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 '^Fi '653 EosI Mam Sl'Ml 
 CS 'Rochester. New York '4609 USA 
 ^ (716) 482 - 03C0 - Pfione 
 (716) 2M- 5989 -Fa. 
 
C^/ 
 
 /' 
 
 CROP ROTATIONS FOR THE DRY FARMING 
 DISTRICTS OF CANADA 
 
 (). C. WlUTi:, B.S.A. 
 
 That certain crops dn licttcr wln-n fnllnw im."- at'lir I'crtiiiii utlicr frof):.. luis l(pii,^ 
 been known, but fnnn ))nictii'i-. i-|HM'ially in a cnuntry \v':icre tbc soil is very fertile . 
 seldom ke<'j) pace witli knuuled^e iu these matters. Conditions on the prairies liavi 
 been such as to obviate, in some measir •, the need for earoful nfrriculti:T.al method^, 
 but as our country grows oiih'r it lieeomes demonstrated more and more that prai'tiee>. 
 profitable in the early day- df settlement, are not poin^ to prove prnlitab'e in tin- time 
 to come. Attention for the past few years has therefore been turned t i the intn-ductioi! 
 and study of methods of crop pn dnction that will not onl.v pive larp'^r retnrn= for the 
 capital and labour involved but will at the same time oonser\e >.)il fertility in -uc'ii 
 a way as to establish a permanent system 'if aprieultore. 
 
 The problems that confront tin- fanner in the dry-farniinfr districts of Canada ari . 
 of course, quite different from those which require his attention in the East. Whilt . 
 in the Prairie Provinces the revenue from firain growing will for a time be the ehiel 
 source ef inco'"ie to the (Treat majority of .-ettlers. the need for a pn^ater diversity • ! 
 crop.-* is hoconiing more urfrent year after year. Mi.\ed farming niu-t be the ultim.itc 
 goal, but whether grain growii.g or the production of crops -uitable for the main 
 tenance of live stock be the aim, the first great essential in any ,-y.-tJ'in of agrieultun 
 that may be evolved is a suitable rotation of crops. 
 
 The Dominion E.xperimental Farms have for a inimber of years past l)een jiayinv 
 .special attention to the value of rotation^ in croji pr.idiiction. To meet present need' 
 iu connection with the growing of cereals Mune punly grain production rotations are 
 being tested, and in anticipation of the re(|uirement> et the future, feragi' crop> fur 
 live stock are being introduced in variou-^ combinati.in^ and in ;;railnally increasing; 
 proportions. 
 
 llelow is a desc-riptioii of tlu' rotations tiiat ari' now being tested. 
 
 ORAl.V FARMIXC; ROTATK >.\S. 
 
 RoT.\TION "A'- (f;R.\I.\ COXTIMOCSI.V). 
 
 Continujus cropping to grain inay for u time i).dduee 
 a practice to be recommended, however, for yields siiow : 
 method is both cshaustive of fertility and moisture and 
 noxious weeds. 
 
 very gu.jd jirntitr. It is \\n\ 
 
 irradual falling off. as tlie 
 
 ffei-tive ii' the CDiitrol <pf 
 
 DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. 
 
 J. H. GRISDALE, B.Agr., 
 Director. 
 
 oifim; 
 
 O. C. WHITE, B.S.A. . 
 Assistant Dominion Field Husbandman. 
 
 EXHIBIl ON CIRCULAR No. 35. ' 
 
 (Kevisert January, 1916 ) 
 
 6M\ \ u .: « n 
 
8 
 
 Rotation "B" (two veahs' dukatiox). 
 
 First year — Summer-fallow. 
 Second year — Wheat. 
 
 This rotation is under trial at our Lethbridge Experimental Station only. Just 
 half the land under experiment is in crop each year and as this must be debited with 
 the cost of operating for two years, the net profits are likely to be low. 
 
 Rotation " C " (ttip.kk vi:aiis' duration'). 
 
 First year — Sunnner-fallow. 
 
 Second year — Wheat. 
 
 Third year — Wheat or coarse grain. 
 
 This is the rotation more commonly followed throughout our dry-farming areas. 
 While it is likely to prove .-iatisfactory for a longer or shorter time, depending on the 
 natural fertility of the soil at the outset, it cannot be given an unqualified recommend- 
 ation, since soil impoverishment mu.*t result from its long continued use. 
 
 RoTATio-v "E" (four veaks' uuiution). 
 
 First year — Wheat. Plough stubble in autumn. 
 
 Second year — Wheat. Plough stubble in autumn or spring. 
 
 Third year — Oats. 
 
 Fourth year — Summer-fallow. 
 
 This is a grain growing rotation, frequently used by Manitoban farmers, but 
 which from the standpoint of the upkeep of fertility cannot be regarded as economical. 
 In common with all rotations which include merely grain crops and fallowing, this 
 rotation must re-sult in soil deterioration if practiced for a number of vears. 
 
 MIXED FARMIXO ROTATIONS. 
 Rotation '• F " (kive ye rs' m ration). 
 
 First year — Wheat. Plough stubble in autumn. 
 
 Second pear — Wheat. Ploucrh stubble in autumn or sprinf. 
 
 7 hird year — Com or roots. nply manure preceding autumn. 
 
 Fourth year— Oata or barley. Seed down with 3 pounds timothy. .5 pou. .n 
 
 rye prnss and 8 pounds rod clover per ore. 
 
 Fifth year— Clover hay. Plough land after hay is cvt, and top work for remainder 
 of season. 
 
 This is a mi.\ed fanning rotation suitable for Manitoban conditions, where there 
 is a sufficiency of permanent pasture outside the rotation. Mr. McKillican, Super- 
 intendent of the Experimental Farm, Brandon, says of it: — 
 
 "This rotation is proving a decided success on the Experimental Farm. In a country 
 where summer-fallowing is gencraliy considered essential it demonstrates tlie possibility 
 of producing a profitable crop every year. The substitutes for the summer-fallow are, 
 first, corn or roots and secondly, clover hay. While these crops do not show in them- 
 selves any very great profit, they more than pay for the operation they involve, and for 
 the overhead charges counted againsit them, and they leave the land in such a condition 
 that the following crops of grain are more profitable than any grown in the straight 
 grain-growing rotations." 
 
 f)950H9S 
 
iiOTATION "(J" (six years' DUHATIO.N}. 
 
 First year — Whcnt. Plough stubble in autumn. 
 Spiond year. — Wheat. Plough stubble in autumn 
 
 Third 'j^ar. — Oats or barhy. Seed down with .^i jwunds tinioili.v iuid » p., nail- 
 western lye grass per acre. 
 Fourtii, year — Clover hay. 
 Fifth 2/ ear— Pasture. 
 Sirth year— Corn or roots. Apply manure previous autumn. 
 
 This is a mixed farming rotation providing for wheat, coarse grains, hay, pasture 
 and fodder corn. It has been giving excellent results at the Brandon Experimental 
 Farm. 
 
 mixture of westorii rye jrrass. rvd clover 
 
 KOTATIOX "H" (SIX VKAIIS' mUATWX). 
 
 Fimt year — Wheat. 
 Second year — Wheat 
 Til ird year — Summer- fallow. 
 Fourth j/ear— Oats. Seed down with 
 and alsike. 
 
 Fiftli year — Clover hay. 
 
 Sixth year — Pasture. Apply manure. 
 
 This rotation is suitable for a farm whore grain is still the principal crop, but 
 where hay and pasture are desired for stock. It has no hoed crop and is therefore 
 suited to the farmer who considers a hoed crop impracticable under present labour 
 conditions. It is being operated at the Brandon Experimental Farm only. 
 
 ROT.ATIOX "J" (SI.\ VKAR.S' DUR.\TI0N). 
 
 First year — Summer-fallow. 
 
 Second year — Wheat 
 
 Third year — Wheat or coarse grain. 
 
 Fourth year — Oats. Seed down with western rye grass, red clover and alfalfa. 
 
 Fifth year — Olover hay. 
 
 Sixth year — Paature. 
 
 This rotation is giving good satisfaction at Indian Head, Rosthem and Scott 
 Combining, as it does, three grain crops, two grass or hay c: -ps and one fallow in six 
 years, it is well adapted to conditions where it is desired to keip a small quantity of 
 live stock. In particularly dry seasons it will probably be difficult to get a good stand 
 of grass where a nurse crop is used. 
 
 Rotation "R" (.vine years' ul ration). 
 
 Firxl year — Summer-fallow. 
 
 Second year — Hoed crop or peas. Manure at rate of 15 tons per acre 
 
 Third year — Wheat. 
 
 Fourth year — Oats. 
 
 Fifth year — Summer-fallow 
 
 Sixth year — Wheat. 
 
 •—Oats. Seed down with western rye grass, red clover and alfalfa. 
 —Hay. 
 
 Seventh year- 
 Eighth year — Hay. 
 Xinlh year — Pasture. 
 
 Because of the relatively small proportion of wheat it supplies, this rotation may 
 not find immediate favour among farmers, but results so far point to it as a valuable 
 rotation where mixed farming is l>eing adopted. It is being tested at Indian Head. 
 Rostliorn and Scott. 
 
Rotation '' ^[ " (.«i.\ ykaiis' pi-R\Tinv). 
 
 First yiai- — -iuiiiiuer-fallow. 
 
 Srinnd j/c/ir— Wiipat. 
 
 Third 1/ciir— Ciiiifao gruin. Apply niiiiiuro on >tuM>lf in autumn. 
 
 Fourth yntr — Sumnior- fallow. 
 
 Fifth year -Peas ami oats i'or hay. 
 
 Sixth year -Piarlpy or oats. 
 
 This rotation is ueiiig opnratod at LethhridKO. i'.ini i- proviiij; prntitablo. 'riic jiias 
 and outs, cut for hay. have pivcn trood returns. When it is not desired to jtrow lioed 
 crops this rotation will prove useful. 
 
 Rotation "S" (nine vbars' dipation). 
 First yi'iii — Summer-fallow. Apply manure in preparation for Imod ernp. 
 Second year — Corn. 
 Third year — Wheat. 
 Fourth year — Summer-fallow. 
 Fifjli year — -Wheat. 
 Siuth year — Coarse grain. 
 Seventh year — Summer- fallow. 
 
 Kiqhth vi'"'" -Peas and oats for hay. Sied in autumn Xn ryi>. 
 y-nth year — Rye pasture. 
 
 At Letlibridge this rotation has proven satisfactory so far. The forage oiup.- 
 have yielded fairly well. Tl.e pasture year- have not heen profitable, but have -ervoti 
 to firm the soil and add fibre. 
 
 RtlTATION '■'!'" (TKN VKAU.s' DIKATIOX). 
 
 First year — •Summer-fallow. 
 Second year — Wheat. 
 Third year — Oats or barley. 
 
 Fourth year — Summer-fallow early part of sea.son. Seed to alfalfa late .lune in 
 rows twenty-eight inches apart. 
 
 Fifth y ar — Alfalfa hay or seed. 
 
 iSiJ-//i i/( ((I — Alfalfa hay or seed. 
 
 Serenth year — Alfalfa hay or pasture. 
 
 Eighth year — Summer-fallow. 
 
 Ninth year — Hoed crop. 
 
 Tenth year — Wheat. Apply manure on stubble. 
 
 This rotation is in operation at Lethbridge only, where it is proving highly pro- 
 fitable. The crops of roots have been excellent, and good profits have been obtained 
 from alfalfa seed when the crop was planted in rows and intertilled. 
 
 RoTXTION "L" (SI.\ VRARS' DUHATION). 
 
 Firnt year — TTay. 
 
 Serond year — Pasture. Apply manure in autumn at rate of 12 tinis per acre. 
 Third year — Pa^tu-e. Predk in July for winter wheat. 
 Fnvrlh ;/r/^/r- -Winter wheat, or in case of failure to stand, spring wheat. 
 Fiftit year — Oats, 
 
 Sixth year — Barley. Seed down with \ pounds timothy. 4 pounds alsike clover 
 and 4 pounds red clover per acre. 
 
 This is a purely live stock rotation adapted to conditions such as obtain in the 
 central and northern parts of Alberta. 
 
 Published by authcrity of Hon. MARTIN BURRELL, Minltter of Agriculture, Ottawa. Ont.