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Les diagrammes suivants illustrant la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 v-'^ T THE UNITED STATES UNMASKED. A SEARCH INTO THt CAUSES or THE RISE AND PROGRESS or These States, A.VU AN EXPOSURE OV THKIR PRESENT MATERIAL AND MORAL CONDITION. BV G. MANIGAULT. London, Ontario: .». H. Vivian, :U)8 fLAREsct Stkket. 1878. Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, by G. Manigault, in the oflice of the Minister of Agriculture. VIVIAN, STIiKHOTVPER, LONDON, ONT. the year lOAULT, PREFACE. The author of this little book lately made several efforts to get it publisher! in the Unite», to which they have little claim. There is indeed much in the history and progress of tliis nu»nster republic to excite? the wonder of the worM. Not even ImixM-ial, and later. Papal Romo ever exercised, by the mere ft>rce of opinion disseminated from it as a centre, a wider ann of natuial advant^ig«'s built up the })rosj)enty of these states. ',\. Tliat tlu^ natural anst strongly characterized by their unblushing polit- ical, social and financial corruj)tion. I C'llAPTKIi II. Tin' CiiVKVH of t}n' roft'nf Pi'Of/i'CHs tnnl Pt'oHftrrif// nf fhr thirteen Knyttsh ColmtirH ii'lnch Ihthuh' Sfatrs. Aint'i'ica was lon«jf and is still, at tiiiu's, calk'tl i\w NfW World, a name convct only in this sense: it was newlv known to tln' people of Europe, and tliut l»i«;lier eivilizii- tion, lonj;- existin that the S|)aniards, runnini,' after the 'ujiiis fafutis of an pjl dorado in tropical America, had got the start of them l»y their coiKpiests in tlu^ West Indies, and in Mexi(.'o and Peru. But for that, the prospect of speedy ^^ain, in its most tempting form, would have
  • ers, roamed over rather than oecu- r.NMASKKl). pied the country. Tliis rare. Immv at least, hail not ad- vanc«' towaids hceoiiiin^ a })astoral ]K'()])1<'. havin*;' doni('sticateetween the Atlantic and the far west did not fuiiiish one soul to the s(piare mile. It is true that this savaije race fiercely resisted the intrusion of the foreigners ui)on their huntinir ut hv this the colonies gained far more than thev lost. This slender cord(;n of hostile savaody p(jlitic. It must not he forgotten that, however necessary government may l>e in eveiy phase of society, it is always a hurden and restraint, toleiated only as a safeecome hunters anye(l ^ome of the earlier eol( mil's .' THE INITKD STATIvS This cordon of .sava<^e enemies maintained the martial energies of the earliei- settU'i-s by eallini^ tliem at times into activity; while it preserved their civil orjjfanization. their social relations, and their industry, hy drivintr them to avail themselves of the agricultural, pastoral, and syl- van resources already in their possession, or easily within their reach; thus establishing the colony on a soli«l, prof- itable and permanent footing, tending rapidly to enable it to sustain itself against all enemies. The truth is that, in spite of the bloody and disastrous Indian wars, of which we hear so much in colonial history, a.s so. The Spanisli colonies in America st'om to ha VI' made little pro«,Mi'ss in civilization ; and of late, after half a century of freedom from tho domination of old Spain, their course seems to l»c rather retro^nade than progressive. More than two centuries liave passed since tlu' Eu'^lisli l»e«^an to make those territorial acquisitions in India, which now enduuce the whole antl more than the whole of tliat givat and fertile peninsula. Yet the Dritons in India are, to tliis day, hut an army of occuj)ation, <,'arri- .soninj; tJie stn>ni;-hol,i Knj^land, and their Anglo-Saxon followers, in tlu'ir •xpo- (litions to Ireland in the twelfth eentury, had found it an uninhabited country, in no lonjr time thev would have added to the dominions of th<' English soveieigns territories ecjuivalent to thirty English counties, differ- ing little in the character of their population, and in the cidture and development of their resources, from th«- fifty-two counties of England and W.ales. (ireat as the wealth and power of England were even then, these thirty new counties, homogeneous with those east of the narrow Irish Sea, becoming jiractically a ])art of the kinudom of England, would have added more than one- half to its power: and Iieland would have been as much and more akin to England than Northumberland to Kent. Jjut as it was, Ireland has proved to England as much a source of weakness as of strength. The invaders from I'ji'dand found Ireland, in the twelfth centurv, already (»ccuj)ied by a numerous people in the occupation of the soil ; and they i)ersistently, although unsuccessfidly, re- sistext«'niiinate«l. but only siil»jeete«i. multiplied in spite of the sul»j«"et position they held in their own country ; find th»*v eiii^rossed all the lalM)rious and lower occupations fonuin;^ an impassable barrier to the influx of colonists who mit^ht have broULjht EngliNh industry, arts, habits, and idras into Ireland. In the earlier half of this century the j)opulatiim rosr to much more than ei;;ht millions, of which nunilM-r seven nnllions were of Celtic blood, and not on«- and a half millions wei*- the descendauus of the armed or of the pacitic invaders of the country centuries aj'o — Ireland was Irish still. It is only since about the midilh- of this century that famine and other powerful inHueiices, amon«{ which the chief v.as the increased facilities and inducemmts to emigration, have cut down the population of Irtdand by nearly three millions. One would hav*- stipposed that Irehmd would be now less Iri.sh than it wa**. Hut the dominant people have utterly faileil to assimilate the Iri.sh to themselves. The anim«>sitv of th«' ( 'eltic Irish against the English and their connection with England, and yet more against the class in their own coJintry who, although with them there for centuries, have not Income one with them, (and whom they .still call Saxons never was, perhaps, more intense tlian at this day. When we consider the uttiT failure ofthe Euirlish to colonize India,and their slow and .sma'l success in coloniz- ing Ireland, where complete and sjieedy success seemed certain; and when we contrast thes<* faihm's with tluir unrivalled and wonderful succe.s.s in North America, wr must see tliat great natural and social causi*s placed in- 12 TMK rMTKI) STATKS. >dueation, continiiinyf this for LC»'n«'iations, and still sp.aking of England as 'home.' And such it still w;us in the hest sense ; for from thence was drrivrd almost all that was worth pres«'rving in politieal. social, and in- tellectual attaiinuents. For in religion, law, letti'i-s, morals, manners, America, with all its claims to invent- ing an«l cajiacity for ap}>ropriating. has done little to im- prove, much to corrupt that which it has derived from England. The earlier emigrants, notstiictly English, who soutrht litions hio-hlv ilesirahle in this new countrv. hut were not mnnerous enouifh to chanjje materiallv tin- eharaeter of tlu' population. On the levocation of the edict of Nantes, in 1() jK'i'Nrcution for tln-ir faitli. Many lowlaiKl StMjtcli. ami Soott'li-Irisli from tin* North-t-ast of Ireland, zvalons Protestants antianity was re- itresented l»v Pnjtestant elmrehes: Marvland or ijither iiciltiiiiore and its neiuhl>ourho<»l iK-inir the only settle- nient where th«' Celtic race and tlie church of Rome wen* strongly represented. The government with whieh the colonists wen- in actual and daily contict. on all the most vital points of political and social life, was the colonial government of each colonv. Thesr* had lM.'en nirxlelled aft4*r that of (ireat Britiiin : ann of independence of the British crown. Internally the cliange was not great ; the political and legal institution-- of the individual statf's continuing to hear the marks of their Anglo-Saxon origin, not only stamped upon them, hut interwoven in their fihre. The Anglo-Saxon race. long and overwhelm- ingly pre«lominated in the ]>opulation, controlling i)ublic afi'airs, populai- opinion, and the nhole tone of society. The ' En of tlu' old KiiltHsIi connnon law is, or was lately in forcv in soint' of the states than in Kn«;lanen are more vi;^alant ajjjain.st and more intolerant of than hi^^h and unnecessary taxation, when they know that the money comes out of their own |iockets. And this each man must know uutler the t)pen and honest system of «lirect taxation. Tiiis secuHMl hoth Jionesty and ec«)nomy in the expenditure of the revenues of the colonies, and afterwards of the States. There was in conseijuence just *;overnment enouj^di to protect .society, hut no further interference with men's private pursuits, under pretence of takin^^ care of, and henetiting in«lividuals. There was no fund to maintain a wide patronage, to he used as the means of hrihin*,' and huy- in^ up supporters of those in power; and men andjitious of puhlic life uu)i\'. often impoverished than enriched themselves hv holdin<^ otHce. The vast expanse of territory west of the colonies, anecariu' liunters and trap- pers in tlie fur trade, tin- worse dividcvith the Indian triU's. of nen which the indian y»'t lingns. Here he stany an anecdote the feelings and the deed.s en<'-en- d(*red amonfj the whites on the frontier. " We who first came out to this neighbonrhoml lived a rough life " said an old settler to a traveller in the West." We were clo.se on the indian frontier, and the red devils never far from us. Do you know, young man, how I sometimes got my venison ^" I'N.MASKKI*. 17 " I .su})pose yi)ii liuutcil ;iinl sliut tlio (U-er," said the travel Kt. " Not always, younijfster " aiiMWcrt'd tlie old man with a irlanco at once cunninut the chief and most obvious source of prosperity to the colonists and to their descendants for several gen- erations, securing to them immense success in their agri- cultural enterprises, sprang from the fact that they were cultivating virgin soil. If we could trace the history «)f a«nicidture from the first invention of the plough, we would he apt to tind that the unfailing process, in every land, has been to wear out the field to barrenness by successive croppijigs, then to clear a new field and go through the same rout- ine foi' extractinu" fi'om it all that could be turned into I'N.MASKIin. 10 profit. Not until tin* wliolr of lii- land iiad Itecn toIjImmI of its fi'itiiity •lid any faiiiicr tliink (»f usinn" nuans and Ittliourto n't'upnate the soil. IJnl the colonist in Amer- ica, and hi.s (h'seendants for ^generations, seldom felt themsc'lvi?s to l>e refhieed to this lahorious and irksome neeessitv. Viriiin soil and fertile land seemed to be here without lindt. And if, in a j^eneration or two, the once fertile rields in his nt'iyhliourh frontier was withdrawing into the far west, while behind it tlie wilderness was becoming, step by step, a settled and cultivated country; bearing the marks and yielding the proihicts of eivilized industry, the fruits of which are eagerly sought aftei* in the markets of tlu' comniei- cial world. But in the mean while an unforeseen change was taking place in owe nature and aims of government throughout the country. And this change, at first slow in movement, i)roceeded with ever accelerating steps, which we must trace out briefly. The better to carry on the war begun in 177- as States, set aside ' The Articles of ( 'onfedera- tion,' which were to have been perpetual, and made with each othei' another treaty called 'The Constitution of the United States,' more precise in ttn-ms and more stringent in conditions, which created, under the form of a federal goveiiiment, a connnon agent for each and all the States for certain specified purposes. The States endowed this common agent with certain specified powers and with no others ; for the powers not granted were expressly reserved to the individual States. A year or two elapsed after this treaty went into operation between most of the states, before all acceded to it. rSMAsKKh. 2.S The purj)Oses to In* Sfrvod l»y tliis au'ont of all tlir statos, aii'l ^vhiell tliry nanuvl ' The Govcninu'nt of the United Stat«'.s.' wviv (issentially these: To secure tlie friendly union and intercourse hrtween the states, and the people of the states; and to present them as one united hody, in ])eace and in war. to all foreii^m powers. The States however did not cea^e to hr each a sove- rt-ii^n body politic within its own limits, in all matters not expressly dfUi^ated to tlie common agent. Tln' forminiT <>f the l^nion did not i;«'nerate an allegiance to a sfO'ernment or to a countrv. Each eitizi-n <»f rach State owed alleressly saie temporary, but tlie union leased upon them perpetual — that gross and pei-sistent violation of the terms of the agreement, by some parties to it, would not release the otiiers from *' 't.i' :>4 THK CNITKI) STATIN r their olili^^ation — would Ik* p»ttin«( tlio most alisunl ainl illo^ncal construction on tlie contract. T\\(' ])eoj»li' of each State looked to tlieir own State government for the protection of their personal, social, and pi-oprietary riiihts. The laws of the State regulated all social relations, those of husband and wife, parent and child, master and seivant, maniage. inheritance, guardianship ; and all proprietary rights, as title to land, and to other property, contracts, and in general all those questions as to rights and wrong's, for the decision of which men appeal to courts of law and equity. The law of the State fixed the statilft of individuals in the stat(', such as the (pialificiitions necessary before a man can exercise the franchi.se, as a voter, or hold office, or serve &.s a juror in the courts of the State. Under the terms of the tr<;aty of (Tnion the States had delegated to tliei; comnnm agent, the Federal gov- ernment, exclusive jurisdiction over certain matters ; amcmg which Were: 'To defines and punish piracies and felonies on the hi TIIK rXITKI) STAI'liS. instiinco; tliosc of providinL;' tlie means of defence against for('i;4'n enemies, and tlie temporary care and <,'overn- ment of tlie larL,^e pul)lic territories out ide of the borders of the States, until hy the immiL;ration and permanent settlements made, sutHcient and suitahle portions of this territory' had become jjopulous enough to support each a state <,'overnment. In connection with the case of these wild territories, the Federal o-oveinment was charLi^ed with dealiiin' with the indian triiies; a nice and troublesome tluty, and one which the agents of the gov- erinnent soon learned how t(; make very costlv to the government, and veiy profitable to themsrlves. To enable the Federal uovernment to fultil these and some other duties, power had been granted to it ' To lay and collect tax( s, duties, imposts, and excises,' and that withoiit any limitation I'xcept that 'All duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform thi-ouirhout the United states.' Being thus furnished with the nx.'ans of fccd- inu; itself, this child of the States i>iew and li-rew, and its appetite for jiower and appropriation grew with what it fed on, until it was able to eat up its paients; and it has already eaten up a good many of them — by convert- ing them into con(picre 'ii ] i' ;.. Il« • I'l; 'i: I' 2s TUK UXFTKI) STATES aii'I tlu'ir pfitrona^'e liiiiit«*«l in pn)fHjrtioii. Tin; States weiv each practically uiuler U^mi to use economy in i-aisinir and (lislnirsiiiLC their revenues ; for liij'h taxes in any one State would liave dnven lx>tli f>opulatieltiy and lundjcr. While the people of the Nortliern colonies did not neg- lect to avail themselves of what fc-rtile soil was at hand, they early actjuircd the hal'it^ and characteristics of a trading, seafaring, and. to some extent, of a manufactur- ing people. But the climate an«l soil of the more S<»utln-rn colonies Ijeing found to be peculiarly a«lapted to the production of agricultural staples in great demand in commerce, these colonies became almost alt«oith. Their ingenuity, per- severance, artful cond (illations, aiiiect, the raisin<>- of revenue for the support of the government, to the fraud- ulent aim of making })rofitahle private pursuits in par- ticular parts of the confederacy, was plainly manifest. Under the influence of the people of the Northern and less agricultural states, the Federal government early laid the foundation of what was afterwanls called ' the turif system for the protection of American industry ' that is of their ow ii occupations and enterprises in the North. Some almses in taxation and finance originate*! almost at the birth of the government. The people of New Entfland have lonu' shown i»Teat talents and no scruples in taking care of their own interests at other people's ♦ IV ^ .;h ^^ w ?• ;i •M f'^' 5. 'I ii i! ' I 'I 30 TIIK lNlTi:r) STATKS >'' cost; anaid for b}" those that are brought into it. They cannot be paid for in any other w^ay. f ' INMASKi;!). :h •I ('onmuTce is liascd npoii Ur- ixclian^c of coiimKulltics; iiioncy is only tlie lucaiis of facilitatiiiLf, and measuring tlie rate of tliat exchanL,'*', From tliese remarks may be estimated the interest the people of tlie Soutli liad in forei«Mi trade. So far as f(Hei<''n commern farmer and tlie foreign manufac- turer drove, through intermediate agents, a profitable trade with each other, in exchanging the proceeds of their imbistry and capital. What a man has honestly obtained he has a right to exchange with any other man for his honest acquisitions. The productions of the Northern States wxtc very far from being in e(pial demand abroad. But many people in the North bethought them that if they could shut out the rivalry of the foreign manufacturer they might l)uild up a profitable Inisiness for themselves ; that although nature might have given to particular countries greater facilitic's for the production oi certain commodities, than it has given to their own, that advantage enjoyed by foreigners might be more than counter-1 alanced by obstructing the importation of their products. The government was raisin!>- nine-tenths of the revenue necessary for its support by duties on imported goods. Some enterprising Northern men had the art to induce it to go further, and to impose so liigh a duty on some particular articles, that it became cheaper to manufacture them at home, than to impt)rt them from abroad. The first articles so taxed were w'ell chosen as the be^iinning of this system of government protection ; for the ?l 'k 0'" Hi M2 Tfll-; IINITKI) STATES t..i ■r 4*1 ■■-! iiuitciials wore piodiUHMl in the eoiuitrv in al>nrnlaiice. A duty of .'JO per cent, (nl luilorcm whs imposed on all iiiii)orted liats and shoes, and soon none hut Yani\eo made liats could lie houglit ; hut a <;i)od hat cost nine or ten dolhirs, and shoes and hoots rose in jjroportion. 'J'h*' l)e(^ple of the Northern states soon found out that there were a nuniher of other aitiides wldeh tlu-y couhl make to great profit, if tlie government would only shut out the cheaper and hetter ft)reign articles, hy laying a heavy duty on them. Thus the mamifactiu'e of silken goods has heen forced into a sort of hot house (existence in the United States, wlwie no silk is produced, l)y laying a duty of (iO per cent on foreign silks. For the Northern States having a majority of votes in the Congress of the United Stales, and their pe()})h; heing nearly all of them eager to i.'ud)ark in some manufactur- ing speculation, well jjrotected hy high duties against foreign competition, it givulually came to pass that there w^ere few articles that could he maile in the coun- try at any cost hut that a high impost was laid on the similar foreign articles, which Avould have undersohl them in the same market. The ohject of this system of imposts was to compel the agriculturists, and more especially those in the South, to huv from Northern manufacturers, hy discourau"inplied his ^^ants hy huyin;^' i oreiLin lundering the South met with eai'ii- est protest and strenuous opposition from that (piarter; UNMASK K I). and tlie tarifis for revenue and protection underwent many iiuctuations. Tlie fact is, that there is an essen- tial incouipati))ility between tlie two ol)jects of revenue and protection. Just so far as a duty protects lioine manufactures, it fails to yield any revenue; for it keeps out foreitni i>'oods: and just so far as a dutv vields a revenue from foreign goods imported, it fails to arioid protection to the homo manufacturer. There were many people at the North, to whom the raising of a large revenue by the J\ I- 3(1 THE UNITKI) STA'I'KS l i' 'I was a Itlcssing. Tlie gi'catcr the revenue raised, the rrioie Avas spent among themselves; for tliey took good care tliat as little as possible of government money should be expended in the South. The North measured the value of the Union b""" the amount of tribute it could draw from the South, in revenue paid to the governnient, and in the profits of the Northern manufac- turers while protected from foreign competition. The South was learning to doubt the value of a Union, that subjected it to such a continual drain on the proceeds of their property and industry, mei'ely in order to fill tlie pockets of their confederates. In 1859 the revenue of the United States exceeded $80,000,000, nineteen twentieths of which was raised by duties on foreign goods ; and far the greater part of this, through the pe- culiar arrangements of the tariif, was paid by the South ; which also paid much more than $(S(),000,000 in excess of tlie natural price, on the goods bought from Northern manufacturers, who were protected from foreign rivalry, Northern industry and enterprise were made profitable by draining off the profits of the industry and enteriDrise of the South. The North throve. Of S80,000,000 of yearly govern- ment revenue raised chiefly on the South, four fifths was expended in the North. Of more than $80,000,000 per- haps double that amount, of artificially contrived yearly profits to protectef the Northern States the receivers and enjoy ers of the proceeds of taxation. This system of taxation was intro- duce«l early and gradually, under many cunning pleas and devices, at a time when the true principles of politi- cal economy were little understood even by the best informed men of the country. But it wo.-, firmly estab- lished and openly avowed as soon as the pet)ple of the Northern States, by their numerical superiority, had acquired the control of the government created by the 'States for the maintenance of the rights of all the States on a footing of jwrfect equality. For foitv years pre- vious to the war of Scces,si(m the aim and the effect of the policy of this common federal government, under the control of the North majorit}', was to convert the Southern States into tributary provinces. Of coui"se this policy was bitterly denounced and stienuously opposed by the representatives in Congress from the South, and V)y the governments of most of the D if* If % Mi ■#, Mr I. ill' H' fl'i it B' • (il! il iii il ! II m Li 1 "if » ill •!,l - ill i ,, I Mi 1 : Hi I ■Il I ♦ !■ lil 38 THE UiVlTKl) STATKS Southern States. Persistence in it seemed at times to threaten the continuance of the Union. But wlien the indignation in the South rose to a