger found a settlement forty years old, of about thirty families of Whites, and called " Nelles' Settlement." The distances being great, Mr. Lugger strongly recommended the appointment as his assistant among the Tuscaroras of jNIr. Abraham Nelles, who then held an appointment under the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. The understanding come to in 1828 between the Bishop and the Company's missionary was that he should, in matters purely spiritual, take his Lordship's directions, and in all other matters the direction of the Company. From the first the Company insisted on having the sole management and appropriation of its funds, through its own Commissioners, officers, and agents. The Company occasionally assisted in the making of roads, but for the most part declined to subscribe to such local proceedings, its plan and objects being of a more general character. In 1829 four schoolhouses, with a lot of 100 acres granted to each,were said to be exclusively the property of the Company, and a deed was executed to confirm the same to them for ever, the Indians having granted it in general Council to the Government for the New England Company. In the same year the Indians were also said to have given up their lands to the Colonial Governor to let for them, and were further said to have given a lot, a mile square, for a village at THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. 25 '^ I Brantford, to be sold to white people of respectability. Such sale was the reverse of what the Company wished, and had endeavoured to effect, namely, the non-alienation of Indian property, so as to prevent them from being dislodged and white people substituted. Mr. Nelles first entered the service of the Company in July 1831. At this time the Institution comprised, besides a mechanics' shop, two large rooms for teaching girls spinning and weaving, and two for teaching the boys tailoring and carpentering. The formation of the Welland Canal Dam raised the water in the Grand River, and produced fljods among the Delawares for several miles above Lake Erie, so that a great part of that tribe migrated, and in consequence the number of children attending the Delaware school decreased. By the year 1833, however, the Six Nations Indians on the Grand River had increased to about 2,300, and had seven scaools among them. The duties of tlie Rev. Abraham Xelles were, to perform service and preach every Sunday morning at Tuscarora village to a congregation of about 120 ; and in the afternoon, seven miles down the river, in a school- house built by the Company, to a congregation of 90 or 100 Onondagas. On Thursdays he had lectures at the Tuscarora vilhige, and on Saturdays a school for adults, to teach them to read the Mohawk language. He had also prayer meetings two or three nights every week, and was frequently engaged in visiting the sick and other Indians, examining the schools, making efforts to convert the heathen tribes, and co-operating with Mr. Lugger in every way to advance the general good conduct of the Indians. Much of his time was also neces- sarily taken up in temporal occupations. His remuneration was now wholly derived from the Company. „,J 26 THE OBiaiN AND RECENT HISTORY OP Captain Joseph Brant (the Mohawk chief) for many years acted with the Company's missionaries as a sort of lay agent, reporting to the Company, and drawing for remittances. He died in 1832. In 1833 the Company increased their annual allowance for the Grand River Station, and, at Mr. Lugger's suggestion, engaged Mr. "William Richardson as lay agent. Early in the following year the Company sent full instructions to him and the missionaries, and opened the Institution for ten boys and four girls from the Six Nations, to be boarded, lodged, and taught (with day scholars), and to be instructed in farming and gardening as well as handicraft trades. To prevent Whites from purchasing improved lands from individual Indians, thus driving the latter into the back woods, and rendering useless the Company's schools and establishments for Indians, arrangements were in 1834 made by Sir John Colborne, dividing their land into six portions, for the sole occupation of the different nations. In 1835 Mr. Lugger succeeded in persuading the Colonial Parliament to pass an Act interdicting the sale of ardent spirits to Indians directly or indirectly. The Company also built a parsonage at Tuscarora village for Mr. Nelles, and increased the number of the cbild'-en at the institution, and printed a new edition of the Mohawk Prayer-book. In the correspondence with their missionaries, the Com- pany often pressed upon them the Company's desire for fuller and more frequent reports of what was doing, and for correct estimates of what was proposed to be done. One of their missionaries suggested the desirability of an impartial agent visiting the Mission, and reporting on the actual state of things. This suggestion has been several times acted on. In \1 THE yEW ENGLAND COMPANY. 27 ■-4^ 1837, Mr. Jacob Hans Busk, a member of tbe Company, and Mr. Samuel Stratton, the clerk, as his secretary, went to Canada, with full power to act and decide for the Company while there. They visited all the scenes of its operations, and reported fully to the Company. Among the results of this Commission in 1837 were the appointment of the Rev. Abraham Nelles to the incumbency of the old Mohawk Church, and the appointment of tbe Rev. Adam Elliot to that of the Tuscarora Church. Individual Indians (by the Colonial laws as understood in England) have no power to alienate any part of the Indian reserves, but practically they often made very inconsiderate alienations of their improvements to unworthy white settlers, and thus squatters were introduced. Between the years 1782 and 1838 some small portions of the Grrand River reserve were surrendered by the chiefs to the G-overnment for valuable consideration, and great encroachments were made on other parts (in some cases by consent of individual Indians, and in some surreptitiously) by European settlers. Still, in 1838, the Indian lands re- maining in tlie Niagara and Gore Districts were reckoned at 257,000 acres, lu the course of the next ten years large numbers of the Indians (although strongly opposed by the Indian chiefs and by the New England Company and jts missionaries and agents) removed from the north-east to the south-west side of the river, where a remnant of only 55,000 acres (equal to an allotment of about 100 acres for each Indian family) was to be reserved for them. Sales of their relinquished improvements were to be made by the Govern- ment for increasing the Indian funds. - • Unde? several surrenders by the Indian chiefs, and grants from the Colonial Government, there were in the year 1837, iB THE ORIGIN AND RECENT HISTORY OP devoted to the objects of the Company for civilising and Christianising the Six Nations Indians at the Grand River (then 2,100 in number) the Mohawk parsonage and glebe of 220 acres, and the Tuscarora glebe of 50 acres, with a new parsonage, and a small log-house used both for school-room and church, as well as the Mohawk school — a lot of 60 acres, with the buildings used for the school and Mechanics' Insti- tution and the Tuscarora schoolmaster's log-house, and throe other schools — three lots of 100 acres each, with a school- house and schoolmaster's residence on each (one for the Oneidas, one for the Onondagas, and the third for the Delawares). But the Onondaga school could not be kept constantly open for want of scholars', and the Delaware school being still further down the river, from the same cause was constantly shut. These two lots of land, therefore, were let, and the buildings (when not wanted for teaching) were occupied by tenants who paid liH^e or no rent, but undertook to clear a few acres of the land every year, and to keep the buildings from decay. In 1844 the Eev. A. Nelles was in England, and attended several meetings of the Special Committee of the Company, and gave it much information as to the then proposed com- pulsory removal of the Indians from the north-east to the south-west side of the river, and also gave information about the schools, and particularly as to the Institution. In the year 1844 there were two churches on the north- east side of the river, the Rev. Abraham Nelles taking the duty at the Mohawk Church, and the Rev. Adam Elliot at the Tuscarora Church ; the congregations of Indians were suffi- ciently numerous at both. Public worship was mho per- formed at some of the schoolhouses, particularly at the Salt Springs and among the Delawares. The boarding-school at ■!!9! THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. 20 the Mechanics' Institution, in the Mohawk village, numbered between forty and fifty children, boys and girls, and there were many instances of Indian youths who, on leaving the Insti- tution, and being supplied with tools and materials for work, followed their respective trades with considerable success among their own people. There were six day-schools in operation, viz., the Mechanics' Institution (where there was a day-school as well as a boarding-school), the Lower Mohawk, Martin's Settlement, Tuscarora, Delaware, and Salt Springs schools. The proposed removal of the Six Nations Indians from the north-east to the south-west side of the Grand River threw impediments in the way of the Company's proceedings. In the first instance, the Company did all in its . power to ]:eep the Indians in quiet possession on the north-east bank, and failing in that, it turned its attention to securing to the Indians on the south-west side of the river as large an extent of country as possible. The Company's lay agent, Mr. William Richardson, died in September 1847, and the office was conferred on Mr. Richard Edward Clark, the then lately-appointed superin- tendent at the Mohawk Institution and Farm, in addition to his superintendency. But illness in a few years obliged him to resign first one and afterwards the other of these offices, and the lay agency has ever since been in abeyance. About the same time Mr. Nelles represented to the Com- pany that, owing to his indifferent health and to the Indians being now much more scattered on the south-west side of the river than before their migration, he was unable to perform his duties as efficiently as he could wish. The Coirpany authorised the application of £S0 a year for the purpose of procuring him a suitable assistant. The number of com- 80 THE ORiaiN AND BECKNT HISTOKY OF municants once in two months at the Mohawk Churcli in- creased, and the regular Sunday and week-day religious services were performed in schools on the south-west side of the river, and also prohably in the churches on the north-east side. The Institution prospered but the old day-schools declined, and new day-schools on the south-west side of the river were built and opened in different situations. ,...., .... The Delawares (long a Pagan nation) became gradually converted to Christianity. Some of the Cayugas were more recently converted. y . „. ,. In 1853 Indian removals from the Mohawk village and neighbourhood had put a stop for some time to the services in the old Mohawk Church, except once in two months for administering the Lord's Supper. In November 1853 the Company decided not to discon- tinue the day-schools, although an opinion was entertained, both by the Company and by Mr. Nelles, that more good would probably be done by extending the Institution. Sup- pressing the other schools would have deprived a large number of children of the means of instruction within their reach, although, from the fault of themselves or their parents, they did not derive the benefit from them which they might, and the Indians residing in the more remote parts of their settlement would probably have objected to closing the schools. Before a greater number of children couid be accom- modated at the Institution, it was necessary to erect more commodious buildings, as those in use were very inconvenient for the number of children then attending. There were in ^853 about forty adults residing on the Mission who had been brought up at the Institution, The greater number of these were married, and settled on laud which they cultivated ; and THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. 31 some of the young men followed the trades which they had been taught at the institution. In many instances they were too apt to yield to the influence of their own people, and, after residing at home for some time, by degrees adopted the care- less and improvident habits for which the Indians were pro- verbial, though they were generally exemplary in their behaviour. Some of the children at the Institution had died since leaving it, and among them some of the best instructed and most promising. Besides these, there had l)een a good many others partly educated at the Institution who probably had received more benefit from a few quarters' regular instruc- tion there than most of the scholars derived from a much longer attendance at the day-schools. In several instances the advantages of the instruction imparted at the Mohawk Institution were not confined to the individuals taught, but others received considerable benefit from them, both as car- penters and also to some extent as blacksmiths. The Institution and the schools were for several years in a less satisfactory state. About 1858 the former became more efficient and better appreciated, and a better situation being chosen, a new building was erected near the Mohawk parsonage capable of accommodating a larger number of children as boarders as well as the master and mistress, and tiie old building was turned into workshops. In 1859 the number of children boarded and educated was fixed at sixty. Additional day-schools were, at the desire of the Indians, built and opened by the Company; and in June 1859 a licence was received from the Colonial Government for occupying the farm so long as the Company kept up a manual labour school for the use of the Six Nations Indians. ,t . •■ The Company's two missionaries, under the date of 14 June, 1859, reported to the following effect : — The Indians 32 THE ORIGIN AND RECENT UISTORY OF of the Six Nations numbered about 2,400, for the most part professing Christianity, although a large majority of Cayugas, numbering about 500, together with a few Onondagas, were still Pagan. The Company furnished the means of religious and secular education, and employed among them two clergymen and several catechists, besides seven schoolmasters. There were repeated applications for more schools, and two additional clergymen were much needed. The number of communicants in connection with the Church of England were about 250, and of children attending the schools 263. There was great difficulty in securing regular attendance at the day-schools, but at the Institution their progress in learning was; much more satisfactory. Four of the school teachers were Indians who had been educated at the Institution, and another, through the liberality of the Company, was pur- suing his studies with a view to entering the ministry. In ad- dition to the New England Company's missions the Wesleyan Methodists supported a missionary and a schoolmaster among these Indians. In consequence of their removal to the south- west side of the river a new church was needed, as the old Mohawk Church, which was the first Episcopal Church erected in Upper Canada, was at too great a distance to be used by them for public worship. The country adjacent to the Indian Reserve being in the occupation of white settlers, the Six Nations were deprived of the means of subsistence by hunting and fishing, «&c., and, unlike many other tribes, were turning their attention very much to agriculture. They were mostly settled upon separate lots of land, and although labouring under the hardships always attending a new settlement, many of them had made large improvements, and raised consider- able grain ; and although the characteristic improvidence of the Indian was still very visible among them, yet there was f THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. 83 I a great improvement in this respect. Many erected comfort- able houses and good barns, and took better care of their cattle than formerly. A too easy access to places where ardent spirits were sold was a hindrance to the improvement of the Six Nations, and some were much addicted to drinking ; but, as a body, they were far from being more given to excess than the white population, and of late years evinced great aversion, and frequently were active in opposition, to intemperance in the settlement. ' In 1860 Mr. Nelles engaged the Rev. Robert Grant as an assistant. He and Mr. Elliot had before had the assist- ance of two Indians as lay readers, and the Company authorised the payment of a salary for a native catechist and lay reader at the Tuscarora station, according to the recommendation of Mr. Nelles and Mr. Elliot. Mr. Elliot accordingly employed two young men, a Mohawk and a Cayuga, and divided the salary between them. At the Rev. Robert Grant's ordination the church was filled to overflowing, chiefly by Indians. The metrical psalms or hymns were still sung in Mohawk, but the responses in the Liturgy were made and the chants sung in English. Rev. Dr. O'Meara, a missionary chaplain on Lake Huron, at the request of the Company, visited all the Company's stations and schools, and in July 1860 reported the result to the Company. At the Institution he found that Mr. Nelles had, with the exception of the farm, discontinued the other branches of industrial instruction. Day-schools being irregu- larly attended, seemed chiefly useful as feeders to the Institu- tion. Indian-speaking masters Dr. O'Meara recommended as essential if there were to be any common medium of com- munication between master and pupils. He deplored the removal of the Indians so far from their missionary and c M THE OltlGIN AND UBCfiNr HISTORY OP church and from one another, also the deficiency of mapa and pictures in the schools, and also the interference of another Christian body with Mr. Elliot's labours. He strongly re- commended the Company to have an agent for all its work in the province, and in order to shield the Indians from the tyranny and oppression of the colonists. In 1860 His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales visited West Canada and received an address from the clergy of the diocese, amongst whom were the Kev. Abraham Nelles and the Rev. Adam Elliot. He also went to Brantford, but had no time to visit the Company's stations ; lie, however, wrote his name in the large Bible of the old Mohawk Church. In 1862 the Rev. Robert James Roberts became a mis- sionary among the Six Nations Indians, having gone out from this country three or four years earlier for the purpose of labouring in that capacity among our Red brethren. Feeling a deep interest in their spiritual and temporal welfare, he was engaged, on the recommendation of the Bishop of Huron, as Mr. Nelles' assistant, and entered on the discharge of his duties on 1 October, 1862. In 1864 both Mr. Nelles and Mr. Roberts bore testimony to the great utility of the Institution, and the desire of young Indian fathers and mothers to place their children where they had themselves been educated. In this year the Company bought a plot of land contain- ing 33 acres, long known as Babcock's Lot, adjoining the Institution and parsonage lots, and soon afterwards added a strip of six acres between it and the canal. In 1864, too, the Rev. Robert James Roberts came to Eng- land and solicited subscriptions from different societies and benevolent persons for building a new church and parsonage at Kanyeageh, and succeeded in raising ;S600 from many wide- ■*^»- THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. 35 ■v^*» spread sources. On this occasion he became personally known to many of the then members of the Company. He attended several of its meetings, and gave much useful information as to the Indians and his views for improving their condition, and, on the whole, left a very favourabl'i impression on the members then present. The Company a.id its missionaries were among the largest subscribers to this new church, known as Kanyeageh Church, on the south-west side of the Grand River, at a distance of ten miles south-west from the old Mohawk Church and seven miles south-east from the Tuscarora Church as it then stood. The new church was opened for public worship on Christmas Day, 1865, and was consecrated in the following August. The five acres on which it was built were sur- rendered by the chiefs of the Six Nations to an Indian trustee for the Company. Several of the day-schools were, in 1865, closed for a time on account of the prevalence of small-pox among the Indians, but the disease abated before the end of the year. In 1867 a large portion of every congregation of Indians on the banks of the Grrand River had not yet learned to understand English, but many individual Indians, and par- ticularly the young, were more or less acquainted with English. The Church Service was read in the Mohawk language, but the sermon was almost always delivered in English, and rendered sentence by sentence by an Indian interpreter. In making parochial visits, the missionary was accompanied by the interpreter, who was also liable at any other time, as, for instance, in the visitation of the sick, to be called upon to assist the minister, so that his services were frequently in requisition. Mr. Henry John Lister, a brother of one of the members C.2 M THE ORIGIN ANU IlECUNT HISTURY OF (and afterwards himself a member of the Company), visited, in 1868, the Company's missionary stations in Canada, and, according to his report thereon, dated 25 February, 1869, tlie Indians on the Tuscarora Reserve were estimated at 2,869, all professing Christianity, except 600 Cayugas, and of the whole number about 800 attended church with more or less regularity. The Mississaguas, of New Credit in this Reserve^ num- l)ered besides 192. In 1870 the Hon. A. E. Botsford, member of the Senate of the Canadian Dominion, was appointed by the Company a Commissioner for the special purpose of visiting all its stations on the Grand River Indian Reserve, and giving a full report to the members in England. His services were so valuable that he was at once elected a member of the Company. His report and information led the Company to resolve among other things that each of their missionaries should confine his labours to the station allotted to him. And in 1871 these stations were distinctly made separate and in- dependent. 1. Mohawk Station; 2. Tuscarora Station; 3. Kanyeageh Station ; and 4. Cayuga Station. 1. The Mohawk Station contains a church, a parsonage, and the Institution. The old Mission church was built by the Mohawks about 1782, about one mile south-east of the city of Brantford, on the north-east of the Grand River. In this church they placed the bell they had brought from their former church in New York State, and also the large English Bible and Communion plate they had used there since the time of Queen Anne. Near it was the Institution, rebuilt by the Company in 1858, not far distant from the old building, THB NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. 37 which, under the name of the Mechanics' Institution, was commenced about 1828 for teaching the Indians handicraft trades. On the other side of the canal (cut in 1834 for improving the navigation of the river) stands the Mohawk parsonage, built in 1828. The Rev. Canon Nelles, at the time of the separation, was incumbent of the old Mohawk Church, and lived in the parsonage, besides having charge of the Institution. But in 1872 Mr. Robert Ashton went with his family from Feltham, in England, having been appointed by the Company lay superintendent of its school and farm at Brantford. Since that time the Rev. Canon Nelles has been the incumbent of tlie church only. He was raised to be Archdeacon of Brant in 1878. The Mohawk Institution provides board, lodging, and clothing, as well as a religious education and superior school teaching, for all the children (45 of each sex), besides agricul- tural and handicraft practice for the boys, and domestic training for the girls. The ground belonging to the Insti- tution and the Manual Labour Farm comprises about 250 acres. The appointment of Mr. Ashton as superintendent was made the occasion of introducing many important im- provements in the management of tlie Institution, and also in the comfort and accommodation of the children. Besides the superintendent, Mr. Ashton, the staff of the Institution consisted of a schoolmaster, schoolmistress, laundress, assistant matron, carpenter, farm foreman, &c. Mrs. Ashton at once assumed the position of honorary matron to the Institution. Some of the under teachers were Indians who had themselves l)een educated at the Institution. Jn 1873 Miss Mary Carpenter visited the Institution, and testified much interest in the work. In the same year Miss Florence Lees (afterwards Mrs. Craven) also paid a ' ' ■■H m THE OniGIN AND RECENT HISTORY OF ihii ^ i. lit visit to Mr. and Mrs. Elliot at Tuscarora, and went with them and inspected the Institution. In 1874 Lord Dufferin, accompanied by Lady Duflferin, visited the Mohawk Church as Governor General of Canada, and received addresses from the Indians, and added his signature in the Bible that already bore those of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales and H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught. In the same year the Hon. David Christie, the Speaker of the Dominion Senate, visited the Institution, and in the follow- ing January (1875) repeated his visit. In the same year, 1876, ThomasD. Green, one of the pupils, took the first place out of forty-one candidates for admission into the High School or Collegiate Institution at Brantford, and in 1878 he went on to the McGill College at Montreal, where he took the first place in his year in the matriculation, and in May 1882 he graduated with honours as Bachelor of Science, and a few months later received a Government appointment in the Dominion Land Oilce. Tho pupils of the Mohawk Institution have taken good places in exami- nations that have been held, first, in May 1879, for certificates as teachers, and second, in 1880, for entrance into the Brant- ford Collegiate School, a pupil of the Institution taking the first place in each examination. In 1880 the number of children received into the Insti- tution was increased to forty-five of each sex, and it has been generally full. - In 1881 a new dormitory was added, besides some more rooms for the superintendent, and some outbuildings for farm purposes. > • • . , 11 '• 2. Tuscarora Station. — About fifteen miles lower down the Grand River than the Mohawk Church and Institution, i! THE NEW BNOLAND COMPANY. 39 i and also on the north-east side of the river, were the Tusca- rora Church and parsonage, built about 1835. The Rev. Adam Elliot had been appointed to this station about 1837, In 1872, when the stations were separated, the Rev. Albert Anthony (an Indian) was appointed his assistant and inter- preter, having first l^een ordained by the Bishop of Huron. In 1875, however, the- Rev. A. Elliot resigned his incum- bency, but, at the request of the Company, continued to reside at the parsonage to give his advice and assistance until his death, which took place in 1878. His widow, at the Company's request, went on residing in the parsonage. In 1876 this district was placed under the charge of the Rev. James Chance, with the Rev. Albert Anthony, an Indian, as his assistant ; and this arrangement continued for about two years, until the Company found it necessary to terminate the Rev. James Chance's engagement in 1878. No fresh appointment has been made to this church as the Indians have all removed from its neighbourhood to the other side of the river. But in October 1883 the Tuscarora Church was pulled down and the materials removed to the other side of the river, where they have been re-erected on a favourable site approved by Mr. R. Ashton. The land belonged to an Indian named Isaac Thomas, who has given a quit claim of one acre " unto the Rev. Albert Anthony and the two churchwardens and their successors for ever, to be held by them in trust for the benefit of the Tuscarora and Onondaga congregation for a church site and burying ground." V 3, Kanyeageh station (pronounced Kanyengeh).— The Rev. Robert James Roberts became one of the Company's -■1' ' 40 THE ORIGIN AND BECENT HISTOBT OF missionaries in 1862, and owing chiefly to his exertions the church and parsonage at Kanyeageh were built. In 1871 he Removed to the Cayuga station when the llev. James Chance was appointed missionary at Kanyeageh, and the Kev. James Chance remained in charge of this station until he left the service of the Company in 1878. In 1874 Dr. Selwyn (late Bishop of Lichfield) visited this mission accompanied by the then Bishop of Huron (Dr. Hellmuth, afterwards Assistant Bishop of Ripon). He then addressed a large congregation in the Kanyeageh Church. Early in 1875 the Hon. David Christie (the Speaker of the Senate of Canada) and Colonel Gilkison, the visiting superintendent, visited this station. In 1875 the Rev. James Chance was appointed to take charge of the Tuscarora district, as well as the Kanyeageh, owing to the Rev. Adam Elliot's illness. In 1876 the Bishop of Huron held a confirmation at the Kanyeageh Church, when sixty-one persons were confirmed, fifty belonging to this district and eleven to the Cayuga district. In 1878, on the removal of the Rev. James Chance, the Rev. Isaac Barr was appointed missionary, which post he held for three years, until June 1881. He was succeeded by the Rev. Charles D. Martin, of Brantford, who, after working zealously on the Reserve for two years, died at the Kanyeageh parso.iage from an attack of typhoid fever in September 1883. The Rev. Albert Anthony continued as assistant to both these missionaries, and after 1878 resided at the Cayuga parsonage. In December 1883, the Rev. David Johnstone Caswell, B.D., of Toronto University, was appointed by the Company to succeed the late Rev. Charles D. Martin. -^^ THE NEW ENGLAND COMPAKT. 41 'J^ In 1 878 a school board was appointed for the whole Grand River district. The Company contributed annually ;^1,500 for four years, but in 1882 diminished its contribution to $} ,000 a year, as it was thought desirable that the Indians should give more towards it themselves. The average attend- ance at the schools and the standard of the attainments of the pupils were reported by the inspector in 1883 to be good and improved. There was also an increase of the population of the Six Nations Indians on the Grand River Reserve, which, in 1882, numbered 3,195. 4. Cayuga Station. — In July 1871 the Rev. Robert James Roberts removed to this station from Kanyeageh, and after consultation with the Indian chiefs determined to estab- lish day-schools in the Cayuga and Onondaga districts. At the request of the Rev. R. J. Roberts, Mr. George Bomberry, an Indian, who wished to become a medical man, was much assisted in his education by the Company from 1870 to 1875. He went to study at the McGill College, Montreal, and in 1875 passed his final examination, and he was almost at once appointed by the Six Nations Indian Council as their doctor on the Reserve. However, in January 1879 he died (after a long illness) of consumption at the age of 31. Mr. George Hill, another Indian, desiring assistance in his medical education, the Company gave him several grants during 1870-72, but he did not make satisfactory progress, and the allowance was discontinued. In 1873 the Rev. Robert James Roberts moved into a house which the next year was purchased by the Company for a parsonage for this district near the church and school- f '! I 42 THE ORTOIN AND RECENT HISTORY OF house. The Rev. R. J. Roberts went on developing the work of the station in various ways until, in 1878, he was com- pelled to resign his position on account of frequent attacks of illness. He therefore removed to Vancouver Island, and has since started the Company's station at Kuper Island. When the Rev. James Chance and the Rev. R. J. Roberts both removed out of the Grand River station in 1878, the Company took the opportunity of re-arranging the work. The Rev. Isaac Barr was placed in charge of both the Kanyeageh and Cayuga stations, and he was to reside at the former parsonage, and his assistant, the Rev. Albert Anthony, to live at the Cayuga parsonage. This arrangement was continued during the short period of the Rev. Charles D. Martin's incumbency and life. ..I'. :-i •,' -'.!> :»,'. : 7-' I .''••' }\-,:a ^ii '..i > -■'■'- I ■--:■■'.■ '■■■■■■'* ^';h'*>;; ! . '-■"i '■'^•^' ■■■"■ THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. 43 > ■: -T . f :-r f >i;i!'^' v.^M-^H'-n ' M'' - %/" II. RICE AND CHEMONG LAKES STATIONS. In the year 1828 the Rev. Richard Scott, a Baptist minis- ter, was employed by the Company to visit various parts of Canada, for the selection of suitable stations for its opera- tions, after the abandonment of its proceedings in New Brunswick. Among other places, he visited the Indian settlements in the neighbourhood of Rice Lake and Mud (or as it is usfially called) Chemong Lake. These lakes are on the north side of Lake Ontario, the former being about eleven miles south, and the latter about ten miles north of the town of Peterborough, and eighty miles east of Toronto. From the favourable report of this locality given by Mr. Scott, he was in 1829 established there as the missionary and agent of the Company, and a residence was provided for him on a lot of land granted to the Company at Chemong Lake. As a good school had been established at Rice Lake by the Wesleyan Methodists, who had a resident missionary there, it was thought advisable that the Chemong settlement should be the principal object of the Company's operations, and in 1830 a school was established there. The funds of the Company were liberally bestowed for the purpose of building comfortable dwellings for Indian families near each of these lakes, and great encouragement was given to the Indians to clear and cultivate portions of land attached or near to their dwellings, with the object of u TEB ORIGIN AND RECENT HISTORT OF weaning them from their fondness for a wandering, unsettled mode of life. For several years Mr. Scott continued in charge of the Chemong station, laboured with zeal and judg- ment, and effected a manifest improvement in the habits and character of the Indians among whom he resided. He died there in 1837, having been for many months before his death entirely incapable of performing the duties of Jiis position from the failing of his bodily and mental powers, in consequence of which, at the time of his death, tb 3 2 1 ' 'al affairs of the Company were found to be in a very V , ti \ ctory state. L^^nder a Colonial order in Council, dated 15 August, 183(', uun'ng \\\p administration of Sir Francis Bond Head, K.C.B., &c., the '\>ii'^ iny procured from the Grovernment of Upper Canada an absolute grant (dated 3 April, 1837, and recorded 17 October, 1837) of 1,600 acres at Chemong Lake. The Company appointed the Rev. John Gilmour to succeed Mr. Scott as missionary and agent. Mr. Gilmour occupied this position for more than thirty years. He resigned his office in 1868, finding the work more than his advanced age enabled him properly to perform, and died in 1869, enjoy- ing, therefore, for one year only the retiring pension of £75 which the Company granted him in June 1868. In 1868 the Company erected a chapel for divine worship at Chemong, in which Mr. G-ilmour regularly held service, and during the whole of his time he worked in all matters in a spirit of harmony and mutual aid with the Wesleyan mis- sionary at Rice Lake, a circumstance which must un- doubtedly have essentially contributed to the comfort and usefulness of both parties. During the whole of his career, jNIr. Gilmour appears to have given great satisfaction to the Company by his judicious management. His principle was, J- % Ik THE NEW ENQLANO COMPANY. 45 -^♦»- not to help the Indians by too lavish an expenditure, un- accompanied by exertions on their part, but to direct them how to do things for themselves — to furnish them with mate- rials and implements, with instructions how to use them — to give them labour for which they received wages, in the hope by such means to arouse that feeling of independence which leads a man to value more the additional comforts and advantages he enjoys, when he feels they arise (partly at all events) from his own exertions, and not wholly from the bounty of others. On the retirement of Mr. Gilmour, the Rev. Edward Eiddell Roberts was appointed by the Company, in November 1867, to succeed him as its missionary at these two stations. A new and commodious residence was at once built for him on the Company's land at Chemong Lake. The Company expressed its willingness to assist in carrying out any good scheme that might be laid before it to reward the Indians for keeping their houses and outhouses neat and clean. In 1868 Mr. Henry John Lister reported that the Chemong day-school wanted great improvements, and that the boarding school ought to be abandoned, as the children all lived within two miles, and that the Indians required stimulating to improve their farms. He also reported that the Rice Lake station was in a better condition, but wanted a new church to be built. One was subsequently built and was opened in 1871, the Company granting £50 towards the expense. In 1871 Mr. C. J. Blomfield, from Peterborough, visited the stations, and reported favourably of the work. In 1874 the church and school at Chemong were both substantially repaired, and the opening of the railway between Peterborough and Chemong greatly facilitated traffic. The Chemong estate comprises about 2,000 acres, but iHPPiliStlHIIiPVI II 11 ; ; { i m THE ORIGIN AND BECENT HISTORY OF all low and swampy, and at the same time rather stony. It has been very wooded, but has been only partially cleared. The Mission buildings were erected close to the Chemong Lake, and consist of a parsonage, school-house, and school- master's dwelling house. The population on the Chemong estate in June 1883, numbered 178, of whom 43 were children attending the New England Company's school. The Rice Lake estate comprises 1,120 acres, which were formally granted to trustees for the Company in April 1834. This estate is situate in the angle between Kice Lake and the Eiver Otonabee. => ' ,. - The Indians at Rice Lake numbered 94 only in 1882, being a decrease of 17 since 1875, which is due in a great measure to the unhealthy situation of the Reserve. ■ ' , I -"^jt* ■ ■ ' ». ivi :<( 'tf.'rts-^/; .i1',i.t^. ■^mHKIMMMVnM-l^ THB NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. 47 If t i'i- . p s' 1 /; « 'nf-.A^'} J. . , •.;! ;,,;- :*} " j /J !■■ H .,! ? ..si- ,!.'V.l^^i^^.Uli>i '»!«!♦" ^':-.U«.:*)ifiiil'-'^- »;•-• y. I .»■.■..'■, t- i -* 13 A- "' ■;!.l;'f;j 'it ('i.-iii A i'i ■' 4, III. GARDEN RIVER STATION. i>'-t'' This station is on an Indian reserve, situate on the Garden River, a tributary of the St. Mary River, and near the falls on it, called the Sault Ste. Marie. The latter river is the boundary between Canada and the State of Michigan. The station is north of Lake Huron, and near the lower end of Lake Superior. In 1854 an application was made to the Company for assistance in this quarter by the Rev. Dr. O'Meara, missionary chaplain to the Indians of Lake Huron, and adjacent parts at Mahnitooahning, on the great Manitoulin Island. During the years 1855 and 1856 the Company placed two grants of :fil50 each at the disposal of Dr. O'Meara. He applied them in aiding the Indians to build a Mission house for the accommo- dation of Mr. and Mrs. Chance, who were superintending the schools, and the girls who were under instruction in an Industrial School. A further sum of £30 was granted in 1856 to assist in building a bridge across the Garden River. Soon after this, Mr. Chance was ordained and remained there as the missionary of the Company. In 1860 a new school-house was built by the Company. This station was visited in 1868 by Mr. Henry J. Lister, who, in his report to the Company, recommended the with- drawal from this station, as the majority of the Indians belonged to the Roman Catholic Church, which had a Mission established there. SBmnnn 48 THE ORIGIN AND RECENT HISTORY OF In the Rev. J. Chance's report to the Company in 1869, he estimated the whole number of Indians on the Reserve at 300, of which number only 140 were Protestants ; he also stated that the number was not increasing. In 1871 the Rev. James Chance removed to the Tuscarora station, and the Company gave up its mission on the Garden River Reserve. „. In 1879 a grant of £5 a year was made to the Shmgwauk Home on this Reserve. This grant has been continued each subsequent year. ,^.? i:^^:\^ -■-:!■ THE NEW ENaLAND COlirANY. 49 IV. BRITISH COLUMBIA. ">^' In 1870 the Company made two grants of £50 each towards the salaries of teachers at Indian schools at Cowichan, in Vancouver Island, and Lytton, on the mainland ; but no further application was made for them, therefore the Company gave no other contributions to British Columbia till the Rev. Robert James Roberts landed in Vancouver Island from Cayuga in 1878. After visiting various parts it was finally determined that the best place for the Company's work would be in the Straits of Georgia, and the Rev. R. J. Roberts settled there in March 1880. In June 1881 the Company purchased a farm as a Mission station on Kuper Island, in the Straits of Georgia, about five miles from Vancouver Island. This is the only farm on which a white man could live, as the whole of the rest of the island is Indian land. In 1882 the Company provided the Rev. R. J. Roberts with a small sailing vessel to enable him to visit the adjacent islands and mainland. Before the end of 1881 a school-house was built to serve for congregational as well as for educational purposes. Mrs. Roberts became the schoolmistress. The school attendance was increasing in numbers and regularity, and the congrega- tion at the Sunday services was also gradually increasing. D THE ORIGIN AND nUCENT IIISTOIIY OF Much work was done in 1882 and 1883 in clearing the ground round the Mission house, in which Mr. Percy Roberts, the missionary^B son, assisted considerably. In 1883 it was decided to enlarge the Mission houses to supply accommodation for the I?3V. K. J. Roberts and family. •S*' -I:;. r -; r •V"- .,.At'"'-:J.xi V ■i *.'■': k'if «-:,,( :: ■('.>; THE NEW ENaLAND COMPANY. fll OCCASIONAL GRANTS. Besides the above stations, for the management and main- tenance of which the Company is responsible, grants of money have been made at various times and in different places, gene- rally for some special purpose. Some of the grants are as follows : Bay of QuinU, Canada. — This station is situate on the north side of Lake Ontario, about forty miles to the west of the City of Kingston. A considerable number of Indians, of the Mohawk nation, have been settled there since the War of Independence, on the tract of land granted to them by the British Government after peace was concluded. A missionary has, for forty years and more, been stationed there, who has been independent of the Company. But the Company, on the recommendation of the Rev. Dr. Stewart (afterwards Bishop of Quebec) in 1821, made its first grant for a schoolmaster at this station. In 1828 the Company increased its grant to i^45 a year, for the salary of a sclioolmaster under the missionary's super- intendence. This grant was made almost every year until 1874, and from time to time sums have been granted towards special purposes, such as building a new church, providing an organ, purchasing books for the school, &c. In 1879 the Company gave a grant of £>'2o towards the D 2 nSBRHt THE ORIGIN AND KECENT HISTORY OF erection of a fifth school at this station. £50 a year has been given since towards the salary of the teacher. The Indians at the Bay of Quinte are among the most intelligent of the tribes, and are indefatigable in their efforts to promote the cause of education in their midst. West Indies. — For many years the Company made large appropriations towards the advancement of the Christian religion amongst Indians, Blacks, and Pagans in the West Indies. Between the years 1823 and 1829, £3,500 were devoted to this object, and during the succeeding ten years the following amounts were so appropriated : — Jamaica St. Christopher's Nevis Virgin Islands .... Society for the Conversion of Negroes . [X'3,600 1,300 1,300 300 1,800 £8,300 ^v^ Since that time, owing to their extensive operations in Canada, the Company has been unable to devote any large portions of its funds in these quarters. Occasional grants have been made in individual cases which were though! specially deserving of assistance ; but these cases have been comparatively few, the most noteworthy being that of Dr. Waldron. Mr. Derwent Waldron, a native of Jamaica, being anxious to be trained as a doctor, the Company granted him from 1871 to 1879 in all £300, towards his education at Edin- burgh, where, in the latter year, he took his degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Master of Surgery. Since that time he has practised at Basseterre, in the island of St. THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. 53 ^' S-^ Christopher, West Indies, and subsequently at Elrnina, on the Gold Coast, West Africa. Red River Settlement, Canada. — In 1868 it was deter- mined to grant £25 a year for three years to the Bishop of Kupert's Land, for the education of one boy at the Collegiate School in the Red Eiver Settlement, and £50 a year for three years for the education of a young man at the St. John's Theological College. This latter grant was never used, but a boy was kept at the school for three years on the former grant. The funds of the Company did not allow of its longer continuance. Sarnia and Walpole Island, Canada. — In 1869 and 1870 grants were given to this mission towards assisting the missionary, and also towards building a brick church at Sarnia for the Indians. Prizes also for encouraging agricul- ture amongst the natives have been given by the Company, through the missionary at Sarnia, at different times between 1870 and 1881. South Africa.— In 1869, 1870, and 1871, £20 each year was given to Miss Colenso's schools for Zulu children, near Pietermaritzburg, in Natal. Sashatchewan, Canada. — In 1874 a grant was made to the Bishop of Saskatchewan of £50 towards a training school, which was carried on successfully for a short time, but had to be given up for want of funds. Middlesex County, Canada. — In 1874 the Company made a grant of £10. 10s. a year towards the establishment of an Indian school, to be expended by the Rev. H. P. Chase, the Church of England missionary, and other smaller sums have been granted since towards its maintenance. The school was successfully taught by an Indian teacher. 54 THE HISTOBT OF THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. In 1878 a grant of £100, to be paid in four annual instalments, was made to the Bishop of Huron, towards the establishment of a University for both White and Indian students for the ministry of the Church of England in Canada, to be called the "Western University of London, and a further sum of £21 was given to him in 1882 for the same purpose. -^v «i TV -*',.•■■> •j:t 'l,.V^i r.i NEW ENGLAND COMPANY'S CHARTEK, 7iH FEBRUARY, 1661-2. -♦*♦- Charles the Second, by the grace of God, King of England^ Scotland, France^ and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, «fec. to all to whom these presents shall come, greeting. * Whereas, by the severall naviga- ' Preamble, cions, discoveries, and successful plantacions of diverse of our loving subjects of this our realme of England, the empire and dominion of us and our royall pro- genitors and predecessors, hath, by the blessing of Almighty God, byn augmented and enlarged, as well upon the maine land and continent of America, as upon severall islands and promontories thereof; and the trade and commerce between England and those colonies and plantacions hath of late yeares byn very much encreased, and by reason thereof, and of the paines and industry of certeine English ministers of the Gospell, and others resideing in or neare our colonies and plantacions in New England, who having attained to speake the language of the heathen native 56 NEW ENGLAND COMPANY'S CHARTER. Eoyal resolution. Object. in those partes, have by their ^teaching and instruc- cions, brought over many of them from the power of darkeness and the kingdome of Sathan, to the know- ledge of the true and only God, and to an owninge and professing of the Protestant religion, whereof we have of late byn more fully informed by the humble peticion of divers ministers, and others our loving subjects, now residing in this our kingdome of England ; and although a large dore of hope be hereby opened to us for the glorifying of the name of Jesus Christ, and the farther enlargement of his church ; yet unless some due and competent provision be made to lay a foun- dacion for the educating, cloathing, civilizing, and instructing the poore natives, and allsoe for the sup- porte and maintenance of such ministers of the Gospell, schoolmasters, and other instruments, as have byn, are, or shall bee sett apart and employed for the carryinge on of soe pious and Christian a worke, the same may be much retarded, and a worke, soe happily begun, discouraged, those planters whoe first began and con- tributed largely thereunto, being of themselves unable to beare the whole charge thereof : ^ And whereas wee are resolved not only to seeke the outward welfare and prosperity of those colonies, by puttinge an industrious people into a way of trade and comerce, that they may bee imployed and improved for their owne and the comon benefitt of these our kingdomes ; but more especially to endeavour the good and salvacion of their imortall soules, and the publishing the most glorious G-ospell of Christ imongst them : ^ And to the end that such our loving subjects, as either have already been aidinge herein, or as shall hereafter be willing to con- ir •*^- NEW ENGLAND COMPANY'S CHARTER. 57 1 •-.V- tribute hereunto, may not be discouraged in their intended charitie, for want of sufficient authority and patronage from us, faithfully to order and dispose all and every summe and summes of money, goods, chattells, lands, tenements, or hereditaments, that have byn, or shall or may be given for the purposes aforesaid : * Know yee, that wee of our princely pyety, and for * Operative i art. the further propagacion of the Gospell of Jesus Christ amongst the heathen natives in or neare New England, and the parts adjacent, in America, and for the better civilizinge, educatinge, and instructinge of the said heathen natives in learning, and in the knowledge of the true and only God, and in the Protestant religion, already owned and publiquely professed by diverse of them ; and for the better encouragement of such others of them as shall embrace the same, and of them and their posterities after them, to abide, and contynue in, and hold fast the said profession, of our especiall grace, certaine knowledge, and meere mocion ; and for diverse other good and pious causes and consideracions us thereunto especially moving, Moe for us, our heires * Company err at cd. and successors, will, ordeine, constitute and declare, by these presents, that there be, and for ever here- after shall be, within this our kingdome of England, a Society or Company for propagacion of the Gospell in New England, and the parts adjacent, in America. And further we doe for us, our heires and successors, will, ordeine, constitute and appoint, that ^ our right * First mtmLcrs trusty and right well beloved cosin and councellor Edward Earle of Clarindon, Lord Chancellor of England, our right trusty and right well beloved cosin and councellor Thomas Earle of Southampton, 58 NEW ENGLAND COMPANl's CHARTER. Lord High Treasurer of England^ our right trusty and right well beloved councellor John Lord RobertSj Lord Privy Scale, our right trusty and right well beloved cosin and councellor George Duke of Albemarle, our right trusty and right well beloved cosin and coun- cellor James Duke of Ormond, our right trusty and right well beloved cosin and councellor Edward Earle of Manchester, Lord Chamberlaine of our Household, our right trusty and right well beloved cosin and councellor Arthur Earle of Anglesey, our right trusty and well beloved councellor William Viscount Say and Scale, our well beloved Francis Warner, Alder- man of London, Erasmus Smith, Esq. Hem^y Ash- hurst, Richard Hutchinson, Joshuah Woolnough, George Gierke, Thomas Speed, Thomas Bell, John Rolfe, citizens of London, our trusty and well beloved Robert Boyle, Esq. Sir William Thompson, Sir Wil- liam Bateman, Sir Anthony Bateman, Sir Theophitus Biddolph, Sir Laiurence Bromfield, Knight, Tempest Milner, William Love, William Peake, aldermen of London, Thomas Foley, Esq. Thomas Cox, John Micklethwayte, Edmond Trench, doctors in physicke, and our well beloved Charles Doyley, Thomas Staynes, John Jurian, William Antrobus, John Bathurst, Harman Sheafe, Thomas Gillibrand, James Hayes, John Benboive, Laivrence Bnnsley, Barnabas Meares, John Acrod, John Dockett, Edivard Boscowen, and Martin Noell, citizens of London, be the first members and persons whereof the said company shall consist ; And that they the said Edivard Earle of Clarindon, Thomas Earle of Southton, John Lord Roberts, George Duke of Albemarle, James Duke of OrmovS, Edward -■»> NEW ENGLAND COMPANY'S CHARTER. 59 i-.-t ' Earle of Manchester, Arthur Earle of Anglesey, Wil- liam Viscount Say and Seale, Francis Warner, Erasmus Smith, Henry Ashurst, Richard Hutchinson, Joshuah Woolnough, George Clarke, Thomas Speed, Thomas Bell, John Rolfe, Robert Boyle, Sir William Thompson, Sir William Bateman, Sir Anthony Bate- man, Sir Theophilus Biddolph, Sir Lawrence Brom- field. Tempest MUlner, William Love, William Peake, Thomas Foley, Thomas Cox, John Micklethwaite, Edmond Tre7ich, Charles Doyley, Thomas Staynes, John Julian, William Antrobus, John Bathurst, Harman Sheaf e, Thomas Gillibrand, James Hayes, John Benbowe, Lawrence Brinsley, Barnabas Meares, John Acrod, John Dockett, Edward Boscowen, and Martin Noell, and their successors, to be hereafter chosen into the said Company, in such manner as is hereafter in these presents directed, for ever hereafter bee, and shall bee by virtue of these presents, one body corporate and politique, in deed and in name, and shall have contynuance for ever by the name of the Com- pany for Propagacion of the Gospell in New England, and the parts adjacent, in Ataerlca ; and them the said Edward Earle of Clarindon, Thomas Earle of Southton, John Lord Roberts, George Duke of Albe- marie, James Duke of Ormond, Edward Earle of Manchester, Arthur Earle of Anglesey, William Vis- count Say and Scale, Francis Watmer, Erasmus Smith, Henry Ashurst, Richard Hutchinson, Joshuah Woolnough, George Clarke, Thomas Speed, Thomas Bell, John Rolfe, Robert Boyle, Sir William Thompson, Sir William Bateman, Sir Anthony Bateman, Sir Theophilus Bidolph,^ix Lawrence Bromfield, Tempesz mam If! 60 NEW ENGLAND COMPANY'S CHARTER. Mil/ner, William Love, William Peake, Thomas Foley, Thomas Cox, John Micklethwaite, Edmond Trench, Charles Doyley, Thomas Staynes, John Juryan, Wil- liam Antrohus, John Bathurst, Harman Sheafe, Thomas Gillibrand, James Hayes, John Benbowe, Lawrence BHnsley, Barnabas Meares, John Acrod, John Dockett, Edivard Boscowen, and Martin Noell, and their successors, by the name of the Company for Propagacion of the Gospell in New England, and the Incorpiiration of Partes adjacent in America, ^ wee doe for us, our heires forty-five members. ^^^ successors, fully and really create, erecte, make, ordeine, establish, constitute and appoint, to be one body corporate and politique, to have continuance for ever to them and their successors ; And that by the same name they and their successors shall and may have perpetuall succession, and from time to time, as occasion shall require, assemble and meet together in Miutiiigs in London, some ^convenient place within the city of London, for the ends aforesaid; And that they and their suc- cessors, by the name of the Company for Propagacion of the Gospell in New England, and the Parts ad- jacent, in America, be for ever hereafter persons able and capable in the lawe to purchase, take, have, hold, receive and injoy, any mannors, lands, tenements, liberties, priviledges, jurisdiccions, and hereditaments, whatsoever, of v?hat kinde, quality, or nature soever they be, situate and being either within our king- dome of England, or elsewhere within any other our dominions and territories, to them and their succes- sors, in fee and perpetuity, or for terme of life or lives, or yeares, or otherwise, in what sorte soever, see as the same exceed not in lands and hereditaments of M i NEW ENGLAND COMPANY S CHARTER. $1 inheritance the cleare yearly value of two thousand pounds ; The statute for not putting of lands or tene- ments in mortmaine, or anything therein contained, or any otlier act or statute to the contrary notwith- standing. And allsoe all manner of goods and chattels, sume and sumes of money, and other things what- soever, of what nature or quality soever they be ; And alsoe to give and grant, demise, lett, assigne, alien, and dispose of all or any of the said mannors, lands, tenements or hereditaments, goods or chattels; And allsoe to doe, performe and execute, all and every other lawfuU act and acts, thing and things whatso- ever, ^by the name of the Company for Propagacion of » Name of Company, the Gospell in Neiu England, and the parts adjacent, in America. And further, that the said Company and their successors, by the name aforesaid, shall and may be persons able and capable in the law to plead and to be impleaded, to answer and to be answered unto, to defend and to be defended, in what court or courts soever, and before any judges or justices, and other persons, and officers of us, our heires and successors, whatsoever, in all and singular accions, pleas, suits, plaints, matters and demands, of what kind, nature, or quality soever they be or shall be, in the same, and in the like, and in as ample manner and forme, as any other the people of this our kingdome of England, or any other body corporate or politique, within the same our kingdome may or can have, hold, take, pur- chase, possess, enjoy, retaine, give, grant, demise, lett, alien, dispose, assigne, plead and be impleaded, answer and be answered unto, defend or be defended, doe, performe or execute ; And that they the said Company mSSSOBBOB 1^ I > ll 62 NEW ENGLAND COMPANY'S CHARTER. '" Power of Governor, •with twelve or more other members of the Company, to appoint, niter, and make new the Company's seal. ' ' Object of Governor's appointment for the better ordering and managi ng of the affairs and business of Com- pany. '* Governor to be a member of Company. " Duration of Gover- nor's appointment so long lis he shall well demean himself in his office and place. '* Power of Governor to summon any court or meeting of Com- pany. •* First Governor the Hon. Robert Boyle. for the Propagacion of the Gospell in Netv England, and the parts adjacent, in America, and their suc- cessors, shall and may for ever hereafter have a comon seale to serve and use for all causes, matters, things, and affaires whatsoever, of them and their successors ; '"And that it shall and may be lawful! to and for any thirteen or more of them, whereof the Governour of the said Company for the time being to be one, to appoint, alter, and make new the said seale from time to time, at their wills and pleasures, as they shall think fit. And further we will and ordeine, and by these presents for us, our heires and successors, doe declare and appoint, "that there be for the better ordering and managinge of the affaires and business of the said Company, and their successors, and for ever shall be, *^ one of the members of the said Company, and their successors, who shall be and shall be called the Governor of the said Company ; And to hold the said office and place of Governor of the said Company, and their successors, '^ soe long as he the said Governor shall well demeane himselfe in the said office and place ; '^ And that the said Governor shall have hereby power, from time to time, to sumon or cause to be sumoned any court or meeting of the said Company, as often as occasion shall require. '^ And wee doe for us, our heires and successors, assigne, name, constitute, and appoint the aforesaid Robert Boyle to be the first and present Governour of the said Company and their suc- cessors, to hold and exercise the said ofiSce for soe long time as he the said Robert Boyle shall well behave himselfe therein; And therefore wee will, and by these presents for us, our heires and successors^ doe give and I -4*5^ ( NEW ENGLAND COMPANY S CUARTSB. 63 --MT- grant unto the said Company for Propagacion of the Gospell in New England, and the Parts adjacent, in AmeHca, and their successors, "^ that upon the death '« Removnl of Uovn-- or removall of the said Governor for the time being, "r'^any thirteonrfor whom for evil ijovernment, frequent neglect of attend- ''^'^ government, fro- , . quent neglect of at- ance, or any other just and reasonable cause, wee will, tendance, or any other , , ,v A J r 1 • J just and rensonablo and by these presents doe tor us, our heires and sue- cause. cessors, declare, shall and may from time to time be removed by the said company, or any thirteen of them ; 'Ut shall and may be lawfuU to and for the said com- " Election and choice pany, or any thirteen of them, as aforesaid, at their pany or thirteen mem- wills and pleasures to elect and choose any other mem- ^^^^' bers of the said company, for the time being, into the place of such governor as shall be dead or removed as aforesaid, to hold and exercise the said office or place whereunto he shall be soe elected and chosen as afore- said, for soe longe time as he shall and doe respec- tively well demeane himself therein; '®and allsoe, in "In Governor's al- r. ,, 1 r- ii /-( i» ji ■• sence meetings camiot case ot the absence oi the uovernor for the time ^ell be summoned or being, whereby either the meetings of the said com- ^^^^^' ^^ ^^^°e «""!- oi J o moned, cannot pro- pany cannot well be sumoned or held, or being sumoned eeedoract. ButTrea- , , i. i.1- • ii, i. iv J.1 J. surer empowered to cannot proceed or act therein, that then the trea- summon nieetings and surer of the said company for the time being, to be ^^'^ members em- '^ *' ° powered to appoint a chosen as hereafter is expressed, shall and hath hereby Governor for the pre- power and authority to Sumon such meetings; and then any five or more of the said company, soe meeting together, shall and may have power to appoint one of the said members, soe meeting, to supply the place and office of the governor for the present. And to the end allsoe the said company may have continuall succession, and may be the better suppiyed from time to time hereafter with fitt and able persons to be members of I 64 NEW ENGLAND COMPANI S CHAUTER. the said company, in the place and places of such the present members of the said company herein above named, or of any others that shall hereafter be chosen to be members of the said company, and shall hereafter happen to dye, or as shall by reason of their owne affaires or otherwise desire to be discharged, or other- wise shall be removed from being any longer members of the said company, wee doe likewise for us, our heires and successors, by these presents givo and grant unto the said Company for Propagacion of the Gospell in New Englandf and the parts adjacent, in Amerlcaf and their successors, that it shall and may be lawful! to and for the said Governor for the time being, and company, and their successors, or any thirteen or more of them, whereof the Governor for the time being to "Power of Governor, be One, '^ to discharge or remove any such person or witli any twelve or ^ t. more, to discharge or persons from being any longer member or members of remove members .1 .j n -i ji,ti j i. the said company as aforesaid ; and by like order, at new their wills and pleasures, ^° to admitt into the said company, in the place of any of the said member or members that shall be dead or removed as aforesaid, any other or soe many fitt and discreet person and persons, as they shall see cause, soe as the number of the said person and persons to be at anytime hereafter newly admitted, and to be members of the snid com- pany, together with the then rem; 'nin memt^ rs of the said company for the time 1 uoe not in the whole exceed the number of five a. orty persons. And further wee will and ordeine, and by the= presents for us, our heires and successors, doe give auil grant unto the sai-i Company for propagatinge of the Gospell in New England^ and the parts adjacent, in Amerioaf -" and aimit momLers, f NEW ENGLAND COMPANY £i CUAUTER. 65 and their successors, that they or any thirteen or more of them, whereof the Governor of the said company for the time being to be one, "' shall and may elect and choose one or more fitt and able person and persons, member or members of the said company, to be ^ v. irer or treasurers of the said company for the time being ; and one fitt person to be clerke of the said company, to write and serve for the affaires of the said company and their successors ; "^"^ and all and every such other fitt person and persons and officers, as they shall find meet and necessary, to be serviceable and usefuU unto them in such matters and affaires touching and concern- ing the said company and their successors, as he or they shall be employed in, and as they shall see cause, and to allow them such salaries and allowances in execution of the said respective places as they shall thinke meet ; '^^ and the said treasurer and treasurers, clerke, and all other officers as aforesaid, to be soe chosen by them, for reasonable and just cause to dis- place and remove out of their place or places, and other meet persons in their or any of their places, at the pleasure and discrecon of the said company and their successors, or any nine or more of them, soe mett and assembled, to choose and elect. And wee doe likewise for us, our heires and successors, by these presents further give and grant unto the said company and their successors, ^^ that the said company and their successors, or any nine or more of them, whereof the Governor of the said company for the time being to be alwaies one, shall and may have full power and authority, by virtue of these presents, to make, ordeine, constitute, appoint and sett downe, from time to time, '" to elect nnil choose one ur muro fit mid able pemon or pei'foiis, member or mombci's of tht) Company, to bo treasurer or trea- surers ; one lit porNon to bo elerk of Com- pany, to write iind ser^'e for tho attuirN of Compiuiy. '" Power of Govern"", with twelve or more other nienil)ers, to elect and choose otliui- officers ; to allow tliuiu salaries and allow- ances; " to elect and choose successors to the trea- surer, clerk, and other officers, by a majority of nine or more, and to displace and re- move the treasurer, clerk, and other offi- cers, for reasonable and just cause, ^* Power of Governor, with eight or more other members, to make, ordain, consti- tute, appoint, and set down from time to time, such reasonable acts, orders, instruc- tions and constitu- tions in writing, as ■i 66 NJiW ENGLAKl) COMrAN\\S CHARTEll. k- I sliivll soem necessary or convenient for the support of Company, Hiid for directing how the governor, trea- surer, clfrk, and other officers shall demean themselves in their offices, and for manag- ing, ordering, and dis- posing the manors, lands, leases, tene- ments, heroditiimonts, goods, chattels, money or stock of the Com- pany, and for all inci- dental matters or any affairs of Company; " to alter such acts, orders, &e. ** Power of Governor, with five or more other members, on emergent occasions to allow in- cidental charges of such reasonable acts, orders, instruccons and constitu- cons, in writeing, as to them, or any nine or more of them, whereof the Governor of the said company for the time being to be allwaies one, shall seeme fitt, good, wholesome, proffitable, honest, necessary and convenient, according to their sound discretions, for the support of the said company and their successors, and for directing how and in what manner the said governor, treasurer and treasurers, clerke, and other officers and persons for the time being, trusted and to be trusted and employed by the said company and their successors, shall and ought to demeane, beare, and carry themselves in their offices, places, and trusts respec- tively ; and for and concerning the managing, ordering, and disposing all and every the mannors, lands, leases, tenements, hereditaments, goods, chattels, money, or stocke of the said company and their successors, and for and concerning all and every other matters and things incident unto, or that shall or may concerne the same or any other the matters or affaires of the said company and their successors; "and the same acts, orders, instruccons and constitucons, soe made and to be made, to revoke, alter or change, and others or new ones to agree, make, ordeine, constitute, appoint, and sett downe in writeing as aforesaid, as they, or any nine or more of them as aforesaid, shall see cause, soe as the said acts, orders, instruccons, and constitucons, or any of them, be not repugnant or contrary to the lawes and statuts of England, but thereunto conformable and agreeable. ^° Nevertheless, our intent and mea)iing is, that the Governor of the said Company for the time being, with any five or more of , NEW ENGLAND COMPANY'ft! CHAllTER. 67 tlie other members of the same, shall have power from meetings and other .. necessary expenses. time to time, upon all emergent occasions, to allow ot all incident charges for and touching the meetings of the said Company, and other necessary expences, for the better managing of the affaires of the said Company. And to the end that the yearly revenue, issues, and profitts of all and every the mannors, lands, leases, tenements and hereditaments, and allsoe the goods, chattells, money, and stock of the said Company and their successors, may from time to time be faithfully layed out, disposed, imployed, and applied for the promoteing and propagating of the Gospell of Christ unto and amongst the heathen natives in or neare Neiu England, and parts adjacent, in America ; and allsoe for civilizing, teaching, and instructing the said heathen natives and their children, not only in the principles and knowledge of the true religion, and in morality, and the knowledge of the English tongue, and in other liberall arts and sciences, but for the educating and placing of them or their children in some trade, mistery, or lawfull calling, 2^vee doe ordeine, " Power of Governor, ' '' 111, orthirteenof theLi>m- and for us, our heires and successors, doe by these pany, to appoint com- presents give and grant full power and authority to the missioners in America. said Governor, or any thirteen or more of the said Com- pany, for the time being, under the comon scale of the said Company and their successors, from time to time to nominate, constitute and appoint, such and soe many litt and meet person and persons, resideing in or neare any of the colonies or plantacons In Neiu England aforesaid, and parts adjacent, in AniPrica, to be commis- sioners for and on the behalf of the said Company and their successors, to treat, contract, and agree with such B 2 68 NEW ENGLAND COMPANY'^ CIIAllTEIi. ministers, schoolemasters, and others, resideing and to reside in any of the parts aforesaid, for such sallaries, allowances and recompences, to be from time to time made, given, and paid to them, and every of them, for their labour, paines, and industry, to be taken by them, and every of them, in the duties and imployments aforesaid ; and allsoe to treate, contract, and agree with any other person or persons there for cloathes, bookes, tooles, implements and other necessaries, for the civilizing, imploying, eim, jun. Sir Robert Muunsey Rulfe (afterwards Lord Cliuncellor Cranworth). William Wansey. 1 i I sa^rmmim'mw'mmm THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. dr. icr Date of Election. 30th October, 1838. 18th June, 183'J. 28th Juno, 1844. 1:3th August, 1844. 21st July, 18l'8. •2nd Anofiist, l>i.^O. 25th July, 1861. 18th March, 1853. 11th May, 1855. Ic^th May, 1>^57. 22nd June, 185!>. IGth May, 18»'>U. Benjamin Wood. Sir Matthew Wood, Dart., M.R Benjamin Smith, M.P. William Speir, M.l). William Stratton. William Fuller Maitland. John Paget. Edward Esdaile. James Meyer. William Soltan. Thomns Tookp. jim, Tiicinuis > i ilisoii. Thitriifis V;it(' liee. .■^ii 111 I If! .'*^iill\-. James lleywuod, M.P., F.R.S. William Hammond Solly. (!harles .lohnston. James Wliatman Bo.sauquet. Edward I'oi-d. .lames Spencer Bell. Thomas C!urtis. Tliomas Field Gibson. Samuel Stratton. Fullei':\lail land Wilson. lit. Hon. N'lscount Bury, P.C., K.C.M.G. (previously Superintendent Clenetal of Indian Affairs, Canada, and after- wards M.P., Under Secretary of State for War, and Baron Asliford). 1 88 THE NEW ExNGLAND COMPANY. Date of Election. IGth May, 1860. John Stratton Fuller. Richard Martineau. I)!l IP '' 13th June, 18G1. 18th March, 1867. Edward Mash Bi-owell. Francis Le Breton. Sir James Carter, Knt. (late Lord Chief Justice of New Brunswick). Robert Nicholas Fowler (afterwards M.P. and Alderman). John Gurney Hoare. William Lawrence, M.P., Alderman. Isaac Solly Lister. Russell Scott. John Warren. 23rd December, 1868. Henry Carrington Bowles Bowles, John Harman. 80th June, 1869. Henry John Lister. William Solly. 2oth January, 1870. Philip Twells (afterwards M.P.). 17th June, 1870 3rd July, 1872. Wadswortli Dawson Busk. John Walker Ford. Sir James Clarke Lawrence, Bart., M.P. and Alderman. Hon. Amos Edwin Botsford, Senator of the Dominion of Canada. Solomon Youmans Chesley Swann Hurrell. Hon. Henry Lewis Noel. Robert Needham Philips, M.P. Arthur Isaac Solly. Froome Talfourd. THE NEW ENGLAND COMPANY. 89 k Dale of Eleclion, 3rd July, 1872. 1st April, 1874. 25th May, 1876. William Whiteford. Robert Money Wigram. Thomas Teshmaker Busk. Herman Paul David Meyer. David Ainsworth (afterwards M.P.). Henry George Ashhurst. 23rd November, 1876. Russell Scott, jun. Thomas Pickard Warren, jun. 7th March, 1878. 29th June, 1881. 1st August, 1883. 8fch October, 1883. Staunton William Preston. Henry Herbert Browell. John Rae, M.D., F.R.S. George Heath. Duncan Milligau, Marlborough Robert Pryor. Henry Reynolds Solly. William Benjamin Carpenter, C.B., LL.D., M.D., F.R.S. i\' H O) a ^ I 4r- .t..-^- TAHLE (JF COiNTKNTS Q CI 1 PAGE John l<]liot\s liifo and Works 5 Act of Ordinanco ...... 8 Order iii Council 13 Further Missionary "Work in New England 36 Work in New Brunswick ...... 17 Funds and Business Arrangements of the Company . 18 Missionary Stations of the Company . 21 Grand River Station . 22 Division of Grand River Station 36 Mohawk Station and Tnstitntiuti . 36 Triscjiroi'M Still ii 111 38 Kanye';ij4'i.'h Slut ion 39 Cayuga Station , 41 Rice and Chemong Lakes Station s . 43 Garden River Station . 47 British Columbia . 49 Occasional Grants . 51 Bay of Quinte . 51 West Indies . 52 Red River . . 53 « Sarnia and Walpole island . 53 South Africa . 53 Saskatchewan . 53 Middlesex County . 53 Charter .... . 55 Governors .... . 73 Treasurers .... . 74 ^Members .... ■^ >.'««* IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I '"1 ■ 50 " ^ 1^ M IIIIIIS IM 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 J4 < 6" - ► V] ■> M o 7 Photographic Sciences Corporation S ■^^ S. ^ \ \\ i^' # O <''^^<> V -wC «-- -^^^ m ( ! Map OF The IN THE COUNTIES OF CANADA. °;i?'*"^ Shownn* Uic Si(ua(ioti of eveiy Indian At* Hitleiicc ' wiihiii U»c lU'Sit-vv. prepaied Tiy the hev* R J Roberts ^lisHionury at Kauyca^h. 1869. **V5>r:Co,! ^"^^M ^s?^:W,.w\co6i liiHiiiiS