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Tho last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol ^«» (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Le5 images suivantes ont ixi reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition at de la netteti de I'exemplaira film^, et en conformity avec las conditions du contrat de flimage. Lea exempiaiias originaux dont la couverture an papier est imprimte sont film'i - VP^ I' '?' i JOitjV ?^- t ABBdTT, i ItNlirLL. > i JiiSELl,. t "• ^ 'i. I < I! • I I ', ■..) THE HISTORY OF MAn^E, FROM THB EAELIKST DISCOVERY OF THE REGION BY THE NORTHMEN TjNTIL the PRESENT TIME; ' DfCLDDIXO A NARRATIVE OF THE VOYAGES AND EXPLORATIONS OF THE EARLY ADVENTURERS, THE MANNERS ANb CUSTOMS OF THE INDIAN TRIBES, THE HARDSHIPS OF THE FIRST SETTLERS, THE CONFLICTS WITH THE SAVAGES, AND THE GRADUAL ADVANCEMENT OF THE STATE TO ITS PRESENT ASPECT OF OPULENCE, CULTURE, AND REFINEMENT. BY JOHN S. C. ABBOTT, Author of 'History op the Civil War in America," "French Revolutiow," " The Lives of the Presidents of the United States," ETC., ETC. / ' ILLUSTRATED. I BOSTON : PUBLISHED BY B. B. RUSSELL, 55 CORNHILL. POETLAND: JOHN RUSSELL. 1875. v:v^ '.•//:- 1 n ■' COPYRIOHT : B. B. Russell, 1875. ■ BosTOSf: Electrotyped and Printed By Raxd, Aveky, & Co. PREFACE. Maine :s the native State of the writer of this volume. Seventy years ago, in the year 1805, he was born in Brunswick, withm sound of the roar of the Falls of the Androscoggin His childhood was spent in Hallowell, then a small but hnvmg hamlet upon the banks of the Kennebec. In the halls of Bowdom he received his collegiate education. In his maturer years he ever repaired, for recreation, to the parental home, then at Farmington in the beautiful and luxu- nant valley of the Sandy River. In Maine he found the cradle of his infancy. There are the graves of his fathers. Upon its soil he has spent the happiest y arsof his ife To give a biographical sketch of his native S ace, of Its birth, growth and maturity, has been with him a labor of love. It is not the object of this history to search out discoveries wh,eh have h.therto eluded the scrutiny of antiquarians, or to settle d.spuled questions which have ar«n in reference to minute details in early days. He wishes to give a faithful and graphic record of the wondrous past, -such a record as will be read with interest at every fireside. It is indeed an exciting story he has to tell. _ of perdous adventures by sea and land, of struggles against the hardships of the wilderness, of terrible conflicts with a savage PREFACE. In the rich libraries of Portland, Boston, and New Haven, the writer har. found ample material for his work. He has endeavored to give the reader his authority for every important statement he has made. Where there is irreconcilable dis- crepancy in the annals of the past, he has endeavored faith- fully to give each side. The history commences with the landing of the Northmen upon our shores about a thousand years ago, and closes with the present grandeur of the State, when our prosperous Repub- lic is about to celebrate the centennial anniversary of its ex- istence as an independent nation. The writer has only to say, in conclusion, that he feels that this is one of the last labors of his long life. He has spared no pains to make this history as accurate as possible ; and he now commends it to the kindly consideration of the sons and daugh- ters of Maine. John S. C. Abbott. Faib Haven, Conn. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. VOYAGES OF THS! NORTHMEN AND OTHER EAKLY EXPtOBEBS. ^t1°^;//'^« ^«';*'™fn-VoyaRe.sto Iceland and Greenland - Voyai^ of CHAPTER 11. VOYAOE8 or THRVET, PRmO, DE MONTfl, AM, WEYMOUTH tion-AnehorsaOIoheganLdtinl d-Fr"; ;rTT""""^ Natives-Infan.ous Conduct ofWeXo tl K "^ Interco..rse with tbo Exploration of the Kenne.ec-;>irn:iScT^^^^^^^ CHAPTER III. THE EXPEDITION OF OOVEBNOB GEOBOE POPHAM. Fate Of Woymouth's Capdves- Formation of the Plvmr^-.h n ofTanr%^--"";'"""^-^'«^"'-^-" «^^>P'--^ ttS--EirtSo^^^^^^^ J- J.UO Anaroscoggin — Adventures with tlie Indians PAOB. 13 29 45 CHAPTER IV. THE FAir^XmE OF POPHAM's COLONY, AND ITS ATTENDANT RESUI,TS ^ B^i^S^i^r^C!^;:-^^ theCoiony-Popha.. Escape-The Battletn Z^^I-'^ZJ 'r""':''' ^^ Epenow-His CONTENTS. CHAPTEU V. SXPL0BATI0N8 ANP 8ETTLEMENT9. PAOa. John Sniitli's Career — Exploring tlie Coast — EtiKland and France at War ~ The War of tl.o Natives, and the Plague — Zeal of OorKes— Vines'a Expedi- tion— CouflictinR ClaiuiH — Dauariseotta and Its SurroundinKS — Levett'8 Expedition — Views of Matrimony — Saco — General Lawlessness — Laco- nla Company — Various Trading Posts — Pema(iuid — Tact of the French -- Bagaduce — St;ene in the Kennebec — Testimony of Gov. Bradford 81 CHAPTER VI. PROOUE88 OF SETTLEMENTS. Capture at Maiihias — The Career of Bagnall — The Two Retaliations — Men- acing Aspecic of Atfaira — Tlie Twelve Provinces— Ferdinando Gorges Governor of all New England -Expedition of D'Aiilney — Energy of Miles Standish — The Administration of William Gorges — Agauienticus — Population of Maine — The New Grant to Gorges — The Province of Maine - - Tliomas Gorges — The Constitution — Religious and Po'itiual Prin- ciples — Woman's Rights CHAPTER VII. OOLCmAL JEALOVSIE8 AM J ALIBKATIONS. Conflict between I^ Tour and D' Anlney — Its Strange Result — Attack of Wannerton — Madame La Tour — D'Aulnoy attacks the Fort at St. John — Heroic Defence of Mailame lia Tour — Her Capture an^l Death — Treason of IjH Tour — Gov. Godfrey — Purchases of Indian Chiefs — Boundary Dis- putes-Final Settlement — Submission of Godfrey — Ecclesiastical Condi- tion — Sullivan's Testimony — Dutch Settlers — Savage Insolence . CHAPTER VUL THE PROVINCE OF MAINE ANNEXED TO MASSACHOSETTS. Troubles on the Piscataqna — Career of La Tour — Menaces of War — Meas- ures of Cromwell — Conquest of Nova L'cotia — Character of La Tour — Trading Post on the Kennebec — The Oath Administered — Sale of the Right of Traflic — Boundaries of Kennebec Patent — Political Connection between Maine and Massaclr.isetts — Code of Laws — Northern Limits of Massachu- setts — The Articles of Union — Rev. John Wheelwright — Correspondence — Restoration of Charles II. — Petition of Gorges — Duke of York's Charter . CHAPTER IX. POLITICAI, AGITATIONS. The Duke of York — The Royal Commissioners — Conflict between the Com- mlssionors and the General Court- Tlci. Unfriendly Report — Tyranny of Charles II. — Character of George Cleaves — The Petition — Efforts of the Commissioners — Treaty with the Indians — War between France and Eng- land — National Antipathies — Baron Castine — His Character and Career — French Influence over the Indians ■ - Anarchy — Ambition of the Duke of York — War between England and Holland — Jocelyn's Description . 97 114 1.31 140 VA0B. CONTENTS. CHAPIEB X THT- FIBST D.DIAN WAB. Tim IiKlians- Their Manners and Ct.stom, w. i , »^ Drink. - Scenes in the Wi^«am - Th« pT, u ^° "'""" '"^ IntoxicatlnK of ilasle - rn.Uan Intelli«;: .?- lW,a2 P, nr''"'£^' - ^"venture? ment of Hostilities- Awful 8«4p. „f n^ ~, "f ' ^""^-^'"''""ence- Efforts of Mr. Shurte -Tl e wt ir ^ "'"' ''"'' Woe -The Truce - the English - Desparat Jtf tlrindTrnr' ~ '''^ ^»^"--Ies - Foll^ of 188 CHAPTER Xr. THE HORRORS OB' WAR ""r^Z::^ "unSirS;;^"'^"? J>-,atea-Sce„es of Hor- iHlana capture,! hv rSavaJ^TrL, ^'^^'J .^""^^^^^--^nnW^ of Mugg-Tho English re umethe War 7'" "'^ ^^ ^'«^« " Anec.i;te dians-The Mohawks Allies o!' th Fnl.7, 'T''^ ^"""""^'^ "* ^^e I„- Polnt- Its Fatal Results ^""^ ^^'^ Ambuscade at Black 186 CHAPTER XIL WARS AND WOES CONTINUED. Ravages of the Indians - The Naval F^«» i •.. by the War - The Purchase of S ate't l7as7 ^T"" P^''*""'"^^^ " ^-««« Mr. Danforth- North Yarmo.,fh in.orn Tf "r"' ' '^'^^ ^^S'.ne of Ushed- Menaces of AV.r-Emn ' -^ ?T?^~"^P"'''* '^''"'"'^l' «stab- Andros-Tho.uas DungLn-J^^l^iS ? ."" f«hawks-Sir Edmund tine -War Renewed -Fat, of WaTdl ;~'^"^''' "P"" ''"'"'^ ^^- Montreal . . . , ^ _^™°-E'^Pedition8 to Quebec and 206 CHAPTER XIII. CAMPAIGNS IN THE WILDERNESS. Character of Indian Warfare- Fv., i .• FaIn.outh-Ti.Sack itnvS'I'Th^^^^ ^^^^^^^ Church - Battle at at Pejepscot- Incidents of u.e ei'l'''''^"'^;. ^«''"«'"1> - Church Truce -Deplorable Couditlon oKuZ-'Z'r^^'^T «-*""her'*"' -Cape Arumlel and Old Orchard -Bath to Rockland, and np the Penob- scot -Mount Desert -Lake Sehago-Mt. Pleasant and the Saco-The Valley of the Androscoggin - Eangeley Lakes and Sandy River -The Kennebec Valley — Moosehead Lake and the Aroostook 440 CHAPTER XXVI. # MAINE IK THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. Military Condition of Maine -Proclamation of the President - Prompt Action-The Greeting in New York- Welcome in Washington -Stove- Pipe Artillery -Testimony of Gen. Sickles-Gen. Hiram G. Berry-The Liquor Shops -The Seventh Maine Complimented -Sufferings of Camp- Lite -Colored Regiments — Testimony of Gen. Naglee-Gen. Dow — ToUs of a Campaign -The Sharp-shooters - Lieut. Hill - Batteries of Li^ht Artillery — Courage of New Recruits ° 4C8 CHAPTER XXVn. MAINE IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION, CONTINtTED. :3attle of Cedar Mountain -Bivouacking in the Rain - Testimonv of Gen Bumsule- Scenes at Port Hudson -Arlington Heights - Campaigning in the South-Patriotism of the Twenty-Seventh Regiment - Toilsome March -Battle at Marianna- Ravages of Sickness -Summary of the Ef- forts of Maine -Major-Gen. O. O. Howard at Gettysburg - Major-Gen. Joshua L. Chamberlain at the Surrender of Lee 433 CHAPTER XXVm. AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES. Maine, its location and Size -Mountains -Katalidin- Temperature -Affri- cultural Products - Various Industries - Ship-Building - Railro.ads - Slate Quarries -Little Bine Quarry -Water-Power- Annual Rain -Fall- Manu- w"™f ^;'"'"i^''^^-J''° Sa^° Basin-The Androscoggin. -The Kenne- bec -The Penobscot Valley -The St. Croix -The St. John -The Salubri- ous Climate - Prospects of Emigration .499 CHAPTER XXIX. POPULAR EDUCATION. Normal School in Fannington- Normal School in Castine - Maine Central Institute -Oak Grove Sen.inary -Commercial College - State Col' -e of Agriculture - Winthrop Grammar School - Kittery District School - Intel- lecruai, Social, and Physical Advantages of Maine 513 illustratio:n-s. Portrait of Author Old Stoxe Tower, Newport * ' • Pejepscot Falls, Brunswick .' * * Garrison House at York Monument of Rasle, Norridgewock ." ' TicoNic Falls, T»7aterville* ' " * Battle of Lexington . . ' ' Last Blockhouse of Fort Halifax ' ' Lower Falls, East Machias View of Portland . * ' * Maine Wesleyan Seminary" ' ' ' BowDoiN College, Brunswick Western Normal School, Farmi'ngton hCENERY AT AbBOTT FaMILY Scjinnr V. Family School for Girls at ut„„ w ' • • Lewist">«*"..», i «» „»,„„ Copenhagen. 1839. «^ n r, t,., .. ""®''> -A.ntiquitates An.flr.v.an„. r.., "^ 18 I 14 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. car Continent. Thus, according to this report, the Nortlimen discovered America more than six hundred years before Colum- bus approached our shores. About ten years after this, another Northman, by the name of Biarne,, seeking Greenhind, was driven by fierce gales far to the south. It is surmised, from his vague descriptions, that he must have caught sight of Cape Cod, and that he thence coasted north-easterly, back along the shores of Maine and Nova Scotia, to Greenland. As the story goes, four years after this, in the year 1000, a man by the name of Leif took another vessel, and set out on an exploring expedition. He touched at dreary, deso- late Newfoundland ; leaving the coast of Maine unseen far away on his right, he directed his course south-west, till he reached the head of Cape Cod. Sailing around the Cape, and turning to the west, he entered a large bay, which it is supposed was Narraganset, and landed, probably not far from the present site of Newport in Rhode Island. They found the climate so mild, the region so delightful, the fruit so abundant, that they decided to spend the winter there. As rich grapes abounded, they named the country Vineland. In the shortest day of winter they recorded that the sun rose at half past seven, and set at half past four. This would quite decisively indicate that they were in the region of southern New England. In the year 1002 a brother of Leif, by the name of Thor- wald, set out on another exploring tour to these newly dis- covered and attractive realms. Following his brother's track, he reached the same bay in which Leif had wintered, and occupied the same cabins which he had reared. In the sprint he sent out the long boat with a party of sailors, to examine the coast west and south. We know nothing of the results of this expedition. It is inferred, from the accounts which are still quite vague, that Thorwald spent another winter in Narraganset Bay, and that he named the spot Leifsbuder, or Leifshouse. In the spring he set sail in his ship, to follow the coast back to Greenland. !Sailing around Cape Cod, which he named Naeset, he turned iif\ TEE EI&TORY OF MAINE. j^ islanH« f Kaf k 1 • , ° expanse ot the bay studded with cruelty which wool I T ?"'" ^f ''"'"' Northmen, with ha^iLttsratii reigi^Ttters:; ^r™^'' *; The flend-like deed roused tt\^L « ' ^ ""'^ "'"^P"^- mied with ludiau w Ji^^ete t'eovtr htr luT:;™' m ..i,„„t. seeiuT^rutt^:? sr;;t td"^"'- arm. He was Z „„, ' "^ ? "'"^ ■"■" "^^ '^'""""1' the arrow ."he^d t reVoIrC-the^h, "1 "^f ^ """^'"''^ had only time to say, -I' '' *^' """'' S"»hed forth, he before you. Iheferha.- intennt ' , '""^ " "I"" "'» P'o-nontor; there forever. pL tt or" lea at mv "^ "'"'" ' ' ^'""' """ O™" »u>.e.oot,....ub,.;rr;:uiari'^re:w:L:ii^r:°r- it™\r«Ltri::tt:et2TttT "^'» «'*'• Europeans. In this encounter ,e e1 ™""' "'"^ *''' and outrageously in thero„r Tl '^'"°?'""' '""'^ ''"'''^"y Narraganslt Ba/, whl' rylpenTrwfnr^We'h™' '" account of their having any intercourse v Xth elndlns Th^ probably set traps for heaver and other -mi „-!l i. ^ that in the spring they set sail for rl ' T , ' " """<"' wood and furs. Greenland with a caigo of It would seem, from this account, that Thorwald and hi. ^,„ 1 The Promontory of the Crosses. If 16 THE HISTORT OF MAINE. were upon the Rhode Island shore for two years. They made sundry explorations, both east and west. The remarkable head- land, now called Cape Cod, they minutely described. They gave it the name of Naeset, or the Nose. It is worthy of notice, that when our Puritan fathers landed at the head of the Cape, ^ after the lapse of eight hundred years, the Indians called it Nauset, there being the change of but a single letter in the name. Erik had a third son, Thorstein. With fraternal affection, the young man decided to fit out an expedition to Vineland, as the country was then called, that he might obtain the remains of his brother, and bury them by the graves of his fathers. He fitted out the same ship in which Thorwald had sailed, and took with him a crew of twenty-five picked men. His wife, Gudrida, who is represented as a woman of remarkable prudence and energy, accompanied him. The ship encountered a series of terrible storms, and was driven far away to sea, they scarcely knew where. Turning homewards, they did not reach the ice-bound shores of Green- land until QVLviy in December, 1005. They landed at one of these cheerless settlements, greatly exhausted by the tempests against which they so long had struggled. Here Thorstein was taken sick and died, with many others of his crew. It is prob- able that the ship was frozen in, for she did not leave her dreary anchorage until the spring. The heart-stricken widow then returned to her friends. A year passed away, and Gudrida was married again to a gen- tleman of Iceland, by the name of Thorfinn. He "was a wealthy man, of illustrious birth, and distinguished for his virtues and his energy. Our own New England, the Vineland of the Ice- landers, was to them, in comparison with their icy abode, the land of fruits and flowers, of genial clime and sunny skies. Thorfinn, influenced, it is said, by the glowing description he had received from the lips of his wife, of these favored realms, fitted out another exploring expedition. It was probably his intention to establish a colony, for he took three ships and one hundred and sixty men. The expedition set out from one of the southern ports in TBE HISTORY OF MAINE. |y Greenland, in the summer of 1008. Thev Rfliu^ oi .-, T\:l^T ir-^ ^^^^ -'-' Mar.ia?dTr:LX n,: the land, of what is now called Maine, ever in sir^h cruS along the shore until they reached Cape Cod. ft does "ot appear that they landed at any point. • ^ They sailed around Cape Cod, being much impressed with its long and sandy beaches. Passing the group o! Zlult!^ Is^nd. with which they were m°uch ch' rmed, a.^ Ih fS aw water-fowl in such wonderful abundance that they cou d scarcely step upon the shore without treading upon thefr el they cast anchor in Buzzard's Bay. ^^ ' From this point a small party was sent out on an exploring to the north. The ships, with the remainder of he' men which their countrymen had previously visited, the Narra^In e Bay. It maybe doubted whether there is anywhere alnnl genial climate than that of southern New En^hnd k2 north the winters are too cold; farther iZh thi too hot Tn +i.,-o 4- ^"^^. icircner south the summers are ™ '"" °* *"=*' "■"• ""W M can anywhere else be found Thorfinn was delighted with the spot. He fonndTnL i„ rich clusters, wheat growin? wild Tl„„ \ T ^ ^* ° snow fe„, and the cattfe fedfn T'open S ''V^' "° who „a, not have heard of the infaj^as H H of ThotTd' sHns, which the, were Wet rexdnTe t"ri:- .^1;^ n::?„r:hrcf Th' v'™^^^^ ^'^'■'- -^'^ "«>«'■->'' ThorL„rB:ror ntL^rBrdir. '^^ ^•'"- ■'^ -'"" The Icelandic chronicler of this enterprise writ-s that the nat,ves valued very highly the red cloth the stran. « brolht men, led by an Icelander of very 18 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. enterprising spirit, named Thorhall. He is represented as a man of very dark complexion, of stout build, and great physical strength. They embarked in a large boat, sailed along the eastern coast of Cape Cod, and then struck across Massachu- setts Bay, north-westerly towards the coast of Maine. On this passage he encountered a north-west wind of such fury and continuance, that, according to the almost incredible statement, he was driven entirely across the Atlantic Ocean to the coast of Ireland. As the story goes, he and his men, upon landing, were made slaves. At the Narraganset settlement dissensions arose between the Northmen and the natives. Battles ensued. The Northmen were worsted in the conflict, as probably they deserved to be. Impartial history must declare, that, perhaps without exception, in the battles waged in this country between the Europeans and the natives, the Europeans were the aggressors. The natives seem invariably to have fought to avenge some wrongs previously received. The Northmen, who were but little better armed than the natives, and far outnumbered by them, found their position very perilous. Thorfinn decided to break up his colony and return to Greenland, but he had heard no tidings from Thorhall : he therefore took one of his ships, and sailed in search of him. The rest of his company he left on the shore at Buzzard's Bay. It is supposed that he reached the coast of Maine. There he cast anchor at the mouth of a river. Endless forests were spread out before him, with scarcely any open space. Thorfinn, disappointed in his search for Thoriiall, returned to his com- panions whom he had left at Buzzard's Bay, and there he passed the winter. It was his third winter in Vineland. In the spring of 1011 he again spread his sails, and returned to Greenland. There are some indications in the narrative, that a few men were left in the colony at the bay : this is, however, uncertain. Thorfinn took with him two native boys. Whether they were carried away by stealth, or of their own free will, is not known. The report he gave of the climate and its produc- tions, and the exhibition he made of its furs and skins, and of rare varieties of wood, inspired others with the desire to visit these regions of so mup.h promise. TBe ujarosr of maihs. jj h was then supposed that Vineland belonged to EuroDe t««t .t was merely an extension of the eoasts of No^afanl Sweden. They ealled the natives Skrellings, or little 3 the same name wh.ch they had given to the Esqui„,a„T„f the extreme north. In a very eelebrated work, written about that Tlv ^„ ,T of B'-emen, entitled "Ecclesiastical Hltory o the North of Europe," we find the following curious passage :- which had k«-n^linnZldTcZ\'"°"' """"^ "*" ''"""^- "« t-ary, every thing t„ tke north i. covered with ice'a:,d etia. n^t " """ tof'e"di„?pti ':?t" f ""r """''"' ">■■* ••' 8-" ta. allusions wCare%o:;;fn%he''rnnTr:l:rda;1h:; after h,s there were many commercial expeditions to vTneland ^^t^s^^d^-kr^j^^— -iti the natives, fishing, and wood-cutting. The blrs'I, "l"" and fertility of the country, compared wfth Gr^L and ^fd tatL?;f;rw''^?:*^l«'f^'=*"°" °^ «>« tem. though variou., n.w ..t.rp^ so THE BISTORT OF MAINE. ! Hi I % ■ '[ structed as a fitadel of defence, or for industrial purposes. In view of the facts contained in these pages, it is not unreasona- bh' ;o suppose that the venerable tower renoains a memorial of the Northmen's visit. - " - One or two hundred years of silence pass away. The storms of winter wail throrgh the forests of Vineland. The suns of summer clothe the extended landscape in verd- ure, opening the flowers, and ripening the grapes. Indian liunting-bands, of unknown name and language, wander through the solitudes in pur- OLD STONE TOWEH, OH MILL, NEWPORT. g^Jt ^f ^hc bcar, thC dcCr, tho moose, and, after life's brief and joyless dream, vanish in death. But from these awful solitudes no voice reaches us. We have no record of the joys or griefs of these benighted children of the forest. We simply know that everywhere upon this globe, — this residence of fallen humanity, — man is born to mourn. In the wigwam of the savage, as in the palace of the monarch, eyes must weep, and hearts must bleed. As we have mentioned, the Northmen called Nova Scotia Markland, or, " The Country of the Woods." As there were no definite boundaries then conceived of, tliis name included the northern portion of Maine, as Vineland included its south- ern portion. An Icelandic geographer, in his description of the globe, writes, his language being translated into modern terms : — *' From northern Russia, the land extends northerly to uninhabited '- ,- erts, until Greenland commences. Thence, towards the south, lie New- foundland, Nova Scotia, and Vineland. It is supposed that Vineland stretches out towards Africa. England and Scotland, form one island, Ice- land is a large island on the north of Ireland. All these countrie.? are in that part of the world cal'ed Europe," The fact must ■):: sr remain inexplicable, why the North- men, after having, sl.^covered and partially colonized the fair Tns msTosr of uaixe. j, realms of Vindand should have abandoned them entirely, wlule they eontmued th.ir settlement, in the dreary re.Mo„J tte^Grod"'"';;'' '™':",t , '''"^ """^'' ""■ «=™' - ^"-'-^ the Good fhey extolled, in merited praise, the eapacious harbor, and the beautiful rivers with which thi, goodly and mu blessed Here the purple grapes hung in elnsti ; apZ pears, peaches, and an innumerable variety of plums, grew in giacdully m spontaneous growth. They found pure water bu'i di f ' r'' 'T' "'"^^- ^''""^ -- - abundan e >; ,; "',"," """ ""'>' a'''"i »1'°" tl.e sandy shore. TL, mtvZ Mr VT"' '*'"'^ '" '"''«'" "l*™ tree.. L wate, is sS^anTr l^tSo'S Si^^f" °' ^'«"»«« Continuing his cruise, he sailed around Cii.e H.,ft„, the distance of about one hundred Tn^ fi , ' '""^' "' anchor near the land. 1 Zlt dt h / T "°",''' ""' this vicin,., „nd one poor ,,o;t s 1;^sl fed' asl^^ ' Th:'!;;' d.ans nu,.sed him as if ho were their own eh W t1 ee,ved Vern^ano with the greatest hos^: li '"ho T ZitTd" Continuing to sail along in sio-ht of thp n.a f anchor every nio-ht he rp..n1,« i • ''''*' ''^'"'"S ^o bor J, "''='^^' ^e leached, as is supposed, New York Har l>oi. It can scarcely be doubted thit in fho f\^ \ tion wliich he cnves he albu ! ', " °^^°'^'"S: descrip- u'M , ^^^*^^^ "*^ cilludes to that region -inf] Hiof n hUls were the highlands of Neversink. '^ voU^S'^^ «^ ^— ^ ^--eatar. Histo,, of the State of Maine. 26 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. i ^ it ''s Vovao-^ tt!. r. Mont, Pa.o„._Hi, £,11^11171^^-4^% '"'"""'"'I'ay-De of tlie King of Fianoe-Alarm in n , S Possession In the Name Anchors a^ Moho'an and TJ ^'S'™"^ " Woymoulh-, E..pe""'"«''. others, under the patate „' th? ' ""« ''°'''' ^™"''^' ""'^ visit these coasts. The Xt ,1 , °7' "'""* °'" » »'"P "> -est passage to Indl ^^t' t'"; ■ T '° """" "»'■"'- proeeedings of the French anri ^ ''"" '" '"»'<='' 'he estahhshment of Engh.h ellont '"■'^°'' "" """^ ''"■ "=e saitdtr^;rs;:*^^^^^^^^^^^^ f- "--« -^cha„gev. ■ Goorge Weymouth was in com'^d ■. "u'"''' ^««'^- ^'''P'- white sands of Cape Codlove i 'ht h']-'"' "' ""^ '^« northerly toward the coast ol U:-\ ! """'""o'' ''« course on island about six mUe 1:1^^^;, »" "'^ '^th '>« came to anchor upon its north side ''' '"^ ••''^°"' """n cast The island, to his eyes weirv of expanse of l|,c ocean, wn.-ZT7 , ^'■""'= "P™ *''e d.ear i^Ia..d to be al»ut six mTs^'ilZ """""'■ «^ J^^ged the of a thousand acres. The anThor, ""' ^'^''"="'8 "" »«» "ock were caught in aburdter w'f?'"' f"'' ^'^ »"'> ''ad- were hovering over the cliife w. ^^"'f *wl m large flocks long-boat, anci look possett, Zf"'.^'^' '''"* °" «''„re in his James I., King „f EClaTd "hc T ' """" "" ""- °f '""S tl>at the ChrisUan reli.'i™;, "„""':? '"''""ed a cross, in tokef after gave a very terrifi Si °,^;„ ^ "'""'^'""'- "" »» h- mast-head he discerned for a "iufe'Tr' ""'-"• ^■■°"' »f a r.dge of mountains. TotheTZd, "',""= ""^ P''''''^^ .Geo.-.e._ It i. nowgenerally .l::l::;te ■: ""= ""'"^ "'«'• island of Monlieo-i an. was the nresent 84 THE niSTORY OF MAINE. After a tarry here of two days, taking in wood and water, on Sunday the 19th Weymouth again spread liis sails, and, passing several other islands, reached the mainland at the distance of about nine miles. Rosier, the historian of the voyage, writes: "It pleased God to send us, far beyond our expectations, in a most safe berth, defended from all winds, in an excellent depth of water for ships of any burden, and which was named Tente- cost Harbor." Weymouth, with a well-armed party, explored the shores : others engag-! in fishing. They obtained an abundance of delicious salmon, and other fishes in great variety. They also feasted upon lobsters and other shell-fish. Wild currants were found, and luxuriant vines which promised an abundance of grapes. They found the soil to be very rich. Digging a gar- den, they planted pease, barley, and other seeds, which in^'sixteen days grew uo eight inches. This was the first attempt made by Europeans to cultivate the soil of Maine. Fourteen well-armed men were sent out in a boat on an exploring tour. From the account given, it is supposed that they visited Squirrel Island and Cape Newagen. In accordance with the custom of the times, Weymouth raised a cross upon every important point at which he touched. On the 30Lh of " May, Capt. Weymouth, leaving fourteen men in charge of the ship, which was carefully moored, took thirteen men, in the pinnace, to survey the channels and the adjoining region. Abou^ five o'clock in the evening of this day three canoes were seen, in a distant p:.rt of the harbor, moving towards the ship. They landed upon a point not far from the anchorage, and the men built a fire. The crew of " The Archangel " tried to make friendly signs, and beckoned them to come on board. Soon a canoe, with three men, put off from the shore. Drawing near, one of the men, standing up in the canoe, hailed the crew in a loud tone of voice, but in language which they could not understand. The crew exhibited knives, hatchets, beads, and other trin- kets, to lure them on board. But the Indians had doubtless heard of the fiendlike treachery which previous European vis- itants had practised. They dared not trust themselves with THE niaroRT of mains. .. Zj^At'Zlf "If f7T^ -'-• «' "'-h even we,e ,„.sed to ti.en Jvhich^'ht':titdT h' ^ 'T,"'"'^' but nothing could induce the™ to go o„" lie , "il""' soon returned to their companion. L "he Zl '" ""'P' ^'''^ inis canoe was of birch-barlr tv.,. t i- ordinary size, and of vet'sTLet^^'c , ';;^^:r "'Z.X v' tenedfJrndiLeckTnd :: °' »^''"^'™"«' Je-»km fas! of beaver-,.kin ovcredth.1 ®'"^™?"''^"'""' kn^^^i aflap leather h„ k ns The ha r o'lr'* """ '''" ^'"^ ^'-d -''' and hound in a tuff °" *' '"^ "^ ^e head was long, Tho next naorninor, annarpriflir *\.^ again. Tl,ey were'fiX™ 'u'c S toTon,?" T f "^-''''^ ale heartilv of tho fnn,l „ i ■ u "° °" ''oa'-'l- They astonishment upon the vlrtuVT T^f '' ""'' ^azed with Being inforn^edfh; Z^Z^^^.^^t ^^ed V " ^^^'^ to open a friendly trade with n,» t v expedition was them hatchets, knfvesndottr \>"^ exchanging with they seemed much pt^ed. a d^nel' tft,*" """ '""' on the shore in a very happ^ frame If mind " ^"'P^''"'"' rint:,:/::LVrcot:tr:r%;:''''' ^^^"""*' ■■- »'« that he entered Penohsco Ba ' td" '"f ,'"'°"' "'"^ ""'"'• as Camdcu Heights ^^^1^7,'""^'^°''"''''' "^^ '"" "» f"' ing. They then fol wed fp the t" T"' '^ ^'^ '" l"™'- Here the/erected a ossf '^.^uT^Z '"?"'''' ^''^• thing never omitted hy any ChiltLn "travel" ™'"' " "^ " these voyagers all' /hd XrX" 'V."^ '''''''"'' seenery is described as beauffllTn t^. ^ ''''' ""^"'- '^^^^ forests and verdant meadows The . "' """"' ^f ^''^"™°* of erystal purity. A sliin H.,.. ti , «'-«g«t to tlie boat, and rowed to the Bu the d ™"™''"™ ''"'^'^'^ '""^ shrieks were renewed But the Indians were seizeil by tLe hair of the hcarand 40 THE BISTORT OF MAINE. ii I ' I dragged on board. " Thus," writes Rosier, the historian of the voyage, "we shipped five savages and two canoes, with all their bows and arrows." ^ Edmund Burke says, that to speak of atrocious crime in mild language, is treason to virtue. Every honest man's blood should boil with indignation in contemplating a crime so utterly atrocious and inexcusable as this. These young men had come froi. . their homes at Pemaquid to visit the strangers, the tidings of whose arrival had reached them. One of them was a chief. They were all men of rank. The first Indian who visited the Pilgrim Fathers at Ply- mouth, was Squantum, one of these unhappy captives. Fortu- nately he fell into kind hands in England, and, forgetting the crime of the men who stole him, became the warm friend of those who proved his benefactors. By them he was restored to his native country. It is believed that he became a sincere Christian. His final career is quite fully given in the Life of Miles Standish, as given in the " Pioneer and Patriot " series. With dying breath he prayed that the Lord would receive him to tha Englishman's heaven. Scarcely had these captives been made secure below, when, about one o'clock at noon, two large and highly decorated canoes were seen approaching. They composed a royal embassy sent by the head chief of the Pemaquid tribes. They were painted and dressed in the highest style of the barbarian court. One of them wore a very ingeniously constructed coronet, indi- cating that he was of royal blood. They came with an invita- tion for Capt. Weymouth to visit, with his ship, the home of their chief, which was distant but a few leagues. Little did they imagine, as they trod the deck of " The Archangel," bear- ing this kind invitation to the strangers, that five of their noblest men were languishing in a dark dungeon in the hold. Weymouth, who was now anxious to get away from the region as soon as possible, before the knowledge of his villany should be spread abroad, declined the invitation. He allowed the 1 2 Belk. Biog., 135. Smith's Hist, p. 18. Prince's Ann., p. 15. Ancient Dominions, p. 68. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 41 embassy to retire unmolested. Probably he had not room enough, in Ins small and crowded ship, for more than five captives. Immediately he made all sail, directing his course westerly. There are nowhere on the North-American continent, shores of more picturesque and sublime beauty than on the coast of Maine No description can do justice to the wonderful variety of scenerv presented by islands, craggy promontories, forest-crowned cliifs inlets, bays, and coves. In the pleasant summers of Maine, there can be tound no region on ^'arth more dclio-htful. Through these charming views " The Archangel " moved cau- lously along about twenty-six miles, until the mouth of the Kennebec then called the Sagadahock, was reached. It appears that the Kennebec and the Androscoggin in the days of the Indians were considered as terminating at what is now called called the Kennebec, was then called the Sagadahock. The Androscogg,n from Lewiston Falls to Merrymeeting Bay, was formerly called the Pejepscot.i ^ •^' Prince says that Weymouth entered the Sagadahock through Pemaquid River. This is a small stream but fourteen miles in length from its source in Pemaquid Pond to its mouth.^ Thu by wh,t may be called an inland passage, he reached the solitary waters of the river which may now be considered the second n nnportance in Maine. The historian gives a glowiL ac otn' of the grandeur of the scenery continually opening beFor Tm It was the season of pleasant June. The richest ve duTe' crowned the banks and headlands. The windin/s^ earn preseiited many lovely coves and soft green meadows Z m^^^the distance the summits of towering mountains were r^^:^^ri:^^:;:::;jL:^^ t^- -.^^ -t, three quarters, and a half at the narToTvost And Tu' '"'''''^'' under four or five fathoms water Crd bv thell ^ ?'" ^'^ ^^^' over, haK mile, very gallant coves.'' ^ '''"''' '"' '" '^"^ ''^''' 1 ™f'^^^'^ Hist, of Maine, veil. pp. 42-46. 2 New England Cbron., p. 15. ^ ^^ 42 TBE HISTORY OF MAINE. Soon after entering the river, " The Archangel " cast anchor • l^ed ;?'"" '""f '^ '^^^' '""'^ '''''' ^ --^ «f seventeen el' trirzr """^^ ""^ "^ ^^^ ^^^•^''^™- ^hen, touch. i"g the ohore, six men were left to guard the boat, ^yhile the enuunng c even, the captain included, set out to explore the. hip, but which proved to be at a much greater distance than had been supposed. They travelled five mile. -.J.^.d. through a region which seemed to them exceedingly be . • , The lis torian writes, in the quaint style of ancient da> ■ • tree,1;«V l2 " "n "",? ^M" » »"='y P"*. w'-ei^ appear some old sp ad fields t™ hundred and seventy years ago, in the vieinity bl iZ, ';^'"""" »■' ""■'% <=i'r of Bath. Soon after the boa etnrned from this ...loring expedition to the ship, an Indian canoe appeared, rapidly approacliiiig from one of the numerons ndets on the east. It was propelled by the paddle o nany „en, and eontained the royal ambassador who had eon- vejed the iiivilation to Capt. Weymouth tc visit the head chief He had heard of the eaptain's treachery and of the captivity of h.s blends. Eager eyes had watched the course of the sliip This Indian prince had followed in her track, that he mh-lit if Cosibir^T'tf ''■'';'"''P''' countrymen, and, if that" w'ere rnipossible, that he might warn other families, of the fiends who were hovering along their coasts. Their tears and supplications were all in vain. They were as powerless as the lamb in the jaws of the wolf. With I h,^ they returned to the families of the kidnapped men with e M hi™ rL"f f"" """?""' "" ' ''"'™" ■""- '" »-« '"- " and tilt if" 7""""^ ''""■'' " "'" ■"'»' ^■»°™°>'» ■■•■P'ile; a, th,.t It was the consequent duty of the Indian to kill th. white man whenever and wherever he could. THE niSTOBY OF UAJNE. 43 Weymouth had been seat to thia country by good men Th»v w.th he Indians, their brother men ; to do then, good tal respects, and to engage hi traffic with them which limnd I mutually advantageous. And such were the a to at mcas o^^ctl ^''"™* P™^^ '"' "- P™-«0" of"ueTe The lapse of a century could not efface from the minds of the nd,ans a sense of the outrage of which they had b" „ he" tims. The story descended from father to son. Desire fo v™ geance burned u, the Indian's breast. The very name of En,H h men became hateful. The sight of an Englishman, with hU lot a„dghtte„„gs>vord and bis death-dealing bulle., appalled 1 em If Weymouth had intended to render all futur f lend , i2 course w.th the Indians impossible, be could not ha ad ted measures better adapted to accomplish bis ends. ' cog„,„. Ihere, with religious ceremonies, he planted the crns^ the aifecting emblem of Jesus Christ -of tb.t [ ' fundamental principle is that On,! . *^'°" ''''°'*'' men are brotliers. ' tLu ^aid IZTT" 'I'"-' ""' "" name of Jesus Christ that^^:a^l:L:^lry::;;. ^it^r-it't Christianity which authorizes these deeds Smne If ti,^en will soon appear to teach you trtbi'r h fiXio:-.- Weymouth now made preparations to return to EmZd Early in the morn ng of the 14tli of l„„„ ■ » , ,^"81''nd. i.iB uue, out not the wind, was in bis fuv,„. t boats aheiul towed "The Arehin.T„1 •• .1' !l ^'™ noon, wlien the anchor wis aSst t '\%''"-'=™ «"*" favoring, " The Areha„r 1" Cb^ ' t„^ "/ ^"^' ""^ "'^"^ On Sunday, June 16, im, wXmruth wiT,: , ■°'""/"^''°'»=^- his sails for England. <=3'mouth, w.th bis captives, spread of!lt::lTeii'nr"T,''"""'™''"''^°""= *^ '"-- •-■'"'y «ed to :ir:;.u;:;tisl lt:;:;; S" cTi^:"^- -"'''■ '" -^- -arch. It is however safe to ^:7: Z t^S II 1 44 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. thac The Archangel " entered its anchorage from Monhegan by Pemaquid Point between Liniken's Neck and Fisherman's Is and. Anchor was then cast between this and Squirrel's Island. It was probably on the beach of this latter island, that the natives first appeared at their camp-fires. The two who were captured by violence were probably taken from the side of the clifif of Fisherman's Island. The Pentecost Harbor of Weymouth was the Townsend or Boothbay Harbor. This is situated between the Sheepscot and the Damariscotta Rivers.i Weymouth ou his homeward voyage, when about one hun- dred miles from land, found the water gradually slioalino-. ^rom one hundred fathoms it dwindled to twenty-four fathoms. One day lie was becalmed. As his vessel rolled upon the mighty swells of the Atlantic, one of the sailors, Thomas Kin- cast out a hook. Almost instantly he drew up a very large fat codhsh. Other hooks were cast out, and the fishes 'were taken almost as fast as the lines could be thrown and drawn. Thus those banks were discovered, swarming with the treasure of the deep, which have subsequently proved such a blessing to man- kind, borne time before this, continental fishermen had visited the coasts of Maine. 1 Ancient Doitiinions of Maine, p. 73. CHAPTER III. THE EXPEDITION OP GOVERNOR GEORGE POPHAM. Ascending the Sagadahock - The Colony located -Scrch%orn.„Pr TJPON tl,e return of Weymouth to Englaud, the report of y i;"* "soovenes excited wide-spread and deep uterest. It was maeed a glo>v,„g aeeount which he could give ; for the sun 6h,nes not upou more lovely hays and islands! hil s and va t^han Mame presents when reposing beneath the genial skie of June and July No one seemed disposed to question him too closely respeotmg his mode of capture of the Indian nobles Tley were all men well-formed, good-looking, and of mue native d.gn.ty of demeanor, The interest th y excited wa :Xi;;:ri -■"" "■"' -- "^ "- -^ - -• -^ Three of them were received into the family of Sir Ferdi- Plvmou'tTr '""™'''f"^'>' -P°" "- "-val of the ship at 1 13 mouth. Gorges, whose name sul«equently obtained much ■enown, was governor of that important naval depot. He Tas a young man but thirty years of age, and his eonduet deveZ a very noble and truly Christian character. SympatfS deeply ,„ the wrongs the captive, had suffered, irdidevv thing 1.1 his power to convert their calamity into a blessin/ Ihe account which he gives of the character which the "tt toied savages developed, is interesting and valuable. He Writes: — ." *j^-c. xie 46 46 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. " After T had those people some time in my custody, I observed in them an mchnahon to follow the bette. sort. In all their carriages the ^ wer^ man.fe.tshows of great civility, far from the rudeness of our' common" ! pie. The longer I conversed with thom, the better hope they gave me of ^.ose j,a.^ where they did inhabit, for our uses, especially when 1 learned with These Indians were all of one nation, but of several families This accident must be acknowledged to be the means of God of putting on foo and givmg life to all our plantations. " i ^ The names of these captites from the shores of Peraaquid were Nuhanada, Skitwarroes, Assecomet, Tisquantum, and Dehamida.2 The region ^yhich Weymouth liad visited became a subject of all-absorbing interest in England. It was deemed the fairest clime in the New World, the most desirable spot for the location of colonies. It was said that nowhere on earth could be found more sunny skies, a more genial clime, or more ter lie soil. The forests were of unspeakable grandeur, the water of crystal purity, and it was a luxury to breathe its salu- brious air. Speedily an association of English gentlemen wa^ formed to plant colonies in this newly found Eden. The hypocrisy of the nominal Christian Weymouth, by no means proves that there might not be other true Christian men, influenced by principles of heartfelt piety. The religion which Jesus taught undr liably IS, that, to please God, men must try to do every thing that is right, and to avoid every thing that is wrong. There were many English gentlemen of the highest worth, who desired to send the glad tidings of the gospel to these their benighted breth- ren in the wigwam and the forest. Several of these men associated themselves into a band called the Plymouth Company. They were intelligent and far-see- ing men, who believed that religion and civilization must go hand in hand They would send to the shores of Pemoquid and the Sagadahock, the farmer, the carpenter, and the school- master, with the Bible, the Christian teacher, and th-^ organized cliiirch. ° James J. made a grant to this company of all the territory 1 See Drake's Book of the Indians, chap. ii. p. 2 2 Voyage of Weymouth, by Joha McKeen, Esq., p. .^■?2. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 47 l^wocn the tlurty-fifth and the forty-fifth degrees of north lati- do, including all the islands within one hundi-ed miles of the coast Iherc was at the same time another company organized called tlie Colony of Virginia. ^o'""zeu, Both companies were" united under the supervision of a comun tee of thirteen men residing in EnglanI They were Vi-S Tl "°""' ""' ^°°' ""'' "'^"^^' "^ ^^- CovLil of Vnginia. Ihe government of each colony, or its interior affairs, was conducted by a council of thirteen select men lesulmg in he colony. These rulers could coin money, import Bntish goods free of duty, could lay taxes, and expel disorderly persons or intruders. ^ J^f ^Y";"™ f"'' Sir Pcrfmando Gorges were prominent m mb « o the Plymouth Colony. The first effort which was m..do to Colombo .seems to have been very feeble. A large ship was provKled and well supplied, but earrying only thirty-one men „.el„d,„g the erew. Henry Chalons was ihe eapti lh.s was indeed a .mall number to establish a colony. Two of Weymouth .s captives, Dehamaida and Asseeomet; were also place, on board this ship, to be returned to their Native la d dd,o r T '"", I ?f '""°" ■""-' "■•= "">"* °f ">e Saga- dahock. 1 he .ship .saded from Bristol in the year 1606, prob- ably m tlio month of May.' '^ England was then at war with Spain. The ship fell in with a S,x,msh fleet, and was captured. The Spaniards were in the The sh, p with a 1 ,ts n,mates, was carried as a prize to Spain. Tie I ymouth Company, uninformed of the disaster which had befallen the.r ship, very soon sent out another, unde Thomas Hanham. This ship bore a number of addition, colomsts w,th fresh supplies. It would seem that Hanh™ upon reaclnng the Sagadahoek, and hearing no tidings "c™: ons returned to England. "He did nothing mofe," writes Wdhamson, refernng to the authority of Prince, " than to new vamp and repeat the encouraging accounts of the countr; and thereby enhven and perhaps invigorate the spirit of adventare " 1 Strackey, tlie historian of t.li« vn,ro. Annals as Lis authority, says August. '^ m says May. WiUiamson, giving Prince's 48 THi HISTORY OF MAINE. fA i Lord Jolin Popham, the most conspicuous member of the Plymouth Compauy, was chief justice of England, a man of wealth and of the highest rank. The next year, two vessels were fitted out to make another attempt to plant a colony at the mouth of the Sagadahock. One of these, called " The Gift of God," was commanded by George Popham, a brother of Lord Popham. Raleigh Gilbert, a nephew of Popham, was captain of the other, which was called '' The Mary and John." One hundred and twenty "planters" were taken out in these ships, and a largo supply of needful tools and provisions. There are some trivial diversities as to the details which are given of these operations. Gorges says that there were three ships in the expedition. Others say, that, in consequence of some disappointment, two only were equipped. The vessels sailed from Plymouth, the 31st of May, 1G07. Their course was directed to the island of Monhegan. The voyage was long but propitious. On the Banks they stopped to fish three hours. In that time they caught neai'ly two hundred large codfish, and said that they could have filled their ships in a very short time. About noon of the 31st of July they came in sight of some island on the coast of Maine, where they cast anchor. About two hours afterward a boat was seen approaching from the shore, containing eight Indian men and a boy. Tliey were many leagues distant from Pemaquid. It is not probable that these Indians had heard of the kidnapping crimes of Wey- mouth. At first they were very unwilling to trust themselves on board. Tiiey rowed around the ships, gazed upon them with much curiosity, but kept at a safe distance. After this careful examination, they began to returu towards the land. Soon they stopped, held a short consultation, and then, turning, slowly paddled back to the ship. Three of them ventured on board. The other six made for the shore, having by signs intimated that they would return the next day. The next day they came back, in another and larger boat, laden with beaver-skins. Several women were also on board. It would seem that Popham and Gilbert were very different n^en from Weymouth. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. ^g Wo infer f.om the brief narrative, that the natives were hon„ral,ly tn-ated, and the trade fairly conducted T? raternal traffic. The ship'. <^<^r.,4 T^^'^^J ^^^ furs; and the native, retired delighted' with the,; 10'^,': Jiad received in return. ^ As the sua of that blessed day was sinkin^r ;,. w .lory, the moon rose full and undoild t L e tt "tZ irlidin" ovlr n n • ' ''''^^S:ers spread their sails, and, gliding over a niuon-illuminated sea, cruised alon- the shnr« towards the south-west Tho r«^ • i. , *' ""^® ir.ft? . 1 . morning of the 3d of Aurrnst 1007, diiwned beaut fully unon thf.m Ti ^vu^ust, Loundarie. of Sagadal.oclc Bav ''x "ebb T„^ fll "n,°V',''° are l,e>e remarkably stro,,.. Thev clt ,„.' T u " '"''' a., island, a few miles east'.f ,1,7 ^ ' ""'"'"■ ""' '<'« "^ ana John, to be returned to his friends Ho T , ^ fan.iliar with „H the localiti „ hfs re^t, C r^r h''^ ;:iri:^^aerttr^"^"•T^'^^-^ S^itwarroe, elreted fl^'nt "a" r: oT'^^ ■""^"'''• co,,.a,„i,,, about a hundred men, wotnenfa,:! Jhi "="^™'"^ Capt. Chalou, t^bTr^ltd t'rtl! f^ ^ td "' Tr\"^ ™ taken by the Spaniard, and they were lltd t Spa^.l^ 1 Aueient Dominions, p. 34. 50 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. ; J. those days there were many private expeditions fitted out to the American coast for fishing and trading. In some unknown manner Nahanada bad found liis way back to his childhood's home. He was a chief of high rank, and chanced to be at that time in this little village. It is supposed that this was within the limits of the present town of Bristol. As soon as the Indians caught sight of the white men they were terror-stricken. The women and children shrieked and ran ; the men seized their arms. The dispersion was like that caused by the leap of the wolf into the fold. Tlie kidnapping Weymouth had taught them that the strangers were as much to be feared as demons from the world of woe. The terrified Indians did not recognize Skitwarroes in his European garb, and in the tumult did not distinguish his voice, calling out to them not to be alarmed. But Nahanada caught sight of his fellow-captive, and the two instantly recognized each other. The most impressible white men could not have manifested more joy than these two Indian chiefs displayed, in thus unexpectedly meeting again. They threw themselves into each other's arms, and the fabled stoicism of the Indian entirely disappeareu. The influence of the two soon restored tranquillity. Both of these outraged chiefs had received in England the kindest treatment. They had fallen into the hands of true Christians, who fed them, clothed them, and instructed them. Every thing was done which could be done to repair the wrong which they endured. They had forgotten the crime of Wey- mouth in gratitude for the favors which had been lavished upon them in London. Thus the title of Englishmen became a pass- port to their hearts. Two happy hours were passed in the interchange of cordial greetings, and the reception by the strangers of such hospitali- ties as the Indians could furnish. The boat's crew then returned to the ship, and all hearts were serene and joyous. The next day was the sabbath. It was the 9th of August, 1607. It was a memorable day ; for it was probably the first time since the world's creation that God, as revealed to us in the person of Jesus Christ his Son, was worshipped upon that THE HISTORY OF MAINE. gj portion Of the globe's surface now called Maine, Gloriouslv that sabbath morning's sun rose over the magnificent expans; of Inlands, promontories, and bays of a yet unexplored world Boats were manned from both of the ships, conveying a party of fifty men to the shore. They were all well armed. The pomt of land to which they directed their boats is supposed to have been what, now called Parker's Island ; though they soon aftei disembarked on Stage Island, but a short distance to the east At this point Weymouth had raised one of his crosses. When the natives saw so formidable an armed force approach- ing, their fears were very naturally again aroused. But two years had passed since Weymouth, with protestations of friend- ship and the foulest treachery, had torn five of their countrymen othpr r' rr{ ^r °"^^ ^^-^^^ ^■^'"^■"^^' ^o what fat; the other three had been doomed they knew not Nahanada had also learned, during his residence in London, rtia nommal Christ ans might be the greatest villains in the woild. His apprehensions were excited in seeing the boats approacluiig the shore, manned with bands so fofmidable t numbers and so thoroughly armed. It is intimated that Wey^ mouth s crew outraged the wives and daugh ers of the Indians most infamously. In this hamlet of one hundred natives there might have been twenty men, with bows and arrows o^lyfo Se mZ'^rr ' ^!^TP^^-^'^- ^^-^^ the bullets of the Joutggids. ^^"^•^"^'^^"^-•^^-•« ^-"^en, with little boys and Well might the Indians,' after the experience they had parsed M Ce It nn .f r'? '"'"''^ ^'^''^^ '^^'^''^^ the little excited, 01 that he wished to persuade the strangers to pursue a course ess menacing in its aspect to his friends. He ouJd speak and understand Englisli perfectly well Capts Popham and Gilbert were both in the boats. As they no^rod the and, Nahanada came down upon tlie beach, and tZ ang them, begged them not to come on shore in sJch sU"g i Williamson, vol 1. p. ins. 52 TEE HISTORY OF MAINE. I military array, for the' natives were greatly alarmed. The t-ft-o captains seem to have been very judicious and excellent men. They were visiting the shore for divine worship. The crews were weary of the long voyage. The land, with its green mounds and cool springs and shady groves, seemed like an Eden m their view, as it was illumined with all the splendors of the early autumnal sun. It would have been a great and cruel disappointment to them to have been forbidden to land. ^ The boatmen rested upon their oars, and an hour was spent in negotiations. Then it was agreed that the crew might land, but all the Indians prudently withdrew into the forest. Even Skitwarroes went with them. He might have feared that the sailors would be guilty of outrages which their captains could not restrain. Or it might have been his object to assure his friends that their alarm was groundless, and that these white men^ could be safely trusted. It would seem that Capt. Pop- ham's suspicions were now aroused. He knew not how numer- ous the Indians might be in that vicinity. The distrust shown by the natives, and their entire withdrawal, led him to fear that they might have gone for re-enforcements, and that a band of hundreds of warriors might come rushing upon him. He, however, ventured to land. Religious services were held beneath the cross which Weymouth had reared. Rev. Richard Seymour, the cliaphiin, preached the sermon. Thus it was an Episcopal clergyman from the sliores of En^dand, who first preached the gospel of the Son of God upon the shores of Maine. It was an occasion to have raised a man's soul. Deep must have been the emotions excited, as the melody of their hymns blended with the soft voice of the wavelets rippling upon the beach, and the pensive whisperings of the breeze throuo-h the fibrous-leaved pines. ° After this service Popham re-embarked his crews, and rowed to the other side of the water, where he encamped. Sewall thinks that this was probably the Boothhay shore, near Hodn-- don's Mills.i But it is impossible to extn\:.re the details whicli are given, from some entanglement. This might have been a 1 Ancient Dominions of Maine, n. lo. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. jj prudential movement to guard against attack. It i,, however more probable that t was intended to relieve the na ives from tbeir patnful apprehensions. Popham might have made th! comp,.om,se wth Nahanada, that he would land his etew for rehgious servtee only, beneath the erosa of Weymouth, and tha then they would retire. The whole of the 10th and 11th was spent at this eneamp- ment, whde a party explored the Damariscotta River in seareh of a suttable oeatton for the establishment of their colony I„ theevemng of the llth, the boats returned to the ships, which were^stdl r.d.ng at anchor under what they called St. Geo^et The morning of the 12th, the ship, weighed anchor, and set sad to enter the mouth of the Sagadahock." The next morning found them south of Seguin, at the distance of but three mi lef There was a dead calm, and they could move in no di Jtion At m.dntght a fierce storm aro»e. " Off Seguin " is notoriouX a rough po„,t. The gale was blowing directly upon the Ze In the darkness of the night, amidst Ihe roaring of tl e temnes" and the dashmg of the waves, they were in intminent perif tempestuous winch they could run. During the hours of this tempestuous n.ght they stood off and on, momentarily fearing tifat "h" might be driven upon the rocks. The morning of the 4 h ^uvncd lundly upon a storm-tossed sea. With its earliest ra^ they looked for some spot where they could thrust in the shiL to save then- lives. ^ Putting up the helm, they stood in for the shore, where thev soon saw two small islands. Under the shelter of ne o ftl em perhaps at George s Island Harbor, they found good ancho i;:.' The St George s Islands consisted of a group of about twenty many of them mere rocks. The storm ere long ceased and S wind came in Mr. A party took a boat, an3 cru ed aLnd uZ'ther ''^"';' ^' ''-'' ''-' -^^^' and :f mr:' them there was a dense growth of hemlock, spruce firs and I-^.^^ Upon one they found four natives, one Jl them bl^a The ne::t morning, the loth, though the wind was rather 54 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. unfavorable, " The Gift " worked its way into the mouth of the Sagadahock. A calm ensued. Capt. Popham sent his boats, and, aided by the tide, towed in " The Mary and John," and anchored her by the side of " The Gift." This occupied the day. The autumnal sun rose bright and clear the next morning, the 16th. Capt. Popham took thirty men in his pinnace, and Capt. Gilbert eighteen in his long-boat, and commenced row- ing up the stream, between the banks of the silent, solitary, beautiful Sagadahock. They ascended the deep and " gallant "' river, as they termed it, far into the interior. They passed many goodly islands and branches of inlets and mouths of streams or bays opening into the river. In the evening the boats returned, having found no place for the establishment of the colony which they deemed more favorable than the one before them. Accordingly the next morning, the 18th of August, 1607, all went on shore to select a spot for their plantation, and to com- mence their works. The point chosen seems to have been near the mouth of Sagadahock, at the south-western extremity of the peninsula called Phipsburg. Williamson says — " The Indians called this promontory Sabino, from the chief whose authority was reco-nized there. They selected a pleasant and convenient site on the south-east side of a creek, near what is now called Atkins Boy which stretches west into the land half a lea-ue, and forms a peninsula at the southerly corner of the present town of Phipsburg." i The critical reader will perceive that the date of the landing here given differs from the dates in some other histories. The cause of this discrepancy probably is, that the landing at the dif- ferent points, to which we have already alluded, has been con- founded with this final landing. The recently discovered man- 1 Coolldge and Mansfield say, in their valuable History of New England that some suppose that the landing was made at Parker's Island, othe-s at Arrowsic and others at Georgetown, but that the recent discovery of the MS of William' Strackoy leaves scarcely room for doubt that they landed on the Phipsburg Peumsula. ^ " The narrative given in the text is doubtless the correct one. There were sev- eral landings, and the liual one was on the peninsula. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 55 tltthetf'''"l'" f ^^^^^^ -«-« t- -nder it almost certain that the chronology here given is correct.^ The settlement took the name of the Sagadahock Colony The inauguration of the colony was solemnized by relic^ious ser vices Rev. Richard Seymour, of whom we have befor^e spoked preached on the occasion. The promontory contained one 01' wo hundred acres The Plymouth Company had given sealed duec ions contaimng the general laws they wished to have established, and a list of the rulers they had appointed to exe- cute them This colony was organized under the influence of the British nobihty. They were fully satisfied with the mon- archy of their native land. The idea of establishing a repub- lican government they had not even remotely cherished. The company represented the crown; and all the laws were enacted, and the officers selected, by the company. Capt. George Pop- ham was appointed governor ; and seven men were designated as his assistants, with the several titles of admiral, master of ordnance, commander of the militia, marshal, commander of the tort, secretary of the colony, and searcher. While thus laying the foundations of their little settlement far away in the solitudes of a world as yet but little knoAvn and s ightly explored, three canoes full of natives were seen on the distant waters. Cautiously the Indians gazed upon the strange spectacle thus opening before them, but they did not venture to draw nigh. They soon vigorously plied their pad- dies, and were lost to sight beyond the reaches of the river All hands were now summoned to work. They commenced operations about the same time upon a fort, a large storehouse several log-cabins, and a small vessel to cruise along the coast' and explore the rivers. The name of " Virginia " was given to this first vessel built upon the shores of Maine. Her size was thirty tons. The governor was invested with almost absolute power, and he superintended all the works. They called the lort bt. George. The settlement also was frequently called by the same name. I f, i*C 06 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. oS^ \' . '^'' "^^"'^ ^"P*- ^'^^«r^ t««^^ a boat's crew, and set out on a voyage of discovery towards the Avest. He sailed hrough Casco Bay, admiring, as well he might, its cluster of beautiful islands, and anchored his shallop at ni^ht under a headland which the Indians called Semiamis, but which IS novv known as Cape Elizabeth. He inferred that the land must be very fertile, from the gigantic growth of trees .which sprung from the soil. During the day several native canoes were seen; but the Indians carefully avoided approaching the shallop. They had doubtless heard of the treachery of Weymouth, and regarded the white man as a fiend, to be avoided and resisted at every hazard. After an uneventful cruise of three days, the shallop returned to lort George, again traversing the beautiful Bay of Lasco and sailing by " many goodly and gallant islands." Had It not been for the crime of Weymouth, any number of Indians might have been hired to work upon the fort, to draw timber from the forest, and to aid with spade and hoe in break- ing up the ground for seed. A hatchet or a knife would repay an Indian amp y lor many days' labor. The French in Canada treated the Indians a. brothers ; and they found no difficulty in securing their services to bear burdens, and to toil in the field and the slnp-yard But Weymouth's crime so appalled the Indians of Maine, that not one was willing to lift his hand to aid the white men. No smiles, no kind words, no hospitality, could efface the impression which the kidnapper had cut deep into tneir hearts. ^ About noon of the 30th of August nine canoes, filled with lorty Indians, were seen approaching the fort from Pemaquid, which was distant but a few leagues on the east. Several of these natives Avere women and children. Without any hesi- tancy, they paddled to the beach, and all landed. The mystery ot this apparent boldness was soon explained. The little fleet was led by the Pemaquid chief Nahanada. He had also with him ..utwarroes, and another subordinate chief, Sasanoa Gov. Popham received them with the greatest hospitality, and did every thing in his power to dispel their suspicions. Ihe Indians remained for three liours ; but nothing could in- THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 57 duce them to leave themselves in the power of such d«r.^o. v,.to.s through the night. As the J J :1^^^X'SZ p.ne.crovvned islands of Casco Bay, they nearl/ al ^ ' their canoes, and paddled across the water to fhl T ban. of the Sa,adah„ok. He.e .he, .e:Tk: ^^ ^^ built their fires, and encamped. a'leiteis, 10 t. Capt Gilbert, to show the Indians that he reposed e«„ fidenee ■„ them, and perhaps emboldened by the eonWctTon t there ,vere two or three Indians in the f„rt,'^>vho ,v I Id he M as hostage., for his safe return, took a boat, and with two othe« milif S";"™",,''™""'!. R»l'«=rt Davis, eommander of the m,ht,a, and Elhs Bert, marshal, rowed across the river and passed the n.ght in the native encampment It was, however, very evident tliat the cantious Indians did not deem .t safe to enter into any very intimate rela oLof took",!o 7b ''° ''"="'",'"^"- ^^''^ *« "-' morning they P II took to their canoes, and returned to Pemaquid A week of energetic labor npon fort and dwe'llin.>s passed a^vay; and on the 8th of September Capt. Gilbert a^aiif toot the shallop, and, with twenty-two men, set out oir Inotler exp oring tonr, toward the east in search of the Penobscot Rivt tl al th „ff ' 7 IT- "' r """ ^"^"'^ »' '«» *«'»"- of time wisdom. The location was on a sandbank, bleak and !,„,. ran, with no surrounding region of fertility. The eyerie ,e^V one winter led them to report, that " the count y k in kilj : ttr-V'r'^":'"?'*^: """ "-" habitable lyo^itgrn. The explorers in the shallop were retarrlprl U.r . i head Winds, and did not reaci Pem^rrti'l:^": t 1 Pnneo's ^innalei, p. 35. 58 THE HISTORY OP MAINE. niormng of the 11th of September. They fou.id tlie Indian VI lage entirely deserted, and nothing remained but silence and solitude. It 13 probable that the natives who had visited Fort George were alarmed by the fortifications which were risino- there, so massive in their eyes, and by the other indications of a strong and permanent settlement. They deemed it safe to retire back into the country, that they might be at a greater remove from neighbors whom they deemed so dangerous. For several days the voyagers cruised along, exploring many bays and inlets of this wonderfully indented coast, but search- ing in vain for the mouth of the Penobscot. They did not return from their fruitless expedition until about the 20th. On the 23d Capt. Gilbert again embarked in the shallop, tak- ing with him nineteen men to ascend the Sagadahock to Merry- meeting Bay, and thence to explore the Kennebec to its navigable source. The party reached the bay on the 24th, and turning to the left instead of the right, entered the Androscoggin River, instead of the Kennebec. Early the next morning they reached the falls at Brunswick. Their description of the country, and of the low flat island about a quarter of a mile below the falls, can- not be mistaken. The falls then consisted mainly of a series of rapids, through which, by aid of a strong rope, they with difficulty drew their boat. Rowing up the river about three miles beyond these rapids, they landed, and camped for the night. As they were constructing their camp, and kindling their fire, they heard the shouts of Indians on the opposite bank of the' river. The Englishmen responded; but the shouts on both sides Avere alike unintelligible. The next morning a canoe crossed the river, bearing an Indian chief by the name of Sebenoa, and four natives. The chief was a friendly, cour- teous man, but deemed it necessary to guard against treachery He would not land, and thus place himself in the power of the strangers, until they placed one of their men in his canoe as a hostage. The report whicli is given of the subsequent conduct of the Indians, if we credit it precisely as given, is utterly incompre- TBE HISTORY OF MAINE. 59 hensib e. It would seem that there must have been some ffreat misunderstanding on the part of the English in their interpreta- tion of facts which are unquestionable. If the report of the historian is to be accepted as accurate in all its bearings it would prove that the Indians behaved lUce idiots, -a character which they never developed before. As soon as the hostage was received into the canoe, knd bebenoa the chief, had by invitation taken a seat in the shallop where, it will be remembered, he was surrounded by nineteen white men, the four Indians began to paddle very rapidly up the river. The annalist assumes that tluiy treacherously were mak- ing an effort to run away with the hostage as their captive. The supposition is absurd. The Indians surely would not surrender their chief in exchange for a common man. The chief himself would not consent to so silly a sacrifice. Neither could four men hope to escape from the pursuit of nineteen whose guns could throw the death-dealing bullet so great a distance. The tidings of the power of the white man's musket had spread far and wide among the tribes. Unquestionably the chief had invited the white men to visit his encampment. As they could converse only by sio-ns his invitation had not been understood by Capt. Gilbert. But the Indians supposed that it was understood and accepted. Imme- • diately upon the friendly exchange having been made, the white man being in the canoe, and the chief in the shallop, the In- dians commenced paddling up the river toward their villa-e The birch canoe, light as a bubble, was driven with great rapkl- ity over the waters. It was with difficulty that the heavily laden shallop could keep up with it. We are informed that great care was taken that the hosta^re chief should not leap overboard; but there is no intimation that he made any such senseless attempt. What could one poor nian do, struggling in the water, with nineteen men at hand to brain him with their oars? Escape under those circumstances was impossible. Apparently Sebenoa sat in the shallop with tranquil mind entirely unconscious of the alarm which his hospitable invita' tion had given. The cuuoo led the way. A few rods behind 60 THE HISTORY Of MAINE. came the shallop. Having ascended the river al)out three miles, the canoe landed. The four Indians, with their one wlute companion, entered a trail whi^l^ led hack to their viUajre. ^ Capt. Gilbert hurriedly ran his boat ..,.on tlie shore. Leav- ing nine men to guard the shallop, he took the other nine with him, and follosved rapidly along the trail to rescue the man whom he supposed the India,.>s had kidnapped. Sebanoa min- gled with them, giving no sign that he suspected that he was watched or that he was thought to be practising treachery. The well-trodden, narrow path led picturesquely around tlu) forest-crowned hills of the Androscoggin, for a distance of about a league. Here they came upon the little hamlet of the chiet. The white hostage was there unharmed. The vhole village- was, of course, thrown into great commotion bv gular an event. The historian writes: — so oin- "Here we found near Mty able men, very strong and tall : «„ch as their hke before we had not seen. AH were newly painted, and armed with bows As there were fifty warriors, the village must have contained about two hundred and fifty inhabitants. They could not have been armed m anticipation of this visit ; for thoy had no more reason to expect it, than they had to think that angels would descend among them fi.m heaven. They had made no collec- tion of furs for trade; fo. the idea of such a chance for trade had not entered their minds. But here were nine men, three miles from their boat, surrounded by fifty well-armed and very powerful warriors. If treachery had ttm off " T. ' 'Tl"^ T'^ '''^^^ ^^^" "°^^ '^^y ^han to cut them off Ihey had no longer any hostage ; for Sebenoa was in his own home and at the head of his band. There were many opportunities for lying in ambush among the rocks and forest- trees and thickets which fringed the narrow trail. Thus every white man could have been pierced with arrows, with scarcely tue opportunity to make any resistance. And yet not one of these 'very strong, tall savages " gave the slightest indication of hostih y. There was not a frown seen, not a menacing word h ^ard, not an arrow was placed upon the bowstring. T,IE UUiTORY OF a.'AINE. ax On the contrary, the reception was hospituUe in all respects We are told that " peaceful overtiues prevailed, and proposals lor trade were made." After a brief visit, the whole party returned to the boat. Not the slightest attempt was discovered to molest the strangers, as in siugle file they threaded the narrow pass, where the Indians, outnumbering them five to one could so easily in ambush, with one volley of their arrows, have struck every man down. A few moments after reaching the shallop, sixteen of the natives appeared, apparently lured by curiosity to see them off We are simply informed that they were " naf'-ves ; " and it is rea SDnable to infer that they were men, women, and children It IS very certain, that, if there had been any hostile intent, ifty warriors would never have deputed sixteen of their num- ber to attack a band of nine white men, while the remainder lounged indolently in their wigwams within half an hour's distance of the scene of conflict. The treachery of the white man had become proverbial. The crime of Weymouth had infused suspicion into the mind of e.ery Indian. Fire-arms had then been but recently in- vented. 1 he musket which the white man bore was the an- cient matchlock. It was a clumsy weapon, and rested upon a torch to the touchhole. Just as the boat was leaving the shore where the camp-fire was burning, one of the men lighted a torch to fire the guns. _ An Indian standing by, undoubtedly feared that in was the intention of the boatmen, as soon as tliey were at a little dis- tance from the shore, to fire upon the group left behind. The lighting of the match, under those circumstances, was a men- ace a hostile act. What other possible motive could there be for bus malcng ready to fire their guns? Upon the impulse of tie moment, he sprang towards the shallop, seized the lighted match, and thew it into tlie .vater. The crew instantly grasped then- guns ; and a man, at the command of Gilbert leaped on shore to get more fire. Thus suddenly did a war tempest seem to burst upon the band. The terrified Indians now convinced that hostilities were threatened, seized the rope 63 TnE HISTORY OF MAINE. I of the boat, and tried to prevent its putting off. But as the men presented their muskets, ready to apply the glowing, torch, they dropped the rope, and the whole company fled precipitately bacV '^'^ ^''^' ""' "" ''"°^' '"'"^^^ ''''' ''^^"^^" This was indeed an untoward termination of Gilbert's visit to bebenoa. TI.o shallop immediately withdrew to the opposite side of the river. In this misadventure the natives certainly appear to greai advantage. It is recorded, — t^n'n"^ «*"°<'/«"7<^d to excuse the hoeH'le bearing of tim natives. Gilbert kmdly entertained the messages of peace, but made the best of his way back to the settlement and the fort. " ^ These events took place on the 26th of September, 1607 Capt. Gilbert expresses liis admiration of the marivate Adventui^s- Infamy of Poutrincourt-The Scenery of Mount Desert- Mon- hegan in us Glory -Harlow the Kidnapper- Valor of the Indians - Fate of the French Colonies -Adventures ofEpenow-Hia Escape -The Battle on Maltha 8 Vineyard. A WEEK passed away. On the 3d of October, Skitwarroes -^-^ camo to the fort in a canoe, with two or three other Indians. The native princes seem to have had their rules of courtly etiquette, quite as distinctly defined as those which pre- vail at Windsor Castle or Versailles. It would seem that there were, in that region, several tribes under one head chief, who was recognized as supreme, and was called Bashaba. Skitwarroes and his companions had come as envoys from the Bashaba, to inform Gov. Popham that their sovereign had sent his brother (Williamson says his son) as an ambassador to visit the chieftain of the white men, and that he was on the other side of the river, awaiting the white chieftain's pleasure. The envoy was immediately invited over, and was received with the distmction due to one of his rank. He spent the sabbath at the fort, and with his retinue attended public worship, both morning and evening. It is recorded that they all conducted reverentially, and with much decorum. The object of this mission was to establish friendly relations with the new-comers, and to open a trade which might be exceedingly beneficial to both parties. It would seem that Ivahanada and Skitwarroes had made such representations to 68 64 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. the Bashaba, that he generously overlooked the infamous con- duct of Weymouth, and presented the hand of reconciliation and friendship to these new-comers. Every historian has ad- mitted that the conduct of the Indians in this respect was very noble. There is no authentic record, thus far, of any act of treachery, violence, or deceit on their part. The Indian Avars, which eventually ensued, were the undeniable result of outrages inflicted by individual white men, who were beyond the re- straints of law, and who, in utter godlessness, had no more regard to future retribuilon than had the wolves and the bears. The Indians were honest in their dealings, and manifested much grautude for any favor conferred upon thorn. On one occasion a straw hat and a knife were given to an Indian, by the name of Ameriguin, as a present. He immedi- ately, in return, presented the giver with a rich beaver mantle which ^vas then worth from ten to fifteen dollars in London. The works in the settlement were driven so vigorously, and the style of architecture was so simple, that by the Oth of October, only seven weeks from the time of landing, the fort was completed, intrenched, and twelve cannon Avere mounted The storehouse was also finished, and fifty log-cabins were reared. With such imposing ceremonies as the occasion could furnish, the town was named St. George.^ Winter came early, and with unusnial severity. Storms of sleet and snow swept the bleak expanse which had been so unwisely selected for their home. Discontent arose, and, with the discontent, quarrels among the colonists. Many cursed the day in which they left their cottages in England, for abodes so chill and drear and comfortless. They had made no suitable preparation for winter. They had only green wood to burn. J heir cabins wore frail, and filled with smoke. It was a miserable winter to all. With wise foresiglit, and a Christian spirit, the months of snow and wind and rain mi-lit have passed even agreeably away. Then- cabins mi-^ht have been warm and cheerful. Wood was abundant. They could have laid m ample stores, and quite well seasoned. An iibun- dant supply of furs could have been obtained of the Indians for 1 Bancroft, yo!. i, p, 268. I THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 65 clc\ung and bedding, and couclies around the brightly blazin^ fireside. The Indians wished to be friendly. They would gladly have brought in stores of corn and fish and game, had they been kindly treated. But sin reigned in the camp ; and where there is sin there must be sorrow^. Gov. Popham died. It was, perhaps, fortunate for him. His heart would have broken, could he have lived to witness the ruin of his colony. As the world was receding from his view, and the sublunities of eternity opening before him, he said, cheered by the hope that he had planted a colony which would last while time endures, — ^iLLTJT^v' V u^^ °^'°' ^'^^ ^' "^^'^y^ ^soc\^te(i M-ith the first planting of the English race m the New World. My renv h.s wiU not be neglected away from the home of my fathers and my kindred." His expectations were not realized. His colony perished. No fnendly hand conveyed his remains to England, that they might repose amidst the graves of his fathers. No monument has ever been reared to his memory. We now search in vain tor the spot, amidst the sands of the ocean sliore, wliere his body awaits that judgment trump at whose peal the dead shall rise. The wail of the tempest, and the dash of the surge, have been tor two hundred years his mournful requiem There was no one left in the colony capable of filling the place of Popham. His death was followed by that of three other of the most prominent men. Comparative anarchy reigned. The Indians were grossly and wantonly maltreated. 1 hey have not been able to tell their own story; but the records of the white man's historians testify fully to this fact. Ihe colonists seem to have been selected, or accepted, Avithout any reference to moral character. In those days, there prob- ably cou d not have been found on earth a more fiendlike set ot men than the average crew of a British man-of-war. An- parently many of the colonists were reckless seamen, picked up Irom the wharves of the seaports of England. One of their outrages would seem incredible ; but we know not that the story iiiis ever been contradicted. It is suid that a lurge number of natives landed on one occa- 6 66 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. \\ &ion, at the little settlement, with a few furs and skins for sale. Ihey wandered peacefully around, gazing with much interest upon the new objects which everywhere met tlieir eyes. They were new-comers from the interior, and every thing was stran-e to them. Some of the men thought they would amuse them- selves in seeing how the Indians would be astonished and terri- fied at the report of one of their cannons. They loaded one of the largest almost to the muzzle, but with powder only. They attached two drag-ropes to the heavy gun, and requested the Indians, as a favor, to help them draw the ponderous weapon from one part of the grounds to another. Joyously, with shouts and merriment, the obliging natives manned the two ropes, in lines directly before the muzzle of the gun. As they were rushing it along, one of these colonists applied the match to the touch-hole. A terrible explosion witii lightning flash and thunder peal, took place. Several of the natives were killed outright; others were horribly burned and mangled. The survivors returned to their homes, scatterin^r in all di- rections the story of the horrible outrage. This was a fittin^r sequel to the kidnapping crimes of Weymouth. It is not strange that the heathen Indians should have thought that the Christian white men were fiends. Universal indignation was excited. The Indians met in large numbers, resolved to exter- minate the colonists wlio had thus brought blood and misery and death to their lowly homes. They made an attack -the "treacherous Indians," as they were called -upon the settle- ment. Tiiey captured the storehouse which contained all the merchandise and provisions of the colony. _ They drove the garrison, which was greatly diminished by sickness and death, out of the fort. One man 'was killed • the others took refuge in a sort of citadel at some distance from the magazine. As the ignorant Indians were rioting throuo-h the captured fort, they knocked open some barrels containinc? some kind of grain, of small, dark kernels, such as they had never seen before. It was not corn ; it was not wild wheat, nor rye It was powder. The grains were scattered over the floor Ac- cidentally they were ignited. A terrific explosion of the whole I TnE HISTORY OF MAINE. g, magazine ensued. It was a phenomenon of thunder roar and of voloan. ruin, which would have appalled any IZnX limbers, cannons, merchandise, and t^-e mangled bodroftfe Indians were blown high into the air, but to M ba" ' fco a crater of devouring flame. all^nl'T'"",'' ^'.'P'^''^""""'^ '"'"""^ ^vero appalled beyond all conception by th« carnage. Had fiends come to the afd of the.r brehren tl. white men? Wax the Great Spiri a„„r' w.th the Indians for their attack upon the colony? and had he m consequence sent thi,s terrible punishment upon them ? Ti y were bewildered, terrified. ^ They had not been struck down by bullet or arrow or club tLr t.,7^^-"f "-1' ----lous power, which had assailed hem They had conquered the white man ; and then this new ^^y oulTnlt " '? Y' ^!^^^^^-l--^ ^'- -ith destructil' Ihey could not contend against thunderbolts, and upheavino- earthquakes, and bursting flames. It mattered not Them'' whether these tremendous energies were wielded by bad sS or good : then, only safety was in immediate flight. TheyCk to their canoes, and paddled swiftly from the settlemen wUh no disposition to approach it again. Such is the story which has descended to us. It may not be eTr:s t!f^', It unquestionably is true in its es^ntia eatuies. We ave found no historian who discredits it. " It s certain," Wilhamson says, "that it was believed to be irue by^ the ancient and well-informed inhabitants on Sagadaiiock The colonists, who had thus sown the wind, were now in ^.e righteous judgment of God, reaping the whiHw^^ T I'e ^ .nZMetT wl "' ''"' T r""' ^^^^'"' --^ ^' Philanthro ; and piety, who mourned and wept over these calamities. But m IS a far more potent agent of action than holiness. A few tZ^C^T "'! '"'"^ ''^ ""^^ ^^^^''"^^ ^--- The life vh,di Gods love has gradually developed through the lone d ;r : tT''^ '''''"°'' ^^^^ ^^^^^^' *° ■---- n^anhood "!: d. ggei of the assassin may destroy in an instant. The citv which the industry of a centnrr lio« r- i i "« Licy . ^ ,. , -^"^ "■ '-^nturj lias reared, the torch of the mcendiary may lay in ashes in a few hours. i See Supplement to King Pbilip'a War, 1G7/5, p. 75. 68 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. There may have been even a niajorit7 of the colonists good men. But, were one-thirtl of their number thoroughly bad, they could have thwarted all the measures of the good. They could cheat the Indians, rob them, shoot them, insult their wives and daughters, and thus inflict an amount of injury which all the efforts of the true Christians could not repair. One kidnapping Weymouth can arouse an liostility which many honest voyagers may vainly endeavor to appease. The colonists were now freezing, starving, and quarrelling among themselves. In tliose dreary log-cabins there was no happiness. Frowns were upon every brow, murmurs upon all lips, gloom in every heart. It is to be inferred from the brief narrative we have, that the two vessels which had conveyed the colonists to the Sagadahock had returned to England. Tliese ships could have carried back only the tidings of the successful landing of the colony. The Plymouth Company promptly fitted out another ship, with supplies. Early in the spring this ship cast anchor before the already dilapidated, impoverished, decay- ing town of St. George. The colonists, instead of landing the supplies, rushed on board the ship, determined with one accord to return to England. The Indians, bitterly hostile, could not be induced to venture into their settlement with any provisions. It was only at the imminent peril of their lives that the English could leave their rampart of logs, to penetrate the interior on foraging expedi- tions. Their storehouse was burned. They had no articles left for traffic. Whatever they obtained they would be com- pelled to grasp with robber hands. Thus influenced, they all abandoned the colony. Their return to England excited the surprise and the deep regret of the Plymouth Company. They carried back the most deplora- ble report of the character of tlie countrj^ its climate, its soil, and especially of its inhabitants. "The native Indians," they said, " are the outcasts of creation. They have no religion, but are merely diabolical. They are the very ruins of mankind ; the most sordid and contemptible part of the human species." On the other hand, the French, who, not many years after, established a settlement among the Indians of the upj.er Ken- THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 69 nebec, and who lived with them not only on terms of peace, but of strong personal friendship, wrote of them, — "The Indians are docile and friendly, accessible to the precepts of religion strong in tlieir attachment to their friends, and submissive to the rites and ceremonies of the Catholic faith." i ' The disastrous issue of this attempt to establish a settlement in Maine checked the spirit of colonization for several years. There were still many private expeditions to these watei-s for the benefits of the fishery, and to purchase furs of the natives along the coast. Lord Pophara, the most prominent member of the Plymouth Company, died; but his son. Sir Francis Popham, for several years sent a ship annually to the coast of Maine, for fishing and traffic. He, however, was not suc- cessful, and at length abandoned such operations. But it is confidently asserted that other adventurers were frequently visiting the coast, though no record was made of these private voyages.2 The Frencli were in Canada prosecuting a very successful fur- trade with the Indians. There was a strange sort of telegraphy by which the Indians conveyed tidings of important eve°nts to the remotest tribes. Unquestionably the Indians of Massachu- setts had heard accounts of the conduct of the English in Maine. A Frenchman, by the name of Poutrincourt, was in command ot tlie French trading post and mission at Port Royal, now Annapolis, Nova Scotia. It must be remembered that at that time there were no distinct territorial lines drawn. The whole of this region was called Acadia. Poutrincourt seems to have been a very reckless, passionate man, with but little regard for Christian principle. He quarrelled with his clergy, and said fiercely to them, " It is my part to rule you while on earth, and it IS your part to guide me to heaven." The clergy had a difficult part, in this respect, to perform, if all reports are true respecting the conduct and character of Poutrincourt. He went on an exploring and trading tour, along 1 History of Norrldgowock, by William Allen, p. 12. a Hubbard's Now England, p. a7; i'riiices ^ymals, p. 25. 70 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. the coasts of what are no^y Maine and Massachusetts, as far south as Cape Cod. There he fell into an altercation and a fight with the natives. We know not who was the aggressor, or what was the cause of the conflict. Poutrincourt does not intorm us, and the Indians had no one to tell their story. Two of the Frenchmen were killed, and others wounded. What slaughter was inflicted upon the Indians we know not. Pou- tnncourt continued his cruise several leagues farther, until he cast anchor where the natives had not heard of his battle with the Indians. Five of these innocent, unoffending men came conh.ungly on board his vessel, and offered some furs for sale. He seized them, and put them all to death, probably hanoin^ them at the yard-arm. This was his retaliation. Theie is implanted in the bosom of most men a sense of justice, which leads them, in view of such crimes, to find some degree of com- fort in the thought, that there is a day of judgment to come, aiid that the wicked shall not go unpunished. It is recorded that this circumstance led Poutrincourt to form a very unfavor- able ojnnion of the disposition of the Indians. After such an occurrence it is not strange, that when, a few years later, our Pilgrim Fathers landed upon Cape Cod, thev should have been attacked by the natives.^ It is thus that one bad man can inflict an amount of injury which many good men cannot repair. Poutrincourt returned to Port Royal, where he and Ins companions lived in such revelry, probably outraoin.. the Indians in various ways, that the clergy, who were sincerely devoted to the welfare of the natives, refused to remain in the settlement Biencourt, the son of Poutrincourt, was even worse than his father. Ruling in the place of his fotlier, who had gone to England, his conduct was infamous. Annoyed by the rebukes and remonstrances of the missionaries, he threatened them with corporal punishment. They abandoned Port R(,val and removed to Mount Desert, where they were received by'the' natives as friends and brothers. The names of these two go- d men, Messrs. Biard and MassO, deserve to be perpetuated ^ Mount Desert is the largest, and certainlj. the most beautiful \ See narrative of the first encounter in the Life of Miles Stan.lish Uaird 3 Kelation, L'Escarbot's Histoiro, Charlevoix's Histoire. " THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 71 island on the coast of Maino. It has, indeed, but few rivals on this globe. The island is fifteen miles long, and se> en miles in average breadth, containing sixty thousand acres. The scenery is surpassingly beautiful. The towering mountains of the interior raise their forest-crowned brows so high, that they can be discerned at the distance of sixty miles at sea. Separated from the main land but by narrow serpentine creeks, which were slieltered from winds and waves, and were abounding with fin and shell fish, it had been, for centuries which no man can count, a favorite resort for th Indians. The sublimity and loveliness of the scenery pleased the eye of the natives. Here they reared their comfortable cabins, and lined them with furs. Wood was abundant lor their winter fires. There was a great am ,uit of game in the mountains, consisting of bears, raccoons, foxes, rabbits, and fowls of various kinds. The marshes and meadows were stocked with beaver, otter, and musquash. The sunny valleys, walled in by moun- tains and forests, were rich in verdure, and blooming with flowers. They often waved with harvests of golden corn. Over the placid waters of numerous creel , and inlets and bays, the buoyant canoe of the native could glide in perfect safety. There were many lakelets open to the sea, to which the ale- wives in the spring resorted in enormous numbers, to deposit their spawn. It has been well said, — " Mount Desert is remarkable for its size, its singular topogi-apliy, its bold and wild scenery, and still more for its wilder and stranger history. yVho- ever visits it, if he is familiar with its earliest records and legends, will, as he sits upon some bold pinnacle of its mountains, and glances over its sea- cradled islands, its sun-burnished creeks, its mountain lakes, and its Alp- like ravines, almost expect to see the savage emerge from some glen, or to see, lying at anchor, the rude shallop of two hundred years ago ; or, stranger still, to behold some wanderer from England, Frmico, or Spain, in the habil- iments of his time, witli ptccplc hat, peaked beard, slashed doublet, and sword by his side, climbing the sea wall thrown up by the ocean, to seek his rude cabin on tiie shore. ' ' ^ II There is a large cluster of islands here, separated but by narrow channels, the intricacy of whose waters it would be 1 History of New England, by Coolidge and Mansfield. I *l 72 THE n I STORY OF MAINE. II difficult to describe. These islands, Great Cranberry, Little Cranberry, Lancaster, and Duck, contain from fifty to six hun- dred acres each. Several families now resiue upon them. Be- tween Great Cranberry and Lancaster Islands there is a fine harbor called The Pool, which affords excellent anchorage. Here, it is supposed, Messrs. Biard and Massd located themselves in the year 1609. The ruins of an old settlement at this place are still visible.^ In the solitudes of this profound wilderness, those self-denyincr men reared their lowly huts, cultivated their ittle garden, and, uncheered by the presence of wife or child iving upon Indian fare, and conforming to Indian customs! labored with untiring zeal for five years, to instruct the Indians, and to lead tliem to the Lamb of God which taketh away the sins of the world. These men were Christians. It matters not to what denommation they belonged. " By their fruits shall ye know them." The disastrous result of Popliam's colony seemed, for a time, almost entirely to e:ciinguish the desire to form settlements in this part of the New World. But Sir Ferdinando Gorges soon recovered from the blow. Probably his investigations convinced him that the fudure was entirely owing to the folly of the colonists, and that Maine was a goodly land, yet destined to be the abode of wealth and culture. He wrote, — the ^vtl 1° /^l 'f -'Tr '^, i-»>e oliraatc, I have had too much experience in 1 ,'7 ', ^'•'^■l^t<-'»"\--th such a blast. Many groat kingdoms and t; eniftlv r?-r?".""'''"^^ •"''^*"'' ""•' ^'y "'any degrees "colder, are tie? i ' ! ' ?'''' "^ *^"'^ ^""^ ''''''''' ^^•'^•'' "" better comn odi- ties than thes. parts afford, if like industry, art, and labor be used." ^ Gorges purchased a ship, employed Richard Vinec ,s captain, bu sought in vain for colonists. The region was now in such bad repute that none wished to seek in it a new home. There was much solicitude in the English court, lest tlie enterprising I rench should plant their settlements along the coast, and obtain the entire control of the country. Their colony at Port THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 78 Royal was for a time quite successful. The colonists were carrying on a very profitable trade with the Indians in furs, and were supplied by them with an abundance of corn and venison. Gorges seems to have found but little difficulty in hiring men as sailors, to visit the coast for the purposes of fishing, and purchasing furs of the natives. Many such voyages were°made by the agents of Gorges arid others. Some of these enterprises proved very successful. These adventurers, the common sailors, were generally rude, unprincipled men, more brutal far than the natives whom they contemptuously called savages. Monhegan became the prominent point for traffic "on the coast of Maine. At this island the vessels first made the land. Here they cast anchor, and established their rendezvous. In the quaint language of the times, this was described as,— " The remai-kablest isle and mountains for landmarks, a round high isle, with little Monas by its side, betwixt which is a small harbor, where our ships can lie at anchor." A man by the name of Abraham Jennings claimed to have purchased this island of some Indians. It is not probable that his title-deed would bear any very close investigation. He was a fish-merchant from Plymouth, Eng., and was in partner- ship with Abner Jennings of London. They had opened quite a lucrative trade in this coast, employing many vessels annually in cod-fisheries and the purchase of furs. These men had stations on the neighboring mainland of Pemaquid, and probably also on some of the islands which encircle and thus create Boothbay Harbor. These stations amounted merely to points which they period- ically visited in the summer months, to dry their fish, and to trade with the Indians. Thus Monhegan became not only the prominent landmark for voyagers, but the important depot for all the fishing and trading vessels. In the year IGll Samuel Argal, who subsequently became governor of South Virginia, while on a voyage to that colony was driven, by a series of gales, far away to the north. Find- ing himself near tlie coast of Marac, ho decided to visit the 74 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. fishing-grounds of M„.,l gan, of which he had heard much. He first mude the h-id in the vicinity of Penobscot Buy : tliore he found a small isl.nd so abounding in seals that he called it beal Kock. This name it still retains. Mo was in the vicinity of Mount Desert. We know but little more respecting this voj-ago ; but the familiarity he thus gained with these waters enabled him, three years later, successfully to prosocute one of the most, important expeditions of the times, whatever may be the verdict as to its justification. We shall soon uliuao to this enterprise. About the same time Capt. Edward Harlow was sent to explore Cape Cod and its surroundings. He di. ected his course hrst to Monhegan, and took shelter in its snug harbor. The natives were now in the habit of visiting the island in larcre numbers, eager to traffic with the newly-arrived ships. This man, without any provocation whatever, villanously enticed Uiree Indians on board his ship, and seized them as captives. One of the three, Peckmo, being a very stronn ^an, after a desperate struggle broke away, and, plunging . verboard, swam to the shore. Immediately he aroused all the Indians aroun.l to the rescue. Ihe valiant men, with arrows alone for their weapons, put off m their canoes to rescue their friends thus treacherously im- prisoned in the oak-ribbed ship. Their heroic efforts were of course, unavailing. The long-boat of the ship was floating at Its stern. The Indians, sweeping the deck with a shower of arrows, succeeded in cutting away the boat, and carryino. it ashore. As they knew that Harlow would make an effort to recover it they filled it with sand, having placed it in a position wWe with their arrows they could defend its approaches. Harlow sent an armed band on shore to recover the boat. Ihe exasperated natives fought with desperation. We know not how many Harlow succeeded in killing ; but we are liaj.ny to know that the natives drove Harlow off without his boat. In this conflict, so disgraceful to Harlow, three of his men were sorely wounded. The kidnapper, however, carried off two of his captives, Monopet and Peckenine. Then, spreading his sails lor Cape Cod, the miscreant repeated the crime there. Three THE HISTORY OF MAINE. n unoffending Indians, who had come from a distaneo to the anchorage, w.re lured to ascend his deck, witli offers of traffic. The unsuspecting victims were enticed into the cabin, and the oaken doors were locked against them. J^ capo was as iu.possi- ble as from tlio stone and iro.i dungeons oi' the Tower. These t^iree unhappy victims of villuny wo.^ .idled Sackaweston, Coneconiim, and E[ now. All five were carried to London. Harlow oxhi! .ted Epenow as a show, as if he liad been a monkey or a gorilla. le Cape Cod Indians and the naiives from Monhegan, with abodes so widely apart, < ould not under land each other's language. Upon tlieir arrival in England tiiey M'ere distribiitrd in dif- ferent places. Some of them found Christian Viends who sympathized deeply with them in their wrongs. Sir Ferdinando Gorges interested liimself in their welfare. He rescued Assa- comet, one of tlie victims of ^\ mouiii's perfidy, Avho had then becii sevon years in 1m land , and it would soem that he and Epenow were both taken under hi^ protect!' ^According to tho narrative which has descended to us, Epenow was a very shrewd man. Perceiving in Avhat high estimation gold was held by the English, ho thouglit, that, if he could make tlso English believe that he knew of a gold-mine in his own countr^v, he might b« employed to accompany a party to his native land, that lie might guide them to the pretended mine. He communicated his plan to Assacomet. We know not Avhy this man had been detained in England so long, when vessels wer.; every year sailing to the North-Am. ican coast. Both of those men agreed in their story about tl Id -mine. Thus a decided impulse was given to the interest iu the region from which fhey came. The reader will be interested in^.he account which Sir F rduiaudo Gorges giv<'s oP Epenow. " While I was laboring, by n uat means I miifht best continue life in my languishing ho]ios, tliero came one Harlow uuto mc, brin,:,ang with him a native of the island of Capawick, a place seated to the ithward of Cape Cod, whose name was Epenow. Ho was a person of goodly statm-e, strong and well proportioned. This raau was taken upon the main, by force, with 1 rriucc-3^nna!^ p. 7-^ Belknrii/:: Biography, p. SOC. 76 THE niSTORY OF MAINE. i, -ml omc t^vcnty-„lno others.^ by a sl.ip of London, which endeavored to sell them as slaves ni Spam. But it being understood tlutt they were Amer" cans, and uni.t for H.eir uses, they would not meddle with them Thi8 Lpenow was one of them whom they refused; wherein they exp-essed more worth than tliose that brought them to the market. " "»w ^''ipt. Harlow came to bo in possession of this savage I know not; but I understood by others how he had been sliown in London for a wonder. It ,3 true as I have said, that ho was a goodly man, of a brave aspect stout and sober in liis demeanor, and had learned so nmch Engr.h as to bid those that wondered at him, ' Welcome, welcome I ' " ^ In the moan time the English were watching, with cri, t jealousy, the advance of the French colony at Port Royal, n .v Annapolis. There was a French lady of deep religious feel- ing, Madame de Guercheville, who was strongly moved with the desire to send the glad tidings of the gospel to these benighted Indians. She was a lady of wealth, and of influence at court. Having obtained from De Monts a surrender of his royal patent, which it will be remembered granted him the whole territory called Acadia, extending from the fortietii to the forty-sixth degree of north latitude, she had the title of this truly imperial territory confirmed to her by a charter from the i'rench monarch. Thus this lady became nominally the possessor of the whole seacoast, from the latitude of Philadelphia to the distance of more than a hundred miles north of Halifax. The re-ion extended indefinitely into the interior. It had no limits but^he Pacific Ocean.2 In the spring of 1613 Ladv Guercheville sent her agent, M. Suassaye, to take possession of the land in her name, and to set up her anus. He made a visit to Port Royal and thence sailed for Mount Desert. Here he landed, with twenty-five colonists, and built a small fort and several log-cabins. The crew of the vessel which brought over tins colony consisted of thirty-five men. They all co-operated with great ener-y in rearing the habitations. They planted a cross, and named the place Dt. baviour. 1 It is 8uppo.-,ea that Gorges here confonnrts those .stolen l.y Harlow with those soon a tor .se,.e,l w th equal villany. by Hunt, in the re,io„ of the Sa^n laho k 2 lie ,vlK.,e of ,l,i.s re,narkahle gi-.nt, or patent, will he found, in i' ^nch in Hazard's Historical CoUeetion, vol. i. p. 4r,. ' THE niSTORT OF MAINE. 77 It is uncertain whether this settlement was on the eastern ov southern portion of the ishind. Tlie lonely missionaries, Hiard and Masse, had reared their huts, as it will be remembered, upon the southern shore. The intelligence of this movement was speedily communicated to the magistrates of the Virginia colony. They determined to ex-n:! these Frenchmen, as inrrud- ers upon soil which the English claimed. Eleven vessels were equipped, manned by sixty soldi.rs, and with an armament of fourteen pieces of cannon. It was a formidable army for such an enterprise, and entirely resistless by the feeble colony. The French were taken quite by surprise, as this war-fleet entered .heir harbor. Their cannon were not in position ; and most of the men were absent, engaged in the various industrial employments their situation demanded. There were two French vessels riding at anchor. They were both taken without resist- ance. The English Imded. In the confusion, one of the French missionaries was sshot ; a few others were wounded. The small number who were in the fort escaped through a private passage, and fled into the woods. The victors tore down the French cross, and erected another, upon which they inscribed the name and the arms of the King of England. The next day all of the French colonists came in. and surrendered themselves and their stores to the English. Terrible must have been their disappointment in finding their anticipations thus suddenly and unexpectedly blighted. Capt. Argal allowed his prisoners their choice, either to return to Franco in the French vessels, or to go with him and join the colony in Virginia. Fifteen decided to go with him, including one of the missionaries. Argal, thus victorious, directed the course of his fleet east- ward, and, having crossed the Bay of Fundy, cast anchor in the harbor of Port Royal. Here again the French, unconscious of any danger, were found unprepared for any conflict. They were busily employed in felling trees, rearing buildings, and preparing the soil for crops. The sight of eleven war-vessels suddenly enteiing their harbor astounded them. No resistance was attempted. Argal sent his armed boats ashore, applied the torch, and in two hours the whole flourishing village was in '^iB.i' 78 THE rr/STOsr op Maine. tfil * " """' ""P"-'^!*^.! and utterly ruined, were could. Argal took a French piunaee, wl.ich was in the f, ubo, relrnocufvir;!,!:'" " '" """ "''''"'' ^™™ "^ «-"-. Iand''"'Thr' "' """ f'"°' "" "■■"■ ''''''''=^° I''™''^ and En^- iand. 1 here seems to have been no effort to settle the disputed danns by ,r,endlj eonference. The only reason assl 'd for F relate" rl::" "' ™'"'"''-""°"' »"'' "°«'' ^^^^ '^ ^■ench we.e t.espass.ng upon territory which England claimed Many condemned tire transaction as not o,,Iy i.rflicHn" "eed lessly great suffering, but as contrary to the law of ,a ,W The next ,-ear (1C14) Captain Hobson, in the en", loV of Gorges, set sad in June for Cape Cod. Ho took Juh him Epenow and Assacomct, as guides to the gold-mine o wl they had spoken. There was a third Indian captive 1 acoompan.ed them, by the name of VVanope, who difd oil sWp! It would seem, from Gorges' narrative, that Epenow and Amcomet were held as prisoners. When ihe ship aTe/at iiatohed, lea they should make their escape. As soon as ih'o ;: w^%o■°'""^,"'^ ■'■"'"■p"' '-"'"'''■"^ oi:" i^d !: The" • • I ° "" '"■""'^■'■■' °f El«now were with thcnf The captam treated them all kindly, but kept a vi.nhn tcve ui3on h,s capfves that they should not go on sI,ore „ til evenmg the little fleet of canoes left tl.e shii t L , ^tiv .ar.it, nn;tt' L"hoT;:ri;r ;■ :;■ izj *;;;;::" "'- ""■ '°- THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 79 _ Notwithstanding allthis, his friends being all come at the time ap- pointed with twenty cauoes, and lying at a certain distance with their bows ready, be captain calls to them to come on board. But, they not moving he speaks to Epenowto come unto liim where lie was in the forecastle of the ship Epenow was then in the waist of tlie ship, between the two gentle- men that had him in gnard. Suddenly he starts from them, and, coming to the captain, calls to his friends in English, to come on board. In th! interim he slips himself overboard. " And although he were taken hold of by one of the company, yet, beinc. a strong and heavy man, he could not be stayed. He was no sLer n th^ water, but the natives, his friends in the boats, sent such a shower of arrows, and came, withal, desperately so near the ship, that they carried him away in despite of all the musketeers, who were, for the number, as good ^ Idrvrirdtlter '''^'''''' -''-'- '' ''-' Particula/voyage It cannot be denied that this Avas an heroic achievement of the Indians, in rescuing one of their friends from the kidnap- pers. We learn, from other sources, that the musketeers killed several of the natives, and wounded more. How great their loss in this action so unjust on the part of the English, we do not know ; but it is distinctly stated that Capt. Ilobson and many of his men were Avounded.^ It is supposed that Capoge, the native place of Epenow was what IS now called Martha's Vineyard, and that the events h^re recorded took place there. It may be well to state, in this con- nection, that five years after this, in 1G19, Capt. Dermer, in the employ of Sir Ferdinand Gorges, visited this island. He met Epenow, who could speak English, and who rather triumphantly told him of the manner of his escape. Dermer had come on shore with a well-armed boat's crew. Epenow and his friends, m some way, had received the impression that Dermer's object was again to seize him, and carry him back to England. A bat- tle ensued. The captain was severely woundedrand, with his crew was driven back to the ship. This was the last conflict w ncli took place upon that beautiful island, between the native inhabitants and the adventurers from the Old World. It is said that Squantuin, whom Weymouth had stolen and carried 'to England, and who the next year became the friend and inter- 1 Smith's New England; Morton's New England Memorial, pp. 58. 59. t 80 TITE HISTORY OF MAINE. preter of the Pilgrims at Plymouth, was with Capt. Dermer on this occasion, and saved liis life. Tlie captain writes, - in^^^.^'if^'T'""?^^''''^''^''*"'''^^ Squantum entreated hard, m my behalf. Their desire of revenge was occasioned by an Englishman ^lio, having many of them on board, made great slaughter of them with their murderers and small shot, when, as they say, they offered no injury on Drake's Book of the Indians, book ii. pp. ;!-: 18. CHAPTER V. EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS. John Smith's Career — Exploring the Coast— England and France at War — The War of the Natives, and the Plague- Zeal of Gorges — Vines' s Expedi- tion—Conflicting Claims — Daniariscotta and its Surroundings — Levett's Expedition — Views of Matrimony — Saco — General Lawlessness — Laconia Company — Various Trading Posts — Pemaquid— Tact of the French — The Sack of Bagaduce — Scene in the Kennebec — Testimony of Gov. Bradford. TDROBABLY all our readers are in some degree familiar -L witli the history of Capt. John Smith, whose life was mvcA by Pocahontas, the daughter of the Indian chief Pow- hatan. In the year 1G14 Capt. Smith sailed from England for the Hagadahocic, with two vessels, a ship and a bark. The object of his voyage was to explore the country, and to engage in the wii#le^«hery, and in traffic with the natives. Smith w ' t thirty-five years of age. He had already obtained mi,< ;, , . ,^,wn as a traveller. Six years before this time, he had been president of the colonial council of Virginia. Tlie two vessels sailed from London on the 3d of March, 1614, car- rying but forty-five men. Smith commanded the ship, and Capt. Thomas Hunt the bark. The two vessels reached Mon- hegan the latter part of April, and soon after continued their course to the mouth of tlie Kennebec. Makifig this anchorage his central station, he sent out his boatn in all directions, to fish and trade. In Penobscot iJay one of his U)ats came into col- lision with the natives. We know not what iwir.KJuced the strife. Several of the English were slum, and priwWbly many more of tlio natives. Ihe voyage pr./vef' j^rotitabh;. Capt. Smith says, — M 5?'i 82 TEE niSTORT OF MAINE. pickle.". ""'■ ''°"'' '""■'y *ousa„<| fi^h, ,„„„j ^^ j,, The net proceeds of this exnetlitio.. (a tl,„ amounted to about seven thonsan'i d I,'. This T'"' "' handsome sum in those days, when a doll! was ' ort as mlh Penobscot ; and the reason assi-ned wis Hv.f . i? , j;_-.^^^e..e paid the Indians m.h ^ rar^^Jt hoa^lureigh'' mf "if t^t 1 "T^ '™""=^ ^-"-°"- ■•" ^ climate of the seZoast of Mai itt Z'"::;"'""'"; v?^ fni T"! •,- -L'-iame etc tnat season is dpi olit lul. Tlie magnificent, headlands and Eden HI-p ,• i i giowin, „i,H the^i'^i^ te':::rc °' ''"'"" ^'"^" -es. f;^ ,, i-.-:-::d ^;tL -— a^ir toms, and condition. The treaclimv „f d.. i . ' = °'" '-"^■ i..spired them generally witi X .7 Thv ""' '''"' sh p to Enghmd. He left the ba.k at the mouth o t t . nebec, under the command of Cant. Thom-,s H„„ H p:r tr:e':cr:;:i^tr°i'f^^^^^ "--, "•- been a very worthy man, and to have'Ie'r^XVin" ul . II»cHpU„„ „, N.„ K,«l,u„ b, cap,. J„L„ s,„itL. L„„,„,, ,„,„. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 88 power to win and to merit the confidence of the natives He writes, — "One Thomas Hunt, the master of this ship, when I was gone thinking ^prevent the intent I had to make a plantatic^. theve, and tSy k^ep his aboundmg country still in obsounty, that only he and some few mer! chants might enjoy wholly the benefits of the trade and profit of ^h s 3 di', T'^'T-T' '"^'^^^"^ "^''^^ P^""- --^- aboard'hif h p. and n^ost dishonestly and mhumanly, for their kind treatment of me and all our men, carried them with him to Malaga, and sold them." These poor creatures were caught, in small numbers, at different points ; several of them were taken on the Kennebec. They were all sold in Spain for one hundred dollars each. Capt. Smith, in his history of his adventures, gave the country the name of "New England." It was supposed to comprehend the whole region between the Hudson River and Newfoundland. The pecuniary success of these enterprises to the coast of New E.igland revived a general interest in the country. The zeal of Gorges was roused anew. The next year (1615) he and some of his friends equipped two ships for these shores. They were placed under the command of Capt. Smit h. He took with him sixteen colonists, with directions to establish a settlement on some favorable point which he might select. But in this sad world war had agahi broken out. The mll- hons of England and the millions of France were grapplincr each other. They were killing, burning, and destroying at be^t they could. Smith and iiis companions were captured by a French ship, and carried prisoners to France. The savao-es were no better than the Christians. They also decided "to summon all their energies to destroy one another. The Penobscot Indians were arrayed against the Kennebec Indians. Of the origin of this war we know nothino- • of Its details, very little. The Indians had no historians.'' We simply know that niurdunuis bands prowled through all the forests. The hideous ^var-wlioop resounded far and wide lomahawks gleamed, barbed arrows tore their way throun-h quivering nerves, villages blazed, blood flowed, and women and children shrieked beneath the war-club. Now the wavea of 84 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. ruin and woe surged in one direction, and again in another Everywhere misery and death held high carnival '"Tis dangerous to rouse tlie lion, Defully to cross the tijrer's path;' But the most terrible of (errors' Is man himself iu his wild wrath." England. No seeds were planted , no harvests were gathered Ihe men could neither hunt or fish. All their ener^ie were ^nployed m attack or defence. Their families, dri^e,? fll henhlazmg cabins, wandered in wretchedness throu"htr forests. Nearly all the warriors, on both sides, were slain. rav^'"es":f T, ''''"'"''°'' "^ ''' ^""^'"'"''y '''- ™«'-'. flowed the Manj tubes were quite anniiulated. This terrible sco!,r.ve flapped us malarious wings from the Penobscot Eiver to NW, ganset Bay. There were not enough left liMnV to Lur; t he dead. For many years their bones were seen ble.^cl.i..- arou,^ «>e rums of their homes. No one knows what this dis^earw.". Many have supposed it to have been the .small-pox, since H Its descr,bed as very loathsome. Others have beli vej it ,o have be™ somethrng like the yellow fever, as it w.rs said .Lie «ck a,,d dead, ,n color, resen.bled saffron. Morton write respecng ,h,s almost miraculous destruction of the In'lil^^!: living, wl,„ wore able to sl.ift to tl 3„, , '1 J " '" ""="' "??■'"' "'" die, a„„ ,o„.o their carcasse, a We ;:;';; I' ' C,:"'},; T'' T" Uit3ie.st, the livinq- being not able to biirv tl.o ,l,..i,) 'in ^'"Y""'^ °^ ' Morton's New English Canaan. Amsterdam 1kw in^ country in 1022.) ^^^uisieiaam, 1837. (He came over to this THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 80 It GO happened that Capt. Richard Vines, with a vessel's crew, passed tliis winter near Saco. He had been bred a physician^ and was in command of one of Gorges' trading vessels. It is singular, that, while the natives were dying all around him, his ship's company enjoyed perfect health. "Though the mortality," Gorges writes, "was the greatest that ever happened within the memory of man, yet not one of them ever felt their head to ache, so long as they etaid there. " ^ Capt. Vines named the place Winter Hai-bor. He had been directed by Gorges to pass the winter there, that he mio-ht report respecting the climate. Gorges had no faith in the gloomy accounts of Popham's colonists, who represented Maine as unfit for human habitation. It is manifest that Vines was well pleased with both the country and the climate, for he sub- sequently too;c up his residence there. His dwelling was reared upon a beautiful location on the west side of Saco River, in what is now the town of Biddefovd. In the year 1620 the Pilgrims from England landed upon Plymouth Rock, and commenced their colony, now world- renowned, and whose fame can never die. That same year seven English ships made voyages to tlie coast of Maine, for fish and furs. The limits of the territory granted to the Plymouth company by the crown had not been very clearly defined. Through the influence of Gorges, a new patent was obtained, increasing the powers and privileges of th«. company. The new charter was issued Nov. 3, 1620. Forty noblemen, knights, and gentlemen constituted its corporate members! The territory conferred upon them consisted of the whole sea- coast extending from the fortieth to the forty-eighth degree of north latitude, and running back " from sea to sea," Uiat is, from the Atlantic to the Pacific shores. Tuus their domain' extended, according to this grant, from the latitude of Philadel- phia to the mouth of the St. Lawrence, and swept across the whole breadth of the continent, about three thousand railes.^ 1 Araerioa Painted to the Life, by Fenl. Gorses, Esq. 4to. Lon.lon, 1050 vol i ooo ^''^°'"^' "* ^^^^' J^XfJland, p. G20; WUliaiuson's History of MuiiK', 86 TBE HISTORY OF MAINE. The breadth of the continent was, however, at that time, entirely unknown. It was well known that France laid claim to a large portion of h.s territory and had many flourishing trading posts within Its limits lerhaps on this account it was stipulated that no Catholic should be permitted to settle here. The company had the exc usive right to trade and to the fishery within these ter- ritorial limits, and the power to expel all intruders.^ About t^yenty miles north-west from Monhegan, on the main, there is a short but broad and deep river, almost an arm of the sea, called the Damariscotta. It is navigable for large ships for a distance of about twelve miles. A little south-west from .Ije mouth of this river, there is a group of five or six small islar,ds, which have become quite noted in history, called the Damariscove Islands. One of these. Fisherman's Island, contains about seventy acres. There was a very good harbor here, and It was considered an important rendezvous in conducting the fisheries. About a mile south there is a larger island, called Wood or Damariscove Proper. It is two miles long, and half a mile wide. During the year 1622 thirty English vessels, engaged in fishery and the fur-trade, cast anchor at the Damariscove Islands One of these vessels, " The Swallow," sent its shallop to visit the Pilgrims at Plymouth. Gov. Winslow also repaired to the island to obtain supplies for his famishing colonists. He wrote, — "I found kind entertainment and good respect, with a willin-ness to z ^r; T'^' "'".' "^^ '"" ^'^ '"^^ ^' ^^'^'^'^^ -^ would not ak: any bilk for the same, but did what they coidd freely. "2 This region was, at that time, far more conspicuous and impor- tant than Plymouth, in its silence and solitude, with its feeble and apparently perishing colony. During the summer months quite a ileet of vessels rode at anchor in its waters. Well- manned boats were gliding in all directions among the islands and along the shores. Notwithstanding the great depopulation i Belknap's History of Xew Hampshn-e. ^ Young's Chrouioles, p. 293. I THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 87 of the country by the plague, there were the remnants of many tribes left. From the borders of Canada, and from scores of miles in the west, they came, eager to exchange their furs for the hatchets, knives, and iron kettles of the strangers. The account which Winslow gives, certainly indicates that there was an enterprising and thrifty population gathered here. Their log-cabins were scattered around upon the islands and the shores of the mainland. They were, however, all mere adventurers, coming and going, with no attempt at a permanent settlement. When the storms of winter began to sweep those bleak cliffs, they had all disappeared with the robins and the swallows. At the south-western extremity of Damariscove Island, there is a deep, slieltered bay, which is entered by a narrow chann :, bounded by precipitous rocks. This bay afforded an admirable harbor for fisliing-vessels. It is said that, on the south-eastern slope of the island, there may still be found the remains of for- tifications which were reared in those days. There were at this time two prominent points, where these trading and fishing ves- sels rendezvoused, and from which they pushed out in their various excursions. These were the region around Monhegan, which included Pemaquid and the Damariscove Islands ; and next in importance came the mouth of the Sagadahock. In the year 1G23 Capt. Levett sailed along the coast in search of a place to establish a colony. He landed at Pemaquid. There he met an Indian chief, one of the lords of Pemaquid, by the name of Saraoset. The intelligent reader will remember that this man is renowned in the annals of the Plymouth Colony. He had been stolen by the kidnappers, and carried to England. Thus he had been saved from the ravages of war and from the plague. In England he met with Christian friends, who treated him with the utmost kindness, and finally restored him to his country. In gratitude he became the warm friend of the Eng- lish colonists. But ii few miles west of Damariscotta River there is Sheep- scot River, with bays and inlets, sprinkled with islands. The whole region presents an aspect of wonderful picturesque beauty. It is doubtless destined, in the future history of this 88 Tin: iiisroiiY of .i/.i/.va; 10 I'ms.M.t im scniory to rival il. "oium, um ♦'-••'•- -no ships .nc.Iu.n..! nnuMo,:;,.Hn^^^^.^::^^^^^^ ;;:'^;-7 "• "■^'•-•^ ••<' — ..i-.m .i,...., ,•.,„, ,,,,, „ ;\;;^ v^s.M ,vn.,u,voftl.onu.iv..swi.h .h.i.Mvivvs an.i Hn 1 A nan Ly .ho nam. of ('ok. I.a.l osluhlishoa whu. wo shonM '•''^'-;--''.y-slo.v.at.hohoa.lofonoorn.ooovos. lu'e . nurnn on u hnsk ..-a-h, wi.h ,ho saih,.-s an.ltho na iv N«v..al o ,ho oh.ols ,a.horo.l ahoni (^ap(. l.-vo,, : an.f ho .lit" -l.ono.ahIvwuh "';-''•<-' "- •l.-vos.aml rooovov.ho,n.nU-n., ,an. NU.koa.hooal.msan.l ,h. oho.ls, luU all in vain. Tho o,h>.1- '"'"""" ''""'^''•'H»:unha.iaono all ,har oonh! ho dosin.l ;'--vovU. stolon rn.s.thoy,n^^^^ NNon..vonoannot.n,a,luMn. Tho roguos havo oaniod ihon oil into I ho woods, ami hid thoni." Tl.oy woro so nu.oh ploaso.l uith (^.p(. !.,,„( „,^, „, . -•Koahnutorouuinanasottio in thoi.- oonntn-. VU, A,, n,^ lj\^. » H-- or tour of tho ohiotsoamo to him ana saia?- >Miy w.U yon go i,,,i, ,,, vonr own oonntrv? Whv oan yon not romam witli ns?" " • go Inu'k to toloh hor. •• nH« aogs tako yonr witV .' - tl»ey oxohumoa. •' If sho will not ..lH^>- your nu-ssago, ana oon.o. givo hor a gooa boating." l>ut (n>a. I apt. l.ovott roplioa. •• wonkl bo aisplousoa with n»o woro I to do that." ^ •• Thou;- saiat hoy... U-avo hor ulouo, ana tako another wit\> ^T .^^V'V; /■''"''"• ^'"^ ^'^'^''^""' ^•o.uinuea...vonrson -Hi tuuu. .ha I bo brotho.., and thoro shall bo frionaship be v u. until Deach ootuos to take us to his wigwam."i I r.0Nt.tts Vov:,^o. M.viuo Hl>:. S.v.. vol. ii. p. «. TifF nisTonr of ma.nk. 89 T.ev.-tf, .ted slowly along tho Hhorc, until he. camo to a MHiill >.'Kl,.,nont tlion call.-rl Qiiaok, now Vork. It would Hwni 1, i,.- i.ad insj.iml tho nauves with so much confidence "> limi I ',(.y had no I' arsoC bejntr uipped. Ho writes,— Til" nnxt .lay Hu, wi.ul can,,. , ..iHej f„r Quack with tl.o king, qi«'" n, i. I i.n,„M.. u„w nn.l ;u rows, .1..^ an I kitten, in my boat. His noblo jutemliiiiis rowed \>\ i^ i^ thoir ('.'inoea." Much as Lc.ott \N .s pleased with tho i)icturesquo heauty of the n-i(,n al.ont Penuuiuid, he did not deem it a suitable loca- tion loi- the estahlishuKMit of a colony. The .soil was evidently not fertde; and the foresls, composed mainly of evei-reeu trees, did not aflord suitable timber for 'lip-buddi^'^^ It is said, that, during tho yeai J3, Richard Vines and others comnu'uced a permanent settlement at Saco. Jol,,, 01,li,am, a gentleman of property and high position, took p his residence there with his servants. During the next six years he trans- ported many colonists to liiat i)lace at his own expense.^ It is probable, that, during tho year 1(5:2:5, individuals com- menced a i)ormanont residence ui)on Arrowsic Island, near the mouth of the Sagadahoc, and upon tho mainland, at the entrance ol the river at Shcepscot, at Damariscotta, at Pemaquid, and at St. (Jeorge's ltivi>r.2 Seven years afier this, it was reported that eighty-lour tamilies, besides fishermen, were residing alono- the coast in this region. ^ Thes(; men were generally reckless adventurers. Some were runaway seamen, some fugitives from justice, and some those vagrants of civilization, who, by u strange instinct, seek seclu- sion Irom all civil and religious restraints. The state of society was distinguislu.d for its lawlessness. Every man followed his own imi)ulses unchecked. Tho grossest immoralities prevailed. The Indians were cheated and outraged in everv way to which avarice, appetite, or passion could incite depraved hearts. There was no sabbath here ; no clergy to proclaim the gospel ot Jesus Christ, with its alluring promises and its fearful re tribu- tions. Some royal commissioners were sent out to investigate affairs. Their report was appalling. This led the Plymouth i Sullivan, p. 219. a Williamson, vol. i. p. 2m n k'IJ. tu IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) y •^ ^ / O y. r/ 'W^ % #/. 1.0 I.I 1.25 M 1 2.2 20 1.8 U ill 1.6 V] ^ m %.^ t v>' >^ '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation iV M ,v ■^ O" cO^ :\ \ ;\ ^v- :<^ ^^^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ? ..^^.. ^^"^L^ **%> '«/ f/u I •f 90 TUE HISTORY OF MAINE. fl '^^" Company to adopt vigorous measures to reducp soci.tv fn condition of law and order. ^ *° ^^'^^ Three gentlemen were sent over — 7?nl.«rf n Francis West as admiral and r' ^"^^.^* ^^J«« '^^^ governor, with authority to man^ pubhc "Zs "t/ ""' ^'^^^^^^^^ quite absolute. They wL fnstnLt^ / 7 I ^''^'' '''"^^ think just and fit in «lT ' '°'*'"'^^ *° ^^^ what they should itary.'' Re, WilHam M ?, "'''i '"™^"^^' '^^^"' ^"^ -^1" con^nissiotd to e avo^t^^^^^^^ ^l-^^-n, was amono- this rude nponl J i ^'^^'''''^^' '^'"^ institutions of religion than C'^r"^:"^:^ rr ' -fh^^^^ 'i '- ^^^---^ that he soon abandoned he effo as hooi ' ""', ' "^^P^^^"' England in disgust. °^'^'''' '""^^ ^^^"^'"ed to It was probably during this vearth If s;,VT? ^- ■. ^ twe„ty-fo„r thousand acres of latd Ttjf o r'^",'"^''' , the river, and sent one „ „„? ™e-ialf on each side of with oxe'n and a, needfu tlr°Tr""""'" """' '''™^»- colony was intrusted to Ss gXrP 'T°T'°.' '' *^ young ,na„ of rank and sup rif aMi^; ^jT" ,,''"''''"' " man. Col Nnri-n-n „ u auiiities, and to another youno- him^otdefabl" ^n':" The""r"'^ "'"' ^'^-"^ ™> f^^ the eastern side ofTirverynrr^rr^- "'""™^"-<' °" to Gorges, MasL, and Jn:I^Z7l2:.rT '"''''' " «'»' British merchants, of the whot er ito^ l;:!""!:: k"""" bee and the iVIerrimaok Rlvsr, t. ""tween the lienne- nia. The wealthy prrpri^t.;": ''"■°", ""•' °""^^ ^»"°- of this country 1(111^,7? very glowing description "uiiiry. it was in their view an earthly Daridko ti climate, midway between tronie heat and „m--^ ^''« The soil was fertile, rewardil tit s i'ht W„ T,'.™? "''*"'■ ■nan with abundant harvest The t~ f '"'"""^■ furnishing the best shipl: her hi thlwol"™, "'"=""'«"»'• with game. The bays a'nd rW^JtZ^^^'l^^ '"'' variety, including an abundance of the moiriuluf 7Z i Belknap's Birg., vol. ii. p. 322. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 91 fishes, the trout and the sahnon. The atmosphere was invigor- ating and healthy m the highest degree, and the skies outrivalled in splendor the far-famed skies of Italy. It is not strange that such representations, spread broadcast over the land, should greatly have revived the zeal for emigration.^ Settlements began rapidly to increase along the coast, and to spread mland. The Pilgrxms at Plymouth Established a trad- ing house on the Penobscot, and another at the mouth of the bagadahoc near the site of Popham's settlement. They se- cured land on both sides of the river, which seemed then to be called both Kennebec and Sagadahoc. A few miles up the river they established a post, where they kept a store of corn and merchandise in deposit. Quite a lucrative trade was car- ried on with the natives for furs. The celebrated " wampum " was mtroduced as the representative of money, or Lhe currency medium. This consisted of belts, very gorgeously embroidered -with blue and white shells. Subsequently brilliantly colored beads were substituted for shells.2 It is difficult, if not impossible, to fix with precision the dates of opera lons, thus gradual in their inception and growth. It was probably in the year 1628 that these movements were vigorously commenced upon the Kenuebec.s At this time Pemaquid was probably the most busy spot upon the New England coast. Two British merchants had .urchased It, on condition that they would, at their own cost,\ransport coloniss here and establish a settlement. A court was ere ong established. Thus Pemaquid became the centre both of law and tracle. It is said that it was then a more important port than Quebec, the capital of Canada. Its population was estimated at five hundred souls.'' The situation of Pemaquid, which was the most eligible mainland site near Monhegan, was very alluring. The harbor 2 Young's Chronicles, p. 14; Sewall's Ancient Do2ninion8, p. 113 bee o ""C'T^V:^''''''' ''''' ^'•'^'"ng-l'onse was at the mouth of the Kenne- W L^;:U,t m "■^'"""'^^' ""''■ '" ^'''''' Chronological m.tlTof * Thornton's Pemaquid, p. 05. 92 THE mSTORT OF MAINE. ■ wan a small circular basin, formed by the gently flowincr river befove its waters entered the ocean through a channel but a hundred and fifty feet wide. This bay was many fathoms deep. It was encircled on the west by rocky eminences, with a clump oi trees upon the extreme outmost point. This point was the site of the r.ncient town and harbor of Pemaquid. Mr. Sewall writes, — "The peninsula has evidently, at some period, been entirely circumval- lated with water, and thus separated from the main, with which it was prob- aby connected by an artificial way. It has also been walled in. The outline of Its defences can still be traced, lis streets were paved with peb- ble-stones, and many of its buildings were of like material. The principal street, passnig longitudinally between the extremes of this peninsula north and south, was paved, and is still to be traced, though nearly overgrown with grass or covered with earth. The outlines of the fort, and the position of Its tower, in the soutlvwesterly extreme of the peninsula, and immediately fronting the harbor's entrance, are, in distinct detail, traceable in every curve and square, amid mouldering lime and rock, the fragments of its masonrj'. " i ' o .-o It is indeed an interesting locality, net only from its ruo-«Ted and picturesque scenery, where the .ocean, broken into lakelets and where islands and headlands, add charms to the view, but from the historic associations which meet the visitant at almost every footstep. The writer, with a party of gentlemen inter- ested in antiquarian research, visited, a few years ago, this locality, by far the most memorable upon the coast of Maine A luxuriant mowing-field now covers the ground, where, two hundred and fifty years ago, the hamlets stood, in whose streets the moccasnied Indian and the European adventurer met in eager traffic. There is a small space enclosed where the ashes of the dead repose. " Life's labor done, securely laid In this tbeir last retreat, Uuheeiled o'er their silent dust The storms of life shall beat." With eloquence Mr. Sewall writes of this region, now so silent and solitary : — -About this devoted spot, armies have gathered like eagles to the carcass, and the dm of war, in all its accumulated horrors of blood and carnage, ha^ 1 Ancient Dominions of Maine, p. lie. THE HIS-ORY OF MAINE. 98 raged. The ships of contending nations have tinged its waters ^vith humau gore, and poured their iron hail in destructive broadsides upon; its fortified places, till the ruthless storm has swept its streets, and crushed out at once the life and energy of its defenders. Here the red man with a howl of deQ- ance, and tlie white man with the subdued voice of prayer, have bitten the dust together, amid tin; shrieks of forlorn women and helpless children." Th region having passed into the proprietorship of Brit- ish merchants, rapidly increased in population; and a better class began to appear than the rude sailors of former years. Mechanics and farmers came. The Pilgrims at Plymouth were gaining strength, and their fields were waving with corn. A brisk trade was opened between Plymouth and Pemaquid, shal- lop-loads of corn being exchanged for furs. There was peace between the settlers and the natives. Still there was no cordial fr-iendship. With tlie French in Canada it was dift'erent. They lived, in general, with the natives, affec- tionately as brothers. They sold powder and fire-arms to the Indians as freely as any other articles. TL ; travelled among them as confidingly as they would have journeyed through the l^^vinces of France. But the English did not dare to trust the natives with pistols and muskets. They seldom ventured any distance from their fortresses unarmed. Even a royal proclamation was issued, forbidding the sale of fire-arms to the natives.* Any attempt to describe the various grants at this time, made to individuals and companies, would but weary the reac^er. The Saco settlement was prosperous, and had the reputation of being highly orderly. In the year 1630 a patent was obtained grant- ing a territory called Lygonia. It is said to have extended from Kennebunk on the west, to Harpswell on the east. Three Lon- don gentlemen were the proprietors. To encourage emigration, they published very glowing accounts of the region. In scene- ry, climate, soil, timber, fish, and game, it was every thing that was desirable. Thus influenced, a company of emigrants landed in Casco Bay, at some point now not with certainty ascer- tained.2 They remained but a year, when, dissatisfied with the country, they scattered and disappeared. 1 Williamson, vol. i. p 2;J4. a Williamson, vol. i. p. 239; Sullivan, p. 305; Hubbard's New England, 616. 94 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. *-'j(j J About the same time another patent was issued, which subse- quently attained much note as the Waldo Patent. It covered a region of thirty square miles, and extended from the Muscon- gus to the Penobscot. * Its principal object was to confer the right of exclusive trade with the Indians.^ The various patents, granted by the Plymouth Council, extended along the whole sea- board, from the Piscataqua to the Penobscot, excepting the small region between the mouth of the Kennebec and Damariscotta. The territory of Sagadahoc, extending from the mouth of the Kennebec to Damariscotta, was about fifteen miles in width. All along the coast, emigrants were gradually pushing their way back into the country. There was a region called " Sheepscot Farms," where fifty families were gathered. In what is now called Boothbay and in Woolwich, many fishermen had reared their huts. Various incidents of minor importance must be- omitted in a narrative covering so much space as is included in this history. One event occurring at this time merits especial notice. A trading port had been established on the Penobscot at a point called Bagaduce, now Castine.2 A very lucrative trade was carried on with the Indians, mainly in furs. It will be remembered that there was a dispute as to the proprietorship of this region, it being claimed alike by the French and the Eng- lish. A small French vessel entered the bay, and, finding the port defenceless, plundered it of all its fu"s, which were" esti- mated to be worth two thousand dollars. Gov. Bradford, of Plymouth Colony, gives the following description of this event : — " It was in this raanner: the master of the house, and part of the com- pany with lum, were come with their vessel to the westward, to fetch a supply of goods, which was brought over for them. In the mean time comes a small French ship into the harbor, and amongst the company was a false hoot. They pretended that they were newly come from the soa, and knew not where they were, and that their vessel was very leaky, and desired that they might haul lier ashore, and stop her leaks; and many French ccmpli- ments they used, and conges they made. » Williamson, vol. ii. p. 243. a Some spell this Biyuyduce, deriving the name from a Frencliuiaa who once resiaeu there. THE BISTORT OF MAINE. 95 "In the end, seeing but three or four simple men that were servants, and by this Scotchman understanding that the master and the rest of the com- pany were gone from home, they fell of commending their guns and muskets that lay upon racks by the wall-side. They took them down to look at them , asking if they were charged. And, when tkoy were possessed of them, one presents a piece ready charged against the servants, and another a pis- tol, and bid them not stir, but quietly deliver up their goods. They carried some of the men aboard, and made the others help to carry away the goods. And, when they had taken what they pleased, they set them at liberty, and went their way with this mockery, bidding them teU their master, when he came, that some of the Isle of Rye gentlemen had been there." It would seem that such acts of piracy were not infrequent in those lawless days. A miscreant, by the name of Dixy Bull, gathered a piratic gang, and, raising the black flag, ravaged the coast of Maine, capturing several vessels, and plundering the unprotected plantations. The freebooters attacked Peraaquid. Though one of the gang was shot from the palisades, still they succeeded in rifling the port. For several months Bull continued his ravages along the east- ern coast. Four vessels, with forty armed men, were sent out in search of him. Bull, thus pursued, fled from those waters, and continued his piracies farther south. At length his gang dispersed, and he returned to England quite enriched. But there he was arrested, tried, and executed.^ Another very serious difficidty occurred this year, on the Ken- nebec River, between the " Plantation of Piscataqua " and the " Plymouth Colony." This latter colony claimed the Kennebec River, and the exclusive right to trade with the Indians, for a distance of fifteen miles on each side. A man by the name of Hocking, or as some spell it Hoskins, from Piscataqua, entered the Kennebec with a boat-load of goods to exchange for furs. SaiUng directly by the two trading ports of the Plymouth peo- ple, one of which was at the xiiouth of the river, near the ancient Popham fort, and the other, as we have mentioned, probably just above Merrymeeting Bay, he ascended the river to Cushnoc, or Cushenoc, as it is sometimes spelled.^ This was 1 Williamson, vol. i. p. 252; Ancient Dominions, p. 118; Varney's History of Maine, p. 03. 2 See Williamson, p. 253. 41- •it' 96 THE n J STORY OF MAINE. where Augusta now stands. The importance of the trade of this region may be inferred, from the fact that forty hogsheads of beavcr-skins were takon from the river during this year. There is some discrepiyicy in the details which are given of this transaction, but none whatever in the general facts. A boat with armed men was sent up the river, to* expostulate with Hocking upon his illegal act. We cannot give the result more accurately than in the language of Gov. Bradford : — •' But all in vain. He could get nothing of him but ill words. So he considered, that now was the season for trade to come down, and that, if he should suffer Hocking to take it from them, aU their former charge would be lost, and tliey had better throw all up. So consulting with his men, who were willing thereto, he resolved to put him from his anchors, and let' him drift down the river with the stream; but commanded the men, that none should shoot a shot upon any occasion, except he commanded them. " He spoke to him again, but all in vain. Then he sent a couple in a canoe to cut his cable, the which one of them performs. But Hocking takes up a piece which he had laid ready, and, as the bark sheered by the canoe he shot him close under her side, in the head, so that he fell down dead instantly. One of his fellows, who loved him well, could not hold, but with a musket shot Hocking, who fell down dead, and never spake a word." i This event caused a great deal of trouble. It was finally set- tled without the clash of arms. Lords Say and Brook wrote to the governor of New Plymouth : — "We could, for the death of Hoskins,2 have despatched a man-of-war, and beat down your houses at Kennebec about your ears. But we have thought another course preferable. Let soma of Iho Massachusetts magis- trates, and Capt. Wiggin, our agent in Piscataqua, review the whole case and do justice in the premises. " ' ' The case was brought before the Court of Colonial Assistants in Boston. It was decided that the Plymouth Colonists had the exclusive riglit of sale within their patent. It w::s adjudged that the act of shooting Hocking, though in some degree a vio- lation of the sixth commandment, was, on the whole, excusable homicide. * 1 History of Plymouth Plantation; also Mass. Hist. Coll., vol v. n 109 '>d series. i" , -« 2 They so swelled it, while Bradford spelled it Hockins. « WintLrop's Journal, p. 04; Hubbard's N. E., p. 108. * Williamson, vol. i. p. 253. CHAPTER VI. PROGRESS OF SETTLEMENTS. Capture at Machias — The Career of Bagnall — The Two Retaliations — Men- acing Aspect of Affairs — The Twelve Provinces — Fcrdlnanclo Gorges Gov- ernor of all New England- Expedition of D'Aulney — Energy of Miles Standisli— The Administration of William Gorges — Agamenticus — Popu- lation of Maine — The New Grant to Gorges — The Province of Maine — Thomas Gorges — The Constitution— Religious and Political Principles- Woman's Rights. TN the year 1633 the English established a trading-post east -L of the Penobscot, near where Machias now stands. The station was on the west bank of the river, a little above Cross Island. Mr. Vines of Saco was one of the principal owners of the merchandise collected there. The property Avas placed under tlie guard of five or six well-armed men. In establishing this post, it was doubtless one of the objects of the colonial proprietors to hold possession of the country. Claude de la Tour, the French commandant at Port Royal, considered this movement as a trespass upon territory which had been granted to him by the king of France. He made a descent upon the place, and captured it after a slight defence, in which two of the English were killed. With his prisoners, and booty amounting to about twenty-five hundred dollars, he returned to Port Royal. The Plymouth Colony sent an agent, Mr. Alierton, to that place, to endeavor to recover the prisoners and the property, and to ascertain whether La Tour acted under the authority of the French Government. He defiantly replied, — •» I have taken them as lawful prize. My authority is from the king of France, who claims the coast from Cape Sable to Cape Cod. I wish the 7 97 as TUE HISTORY OF MAINE. Sr,« i'i- English to understand, that, if they trade to the eastward of Pomanuid, Ishall se^e them. My sword is all the commission I shall show. When I wan help I will produce my authority. Take your men, and be gone. " ^ Whether the prisoners were released, or were sent to T?rance IS uncertain."! Many of the traders were very worthless char- acters, who deemed it no sin tp cheat an Indian. There is in Casco Bay, but a short distance from Cape Elizabeth, an island called Richmands, sometimes spelled Richman's Island. It is about three miles in circumference, and contains about two hundred acres of pretty good land. In the year 1628 an Encr- hsh emigrant by the name of Walter Bagnall, took possessio'k of this island without any title. His sole object seems to have been to trade with the Indians. " Bagnall," writes Winthrop " was a wicked fellow, and had much wronged the Indians." 2 ' He had several boon companions with him, and became quite notorious, under the nickname of "Great Walt." In a three- years' trade he had amassed what was then considered a lar^e amount of property. The Indians became much enra-ed bv the wrongs inflicted upon them by this unscrupulous ganc In the year 1631 a chief, by the name of Squidrayset, or as%ome call the name Scitteiygiisset, with a few warriors, went to the island, killed the Englishmen, plundered the house, and, apply- ing the torch, left behind them but smoulderincr ruins The savages, who had committed this crime, or, as they considered it, performed this act of justice, retired with tlieir booty Walter Neal was the agent of the London proprietors, Gor- ges, Mason, & Co. He had two residences. One was at Kit- tery Point, and the other at Portsmouth, then called Strawberry BauK. Five men were associated with him. They carried on quite extensively the business of trade, fishing, salt-makin-, and farming. As soon as Neal heard of the assassination of Bagnall and his gang, he sent a party to the island in pursuit of the murderers. Ihey found a solitary Indian there, whom they seized, and hun^r by the neck till he was dead; with no evidence that he had any thing whatever to do with the murders. The perpetrators 1 Hubbard's New England, p. 1G3; Winthrop'a Journal, p. 67 * Winthrop's Journal, p. 30. THE HISTORT OF MAINE. 99 of the crime were probably then far away on the mainland. It is not strange that the unenlightened Indians should, soon after, have seized upon an innocent English traveUer, wandering upon the banks of the Saco, and, in retaliation, have put him to death.* But these outrages, far more excusable on the part of the ignorant Indians than on the part of enlightened Europeans, were rapidly engendering a bitter hostility between the two. The following is the account which Drake gives of this trans- action. It illustrates the difficulty of ascertaining the minute details of many of these events, where the general facts are undisputed. We give the narrative slightly abbreviated : — " Manatahqua, called also Black William, was a sachem and proprietor of Naliant. Out of his generosity this Indian duke gave this place to the plantation of Saugus. He was a great friend of the whites. There waa a man by the name of Walter BagnaU, a wicked fellow who had much wronged the Indians, who was killed near the mouth of Saco River, probably by some of those whom he had defrauded. This was in October, ICai. As some vessels were upon the eastern coast, in search of pirates, in January, 1G33 they put in at Riclimand's Island, where they fell in with Manatahqua.' Ihis was the place where BagnaU was killed about two years before. But whether Manatahqua had any thing to do with it doss not appear, r^r do 1 find tiiat any one, even his murderers, pretended that he was ia any way implicated. But, out of revenge for Bagnall's death, these private hunters hanged Manatahqua. On the contrary, it was particularly mentioned that BagnaU was killed by Squidrayset and his men, some Indians belonging to tliat part of the country. This Squidrayset, or Scittergusset, for whose act Manatahqua suffered, was the first sachem who deeded land in Falmouth Me." * ' The tribes, in the extreme eastern part of the State were intimately associated with the French, and shared with them their hatred of the English. They were much enraged with those in the vicinity of Piscataqua, accusing them of acts of hostility, and of sheltering themselves in a cowardly manner under the protection of the English. At one time they fitted out a fleet of forty war canoes to attack the Piscataqua Indians. This was in the year 1632. There were several conflicts. Af- fairs were daily becoming more and more complicated, and war- » Williamson's History, vol. i. p. 251; Hubbard's History of New England p. 142; Winthrop's Jonrnul, p. 30. «» » 2 Drake's History of the Indians, book ii p. 53. 100 TUB HISTORY OF MAINE. ft clouds were rising in all directions. Thouf^htful men among the settlers, were filled with anxiety in view of the incieasing perils. The Indians were becoming more and more unfriendly! The French were exerting all their influence to drive the English out of Maine. English pirates were sweeping the coast. Robbery and vio» lence were everywhere. Gorges became greatly disheartened. His long-co!.tinued enterprises had brought him no returns. He testified before the Commons of England in the foUowincr terms : — ** " I have spent twenty thousand pounds of my estate, and thirty years, the wliolo flo\>er of my life, in new discoveries and settlements upon a remote continent, in the enlargement of my country's commerce and domin- ions, and m carryiiig civiliiiation and Christianity into regions of savages." hi the year 1G35 the vast territory of the Plymouth Council v/ivs divided into twelve provinces. The first four of these were within the territory of the present State of Maine. The first division embraced the country between the St. Croix River and Pemaquid. From the head of Pemaquid, the shortest line was to be struck to the Kennebec, and thence to follow up that river tc its source. The second Avas a small division, extending only from Pemaquid to the Sagadahoc River. The third embraced the region between the Kennebec and the Androscoggin Rivern. We suppose that both these rivers were then considered as ter- minating at Merrymeeting Bay. The Sagadahoc connected that bay with the ocean. The fourth extended from the Sagada- hoc River to the Piscataqua. It embraced the previous dis- tricts of Lygonia, Saco, and Agamenticus. Thus the whole territory of what is now the State of Maine was districted Irom the St. Croix, its north-eastern boundary, to the Piscat- aqua at its south-western terminus.* On the 25th of April, 1035, the Plymouth Council held its last meeting. In surrendering its charter to the lung, it entered upon Its books the following melancholy record : — " We have been bereaved of friends, oppressed with losses, expenses, and troubles; assailed before the privy council with gi-oundless charges, and S^^^^^^HTl^^'''- '^'^^^^'-^^ ^-ative. p. 20.; Willlan.. Tn«' III STORY OF MAINE. 101 weakened by the French and other foes without and within th-j realm. What remains is only a breathless carcass. Wo now th< fore rcsii^n the patent to the king, first reserving all grants by us made, and all vested rights ; a patent we have holden about fifteen years."* The king appointed a new company to superintend colonial affairs. It consisted of eleven of his privy councillors, and they were entitled " Lords Commisaionera of all Ilia American Plantations.^' This new company appointed Ferdinundo Gor- ges governor of the whole of New England. There were eight divisions, extendir g south-west along the coast to neai the fortieth degree of north latitude. Thus, according to this ra-rangement, New England Ijegaa near the Raritan River, in the present State of New Jersey, and was bounded on the north-cast by the River St. Croix. Its northern bonnt iries w e quite indeterminate. Sir Ferdinando Gorges was a vigorous, energetic man of sixty years. He decided to take up his abode ia the extended realms over which he was appointed to rule. A man-of-war was in preparation to convey him to his domains. By an accident in launching, the ship fell upon the stocks, and Avas badly broken. This delayed the voyage, and the feet of Gorges never pressed the soil of that new world which had absorbed so ra'^ny of the energies of his long life. It is said that Gorges never took much interest m New Eng- land affairs, save in the four districts in the State of Maine ; two of the most important of which he could almost regard as his own personal property. In his interesting " Brief Narration of the Advancement of Plantations in America," he writes very sensibly and somewhat sadly, in view of past mistakes, — " We have been endeavoring to found plantations in a wilderness region, where men, bred up in villages and farms and plenty, could hardly be hired to stay; or, if they were induced to become re::iidents, they must be fed in idleness from their master's crib, yet with few or no returns. We have made the discoveries, and opened the fields for others to take the harvest. Trade, fishery, lumber, — these have been phantoms of pursuit; while there has been a criminal neglect of husbandly, the guide to good habits, the true source of wealth, and the almoner of human life." * 1 This clocuinent ia piven in full in Hazard's Historical Collections. Hutchinson's Collections of State Papers. ^ Gorges' Narrative, pp. 48, 4!). See also 102 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. . 1 t 3= •i The French possessions in North America were called hv the general name of New France. Aca.lia, or Nova Scotia, was under the military command of Gen. Razilla, or Rosillon, as the name is sometimes given. In the summer of 1635 he sent a man-of-war, under Capt. d'Aulney, to take possession of the l:'enobscot region, and to drive out the English.^ Thi^ man seemed anxious to re.loem his character from the imputation of piracy, and to have it distinctly understood that he was actin<. as the agent of his home government. He broke up the set"- t ement, and drove away the settlers, giving them a schedule of tli8 property he had seized. It would seem that he claimed for France the whole New England coast. As he dismissed the plundered traders, he said to them, — flppf S'r.Vt- '''" *^? P^^"*'^*'«»« southward to the fortieth degree, that a whole o>tet''' r , : "'^' r '*"* *'""' ^^'*^"^ ^ y--' *° ^-P^-'^ th^ France" ' » *''"* "'^ commission is from the king of Razilla established a garrison here of eighteen men. The colonists at Now Plymouth sent a large slup and a bark to drive out these invaders. Capt. Girling, who was intrusted with the command, was promised a sum amounting to about two thou- sand dollai-s, if he should succeed in the enterprise. But he found the Preach firmly intrenched. After an unavailin-^ bom- bardment, in which he expended all his ammunition, he "retired aiscomiited.3 There is considerable diversity in the details of many of these events which occurred two hundred years ago, when there were *y.l "i" ^f" ^'le ^>y">«"th Colonists erected a trmling-house at a place called by 1630 Mieyu ere .lispossessed by the French, under D'Aulnev de Charni..av cn.n einorKazilhi. ~ The Centennial Celehvation of Bawjor n 'js « Hubbard'8 New England, p. I(i2. « " The reason, undoubtedly, why France at this time extended her claims no farther south than the fortieth parallel, was a fear of excitiu JtL "e\loZ\ml hostduy o the Spaniards. Spain, at that time, was the «reat mi i ary 1 n.va ;-^u..lby. dr.. Of Spanish interfer^nce;.^^^ THE maroRY of mains. 103 but few scholars in the land, and when the narratives were vague and hastily written. In the annals of New Plymouth we find it stated, that the ship of about three hundred tons was called the " Great Hope." The name of the commander is given as Golding. Capt. Miles Standish, with twenty men, was in command of the Plymouth bark. He was to tender all the aid he could in the recovery of the post, and was intrusted with seven hundred pounds of beaver-skins to be delivered to Gold- ing, or Girlnig, as soon as he should have accomplished his task. If Girling failed he was to receive nothing. Capt. Standish led the way into the harbor. He was one of the most impetuous of brave men. Had he held the supreme command, he would have made short work of it. But Girling, without any summons to surrender, much to the indignation of Standish, kept at a great distance, and unavailingly bombarded the earthworks of the French, until he had not another shot to throw. He then would have seized upon the beaver-skins which lie had not earned, but Standish spread his sails, and returned to Plymouth. The French kept the port, and Plym- outh kept its beaver-skins.i It is difiBcult to reconcile the somewhat contradictory accounts which are given of this transaction. From some narratives we should infer that Girling's vessels remained impotently moored for a considerable length of time, before the French ramparts. At length a very polite official communication was sent by the French officers to the Plymouth colonists, stating that they wo .Id claim no territory west of Pemaquid. For many years the Penobscot remained the tacitly admitted boundary between the French and English possessions.^ The following is the account which Gov. Bradford gives of the attempt of the New Plymouth colonists to regain the port at Castine : — " Girling would take no advice; would neither summon the enemy, nor permit Capt. Standish to do so ; neither would he have patience to bring hia ship where she might do execution, but began to shoot at a distance like a n^adman, and did them no hurt at all. The which, when those of the plau- 1 Hubbard's New England, p. 1(52. 2 Hutchinson's H. lory of Mas-sachnaetta, vol. !1. p. 1C4. 104 THE BISTORT OF MAINE. 1,1- 4 fcation saw ihey were much grieved, and went to him, and told him he would pistol-shot of the house. At last, when he saw his own follv lie was ner Buaded and laid her well, and bestowed a few shot to good pJl^i'e ' Sn hf 17; I T"^ '"' ^ ""^y ^"^ ^"^ «°"^^ eood, his powder was gone. So he could do no good, but was fain to draw off again; by which means the enterprise was made frustrate, and the French encouWed. %or, al^^^^^^^ he shot so unadvisedly, they lay close under a work of earth, and let ht consume umself. He advised with Capt. Standish how he might be p plied wxth powder, for he had not to carry him home. So Ca^t. Standish Wm Ze Z r r.'^'T^' ^''^"*^*^""' ^"^ "^^ '- -'l-vo:- to pr cure \2T^l '"^^°^^tf'^- ^* ^derstanding by intelligence that Girling intended to sei.e on the bark, and surprise the beaver, he sent him the pow der and brought «.e bark and beaver home. But Girling nev^ aZltld the place more, but went his way. And this was the endof this business. ''i Sir Ferdinando Gorges had obtained what was considered an absolute property in the territory between Piscataqua and the Sagadahoc, called New Somersetslaire. He sent his nephev . William Gorges, over as governor of this province. He was an intelligent, upright man, of much executive ability. Saco was then the most flourishing settlement in the province • and Gov Gorges selected it as his residence. It is estimated that at t^iat time the population of the place amounted to about one hundred and sixty. The first court was opened the 28th of March, 1636. It was held in a dwelling-house near the shore on the east side of the river. Six commissioners aided in the administration of justice. This court continued its sessions for about three years.^ There were then five settlements embraced in the province of New Somersetshire. The first was Agamenticus, or, as some- times called Accomenticus. About eight miles north-west from the present harbor of York, there was a commanding eminence thus called by the Indians. It was a noted landm..k for sea- men, as it was the first heigut caught sight of in approaching 1 Gov. Bra ug to the New World. It is esti„,ated that dur nTteu years, more than twenty-one thousand had sought a re eat on hese shores. Even Oliver Cromwell had formed the resolve com . The kmg became alarmed at the amount of emi<.ratlon and rssaed a decree that no one should leave his re Im! w ouj at:?stf :XSht:r "--^ °'°^^'"-- "- e,-.?",,"^ ^f t y- ^^'^^' '^"'2 Charles I. issued a proviu- ml charter to S,r Ferdinando Gorges, conferring upon him s«U more ex .ns.ve territory in what is now Maine, wifh ext amd nary powers and privileges. The region embraced in St at ter commenced w,th the mouth of the Piscataqua River Jd ran north-easterly along the Atlanl.o coast to the moutLof tht Sagadahoc; ,t then ascended through that river and the Ken nebec, ■„ a north-westerly direction, a distance of a hundred and" twentymdes which would make its northern bounda„ he mou h of Dead River; it then ran south-westerly across tie country to near a point on Umbagog Lake ; there it met Tl running north from Salmon Falls Rfver, a «u Ury r^.e P.v cataqua a d.stance of a hundred and twenty milesf Such were he hm.ts of thts provi. , so far as we can now ascertaTn from he descnpfons of the charter. It also included the tand on the coast within five leagues of the main ^ The region was designated the Province or County of Maine It contained about one-sixth of the present area of the State S.r Ferdmando Gorges and his heirs were lord proprietors of the' provmce. They were bound to take the oath' o 2"^!Jt the^crown, and a few unimportant claims were reserved"; the » flolmos' Annals, vol. i. p 299 « This charter is given in full h. Hazard's Collections. voL i. p. m. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 107 " The articles of faith and forms of ecclesiastical government, used by the Church of England, were established; and to the proprietary was given the patronage of all churches and chapels, and the right of dedicating them according to Episcopal usages." ^ There are two reasons assigned for the name of Maine, which was given to this Province. The queen of England had inher- ited a province of that name in France ; and, agaii-., there were so many islands in that region, that it was common to speak of the iTMhi lund, or the Maine.^ Thomas Gorges was deputy governor. He was a young man of accomplished education and of great social and moral worth. He was assisted by seven councillors ; the state officers, properly so called, consisted, in addition to the governor, of a chancellor, or chief justice; a marshal, who commanded the militia; a treas- urer ; an admiral, who had charge of the naval force ; a master of ordnance, to whom military stores were intrusted; and a secretary. The latter office the go-ernor took upon himself. He, with his six councillors, constituted a supreme court of judicature, and also, with eight deputies chosen by the several counties, formed a legislative assembly. Such, in brief, was the constitution adopted under the charter of the Province of Maine.3 The Kennebunk River divided the Province into two dis- tricts, — the east and the west. The first " general court " was opened at Saco on the 25th of June, 1640. But four council- lors were present. It is worthy of notice, that one John Win- ter, a trader, was indicted for charging a profit of more than five per cent upon the cost of the goods he sold. Packs of wolves were howling through the forest. A tax of twelve pence was assessed upon every family between Piscata- qua and Kennebunk, to be paid in bounties for each wolf killed. All parents in the western district were also ordered to have their children baptized under penalty of being summoned to appear before the court, and answer for the necrlect.* ' Williamson's History of Maine, vol. i. p. 2V3. 2 Williamson's History of Maine, vol. i. p. 2"-. « See this Conatitution more minute)^' levoloped by Williamson, vol. i, n 2£1 and in Sullivan's History of Maine. ' < " Wolves then abonndeil all along the coast. The town of Wells was infested with them. Tiseir hideous howlings made niybt terrible to tho settlers. TLe ill- ■iifcaniT-i.i-i ,f,->■.^-..■^■»■^. ^■■-.^^,„..^ ^ f-^f.fi ^ 108 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. ! f fhp ' 1 "rl" ^°?'' '^'^ ^°°^^^^^ ^^^'^ «P^^5^^ interest upon he ^in'f I '^'^-'^f^^^''"^- settlement at Agamenticus. On he 10th of Apnl, 1641, he organized a territory l,ere, which, fiom the descnption, we infer to have been six miles square into a town or borough. The inhabitants were allowed to elect a mayor and eight aldermen, and to manage their own internal aflaus About a year after this, on the 1st of March, 1642, he erected the borough into a city, extending the charter over a region embracing twenty-one square miles. This forest city was on the north side of the river. It had an ocean front of abou three miles, and extended seven miles back from the river s mouth.i He called this city Gorgiana. The officers of the city government were, a mayor, twelve aldermen, and twenty-four common councilmen. It is estimated that at this une there were seventy-seven Christian ministers n New England who had been driven from home by persecu- tion ; and there were about fifty towns or villages.^ The rela- tions with the Indians were continually growing more threat- enu^ Ihis was mainly caused by unprincipled traders and wretched vagabonds, who were ranging the coast and country in all directions beyond the reach of law, inflictino- the most in olerable outrages upon the natives. The governors of the colonies, and the many good Christian men in the settlements were anxious to do every thing in their power to secure iust treatment for the Indians; but it was impossible for them to restrain the reckless adventurers who crowded to these shores In addition to the danger to which the colonists were exposed from the angry attitude assumed by the Indians, there were also continual dispiUes arising in respect to boundaries, with the Dutch in ^ew York, and the French in Canada. Influenced by tie stock on the farms was always in npril ot,,i «^„- guanl against their attacks T^y X Lworit Si ^'^.'^''^"f "" T' ''''"'''''' '"^ to encounter. Hitherto they hafl.^ re trs",^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'-^ » Hazard's Historical Collections, vol. 1. p. 480 a CoUections Massachusetts Historical Society,' vol. 1. p. 247. THE BISTORT OF MAINE. 109 these considerations, the colonists of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven, entered into a confederacy in the year 1G43.* The Province of Maine was not a member of this confederacy. It is said that this was in consequence of the strong royalist and Episcopal tendencies of its rulers. The French called their dominions in North America, includ- ing Canada, Acadia, and Louisiana, by the general name of Nev;r France. For its government, Cardinal Richelieu formed an association called the Company of France.^ It was estimated that about sixteen thousand souls had emigratsd to these re- gions. The intolerance of the court in England had roused the Commons to an appeal to arms. This at once checked the tide of emigration. The people, who had been fleeing from the tyranny of the croAvn, were now disposed to remain at home, and fight the battles of freedom on their own soil. So many returned to England, tliat during the next twenty years the New England colonies lost more from returning emigrants than they gained by accessions from the mother country .3 The people of these colonies were generally republicans in their political principles, and dissenters from the Established Church of England in their ecclesiastical relations. Their sjm- pathies were consequently warmly with the Commons in its war- fare against the Crawn. The Commons, in gratitude, voted, in the year 1642, that the merchandise of either country should be exchanged free of duty.* Jealous of the power of the king, and of the grants or patents ■which he had conferred upon his favorites, they appointed the Earl of Warwick, governor-general, and high admiral of all the American Phiutations. He was to be assisted by a board of sixteen commissioners. They were enjoined to watch with care tliat the colonists were protected in the true Protestant religion and in the exercise of all their political rights. Gov. Gorges, a partisan of the king, was much annoyed by the attitude which public affairs were assuming. He determined to leave the Province of Maine, and return to England. The 1 Winthrop'3 Journal, p. 270; Hubbard's New England, p. 4G5. 2 History of the French Dominions, by Thomas Jeffreys, p. 101. 8 History of New England, l)y Daniel Neal, p. 218. * Hist. Coil, by Eben. Hazard, p. 494. 110 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. m I adminirtration of affairs was intrusted to GeorRe Cleaves as hi, ci?pe„- ::::; '^'-' ^-"-o ^- >""<=si!eace,rer:ued He speedily summoned a court at Cas.„, that he might inform h .self „,ore mmutely respecting the affairs of the Province but he found h,mself at once in conflict with the govern nnt Gorges had established. Richard Vines convened a couTdl a Mr TnclL toT"'°r'^ "'""'' "'•''''• ^'^"<'' «->* " f'-'»<'. m,?. r H "''' ^ ■"■"P""' ^bmitting the questions in dis^! pute to the magistrates of the Massachusetts colony. Vines assadcd the envoy with abusive language, threw^im " to P .son, and d.d not .-elease him until he gave bonds to appear at the next court at Saco.a appear Though Sir Ferdinando Gorges had now reached his three SCO e yea., and ten, his zeal for the crown was such, that u, he c.vd war then raging, he joined the royalist a my „f Pnnee Rupert dui-.ng the siege of Bristol. The g,.eat events transpmng ,„ Eugland threw British affai.^ evcywrere ,1 ome degree of confusion. It would only bewilder the e d ave bTn"f ""'"'" '" '"^ entanglements. There see.^ to have been for so.ne t.me quite a conflict between Cleaves at Poi-tland and the court at Saoo. Cleaves at In the year 1047 Ricl.a.d Vines had returned to E.,gland At a session of the court holden by Mr. Cleaves, the Pisc,rtanua P lantafous were fo,-mcd into a town called Kittery. Its T nory,„t that thne embraced not on.,, the p..esent town of K.ttery, but also North and South Berwick and Elliot It would seem from the following curious memorial pret em d to :t:;s.;isp:t'r^'^^' "™-"'» -"-•- - ^^^^ goats and swine, which, by destroying much fish 1 .rP,. T ?^ u^ petitioners and others; and^Iso spoil ^h'^^V^^^^^^^^ *^/ rendering it unfit for any manner of use. ^ "'''* ''^'^^' 1 Hutchinson's History, vol. i. p. 1C3 2 Hubbard's History of Now England, p. 3C9. § THE HISTORY OF MAINE. Ill " Your petitioners therefore pray, that the act of court may be put in execution, for the removal of all women from inhabiting there; and that said Reynolds may be ordered to remove liis goats and swine from the island without delay." The court ordered the removal of the swine, but decided, as to the complaint against the wife, " It is thought fit by the court, that, if no further complaint come against her, she may enjoy the company of her husband."* Ferdinando Gorges died two years before the execution of his royal master, Charles I. In the year 1635 Razilla, governor of Acadia, died. Two of his subordinate officers struggled to succeed him in the command. One of these, Charles de la Tour established himself at the mouth of the River St. John.2 The other. D'Aulney de Charnisy, took his residence about a hundred and fifty miles west, on the eastern side of the Penob- scot, at the point now called Castine. The valleys of these two rivers were inhabited by two quite powerful Indian tribes. The king of France, involved in a war with Spain, paid but little attention to the quarrels of two offi- cers in the wilderness of the New World, separated from France by an ocean three thousand miles in width. The strife between the officers was imbittered from the fact that D'Aulney was a Catholic, and was sustained by the powerful influence of the Jesuits. La Tour was a Protestant, and looked for countenance and aid to the Puritans of New England. He sent from his settlement on the St. John, an agent, M. Rochet, to propose free trade between the colonies, and the co-operation of Massachusetts in the endeavor to drive D'Aulney from the Penobscot. The result was, that free trade was intro- duced, but the military alliance was postponed.^ The Jesuit influence was such that the Protestant, La Tour, had no chalice of obtaining support of the throne of France, in his conflict with his Catholic competitor. The Jesuits succeeded ere long in obtaining a royal edict, which denounced La Tour 1 Mass. Hist Coll,, vol. vii. p. 250. 2 There are two De la Tours mentioned in this history, — Claude, the father and Charles, the son. ' 8 Hazard's Historical Collections, vol. i. p. 198; Journal of John WmthroD. P. 265. " 112 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. J ( ' /'• 'i 1 iwrni as an outlaw and a rcl.el. Tl,„a encourasod, D'Auluey fitted out an «pod,t,„,, against his opponent, of four vessels, wfth five hundred men. He blockaded the harbor of La Tour, ut off all • dttreT""'" ""• "" """"' '"' ^"™°" '" "- m In the night of the 12th of June, La Tour and hi» wif. escaped fro. the h.ochadcd port, and proceeded in""a veLjt Boston. He was a man of persuasive address, and he exerted all las powers to induce the government of t ,e eolony to 1 d ment"; the" ;"'■" '°''"- 1'"'"' "" ^""^ » '""™" '^ ment u, the colony, upon th,s subject. Some were warmly in gene.al ,„ Acad.a. La Tour's friends in the Massachusetts Colony urged that he was the legitimate ruler, and that th oommercal interests, and their religious principles, alike de- manded that they should support his claims. But the opponents urged, that they eould not be certain as to he exact just.ce of the case ; that the French cabinet had man- ifestly vacillated ; that it was to he feared that La Tour's Prot estantism was mainly the absence of all religion ; and that ii was not for the honor of Massachusetts to engage n war, as the followers of a French adventurer.' ' wai, as tne tnttl' ,"'^,^':'"'^""'"t^ '■> th'' P'ovince of Maine were much a-i- ated by tins question. The deputy governor wrote, from Ws not o„i these pa.ts which a.e nakel, bat J^r:!^^:^: l^^^^^ a...a.ge. He hath long waited, with the expense of near oi-rht hundred pounds per n,onth, for an opportunity of taking supplies fro^W f e td should all lus hopes be frustrated throu-h your aid vnn 11 • ' f ' he will seek for satisfaction. " ^ ' ^°^ ^^^ '°"''^^" ^^^^™ .K "n r, ^^T^'t ''°'^ "''^^•^ ^^ °^^'^°' ^""^ he be utterly extirpated T should hke ,t well: otherwise, it cannot be thought but that a soldier a^d a > See these arguments in full, Haz. Coll., vol. i. p. 502-516. TnE nisTORr of maine. 118 gentleman will seek to revenge himgelf, having five hundred men, two shipa, a galley, and pinnaces well provided. But you may please conceive in what mauiior he now besieges La Tour. His ships lie on the south-west part of the island, at the entrance of St. John's River, within v/hich is only an entrance for ships. On the north-east lie his pinnaces. It cannot be con- ceived but ho will fortify the island, which will debar the entrance of any of your shijis, and force them back, showing the will, not having the power to hurt him. ••I suppose I shall sail for England in this ship; I am not yet certain, which makes me forbear to enlarge at this time, or to desire your commands thither. " Thus in haste I rest your honoring fr-snd and servant, "Thomas GonoEs."* After much deliberation, the Massachusetts magistrates in- formed La Tour, that, though they could take no active part in the conflict, he might purchase or charter ships, and enlist as many volunteers as he pleased. It was all, however, to be done dt his own expense Ho at once cliartered four vessels for two months, at the pric> fo'- *he four, of two thousand six hundred dollars. One hundred and forty-two men, sailors, and seamen were placed on board, with thirty-eight pieces of ordnance. The little fleet was well furnished with provisions and ammuni- tion. To raise the needful money, he mortgaged his fort at St. Johns, with all its ammunition and stores, and also all his real and personal estate in Acadia. The squadron, thu" equipped, sailed on the 14th of July, 1G43. It would seem that he had five vessels in his fleet; the "Clement," in which he had entered Massachusetts Bay, and the four vessels he had chartered, namely, " The Seabridge," " The Philip and Mary," " The In- crease, " and " The Greyhound." 2 It will be perceived that this trouble took place in Acadia a year or two before some of the events in Maine, which we have already described. 1 Hazard's Hist. Coll., vol. i p. 498. a Hubbard's Histc . , voL {. p. IBO. -'"'i^wWBSiWii^^^S^S!^^ CHAPTER VII. COLONIAL JEALOFSIES AND ALIENATIONS. Conflict between La Tour and D'Aulu.y-Jts Strange Result - Attack of Wannerton- Madame La Tour-D'Aulney attacks the Fort at st" olm LrT^uff g";: 1^^™%^'^ Tour-nerCapcuro and Deat^-T.'a "of IN « *H Godfrey -Purchases of Indian Chiefs -Boundary Dlsoutes -Final Set lement-Submission of Godfrey - Ecclesiastical cSt on of Maine -Sulhvan's Testimony - Dutch Settlers -Savage Insolencl JT would seem that La Tr r made a sudden and furious -^ attack upon the vessels of D'Aulney, and drove them from their station, and chased them into the Pepobscot.i Here D Aulney ran two of his vessels aground, and quite a brisk action took place, in which several Frenchmen were either killed or wounded on each side ; but not a man from the Massa- chusetts Colony was hurt. The chartered vessels returned to Boston wit nn the allotted time. La Tour brought with him a ship of D Aulney s, which he had captured, freighted with val- uable furs.2 ° D'Aulney was veiy indignant in view of the aid the Massa- chusetts Colony had rendered La Tour. He wrote a very an-rv letter, to which the governor replied, — -^ o j- "Had we been molested in the right of free trade, as you threatened us we should not have been backward to do ourselves justice. But the colo^ government of Massachusetts has, in fact, taken no measures, nor grattd any commission, against you. To admit La Tour to enlist and hire forces with his own money, violates no sound political rules. It is a mere attri- bute of our independence, while the laws of Christian duty require us to relieve all d stress. Yet surely nothing would be more grateful tolT^i : than reconciliation and peace. " 8 i" wisuts Port Roy'a^.''''' ^"'"''" ""^ Hutchinson. Winthrop says they were driven to 2 Hubbard's New England, i . 5 a Williamson, vol. i. p. 315. a Wmthrop's Journal, p. 350. ii THE nrSTORT OF MAINE. 117 a treaty with the government of Massachusetts. Gov. Win- throp endeavored to bring about a reconciliation between the two antagonistic French parties, and to secure a safe return of Madame La Tour to her husband. But M. Marie ancriily replied, — ° "^ "No! nothing but submission wiU save La Tour's head if ho be taken: .^or will his wife have any passport to St. John. She is known to be the cause of his contempt and rebellion. Any vessel which shall admit her as a passenger will be liable to arrest." Under these circumstances the governor decided to stand entirely neutral. It is, however, evident that his sympathies were with La Tour. A commercial treaty was signed, and both parties agreed to abstain from all hostile acts.i The inhabitant-: of Maine greatly rejoiced over this result. Ihey were quite defenceless, and were in much fear that the reckless, passionate D'Aulney would seize their vessels, and plunder their settlements. Capt. Bayley, the master of the ship which brought Madame La Tour from France, had en-aged to leave her at St. John. Instead of this, he had landed her at Boston. She could now return to St. John only by equip- ping a force which would enable her to cope with the enemy. She prosecuted for damages. The court, after a four-days' trial, granted her a verdict for ten thousand dollars. With this sum she chartered three London ships, and proceeded safely to her home. D'Aulney was exceedingly chagrined. He had fully ex- pected to make her his captive. His anger against the Massa- chusetts Colony was renewed. He denounced the governor as having violated tl-e treaty by allowing the ships to be chartered. He obtained information that La Tour was absent on a cruise in the Bay of Fundy ; that there were but fifty men left in gar- rison, and that they had but a small supply of food and ammu- nition. Early in the spring, when winter breezes still lingered, and snow covered the ground, he took a ship to capture the worko at St. John. He sailed, with his well-equipped war-vessel, ^ Journal of .TnKn Xet-nfV.rf.T. n ^l" 118 TffE HISTORY OF MAINE. I from the Penobscot. Soon he overtook a New England vessel which was bound to the St. John with supplies. * Regardless of the commercial treaty, he seized the vessel, landed the crew m an open boat upon a desolate island, and in his cruel rage abandoned them, without even leaving them the means of kind- ling a fire. Very thinly clad, they succeeded in constructing a miserable wigwam, where they suffered severely from cold and hunger. Here they remained ten days, until they were taken off, and sent home in an old shallop. D'Aulney entered the harbor at St. John, moored his ship opposite the fort, and opened a vigorous fire. But Madame La Tour was already there. She was a true heroine. Her intre- pidity was sufficient to quadruple the strength of the feeble garrison. She caused the fire to be returned, and with so much skill, that, in a short time, the deck of D'Aulney's vessel ran red with blood, and was strewed with the mangled bodies of the dead and dying. Twenty were killed and thirteen wounded. Every shot from the fort struck the ship. Her hull was shat- tered. The water was rushing in at the shot-holes ; and still the deadly fire was kept up without intermission, while the gar- rison behind strong ramparts remained unharmed. _ D'Aulney was effectually repulsed. To save his ship from sinking, he hastily warped her under shelter of a bluff, beyond the reach of cannon-shot. Having repaired his damages, buried his dead, and dressed the terrible wounds inflicted by cannon- shot, he spread his sails, and, greatly crestfallen, returned to Castine. Massachusetts was justly incensed at the gross violation of the treaty in seizing a New England vessel. An envoy was promptly sent to D'Aulney demanaing explanation and satisfac- tion. . There was an angry and unsatisfactory interview. The enraged Frenchman, losing all self-control in his reckless charges, said, — " You have helped my mortal enemy in aiding La Tour's wife to return to St. John. You have burned my buildings; you have killed my animals. I warn you to beware of the avenging hand of ray sovereign." The envoy with dignity replied, — THE nrSTORY OF MAINE. 119 " Tour sovereign is a mighty prince ; he is also a prince of too much honor to commence an unjustifiable attack; but, should he assail us, we trust in God, who is the infinite Arbiter of justice." The only result of the conference was the establishment of a sort of truce until the next spring. It was evidently impossible to maintain peace and free trade with both of these French generals, who were so bitterly hostile to each other. A little more than a year passed away, with occasional diplomatic cor- respondence. In September, 1646, three commissioners arrived in Boston from D'Aulney, and demanded four thousand dollars damages for losses which he professed to have received from the English. The governor anJ his magistrates, oa the other hand, deemed a larger sum due to them. While this diplomacy was in progress, the shrewd and implaca- ble Frenchman was gathering his forces for another attack upon St. John. It is said, that, through the treachery of the Cath- olic priests, he kept himself carefully informed of the precise condition of affairs there. Taking advantage of La Tour's absence on a cruise to ojbtain supplies, he suddenly entered the harbor with a strong naval force, and assailed the fort by a can- nonade from his ships, and by storming it, at the same time, on the land side. The walls were scaled, and with the loss of twelve men killed and many wounded, on the part of the assail- ants, the fort was taken. All the inmates were mercilessly put to the sword, with the exception of La Tour's wife, who was taken captive. The plunder which the victor seized, consisting of materials of war, plate, jewels, and household goods, exceeded fifty thousand dol- lars in value. This ruin of La Tour caused great loss to many New England merchants to whom he was indebted. The fate of the virtuous and heroic Madame La Tour was very sad. She was a beautiful and accomplished lady, of un- blemished piety. Catholic persecution had driven her from her native land, and from the many friends who surrounded her there. Her new home in Acadia was now in ruins. All her estate had vanished. Her husband was outlawed and a wan- derer, without the slightest prospect of ever again regaining his fortunes ; and she was a captive in the hands of a proud and 120 THE BISTORT OF MAINE. I f Mil implacable enemy. Her heart was crushed. Day after day she drew visibly nearer the grave. In three weeks her spirit took its flight, and entered, we trust, that world where the weary are at rest. We regret to add that La Tour subsequently proved himself to be a man utterly devoid of principle. He went to Boston. The tale of his impoverishment and his woes excited the sym- pathies of the kind-hearted Bostonians. Several of the mer- chants furnished him with a vessel, and with goods to the value of about two thousand dollars, to enable him to trade with the natives along the coast. They manned the vessel with a crew of Englishmen and Frenchmen. It was a generous deed of charity. In midwinter of 1647, La Tour sailed from Boston. When he arrived off" Cape Sable, in Nova Scotia, the ingrate conspired with his own countrymen, and, seizing the vessel and cargo, drove the English ashore. In the conflict La Tour, with his own pistol, shot one of the Englishmen in the face. These unhappy men, thus turned adrift upon the rocky and ice-bound coast, would inevitably have perished but for the humanity of those whom we call savages. After fifteen days of awful suffering they chanced to meet a small band of Mickmac Indians. These larharians treated them with all the kindness which Christianity enjoins. They took the shivering, starving creatures to their wigwams, warmed their half-frozen limbs, and fed them with delicious cuts of ven- ison. The Indians, having thus taken in the strangers, and given food to the hungry, and drink to the thirsty, and clothing to the naked, furnished them with a pilot to guide them along the sinuous coast to their distant home. This was in Uav 1646.* ^ ' La Tour, with his stolen vessel, disappeared. No one knew where he went. For two years he was not heard from. The 1 "If tliey had not, by special providence, found more favor at tlie hands of Cape Sable Indians than of those French Clnistians, they might all have perished; for, liaving wandered llfteen days up and down, they, at the last, found some In- dians who gave them a shallop with victuals, and an Indian pilot; by which means they came safe to Boston about three months after." - Hubbard' s New Enaland p. 4iW. ^ THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 121 fortress of D'Aulney on the Penobscot, was, at that time, the most prominent resort of the Roman Catholic missionaries from France. D'Aulney was zealous in that cause, and for some time was the undisputed ruler of Acadia. After three years he died. In one year after his death, La Tour returned, and married his widow, and entered upon the possession of his rich inheritance ; a striking illustration of the truth of the oft-quoted remark, that the romance of fact is more strange than that of fiction. La Tour was now re-instated in all his former possessions ; and yet he made no effort to pay his former creditors. He seemed to surrender himself to a life of conviviality. He sel- dom left his province. Several children were born to him. The French were at this time in occupancy of settlements at Pen- obscot, Mount Desert, Machias,^ and St. Croix ; but none of these settlements were in a flourishing condition. It will be remembered that the Province of Maine was divided into four political sections. Gorges' region extended from the southern border to the Kennebunk; then on the east came Ligonia ; beyond that was the Sagadahoc territory ; on the extreme east came the region between the Penobscot, and Passamaquoddy Bay, which was called Penobscot. Civil war was raging in England. All political matters were in a state of the greatest uncertainty. The people of Maine were much discouraged. Under these circumstances a general court was convened at Wells in October, 1648. Edward Godfrey was re-elected gov- ernor, and four councillors were appointed. The government, thus organized, addressed an earnest petition to England for directions in their political affairs. A year elapsed before any answer came. The only tidings they received were, that Sir lerdinando Gorges Avas dead, and that no instructions could be 1 "Mount Desert was so named by ChampJain, in 1006. The English named it Mount Mansell, in honor of one of their distinguislied naval officers. It has, how- ever, retained the name of Mount Desert. Tlie island has ever been celebrated for the boldness of its shores, the beauty of its scenery, and the excellence of its harbor. The French .lestiits, who landed there in 1G13, called it St. Saviour." — Memorial of Pop/mm Celebration, p. 74." '■. -ff-^-CTB^ngi y iH ii M j i 122 THE BISTORT OF MAINE. i ^ expected from tlie parent country while distracted with the tumult of civil vvar.^ Gov. Godfrey was a very peculiar man ; bombastic, vain, and arrogant. He usually prefaced his proclamations or addresses with these words: "To all Christian people to whom these presents shall come, greeting in our Lord God everlasting." " Still," writes Mr. Bourne, " Gov. Godfrey is worthy of commendation for the persevering and indomitable spirit which he manifested in what he considered to be right, and for his courage in seating himself down in York, an entire wilderness, with none to whom he could look, in his solitude, for any help which the emergencies of his condition might require. He located himself there in 1030, building the first house in that place. He was the founder of York. What his motive was in making such a selection for a habitation does not appear. Possibly the fishing business might have tempted him to the adventure. No location could have been better for that purpose. His house was on the north side of the river. But thus away from the intercourse and business haunts of men, he would be but little likely to grow in the virtues of social life, or in the necessary qualifications for gubernatorial authority." 2 For three years the affairs of the Province were administered by the provincial government as above organized. One tribunal was legislative, judicial, and executive. Pemaquid, which had been settled a quarter of a century, was the principal plantation of the Sagadahoc territory. It was the great resort of fishing and trading vessels as they ran up and down the coast. Indi^ viduals were very busy in p- -chasing large tracts of land from Indian chiefs. They were not particular in their inquiries as to the right of the chiefs to sell these extensive tracts. John Brown, in 1625, purchased of two chiefs, on the eastern shore of Pemaquid, a region extending along its southern bor- der from Pemaquid Falls to Brown's house, and running back into the country twenty-five miles. It embraced nearly the 1 "The nature of Gorges was generous, and his piety sincere. He sought pleasure in doing good; fame, by advancing Christianity among the heathen- a durable monument, by erecting houses, villages, and towns. Wlien the wars in England broke out, the septuagenarian royalist buckled on his armor, and gave the last strength of his gray liairs to the defence of the unfortunate Charles " — Bancroft, vol. i. p. 42f>. 3 History of Wells and Kennebunk, by Edward E. Bourne, p. 21. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 123 whole of the present towns of Bristol, Nobleborongh, Jefferson, and a part of New Castle. About the year 1662, three other chiefs sold Walter Phillips a large portion of the same lands, and all the land on the west bank of the Kennebec, from Winnegance Creek to the sea, and west to Casco Bay. Christopher Lawson purchased of a chief nearly the whole of the territory now covered by the town of Woolwich. Thomas Clark and Roger Spencer bought of a chief the whole of Arrowsic Island; John Richards bought of a chief the whole of Jeremisquam Island. Such sales were continually made.* We know not what right the chiefs had to sell these extended territories, or what price was paid for them, or the circum- stances under which the chiefs were induced to sell. During a period of sixteen years all the lands on both sides of the Ken- nebec, and all the islands in the vicinity of the mouth of that river, were bought of Indian chiefs. Such purchases were obviously liable to great abuses. Both the Massachusetts and Plymouth Colonies had very judiciously prohibited such traffic, without the license of the legislature. There were no such restrictions in Maine. In these pretended sales by the chiefs, the same lands were ^ften embraced in different deeds. The boundary-lines inter- oected each other. The same lands were sold by different chiefs. Inextricable confusion ensued. There were conten- tions and lawsuits innumerable. The state of things was deplorable. There were scarcely any legal titles, and no courts were organized with powers to adjust these difficulties. The Penobscot region, it will be remembered, was claimed both by the French and the English. The French called it a part of Acadia ; the English called it a part of New England. La Tour, who succeeded D'Aulney, governed this region with military absolutism, establishing no civil tribunals. The Massachusetts Colony brought forward a new claim to all the land in Maine, south of a point near Portland. This was by virtue of her charter, which conferred upon her all the territory within the space of " three English miles northward * WiiUamson's History of Maine, vol. i. p, 330, iii 124 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. iffr' of the river Merrimack, and to the northward of any paH thereof." Now, it was found that the rource of the Merrimack was far north among the hills of New Hampshire, and that a line running from that point due east to the ocean would strike the coast not far from where Portland now stands. This led to a very serious dispute betvyeen the two Provinces. Massa- chusetts appointed commissioners to ascertain with the greatest accuracy the northernmost head of the Merrimack River, and to run a line thence due east to precisely the same latitude on the Atlantic coast. These commissioners testified upon oath that they found, on the 1st of August, 1652, the head of the Merrimack, where it issued from the lake called " Winnepuseakik," i in the latitude of 43°, 40', 12". The three additional miles extending into the lake would allow three- additional minutes to the distance.2 Against this claim Gov. Godfrey, of the Province of Maine, entered an indignant remonstrance. In his protest to the Gen- eral Court of Massachusetts, he wrote, — " An attempt to hold the Province of Maine under your charter, or by any other legal title, without the pretence of purchase, prior possession, or anterior claim, and also without the people's consent, is the height of injus- tice. Hitherto you have declared yourselves satisfied with your own pos- sessions, as bounded on a line parallel with the Merrimack, three miles distant from Its source and its northerly bant, following its meanders to its mouth- whereas you are now bursting your bounds, and stretching your claims across provinces to which till lately no man, however visionary, so n.uih as imagined you had any right." To this the General Court of Massachusetts replied,— " Worshipful Sm, - Our patent by divine Providence continues to be firmly established under the great seal Though the gi-and patent of ]^ym- 1 Williamson suggests that this was probaWy Lake Winnipiseogee. It mav have been what is now called "Newfound Lake." with whicli the latitude would more nearly correspond. 2 Hazard's Collections, vol. i. p. 671. The i-eport of the comniissioners of survey, given at the May session of the General Court, was in the following words: — "At Aqnahattan, the head of the Merrimack, where it issues out of the lake called AVinnepuseakik, on the 1st of August, lfu52, we found the latitude of the place 43 , 40 , 12 , besides those minutes allowed for the three miles farther north which extend into the I&Vg." - Historical Collections by Ehenoz^r Iln^nrd vol i' p. oil. " I • • THE HiaTORY OF MAINE. 125 outh has been dissolved, ours, sanctioned by a royal charter, has success- fully encountered every attack. Nor do we now claim an acre beyond ts truehmits And, had you attentively examined its articles, you must b satisfied with the correctness of our construction. For severll yeTs the extent of our Jurisdictional rights wa. not fully understood; and so o^g as doubte remained we were disposed to forb ar, though we have never aba^ doned the pursuit of our utmost claim and -ight. - In your resistance, probably a majority ( f the provincial inhabitants are your opponents, for thoy are greatly desirous of being united wiUu and they richly deserv our protection and assistance. We are bound to hiform Tarel '^^f''^^^^^ ^^^^ -er which you claim to exerci a" th " i^r T r J^^'l/f «" of Massachusetts, and that we demand our rights. If, however, neither rights nor reasons will induce you to hearken we shal continually protest against aU further proceedings of your imd"; any pretended patent or combination whatever. " » Such in brief, was the reply of Massachusetts. It will give the reader a clear idea of the nature of the conflict which had arisen Gov Godfrey angrily replied. This led to the appoint- ment by the Massachusetts government of three commissioners to confer with Gov. Godfrey and his council. They met at Kittery Point. Reconciliation was impossible, as both parties were inexorable. The commissioners then issued a proclama- tion to the people of Maine, informing them that Massachusetts would extend her jurisdiction over that portion of the territory Avhich she claimed, and promising them full protection in their estates and all other rights. Gov. Godfrey and hfs council issued a counter proclamation, denouncing the conduct of Massachusetts in the severest terms. btiJ the General Court at Boston, in its October session of this year, declared its northern boundary or limit to commence three miles north o2 the head of the Merrimack River ; to extend directly east on that parallel, passing above the northern source, of Piscataqua or Salmon Falls River; thence crossing the Saco near the mouth of Little Ossipee, which was about twenty miles from the sea, it touched the most southerly bend of the Pre sumpscot, and terminated at Clapboard Island, about three miles eastward of Casco peninsula. In the prosecution of this claim, the General Court of Massa- 1 Hazard's Collections, vol. 1. p, 564. w 126 THE BISTORT OF MAINE. f ! chusettK sent two experienced shipmasters to ascertain the pre- cise latitude sought for on the coast. The^ fixed the point upon the northern extremity of the little island we have men- tioned in Casco Bay. Here they marked the letters M. B. on several trees, and also chiselled them into a rock about a quarter of a mile from the sea.^ Six gentlemen were appointed to organize a government in the country south of this line.^ On the 15th of November, 1652,8 foyj, of them met at Kittery, and sent out their summons to the inhabitants to meet the next morning at the house of William Everett, for the purpose of establishing a court of justice. There was much diversity of opinion respecting the adverse claims of Maine and Massachu- setts. Negotiations were protracted through four days, during which angry passions were excited, and there was much mutual recrimination and abuse. At length forty-one i^ersons were induced to subscribe to the following declaration : — " We, whose names are under written, do acknowledge ourselves subject to the government of Massachusetts Bay, m New England." The commissioners, having thus triumphed, announced to the people that their rights would remain untouched, and that they were entitled to all the privileges of citizens of Massachusetts without being required to take the oath of submisoion. They then proceeded to Agamenticus, which in their report they spelt Accomenticus. The inhabitants were summoned to appear at the house of Nicholas Davis to assume the r^^sponsibilities, and to be invested with the riglits, of citizens of Massachusetts. The meeting was held on the 22d of November. A few were obstinate in their resistance, and a spirited controversy ensued. Gov. Godfrey, who resided at this place, led the opposition. Edt, when a formal vote was called for, a large majority was found in favor of seeking the protection of the salutary laws of Massachusetts. It was very certain they had notliing to lose by the change, and something, at least, to gain. The governor, finding himself entirely outvoted, yielded, and 1 Eeeorils, Eesolves, and Journals of Massachusetts GoA'ernment, vol. ii. p. 240. 2 Hiitcliinsou's Massachusetts, vol. i. p. 150. 8 Willituuson, vol. i. p. 343. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 127 with fifty others took the oath of allegiance to the government of the Massachusetts Colony.^ The teiTitory of Maine, thus annexed to Massachusetts, was called " The County of Yorkshire." Agamenticus received the name of York, from that city in England, which, twelve years before, had been surrendered by the rojalists to the parliamen- tary forces, after one of the most bloody battles of the civil war. A county court was established, to be held alternately at York and Kitteiy. It was universally admitted that the Massachusetts commis- sioners had discharged their duties with admirable wisdom, and with triumphant success. They were richly rewarded for their services, received a vote of public thanks, and a valuable present of wild lands. At the next general court of elections at Bos- ton, two deputies from Maine represented the county of York- shire. Other towns rapidly came into this arrangement, such as Wells, Saco, and Cape Porpoise. The energy of the Massachusetts government soon be^^an to develop itself. The inhabitants of the three last-named ^owns were required within a year to construct a road wide enough for the passage of carts from house to house, within the town limits ; and also to connect their several towns with paths suf- ficient for woodmen or horses. The ecclesiastical condition of the Province of Maine was at that time very discouraging. There was no ordained ministry. Though there were probably many individual Christians, who, in then- humble, nnostatentious lives, were developing the spirit of that gospel whose fundamental tenet is, " to do justly love mercy, and walk humbly with God," yet the clamor of 'noisy disputants and turbulent fanatics filled the land. Any brazen- fiiced man, however ignorant, however immoral, however atro- cious the sentiments he promulgated, could assume the position of a religious teacher. Ecclesiastical anarchy reigned. There was freedom of speech which no law restrained. • " One town after auotlior, yielcliug iu part to menaces and armed force, gave m Its adhesion. Great care was observed to Ruard the rights of property everv man ^^-asconfu■.ned in his possessions; the reUgious liberty of the Episcopalians was left unhar„.ed ; the privileges of citizenship were extended to all fnhabitanTs ; V If th f '"';.'■" "T''''^ S^^^y, yet roiuctauily, submitted to the neces- sity of the change." — Bancroft, voL i. p. 431. 128 THE UISTORY OF MAINE. It would seem that the good sense of the majority of the people condemned these revolting proceedings of a bold and vagabond minority. Tije General Court of Massachusetts passed a law prohibiting any one from publicly preaching, without the approbation of the four neighboring churches. Each town was also required to support a pious ministry. It is supposed that the population of the towns which thus came under the juris- diction of Massachusetts amounted to about two thousand one hundred. There were many bitterly opposed to this " subjuga- tion," as they called it; but the minority was not strong enough to present any serious obstacle to the measure.^ The year 1651 opened, on the whole, favorably for the inhab- itants of New England. By fishing, agriculture, and hunting, the settlers obtained a competent support. The laws and human rights began to be more respected. Still there was a very rpdical difference in the ecclesiastical and political princi- ples of the early settlers of Maine and Massachusetts. Gorges and Mason were the avowed enemies of both the civil and religious views of the Massachusetts Puritans. They detested republicanism, and were strong advocates of the Church of England. With candor and truthfulness Mr. Sullivan says, — m " Gorges and Mason had been considered before the year 1G40 as enemies in principle, to the New England Colonies. They were both anti-republi- cans, and were strong Episcopalians. Tlicy settled no orthodox clergyman, according to what the neighboring colonies called orthodoxy; nor did they, indeed, belore that year, establish or support any kind of government, or even attempt to establish any f urm of worship ; nor did they pay any atten- tion to public schools. It was very evident that they held all the Puritan regulations in contempt. Their government over their servants, vassals, and tenants, from a want of those regulations, became weak and inefficient. We therefore find constant complaints of their being plundered by their servants, cheated by their agents, and of being deserted by their vassals. •'Gorges wishing to have the other colonies annihilated, and to have a general government over the whole country, urged the point of the king's re-assuming the lands granted by his ancestor, and making new grants of the whole; and according to this idea, he and Mason having surrendered their title, he took the charter in the year 1G39, for the Province of Maine." ^ ' Williamson's History of Maine, vol. i. p. .TSG. • History of the District of Maine, by James Sullivan, p. 141. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 1S9 It vas this underlying hostility between the Puritan and the Cuvaher, which led the government of the Massachusetts Colony to take advantage of the civil war raging in England, to extend their charter so far to the eas^ as to embrace the whole territory included in the Gorges and Mason patents. The political storms raging in Europe raised billows whose surges dashed against the roek-bound coast of the New World. There was a little group of Dutchmen at the mouth of the Hudsou River. There were a few English hamlets scattered a ong the coast of Massachusetts and Maine. Beyond the Pen- obscot were the straggling settlements, few and feeble, of the I^rench. Vast realms, boundless and unexplored, spread out toward, the west, whose grandeur the imagination was ex- hausted in the attempt to explore. One would have thouo-ht that these few impo- rished people, struggling alike ag.inst the hardships of the wilderness, might have lived in peace j^s broth- ers helping and cheering one another. They thus might have had happy lives, notwithstanding all the ills that flesh is heir to. Instead ot this, a large portion of their energies were expended in shooting one another, burning the houses, devas- tating the plantaiions, and filling the land with the wailino-s of widows and orphans. Thus clouds and darkness ere lon^ be- gan to overshadow the sky, and storms to arise, which put an end to all hopes of happiness. The English, the French, and tho Dutch claimed the same territory, and were disposed to light lor Its possession. In the. year 1G37 the alarming report was circulated that the Dutch upon the Pludson were arming the savages of New Encr. land, and inciting them to a combined attack of extcrminatio^'n against the English settlements along the coasts of Maine and Massachusetts. The Indians of Maine were at this time quite nume, ous. Thoy had obtained, both from the French and En- lish, guns and ammun-.Ion. xMany of them had become skilful marksmen. Being ps well armed as the white men, and con- scious of a great superiority in num^^ers, they became bold, very exacting, and often insolent. Not unfrequently a gan- of half a dozen savages on the hunt would approach the lo° hut of some lonely settler. With swaggering air they would°take pos- 130 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. U '";*? session of the premises, feast themselves to satiety, occupy the cabin for the night, and in the morning go on their way, without saying so much as " I thank you." The menacing attitude of the savages became alarming, and their depredations intolerable, and tlie more intolerable, since it was fully believed that they were stimulated to these outrages by the Dutch authorities at the mouth of the Hudson. Tiie public agitation became so great, in view of these facts and these rumors, that a convr^ntion was held of the commissioners of the United Colonies, ou the 19th of April, 1653, to take the subject into consideration. It was apprehended that the French on the east, and the Dutch on the west, were conspiring to crush the English between them. The reports were carefully inves- tigated. Indians wei'e summoned before the court to give their testimony ; and then a very earnest letter was written to the Dutch governor requiring an explanation. Indignantly the governor replied, — " There is not one word of truth in the scandalous report raised about my conduct. I marvel much at the novel course pursued in placing any confidence in the testimony of an Indian. I am ready at any time to make explanations, and to any extent within my power." This denial of the governor did not satisfy the commissioners. Though they separated without declaring war against the Dutch, all friendly intercourse between them was interrupted. Indeed, the New Haven Colonists were under such apprehensions that the Dutch were about to bring down the powerful nation of the Mohawks against them, that they sent a petition to Crom- well, then Lord Protector of England, that he would aid them with a fleet and well-armed troops.* * Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts, vol. i. p. 166. CHAPTER VIII. THE PROVINCE OF MAINE ANNEXED TO JIASSACHUSETTS. Troubles on the Piscataqua— Career of La Tour— Menaces of War— Measures of Cromwell — Conquest of Nova Scotia — Character of La Tour— Trading Post on the Kennebec -The Oath Administered — Sale of the Ri-ht of Traffic -Boundaries of Kennebec Patent - Political Connection beUveea Mame and Massachusetts— Code of Laws— Northern Limits of Massachu- setts - The Articled of Union -Re/. John Wieelwright - Correspondence -Restoration of Charles IL- Petition of Gorges - Charter to the Duke of York. TT will be remembered that the Pisrataqua River was the -L south-west boundary of the Province of Maine. This region was one of the favorite resorts of the Indians. Early in^'the spring of 1653, just as the settlers were about to put their seed in the ground, the alarming rumor ran along the coast, that more than a thousand Indian warriors were upon the upper waters of the Piscataqua, resolved to lay all the defenceless settle- ments in ashes. It was still supposed, though probably very unjustly, that the Dutch governor on the Hudson was instigat- ing this movement. The government of the New Haven Col- ony despatched agents to England, to implore the protection of Oliver Cromwell, who was then in power. The Massachusetts Colony promptly ordered Major-Gen. Dennison, with twenty- four well-armed men, to reconnoitre the strength and position of the foe.* La Tour, whose life had been as varied and eventful as the imagination of a romancer could fancy, was now residing at St. John, with Madame D'Aulney as his bride. Upon receiving his Catholic wife, he had renounced his Protestantism, and thus he gatnered around him the powerful influences of the French ' Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts, p. 166. 181 132 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. -MSk court and the Papal Church. He was a wild, bold, reckless adventurer, but slightly influenced by any consciousness of right or wrong. The Catholic missionaries had attained a wonderful ascendency over the minds of the Indians. It was strongly suspected that La Tour was combining the Indians of Canada, Nova Scotia, and Maine, to sweep away the English settle- ments, and thus vastly to extend his realms. Under these cir- cumstances, the General Court of ]\Iassachusetts prohibited all commercial intercourse with the French on the east, and the Dutch on the west, under penalty of the forfeiture of both ves- sel and carcfo. This plunged La Tour and his colonies into great distress. They had done but little towards raising food by cultivating the land. The savages lived a half-starved life, upon the little corn they harvested, esculent roots, fish, and clams. They had no provisions to sell. The French, with their trinkets!! pur- chased the furs of the Indians, which were then in great demand. With these they had obtained ample supplies of food from the more highly cultivated regions of Southern Maine, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. This virtual blockade of their ports doomed them to starvation. La Tour, assuming that he was unjustly accused of conspiring against the English, bitterly remonstrated against this unfriendly act, when there was peace between the two nations. It did seem to be a very harsh measure, for the Court acted upon suspicion alone without any convincing proof. For a time the General Court seemed disposed to change its policy. It occurred to some, that by treating the French kindly, and win- ning their friendship through intimate commercial intercourse, the Catholic priests among them might restrain and disarm the ferocity ^ . the savage. They therefore loaded a vessel with flour and other provisions, and sent it to the St. John River. In the mean time the energetic Oliver Cromwell had sent three or four war-vessels to Boston, with orders to raise there a volunteer force of about five hundred men, for the reduction of the Dutch colony on the Hudson. Secret orders were also issued, for this military expedition, which was very powerful for the time and region, immediately upon the conquest of THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 133 Manhattan, to turn its arms against the French on the north- east, and make an entire conquest of the Province of Nova Scotia. Measures were in vigorous operation in Massachusetts, for organizing the naval and land force to strike these two col- onies by surprise, when tlie news reached Bostdn, on the 23d of June, 1654, that articles of peace had been signed between the English and the Dutch courts, and that hostilities against the Dutch colony were immediately to cease. ^ The energies of the expedition were turned towards Nova Scotia. By the treaty of St. Germain, executed twenty-two years before, this country had been surrendered to the French. It was one of the arbitrary acts of Charles I. ; but still, accord- ing to the laws of nations, it was a legitimate transaction. As England and France were at peace, it would be difficult to jus- tify the conduct of Cromwell in sending, without any declara- tion of war, a military expedition to regain the territory. But the Lord Protector assumed that the king had no right to cede this territory, in violation of patents which he had granted liis subjects; and he affirmed that the purchase-money, of five thousand pounds sterling, promised by the French government, had never been paid.' The expedition, having set sail, touched at the Penobscot, and then proceeded to the St. John, where La Tour had his prin- cipal fortress. The force was so strong that at neither place Avas any resistance offered. Lideed, La Tour seemed quite indifferent in view of the prospect of the change of European masters, so long as his territorial possessions and his personal property were respected. Tlie English speedily took possession of the whole Province, and placed over it Capt. Leverett, one of the leaders of the expedition, as temporary governor. The French court complained of this operation, and for some time it was the subject of a diplomatic controversy. The Englisli held the region for thirteen years, when, by the treaty of Breda, it was re-surrendered to the French.^ • AVilliatimon's History of Maine, vol. i. p. 2G1. Williamaon presents several autliorities to subHtantiate these statements. 2 Holmes's American Aiuials, vol. i. p. 301; Hubbard's History of New Ena- land, p. flijo. * 134 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. if •m. Soon after this La Tour died. His character was as strange as his singuhxr and tumultuous career. He was a man of con- siderable ability, of good personal appearance, and of very plausible address. Sometimes rich, sometimes poor, sometimes a denounced Outlaw, and again in favor with the court, he seemed quite devoid of any sense of honor, as almost of any distinction between right and wrong. Religion was with him hke a glove, which was to be put on and taken off at his pleas- ure. His first wife was apparently a noble woman ; in laith a Protestant, and in heart and life a sincere Christian. D'Aulney battered down the fortress of La Tour, took his wife a prisoner, and kept her in captivity until her death. Upon the death of D'Aulney, La Tour rebuilt his fortress, married the Catholic widoNv of his deadly antagonist, surrounded him- self with Catholic priests, regained the patronage of the court, and lived in comparative power and splendor until he died. He left one child, Stephen de la Tour, to whom he bequeathed a very large landed estate, leaving many debts unpaid. Crom- well confirmed Stephen de la Tour in the possessions he inher- ited from his father. He, however, claimed no territory south of Passamaquoddy Bay.^ The Province of Nova Scotia was considered as of great value. The French finally ceded the country to EnglaiuCand Cromwell appointed Sir Thomas Temple its governor. He entered upon his office in 1G57, and discharged its duties with much ability, and with the courtesies of an accomplished gen- tleman, for ten years. When the Massachusetts government was condemning Quakers, he sent them word that any of the Quakers they wished to get rid of, he would cheerfully welcome to his Province, and would defray all the expenses of their removal. It will be remembered that the Colony of New Plymouth had established an important trading-post? on the Kennebec River. For a time the traffic was very lucrative. The Indians brought in large quantities of valuable furs, which they sold for mere trifles. But gradually the number of traders increased. ^ Hntcliinson'H History of Massachusetts, vol. i. p. isx); WiUiaiu8..u\s History of Maiue, vol. i. p. ig2. ' THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 135 Competition arose. The Indians became better acquainted with the value of their furs. Unprincipled adventurers crowded in, defrauding the Indians ; and the colony at Plymouth was too remote energetically to extend its laws over the distant region. A question also arose as to the title of New Plymouth to any territory on the Sagadahoc, between Merrymeeting Bay and the sea. Indian chiefs were also going through the farce of selling lands to individuals, to which the purchasers knew that those chiefs had no title. It was indeed a chaotic state of society, and the seeds of innumerable lawsuits Avere being sown. Pressed by such em- barrassments, the Plymouth Colony decided to sell the right of traffic with the Indians on the Kennebec possessions. Five prominent gentlemen of the colony purchased this right for the term of three years, for the annual sum of about one hundred and fifty dollars.^ These gentlemen were Gov. Bradford and Messrs. Winslow, Prince, Millet, and Paddy. But there was no end to the complaints Avith which they were assailed, and to the annoyances which they encountered. Still the purchasers struggled on, breasting these difficulties, and at the expiration of their lease obtained its extension for three years more. By the terms of this renewal it was required that some one of the lessees sliould continually reside within the patent. It was deemed necessary to summon the inhabitants of that region, and require them to take the oath of allegiance to the new o-overn- ment established in England, and to the laws enacted by the New Plymouth Colony. A v/arrant was issued to the inhabitants on the Kennebec, to assemble on the 23d of May, 1654, at the house of Thomas Ashley, near the banks of Merrymeeting Bay. Mr. Prince, as commissioner, met sixteen men there, and administered to them the following oath : — " You shall be true and faithful to the state of England as it is now established; and, whereas you choose to reside within the government of New riymouth, you shall not do, nor cause to be done, any act or acts di- rectly or indirectly, by land or water, tliat shall or may tend to the destruc tion or overthrow of the whole or part of this governraeut, orderly erected " Morton's New-England Memorial, p. 135. L. 136 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. ni g.tt or established; but shall contrariwise hinder and oppose such intents and purposea as tend thereunto, and discover them to those who are in place for the time being, that the government may be informed thereof with all con- venient speed. You shall also submit to and observe all such good and wholesome laws, ordinances, and officers, as are or shall be established within the several limits thereof. So help you God, who is the God of truth, and punisher of falsehood. " i A brief code of laws was also established by the convention. All capital crimes, such as treason and murder, -, , :; be tried by the General Court at New Plymouth. Minor js, such as theft, drunkenness, profaning the sabbath, and s.uiiig intox- icating drink to the Indians, came within the jurisdiction of the local commissioner's court. Fishing and fowling were declared to be free. All civil suits, not involving an amount exceeding one hundred dollars, were to be tried before a jury of twelve nien.2 The value of the exclusive right of the fur and peltry trade with the Indians was continually decreasing. With the increase of population, game was becoming scarce. The Indians grew more shrewd in trade, and demanded higher prices. For three years, after 1056, the trade w ^. let for an annual rent amount- ing to about one hundred and fifty dollars; and even tliis small sum the lessees declared, on the fourth year, that they were unable to pay. At length the monopoly was offered at a premium of fifty dollars a year. The original patent, granted by the Councd ot Plymouth in England, to the Colony of New Plymouth, consisted of " all that tract of land or part of New England in America, which lies between Cobbossecontee, now Gardiner, which adjoineth the river Kennebec, towards the the western ocean, and a place called the Falls of Neguamkike, and a space of fifteen miles on each side of the Kennebec." It will be perceived that these boundaries were exceedingly indefinite. The location of Neguamkike Falls is uncertain. °It is supposed that they were about sixteen miles above Cobbos- secontee River, near North Sidney .3 Mr. Williamson writes of this patent : — • Eecords of Plymouth Colony. 2 Hazard's Historical Collections, vol. i i. 580 « Hist, of New Englaiul by Coolidge anfl Mansfield, p. 1(J8, note. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 137 " Its limits, as ultimately settled, were in the north line of Woolwich below Swan Island, on the eastern side of the Kennebec, through the south bend of the river Cobbossecontee, on the western side, and fifteen miles in width on either side of the main river, to an easterly and westerly line which crosses Wessarunsett River, in Cornville, a league abpve its mouth ; coutaiu- ing about one million five hundred thousand acres." i This grant conferred the exclusive right of trade with the natives, and at all times an open passage down the riv^r to the sea. For some time the proprietors claimed the wiiole territory to the ocean. This led to litigation, an account of which would only weary the read.^r. In the year 16G1 the whole patent was sold to a company, for a sum amounting to about two thousand dolhirs. Soon after this the company erected a fort at Maquoit.2 Years passed slowly away, while the affairs of this remote and dreary trading-post continued to languisli. No attempt was made to establish a plantation there for agricultural pur- poses. The government was chaotic, and but little respect was paid to laws or rulers. Emigration, for a time, was flowino- back from the New World to the Old ; and New Plymouth had no surplus population to send to the banks of the Kennebec. But the political connection now formed between Maine and Massachusetts continued, with some slight interruptions, for a period of one hundred and sixty-seven years. The salutary laws of Massachusetts were gradually accepted by the people. The Massachusetts government was administered by a gov- ernor, a deputy governor, a council of eighteen, and a house of deputies. It was truly a republican government, the rulers being chosen by the people. The towns elected the represen- tatives. Ten freemen entitled the town to one deputy ; twenty, to two. None could have more than two. No one could be a deputy " who was unsound in the main points of the Chris- tian religion, as held forth and acknowledged by the generality of Protestant orthodox writers." « Under the coloniat charter, Maine was never represented by more than five deputies at one time. The reader who is interested in the details of the politi- 1 Williamson, vol. i. p. 237. a Gieenloaf's Tleports, vol. iii. p. Ill; Sullivan, p. 118. s Eecuids of Massachusetts Goverument, vol. ii. p. 238. 138 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. cal, ecclesiastical, and military administration, will find them quite fully presented in Williamson's excellent History of Maine. The people who were religiously disposed were encouraged by law to congregate and embody themselves into a chu'i-ch estate, to elect and ordain their officers, to admit and to disci- pline or to excommunicate their members. And yet it was declared that no church censure was ever to affect any man's property, civil dignity, office, or authority. It must be admitted that the practice was not always in accordance with these avowed principles. The connection between Church and State was so intimate in England, that the colonists in their new home could not entirely dissever them. By a law enacted in 1644, it was declared, that to affirm that man is justified by his own works, and not by Christ's righteous- ness ; or to deny the immortality of the soul, the resurrection of the body, the sacredness of the sab})ath, or the authority of the magistracy, — tended to subvert the Christian faith, and to destroy the souls of men. It was also enacted, in 1646, that it was highly penal for men to withhold their children from bap- tism. It is a sad comment upon the times, that many were severely punished by fines, whipping, and ba.iishment, and some few were even executed, for neglecting the baptism of their children.' Every ecclesiastic of the order of Jesuits, as " devoted to the religion and court of Rome," was ordered into banishment, unless he came as a public messenger; even then he was to be banished if he behaved offensively. The Quakers were vehemently attacked. They were de- nounced as a cursed sect of heretics, pretending to be immedi- ately sent from God, and inspired to write blasphemous opinions, despising government, reviling magistrates, speaking evil of dig- nities, and seeking to turn people from the true fiiith.2 Their books were ordered to be burned by the hangman ; they them- selves were to be banished, and, if they returned, to be put to death. The denial of the inspiration of the books of the Old and 1 Williamson, vol. i. p. 380. 2 Colonial Laws, p. 121. THE niSTOBY OF MAINE. 189 New Testaments was punished, first by fine or whipping, and, if repeated, by imprisonment and even death. There can be no doubt of the sincere desire of tlie early col- onists to establish just laws, and such as would promote the public welfare. We must not blame them too severely for not being wise above their generation. The progress of the world, in the direction of freedom and toleration, has been very slow. Many of the enactments were humane; and, in the general prin- ciples of freedom, the colonists were far in advance of most of the governments in the Old World. In every town a record was ordered to be kept of newly arrived emigrants and their business prospects. All strangers who were in want, the towns were bound to relieve. The help- less poor were to be provided for. All cruelty to brute animals was strictly forbidden. Laws were passed to protect the Indians in their fishing and hunting grounds. Every town of fifty householders was required to employ a teacher to instruct the children in reading and writing ; and every town containing a hundred families was required to establish a grammar-school, where boys might be fitted for college. Hea s of families were ordered to instruct their servants every week in the principles of the Christian religion. It is sad to record that on the statute- hook torture was allowed, to compel a convicted criminal to disclose his confederates. But no such instance of torture is on record. It was a law which disgraced the statute-book, but which was apparently never enforced. The inhabitants of Maine accepted these laws from Massa- chusetts. They took but little interest in political questions, dve as they had a direct practical bearing upon their daily lives. Perhaps a large proportion of the Massachusetts Colon- ists were men of intelligence and deeply fixed principles, who had crossed the ocean that they might enjoy the civil and reli- gious institutions which were so dear to them. When they had made such immense sacrifices to secure these privileges for themselves and their children, it is not strange that they°should have wished to shut out from their wilderness homes those who would bring across the ocean those antagonistic civil and reli- gious views, which would promote controversv. rli^nnrd and strife. 140 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. v.ti But most of the early inhabitants of Maine had been lured to that region for purposes of traffic. " I came here," said one of them, ''not to worship God, but to purchase furs and pel- tries." Tlius Maine l)ucame distinguished for what is often absurdly called liberality, but which is, rather, indifference. Influenced by such considerations, religious toleration was exercised here. Noble as is that spirit, it must be admitted that it was then not so much a virtue as the result of circumstances which caused men to care for none of those things. Maine became the asylum of fugitives driven from the other colonies by persecution.^ It was in the year 1652 that Messrs. Sherman and Ince re- ported that the northern limit of the Massachusetts patent was in latitude 42°, 43', 12". In accordance with this report, the next summer two exi)erienced shipmasters, Jonas Claik and Samuel Adams, were sent to ascertain where this line would touch the Atlantic. They found, as we have mentioned, that it was at the northern point of an island in Casco Bay, called the upper Clapboard Island. Here they cut tlie marks of the Massachusetts boundary on several trees, and also ci -'selled it into a large gray rock. A line ruiming due west from this point on the Atlantic, to the Pacific Ocean, then called the South Sea, was supposed to be the northern limit of the Massa- chusetts patent. Unwearied efforts were made to induce the people, on the eastern portion of this territory, to yield to the government of Massachusetts, as those on the westeiii portion had quite readily done. But several men, of commanding influence in the vicinity of Saco, were very determined in their resistance. The Massachusetts Court tried all the efforts of conciliation and menace, for a time in vain. Gradually a number yielded to the conviction that their interests would be promoted by the annexation. Others were arrested, and were made willing by the perils of fine and imprisonment. In 1658 a Massachusetts commission opened a session in Lygonia, at the house < " Robert Jordan in Spurwink. Here most of the male population ' Williamson, vol. i. p. 385. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 141 appeared, and took the oath of allegianoe.i union were in substance as follows : — The articles of ^ I. All the people in these parts shall be exonerated from their alle- giance to Massachusetts, whenever a supreme or general governor shall arrive from England. II. All their opposition and other past wrongs shall bo pardoned and buried in oblivion. III. The same privileges shall be secured to them as are enjoyed by other towns, particularly Kittery and York. IV. Appeals shall be allowed in all cases to the General Court, when sufficient indemnity is offered for the payment of costs. V. None of the privileges hereby granted and secured shall ever be forfeited by reason of any differences in matters of religion. VI. A transcript of the rights and privileges, generally possessed by other towns, shall be sent to these plantations and inhabitants.^ The towns of Scarborough and Falmouth were also organized. Falmouth had a sea border extending from Spurwink River to Clapboard Island, and it ran back eiglit miles into the country. The union of Lygonia to Massachusetts was thus effected, apparently to the satisfaction of all parties. It was unques- tionably a blessing to the inhabitants of Maine.^ On the 27th of October the inhabitants of York, Kittery, Wells, Saco, and Cape Porpoise, presented to Cromwell, then » " After passing the ancient plantations of Kittery, York, Wells, and Saco we come to Scarhoron;,'!!, wliieli lias never cban-ed its name since its first incorpora- tion. It extends towards tl>e ea3t, six miles in width on the coast, to the mouth of Spurwmk lliver, whicli seems to cut off, as it bounds, the eastwardly corner of the town. "Spurwink settlement was and is in the southerly angle of the town towavds Spurwink V<\\Gr." —Willktmson, vol. 1. pp. 20, 30. 2 Williamson, vol. i. p. 392. 3 Hon. William Willis, one of the most discriminating and accurate annalists, expresses the opinion that Massachusetts had no claim over the jurisdiction of Maine. He writes, — "Massachusetts, taking advantage of the triumph of her principles in Eng- land, and dreading and hating the Episcopal power in Maine, under a forced construction of the language of her charter, assumed title and jurisdiction over all the territory southerly of a line from Lake Winnipiseogee to Casco Bay. She was not long in asserting her pretended title. "This usurpation of the Bay Colony coiTesponded with that of the Parlia- ment at home; and, though successful, it had no founrlation in right. I will not say that it was not eventually best fcr the people here; it residted in giving them a good and permanent government, and stable and just laws."- .4 History of The Laws, The Courts, and the Lawyers of Maine, bij William Willis, p. -'3. m » 142 THE niBTORT OF MAINE, Lord Protector, the following very expressive memorial. It was a document testifying to their satisfaction vvith their annex- ation to Massachusetts, and praying for its continuance. " Our numbers," they said, " are few ; and our dissensions, which have been many, owing principally to n^alocontent loyalists, are happily quieted by wholesome laws and watchful rulers. Through their provident care, godly persons have been encouraged to settle among us; our affairs have become prosperous, and a barrier is opposed to an influx upon us of delin- quents and other ill-affected persons, the fugitives from punishment. Our pious and reverend friend, Mr. John Wheelwright, some time with us, is now in England, whose thorough knowledge of our affairs he wiU, at your highness's comraaml, be happy to communicate." ^ Rev. John Wheelwright, to whom reference is here made, was a man of undoubted piety, an eloquent preacher, but very zealous in the enforcement of doctrinal peculiarities, which few- could fully understand. He affirmed, that the " Holy Spirit dwells personally in a justified convert, and that sanctification can in no wise evince to believers their justification." It seems a pity that the good man could not have been per- mitted to indulge to his heart's content in such harmless specu- lations. But the authorities of Massachusetts declared these views to be Antinomian, denounced them as heretical, and banished him from the State in the year 1636. Mr. Wheel- wright, at first, removed fi-om Braintree to Exeter, N.H., where he settled on land obtained from the Indians, and gathered a church ; but, as Massachusetts extended her jurisdiction over the territory upon which he had settled, he removed to Wells, in Maine, in 1643.2 He died at Salisbury, Mass., probably in 1679, at the age of eighty years. The following letter from Mr. Wheelwright thro v. o much light upon the nature of the ecclesiastical conflicts of those » Hntchinaon's Collection of State Papers, p. 390. 2 "New Hampshire was about submitting to Massachusetts, in which case Wlieelwright and liis companions would be exposed innnediately to a new banislnnent. Gorges had assumed the authority over Maine; and they could not fail to be assured that, under him, they niisht lind a refuge which would not be exposed to the spiritual tyranny of Massachusetts." —i^owme's History of Wells and Kenncbunk, p. 12. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 143 in the (laya, and certainly reflects credit upon both parties i unhappy contention : — •'RiOHT Worshipful, — Upon th. long and mature consideration of things, I percoivo that tlie main difference between yourBelves, and some of the reverend elders and me, in point of justification and the evidencing thereof, is not of that nature and consequence, as was then presented to me in the false glass of Satan's temptations, and my own distempered passions, which makes mo unfeignedly sorry tliat I had such a hand in those sharp and vehement contentions raised thereabouts, to the great disturbance of the church of Christ. It is the grief of my soul, that I used such vehe- ment censorious speeches, in the application of my sermon, or in any odier writing, whereby I reflected any dishonor upon your worships, the reverend elders, or any of contrary judgment to myself. "It repents me, that I did so much adhere to persons of corrupt judg- ments, to tlie countenancing and encouraging of them in any of their errors or evil practices, though I intended no such thing; and timt in the synod I used such unsafe and obscure expressio.is, falling from me as a man dazzled with the buffetings of Satan; and that I did appeal from misapprehension of things. I confess that herein I have done very sinfully, and do humbly crave pardon of your honored selves. If it shall appear to me, by scripture light, that in any carriage, writing, word, or acMon, I have walked contrary to rule, I shall be ready, by the grace of God, to give satisfaction. Thus hoping that you will pardon my boldness, I humbly take my leave of your worships, committing you to the good providence of the Almighty, and ever remain your worships' in all service to be com- manded in the Lord. "J. Wheelwright. " 1 To this letter, the governor gave a very courteous response, assuring Mr. Wheelwright that the court was inclined to release him from his banishment. He also sent him a safe-conduct, that he niight make his ajjpeal to the court in person. Mr. Hubbard writes, — " But the next court released his banishment without his appearance ; and so, if they had overdone in passing the sentence, it might in part help to balance it, that they were so ready to grant him a release. Soon after this he removed his dwelling; and being invited to the pastoral office in the church of Hampton, after I\Ir. Batchelour's deposition, he accepted the caU, and tarried with them until his removal to England not long after, where » We give this letter, as recorde.l 'oy Hubbard in his General History of New England p. 33G. There are several verbal variations in the copy as preserved Dy Wmthrop, r^ »- ». J,,l .'II THE niSTORY OF MAINE. he tarried many yean., till, upon the turn of times, he came back to New England again ; ..fter which he was called to Salisbury, where he accepted of the pastoral office, in wiiich he continued till the day of his death, which happened about the year lG81."i The government of Massachusetts was the more inclined to deal leniently with Mr. Wheelwright, since he was a zealous Puritan, and a high-minded and earnest republican. Upon visiting England, he was very cordially received by Oliver Cromwell. The political changes taking place in England were \(jry sensibly felt through the remotest colonies of the kingdom. The restoration of Charles II., which was one of the°most memorable events in history, took place in May, 1G60. The Church of England and the croAvn of England were so insepar- ably united, that the royalists and Episcopalians formed one party. The republicans were almost invariably dissenters. It is estimated that the population of the English colonies iu America then amounted to a little more than eighty thousand souls. Of these about five thousand were in the Province of Maine ; thirty-eight thousand wera in the more southerly parts of New England ; in Maryland and Virginia there were about forty-three thousand.^ It will be remembered that Fcrdinando Gorges was an earnest loyalist. He died while in arms in defence of Charles II., about two years before the execution of that unfortunate monarch. His eldest son, John, succeeded to the titles and estates of his father ; but after a few years John died, and the succession passed to his eldest son Ferdinando. It may be well supposed that Charles II. had no sympathy with the dissenters and republicans of Massachusetts. Gorges, with several associates, petitioned the king that the grant of land in Maine, conferred upon his grandfather and others, might be restored to tiie original proprietors. These petitioners consisted of the representatives of Gorges, Mason, Godfrey, and others. In their petition to the king and royal parliament, they 1 Fanner says he died Kov. 10, 1079. a See "Williatuson, vol. i. p. 398, THE HISTORY OF MAim. ' j^j Stated that by a grant from the crown, extensive territory in ttTtlev h r" """'Tf "P°" ^''■■S''^- »'»-. and G d fe; that they had expended Jarge sums of money in settlin.. and mprov.ng the realm, tlrat the government oS M^a Llott, by menaees and armed forees, had seized the iCvin e C eompe led the inhabitants to submit to its jurisd ction ' ad ht n ': T""'""' «°™™™^-" ™ «t-nuo ,: "i per' s«tently endeavoring to organize institutions independent of the crown, and hostile to its interests." ""POMent of .e,!^?.'™"""'''"' "f ■■«l™«''"totions, a delegation of several fT^ZTZl T '"^ '""^ °' Mainc'stating tl 'ey „f «, V General Court had incorporated the r^l„ tt ttt.:;v; •°™*^'' '^ '"^ """"= »' ^weoo- S^' i n i led t7 endT' '"f"" """ '" ""» "■S^-tion, w 'e Co i, ;:'!:: "/^ t-» representatives to the o'eneral ptomi;ent t:' l^Lnouncir Z Z ■'Tf' ''""^ Massnplin««f^c. ueuouncing the udmimstration of the iudSbachusetts government. gorn::„t*::frf • ^"" ^^-^ --^"'^•^ * crid rt S " ;' ve^ al^oiZr ™"'"" ""''"""^ ""^'"^ '0 '- j-notion witi/oZ: r t er:y;,:„::,:t:' r"- '" '™- These measures somexvhat alarmed the General Tonrf nf Massaoluusetts. William Pl.nMr^. fo ^^nerai Court of mander-in-chief of ^^ °^ ^^'^ '^^' appointed com- • --;:^i:ie::rt:ri::£-f^:r::^^ ^nelknap-s History New Hampshire, vol. i p .300 2 Colleenon of State I'ap^r.^ i„- T'u>, ■=, - TT , \ • » Hun-iunson-s Histor,';^ New i:^;::^^^^' '^^ ^^^^ 146 THE mSTORr OF MAINE. ■ I 'i x;. , 1 shire, as the portion of Maine subject to Massachusetts was then called : — "TO THE DiTHABlTANTS OF YORKSHIEE. , IJT Tf "''"7 ?.^ ^'°" ''"" '"l''^'''^ "' ^'^ Majesty's name to yield faithful and true obedience to the go.erument of this jurisdiction, estab- lished among you, according to yom- covenant articles, until his Majesty's pleasure be further Icnown." ^ A court was also instituted, consisting of three commission- ers, who were instructed to appoint or confirm in office any one m whom they could repose confidence ; and also to punish every one who pretended to hold office independently of the . General Court, unless he derived his authority directly from the king.^ Several persons were punished by this court, for opposition to the Massachusetts government. Among others of note and influence was Rev. Robert Joldan, the Episcopal clergyman at felMirwink. He was arraigned by the grand jury for saying, ' Ihe governor of Boston is a rogue, and all the rest thereof, rebels and traitors against the king." a The radical difference in both civil and religious views, be- tween the tyrant Charles II., and the republican General Court of Massachusetts, could, by no possibility, be compromised. While maintaining tlie semblance of courtesy, eacli regarded the other with distrust ami alienation. The king had no confi- dence in the loyalty of the colonists, and they knew full well that he was eagerly watching for opportunities to curtail their privileges. The ear of the king was always on the alert, to listen to charges against them, while he was generally too busy to attend to any defence which they might offer against their accusers. "So violent and successful were the persecutions against the rights and claims of Massachusetts in particular, that she not only feared the loss of New Hampshire and Maine, but began to be app . hensive of having her own charter taken from her. Therefore the Gei. A Court appointed a 1 Kecords of Massachusetts Goverunient;, vol iii. p C9. 2 History of Saco and liidileford, p. 02. THE niSTORY OF MAINE. 147 committee of both branches, to keen it anrl fh« a v . ■ places, thought by them most safe anTsecure"* '"'*' ^" ^'P"^*« The appreliensions of the General Cnnvf nf tvt i in reference to the hostility of^hl l Massachusetts, On thp im. .f T ""^ ,'7 °* the lang, were soon realized uiiij, or tne king, and to convey to New Euol„„l „ governor-general of his appointment. ° " The exultant court of Charlp» IT fi.„„ » • spirit of religious dissent an fl "'^"."■"""P'"''"' "vcr the conceived the pro ec off W^'tron to royalty, had twelve provin es on tlT"*^ " f ?"" '""P'"'' '" <=""-''' "f accomplfshrrttf thisrian r, ^"^ ^^"'W- I" the sessions of the Dutch on 2' HM "° '"',"""''' '° ^""^^ *» P°- em provinces of New F„! ^ °"',""'' '" ''""S ^" *e cast- as d,s ^':^t:tT::^^TT^r\j! held by the D .tl'';t JuL'r H ''™"' "'! * '^'■'"°^^ ^^.j::z::N^r^-»-^ anei^tttutriMrinj; heTn o Y"f T^'^ ■•"'» «« decided tVat there w:I „ "vai, ^ra t'llt "'".r""""' "' "« the River St. Croix and Pemaauid H t^ !'"'•>' '"'"'"'" .■oyal brother to include tl "Trion "\*''"^'°f '"''-^'l '» the charter conferred upon Wrn^ Til T'^^" "^ "'""^ '» tion of his grant are dcLriUeras foM^ws^ " "' '"^ ^°^- tory „£ Ma»«acl,n„t,. n .„ ° , ,, r ™ ' 'l'' ■•■ "' »''" '" Huld.I,,,,,,,', „ , 148 TEE HISTORY OF MAINE. of Sagadahoo" "New Castle," and "Tl,e''c„„„ty ofT-Z wall 2 Charles II., by thus making hi, brother James the terntonal proprietor of sueh immense possessions on urHud! son, and also on the eastern borders of New England was shewdly preparing the way for constituting him vieeroVr only of those realms, but of all the domain between, ^ 1 History of Connecticut, l.yBenjanitaTriunbiill vol I t, w vol tTr " """" *""-«' '" "»«" ^^ '. Wi.i.„ D„„„a,, CHAPTER IX. POLITICAL AGITATIONS. T^Iit ^S^ °\ ^"f'. ^^ ''"t'^equently became King J„„es .lt„ I . ' '"'""''* P°««s>^ion of his Sagadahoc tei- of Cha.es I. Upon the death of his brother Charles II he as ended he throne, where he developed the character of a horough despot and of a still more inexorable fanatic. When subsequently driven from the throne by William, Prin e of The region of Maine made but slow advances under the rule int 1 cJl'T™'"; "'u *"■ '''*^ "' '''"»• The duke was an mtense Catholic, and, when he attained the crown, was un- wearied m his endeavors to bring England again ^ndi Th" ecclesiastical sway of the papal court. The Protltaii™eI gions principles of the Dutch, who were established at the mouth of . the Hudson, excited strongly his jealousy and antagonism Ho co-operated with his unscrupulous brother Charles 11 in send ing an expedition of four frigates and about thr Ldred aimed men, to wrest the colony at Manhattan from the Dutch rhe feeble garrison was quite unable to re>,i»f, «„ formMable force, and promptly capitulated. This was on the 27th of 140 It J, I i 150 TffE HISTORY OF MAINE. August 1C64.. Co . Richard Nichok, who with Sir Robert Ca, . had command of the expedition, took the control of affijrs aa deputy governor, declaring, at the same time, that he wis authonzed to exercise the same command over the ter itorv of his royal higlmess at Sagadahoo.2 tomto.y of state rf"',ff''"""°!/T "'*""'" ''PP"'"'^'! '» "•^'"iS* the a the L^dTf ;;" ° '''" ''"°"'''"'' ^'"°'"-- Col. Nid,ols wis at the head of he commission. He was a frank, genial eour teous man ; and, though of course an advocate f^f „™l't, and episcopacy, h. integrity and candor rendered him ^genlrily Sir Robert Carr, the next on the list, was a man of violent t mper who hated both republicanism and any dissent from the principles of the Church of England. His haughty anddom ! neenng spn-it quite unfitted hiin for the delicate t4 in wh" , he w s employed. It is said that he prepared a report fl led w, h the most bitter accusations against the colonist!. Fortu- nately he died soon after his'return, and his philippics perished doweT withT "'"' ™°f"'' °' "'° "omniissioners, was en- dowed with stro'g menial powers; hut he was unamiible morose, and suspicious in his disposition. He was a b " foe' of the republican colonists, and drew up a very unf iend^ report to be presented to the king. Here Tgain God seemed o mter,,„se in behalf of the feeble settlements! He was cap ured l^co™.;!^" ^""" °" "'^ ™^ ''°™' "»" '-' '- repot-t^bCd •mngth. o,„l ,„ c>„ilv tenable ,v,', ,„ ,„e«f I , ° ""'"''"»"><' » I>l«ee ef con,stitute.l the ,„-i„dnal exnt^r «nTf i.- , ? • '"'*'''' ''""'""■' ^''''' ^^'^ ««!' kinds of u.er.Lai^^:;^Z;£^Z^' """' "?r"' ^°"'' ^'^'^ ^•^"-- ^Mncb, William Wilis, p.ls^ ^ "" ^^^^^^^•' ~m,tory of Laws, &c., of THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 151 _ Samuel Maverick was the fourth of the commissioners. He IS represented as a atubborn royalist, iraphicable in his hostility to the political and religious principles of the Pihrrinis. He had for some time resided in Massachusetts, and was grievously offended because the high merit, which he supposed himself to possess, was not recognized by the people in conferring upon him offices of dignity and influence. He was apparently watch- ^ ing or an opportunity to strike the colonists a deadly blow i When the appointment of these commissioners was made known it created great anxiety. Early in May, IGGo, they entered upon their task at Boston.^ As was to have been expected, there speedily arose a downright altercation be- tjveen that body of royalists and the republican General Court. Ihe commissioners demanded an answer to the question, " Do you acknowledge the royal commission to be of full force for all the purposes contained in it ? " The court evaded a categorical answer, sayinn-, » The civil ^ZZr' w"^'"f "^'? '^^^' '^^^"^ ^^^^°"Sh lis Majesty's charter. We prefer to abide by that." Tlie dispute ran high, and even violence was menaced. The commissioners, unsustained by any popular support, dissolved their session Col. Nichols returned to his gubeLt^rial cl ^r m New York, and te others departed to investigate affairs in New Hampshire and Maine. They, however, threw a partinc. hot upon the government of Massachusetts, threatening them with the doom due to rebels and traitors. The events which we are now recording took place, it will of James. When Charies had become firmly seated upon his cZ'' ?Vr"' ,' '^'''''' ^^^"«""^i"S tlie act of the General ProvW l^tr'^ '''? ;" '^''^^'"S ^^« jurisdiction over the Piovince of Maine, and demanding its restoration to the heirs of MaLIX~"t"'Hf;".:rfV"^^^ *° nutdnnson-s History of Hi.toryofMlo"l 1:^400 "'"' "' ^'^ commissioners, Willia.nson's of M^;:::;;;rSe:fs.;;i;E^':;;::^!;;r of t,. proprietors Massaclu.setts.nn.l wrKo'^^^^^^^ «f «11 ^l.e enemies of 0/ Portlana, l^y WilU<^n WU^ p '^ '^'^''''^^ ^uiiueuceof that colony. -//;. «:-ac.„u,ct., -0 humbly ctaal ,„,„ Majesty „„t tote "e' „, jiI'T; ' "'"*"• namos aro not found on tho potUion for a chinlnf ^ """'' ""' a. wo have no j„»t ccnplai,". dth°r a^ai,„i T »t Sovernment or rulers, .....0. anuyour\;:;:;tt^t:rr.srr' °^ '=°" ■■' '"> ^^■ .ho J,:;r;:t:::r]:et;t:it;;:ir;:':;;;™'' ""™"";« - whatever sovcr„,„e„t::XS''rrtTj:to e""'", 'f '° what it should be. "1 ""'" us, tuan to contend or direct The commissioners ,pent about two months, mostlv at York lut ■■:::!•:"' ^'""'7"'. -■^'-^ ™er,etio oiTor'; It: ^Intsh-irtatuhf^I-^^^^^^^^^^ llie commissioners opened their court on the 'ifl. nf Q . ment. But twentj-nme presented themselves. The coun v of Connyall was limited on the west, by the Sao-ui.hoc I b^ ever, mclucled twenty or thirty famiL up^tl^t^^^^^^^^ '^^^■ th. th "' '" '"" ''' '^°'^^°" °f ''11 -^-quen iurists that the commissioners proved themselves utterly lieapable of 1 Hutchinson's Historical Collections, p. 397. sued in England in onler to ke away t e cofor, "■''"■'' '' "" "'^'^""^'^^ P"- the.uuivesinthiscountry.l.ad;o pr^e^^'air.!"^^^^^^^^^ 6y./a«W8 6WW„an,p.2a -^"^«"->Jo/ the District of Maine, THE HISTORY OF MAINE. ■'.r.t cl.scharffin- the duties which had devolved upon them No provision was made for the enactment of hiws, for the inn.osi-' tion of taxes, for education or religious instruction, or for the public tletence. It is supposed that ^here were about three hundred families within the county, and some of the settlements were forty yeara old. The commissioners spoke of the setclers in very contempt- uous terms, undeiratinnr their numbers, and describing them as mere fishermen and fugitives from justice, who we:° entirely unaccustomed to the restraints of governmmit.» In justice to the commissioner., it should be stated that they entered into a yery judicious treaty with the chiefs of the neighboring tribes. The Indians had been atrociously wronged by vagabond and unprincipled white men. It could not be con- atUtude. '''°"^' ''''' ^''"^^"° '^^^™ "^^° ^^ ^^°^til« It was agreed between the commissioners and some of the Indian chiefs, that, if any wrong were inflicted upon an Ind an by one of the English, the Indian, instead of tkin. priva e revenge, should appeal to the courts for redress. l^Z Z oher hand an Englishman were injured or defrauded by an Indian he should make his appeal to the Indian chiefs. ^ Contemptuously as the commissioners spoke of the settlers in the region of the Sagadahoc, they gave a very glowing a cou^t of the attractiveness of the country.a ^ account -The islands harbors, and outlets upon the coast," they wrote "are 3^=:^ r r x:-;:^-r .^- i- J^ beines, goosebernes, burberries, and several sorts of bilberriel,™;!;::!" Pa^eS';.^"* "'"'' '""' '° '"" '"^ ^^~ Hutchinson's Collection of State of Iln^ui;;:;^;:;^ '^I^^^^S:^^ SagaaaUoc n.ust Lave beena spot of overgrown beech an.l o Ik al vf '"'"'^^-r t"^^«"ns Pi"es below, and hilltops and grassy nmrgin ter uhiatin -T' Tl '" '"' '''^^ ^'""^^'^^ ^"''' ^^ ^l^"' ^^^-oad, its lan,hvanl ar^Me^u^"^^ and bead., sweeping from point to point on favorite -u.ping-g'o\tulr ^^Ct "^^^ ^^r^^ ^'^ ''^'^ '' ^ colonists as a homo TIip in.f the Acadian provinces to France. The ti'oubled times very speedily obliterated all the traces which the king's commissioners had left behind them. England was far away. The attention of her contemptibla king, Charles H., to the remote colonies, was spasmodic and transient. It was to Massachusetts alone, that the widely scat- tered inhabitants of Maine could look for sympathy in time of peace, or for aid in war. There were no bonds of union between the Catholic French of Nova Scotia, and the Puritans of New England. They dif- fered in language, religion, and in all the habits of social life. Those very traits of character, which admirably adapted the French to win the confidence of the Indians, excited the repug- nance of the English. The pageantry of their religious wor- ship, which the strong-minded Puritans regarded as senseless ^ ' HuTcliinfion's Collections of State Papers. "■ American Annuls, )jy Abiel Holmes, vol. i. p. 489. TffE HISTORY OF A/A/NE. 157 mummery, was well adapted to catch the attention of the child- ish savages. The Frenchman wonld b.iild him a wigwam, marry an Indian wife, perhaps two or three ; adopt the dress of the tribe, and, in all the habits of his life, step at least half way down to meet the savage. Thus the French and the Indi- ans lived far more harmoniously together than did the Indians and the English. In illustration of these views we may mention the case of Jean Vincent, Baron of St. Castin or Casteins, as some spell the name. He was a gentleman of wealth and rank, born in Bdarn, at the for,t of the Pyrenees. Naturally fond of adven- ture, he had entered the army, and had served with distinction against the Turks.^ When about twenty-one years of age he came to this country, and joined a tribe of Indians called the Abenakis.2 He lived with them twenty yeai-s, adopting their dress, and apparently conforming in all respects to their savage habits. But his superior intelligence, his tact, and his adapta- tion of himself to all tlieir prejudices, so won their regard, that they considered him as more than human, or, to use the lan- guage of his biographer, " comme leur Dieu tutelaire." He acquired their language perfectly, and married the dauf^h- ter of Madokawando, one of the most distinguished chiefs. Some say that, uccording to the Indian custom, he took several wives. He seemed perfectly contented with his lot, declarinc^ that he greatly preferred the forests of Acadia to the valley of Pyrenees, where he was born. His French biographer writes, — «' For the first years of hia abode with them, he lived in such a manner as to secure their esteem to a higher decree tliau words can describe. Thev made him their grand chief, which constituted him sovereign of the nation By degrees he accumulated a fortune, which any other person would have appropriated to his own benefit, by retiring with two or three hundred thou- sand dollars in solid gold coin. " Nevertheless Casteins made no other use of this wealth than to buy merchan? ''"-\"^'r.^'' ?''"'^'^ ^'y'^'^ French. It was often spelle.l by the Engh.n, Abenaquis. It is sai.l that they belonKod to broken tribes xvl,n had with- urawn from Suco, the Androscoggin, and the Kennebec to Canatla. I :i 158 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. their value. The governor-generals of Canada courted his favor and the ru le.. of ^^ew England feared hi„.. He had many dau^.ters Thev .v r all^advantageously married to Frenchmen, and each one received 'a^X ''lie never changed his wife. By this he wished to teach the savaires that God does not love inconstant people.^ It is said that he endeavorld to convert these poor natives, but that his words were without eff ct I 'af Bu iheV'f T "* *'' '""^'^ ^""'^^^^'^ *° "-- «- Christian rellrn' But these fathers were not discouraged, for they considered the baptism of a -gle dyn.g ch Id worth many times more than the pain and thfsulring of dwelling with this people." 2 i- ^m lue sunuing The Indians who were under the influence of the French readily uub.bed their dislike for the English. There was, con^ sequentlj a growing animosity between the eastern and the western ribes. There were no very definite boundary liJts to mo.t of the territories portioned out in those days. In the ces- sion of 'all Acadia" to France, mention w/s made of St. Johns, Port Royal La Hev., Cape Sable, and Pentagoet, a the French hen called Penobscot.a The French took pclesdon. LT, T t I'Tf'^^' ^^'°"^ ^''^' ^'''''^ '^ Penobscot, and elected stockaded forts at the most important points. riiepolUical affairs of Maine fell into lamentable confusion. By the action of the commissioners, the Province was sundered "tnmn de l-Amfri,«e par Liihonlaa, I ii p »., ' a Brmsli Empii-e in America, vol. i. p. 22. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. jgg from its connection with Massachusetts. And then, without abandoned. Gorges became interested in other matters, and the people generally doubted the validity of the justices a,/ Tom Ma' '" ^°'"T!°"-- ^- t'"-ee yL no L 111 ! ^t^J The (^n^l TTi r ? """"^"^ ^""^'^^f Massachusetts. The General Court did not hesitate to denounce the action of the commissioners in the following severe terms : _ order by comnnssioiiers who were rather fh<^ .lo.f. \T ^ Under these circumstances the General Court issued a prochv- mation, declaring, that, as the people of Maine were in p^erH of It Its duty to God to extend its jurisdiction over the county of York as formerly. The transfer was easily made. The r^t court held under the authority of the king's commisioners si m Saco on the 29th of May, 1G68.» «o»imissioners sat Col Richard Nichols, governor at New York, was jrreativ d.s urbed by these proceedings. It will be remembrd t'hat 1^ had been appointed deputy governor at New York and Sa^^da hoc, under His Royal Highness the Duke of York. He Sr te an angry letter to the governor of Massachusetts. Th; foTw ing extracts will .show its spirit : — « -liie lollow- " I am not a little surprised to find tlnf ,,^„ th, gove,„,„e„t of Mai,.' ^tt^^^^ZZH^tu't^r^ ^'°"\ a submission of your weaker nei,W,hnr. a V "^''"' " ^'^ "'^«'' *« compel to re-establish yourcolrrof St '^'T '"'^^ ^«<^^ "> cluty bound tio^s of his mIj::!;; letter ""'" '' ^"-"^^ -"^^ary to the ii.junc " Do you presume so much upon his forbearance and clemency as to sup- MVillian.son's History of Maine, vol. i. 433 Ufmrrojt, vol, i.p, 307. "^ "^'*'"^ ^^'a^ held within its li..,itP.," = I' * 'fl' 1 160 I ! THE HISTORY OF MAINE. pose that he will nover stretch forth an arm of power to.defend his subiects from usurpation / Unable myaelf to visit you before I leave th ^^Tl must express to ^ou my fearful apprehensions, tluat if you compel L'aW tion of government in the Province of Maine, by subverti^i tlie present estabhshments, you may, and probably will, be the cause of bitt r quax" to defend their rights against all officious invaders. i This letter produced no change in the measures adopted by the Government. Four commissioners were sent to restore the County of Yorkshire to the jurisdiction of Massachusetts.3 A mill ary escort accompanied them to York, which place they reached on the 6th of July, 1668. Here some officers, who had been appomted by the king's commissioners, met them with a remonstrance. They stated that there were not more than four or five men in a town, of any character, who were in favor of a return to Massachusetts, and that they were resolved to main- tain the authority with which they had been invested. .1 he Massachusetts commissioners, who, according to some accounts " entered the Province in a hostile mannei^with horse ana toot, replied, — .nndt" yo"'-P''iP"-s and powers our General Court have too thoroughly consul^-ed to require any re-perusal by us. Those under whom vou i^ act.n ver law ully possessed the authority which they assumed to ex" 01 e. His Majesty directed Massachusetts either to resign the Province to Mr. Gorges or to assign to him our ol,jections. It is well Known we have chosen the latter alternative. ^ bpp„?''-"'i/' ''"^ ""^'''"' ^■^y-'^^ consideration. And when have we \ZZT ' °" """"" ^^^"■''^^""' '' ^"™"'^-- 1'- -1-inistrationTf us tee to your commissioners V By the returns we shall soon ascertain wha the iMibhc sentiment; and, according to our ability, we shall dis hie «ie trust committed to us. If we are opposed, we sh^i advis upt meS ures which will not be inefficient. ' ' ^ The commissioners repaired to the meeting-house, where they read their commission to the assembled people, and explained nals ';:im """■' """'"'^ "' Massachusetts, vol. i. p. 212 ; Chalmers' Political Au- = See the letter in full i„ Tlionms Hutchinson's Collection of .State Papers n 484 <^2%m!!:i^i!'rLa '"" '^"^ Major Kobert Pike as assistants. -7/„6- 111' THE HISTORT OF MAINE. ^gj the puri^oses of their visit. There wm «,omn cV i,. and tSie 'ho haTbt'" ' "^"S? f'=^''"S» "ere elicited, to read a letter from nTi- ? J'''^ requested permission the Idngg ve d^eeTio" to VT ''■■"'=''. ^P"' l"- 16G6, in ,vhich were to So un 1 t^h.! "omm.ss.oners as to what they The con,mLon"atp.ied,T"''"''^ ''"" ^''-'-<' ^^ >>-• fully a,var, o£ the irregul "iL occa 'i„„^, 7, ■'^; ''^ """' """"■ '■'''> "^ »ndpla„ta,io™,i„-I06lbyi Srri!' '■"^''''"' "■"« «"'™ to™ to charge Massachusetts wiCeit.tT.'Ttr"' "''° ™ '" ''"M "> before the year's end with hTf ^i ? ''""• ""'^ '» ">">"'»" her, sy::rrrc::j,ara:tT''r'"?^^^^ of .1.030 Who ca„ mak.Cdsir.heh bS:.""' *"°'"=^ "'"■ '"= ""^^ Tlie government; was then organized- ind tl,» • . returned to Massachusetts with tl,™ ' „« *;, "°"""^«™ers vote of thanks, and imnl. v„ "'""^'eport. They received a May. 1.09, thr;:^, £ CTrtoI '!":'• "'■™'^' '" General Court of Massich ,." / ^ ,^ ""="' '"ats in the i'rovinee seemed .„'"' "'"• ""= festoration of the .lightif a y rff'tstore'ereX'-'V^"'^'- ^^'S" -"^ but that the eastern p ante s hi '"''™"'"'=e. Wilhamson says - their .^^^LX::::^!s^^c^ ^-- i "if S c!;;,r„"S^^^^^^^ ... «... n i. p. 440. ,^ 1 ^ ■ 1 ' t 162 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. But in this world there is no end to troubles. Scarcely was this question settled, when a j.ew and portentous difficulty arose. The French, being in full possession of Nova Scotia, and the territory now of Maine as far as the Penobscot, laid claim to the region as far west as the Kennebec River. It was suspected that the Duke of York, who was an intense Catholic, and who detested the political and religious principles of the Puritans, favored these claims.^ It was seriously apprehended in Massachusetts, that the crown might sell the entire eastern patent to the French. A new sur- vey was ordered. The most popular measures were adopted to win the cordial support of the inhabitants of the Province. The surveyors reported that a line running due east from the most northern source of the Merrimac, to which, by the patent, three miles still farther north was to be added, would cross the Kennebec or Sagadahoc near where Bath now is, and that it would strike White Island in Penobscot Bay. But again war was declared between England and Holland. The two angry nations were clutching each other by the throat. The Dutch, in July, 1673, recovered the fort at New York. With renewed activity, and with boldness ever characteristic of Massachusetts, the government re-organized the militia, and endeavored, in all ways, to consolidate the inhabitants of the Province, that they might not be sold to Papal France. In 1674 a new treaty of priace was signed between England and Holland, and New York was restored to the British crown. Again prosperity seemed to dawn upon the inhabitants of Maine, scattered along the seacoast from Piscataqua to the Penobscot. The French occupied the eastern side of the Pen- obscot Bay. The English, in large numbers, had reared their dwellings, and were improving their lands, upon the western banks of the bay, and westerly to the River Sagadahoc. Capt. John Jocelyn, in the year 1670, visited the Province of Maine. The next year he published a record of his voyage. It contains by far the most minute account of the condition^of the Province at that time, which has descended to us. From this narrative we make the following interesting extracts r^ ' Williamsou, vol. i. p. 441. 2 gee Jocelyn's Voyages, pp. 200-212. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. jgg Farther to the eastwarcl'ls h ^ wfoUv' I ^1 p" ^"?^^-(^^-'^-)-^ that, where there is a town of the same n me fh^L ^"' ^' '''''''''''^ "^ All these towns have store of salt anH-pr I ^°'.'f « «'^''^tt<^"nfr]y built.^ well stocked with cattle '^ "'''■''^' ^'^*^ ''^'■'^^^'^ ^'^"J. -"d aU "About eight or nine miles to the eastward of Cape Pornus i. IV f Harbor, a noted place for fishers 8 tt„,„ x, , ^ ioipus is Wmter adjoins to this and both li.ke n ! ^^ ''''^' ™''"'^ ^*''^^'^«- ^aco stol-ed withca^ , lu\;^tcll^^^^^^^^^ '"""^ °' '-^""^^ ^^^^"*' ^^ the eastward of sLo and fortv ,^ ^ n" ^ "'^■'"•"- ^'^ ""^^^^ *« Black Point (ScaZrou^h ^T ' T r\''"'' '^ '''''''' *'^« ^^^^ ^^ and a magazLe, :tteH i ^^"^ ^^^ clwelling-houses, horses ; of sheep'near .,on L^^t .^inZllZZi Tu ^'""'T^ ^"' salt and fresh, and a corn-mill Tn fho .J^^'^"^, ' ^"^^^ '^i-'^l'Ie and marsh are stages fo; fishermen e two n '"? r"'^ "^ '''" P°'"*' "P°" ^vl^i<^h eastward, runs the Z^'slLlk"^^^ '''''''''■ ""^'^^^ ^^^ P-*- -th- a passable and grrve L ftd tn tl e 2 "",''/" ^"■-'"^-<^n-. and hath soa at low water' Tlfea'eflreirH^ -de between the main and the are stages for fishennen "* whetstones, and here, likewise, .arsh and araL land, a ^^::t:X^i:t^^^ ^^^i^^s:^iX:JT:::zssr:: -^ . erect ter March 1, 1042, by which I.e incorpora e^a t! Sm^'f /^ ^■'"^^- n"le«, and the inliabitants upon it into a ml n^., r ^^ ,"! *^^«"^>-«"e « «'""■ lelognun, on the northern side of the Tivor A "■"•"^''^>' ^" *'»« f""" of a paral- •nilesfron. its n.outh, and one IcneunonT. l^'^"'f '"''"'' *^'-'^^«'"""« »P seven 0/ itf.oVte, vol, i. p. 2«8 " ^ " "'^^ seashore." - WilUa.mon's Ilistonj froL^?^,f:!?;S::;::;^;r ^^-«Pe^ was hut two ana a half .niles Cridf^e. See Wiilia,...son, vol!rp •-? "'^ *"^^' ''"^ ™"«^ 1^*^!"^ Saco * "After passin- the plantations o'f Kitterv Yo,-V w n toScarboroufrh, which has never ..luiniredtsn.', ' ' """'^ ^^'''' ''-^ ™'"e extends towards the east, six nn le iX L o > ''"'' "' ""* •"^''"•P''ration. It Co,.;« Mr. Williamson spells the name Joscelyn, and says that his account ends in J'.TS. Mr.. William Willis, one of the most accurate of men, spells t \e name in his History of Portland as we have given it in the text. He says that the period to which Jocelyn's narrative relates is ICTO, and that Jocelyn returned to England in K), 1. —Hiiitonj of Portland by William Willis, p. 882. 2 Williamson, vol. i. p. 447. He estimates that the whole Province, Including the Duke of rork',s domain, could fnniish about a thousand soldiers. 8 St. nient to the iMassacliusett.-s Assistants in 1(575, by Svlvanus Davis. Mr WilUs estimates that there were then tour Imudred families in FaUuou' h THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 165 ^ prudence of well-meaning men, and the 'vickedness of tlio reck- less and the vile, the Indians of Maine were soon induced to umte with those of Massachuscr ^ iu tiie attempt to extermi- nate the white man. Before enterincr upon the details of the dreadful war which ensued, sve will give a brief description of the Indians of Maine. The generic name, given to the several tribes between the Fenobscot River and the vicinity of the Piscataqua was Aben- agues The Indi.Ms, dwelling in the valley of the Penobscot, are called by most of the uucient historians, Tarratines. Thouoh the Abenagues and the Tarratines had lived on friendly terms until about the year lUiJ, a deadly war then broke out between them. Each tribe of the Abenagues had its chiefs, thoucrh there was one sovereign chief, called the Bashaba, who seemed to wield a sort of imperial authority over the confederate tribes.^ His principal abode was near Pemaquid ; his extended do- mams were called Moasham,3and he could lead to the field several thousand warriors. There were four tribes of the Abenagues : — 1. The Sokokis, dwelUng in the valley of the Saco River -. The Anasagunticooks,* a powerful tribe, who claimed the erntory and waters of the Androscoggin, from Merrymeetinc. Bay upwards, and on the west side of the Sagadahoc to the sea. Iheir headquarters were at Brunswick Falls, called then 1 ejepscot. This spot became the central rendezvous, where the eastern and western tribes held their councils, and conspired for he extermination of the English. Tliey had a large fort near t he la Is. By fishing, hunting, and the culture of their fields they obtained an ample supply of food. But the early iniuries they had received from the whites had so exasperated them, 1.1,1 \V..„...... 11- ^n^ • Abeuasues are called Aheiiakl.s, Wabenakie^ ^ See .S„,ith, i'uivbas, Winthrop, Prince, and Hubbard " Uorj^es Descrij)tiou of Xow En'dand im I7 m i? n ,. , . , MavooHlien Bio-r u.i i ^^^ ^' «i'i' ". PP- 17,54. Belknap calls Ids domains 4 " ' '.' ^^"" ^*-'- ^ ''i'^'-a« ^^-"te.s It Maivooslien, p. «»3!» rlUtClllllSon civea thii fritiH thu nn,..^ e i I j I j i ■i 'ii i I I ' i i! : j 166 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. that hey were never cordially friendly, .ad at the first sound of war they eagerly grasped both gun and tomahawk. 3 The Canibas. This tribe was round quite numerous upon the Kennebec when the river was first discovered. It seems to ^^: ?^"^7T^*^•^^^' insisting of several Wh 01 lamihes. The chief sachem, Kennebis, occupied a delightful l^nZl V''^'"'' ^'"^ territory claim'ed by this tl extended from the sources of the Kennebec Rivei-to Merrv- . meeting Bay and included the islands on the eastern Ide o l^fe Sagadahoc River to the sea.» One of the favorite locations of this tribe was at Norrid^e- wock opposite the mouth of the Sandy River. Here the m-st French missionary, Gabriel Dreuillettes was stationpd T diffipiiU fr^ ,'„,„ • '-""^<=i'i'tM,wah stationed. It seems aS In^f'r ""^'r"7 sufficiently powerful to induce a gentleman of refineme.it and culture to spend his days in the or Jesui,, but a sincere desire to serve God. 4. Tlie V. awenocks ^ possessed the region east of the Sagada- hoc as far as St. Georges River. Their territory was smSffn a s imits, and the tribe not large. The headquarter of tie tnbe were on the westerly side of the River Sheepscot, near the falls. Hubbard, m his History of the Indian ^V^,rs, speaks of them as the Sheepscot Indians.a The personal appeLrLeand habits ot these Indians are thus described by Capt! Smith:- - The name of Wawenoek signifies /eanV,^ nothing. The. were of comelv proportion, and quite athletic. Thev would row ihi^r- / T ! ? , ^ paddles than my own men conldlhei' Z^Z d^l t TaT Chaf^^ beards, and thought ours counterfeits. Their women tZgh of lower st^ ure, were fleshy and well favored; all habited in skins like iL rnenT'* There was another powerful tribe, call, I the Etechemins occupying the region between the Penobscot and the St. Johns,' .•hir;fr';;:;e:t.ppJ:^';JT' -rite. -Kennebis was a sach.n fron! .vhethev there we eTirSsatlr ofT " """'f '"'^"^ ''' "^■-- «"* so calle,,. or whether s^.e! we"e "o . e. fl^rr- r '" "'"" "" "^'^^ ^^'^^ "poni,i,suncertain..--i..„..:;X;;it;;.^^ ^T'"'''' '' ^ ^'^'•^""^ '^''^^'^ autl wtvr^L'.^ "'" """"'^ '^' "'"''-'''' ^"'""^''^' Waweenecks. Weweenocks. 3 Hubbard, p. 301. * Journal of Thomas Smith, p. 19. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 107 including tlie valleys of both those rivers. There is some diver- sity of statement in reference to the definite boundaries of tliis tribe. Williamson represents them as composed of three tribes, — the Tarratines, the Openangos, and the Marechites. They could bring six thousand warriors into the field. The Abena- gues he estimates could bring five thousand. This would fur- nish them with an army of eleven thousand men.» Probably all were accustomed to the musket, and were good marksmen. They could obtain ample supplies of ammunition from the French. This was a terrific power to be brought against the settlers scattered through the forests of Maine. The above estimate of the number of Indian warriors is given for the year 1615, when it is supposed that the whole Indian population of Maine amounted to about thirty-seven thousand. * Williamson, vol. i p. 483. 1 .mi CHAPTER X. THE FIRST INDIAN WAR. Kasle -Indian IntelirgencLponnl.rT.f^r^ o' of Hostilities - Awfuf Scenes !f B lo tl" ~, w"''''' '''"' ~ Commencement Mr. Shurte-The War Wed ~ t1 ^V T'^''" Truee - Eiforts of - Desperation of the InSs ^«buscades- Fully of the English TT is important to perpetuate a correct idea nf ih. i remain have lo^f .11 ,. m ^' ^'"^ ^^'^ I'cinnants winch "stir :s .?t "*-^ -"-^-- - .^ s ? ; h ' °""'' " ""P"'^"' I"*-' -- -"etime., found' Ihe men were beardlescks, bolts or bars. In trade th.y were lair, and often expressed a onish.ent at the mean trices to which the whie trader woula resort. Th.v were p .erbial for their hos- pitality, being ever ready to share their last moi-sel of food v "th the stranger u-ho entered the wigwam. They were grave und taciturn in their ordinary .lemeanor, and seemed never to forge a k'ndhess or an injury. ^ J^^no ambition to acquire property, no stimulus to exertion, with notlnng to rouse their cergies but the chase and the occa' sional excniemeuts of war, they were generally indolent. With but httle thought of the morrow, the, were content with the food and c lothuig of to-duy. The atroci. . of Weymouth, Havlow, and Smith, in kidnapping the Imi uns, the cheating practised by unprincq.led traders, and th nifcuaous conduct of ge ting clueltains drunk, and then obtaining u deed of exten- sive territories ior mere trifles, were sufficient to rouse th. mdignatm, the most patient people. The Indians have had o historian.. But, accordin,. t( the testimonv of white niun goaded by the crimes ot individual wl .ce men, to the most dreadful acts of retaliation. ^ ipiTeHte '^'ti' ^" ^f^:'f^^ «««"^ed to be an irrepressible ^^\, ^::^^:^ the strongest rum, unmixed, until -ube-. .0 tlic i..o:i. u-L'udiui uegr...- of frenzy. They ihen 170 THE nmORY OF MAINE. i [ arpoarod „,„.„ ,ik„ .^mons than ,„„„, „„a were eapablo of any - .1™. „„, ,.„. ,:;;■„ .5;:; •, ~ j-i- » .>,., feet of n, /y" "'""' '""S'->'- 0"'= groat a„--' '■-"-? Thoyonnggi,.b,.epeg,aeefulin figure, and often possessed II THE niSTORY OF MAINE. 171 pleasing countena.ices. Had they been cleanly, many of them would have been deemed quite beautiful. All domestic and f^irm labor devolved upon the women. They planted and hoed the corn, gathered in the harvest., took care of the fish and game, and cooked the food. ^ Christianity was first ta.. ht the Indians by the Catholic mis- sionaries from France. . As early as 1G08, Bianl and Masse com- menced their self-denying labors at Mt. Desert.^ Gabriel DreuiUettes was the first missionary who settled upon the banks of the Kennebec. In 1046 he built a chapel at Old Point, ^_omdgewock, and for many years taught the Indians, win- mi T the.r highest regard. In the French war of 1G74, the Bntish laid his station in ashes. Upon the return of peace, the Massachusetts government sent workmen to replace the rude chapel which was destroyed, by another, far better, of hewn tim^^,er. DreuiUettes was a highly educated and eloquent man. DreuiUettes, or Dreuelettes as some spell the name, was sue ceededinthe mission at Norridgewock by two brothers, Vin- cent and Jaques Bigot. They were of illustrious lineage, beinc. the sons of Baron Bigot of France. These young men^ cradled in ancestral halls, and educated in the universities of Europe forsook all the attractions of cultured society, luxurious homes' and ambitious aspirations, to spend their whole lives in sava-e wilds toiling to lift up the ignorant and the degraded to the knowledge of salvation through faich in Jesus Christ They lived in a state of comfort but little above that of the savages around them ; with a wigwam of bark for their home with a bear-.skin for a bed, and with only such food as the coarse tare of the Indians could supply .2 _ Sebastian Rasle ^ succeeded the Bigots in the mission to Nor- ridgewock. He was a gentleman by birth, education, and cul- ' This was in 1(!09. It is supposed tl.e place of residence selected hv tr.« r»i. 2 The History of Norridsewock, by William Allen, p. 28. ,,Hli 'n ."Tk" ''''™""'' 'P'""^' ''''''"' ^^'"■'^^'^ ^^^"'' K'^le- ^e ?'ve it n. in. Hcrihod npuii hw monuineut by Bishop i'euwick. 172 ture. Reli TEE HISTORY OF MAINE. zeal ts 1 ) !» ligious MainP nf/ yf'V *« "«n unbroken wilderness of Mame. H,s x-emarkable character deserves more particular He sailed from Rochelle, in France, in the summer of IfiSO and after a three-months' voyage, landed at Queb hIv ,t ' well-d.sc,i,h„ed mind, and writing Latin with classical p Uv he found but httle difficulty i„ aequiring the »in,plc Ian' s henarvcs After spending several months in the dlli^:,! study of the Indian tongue, he was first stationed in a vilCe hund.cd Indians, who, from the labors of previous missionarie, were professhig Christianity. m.ssionaues, from l" rf "°,-'''? ^'™ '" ""' ^"'"S"' I"' ---"iv^'l an order fton his ecclesiastical superior, to go far away into the depths ilUiois Without a innrm.,r,in August of 1691, he prenared ::'ir^°"!;'rrf '™ "— " fo- hundred n;iles,'u ut his „1 f ':'""?'""'"'» ••'"J I'Hlian guides, set out on his long and perilous journey, iu the birch canoe. rheyi.,scended the winding and rapid current of the St Law- rence , caiTied their canoe and its freight on tlieii shouldr around the portages by which they passed the r ids Aft; raversmg the wliole length of Lake Ontario, and tl re, diiifj " ::: L^ik^Erif "T ^"'^ ^^'-^-^ '-'-■'-• ^°^ upon Lake tue. Weary days and nights of storm and sun- shine passed as they paddled along till shores of thi in a„d sea, through the straits, expanding in their centre in „ I ake CI r traversed Lakes Huron and Mic.igan, crossed the p„ r mrth™"':-"'!-"" """"" '*''^"'""^' ^'™>-' "'a stieam, to their destination amidst the thronged villa.^es of the Indians, situated ujion its banks. Every night they landed, built tlicir camp-fire, cooked their pper, peitormed their devotions, while .lie iilelit forest edoe " r''"'' ■; !'f' •="""""'Ji"S themselves to God, they enjoyed that sleep wlueli lie gives to his beloved. Often, wh;,, i II \ ill Tm: HISTORY OF MAINE. 173 rained, the upturned canoe afforded them their only shelter. Fre- quently they suffered from hunger, and eagerly devoured the lichens which grew upon the rocks. Here Sebastian Rasle spent two years in teaching the Indians. He was then recalled by his superior, and stationed at Norridgewock on the Ken- nebec. We shall often have occasion to refer to this extraordi- nary man in the progress of this narrative.^ It can hardly be said that the Indians had any religious opin- ions. There were vaguely floating through their mind.^ some shadowy and inoperative ideas of a Great Spirit, and of hunt- ing-grounds beyond the grave. They had perhaps a more prac- tical faith in an evil spirit than in God. The machinations of this malignant demon they greatly feared. The Catholic mis- sionaries gave them much more elevated views of religion and of personal responsibility. Their teachings put an end to the horrid orgies of the Indian pow-wows.2 Their government was of the simplest form. The authority of the chiefs seems to have been mainly that which superior intelligence and energy give. It was like the power Avhich is exerted over a New England village by a prominent man of education, wealth, and enterprise. When the first settlers reached the coast of Maine, there was one sovereign chief of the Wawenoc tribe. These Indians occupied the valleys of the Sheepscot, the Pemaquid, and the St. George's Rivers. The Bashaba, as he was called, extended his nominal sway over the western tribes as far as Agamenticus or York:^ Each « " Father Easle lived among this people over thirty vears. His influence was very extensive, and ileserved, not less for his zeal and entire devotion to tlieir ser- vice, than for his learning and talents. The French writers place him among the saints, while Ida En-lish contemporaries give him a place the very opposite "- Ilistorij of Portland, hi, William Willis, p. 340. 2 Williamson writes, "So often had his (Rasle's) malignity, pride, and officious mterterence awakened among the Indians new complaints, that the people of tlio I rovince, for good reasons, ve-arded liini ' among the most infamous villains,' and would have given ninie for his head than for a hundred scalps of the natives "- Ilistori/ of Maine, vol. ij. p. lofi. Williauison als.j writes, "He was a man of talents and learning; and bv his condescending manners, religious zeal, and untiring perseverance, he had gi-eatly endeared himself to vhe tribe. He had resided with them, and been their tutelar lather, thirty years, and many of thein he had taught to read and write "~IIis. tovii of Maine, vol. ii. p. ]0l'. 8 Mr. Williamson suggests that the Camden Hills were the probable boundary ot llashaba's doiniuious on the east.— Vol. i. p. 95. 174 THE IHSTORY OF MAINE. 'illl!l I ■' III ill! tribo luul a head f'liii>f ,.,>ii i ci.i.r», like t,,„ 1: :,.;,; i,rz"' "i, ■t'""'"-"'" The olm.|» won, olm,,.,, l,v , ^ ^ . f '"'' ''"""' s""l'«i>»- into uffloo wi gj, ' jr: , ""■"^■''';;— 'fl- ""I.,ct=a other t,.il,e» go,..m ,y 1, ' " :''"'"■ "^•|."--l"Uvo» iV„,„ ^oi fifly yours tho planters and trad.-iN nf \r • tlu'irinlerooursowitli H.n r. " ^'''''''^ "^ ^^^'^'"0 earned on The Indians w re , d. ;"/ V""' '"^' ^'^""' ""^^^'-•^- of indivicluals nd , r •' r " ^'■'"' ^'^ ^^'^ 1'^"^!. the Kn,, j:t™r :3^^^ as -,.„.,so,l T ' ' . ,.,t'; :;•""«'• "'^"' "- =— 'b- boon tlH-u- iirst endeavor to ponounoe 1113//';^'"' '•'^^-••^•'l the sound - Yeniees •' wldel h H • •' '' ^'^'^ Yankees.' ^ ^vhich is tho origin of tho term ; ^>;';»Kx n. ,o ,1,0 I„.Hans. hy Join, H.H.ko^vcl.lor K.Miorn„s ,r,.ntn.onf an.I weloo.uo ,!,ov ,ir., ro o v f ''" , •-' "^•'^••''■^'"^«- TJ.e r.'|.ai.l,a.,uv„s.u-ss.v,byki,l,,appi,.;M hoi , ,,\ ^'•""," \':" "'^"^cs h.ul Ih-ou try „a.lo." - H7W„„,,,,„, ,,,1. , ■ ,- u ^;" •"V'"'""'«.M.,onr „f ,l.o Inr a,„l pel- THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 175 Avas about six thousand souls. They Avere widely dispersed in many small villages and lonely farmhouses, and almost in the worst possible condition for either aggressive or defensive war The exeitenient rapidly spread among the tribes, from Plym- outh to Sagadahoc. The hunting gun had become to the' In- dian almost necessary to his existence. The General Court sent commissioners, with full military powers, to Maine, who were directed to see that neither guns, powder, knives, nor lead, should be sold to any Indian who was not fully known to be nendly. They were also ordered, as far as possible, to disarm the Indians, by taking from them their guns and knives.' A more oppressive measure of hostility could hardly have been inlhcted upon the Indians. Just across the line, iu Can- ada and Nova Scotia, the French sold every thing to the Indi- ans just as freely as to one another. They had no more fear of a rising of the natives against them, than they, had of an insur- rection on the part of their own brethren. Under these circum- stances we can easily imagine which party would secure the sympathies of the Indians. There was quite a renowned Indian chief, by the name of Squando, who resided near Saco. He had been a friend of the white men. One day his wife was ascending the Saco River in a carwe with an infant babe in her arms. There were some * al British sailors on the banks. They had heard that Indian uau> <;r>u],l swim naturally, like puppies or ducks.^ To try the expe-- -- •. they overset the canoe, plunging mother and child into , . ., , The babe sank like lead. The mother, divino- and groping along the bottom, at length found it, and brouo-ht It to the surface. lit.t the child soon died. This outrage roused fequando, and he consecrated his tireless energies iu the en- deavor to combine the Indians against the English.a 11 r)amHrisc«tfa; 12, Penuuiui.l; 1,!, M.,nhe;,a«, Tl.e coin.try between the Pen ol.s.ot una I.asHan.a„uo.ldy Hay hay ,.an swi,„ natnrally, Htrikin^ tl.eir paA^, -u^k-r tbeir throats like « Jlo^^ana not sprea.Un, their arn. a. we a. - -.. ^^ J,), ^ITLIJ^^j; « "The whites ,1:,1 not believe that the. -m. a : « child wa« owi„.r to its im i ( ! '\l I 176 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. wiU soon come, and you will fare worse." ^ °' ''' bis son John aiH his wife nnrl fl,ro^ i -i i "^ ^' - iJib wue, ana three children, Avere tomahawkprl Two were carried awaj as captives.^ ^omanawked. Lieut George Ingersoll resided on Casco Neck, now Portland From Ins cabxn he saw the flame and the smoke TlTet n ? 7 \' '"'^' P'"'^ °^ ^ye\^..nn.C. neighbors w id te had collected, he proceeded to the snot A wfnl ,vo Z tae.0 which .et ,.. eye. The ^oi; • „f Im^M Tvt,;:: half consumed by the Are. Nothing remained of hist e Tnd son bat then, charred and bh.ckened bones. The wi feof his son, who was near her co„fl,.eme„t, had been cut down by t ' nT^ :,? Vt '°;'^"" '"""»'^"' ■" '■- "0^ .o'li : raannci. Ihe bodies ,.l three little children, whose brain, 1, J been dashed out, were partially buried iu the ruins O o cluldren who were carried into captivity, one was neve, heard " History of I'o,.,lai„l, l..v WUUam •XUMn, p.' »;. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 177 of more. The other, Elizabeth, the youngest daughter of Mr. Walcely, about eleven years of age, was eventually rescued.^ ^ The poor orphan child, in the endurance of physical suffer- ings from cold, hunger, and weariness, which were almost in- tolerable, and of the most dreadful mental anguish from the horrid scenes which she had witnessed, was retained in captivity nine months In June of the next year, she was released through the kmd interposition of Squando.2 Not long after this, the son of Lieut. Ingersoll was killed, and his house and those of his neighbors were burned.^ The Indians having thus lapped blood, their savage natures were roused. In small, demoniac bands, they scattered over the wnole Province of Maine, from the Piscataqua to the An- droscoggin. A large number of Indians were ravaging the awelhngs at the head of New Meadows River, near Brunswick A party of twenty-five Englishmen, in a sloop and two boate, attacked them. There was a hotly contested battle. The Eng- lish were defeated, and driven back to their sloop. Many were severely wounded. The victors uttered yells of triumph which resounded through the forests. On Saturday morning, Sept. 18, two dwelling-houses at Saco were attacked. One was occupied by xMr. John Bonython. It stood on the east of the river, about a mile below the Lower l^alls. A neighboring Indian, who was friendly to Mr. Bony- thon,'' came to him privately, and said, — " Some stran.crer Indians, from the west, have been at my wi^rwam. Thev hare endeavored to persuade us a]l to raise the tomahawk against the white people, riiey have gone farther east, and wiU probably soon cumo back with many warriors. " ^^ ua^«. tollo ,. J, Hu ban! s account, ass.^n.s ir to Mie 12th of September of that year \ M l.e„ tho f.nuly <.f old Mr. Wakely was murdered, a yo«„. wounn was earned away captive. S,uan.lo was the n,eans of her being set at HlTen Sh^' hav„,. been carried up a.ul .hnvn the country son,e Intndre.h of an es ^s' f.f I; Narra,anse»t fort, was, this last June, returned h:u± to Major Wu h^l's b ^^e ^ AVillianison, vol. i. p. 521. pJ.T" "";.'/'*^^'l"t'»f ref«>-ence. i„ the York Records and other writing of the ea 1, annalists, ,o ./..hn llonij^htou of Sa.-o, and infer tluU, in those 1°' e There was then great want of uniformity in the spoiling of proper nan.es ■/*",% ii ■ I 'if 178 THE niSTORT OF MAINE. Thus Avarned, Mr. Bonython spread the alarm as far as he could, ami, with Ins neighbors, fled for refujje to the house of Major \\ilham Phillips, who lived on the west side of the river, and "necirtho corner where the traveller turns to go to the hridge.'" He was a military man, and his house was"" tolerably well fortified. _ "^ The next morning Bonython's house was seen to be in flames As iMajor Phillips looked from his chamber window, a lurkino' Indian, hid behind a fence, shot at him. The ball struck him on the slioulder, inflicting a severe wound. Had he not provi- dentially, at the moment, changed his position, he must have been killed. The Indian, supposing that ho had accomplished his purpose gave a triumphant yell. It was the signal for a large number of savages to leap trom their ambuscade, aid commence an at- tack upon the house. The Indians numbered about a hundred 2 Withui qie house, protected l)y the thick walls, there were ten well-armed and resolute mnn, who were accustomed to throw the bullet with unerring aiin.^ For an hour the battle continued. The Indians, as was in- variably the case, Avcrc very wary as to the exposure of their persons. They hid behind tree., stumps, rocks, and the an-vles of out-houses, Avatching their chances to strike the foe. But ere long they became convinced that they could not capture or kill the inmates except by stratagem. They set fire to an im- portant mdl, and to a small house in the vicinity, and endeavored by insults and taunts to provoke the garrison to come out from their fortification. j\Iany of the Indians could speak Enoli^i, As the flames arose they shouted, " Come out, you coward Enn-. lish dogs ! Come and put out the fire if you dare ! " At last night came. The moon went down, and it was very dark, and still the murderous savages filled the night air with their bowlings. Tiiey took a cart, which they loaded with straw, birch-bark, and other combustibles. Pkmks were arranned to protect them from the musketry of the house. This engine • Williamson, vol. i. p. 522. 2 History of SacoaiulBi(l,lcfor,l. liy George Folsoui p ns 8 nistory of rortlaiul, by William WiUis, p. 107. !■ m '■ THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 179 they endeavored to push back against the dwelling?, whose walls of logs, baked in the summer and autumnal sun, were in the highest degree inflammable. It was a fearful instrument of attack. Upon the application of the torch, when the cart was pushed agamst the house, the flames would envelop the build- ing beyond all possibility of extinguishment. But the savages, as in their eagerness and in the darkness they were running the fire-cart back, struck a gutter, into which one of the wheels sank deeply, and such a sudden turn was given to the vehicle, that, as it whirled round, the whole party pushmg It was exposed. The vigilant garrison instantly opened a deadly fire. No bullets were wasted by these keen marks- men. Six fell dead ; fifteen more were wounded. This to the Indians, was a dreadful loss. With yells of rage they retired ' The number within the dwelling, including women and chil- dren, was about fifty. None were killed. Two or three onlv were wounded. Two days after this, on the 20th of Septem- ber,a I)and of savages entered Scarborough, burning houses, and killing men, women, and children. Twenty-seven houses were burned. From many of them the families had escaped but to meet a doom more dreadful than death, — poverty, home- lessness, friendlessness, and the storms of approachin- winter It would require a volume, instead of the few pao-es which can here be devoted to the subject, to describe the individual scenes of violence, misery, and death, which ensued. For the protection of the distressed inliabitants of Saco, sixteen volun- teers, under Capt. Wincoln, landed at Winter Harbor' They were attacked by a hundred and fifty Indians. Two or three of the English were soon kiUe.l. The rest, taking a stand be- hind a breastwork of logs, kept up so deadly a fii^e upon their iocs, that the savages were soon glad to retire, taking with them many who were slain, and many more who were wounded 2 _ Hearing the report of the guns, twelve men from Saco hur- ried forward to the aid of those who had come to their rescue Ihey were drawn into ambush, and were all shot down De- moniac bands swept (lie valley of the Piscataqua, and laid many of the dwellings of Wells in ashes. ^ > Williamson, vol. i. p. 523. a H,.bbar,ra Indian Wars, p. 310. V ^ I 180 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. .9 I MR) i ii i -if? A man by the name of John Tozier had a house and some mills at Salmon Falls. He had left his family, consisting of fif- teen women and children, to join the company of Capl Win- coin. Dunng his absence a band of Indians, led by two of their most renowned warriors, - one called Andrew, from Saco, and the other Hopegood, from the Kennebec, -attacked his house. It was within the limits of what is now Berwick A young girl of eighteen, discovering their approach, gave the alarm. While the family were escaping by a back way, to the garrison, this heroic maiden fastened and held the door till the savages had cut it down with their tomahawks. They rushed in, and madly struck her down, with repeated blows, unti they supposed that she was dead. Pursuing the flyino- fai.nly they oaught tvNO of tae youngest children, one or whom^ being but three years old, they instantly killed ; and the other they took with them, and held as a captive six months. The heroic maiden recovered, and lived for many years. It is to be regretted that her^ name has not been transmitted to us.^ A larger party joined these Indians the next day. They burned Capt. Wincoln's house, and his barns, containing more than a hundred bushels of corn. A company of the English set out to pursue them ; but nothing was accomplished. There was the interchange of a few unavailing shots, but the fleet- tooted Indians escaped. Every day the animosity of the two hostile parties increased in virulence. The fiend-like deeds of the savages so exasper- ated the English, that they were ready to shoot down an Indian as they would a wolf or bear, without stopping to inquire whether he were friendly or hostile. On both sides it was a war of extermination. Under such circumstances men often become fiends. Neither party could accuse the other of ex- ceeding It in cruelty. The inhabitants of Monhegan offered a bounty of five pounds for every Indian's head that should be brought to them. 1 Drake writes, in reference to this event, "Fifteen persons, all women and chd.lren were nuhe l.ouse; and Hope«oo.l, «,.7A one onl ,0^: kirnse'^ZZl 01 baco, tliou«ht to surprise them." -Book of the Indians, b. lii. p. io«). ' THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 181 Mr. Abraham Shurte ' was then the chief magistrate at Pem- aqiud. He seems to have been a sagacious and good man, and to luive won the confidence of the Indians. He induced several of the sagamores to visit him for a friendly conference. In this mterview he said, " I have urged our committee of war to issue orders forbidding everybody to harm, or even threaten, a peaceable Indian. I am determined to see all the wrongs you have suffered fully redressed." The Indians manifested no disposition for the horrors of bat- tle in which all lost and none gained. They were appeased by these conciliatory words. A treaty of peace between these two parties was the result. Tlie Indians promised to do all in their power to induce otliers to cease their depredations. This, how- ever, was but an individual act on the part of Mr. Shurte In other parts of Massachusetts and Maine, different counsels pre- vailed. In the desultory warfare, desperate white men wreaked vengeance upon the Indians, their wives and children, which no savages could exceed. The General Court of Massachusetts was disposed to try the effect of humane measures. Quite a large sum was ordered from tlie public treasury for the relief of those friendly Indians whose harvests had been trampled down, and whose cabins had been burned. A vessel was also sent to Maine, with military stores and provisions, and a detachment of fifty soldiers, under Lieut. Scottow. These were dark days throughout New Eng- land,— days » of terror, conflagration, tears, and blood." The 7th of OctobcK, 1G75, was generally observed as a day of fasting and prayer. ^ On that day a man and two boys were shot at Berwick On tlie 16th a party of a hundred Indians assailed the cabin of Kichard Tozier, burned it to the ground, killed him, and carried his son into captivity. This was all done within sight of the garrison house, where most of the inhabitants had fled for protection Lieut. Roger Plaisted, vlio wa. in command, despatched a party of nine picked men to reconnoitre the foe. year'old'ri!!!'. 7f^ ''' ""'" 'l"""*" ^" ^'''"^'^ "«'""•* -«« ^^-'^ f-'ty-four vZl 1 ,'^.'""'' "''^'■' ""'^ ^'■'■^'^ ^^^''"S iu ym2, ajied about eii,^htv.- Tl.iH % ould have made lum a very old man iu lG7o. If in, however, possU.le that t le blu^t^Uuded to iu the text may have been the sou oi the one 'ti whom ^^wt 182 TnE HISTORY OF MAINE. It is with tunazement that we read of the readiness with which (he English, year after year, for more than a century, would inarch into the amhuscades of the Indians. These war- riors made themselves merry in recounting the stupidity with which the British officers wouhl lead their men into the snares wliich the Indians liad set for them. Braddock and St. Clair, in suhsequent years, wlien they ought to have learned wisdom hy many a bloody lesson, manifested a degree of stupidity which rendered tliem the laughing-stoclc of the savage chieftains. After the terrific defeat of St. Clair, in Ohio, tlic Indian chiefs amused themselves with a sham light, in which they re- enacted the folly of St. Clair in marching into the trap in wliich the Indians virtually annihilated his army. Even the women united in the shouts of derisive Laughter which the foolishness of St. Clulr elicited. The nine men despatched from the garrison by Lieut. Plais- ted walked deliberately into an ambuscade. Three were in- stantly shot down ; the others, with difficulty, effected their escape. The next day Plaisted sent out a team with twenty armed men, to bring in the dead bodies. Plaisted himself led them. IJe knew that there were more than a hundred sav- ages, whose cunning was proverbial, lurking around; and yet, apparently, he had taken no precautions against their wiles.' The cart was drawn by oxen. Just as they had placed in it one gory body, a i)arty of a hundred and fifty savages rose from behind a stone wall, amidst logs and bushes, and opened upon them a deadly lire. The oxen terrified, and probably struck by balls, ran frantically towards the garrison. A few of the men escaped. ^ Lieut. Plaisted, one of the most fearless of men, fought with desperation, until he was surrounded by the Indi- ans, and cut down by the tomahawk. Two of his intrepid sons peiished with their father.^ One of them, mortally wounded, lingered a short time before he died. ^ The exultant Indians burned liouses, barns, and mills, in all directions. The wretched inhabitants were compelled to seek shelter in the garrison-houses. Just before this terrible disaster Roger Plaisted and a Mr. Broughton had sent a despatch to Dover, then called Cocheco, for aid. » Sullivan's History of Maine, p. 250. vsciiii THE Ul STORY ^ •' MAINE. JR3 " ' ^e are to inform you," they wrote, " tliat the Indians are just now ' lis with al least a hundred men, and have slain four of uur men "^irs, if ever .^ , hav i 'v love for us 'and the countiy, now shov y. elves with men to help us, , i else we are all in great danger to be slain, Ul s 01 r God wonder illy ar">ear8 f< r deliverance. " i At Sturrrcon Creel, the. -u. icd a house, and shot two men. Capt. Frost was cauglit at some distance from his house. As he fled, ten iiuUe vere fired at him. There were but three little boys in Lis lioi. j. With singular presence of mind ho shouted out, as if there were a whole garrison there, ordering tliem to prepare to repel the foe. The Indians took the alarm, and did not venture within gunshot. The English settlements -ere scattered along the seacoast. The Indian bands foUowe; .is line, burning and killing, ever ready to vanish beyond pursuit in the interii • forest, whenever they encountered an overpowering foe Many persons were killed at Wells, and much property destroyed.2 No man could move a few rods from the garrison-houses, whore the inhabitants were generally huddled together, without danger of being shot down by a lurking savage. Winter came, with deep snow and great severity of cold. Even the Indians found i'; needful to abandon their extended forays, and hover aroiuid their wigwam fires. They could purchase ammunition only of the French. It required lono- journeyings, through almost pathless forests, to reach thei'r trading-posts. The English seemed to act upon the impression that the Indians had no more sense of right or wrong dealing, than had a dog, a horse, or a cow. They would violate their most solemn pledges, maltreat them in various ways, and then exi)ress sur- prise tliat their victims retaliated with savage vengeance. The Indians had become weary of a conflict in which they recei ed ' AVilliainson, vol. i. p. cjg. 2 "In tlii^ terrible posture of affairs, the governor appointed a general fast Hail tl.e Lnglish iuvariahly acted upon the Cliristian principle of ,loiu- to all as they vvo.iM have all do unto thcin, this appalling calmnity would never have conio upon tlieni. It ro-iuires a wonderful boldness at the throne of grace to pray to be saved from tlie consequences of onr own iniquities." -ffisto™ of Wells ^3 c^l ^ >^ ^ ■'/// '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation ci>^ \ 4 V d soon after desolated that part of the country." — Book of the Indians, book ill. pp. 100, 101. ' CHAPTER XL THE HOEEORS OF WAIi. Dispersion of King Philip's rorces -Falmouth Desolated - Scenes of Horror K^?r?fi ^^!^^^ T *'""^'^ *^^^'" ^"^ ^^^^le^ in August, thr" f' '' '^''^' *''^^' J"'' ^^^^'^^-^ ti^« commencement of th^ vvai-, the governor of xMassachusetts sent an embassador to him, to inquire why he was making hostile preparations. The ectTf t '''r^ffyr'''^'^ "Your governor' is but a su ! sulytct I shall treat of peace only with the kiiig, my brother When he comes, I am ready." » ^ "loiuer. The death of Philip did not terminate the war : it only scat- ei-ed Ins forces. Many of his warriors retreated to Maii^, d joined he savage bands who were burning and plundering tLere Squando was particularly active. He professed to have deceived a divine revelation, urging him to the conflict.^ Three of these rhTmrT^' "^"^l-^--^^-- -^^ energy, took the En^ li.h names of Simon, Andrew, and Peter. They were desperate ve^utrefiLTlS.^^^^^^^^^^^^ Infa,uiliarcon- Hubbard says that l^^ ^SnZ^Ki:^;i;;:'i::'' '" ""^ ''''"'' ^^<^'^— bia:. S:; XSJtl;;;!^;:; ---^ ;- ^;^ ^1.^^.... of ;:^;an man in Wsdrinkincjof strou..Ihnio s 1 ,V T,'. ^'""""^"^l^'l 1'"" to leave the Word Pleached al;;miuL :.^'^^'S;; tl iT^'"''' "^' '" '^' "' ^''^^•• jemin, devotion and eon.eie.e. ^s^l^.J^^^),^^^ ^ ^^ -- ^^ ^ 180 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 187 men. The terror cf their deeds spread far and wide. Simon, who was called by his associates the Yankee killer, boasted that he had shot many a white man, and that he had never failed but once in striking his victim to the ground. Eaily in August, 1676, this Simon, with a party of savages, entered th( house of Anthony Brackett, in Falmouth. They seized all the weapons in the house, and bound Mr. Brackett, his wife, five children, and a negro servant. Mrs. Brackett's brother, N3thaniel Mitten, made some slight resistance, and they instantly killed him. The unliappy captives were all carried aw.v by the savages. Circumstanci-s indicate that Mr. Brack- ett 1 ad, by his fair dealings, won the confidence of the Indians, and therefore they spared his life and the lives of the members of his family. Brackett occupied a large farm at Back Cove. He had several neighbors, whose cabins were scattered in the clearings around. It was a pleasant, sunny day, tl • 11th of August, 1676. Eden could enjoy no more delightful climate than does Maine in that summer month. It was the custom of the settlers, in much of their farm work, to unite, helping each other. Two of these neighbors, Humphrey Durham and Benjamin Atwell, were as- sisting Robert Corbin to get in his hay. This Avas round the cove at Presumpscot River. The riotous savages shot them all down. The report of the guns was heard in the several cabins. The terrified inmates knew too well its import. The women and children, in one of the houses which was near the water, ran to a canoe, and es- caped across the cove. The other families were taken captive. And thus the Indians, encountering no resistance, proceeded from cabin to cabin, killing, burning, and taking prisoners, according to the suggestions of their capricious natures. Atwell and Corbin were brothers-in-law. They lived on adjoining farms. Durham's lot was on the other side of the river. Richard Pike, with another man, chanced to be in a canoe on the river, a little above Mr. Corbin's house. They heard the fire of musketry, and immediately saw a little boy, running terror stricken towards the river, pursued by the yell- ing savages. They were discharging their guns at him, and the bullets whistled over the heads of the men in the boat. 188 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. '1^ !l Simon himself soon appeared upon the bank, and called upon them to come ashore. But they plied their paddles with the vigor which the peril of death inspired, shouting the alarm t^ thr^lor" t: i^^ ''"'^' ^^^ ^'^"^^«^ ^p-' ^^ ^^ -», with the utmost speed, to the garrison-house. Ne?k iH^wl T "'' °' '^' promontory then called Cleeves' l^eck, but which IS now covered with the dwellings of Portland there was a beautiful swell of land, which rose about a hundred Slope of this charming spot, commanding a view of the sea interspersed with islands, and wide reaches of the land, in all their pristine luxuriance, the first settlers of Portland reared the r homes. Here also they erected their garrison-house to famt *'^";/^'«'"'?^- ™-« to be dreaded 'than sickness or idmine or cold, or the most ferocious beasts of the forest ' But the terror was so great, and those who had escaped to fnXTr "T " ''" '"' '^'''^' ^'^^ '""'y ^-^d -'await an attack from foes so numerous and merciless. The smoke of heir burning dwellings was ascending all around. These woe- stricken fugitives, huddled into canoes, sought refuge upon one of the islands near the mouth of the harbor. This spot is now called Bangs Island. A messenger was immediately despatched across the water to Scarborough, then called Black Point, for In the panic of their flight, they had left behind them a con- siderable quantity of ammunition. This was essential t. their defence. It would also greatly strengthen the savages .uld it fall into their hands. In the darkness of the night, a small party of brave men paddled stealthily across the harbor, and suc- ceeded in recovering much of the powder which had escaped the scrutiny of the ransacking Indians. . ^f'y ^^^ "^^t day several of the English settlers succeeded m eflecting their escape, and in joining the fugitives on Bangs' «" The situation had advantages of utility and beauty. It was onen to th« ea by a sniall and handsome bay, accessible to fishing boafs anVrai "rislauds hile It was protected fron, the north winds by the hill in the rear oMt H^^ p^zxc^;::::,'^^^'^' '^ ^ --« ^-— titie...-z..:.^^ THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 189 Island. They saved, however, only their lives. Their homes, and all they contained of food, clothing, farming and domes- tic utensils, were left to be plundered and destroyed by the savages. It is difficult for the imagination to conceive the des- titution and the woes to which these sufferers were doomed. Tims the peninsula of Cleeves, or Casco Neck, was laid deso- late. Thirty-four persons were either killed, or carried into captivity.^ The amount of property destroyed was the all of these humble settlers. The loss was irreparable. These fami- lies were left in the wilderness, utterly destitute, with the blasts of a Maine winter rapidly gathering in the north. Upon the receipt of these tidings in Boston, the General Court immediately sent a vessel- with fif^een hun-lred pou'ids of bread, to the starving, houselesp fugitives on Bangs' Island, which was then called Andrews Island. The following extract of a letter from Portsmouth, dated Sept. 26, 1676, will give the reader some conception of the terror of those days. It was addressed to Major-Gen. Denison, at Ipswich : — «' This serves to cover a letter from Capt. Hathorn, from Casco Bay, in •which you will understand their want of bread, which want 1 hope is well supplied before this time; for we sent them more than two thousand weight, which I suppose they had last Lord's Day night. The boat that brought the letter brings also word that Saturday night the Indians burnt Mr. Munjoy's house and seven persons in it. On sabbath day a man and his wife, one Gouge, 2 were shot dead and stripped by the Indians at Wells. Yesterday at two o'clock. Cape Nedicfcs was wholly cut off; only two men and a woman, with two or three children, escaped. So we expect now to hear of farther mischief every day. They send to us for help, both from 1 Hubbard's Indian Wars, pp. 33!) — 309. See also a very carefully prepared ac- count of this tragedy, in the History of Portland, by William Willis, pp. 204, 205. a Mr. Williamsou gives this name as Gooch, vol. 1. p. 540. Mr. Bourne, in his History of Wells and Kennebunk, writes, "As the people were returning to tlieir homes, Mr. James Gooch and his wiie were attacked. He was shot and she was cut to pieces by the hatchet," p. 145. Again he writes, referring to the same date and locality, quoting from a letter, " On sabbath last, a man and liis wife, namely one Gouge, were shot dead and stripped by tl e Indians, at Wells, about two or three o'clock," p. 146. It can scarcely be doubted that both of these accounts refer to the same event. 8 This is usually spelled Neddock. Sullivan spells it Neddick, p. 241. There was here a very attractive coast region, about four miles from York Elver, fringed with a beautiful beach of white sand. — Willianwon's Ilistoi-y of Maine, vol. i. p. 24. 190 THE nrSTORY OF MAINE. Wells and York; but we had so many men out of town, that we Iniow not now to spare any more. "Sir, please send notice to the council that a supply be sent to the amy from the Bay; for lucy have eaten us out of bread, and here is little wheat to be go ten, and less money to pay for it. The Lord direct you and us in the groat concerns that are before us; which dutiful service presented, in haste I remam, sir, your servant, .. Richard Maktin." _ The Indians, under the exasperation of the war, were grow- ing more and more barbarous. The massacre at Cape Neddock was attended with savage cruelty hitherto unpractised. Some dead bodies were wantonly hewn to pieces with the tomahawk Forty persons were slain, or carried into captivity. Some of the atrocities were too dreadful to be narrated. A nursing mother had her brains dashed out. Her infant was fastened to her bosom, and was thus found living, striving to draw nutriment irom the cold breast.* The Indians, with their captives, proceeded to the Kennebec River, where they divided into two bands. Eleven ascended the river; the remainder followed down the stream to attack the settlements near its mouth. They took the fort upon Arrowsic Island by surprise, and killed many of the inhabitants. This island, which was quite celebrated in the early history of Maine was separated from Pittston by a channel about half a mile in breadth. It contained four thousand acres, and about fifty dwellings had been reared upon its shores. The battle here was desperate. One wearies of reading the appalling account of these scenes of slaughter. But few escaped The little oettlement had been in a high state of prosperity! Capt. Lake, one of the opulent proprietors, had erected upon the island a large and beautiful mansion, a strong fortress, with mills and outbuildings, at the expense of many thousand pounds. Tiie Indians, about a hundred in number, came to the island stealthily, by night, landing upon the south-eastern point, and secreted themselves in those hiding-places which they knew so well how to search out. The people were taken entirely by surprise. The Indians crept in at the fort gate by stratagem, ' Sullivan's History of Maine, p. 241. I THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 191 closed the port-holes, and with hideous yells proclaimed them- selves masters of the garrison. Terrible was the consternation. For a few moments there was a hand-to-hand struggle ; but Capts. Lake and Davis, fii ding themselves overpowered, fled, with a few others, by a rear portal, and, seizing a canoe, en- deavored to escape to another island. The Indians closely pursued them, and, firing upon them in the boat, killed Capt. Lake, and with a severe wound utterly crippled Capt. Davis. He, however, landed, and, creeping pain- fully along upon the shore, hid among the rocks. Here he re- mained, in dreadful suffering, for two days. He then succeeded in reaching the mainland. About a dozen other persons, in various ways, escaped from this midnight attack. Thirty-five were either k-'Ued or carried into captivity. The torch was applied to all the buildings, and, as the savages retired, the island presented a scene of utter desolation. The inhabitants throughout all this region were thrown into a state of dismay. They generally abandoned their homes, and many of them fled to Monhegan, where they thought that they could more effectually defend themselves than on the main land. A watch of twenty-five men was appointed to patrol the shores by night. Clouds of smoke were seen ascending over the burn- ing dwellings of Pemaquid, New Harbor, Corbin's Sound, and from many of the islands. At length the woe-worn fugitives took a vessel, and in utter destitution crowded on board, and sailed for Piscataqua and Salem.' In the course of about five weeks, sixty miles of the coast eastward of Casco Bay were ravaged and depopulated. Many of the inhabitants were killed, many carried into captivity, and some escaped in the extreme of terror and wretchedness. Mountjoy's' Island is about six miles from the mainland. There ' Hubbard's Narrative of the Indian Wars, pp. 351-300. 2 The name is so speHed hy Williamson, vol. 1. p. 5.37. Mr. "Willis spells it Munjoi/. He writes, " Cleevcs, on the 28th of December, 1037, leaded for sixty years, to Michael Mittou who married his only child Elizabeth, the island at the mouth of the harbor, now called Peaks. In the deed it was deidared that this was called Pond Island, and is subsequently to be known by the name of Michael's Island, from Mitton. It was afterward successively called, from the owners or occu- pants, Munjoy's, Palmer's, and Peak's lalaad.— Ilistoi-y of Portland, p. 50. I 19S THE HISTORY OF MAINE. was here an old stone house where several families, abandoning theu- homes, sought refuge. These tragic events are alluded to in the following extract from a letter addressed to the governor and council of Massa- chusetts. It was written by Brian Pendleton of Saco, and was dated, " Winter Harbor, at night, Aug. 13, 1676." ... "ilrri'^ ""^ P^" ™"'' ^^ *^° °»««««n?«'- of so great a tragedy. On the 11th of this instant, we heard of many killed of our neighbors, in Fal- mouth, or Casco Bay. On the 12th instant, Mr. Joslin sent me a brief let- ter, written from under the hand of Mr. Burras (Burroughs) the minister. He gives an account of thirty-two killed and carried away by the Indians " Himself escaped to an island, but I hope Black Point men have fetched him off by this time, -ten men. six women, sixteen children. How soon it will be our portion, we know no.. Tho Lord in mercy fit us for death, and direct your hearts and hands to acknowledge and do what is most needful in Buch a time of distress as this! Thus, in haste, I commit you to the guid- ance of our Lord God, and desire your prayers for us.i Some of the fugitives escaped to Jewell's Island, where there was a partially fortified house, and did not return to their deso- late habitations until the peace of Casco was made April 12, 1678. The Indians, elate with their many victories, pursued in a fleet of caiioes. The plumed warriors landed, not secretly, but with the shrill warwhoop shouting the battle-cry. It was the 2d of September. It seems almost incredible that these peo- ple could again have allowed themselves to be taken by surprise. The women were at some distance from the house, washing at a brook. The children were scattered along the beach. The men were absent fishing. No sentinel was stationed to announce the approach of the foe.* ^ The Indians landed and rushed towards the house, thus cut- ting off the retreat of the women and children, and leaving to » " The original of this letter is in the family of John Palmer, Esq." - Histon, of Portland, by Mr. Willis, p. 20(5, note. ^ 2 At the commencement of the first Indian war, 1675, there were in Falmouth forty-six families: viz., on the east side of the Presumpscot, nine; on the west side of the river, seven-, around Back Cove, ten; at Capissic, toward Strand water, five; on the Neck, four; in Purpoodie, nine; at Spnrwink, two; forty houses eighty mihtia, and four hundred inhabitants. In Aug. 11 of tliat year the town was assailed by the Indians, when thirty-four of the inhabitants were slain and seventeen taken prisoners. P THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 198 the men no alternative but to return to almost certain death, or to abandon wife and child and escape only with life. There was a brave boy in the house. The little fellow fired two guns, and shot two Indians. Thus the alarm was given to the men in the boats. Mrs. Potts was washing, with several children around her. The burly savages seized them all but one. A small boy, seeing his father rapidly approaching in his boat, rushed towards him. A savage gave chase, Jmd grasped the child just as he reached the shore. The distracted father, seeing iiis whole family in the hands of the Indians, could easily have shot the savage, but he was restrained through fear of kill- ing his child. It is diflficult to imagine the anguish with which he was compelled to seek safety in flight. From the brief account we have, it seems probable that he fled to Richman's Island to call for aid. The other men, as intrepid as they were imprudent, landed from their boats, cut their way through the Indians, who pru' dently never allowed themselves to be exposed to the guns of the English in the open field, and regained the fortress. But in the desperate movement two were killed, and five, probably wounded, were made prisoners. The assaila'.its did not venture to approach within the reach of the bullets of these sharp shoot- ers. They soon retired, with their captives, across the bay to Spurwink. Soon after, a government vessel arrived, and took those of the English who remained, to a place of safety.^ Here again we regret to record an act of perfidy on the part of the English. It was treachery governmental in its nature. The General Court sent an army of a hundred and thirty Eng- lish and forty friendly Indians, from Natick, to the assistance of the people of Maine. Upon reaching Dover, they were em- bodied with the troops under Major Waldron. The major invited four hundred Indian warriors to come to Dover for a friendly conference, to see if they could not agree upon terms of peace. He pledged his honor for their safety. Promptly they came. It is probable that they really desired peace. But, when the English soldiers saw these savages, the memory of past massacres, burnings, and tortures rose so vividly * Hiatory of Portland, by William Willis, p. 208; Williamson, vol. i. p. 229. P i 194 j I HI 1! THE HISTORY OF MAINE. before tl.em, that it was wif,h very great difficulty Major Wal- dron could restrain them from falling upon the warriors in mer- ciless slaughter. He pleaded with the soldiers that his honor was at stake, for that he had given his sacred word that they should come and go in safety. Harassed by the determination of his men, the major at last shamefully consented to a deed of iuf.my. He invited the Indians to unite with the English in a sham fight. Durin- the manoeuvres, at a giver signal, there was lo be a grand discharge of all the guns. The English soldiers were secretly instructed to load their muskets with balls, and not to fire. The Indians, unsuspicious of treachery, discharged their guns. Thus ren- dered helpless, tiiey were all seized and disarmed. Some of these Indians had ever been friendly. So far as known, they were picked out and seL at liuerty. Two hundred of the rest were sent prisoners- to Boston. All who were con- victed of taking life were executed. Tlie remainder were sent to foreign parts, and sold into lifelong slavery. There were many in the community who denounced this atro- cious deed. There were many who applauded it; but, worst of all, the government sustained it.' The next day these troops proceeded to Falmouth in a vessel, touching at Wells, Winter Harbor, Black Point, and Spurwink. Un the way they killed one Indian, and captuied another, who soon after, aided, it is said, by the friendly Indians, effected his escape. At Casco they established a garrison, and remained there three weeks. Under this protection several of the inhab- itants returned.' On the 23d of September seven men went to Munjoy's £e very deeply any wrong to which they wer- subjeore.l; and dvilized n>an was tluis laying np wrath against the day of wrath. All teachings of that character received by these wild n.en, took deep root in their untutore.l souls; and ". " To rednced ,n nun.hers that all resistance to the en.roaehmeats of the wl ife man were in vain, they continue.l ^o bring forth, for nearly a oentnrv, their terrible \ xv-u- "'"'""' '^ '^''" ""'^ Kcnnehunk, by Edward E. JJour.., lLd. p. 145 ■ see also Williamson, vol. i. p. 538. -^i i^co ,y.l.T'^^^T '°"1V"''^"'-^' ""^ ''t^tement in reference to the sequence of some of annab'r" f';r ; "' "" °"* '''^' '° 'li^^^t'^^gle; l-^t, as to the main facts, all the annalists of those days are agreed. TBE niSTORY OF MAINE. 1P6 Island to kill a few sheep which had ' °en lett there. They were attacked by the Indians, and, after a desperate defence, were all killed. They were prominent men, heads of families, and their loss was bitterly deplored.' The Indians were very wary, and, without difficulty, kept themselves at a safe distance from the troops. On the 12th of October the English returned to the region of the Piscataqua. On the second day after they passed Black Point, a hundred and twenty Indian warriors maJe a furious at<-ack upon the gar- rison which was left behind.* We have the list of sixty men who were in the garrison, Avhich was said to be very strong. An Indian chief of much renown, by the name of Mugg, led the savages. Henry Jocelyn commanded the garrison. °Mugfy proved himself to be far the abler captain of the two. He summoned the inmates of the fortress to surrender, promisuig that all should be permitted to retire from the island unharmed, with their goods. Mugg must have had a good reputation; for Cant. Jocelyn 3 left the fort to hold a conference with him, thus placing liimself in the power of the Indians. No treachery was practised. He returned unmolested to the fort. But there he found, greatly to his surprise, that, during his absence, all within the walls, except the members of his own household, availing themselves of the offer to retire with their goods, had hastily seized their effects, hurried to the boats, and had already put out from the shore. As Jocelyn, had not accepted the proffered terms, finding himself thus utterly help- less, he was compelled to surrender at discretion. A naval expedition was sent to Richman's Island to rescue the inhabitants and the property there. As the sailors were removing the property, a part of them being on shore and a part on board the vessel, they were attacked by so overpower- ing a force of Indians, that those on shore were immediately shot or captured. Those on the deck were, by a deadly fire of 1 Tslr. Willis thinks that this aafl event occurred on what is now called House Island. —//(),7o)-y of Portland, p. 209. 2 Williamson, vol. i. p. 540. Mr. Willis writes, "They left this part of the coun- try in tlie heginning of October; and, about a week afterwards, nie Indians rallied their forces, a hundred strong, and, Oct. 12, made an assault upon Black Toiut " — History of Portland, p. 210. » Air. Willis spells this name Jocelyn; Mr. Williamson speUs it Joscelyu. 196 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. the savages, driven below. The assailants approached the vessel in their canoes, and cut the cables. A strong south-east wind drove the vessel ashore. Capt. Fryer, who Avas in command of the English party, had been struck by a bullet, and was lying ;:non tho cabin floor, helplessly wounded and bleeding. The Indians shouted out to them, that unless they surrendered they would set the vessel on fire, and all should be burned to death. There were eleven in tli(3 hold. They agreed to surrender upon condition that they should be permitted to ransom themselves, by the payment of a stipulated amount of goods within a given time. Two of the prisoners were released to fetch the ransom. They returned with the goods before the appointed tn^e had elapsed. But those Indians, who had agreed to the terms of the capitulation, were absent on a new expedition. Other Indians held the nine remaining captives. These savages killed one of the bearers of the ransom, took the goods, and refused to release the prisoners. "A true specimen this," Williamson writes, " of Indian faith." Winter came, with its fierce blasts and drifting snows. Still the war raged. Cabins and wigwams blazed. Everywhere terror and misery reigned. The Indians and the English were alike homeless and starving. The cliieftain, Mugg, was dis- pleased with the treachery of the vagabond Indians hi refusing to surrender the captives upon the receipt of the ransom. He ventured as an ambassador of his superior sagamore, Madocka- wando, to visit Piscataqua, in the endeavor to negotiate, if possible, a peace. He made no attempt to disguise his ea^-nest desire for tlie cessation of hostilities. Mugg took with him, and restored to his friends, Capt. Fryer, who was dying of his wounds. He declared himself greatly mortified and indignant that the other captives had not been restored, and promised that they should speedily be set at lib- erty. According to Williamson, Mugg " was favored with an immediate passage to Boston, where he, in behalf of JNIadocka- wando and Cheberrind, negotiated a treaty." ^ 1 Mr. Drake, in Lis valuable Book of tlie Indians, gives a less pleasing account of tins affair. He writes, " Genera! fkM^h-.Il of Mawat'liusetts, being there, forced THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 197 The treaty was certainly as favorable to the English as they could have desired. Indeed, it seems impossible that the Indi- ans could have fulfilled its stipulations. It was agreed that all hostilities should cease ; that all captives, and all vessels and goods, which had been seized by the Indians, should be restored j that the English should receive full satisfaction for all the dam- ages they had experienced ; that the Indians should T)urchase ammunition only of agents appointed by the government ; and that certain Indians accused of crime should be surrendered for trial and punishment.' In conclusion of the treaty, this man, whom we call a savage, said, — " In attestation of my sincerity and honor, I place myself a hostage, in your hands, till the captives, vessels, and goods are restored; and I lift my hand to heaven in witness of my honest heart in this treaty." 2 Two war vessels were sent to the Penobscot to obtain from Madockawando the ratification of the treaty. All the articles received the sanction of the sagamore, and fifty or sixty cap- tives were restored to their desolated homes. But again we come upon contradictory statements which cannot be recon- ciled. Seve'-al of the tribes were much displeased with the terras of the treaty, in which every thing seemed to have been surrendered to the English. With considerable apparent apprehension, Mugg decided to visit the Canibas tribe at Teconnet, opposite the present site of Waterville, to persuade those disaffected warriors to consent to the peace, and to release their captives. In departing, he said Mugg on board his vessel, and carried him to Boston; for which treacherous act an excuse was pleaded, that lie was not invested with sufficient authority to treat with him, Madocltawando's ambassador, being now in the power of the English was obliged to agree to such terms as tlie Englisli dictated." —iJoo/fc iii. p. 102. 1 This treaty is given entire in the History of New England, by Daniel Neal vol. ii. p. 403. ' 2 " Mugg was the prime nn'nister of the Penobscot sachem, an active and a shrewd leader, but wli., by his intimacy witli the English families, had worn ofE sume of the ferocities of the savage character." — //(s(o?-w of Portland, bti WilUam Willis, p. 217. " Mugg was a chief among the Androscoggins, and very conspicuous in the war of lC7()-7, into wh'-h he seems to have been brought by the same cause as Madock- awando, already ated. lie liad been very f liemlly to the English, and had lived some time with them," —Drake's Book of the Indians, book iii. p. 10 >. 198 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. to Capt. Moore, " If I do not return in four days, you may con- clude that I am certainly bereft of my life or my liberty." For some unexplained reason he did not return. Capt Moore, after waiting a week and hearing no tidings from him, sailed back to Boston. Mr. Hubbard, however, states that it was afterward reported that Mugg said boastfully to the Indians at leconnet, " I know how we can even burn Boston, and drive all the English before us. But we must go first to the fishiuff islands, and take all the vessels of the white men."i We feel bound to record this speech, though it does not seem to be at all in accordance with the character of Mugg, and rests only upon the foundation of rumor. The following" incident is much more characteristic of this chief, and is sustained bv ample evidence : — Among the captives found at Penobscot, there was a youncr man by the name of Cobbet. He was the son .f a Christian munster at Ipswich. Having- been disabled by a musket wound, he was seized and bound. In the division of the captives, it was his unfortunate lot to be assigned to one of the most bru- tal, duinken, and cruel of the savages. His sufferings were terrible. Several times he narrowly escaped having the knife of the savage plunged into his bosom. Just before Muo-o-'s departure to Teconnet, the friendly chief chanced to meetUiis victim of demoniac cruelty, and to recognize him as one whom he had seen before. He called him by name, and said, " I saw your father in Boston. I promised him that his son should be returned to him. You must be released, according to the treaty. Madockawando and Capt. Moore N/ere both standino- by The sagamore feared the fiendlike ferocity of the captive's master, and that Cobbet would certainly be killed if he were released without a ransom.2 He therefore turned to Capt Moore, and begged him to give as a ransom a showy military » Narrative of tlie Indian Wars, by William Hnbbard, p. 386 Madockawamlo deu.andea a ransom, probably to satisfy the owner of the captn-e, feanng io be killed by Imn if ho yielded him up, withont he we.i he « o consent; for he was, he said, a desperate n.an if cros.se.l, and had or' « bed (ka ed) two or three .n that way." Drake's Book of the IncUms, book iii. „ lot This may imply that Mado<:kawando feared for his own life. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 199 coat which he had in the vessel. The request was granted, and young Cobbet saw his master no more.* Still there was no settled peace. Many of the Indians were dissatisfied. Though active hostile operations had ceased, there were rumors of threats to break the treaty, and it was said that some captives had not yet been returned. The General Court fitted out a naval expedition of two vessels to visit Casco, and ascend the Kennebec River. There were ninety Englishmen and sixty friendly Natick Indians on board the vessel. They were instructed " to subdue the Indians in those parts, and to deliver the English captives detained in their hands." Majors Waldron and Frost commanded the two vessels. This ill-starred expedition was as injudiciously conducted as it was unwisely commenced. The troops landed first upon Mare Point, in Brunswick, about three miles below Maquoit. It was then, in Maine, mid-winter. Freezing blasts shook the forests, and deep snow covered the ground. As a party stepped on shore, a small baud of Indians met them, accompanied by Squando and the ferocious Simon, the " Yankee-killer." After a short parley, in which Simon declared that they sincerely desired peace, and that they sent Mugg to the English for that purpose, the Indians retired, and were seen no more until noon of the next day. A fleet of fourteen canoes was then seen ascending the bay ; and, propelled by paddles, they were rapidly approaching the shore near the spot where the vessels were anchored. Soon after, a log house was seen in flames. It was naturally supposed that the Indians had recommenced their work of conflatrration and massacre. An armed band was immediately landed, and a battle ensued, in which several of the Indians were killed and many wounded. The English commenced uie attack by firing upon the Indians. At length a flag of truce was raised, and the leaders of the two parties met. " Why," Major Frost demanded of the chiefs, " have you not returned all the captives ? Why have you set the white man's house on fire ? And why have you challenged us to fight ? " ' See Wiiliamaori, vol. i. p. 544, and Drake, book iii. p. 102. "The histoiiaus of the war," writes Drake, " have all observed that the prisoners, under Madock- awandu, were remarkably well treated." 200 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. The sagamores replied, " The captivas are a great way off. The weather is so cold, and the snow so deep, that we could not bring them in. We did not set the house on fire : it took fire accidentally. It was no deed of ours. Your soldiers fired at us first, and we did but return the fire. This is our answer." Assuming that this statement were true, as it probably was It must be admitted that, though the Indians were worsted iii the battle, they had the best of the argument. The Encrlish having only exasperated the natives, and provoked them to revenge by the sight of their dead and their wounded comrades, again spread their sails, and, pressed by wintry blasts, traversed the icy seas to the mouth of thd Kennebec. They landed on the western shore, opposite the foot of Arrowsic Island. Here they commenced building a block-house for the establishment of a garrison. It was the latter part of February, 1677. One- half of the men were set diligently at work there. On the 26th of February, Major Waldron, with the remainder of his company in the two vessels, sailed to Pemaquid to meet two or three sachems, who were accompanied by Indians from several tribes. It was arranged that a council should be held the next day, each party repairing to the rendezvous unarmed. The council met. Major Waldron complained of the hostile spirit still manifested by the Indians, that several captives had not yet been returned ; and he demanded that the tribes, then represented, should enter into an alliance with the English to attack the other Indian tribes which yet remained hostile. An aged • .gamore replied, " Only a few of our young men, whom we cannot restrain, wish to enter upon the wa°r-path! All the captives with us were intrusted to our keeping by the Canabas Indians. For the support of each one of them there is due to us twelve beaver-skins and some good liquor." The liquor was promptly supplied, and ample ransom offered; and yet but three captives were delivered. We have not been informed whether there were others so far away that they could not be delivered up in so short a time. The council adjourned, to meet again in the afternoon. Major Waldron was suspicious of treachery. In eagerly looking around he discovered some hidden weapons, and, seizing a lanee, he THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 201 brandished it iu the air exclaiming, " You perfidious wretches I you intended to rob us of our goods and then to kill us, did you?"i A tumult ensued. The Indians, in consternation, fled. A well-armed party from the vessels hurried up, and pursued the unarmed Indians, shooting them down. Two of the chiefs and five of the Indians were killed by the bullet. Several of the savages rushed to a canoe. The boat was capsized ; five were drowned, the remainder were captured. One of the chiefs, Megunnaway, was dragged by Major Frost and an English sailor on board one of the vessels, and shot.2 Among the cap- tives there was a sister of Madockawando. It will be remem- bered that one of the daughters of this renowned chieftain had married Baron Castine.^ In addition to the slaughter and the wounds tbjs inflicted upon the unarmed Indians, the English plundered them of their goods and of their provisions, amounting to a thousand pounds of beef. In allusion to this event, Mr. Williamson, who was by no means disposed to palliate the crimes of the Indians, has very justly remarked, — " The chastisement partook of a severity which the provocation by no means justified; nor could it be dictated by motives of sound policy. It must have reminded the Indians of the mock fight at Dover, and served to increase their prejudices." * From this inglorious enterprise. Majors Waldron and Frost returned to Arrowsic. There they captured and shot two In- 1 "In Febrnary, l(i77, Major Waldron and Capt. Frost, with a body of men, were sent into the eastern coast to observe the motions of the Indians' wlio still remained hostile. At Pemaquid they were invited on shore to hold a treaty, but the English, finding some weapons concealed among them, thought it a sufticieut umbrage to treat them as enemies. A considerable fight ensued, in which many of the Indians were killed, and several taken prisoners." —Drake's Book of the In- dians, book iii. p. 103. 2 Drake'.s Book of the Indians, book iii. p. 110. 8 Madockawando was chief of the Penobscot tribe. Some mischief had been done by the Androscoggin I.idians, The English, following the example of those whom they so nnich reprob.-ted, retaliated on any Indians that fell in their way. Madockawando wa.s not n cuemy; nor do we learn that his people had com- mitted any depredations unt'. after some English had spoiled his com and other- wise done him damage. " — Z)raA;e, book iii. p. 100. * Williamson, vol. i. p. 647. if; i I J*' t iJ ■,! t. ^J 202 rzri; HISTORY OF MAINE. dians whom they found upon the ishvnd. They also captured an Indian woman, whom they sent up the Kennebec River to Teconnet, to demand an exchange of prisoners. Taking some anchors and hirge guns which had been left there, they returned to their garrison on the main land. Leaving forty men for the defence of the works, they returned to Boston, reaching that port on the 11th of March. It was their boast that they had r\ot lost a single man during the enterprise. But, by their folly, they had enkindled anew the flames of horrid war, in which multitudes of men, women, and children were to be consumed. The Mohawk Indians had the reputation of being the most powerful and ferocious of all the savage tribes. The govern- ment authorities in Massachusetts sent Majors Pinchon and Richards to the country of the Mohawks, to enlist them in the war against the eastern Indians. ]\[any opposed this measure as barbarous ; others defended it on the ground that it was law- ful to make use of any advantage which Providence might place in their hands. Eagerly a band of Mohawks ruslied to attack the Indians against whom they had no ground of quarrel. Their first ex- ploit was to fall recklessly upon a small party of friendly natives whom they chanced to meet, who were the allies of the Eng- lish. They pursued them hotly, and all but two or three were killed, or wounded and captured. Among the slain there was a noted chief, who, from the loss of an eye, was called Blind Will. He was grievously wounded, and crept away into the woods, where he perished miserably.^ The news of the arrival of the Mohawks, as the hireling sol- diers of the English, spread rapidly through the tribes in Maine, and roused them to the highest pitch of exasperation. Imme- diate and vigorous measures were adopted by them to attack York, Wells, and the garrison at the mouth of the Kennebec. Indeed, nearly all the other important points in Maine had already been laid desolate. » " The 3. 2 Iilein, p. ;.vi. 8 Suminn : .... .'iritish Settlements in North America, by "William Douglass, voL i, p. 38^*. THE n I STORY OF MAINE. 209 Mr. Thomns Danforth of Cambridge, deputy governor of Massachusetts, was appointed president, llo was a gentleman of accomplished ed "cation and great moral worth. An English- man by birth, he iiad in early life come to this country" and had filled many offices of influence and honor. IIo was a firm republican in his principles, and was ever ready to resist the en- croachments of arbitrary power.' Pres. Danforth found many difficulties to be encountered. There were, in Maine, many staunch royalists ; and all such were warm advocates of the ecclesiastical polity of the Church of England. These people were very unwilling to become the subjects of republican Massachusetts ; and bitter wore the com- plaints which they were continually sending to the crown. The king threatened even to reclaim the Province. He wrote to the General Court, — " It is marvellous that you should exclude from office, gentlemen of good hves and estates, merely because they do not agree with you in the com,re- gahonal way; especially since liberty of conscience was the principal motive of your first emigration. Nor is this the only thing to be noticed. The title-deeds of Maine, we expect, will be surrendered to the crown, on the advancement of the purchase money and interest. "« An active and implacable minority may raise outcries which it is very difficult even for a large majority to silence. Agents were sent over from England to spy out defects, and to manu- facture ccnplaints. One Edward Randolph was despatched upon this mission, as searcher ; and he was particularly active iu the service. He hunted up all individual outrages, exaggerated them, and ascribed them all to criminality of the government. These malignant aspersions were scattered broadcast throughout England. In response, the General Court with dignitv re- plied, — '' Our lives and our treasures have besn unsparingly sacrificed to rescue Maine from the utter ruin attempted by a barbarous and bloody enemy; 1 Riograpliieal Dictionary of Rev. Dr. Allan, article Danforth, Thomas. 2 Thin important letter is given entire iu Hutchhison's Collection of Stata Papers, pp. 51iy the name of VVorombo,^ or Worombos. The chiefs of four tribes were present at the council. Tliey not only manifested no antagonistic spirit, but seemed ready to assent to any terms which the English might dictate. They even yielded to the following extraordinary demand, that — " Whenever the Indians shall remove with their wives and children, with- out giving timely notice to the English, they may be apprehended, or war may be made upon them till the sagamores shall render satisfa^cion." 2 1 " Kankamagus was a faithful man as long as he could depend upon the English for protet;tion. But when Gov. Cranliekl of New Hauip.sliire used liis endeavors to bring down the Moliawks to destroy the eastern Indians, in 1084, who were constantly stirred up by the French to commit depredations upon the English, Kankamagus, knowing the Mohawks made uo distinction where they came, fled, and joined the Audroscoggius. Before he fled Ids country, he addressed several letters to the governor, which discover liis fidelity as well as liis fears, and from which there is uo doubt that he would always gladly have lived in liLs own country, and on the most intimate and friendly terms with the English,— to whom ho had become attached, and had adopted much of their manuer,' and could read and write, — but for the reasons just stated." — Dra/te's Book 'of the Indians, book iii. p. 10(5. 2 History of New Hampslure. By Jeremy Belknap, vol. i. p. 18G. See, also, Hutchi.jsou's History, vol. i. p, ,110. 214 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. . . ! Affairs in Massachusetts were in rather a chaotic condition. The king had annulled the Colonial Charter, had put an end to the General Coui^, and had appointed Joseph Dudley president of Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. Dudley was a graduate of Harvard College, a man of superior abilities, and of boundless ambition. After a brief but unpopular administration of but about five months, he was superseded by Sir Edmund Andros. The local government in Maine now ceased, and was not resumed until 1820, when Maine was finally separated from Massachusetts.* Andros, it will be remembered, had been the appointed gov- ernor of the Duke of York, now James 11., over the colonies at the mouths of the Manhattan and the Sagadahoc Rivers. He was the fitting servant of his master, imperious and tyrannical. He turned his special attention to his Sagadahoc province. He took formal possession of the country, and made preparations to defend it against ?»ny enehiy, whether Indians, French, or Dutch. Nothing of especial interest marked his administration. He was arrogant and tyrannical, and was very unpopular. In 1683 Andros was succeeded by Col. Thomas Dungan. He was a much better man, and cherished far more elevated views of human rights, and still he was at a very considerable remove from the Massachusett's principles of republican equality. In New York he convoked a legislative assembly; but, at Sag- adahoc, he appointed two commissioners, John Palmer and John West, whom he invested with plenary powers. In 1686 they repaired to Peraaquid. Many of the inhabitants, who had been driven from their homes by the horrors of the war, had returned. The region was at that time called the County of Cornwall. The commissioners proved to be despotic men, " arbitrary as the Grand Turk." ^ They contrived, in vari- ous ways, to extort enormous taxes from the impoverished and war-stricken people. They took especial care of themselves and friends, appropriating from six to ten thousand acres of land to each.3 It is enough to make one's blood boil with » History of PorJand. Bj' William Willis, p. 258. 2 Mather's Magualia, vol. ii. p. 510. 8 Hutcliinson's Collection, p. 647. TUB niSTORY OF MAINE. 215 indignation to contemplate the leaseholds they forced from the people, and the rents they imposed upon them for the occupa- tion of their own homesteads. Thus they wrested from these settlers nearly three thousand dollars a year. Mr. Sullivan gives us a copy of one of these leaseholds, in- flicted upon poor John Bailing of Monhegan, who had returned penniless to his burnt cabin and wild lands. It is drawn up with much legal formality, in the name of " Our most gracious sove- reign lord, James II., by the grace of God King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland." After a ludicrously detailed account of the premises, John Balling is authoiized to plant Lis corn there, upon condition of — "Yielding and paying therefor yearly, and every year, unto our sove- mgn lord the king, his heirs or successors, or to such governor or other officer as from time to time shall be by him or them api^ointed to receive the same, on every twenty-fifth day of March forever, as a quit rent, or acknowl- edgment for the said land, one bushel of merchantable wheat, or the value thereof in money. ' ' i Dungan claimed the country as far east as the River St. Croix.a A shipmaster from Pisoataqua, not aware of this claim, and supposing that tho region beyond the Penobscot belontred to the French, sent a cargo of wines there. As they were knded, without having paid duties at Pemaquid, Palmer and West seized and confiscated the cargo. This roused, not only the indignation of the French, but that, also, of the Massachusetts people. The clamor rose so loud, that the wines were restored. Dungan's administration lasted five years. He influenced several Dutch families to emigrate to the Sagadahoc. In 1688 Sir Edmund Andros was appointed captain-general and vice- admiral of New England, New York, and the Jerseys. He formed a council of twenty-five members, five of whom consti- tuted a quorum. All legislative, judicial, and executive func- tions were blended in this department. There were no consti- tutional limits. The governor and his council did as they pleased.^ 1 Sullivan's History of Maine, p. 1G3. 2 Hutdiinson's Collections, p. 548 But a few iiioutlm before, he had been appointed governor of Massachusetts Connecticut, New Hajupsliire, Maine. Plymontl,, Pema-iiiid. ."nd Np.rr.ipan^ett or Bhode Island." -6'«mmar2/ of British Settlements in North America, by William Douglass, p. 374. 216 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. The governor soon developed all the execrable traits of a despot. He seldom convened more than seven or eight of his council, and they were all the pliant instruments of his will. The Church of England was rec( jnized as the only legal form of worship ; and all who assembled for congregational religious service were threatened with the confiscation of their meetinf^- houses. Freedom of the press was restrained. The land-titles, generally, were declared to be invalid ; and it was proclaimed that new title-deeds must be obtained. The annoyances to which the people were exposed were innumerab e, and vexatious in the extreme. Andros was alike greedy of wealth and of despotic power. The king, James II., from whom he derived all his authority, was an avowed Papist. But the people of England were not in sympathy with their monarch. Desiring to take military pos- session of the Penobscot and the St. Croix, Andros repaired to Pemaquid, where he had ordered the frigate " Rose " to be pre- pared for his expedition. The frigate, having sailed, cast anchor near the habitation of Baron Castine, at Biguyduce.^ The baron, Avith his family, fled into the woods, abandoning every thing. The ignoble governor plundered his house of all its valuables ; but he left untouched the Catholic chapel, with all its rich adornments. Andros returned to Pemaquid, where he had invited the neighboring sagamores to meet him. They met in council. Andros, addressing the most prominent chief, a Tarratine ^ sag- amore, said, — " I warn you never to follow the French, or to fear them. Be quiet, live in peace, and we will protect you. Tell your friend Castine, tliat, if he will render loyal obedience to the King of England, every article taken from him shall be restored." Andros was delighted with Pemaquid and its surroundings. He took an excursion among the islands, and ascended the Kennebec several leagues. He thought that Pemaquid was destined to be the chief mart for all the eastern country, and 1 Hutchinson's Collection of State Papers, p. 602, 2 It will be remembered that the Tarratines occupied the valley of the Penob- scot THE n I STORY OF MAINE. 217 made an effort to have an account taken of all the white in- habitants between the Penobscot and the St. Croix. They amounted to less than fifty, counting men, women, and chil- dren.^ Andros returned to New York in 1088, having appointed Nicholas Manning chief magistrate in the " Province of the Duke of York, called Sagadahoc, or the County of Cornwall." Baron Castine was a man of great influence, not only with his countrymen, the French, but with all the neighboring Indian tribes, with whom he had so thoroughly identified liimself. His indignation was, of course, aroused, and that of all his friends, by the wanton plunder of his estate. He appealed to the Indians. War-clouds soon began to darken the sky. Castine declared that he would never submit to the domination of the English. Andros began to enlist soldiers, and to erect forts at many important points between Piscataqua and Penobscot. Hostilities were commenced in August. It is impossible to follow, with chronological accuracy, the details. The Indians killed the cattle in the eastern settlements, and insulted and threatened the inhabitants. At Saco, the magistrates unjustly seized fifteen or twenty unoffending Indians, and held them as hostages for the good behavior of the rest. The Indians retaliated by seiz- ing some Englishmen. Andros, then in New York, Avishing to try the effect of con- ciliatory measures, ordered the Indian prisoners to be set at liberty. He issued a pacific proclamation. But all was in vain. The inhabitants of Maine generally took refuge in garrison houses. Stockades were constructed in North Yarmouth, on each side of Royall River. A party engaged in constructing these works under Capt. Gendall. A band of seventy or eighty Indians attacked him. He repelled them, after a severe con- flict, in which several Avere slain on each side. This was the first blood which was spilled in what was called the second war. In the evening, after the skirmish, Capt. Gendall and his servant fell into an ambuscade, and were both killed. John Royall was taken captive; but he was kindly ransomed by Baron Castine.^ * Collections of Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. i. p. 82, 3d ser. « History of Portland, by William Willis, p. 273. 218 THE BISTORT OF MAINE. Early in November, seven Imndred English soldiers were sent to Pemaquid.^ About one hundred and fifty-six men were left here to garrison the fort. Garrisons were also established at several other places along the coast. Five hundred and sixty soldiers were east of the Kennebec. The troops suffered severely on this campaign, while they encountered not a single Indian.2 _ Gov. Andros became increasingly unpopular ; and his author- ity m the distant Province of Maine was subverted by a popu- lar uprising in April, 1689, in Boston, which threw the governor and thirty of his most obnoxious partisans into prison. The troops revolted from their officers, and many abandoned their posts. The consequence was, that the French and Indians cap- tured the fort, and almost depopulated the country. The same disaster took place at New Castle and Falmouth.3 At Saco the "Indians were repelled ; but they took Dover by surprise, and cruelly slaughtered many of the inhabitants. We have no reason to doubt? the accuracy of the following account of this disaster, given by Samuel G. Drake : — " The Indians rushed into Waldron's house in great numbers; and, while some guarded the door, others commenced the slaughter of all who resisted. Waldron was now eighty yeara of age; yet, seizing his sword, he defended himself witli great resolution, and at first drove the Indians before him, irora room to room, until one, getting behind him, knocked him down with his hatchet. They now seized upon him, and, dragging him into the great room, placed Inm in an armed chair, upon a table. " A\^hile they were thus dealing with the master of the iiouse, they obliged the family to provide them with a supper, which when they had eaten they took off his clothes, and proceeded to torture him in the most dreadful man- ner. Some gashed his breast with knives, saying, ' I cross out my account. ' Others cut otf joints of his fingers, saying, ' Now will your fist weioh a pound?'"* ° 1 Willis, following Belknap, says seven hundred ; Holmes, Am. Ann. p 474 says eight hundred ; Eliot states the number at a thousand. ' 2 ''All this was merely a military movement, or display, neither the result of wisdom, experience, nor sound judgment. Had he been in the least acquainted with the habits of the Indians, or listened even to the statements of hunters lie would have known that these tenants of the forest retire in the autumn from the seaboard, and pass the winter upon their hunting-berths in the interior of the wilderness."— Williumson, vol. i. p. SiMJ. Williamson gives a list of eleven settlements along the coast, at which these troops were distributed. 3 Massachusetts Historical Collections, 3d ser. p. 85. * Drake's Book of the Judiaus, book iii. p. 108. THE UISTORY OF MAINE. 219 After continuing this torture for some time, they let him fall upon his own sword, and thus put an end to liis misery. Wal- dron had the reputation of being one of the most perfidious and unscrupulous cheats in his treatment of the Indians. When they paid him what was di e, he would neglect to cross out their accounts. In buying beavtr-skins by weight, he insulted the mtelhgent Indians by insisting that his fist weighed just one pound The day of retribution came ; and the savages wreaked their utmost vengeance upon their victim. They held the place till morning. Then, with twenty-nine captives and all the plunder they could carry away, they set out for Canada. The French ransomed the prisoners; and they were eventually re- turned to their friends.^ Upon the overthrow of Andros, the assembled people ap- pointed a council of thirty-seven men to secure the pubnc safe- ty. A few weeks after this great revolution, the joyful tidings reached Boston, that the tyrant James II. had been driven from his throne and his kingdom, and had been succeeded by William Prince of Orange. ' Maine was in a deplorable condition. Her people were with- out any settled government, and were involved in a war from which they could reap nothing but disasters; for victory could bring them no gains. The Council of Safety, apparently with the cordial assent of the people of Maine, assumed the super- vision of the Ducal Province. The illustrious chieftain Madockawando, whose dauo-hter it Will be remembered, married Baron Castine, visited Bos^ton, ac- companied by several sachems, in the endeavor to secure peace Their bearing was not that of savages, but that of uneducated men of strong common sense, who thoroughly understood the true posture of affairs. The chief, Madockawando, was the principal speaker. The substance of his communication was as follows : — 1 The seizure at that place (Dover), of four hundred Indians, more than twelve years befor-. was a transaction never to be forgotten, never to be forgiven by savages Lapse of tune had only wrought their resentment into animosities' malice, and rage; and an opportunity now offered to satiate their revenue "- Wilhamaon, vol. i. p. 610. «»otifeD. 220 THE niSTORY OF MAINE. Baron Castine ^v.v8 deeply offended by the unprovoked attack upon \m house and the plunder of his premises, '.ne French, his countrymen, re- garded ,t as a national insult and a proclamation of war. The Indians who had adopted Baron C^istiue into their tribe, andmade him .. chief, considered It no less an act of hostility against them. Thus a terrible war must rage, unless terms of peace can be agreed upon." Tlie government treated the distinguished T lian envoys with great courtesy, assuring them of its entire disapproval of the conduct of Andros, whom the people had ejected from office. Ihey loaded the chiefs with presents, and conveyed them homo in a colony sloop. They sent, also, a very conciliatory letter to Baron Castine. But storms of war were rising in Europe, which dashea ang.y billows upon the shores of the New World. The Papist, James II., had fled to Catholic France, where he was received with open arms. War was the consequence, imbittered not only by the hereditary hatred- between Eno-lish- men and Frenchmen, but by thfe still more virulent antagonism which arose between Protestantism and Catholicism. France and England entered with equal alacrity upon the deadly strucr- gle. The patriotic pride, and the religious fanaticism, of the In-ench in Canada, were aroused to drive the heretical En.^lish out of Maine. It was not difficult for them to rally the majority of the Indians around their standards. French privateers were promptly upon the coast, capturing the colonial vessels. It is said, we know not upon what authority, that the French mis- sionaries exerted all their powerful influence to rouse the Indi- ans to drive the English out of iMaine. It is estimated that the trench in New France then numbered over eleven thousand. The General Court, which had received the cordial sanction of the new king, William of Orange, promptly prepared an expedition to regain Nova Scotia, and capture Quebec. Seven vessels, manned by seven hundred men, sailed from Boston in the spring of 1690. Sir William Phips took the command. This remarkable man was a native of Maine, being one of the youngest of his mother's family of twenty-six children, twenty- 1 "War was declared by England against France on the 7tl. of May IfiSO- but v^"S.°p. 1" ^™^'^""^^''" '^^ -^"^ --^' «-ton untU Dec. 7." - Urn.^^i^, THE HISTORY OF MAINE, 991 one of whom were sons. He was born upon the Sheepscot, in the town of Woolwich, on the 2(1 of February, 1G50. His fatlier died when he was young; and he remained with his mother, in tlie homestead, until A\q Avas eighteen years of a^e. Favored with but a limited education, he learned the trade of a ship-carpenter. The ravages of the Indiaus drove iiim from home ; and he entered upon the roving life of a sailor. Ac- cidentally he heard that a Spanish ship, richly laden witli bars of silver from the mines, had been wrecked upon one of the liiihamaa. Ho succeeded in communicating this intelligence to the Duke of Albemarle. An expedition was fitted out to re- cover the treasure. After sundry disappointments, extraordinary success crowned the endeavor. Tiiirty-four tons of silver, be- sides gold, pearls, and jewels, \vere raised from a depth of nearly fifty .. jet. The estimated value was one million, three hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The share of William Phips amounted to seventy tnousand dollars. The Duke of Albemarle presented Mrs. Plrps a golden cup worth four thousand dollars. The King of England con- ferred upon the successful adventurer the honor of knighthood and appointed him high sheriff of New England. James II' was then king of England; and Sir Edmund Andros was in power. ■* The fleet sailed from BostOx. on the 29th of April. It con- sisted of a frigate of forty guns, two sloops-of- war (one carry- ing sixteen, and the other eight guns), and four ketches, which were small vessels, schooner rigged, of about two hundred tons' burden.2 The squadron proceeded first to Port Royal. The garrison there was in no condition to resist so powerful a force and surrendered at discretion.^ ' Sir William took, as prisoners-of-war, the military governor, Collection of State Papers. By 1 Mather's Masnalia, vol. ii. pp. 151-208. Thomas Hutchinson, p. 353. " Universal History, vol. xl. p. 62. fltt!,"^? ^^°"^' ''f.\"'S reoelvecl a commission as lientenant-peneral of France fitted out an expcchtiun, with uhich he saile.l along the coast of Maine. formS cmporary settlement at the mouth of the Kiver St. Croix, where his company Bpcu one wmter, and then establishe.l a colony on the other side of the Bay of Fun.ly, at a place which they nan.ed Port Koyal, and now called Annapolis 222 THE n/sTonr of maise. M. Maneval, and thirty-eight Holdiers. Ho then ran back, south-westerly along the coast of Maine toward the Penobscot, capturing all the French posts on the way, and taking possession of the islands. Ho appointed a governor over the province so easily conquered, and returned to Boston with his prisoners, and with sufficient plunder, as he judged, to defray all the expenses of the expedition.' The French population of the subjugated province was sup- posed to be between two and three thousand souls.» They hated tho English ; and the tribes under their influence sympathized with thera in these hostile feelings. Flushed with victory. New England and New York combined to root out all the French colonies in Nova Scotia and Canada. Four thousand men were easily enlisted to enter upon the pop. ular enterprise. Sir William Phips, promoted to the rank of commodore, commanded the fleet, containing two thousc-nid men. Quebec was its point of destination. The other half of the army, under Major-Gen. John Winthiop of Connecticut, marched across the country to attack Montreal. The fleet sailed on the 19th of August, 1690. It was not until the 5th of October, that the vessels cast anchor before Quebec. Count Frontenac, a haughty but able French nobleman, was governor. To a summons to surrender, he returned the sin^^ular reply, — " ' ' You and your countrymen are heretics and traitors. New England and Canada would be one. had not the friendship been destroyed by your revolu- tion."' iri In this he referred to the revolution in England, which had driven the Papist, James II., into France, and had placed the Protestant, William of Orange, on the throne, and had thus inaugurated the war. A landing was effected about four miles below the town. Both the naval and the land forces commenced a furious cannonade. But the French fought with courage and 1 Mather's Magnalia, p. 522. 3 Hutchinson's Historical Collections, vol. ii. p. 13. Holmes, in his American Annals, vol. i. p. 474, estimates the numher at between three and four thousand 8 Hutchmson's History of Massachusetts, vol. i. p. 35(J. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 228 skill, and were greatly aided in their attack upon the land-force by their Indian allies. The troopa were defeated, and were driven precipitately on board the ships. Quebec was found far better armed with heavy guns than had been supposed. The fleet suffered more than the French works from the cannonade. A general feeling of depression spread through the English troops. The enter- prise was abandoned ; and the vessels spread their sails to return. To add to their disasters, the elements seemed to combine against them. A violent tempest struck the fleet. Several vessels, as they were emerging from the mouth of the St. Law- rence, were sunk, and others blown out to sea. It was not until the 19th of November, that the residue of the shattered squadron reached Boston. Between two and three hundred mv were lost by the casualties of war during this unfortunate expedition.* Gen. Winthrop was equally unsuccessful. Led by forty Mo- hawk warriors, he struggled through the forest to the shores of Lake Champlain. Here, finding himself unable to transport his army across the lake, he also abandoned the enterprise, and, with his humiliated army, returned, having accomplished noth- ing.2 In the mean time, the war with the Indians and French com- bined was raging throughout Maine ; and the land was filled with lamentation and mournino-. 1 Accordiiiir to Miither's Magnalia, vol. il. p. 622, the fleet consisted of thirtv- two sail. ■' 2 Trumbull's IDstory of Connecticut, vol. il. p, 383. m II * . I. ^r" CHAPTER XIII. CAMPAIGNS IN THE WILDERNESS. Character of Indian Warfare — Expedition of Capt. Church — Battle at Fal- mouth — Tlie Sack of Berwick — The Massacre at Falmouth — Church at Pejepscot — Incidents of the Campaign— Indian Gratitude — The Truce — Deplorable Condition of Maine — The Disaster at York — Heroic Defence of Wells — Church's Third Expedition — New Efforts for Peace. TT will be remembered, that,!in the year 1678, Massachusetts J- had purchased of Mr. Gorges the Province of Maine, for the sum of twelve hundred and fifty pounds sterling. King James 11. protested against this sale. It was, however, ratified, in the year 1091, by King William, in a cliarter which included not only what had been called the Province u. Maine, but also the more easterly provinces of Sagadahoc and Nova Scotia.^ We must now retrace the time for a few months. There were many intelligent men among tho Indians ; and they saga- ciously succeeded in forming a very remarkable union of the several tribes. The Indians always proved to be a prowling, skulking foe, never venturing to meet their adversaries in the open field. They hid behind fences, stumps, rocks, and, waylaying the Eng- lish, would shoot them down, strip off their scalps, and dis- appear in the forest. They would watch all night to shoot a settler as he came from his cabin in the dawn of the morning. Four young men went out together ; and the invisible Indians shot them all down at a single fire. A well-armed party of twenty-four went out to bury ibem. The Indians rose from ambush ; and after a severe conflict, having shot down six, the 22« a Willis's History of Portland, p, 332 » } Ml THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 225 savages fled into the woods. The activity of these people was so great, and their depredations so incessant and terrible, that nearly all the settlements, and even garrisons, east of Falmouth, were abandoned; and many of the inhabitants sought refuge in the stronger fortresses upon the Piscataqua. For the protection of the despairing people of Maine, Massa- chusetts sent to their aid an army of six hundred men. The troops were rendezvoused at Berwick, then called Newichawan- nock. There were ninety Natick Indians in the party. Major Benjamin Church, a mi*n who subsequently gained great renown in those wars, joined a detachment of these troops at Falmouth, with two hundred and fifty volunteers, a part of whom were friendly Indians. The report came, that seven hundred Indians,^ with many Frenchmen associated with them, were on the march to attack Falmouth. Major Church, who was well acquainted with the Indian mode of fighting, landed his troops secretly, in the night, and concealed them in a thick growth of bushes, about half a mile from the town. A severe battle soon took place, after the Indian fashion, in which both parties displayed great skill and bravery. The Indians finally retreated, after having killed or wounded twenty-one of their assailants,2 six of whom were In- dians in alliance with the English. The loss sustained by the Indians is not known. Major Church wrote to the governor of Massachusetts, under date of Sept. 27, 1689,8 «' We know not yet what damage we did to the enemy in our last engage- ment. But several things that they left behind them on their flight, we found yesterday; which were gun-cases and stockings, and other things of 1 " Such was the statement of Mrs. Lee, a daughter of Major Waldron, who had 5!,'/^t u.T'''""*'*^ ^'■""' *^^ ^"•^'*"^- Snlhvan also says seven hundred. Mr Wilhs thinks this number overestimated. Capt. Davis of Falmouth states the Tn ^r]^^^ '^*'^^^" ""^^^ *°^ *°"' hundred." -^i«r«fce's Book of the Indians, book iil, p. 109. "Many of the natives had both an Indian and an English name. Hopehood wa'- a son of the celebrated Negusset sagamore, called Eobuihood, but whose Indian name was Rameein." —Drake, book iii. p. 97. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 227 tracted by the smoke of the burning village, pursued the united band of civilized and uncivilized savages. The plunderers, encumbered with booty and prisoners, were overtaken as they were attempting to cross a small stream called Wooster River. A fierce battle ensued, which lasted till the darkness of night Get in. Several were slain on each side. But it would appear that during the night the marauders escaped.* In May the French and Indians organized another expedition against Falmouth. Between four and five hundred men com- menced the attack of the 16th of May, 1690. Prowling bands had been for some time seen around, which led to the suspicion that the foe was preparing to strike them by surprise. Thirty young men volunteered to march out on a reconnois- sance. Lieut. Thaddeus Clark led the'-., and led them into an ambush. They climbed Munjoy's Hill, when suddenly a volley of bullets was discharged upon them by invisible assailants, concealed behind a fence. That one discharge cut down nearly half their number, including their commander. The remainder fled in consternation to their fortifications, pursued by the French and Indians, filling the air with yells. There were, in addition to Fort Loyal, four garrison-houses in the town. All the people who were unable to effect a retreat to one of these fortresses were either killed or captured. The assailants, after plundering the houses, set them on fire. They then combined all their energies to storm the forts. For four days and four nights, they kept Up almost a constant fire, dis- playing much military skill in their approaches. We give the 1 In tlii3 case, aa usual, there is a slight discrepancy in the details, as given by the early annalists. Diake writes, — "Hopehood had joined twenty-two Frenchmen, under flerte?, with twenty-five of his warriors. They attacked the place, as soon as it was day, in three places. The people defended themselves as well as they were able, in their consternation, until about thirty of their best men were slain, when they gave themselves up tO' the mercy of the besiegers. Sixty-four men were carried away captive, and much plunder. They burned all the houses, and the barns with the cattle in them. The number of buildings thus destroyed Is unknown, but was perhaps thirty, and perhaps two hundred head of cattle." — Brafce, book lii. p. 109. Charlevoix, in his History of New France, says that two thousand cattle were burnt in the barns. I give the narrative in the text as recorded by Belkn.in, vol, i, p, 207, and the very accurate WHliamsou, vol. i. p. Gll». n M 228 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. result, not in the words, but in accordance with tlie facts con- tained in the official report of Capt. Davis ; which document is on file in the Massachusetts office of State. The conflict commenced with the dawn of the 16th. It raged until the afternoon of the 20th. Nearly all the inmates of the garrison were then slain, Either the French were dressed as Indians, or had so concealed themselves, that the English could not tell whether there were any of that nation in the savage band assailing them. They, therefore, sent a flag of truce, that they mii,''ht ascertain whether they could, by a surrender, hope to save the lives of the survivors. Thus they learned that there were many Frenchmen in the party ; and they were promised, that, as a condition of surrender, the lives of all should be spared, and that they should be conducted, under guard, to the next English town, where they should be set at liberty. The French commander took a solemn oath, by the ever living God, that the articles of the capitulation should be sacredly per- formed. ^ The gates were thrown open, and the savages rushed in. Awful was the scene which ensued. Mons. Burneffe had prob- ably lost all control over his ferocious allies. No respect what- ever was paid to the terms of the surrender. There were seventy living men within the garrison, many of whom were wounded, and a large number of women and children. Nearly all were slaughtered, and many with inhuman tortures. The French rescued Capt. Davis, and succeeded in saving the lives of, some say fifty, others say a hundred prisoners. It seems to have been a custom among the Indians to put to death as many of their captives as they themselves had lost in the conflict.2 The whole village was laid in ashes. The dead were 1 " Tlie French and Indians were under the command of M. Burneffe, a Cana- dian oflicer. His lieutenant was M. Corte de iMarcli. Most of tlio FrcTich troops •were from Quebec, under Capt. M. de Portneuf. The Indians were led by Uaron Castine and his son-in-law, Madockawando. They came to Casco Bay in a lar^e fleet of canoes. Charlevoix gives tlie command of the expedition to Portneuf, and dates the surrender on the 27th. In both of these statements he is doubtless incorrect." — /See Letter of Capt, Davis in Cullections of Massachusetts Historical So- cietij, vol. i. 3 ser., p. 104. 2 "When the prisoners marched out of the fort, fifty in all, the savages rai.sed a shout, fell upon them with hatchet and sword, and killed all except four; and these were wounded." — Ilistoire et Disc. Gen de la Kouvcllc FrancCf pur Pere de Charlevoix, vol. iii. p. 78. 1: IS id le as Id ?e at re 36 16 16 3- t- :6 [t 3S K 230 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. left unburied. The number slain in this awful massacre is not known. The French, after participating in this demoniac deed, commenced their march back to Canada. " I must say," writes Capt. Davis, " they were kind to me in my travels through the country. Our provisions were very short, — Indian corn and acorns. Hunger made it very good, and God gave it strength to nourish." Davis' was a prisoner-of-war in Q • tor four months, when Sir William Phips effected his exc . -e for a Frenchman. The capture of Falmouth was a terrible disaster. The victori- ous Indians scattered in all directions, perpetrating the most horrible deeds of cruelty and crime. Many of them were demons in character, and recoiled from no horror. Tlie cruel- ties they often committed are too revolting to be described. Even the recital brings torture to the soul. From all the feebler garrisons the people fled in dismay, west- ward, and took refuge in Storer's strong garrisons at Well,".* The government sent them re-enforcements, with directions to make a stand there, and resist all attacks. The valiant Maj Church was despatched with another expe- dition, of three hundred men, to visit Casco and Pejepscot, to chastise the Indians, and regain captives, if possible. This was early in September, 1690. He landed at Maquoit, and marched at night across the country to Pejenscot 2 Fort, which, it will be remembered, was located west of the Androscoggin, at the Pejepscot Palls. The Indians held possession of the fort. The accompanying illustration shows the appearance of these cele- brated falls, after the lapse of nearly two centuries. A watchful eye discerned the coming, and spread the alarm. The savages fled in all directions, leaving several English cap- tives behind. One Indian man was ta4cen, with a few women and several children. The horrors perpetrated by the savages had created great exasperation against them. Church's men 1 "No other town iu the province was so well provided with houses of refuge fts Wells, Tlii^ was ilne to the prudent foresight of Storer and "Wheelwright. There were here seven or eight garrisons, some of them built in the Lest iriauner, against assaults from without, and for the protection and comfort of those with- in." — History of Wells and Kennchunk, by Edward E. Bourne, LL D. p. 1!)C. 2 Williamson spells this both Pejepscot and Pegypscot, pp. 37, 724. THE HISTORY OF MAINE, 2dl were about to put the man to death, when the female white captives, who had thus been rescued, earnestly pleaded for his life. They said that he had ever been kind to them, and had several times saved them and others from death. The wives of two of the distinguished sagamores, Kankama- gus^ and Worumbee, were among the prisoners. As they promised that eighty English captives should be surrendered for their ransom, their lives were spared, and they were sent to the garrisons at Wells. The sister of Kankamagus was slain. Worumbee's two children were carried, with their mother, into captivity. Mr. Drake quotes the following statement from a manuscript letter written at that time by Major Church, and addressed to Gov. Hinckley of Plymouth : — " We left two old squaws that were not able to march; gave them victuals enough for one week, of their own corn, boiled, and a little of our provis- ions; and buried their dead, and left clothes enough to keep them warm, and left the wigwams for them to lie in; gave them orders to tell their friends how kind we were to them, bidding them to do the like to ours. Also, if they were for peace, to come to Goodman Small's at Berwick, within four- teen days, who would attend to discourse them." * This capture upon the Androscoggin took place on Sunday, Sept. 14, 1690. The victors retired with five English captives, whom they had rescued, and nine Indians prisoners. Major Church and his victorious party, about forty in num- ber, ascended the Androscoggin seven miles, to another Indian fort. There he killed twenty-one Indians, took one a prisoner, and rescued seven English captives. The torch was applied, and the works laid in ashes. The single savage whose life was spared was a gigantic fellow, Agamcus, who was nicknamed 1 " Kankamagus, commonly called Hoykins, Hawkins, or Hakins, was a Ten- nacook sachem. He was faithful to the English as long as he could depend upon them for protection. When the terrible Mohawks were sent to destroy the east- ern Indians, he fled westerly to the Androscoggin. Here lie and another saclietn, called Worumbee, lived with their families. He could speak and write English. His several letters to Gov. Canfleld prove his fidelity. There can be no doubt that he would have been true to the English, had they been true to him." — JOraie's Book of ike Indiana, book iii. p. lOd. 2 Drake's Book of the Indians, book iii. p. 108. I'i 232 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. I Great Tom.* On the march he escaped, and carried to the Indians such reports of the strength and prowess of Major Church's troops, that they retired far back into the interior wilderness.* Church sailed along the coast, touching at various points, and inflicting all the injury he could upon the Indians. It was, however, not often that they gave him an opportunity to strike a blow. On the 21st of September, he landed three companies on Purpooduck.8 Here a strong band of Indians faercely as- sailed him. He repelled them with the loss of five of his own men, after having slain eight or ten Indians, and taken thirteen canoes. Major Church afterwards learned, from a returned captive, that the savages put just as many English prisoners to a cruel death as they had lost in the conflict. In October, ten sagamores went to Wells, where the captive women and children were restored to them. They expressed unbounded, gratitude in view of the kindness with which they had been treated, and declared their earnest desire for peace. " We are ready," they said, " at any time and place you may appoint, to meet your head men, and enter into a treaty." On the 29th of November, a t-uce between the Massachu- setts commissioners and six sagamores was signed. It would appear that there was much difficulty in agreeing upon the terms on which hostilities should cease. The Indians had even abandoned the council, and retired to their canoes, before terms were offered them which they were willing to accept. The truce was to continue through the winter, until the 1st of May, when they promised to visit Storer's garrison, in Wells, to bring 1 We hope that the following statement made by Mr. Williamson is a mistake. " The wives of the two sagamores and their children were saved. But it is pain- ful to relate, and no wise creditable to the usual humanity of Major Church, that the rest of the females, except two or three old squaws, also the unoffending chil- dren, were put to the tomahawk or sword." — Vol. i. p. 025. a " Many Indians bore the name of Tom. Indian Hill in Newbury was owned by Great Tom. He is supposed to have been the last Indian proprietor of lands in that town. In written instruments he styles himself, — 'I Great Tom In- dian.' " — Drake, book iii. p. 114. ' 3 The first inhabitants of Cape Elizabeth, which is separated from the penin- sula by Fore River, seated themselves opposite to the harbor, upon Purpooduck Pomt; from which the plantation, commencing forty-four years prior to King Philip's war, derived its name." — Williamson, vol. ii. p. a77. THE BiaiORT OF MAINE. 388 in all the English captives they held, and to establish a perma- nent peace. The condition of Maine at this time was deplorable in the extreme. All the settlements were devastated, but four. Those were Wells, York, Kittery, and the Isle of Shoals. At the appointed time, Pres. Danforth, with quite an imposing reti- nue on horseback, repaired to the strong garrison. But, for some unexplained reason, the sagamores did not appear.' Some attributed it to the inlluence of the French. It is more proba- ble that they feared treachery. During the winter, the English had been preparing to strike heavy blows, should the war be renewed. The wary Indians, through their scouts, kept them- selves informed of every movement. Capt. Converse, who had command of the troop of horse, sent out a detachment, who brought in a few of the ne%] bor- ing chiefs. To the inquiry why the sagamores did not come ,n, according to the agreement, to ratify the treaty, they returne 1 the unsatisfactory reply, — " We did not remember the time. Bui we now bring in and deliver up two captives. We promise certainly to surrender the rest within ten days."" The chiefs were permitted to return to their homes. Ten days passed away; but no Indians appeared. Apprehensive that an attack was meditated, Pres. Danforth returned to York, and sent a re-enforcement of thirty-five soldiers to strengthen the garrison at Wells. They arrived on the 9th of June, 1692. It was none too soon. In one half-hour after their arrival, a band of two hundred savages made a fierce but unsuccessful attack upon the garrison. The only account we have of this battle is the following : " We have intelligence that the eastward Indians and sonie French have made an assault upon the garrisons in and near the town of Wells, and have 1 "The reason of this we cannot explain, unless the warlike appearance of the English deterred thera. After waiting a while, Capt. Converse surprised some of them, and brought them in by force. Having reason to believe the Indians pro- voked by this time, he immediately added thirty-five men to their (liis) force." ^ Drake, book iii. p. 102. - WiiiiiuiiBou, voL i. p. 627. I 234 fht? THE HISTORY OF MAINE. ^^^^.^^^^'^- ^^^^^- *^« -"^e teethe, and The savages, tluis baffled, retired, threatening soon to come again At Cape Neddock, in York, they burned several houses, and attacked a vessel, killing most of the crew. Indian bands continued to range the country, shooting down all they could iind, and inflicting all the damage in their power. Another dreary summer passed away, and another cheerless winter came. The Indians seldom ventured to brave the cold and the storms of a Maine winter in their campaigns : conse- quently the inhabitants of York remitted their vigilance at that time. The Indians, with the military skill they were accus- tomed to display, selected this season for their attack. The little village was scattered along the eastern bank of the Agamenticus River. There were several strong block-houses, in which the inhabitants could take refuge in case of an alarm. Ihe accompanying illustration 'faithfully represents the struc- ture of one of those houses. a !iSil.J: aiEKISON-HOUSE AT YOilK, BUILT ABOUT 1645. 1 Letter of Gov. Stoughton of New York, dated June 24, 1691. THE HISTORr OF MAINE. 285 Early on a dark, cold morning oi" February, 1692, a band of between two and three hundred French and Indians, havi^'g traversed the wilderness from Canada on snow-shoes, made a furious attack upon different portions of the lianilet. The peo- ple were as much taken by surprise as if an army had descended from the clouds. A scene of terror, carnage, and woe, ensued, which can neither be described nor imagined. In one half-hour seventy- five of the English were slain, and more than a hundred taken prisoners, many of them wounded and bleeding. All the un- fortified houses were in flames. Those within the walls of the garrison fought with the utmost intrepidity. The assail- ants, despairing of being able to break through their strong walls, ai^d fearing that re-enforcements might come to the aid of the English, gathered up their plunder, huddled the dis- tracted, woe-stricken prisoners together, and commenced a retreat. Awful were the sufferings of these captives, — wounded men, feeble women leaving the gory bodies of their husbands behind them, and little children now fatherless. The French and tlie savages co-operated in these demoniac deeds. The victors com- menced their march over the bleak, snow-drifted fields, towards Sagadahoc. With the exception of the garrison-houses, the whole village was destroyed. One-half of all the inhabitants were either killed, or carried into captivity. Rev. Shubael Dummer was the excellent pastor of t?ie little church there. He was about sixty years of age, a graduate of Harvard College, a man of devoted piety, and greatly beloved. He was found de-id upon the snow. His wife, a lady from one of the first families, and distinguished for her social accomplishments, and her mental and moral cul- ture, was seized, and dragged away with the crowd of captives. But the massacre of her husband, the scenes of horror which she had witnessed, and the frightful prospect op(>iing before her, bOon caused her to sink away in that blessed sleep which has no earthly waking. But few of those thus carried into captivity, amidst the storms of an almost arctic winter, ever saw friends or home again. ip«. 286 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. >* O e pleasH . event winch occurred is worth, of es;>ecial lecoul. 1 he Indutns .selected from their prisoners «e^'... .d a red women and several children, just the nun.ber, and about the a^^es, of hose whom Major Church had treated kindly in the capture of the Pejepscot Fort. These were safely returned, with ex- press^ons ot grat.tude, to one of the Enghsh .arrison-houses.' A party from Portsmouth, N.H., set out in pursuit of the Indians ; but they could not be overtaken. In Wells there were but fifteen men in garrison. They uere conunanded by Capt. Converse. Two sloops and a shallop man..ed by iourteen sailors, were sent to them with supplies. Befoie he davvn of the morning of June 10, 1692, an army of five hundred French and Indians, under Mons. Burneffe, a tacked the place. The Indians were led by four of their most distinguished sagamores. As usual, the assault was commenced wihhKeous yells. The military science of the French was combined with the ferocity o^ the savages. The strength of suir'rtr :^^:^ ^^^^ "-' -^ '- ^^-^ ^-^'^ «^ one and his wife be a maid of l.onor to such or such a squaw Mr WheeT John Wheelwright was widely known. He was the most prominent man in the town. His capture would have been deemed an inestimable acquisition. The assailing array ap- proached the feeble garrison, according to European! not Indian tactics It appears that Capt. Converse had in the garrison ants of the place. They had fled to that retreat in consequence of suspicions that Indians were skulking around. We know 1 Collections Maine Historical Society, vol i p 104 in.ply tlxat he was g.ulty of no such atrocities ''"" '^' '"'""' *« THE HISTORY OF MAINE. Sd7 not how many women and children had taken refuge there. Converse ordered liis men to keep carefully concealed, and not to fire a gun until they were sure of their aim. One of the garrison, terror-«jtricken in view of ♦he formidable array ap- proaching, tremblingly said, "We cannot resist We must surrender." " Repeat that word," Capt. Converse replied sternly, " and you are a dead man." The assailants opened fire. The garri- son returned it with several small cannon as well as musketry. The women assisted in bringing powder, and in handling the guns. The bullets, thrown with cool and accurate aim, created great havoc in the ranks of the enemy. This was not the Indian mode of fighting. Instead of admiring what was called the gallantry of the French in thus exposing their lives, they regarded them as fools iix thus, as .!; were, courting death. Cot- ton Mather, in his description of the battle, writes, » They kept calling to surrender ; which ours answered with a laughter and with a mortifcrous bullet at the end of it." There is probably more poetry than prose in tliat statement. We apprehend that there was little time for laughter on that dreadful day, when th^ feeble little garrison was struggling against a foe outnumbering it nearly twenty to one. They believed that it vas the determination of the Indians, incited by the French, to destroy every vestige of the English settle- ments, and to put to death, or drive from the land, all the Eng- lish inhabitants. Capt. Converse had but fifteen men in what was called the Storer's garrison.^ The battle of the first day was mainly directed against the garrison. But brave hearts behind strong defences beat off the foe. The sloops were anchored in a nar- row creek, which was bordered with high banks. The vessels were so near the shore, that the Indians, from their hiding- 1 " We know not whether the little band on board the vessels, or the noble men and women within the garrison, are entitled to the highti- meed. History speaks of fifteen soldiers within the latter; but we think there may have been thirty. Whether the latter or the former is the true nnniber, the vi(!tory over the assail- ants was one that entitles not only these soldiers, but all who were within the walls of the fort, to the grateful remembrance of those who have entered into their labors." — Bourne' a History of Wells and Kennsbunk p. 216, J 238 TnE HISTORY OF MAINE. ft- places, could easilj throw stones on board. They built a breast- work of planks, over which they cautiously took aim. With fire-arrows they succeeded several times in setting the vessels on fire. But the sailors extinguished the flames with mops on the end of long poles. At length the Indians built a breastwork on a cart This they pushed within fifty feet of one of the vessels. Not a shot could strike them. As they were carefully pressincr it forward, one of the wheels entered a rut. It could not be extricated without exposure. A gallant Frenchman sprung to the wheel, and was instantly shot down. Another Frenchman took his place : he, also, fell, pierced by a bullet. The Indians did not regard this as sensible warfare, but fled as fast as possi- ble. ^ The next morning was Sunday. The enemy combined all their energies in a renewed attack upon the garrisons; but their bullets produced no effect upon the strong block-houses Not a man was wounded. Many of the Indian chiefs could speak English. They often called upon Capt. Converse to sur- render. To these summons he returned defiant answers. One of the chiefs shouted, " Since you feel so stout, Converse, why do you not come out into the field and fight like a man, and not stay in a garrison, like a squaw ? " _" What a pack of fools you are ! " Converse replied. " Do you think that I am willing, with but thirty men, to fight your five hundred? But select thirty of your warriors, and, with them only, come upon the plain, and I am ready for you." " No, no I " the chief replied in broken English. « We think English fashioi all one fool,— you kill me, me kill you. Not so. We he somewhere, and shoot 'em Englishmen when he no see. That's the best soldier." Another Indian exclaimed, "We will cut you into pieces as small as tobacco, before to-morrow morning." " Come on, then," the brave captain retorted : " we are all ready for work." Finding their efforts unavailing, the combined foe of French and savages again turned their attention to the two small sloops which were anchored close together. There were but seven or TEE HISTORY OF MAINE. 239 eight sailors on board.» An army of five hundred men attacked them. Small, comparatively, as were the contending forces, it is indeed true that a more heroic defence history has seldom recorded. The savages constructed a raft about twenty feet square, upon which they piled all kinds of combustibles,— dried branches, birch-bark, and evergreen boughs. Applying the torch, they converted it into an island of fire, the forked tongues of flame rising twenty or thirty feet high. The destruction of the sloops now seemed sure. Five hun- dred yells of triumph pierced the air, as the fire-raft swung from its moorings, and floated down on the current towards the apparently doomed vessels. No skill, no courage, could avail against such a foe. But they were saved by a more than human power. The wiud changed ; and the floating volcano was driven to the opposite shore, where it was soon converted to ashes. One of the French commanders, Labocree, was shot through the head. Many others of the French and Indians were either killed or wounded. Thus baffled, the foe retreated, after inflict- ing all the damage in their power, in burning the dwellings, and shooting the cattle. In the dusk of the evening they with- drew ; and silence and solitude reigned where the hideous clangor of battle had so long resouiided.2 But one man of the English was killed. He was shot on board one of the vessels. One unhappy Englishman, John Diamond, was taken captive. The savages, in revenge for their losses, put him to death with the most horrible tortures which their ingenuity could contrive. Capt. Converse,8 for his heroic defence, was promoted to the 1 "Our sloops were sorely inponrnoded by a turn of the creek, where the ene- my could he so near as to throw mud aboard with their hands. Other accounts make their distance from them sixty ymA^." -Mather's Magnalia, vol. ii p 532 2 Drake's Book of the Indians, book iii. p. 103. See also Mather's Magnalla vol. n. p. 532; and Bourne's History of Wells and Kennebunk, p. 215. » "The courage of the brave and intrepid Converse kept that of all his com- rades from waning. He knew how much depended on his own resolution and firmness: his noble manliness amidst the storm was the inspiration of all about hira. "History does not record a struggle more worthy of perpetual remembrance. The names of those noble men, Gooch and Storer, sljould never be forgotten bv tlie townsmen of Wells. We know not who else was. on board these vessels But, known or unknown, the whole crew were more worthy of monumental re- menibrance than tlie t.hniisnnda nf Tnnvo»r!«.i.r,..r. H..,a~ — 1 ,' - • .~ , , ,, , , , -1-.- . 1 -1 TLoe-; Mhuae lijciuoryis sancnned in the hearts of tlieir countrymen, "-Zfowme's History 0/ Wells and Kennebunk, I 240 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. hi important position of commander-in-chief of all the forces in Maine. For seven years this dreadful war desolated the State. Hundreds of terrible tragedies, of burning, scalping, torturing, have never been recorded. It is heart-rending to contemplate the woes into which so many families were plunged. No theol- ogy or philosophy can fully explain why God should allow the depravity of man to inflict such misery upon his brother. In the spring of 1692 a new administration commenced ; and Sir William Phips was appointed, by the sovereign of England, governor of Massachusetts. A legislature was convened at Boston on the 8th of June. Eight representatives were re- turned from Maine. War always spreads a demoralizing influ- ence throughout the whole community. Pirates and freeboot- ers ravaged the unprotected shores of the Province. It was the great object of the French, in the war in which France was involved with England, to annex the territory between the Sag- adahoc and Nova Scotia to their domains. In August, Gov. Phips, with a force of four hundred and fifty men, repaired to a spot about three miles above Pemaquid Point, on the east side of the river, where he built quite a mas- sive fort of quadrangular form, seven hundred and forty-seven feet in measurement. While the fort was in process of con- struction, Major Church was despatched farther east, with a strong force, to search out the enemy. The fort, which was named William Henry, was built of stone, at an expense of about a hundred thousand dollars. It was garrisoned by sixty men, and mounted eighteen cannon, six of which were eighteen- pounders. This armament showed that they were preparing to repel not savages merely, but the well-equipped armies of France. The expense of building and maintaining such a garrison was great for those times, and excited much discontent. But the Indians, who, unseen, watched all the movements of their enemy, could not be caught sight of. They found scattered through the wilderness the lonely cabins oi . wo or three Frenchmen who had married Indian wives. It doe. .ot appear that these people were molested. Two or three vagrant Indians were, by chance, caught; and a small amount of plunder was taken, of corn and beaver-skins. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 241 Capt. Church, upon his return to Peraaquid, ascended the Kennebec as far as Teconnet (Winslow). But the fleet-footed savages very prudently avoided a battle. There were a few guns discharged in the vicinity of Swan Island ; but we can- not learn that anybody was hurt. At Teconnet the savages, as they saw the English troops approaching, set fire to their huts, and, like a covey of frightened partridges, vanished in the woods.^ The French organized a strong expedition to batter down the walls of Fort Henry. About two hundred Canadians were sent to the Penobscot to be united with an equal number of Indians under Madockawando. Two French frigates — one of thirty- eight, and the other of thirty-four guns — were to co-operate. But, when this powerful land and naval force reached Pemaquid, an English man-of-war was riding at anchor, under the guns of the fort ; and the works were found too strong to be attacked. Thus the enterprise was abandoned. The starving Indians, without homes or harvests, and living in constant terror, were in great distress, and longed for peace. On the 12th of August, 1092, eighteen sagamores, representing nearly all the tribes from Passamaquoddy Bay to Saco, came to the fort at Peraaquid, and proposed terms of peace. Three commissioners met them. The sagamores renounced subjection to France, and pledged loyalty to the crown of England. Tliey also agreed to release all their captives without ransom, to leave the English unmolested in all their claims to possessions and territory, and to traffic only at the trading-houses which should be regulated by law. All controversies were to be settled in English courts of justice. Five Indians, of high rank, were delivered to the English as hostages to secure the fulfilment of the treaty.' Thus terminated the second Indian war. Still the Indians could not be cordial and happy with the hard conditions im- posed upon them. They were treated as a subjugated people. The Protestant English and the Catholic French were never 1 Benjamin Church's Third Expedition, p. 131. ' Matlier's Magnalia, vol. ii. p. 542, contains entire this treaty, so humiliating to the Indians. 16 242 TUB HISTORY OF MAINE. wasall Rehgous differences imbiuced national animosities I .s sajd that the Freueh were continually cndeavonng to "r the Indians agatnst the English, just as (he English, a few years afterwards, were nnwearied in their endeavors to rouse tie savages agamst the Americans. It is said that the Catholic missionaries were ever striving to ncte the savages to renew the war, incessantly preaeWr thlt ".t ts no s.„ to break faith with heretics.- That these" setf instruct the Indians, were patriotic to their own country when doubted. Bu no man can read the record of their toils and suffering without the conviction that they were tru y go d seek and to save the lost. aevtuv" ^^.t'' "' f °"'fS«™«''' -- ''enounced with peculiar severity. .His entire devotion," writes Williamson, "to the religions interests of the Indians, gave him an unlimi ed alen! dency over them. ■ Frontenac, governor of Canada, ap o „ ed Mons Vilheu resident commander at Penobscot. He succeeded m enlisting two hundred and fifty Indians, under Madockafan' do to accompany a French force in an attack upon Dover Having destroyed the pl,,ce, on the 18th of July, 1693, they re-' near ifoik, and took one lad captive. On the 25th of August they killed eight men at Kittery, and, with the hard-hearteTness of fiends, scalped a little girl. The child wes found the next morning, bleeding .and apparently dying. The scalp w s torn hawk ; still, strange to say, the child recovered. This was considered such a violation of the treaty as to iua- tify any retahatory acts. There was a Frenchman by the name livr. .lertlnB . c.l f °i l^jlf °^^° ! '■"■■ ",?. "■"> ^ """■ •' P™n,irent n.ille «-■«(<, CtoLi^'l; p » '""l»"-«"-' -"'I'lr, * !aMuMe Fra„,, par THE HISTORY OF MAINE, 243 Of Robert or Robin Doney, ^yho had adopted the Indian style trVr"?P T' ' '^''^ "™°"S them, and had si^med the treaty at Pemaqu.d. He expressed great regret for the rupture, and, with three companions, Listened to the new fort at Saco, to seek some adjustment of the difficulty. He and his compani ions were seized and imprisoned.* Soon ofter this, an Indian chief, by the name of Bomaseen, accon>panied by two Indians of high rank, visited the garrison at Pemaquid. Bomaseen, or Bomazeen as Drake spells it, was a sachem of the Canibas tribe at Norridgewock/ He ^as a fnend of the English, and had communicated to them informa- tion respecting the designs of the French. It was known that he had saved the life of a woman, Rebecca Taylor, whom a savage was endeavoring to hang.2 The three were immediately seized and incarcerated upon the suspicion that they were en- gaged in the rupture.3 It is humiliating to record that the government did not re- pudiate this bad faith. But there were many individuals who denounced it with great severity, declaring it to be as impolitic as it was unjust. It is reported by Williamson that the follow- ing conversation took place in Boston, between Bomaseen and an English clergyman. The chief, speaking of the religious instruction he had received from the priests, said, — " The Indians understand that the Virgin Mary was a French lady Her son Jesus Christ, the blessed, was murdered by the English. But he has risen from tlie dead, and gone to heaven. All who would gain his favor must avenge his blood " The English clergyman replied, taking a glass of wine, " Jesus Christ gives us good religion, like the wine in this glass. Cxod's liHh Znjrrf '''t^''" ^"J'f • ^'^'° Doney becanie reconciled to the Eng. Ml, an.l signed a treaty with them at Pemaquid. But, within a year after ha ^Z:7T^' "'T 1? "'^' °^ ^^■•^^""* ^'^'^^°"' ^- ^-- not and om^, to wLf V \ f ' ''.'°^'^'''''' ^° '^"^^ '^'« diffloulty, was seized by the EngUsh IS^^yT'^Tl'^'r^'Tf' '"^' "^« ''^'^ «^ forgiveness and mC „ Jt ^ ~ ^' "^® " ^°°^ ^■f ^'^e Indians, book iii. p. no ■* Drake, hook iii. p. m. 8 "In Ki'M he (Bomazeen) came to the fort at Pemaquid with a flag of tnice to" X eT: ;::; T'"' "^' """ "'° -m.„anded%nd sent prisoneilS ton,^vy.ereheiemumud .ome moulh^ iu u ioatlisome prison." -iJraAe, book iii. 244 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. book is the Bible, which holds this good wine. The French put poison in it, and then give it to the Indians. The English give it to them pure ; that is, they present them the Bible in their own language. French priests hear you confess your sins, and take beaver for it. The English never sell pardons. Par- dons are free, and come from God only." To this Bomaseen replied, " The Indians will spit up all French poison. The Englishman's God is the best God." > The English retained the five hostages whom the chiefs had placed in their hands, and also closely imprisoned Bomaseen and his companions for the winter. Pestilence and famine were raging among these unhappy perishing natives. Starvation drove many to acts of plunder. In May, 1695, the English sent one of their hostage chiefs, Sheepscot John, to confer with the eastern Indians upon peace. He induced the sagamores to come in a fleet of fifty canoes, and meet him at Rutherford'i^ Island, which was about three miles from fort William Henry. There was a friendly confer- ence. A truce was agreed upon ; eight English captives were released ; and the sagamores promised, at tlie end of thirty days, to meet commissioners at the garrison of William Henry, and conclude an abiding peace. The commissioners met at the appointed time and place. The sagamores were also prompt to their engagements. The English, Messrs. Phillips, Hawthorne, and Converse, refused to surrender their hostf.ges, and yet demanded that the Indians should surrender their prisoners before they would even treat upon the subject of peace. We must respect these chiefs for resenting such an indignity. They replied, — "You have not brought us our friends, and yet you demand that we shaU bring to you yours. This is not fair. We will talk no more. ' ' Abruptly they rose and departed. Thus the truce ended. Again the storms of war spread their desolations far and wide. It was a miserable warfare on each side, shooting individuals whenever they could be found, burning cabins and wigwams, and capturing and scalping without mercy. 1 ■WilHasv.Ron, vol. i. p. 641. CHAPTER XIV. KING William's war. — queen anne's wab. Efforts of the French to reduce Fort William Henry — Cruelty of Capt. Chubb — His Fate — Camden Heights — Plunder on the Bay of Fundy — Major Frost — Fearful Tragedies — Consultations for Peace — Assacombuit — Impoverishment of the Province — Cruel Pvuraors and N-iw Solicitudes — An Intolerant Act — Gov. Dudley — Speech of Simmo — King William's War — Policy of M. Rivieres — Shameful Conduct of Englishmen — Third Indian War- Siege of Winter Harbor — Arrival of Capt, Southack. rr^HE renewal of the dreadful war must be attributed to the -L folly of the English. During the month of June, 1696, more than twenty persons were shot in the vicinity of the Piscataqua, and many houses were burned. The French resolved to reduce Fort William Henry. In their view, it con- trolled all of Western Acadia. Capt. Iberville was sent from Quebec, with two men-of-war, and two companies of soldiers. At Port Royal he was to take on board fifty Indians ; and at Castine he was to be joined by Baron Castine and a large additional number. Charlevoix says that there were two hundred savages in the expedition.^ Cas- tine, with liis retinue, accompanied the ships along the sliore in canoes. Tiie troops were landed without opposition, and the batteries raised. By the 14th of July, 1696, uhe fort was invested. Capt. Chubb, who was in command of the garrison, had fifteen guns and ninety-five men, with an ample supply of food and ammunition. Iberville, having placed his cannon and mortars in position simply to show what he could do, sent a summons for surrender. Chubb was particularly obnoxious to the Indians, 1 Hist. Gen. d6 la Nout. Fr., t. ill. p. 260. 245 246 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. Ififh "r^^^^^erot a wrong. Only five months before, on the 16th of February, 169G, he lured two sachems, EdgereLt and AbenquKl, into his fort, and put them both to dea^K ^ I tas a hornd and eold-blooded aet," writes Drake. " Few are the instances that we meet with in history, where Indian treachery, as It IS tinned, can go before this.'" ^ To the demand for a sur' render Chubb returned the spirited reply, " I shall not give up t^ie fort though the sea be covered with French vessels, and the land with wild Indians." The bombardment was commenced with great energy. Bombshells, those most terrible thunderbolts of war, fell thick, with death-dealing explosions, within the enclosure. Baron Castine, who seems to have been a humane man, some say a rehgious man, convinced that the fort could not withstand the cannonade, and knowing, from the antagonism of the Indians to Chubb, that, should the fort be carried by storm, no earthly power could restrain the ferocity of the savages, succeeded in senduig to him the following message : " If you delay to surren- der till the works are carried by assault, an indiscriminate massacre of the garrison is inevitable." Conscious guilt probably made Chubb cowardly. The white flag was raised; and the terms of capitulation were soon agreed upon. All the garrison were to be conveyed to Boston, and, in exchange for them, just as many French and Indian prisonei-s- of-war were to be returned. The gates of the fort were tbrown open ; and the conquerors entered, unfurling the French fla- U23on the captured battlements. " But the Indians found one of their people in irons. He had a deplorable story to tell of the cruel treatment he had received irom Ciuibb. Inis so exasperated them, that, before Capt. Iber- ville could effectually interpose, several of the English were ?", ^ll: *^''"'''' ^•^"•"^^ '-^n opportunity, iu a pretty Chuhbed manner to kill thfl fan.ous L.l,.ere„,et. and Abenqui.!, a couple of principal .agam, ne l;! , «. e or t^vo other Incbans, on a Lord's Day. Son.e, that well e^ou^h lito I e "hi" wn ch was now done, did not altogether like the manner of doing t Wan ^ here was a preten..e of treaty between Chubb and the Ha.an.ores? whe eof e took b. advantage to lay violent bands upon them.' "lifatAe ■ ^C ^ TBE niSTORT OF MAINE. 247 massacred ; but, by the aid of the French soldiers, he rescued the rest, and removed them, with Chubb, to a small neighbor- ing island, where they were placed under a strong guard.* Both French and Indians regarded this conquest as a great achievement. The fleet returned to the Penobscot; and, flushed witli victory, new efforts were made by the French to enlist all the tribes as allies in the renewal of the war. The capture of Fort William Henry created much anxiety in Boston. It was feared that the fleet would sweep the whole coast, from the Penobscot to the Piscataqua, burning and destroying. Five luindred men were promptly raised, and sent to the Piscataqua, under the command of Capt. Church. But no enemy appeared there. Three British men-of-war, with a smaller vessel of twenty guns, and a fire-ship, sailed from Boston for the Penobscot, to attack and destroy the French squadron ; but the fleet was just visible, far away in the distant horizon, on its return to Quebec. Though it was pursued for a few hours, it was soon entirely lost siglit of in a dense fog. The English vessels, on their way back to Boston, captured a small French shallop, commanded by Capt. Villeau, with twenty-three French sailors on board. Major Church embarked a portion of his division in a small well-armed vessel, and sailed along the coast until he cast anchor at the Island of Monhegan. He then boldly pushed on to Penobscot Bay, and ascended, until abreast Camden Heights.^ 1 " We will now inform the reader of the wrefohed fate of Capt. Pasco Chuhb It. was not Ions after he hail coniniitteil the hloody deed of Itillinrr the Indian sa-amores, hefure he and the fort were taken by the French and the Indians He was exchanged, and retnrned to Boston, where he snffered nnu-h ilisgrace for liis treachery with the Indians. He lived at Andover, in Massachusetts, where the Indians made an attack, in February, l(;i)8, in wliich he was killed. ' Wlien they found that they had killed him. it Rave them as much joy,> says Hutchinson, 'as the destruction of a whole town, because they had taken their beloved venjieance ot lum for hn perfidy and barbarity to their counfrvmen.' Tliey shot him thruush several times, after he was a^MV — Drake, book iii. p. 113. 2 " Camden Hei-hts arc about ten miles overland from Owl's Head. There are five or six of them, in a range from north-west to south-east; and they are clothed with forest-trees to their tops. Mount Batty, which is about three-quarters of a nide Irom Camden Harbor, is about nine hundred feet high. lu our second war with Engla.id, an eifjhteen-pounder was placed upon its summit. "These are probably the mountains seen by Capt. Weymouth in 1C05, and by Cup. bimtli m l(,ii, when they exi.lored Penobscot Bay." -i'ee Williamson' sHisto^ of Maine, vol. i. p. 95. 248 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 11% ■;; The pilot, who was familiar with that region, and who had once been " captive there in the hands of the Indians, informed Capt. Church, that, ahout sixty miles up the river, there .vas a small island, which wa. place of general resort by the indians. *' T }^ I' ^^;i;P'^'*«^ ^^^^^ this was the ancient Lett, or'oidtown island. There was a village here, whicii, for a long time, con- tinned to be one of the most memorable of the Indian towns. It was situated on the s As he was sailing home- wards with his slender booty, he met, in the waters of Passamaquoddy Bay, an English squadron of three vessels, from Boston. Col. Hawthorne was in command. Cape. Church, thus superseded, was directed to join the fleet, and accompany them to an attack upon St. John. The enterprise was uhouc- cessful, and the vessels returned to Boston. The inhabitants of Maine, the English, and the savages, were now alike wretched. No man could leave his door without danger of being shoe. N9 family could lay down to sleep at night without being liable to hear the horrible war-whoop before the morning, and of being subjected to the awful tragedy of conflagration, scalping, and massacre. Stern Nature seemed in harmony with the cruelty of man. The winter was one of unprecedented cold; and storms of sleet and snow howled through the tree-tops, and swept all the dreary fields. Many, both Indians and English, were starved to death. Nine Indians, who were out hunting, after eating their dogs, were found dead, the victims of famine.'* Major Charles Frost was in command at Kittery. He was peculiarly obnoxious to the Indians, as they accused him of several acts of treachery .3 A plan was formed to kill him. Several Indians hid behind a laige log, about five miles from his house, to shoot him on his way to church. It way Sunday morning, June 4, 1697. Apparently, his wife was riding behind liim, on a pillion ; and some one was walking by the side of the horse. There was a simultaneous discharge of the guns of the savages ; and all three fell to the ground in the convul- sions of death. » " Anion}^ the settlements 011 the north shore of that bay, he made great destruction, ami took considerable plunder."— Williamson, vol. i. p. (JKJ. 2 A. ther's Magnalia, vol. ii. p. 55(i. 8 "We have, in narrating the events in the life of Modokawando, m-ficed the voyage of Major Waldron to the eastern coast of Maine. How niucli iieacliery was manifested at that time by the In fa 'i* " ' This hand has slain a hundred and forty of your Majosty'a enemies in New .'-.agland. "Whereupon the king forthwith knighted him, and ordered that henceforth a pension of eight livres a day {about $1.50) be allowed him for life." -Drake, book 1 See Mather's M.-vgnalia, vol. ii. p 558; History of New England, by Daniel Neal, vol. ii. p. 544; Williamson, vol. i. p. C50. 2 This region was inserted in the charter, without any specific name, tho„.rb it was us^iially called as we have mentioned. - Summary of British Settlement, in North America, by William Douylass, vol. i. p. 332. 8 Williamson, vol. ii. p. 10. * Williamson, vol. ii. d. 2.1, THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 253 enerp^etic and exceedingly persevering in his purposes, but Le possessed good abilities, unsullied integrity, and strong attachments. His unremitting as- siduities to promote the best interests of Maine, the Province of his nativity, and to enforce measures devised for its defence and reUef , are evidences monumental of his patriotism, and his high sense of obligation and duty." Massachusetts, in assuming the government of Maine, re- signed to the crown of England all jurisdictional rights to Nova Scotia. The community there consisted mainly of a mixed breed of Canadians and Indians. They had been mostly under French influence, were generally Roman Catholics, and their sympathies were with France. The people of all Maine had become essentially one with the people of Massachusetts in their social habits, their political views, and their religious observances. Massachusetts had ever been to Maine a kind and sympathizing friend. The impoverishment of the inhabitants of Maine at the close of the war was dreadful, almost beyond comprehension. Houses, barns, and mills, with all the implements of agriculture, had been consumed by the flames.^ The people of York wished for a grist-mill. They were unable to build one. They offered a man in Portsmouth, if he would put up a mill, a lot of land to build it upon, liberty to cut such timber as he needed, and their pledge to carry all their corn to his mill so long as he kept it in order. The worn and wasted people gradually returned to the deso- lated spots which had once been their homes. Log-cabins again began to arise in the solitudes of Falmouth, Scarborough, and at various other points, over which pitiless war had rolled its billows. In this state of affairs, some malicious persons set thd cruel report in circulation, that the colonists were making preparation to fall upon the Indian tribes, and exterminate them. It was said that this rumor originated with the French, who were still anxious to extend their possessions farther west, and to avail themselves of the aid of the savages.^ The Indians, greatly frightened, began to withdraw from* the » "No mills, no enolosuros, no roads, but, on the contrary, dilapidatefl habita- tions, wide wasted fields, and melancholy nuns." — Willinnuon, vol. ii. p. 31. • Hutchiasoii's History of Massachusetts, vol. ii. p. 115. 254 TUE HISTORY OF MAINE. English settlements. This alarmed the English ; and they com- menceil preparations for defence, apprehending that the Indians were agiin to attack them. These hostile demonstrations con- firmed the Indians in their fears ; and in all probability they began to draw nearer to the French. This confirmed the suspi- cions of the English, and led to measures whose tendency was only to exasperate The militia was ordered to be in constant readiness. At York, Wells, and Kittery, well-armed soldiers were posted. A proclamation was issued, which, while it cautioned the people against giving any just provocation to the Indians, ordered them to be constantly on the watch to guard against treachery .^ Guards were appointed to patrol the towns every night, from nine till morning. This state of affairs necessarily put an end to all peace of mind and to all friendly intercourse. It would seem as though man was doomed to make his brother- man miserable. The religion of the Son of God, that is the religion M-hich recognizes God as our common Father, and all men as brethi-en, and whose fundamental principle is that we should do to others as we would that others should do to us, would have made Maine, from the beginning, almost a paradise. But what an awful tragedy does its history reveal ! And such has been, essentially, the history of all the nations. Such has been life upon this planet from the fall of Adam to the present hour. To add to these calamities, menaces o'' war began again to arise between France and England. Unfortunately, by the Treaty of Ryswick, the boundaries between the English and French possessions on this continent had not been clearly de- fined. Both courts still claimed the territory between the Sag- adahoc and the St. Croix. The English said that they h^d resigned Nova Scotia to France, but nothing more. In 1699 Lord Bellamont arrived in Boston, appointed by the king as governor of New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine. He Avas an excellent man, intelligent and cour- teous, with enlarged views of both civil and religious liberty .^^ » Records, Resolves, and Jounials of the Massacliusetta Government, vol. vi. p. 67. * "Williamson, vol. il. p. 32. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 255 James II. of England, who had been driven from the throne by an indignant people, to give place"- to his son-in-law, William, died at St. Germain, in France, on the 16th of September, 1701. His son, called the Pretender, a zealous Catholic, claimed to be the legitimate King of England. The Catholic court of France supported his claim. Six months after, on the 8th of March, King William died, deeply lamented. His wife, it will be remembered, was Mary, a daughter of James II. She had a sister Anne. She was declared by the British parliament to be the legitimate successor of William. She ascended the throne on the 4th of May, 1702. War was immediately declared against France, whose court was maintaining a rival for the crown. The war-cloud instantly threw its shadow upon our shores. The British ministry claimed the whole Province of Sagada- hoc, and the right, in common with France, to the fisheries, on all these xiorthern seas.i Both of these claims France resisted. Queen Anne appointed Joseph Dudley governor of her New England provinces. "He manfully applied," writes William- son, " his splendid abilities, his courtly manners, and his exten- sive knowledge, to render all the acts of his administration acceptable to every class of people." The war between France and England assumed very much the aspect of a religious war, a conflict between Protestantism and Catholicism.2 It was generally believed that the Catholic missionaries in Maine were endeavoring to seduce che Indians from their alle- 1 "The English people engaged in the Newfoundland fisheries were makins great voyages. About twenty-seven hundred fishermen, and two hundred and tvventy vessels, wore employed this single year (seventeen hundred and one) They took and cured two hundred thousand quintals of fish, besides four thou- sand hogsheads of train and liver oxV — Williamson, vol. ii. p. 33. 2 Gov. Bellaniont, in one of his mldresses to the General Court of Massachu- setts, said, "Divine providence, in bringing to pass the late happy and won- derful revolution in England, has been pleased to make King William the glorious instrument of our deliverance from the odious fetters and chains of Popery and despotism, which had been artfully used to enslave our consciences, and subvert all our civil rights. It is too well known what nation that king (James II) favored, of what religion he died, and no less what must have been the execra- ble treachery of bun who parted with Acadia or Nova Scotia, and the noble fishery on that coast. — "-j 25G THE HISTORY OF MAINE. glance to the British crown, and to enlist their sympathies in behalf of France. A legislative act was therefore passed, as early as March, 1700, which ordered the Catholic missionaries to leave the State before the tenth day of the next September, under penalty of exemplary punishment. This was an act of intolerance. But if it were true, as the legislature fully believed, that these missionaries were endeavor- ing to incite the savages to renew their horrible scenes of con- flagration, scalping, and murder, this was the mildest punishment, which, under the circumstances, could have been inflicted upon them. Gov. Dudley arranged to hold a council personally with the sagamores of the eastern tribes, that he might learn their disposition and intentions. The assembly met at Falmouth, on the Casco peninsula, the 20th of June, 1703. It was evident that the sagamores did not feel that it was safe for them to rely upon the honor of the English. They came, prepared to defend themselves, if treachery were to be practised upon them. Eleven sagamores appeared, representing five of the most important tribes in Maine. Gov. Dudley, aware of the efi'ect of imposing appearances upon the savages, came in almost regal pomp. A numerous retinue of gentlemen from Massachuse^tts and New Hampshire accompanied him. But the Indians, in the splendor of the occasion, quite eclipsed their white brethren. The sagamores entered the fine harbor of Portland in the balmy sunshine of a June day, with a fleet of sixty-five canoes, containing two hundred and fifty plumed and painted warriors, in their richest display of embroidered and fringed and gorgeously-colored habiliments. They were all well armed ; and the beholders were much impressed by their martial appearance.^ The governor had brought a large tent, sufficiently capacious to accommodate his suite and the Indian chiefs. When all had assembled, the governor arose, and said, "I Iiave come to you commissioned by the great and good Queen of Eng- land. I would esteem you all ac brothers and friends. It is my wish to reconcile every difficulty whatever that has happened since the last treaty." 1 History of the Indian Wars, by Samuel Penliallow; Coll. of N. H Hi<,t Soc vol. 1. p. 20. ■' THE BISTORT OF MAINE. 257 A Tarratine chief, called Simmo, rose to reply. With great dignity of manner he said,—- ^ Presents were then exchanged, and, with some simple yet solemn ceremonials, professions of friendship were ratified. The council continued in session for two or three days. Several subjects were discussed. Bomaseen, of whom we have before spoken, IS reported, during the conference, to have said, — "Although several missionaries have come to us, sent by the French to iWes. ^'"" ^'"'w *'' ^"^'^' ^"^ "^' y^* *heir words have made n^ impression upon us. We are as firm as the mountains, and will so continue as long as the sun and moon endure. " i continue Professions of cordial frendship were uttered on both sides, li-very thing seemed to indicate a settled peace. The fraterniza- tion was rather French in its character than English ; for there was feasting, shouting, dancing, and singing, according to the most approved measures of Fren h jollification. The joyful tidings spread rapidly, and lifted a very heavy bu- den from the hearts of the people, who were appalled in con- templating the horrors of another Indian war. Many were preparing to flee again to the safer regions of Massachusetts. But now they were encouraged to remain. A gentle tide of emigration began also to flow in, influenced by the cheapness of the land, the richness of the soil, the abundance of valuable timber, and the fisheries, which were yielding such valuable returns. Some suspected the Indians of having treacherous intentions at Ins council. And this was simply because, in firing a salute n el bra ion o the conclusion of peace, their guns were found loaded with balls. But the Indians never thought of loading * Drake, book ii!. p. 117. s rouhailow's History of the Wars of New England, p. & 258 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. their guns with powder only. They had often been betrayed. They had many not unreasonable suspicions, that the proposed council was merely a trap, in which the treacherous English were plotting to seize all their principal sagamores. They, therefore, came prepared to defend themselves, should it be necessary to do so.* " King Philip's War," so called, lasted but three years ; but they were-years fraught with inconceivable woe. Even civilized men in war gradually lose all humane attributes. The average savage becomes a perfect demon. The second conflict was usually called " King William's War." It originated in dissen- sions between the courts of France and England, which plunged the two nations into hostilities. The French endeavored to weaken her fci' by the capture of her New England colonies. The savages were not reluctant to engage in their service as allies ; for they had a chance of thus recovering their county from settlers whom the^ began to (dislike and dread. This dreadful war, in which savage ferocity received a new and terrible impulse from French science and supplies, lasted ten years. John Bull has never been a favorite in any land where he has placed his foot. The Indians never loved the English. There were individual exceptions; but the English, generally, were onl}"- tolerated by the natives. An air of melancholy now per- vaded the minds of all the reflecting sagamores. They saw their tribes fast dwindling, while the English were increasing in numbers and power. Extensive territory, foruierly the undis- puted hunting-grounds of the tribes, was now claimed by the invaders, either as theirs by the right of conquest, or by purchase, which both parties knew to be fraudulent. The English were arrogant, domineering, apparently regarding the Indian as one who had no rights which an Englishman Avas bound to respect. The French had identified themselves with the Indians, married into their families, taught them many arts of war, and abundantly supplied them with the best of arms and ammunition. They > " Bomaseen, a sachem of a tribe of the Kennebecs, whose resilience was at an ancient seat of tlie sasaniores, called Xorrldgewock, in l(i!)4, came to t\\n fort at Pema(iuiil, with a fla<; of truce. He was tieaclierously seized by thoo wiio com- manded, and sent prisoner to Poston, where he roinaiaed some moutlis in a loath- some prison." — Drake, p. 111. THE n I, STORY OF MAINE. 209 had very zealously imbued their minds with the principles of the Catholic religior., whose . eremonies were peculiarly calcu- lated to captivate the untntored savage. They had also, in some degree, transferred to their minds the Frenchman's here-l- j ary Imtred of the Englishman. Mr. Williamson, in his admira- ble History of Maine," fairly represents the prevailing English feeling with regard to the Indians. He writes,— , >,n/' ^T./'^'f ""'^'^ *^" ^'"'''^ ^" ^h"-- '^^««'io'-' t« the English, and in a hatred of their free politics and religious sentiments. And when snch pas! 8ions, m unnds .disciplined, are influenced by fanaticism, they know nei her restraints nor limits. All tI,oir acquaintance with the arts of c"viZ ized hfe soome.' rathor to nl.ase than elevate their character. "They made no advancem.M.ts in mental culture, moral sense, honest ™ "^t'r "^"^^t^r^"-- ^"^'-^t-^t^I with the notion of CatholiL h I ! gences, they grew bolder m animosity, insolence, and crime. Their enmity ZZZ:r'^:''': ^'"^ '-^'^'^ ^^"-^ ''^'^^'-''-^ -^ - keener appS was given for ardent spuits, for rapine, and for blood. Dupes to the i?^-ench mans" I """' '' proverbially bad as Pu„.c among the anci;nt Ko- M. Callieres, governor at Montreal, whatever may have been MS motives, in fact adopted a very different policy from that of the English. He sent envoys lo the broken and despairing remnants of the tribes in Maine, inviting them to emigrate to Canada. He set apart for them large and inviting tracts of land on the banks of the Becancourt and the St. Francois -streams which flow into the St. Lawrence, from the south' eighty or nmety miles above Quebec. On each of these rivers c usters of wigwams arose. The villages were pleasantly situ' ated, each with a church and a parsonage house. A ferry was also established for the convenience of the Indians in crossing thejt. Lawrence to Trois Rivieres, on the opposite shore.^ " .. ;t 1 such different treatment, there can be no question as to the side to which the Indian would incline in case of hostilities. Ihe remnants of four tribes repaired to the spot to which they 1 ■Williamson, vol. ii. p. 40. 260 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. were thus hospitably invited, and blended into a new tribe, called the St. Fran9ois Indians. It is interesting to see how dififerently precisely the same facts may be ^-esented according to the views of the writer. The very candid Mr. Williamson writes, and perhaps with truth (for wlio can read the human heart ?), " At these places, designed to be the rendezvous of the natives, the French intended to command their trade and plunder, to plan their excursions, and direct their motions against the Eno-lish frontiers." ' '^ Baron Castine had returned to France from his extensive landed estate on the Penobscot. He had left behind him, in possession of the large property, his sou and heir, called Castine the Younger. He was the child of Castine's Tarratine wife, who, it will be remembered, was the daughter of the renowned, and at least partially-civilized, sagamore, Madokawando. A riotous band of worthless Englishmen met at the house of young Castine, under pretence of making him a friendly visit. Regarding their host .3 half Indian, they treated him with every indignity. Rioting through his house like veritable savages, they plundered it of every thing which they deemed worth carrying away. It was one of the basest acts of treachery, and was so regarded by all respectable men.'^ The government denounced it in severe terms, promising M. Castine restitution, and assuring him that the offenders, if they could be arrested, should be severely punished. The event was the more deeply deplored, since there were indications of another war betwe .r. France and England. Such a war would inevitably involve the colonies; and Indian warriors, led by French officers, might inflict an incalculable amount of injury. Soon France and England again grappled in what was called " Queen Anne's War," and, in the Ne-.. England colonies, the " Third Indian War." All over the worid. Frenchmen and Englishmen deemed themselves enemies, who were bound to do . each other all the injury in their power. A special effort was * > Williamson, vol. ii. p. 40. « "OutiaKeous, however, as it was, the well minded sufferer only complained and expostulated, without avenging himself; for, in policy and sentiment, he was the fnend of tranquillity." - WilUamaon, vol. ii. p 42 » «» THE BISTORT OF MAINE. 261 to be made in the New World, by the English, to wrench eolonie, ^•om the Fx-ench, and, by the French, to wrest them from the English. Unfortunately, the savages were far more ready to rally beneath the banners of France than beneath those of Great Uritain. Early in August, 1703, a body of five hundred French and Indians entered upon the eastern frontiers of Maine. These well-armed troops had but feeble foes to encounter. Thev divided into six or seven parties, of about seventy-five men each, to attack the infant settlements, where scarcely any resist- ance was to be anticipated. On the same day, the 10th of August Wells, Cape Porpoise, Saco, Scarborough, Spurwink, Purpooduck, and Casco were assailed. The consternation and destruction were such, that no detailed record was made of the awful scenes which ensued. In Wells, thirty-nine of the inhabitants were either killed, or carried into captivity.^ This IS all we know of the terrible tragedy. What dwellings were burned, what scenes of individual anguish and sufi-eiincr oc- curred, must remain untold, till, at the day of judgment, all the secrets of this fearful drama of time and sin shall be revealed Mr. ^Bourne, in his valuable " History of Wells and Kenne- bunk, after tireless research, has collected a few interesting traditionary narratives, which are probably founded in fact, and which are but a repetition of those scenes of horror with which the reader is already familiar. ^ A few fishermen only resided at Cape Porpoise. The demo- niac assailants plundered their humble homes, laid them in ashes and carried the inmates, all whom they could seize, off as prison ' ers. At Winter Harbor ^ there was a small garrison. They fought for a short time bravely ; but after having several killed « " The horrors of that day cannot be depicted, -families broken un h,.«. bands, wives, ,.r chiklreu taken frou. the home circle M^oTeZv^l W M ^ fn it . M ' '"•''"'' '" ^^'"'"' '■""*"™ '-"^^ ^^^^^^ foi- Proteotfon and support Zlx>. 245 '" -«-y-"-^/-'or,o/ Wells ana Kennebunk, ly EaroaraE. f^.L'^^^^Z '^'^^'■***'^ P'^« called 'Winter Harbor,' after an ancient inhabitant "^I^^T^.:^-':^^:!^- ^^-^^■^•-'. «>-^ -iles belo. Saoo' brir ,..,,^:.. — rr uiuarusvn, vol. i. p. 'JH, fe 362 THE niSTORY OF MAINE. and wouiuled, and being overpowered by numbers, the survivora were cunj died to surrender themselves to captivity. Eleven wev killed, and twenty-four were captured. Th( people of Scarborougii ^-om to have received some inti- mation of the appro;.], of t!:.^ Ibe ; and all, Imrrying into the garrison, prepared Lo delond themselves to the last extremity. A flag of truce was sent to the fort by a capiive. The bearer was detained, and no answer returned. After a " lon-^ sie^^e " when the men were completely exhausted, and were on° he point of capitulating, re-enforceme-.Ls un.ve.l, and the bahi-d toe retired. Undoubtedly every thing outside of the garrison was destroyed. In Spurwink,' twenty-two were killed, or taken captive; and the little settlement was laid entirely desolate. Purpooduck contained but nine log-ctibins. The families were taken entirely by surprise. It so happened that all the men were away. Only women and children were left behind. The savages, allies of men who called themselves Christians, burned down the dwell- nigs, butchered twenty-five of tho helpless inmates, and carried away eight as prisoners. Th horrid spectacle of manoled bodies which they left behind is too revolting to be recorded! Ihe little settlement at Casco.a where t^ere was a garrison, was the most remote eastern frontier. A new fort had been constructed here, whicu was placed under the command of Major John March, with a garrison of thirty men. The three Indian chiefs who led the assailing party were Moxus, Wanun- gonet, and Assacombuit, all sagamores of great renown. The last will be remembered as the chief who was knighted by Louis XIV., and received from hin. the present of an elegant sword. ° mol,fh n?r"^^'f ''^•^' *"'''^''^ *''" ^»''*' ^''^ '""^^ 5» ^"-^^i on the coast, to tho fi.AlT,''*' "^^\I»'''^n n^"'e 'Casco • contin.ied to !», used all the first <-entury after i^ea. .1 o.e. . .e ^ r^i^ii^i^;^ j^:.sr: Ti:^::^^^ Bay No boun.lanes were deHne,! ; but. when a particular spot was desi^ated the loca t^nns. borrowed principally from the Indians, ^. J used •'- UMo^t Portland, by William Willis, pp. 41)-9a ^ ■' THE n I STORY OF MAINE. 268 It IS 8uul, we know not by what authority, that the three sagamores sent a flag of truce, inviting Major March to a con- ference. Though lie suspected treachery, he went out upon tho plain to meet them, , mr.ied, and .king with him only two very age< and infirm num. The chiefs saluted him win. ivilitv ani then drawing th.,,.- tomahawks from beneath their robei he three fell furiously upo. Major Marrh ; whilo his two com- panions, Messrs. Phippei, and Kent, were shot duwi by Indians jn amb;..h.' March, being a .er^ rong man, wrested a toma- iiawi irom one of his assailants, and valiantly defended himself against the t.ree. All this could scarcely have occupied one mn.le minute of time; and yet, at that very minute. Sergeant Hook arrived, with a file of t. men, from the fort, and rescued the major from his peril. This story seem so very improbable, lat It is impossible to give it full credence.^ The sicL, continued six days an 1 six n.-,rhts. There was no rep(,.se for u.e inmates of the gainson, as every moment an assault wa« expected from ov -owenng numbers. At the close ot the SIX days, the enemy received a re-enforce,aent, increasing their number to about five hundred.3 The new arrivals con- sisted of detachments flushed witl. victory. M. Bobassin, a J^rench officer, then assumed command. He brought with him a sloop a. d two shallops, which he had captured, and also mu. h plunder. Scientifically he u-ent to work in an attumpt to undermine tlie fort on the water-side. As the fort w;- situ- ated on a high bank, this could be done without exp, are to any fire from the garrison. The r force was so superior that of the En-lish, that they hadno hing to fear from a sally. They -were advancing in thi engineering very rapidly and prosperously, and were on the eve of .he capture, when an armed vessel, commanded by Capt. Cyprian Soutb xck. came to ae aid of the despairing uiison. Probably the vessc' waa armed -thcann.m, vhich the assailants, ha^ing muskets onlv, could not resist. The tide of victory was turned. 1,e Fren. «dv»r""I'^"""' "' '"' '"'*'"'^ °^ ^"^^'•■^'^ ^^«"' ^"t««. "Pl'ippen and Kent heine advanced in vearw '\ f>rp ^n in«r7n *!...<- i . • i .. , , 'vom,, nemg Priam TI,*»v ifo^' T, . """'" "^^ °^ *''«^"'' ^^ J>'venal said of 2 (vu i '"^'"' ^^'"''^ '^"""«'' *" *^8e tlie knife . •£ tlie sacriiice.' " 2 \\ illis's History of Portlan. , p. 314. oai-imLO. ' "Williamson, vol. ii. p. 42. 264 TffE niSTORY OF MAINE. ih:W and Indians, abandoning every thing, fled precipitately. This magmficent bay was full of indentations, into which the canoes of the savages could glide. Capt. Southack recaptured the sloop and two shallops ; but the French and Indians, having a flotilla of two hundred birch canoes, effected thoir escape. The soldiers of the garrison now came out to view the deso- lations which this savage warfare had caused. Every thin- which would burn W.1S reduced to ashes. Notb'ng remained bu't shapeless ruins. When Major March was appointed to the com- mand of this post, he moved there with his fa.nily. Beinff a gentleman of considerable means and great en< ry, he was soon in possession of a very thrifty farm. He wrot. "to the General Court, that he had lost, by the attack, a sloop and it. furniture eighty-nme head of slieep and cattle, five acres and a half of wheat, SIX acres of excellent pease, and four acres and a half of Indian corn. His whole loss exceeded five hundred pounds.* It IS estimated, that, in this brief campaign, tlie enemy killed or captured one hundred and fifty of the inhabitants of Maine." ' Bourne's History of Wells and Kennebimk, p. 314 To arm a force sufllcientto repel their cruel invaders, Rovernment doo.n^rl tt sp.rit of enterprise in the inhabitants, which n.a^le them endure incredihL hll CHAPTER XV. THE R77AL CLAIMS OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND. Jocelyn'8 Visit -Tlie Destruction of Black Point - The Vicissitudes of War- A Naval Expedition — Merciless Ravages — Destruction at Port Royal —The Expedition to Norridgewock- Exchange of Prisoners - Treason suspected — Incidents of the Conflict— A Renewed Attack upon Port Royal — Rage of Gov. Dudley - The Third Attack and its Failure - Naval Battle at Winter Harbor -The Conquest of Nova Scotia -The Commission to Quebec — Exchange of Menaces. rpHIS sudden outburst of savage violence threw the whole -*- .egion into a otate of terrible confusion. Many fled ; others assembled their families in the crowded and consequently com- fortless garrison-houses, and went armed, and in bands, to their work. Massachusetts, with her custor ,,ry energy, sent prompt aid. A troop of horsemen was quartered at Wells. Three hundred and sixty men were marched to Pegwacket,' which was one of the principal resorts of the Indians. Another well-armed band was sent to Ossipee Ponds.^ The hostile bands of French and Indians continued to ravage the seacoast, apparently resolved to destroy every garrison, to lay every settlement in ruins, and entirely to depopulate the country of its English inhabitants. There was a region called Black Point, then quite noted, which was a portion of the 1 "Betwtecn Fryeburg Academy and Saco River is tlie celebrated Lovolla Pond, lialf a league in length, though less than a mile in width at any place. This beautiful section of country was anciently called Pegwacket (Peckwalket, Pe- guawett), one of the principal and most favorite lodgements of the Sokokis tribe and also the theatre of a desperate battle with tlie Indians. Here are cr.rious mounds of earth, one sixty feet in circumference, artificially raised by them, of which no tradition nor conjecture can give any satisfactory account." — William- ton, vol. 1. p. 28. 2 The Ossipee Elver, one of the principal tributaries of the Saco, takes its rise among these ponds, a few miles across the Une in New Hampshire. 206 i 2C6 THE niSTORr OF llAimi. present town of Soa.bo,o„gh. Capt. Jocelyn, to the record of took boat for tb^ ^^,l,SZr,J»^ I '' °"'°'- ^'"' '-"' "^ J"'/ 1 the Province of Matae trh °°,° 7' "'"' "''"'' "' ^^"^ I"""", i" mere wilderness here anH fV,Lr i .^ ^' '"'"'" "° o""^^ than a With as few hoies!" " ' '^ "" ""^''^' ^ ^^^ «-"-<^d Plantations Here the families were collected in tlie garrison-liouse On the morning of the 6th of October, 1703 morof Z' of the g„„, hastily repaired to tl ai^o T !■ fs^^ 7T r rjt"fd;'tt"tr- .^'/-f-'ng ewz::";hat' sels bore their melaneholy freio-ht manv „f ,l ■ , ™^' orphans, to so.„e phtce of ife ^ CLv uid T 7] "1 clothed ,y the hand of eharit,."' A ^nVittXrAnh : bA:'' oh dren "m'; H '' »f '-"■'-vk.d hi.nself, his wife f flS Jrfe:;ied tio" pa :t T ■: s^i;^:^ r"- "- "r^'-'- the savages ca„,e nels.„la«!,r"ll\t'g : rrr:^':^ were about to kill the child ind ln,;i^ „ a . ^^"^'"^tj, they g At iiei wick, two houses were burned, one man was killed, 1 Jocelyn's Voyages, pp. is, 20 « Hntchhison's n«tury of Massacbusett.s, voL ii. p. 149. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 267 one wounded, and three carried into captivity. They attacked the garrison, but were repulsed. In their rage they bound one of their prisoners, Joseph Ring, to a stake, and tortured him to death with every device of demoniac cruelty. They danced arouna their victim, responding to every groan with shouts and yells of delight. Major March of Casco, with three hundred men, pursued a band of the retiring foe as far as Pegwacket, where he suc- ceeded in killing six, in capturing six, and in recovering consid- erable plunder. It is said that this was the first loss wliich the savages experienced in this desolating campaign. The liberal reward offered by the legislature for Indian scalps, which in- cluded a bounty of twenty pounds for every Indian child under ten years of age, induced Capt. Tyng and several others to organize hunting-parties to traverse the wilderness on snow- shoes, in mid-winter, to hunt down the savages J but all these expeditions were unsuccessful. During this melancholy winter, the government expended nearly a thousand dollars in establishing a strong garrison near the falls in Saco." Spring came, with its sunny skies and swell- ing buds, only to renew the terror of the people. This was the season for the savages to re^open their campaigning. The French, in Canada, had furnished their allies with ample sup- plies. Major Mason, with nearly a liundred friendly Indians, belong- ing to the Pequods and Mohegans of Connecticut, was statione'd at Berwick. Siill the prowling savages succeeded in shooting several persons, and, in expression of their hatred, horribly mangled their remains. In addition to these marauding-parties, plundering, burning, and murdering on the land, French pri- vateers swept the coast. Not a fishing-boat could leave a bay or inlet without danger of capture. It is often said that an offensive is the best defensive war. It was decided to be expe- dient to attack the French in Canada and Nova Scotia. Thus the desolations of war would be removed from Maine into the regions of the enemy, and the French would be constrained to retain their forces at home for the protection of their own fire- Bides. 263 TOE Bisroxr of uawe. ha^l?'"'!,"'"" 7"" '"'""''^ '° ^'"J'"' '^^"J''™!'' Church, who IT [ ".""'' • ""'' "^^ '"""■'«<' men were |)Iaced under h,8 command. Three vesseb-of-war convoyed hii Httle fleet of flfty-one boats, of various .izes. One of « e war- U™ earned forty-eight guns, theo.her thirty-two. The thW w J, provmce galley. The fleet sailed from Boston the 2i?t of Zy, ou^'of prt*?V'"'r''°'''" "■^'^'^''O of Metinieus, just out of Penobscot Bay. Two armed boats were sent to a nd<,h. bonng .sland where they captured a French familv and a Canadian Indjan. The captives were not disposed to "be com- that there were several other cabins along the shores in the v.cm.ty, and that .ome French officers were build „g a f'-t at Passamaquoddy. Tl>e prisoners were compelled to act as pilota friend" '°° ""''' '"'"''' """'^ '" "'^ "-"-»- '>^>^ These were not days of forbearance and mercy. The atro- c.t,es wlueh had been perpetrated by the French and h,d'ans were such, that the avengers were ready to shoot dov.n m™ women, and cinldren as pitilessly as if they had been so many wolves atiU ,t was expedient to take as many captives a, nZ s.ble, that they might be used as ransom for E^iglisl, prL" '" Quite a number of both Ifrench and Indians were killed • aiid several captives were taken. Among the latter was a daughter of Baron Castme with her children, we know not how many ":;■,:" "''^'""''"""°' ««'"' ""d culture, was then on a visit to J^ ranee. Again the fleet spread its sails. After a brief tarry at Mount Desert, the party proceeded to Passamaquoddy Bay, in whose lonely waters a secret place of anchorage was sLht ■ A squadron of whale-boats was despatched, led by Col! Church THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 269 himself, to explore the shores. That the settlers in the lonely cabins might not be apprised of his approach, and thus escape into the woods, he rowed by night, and kept concealed by day. Orders were given, that not a gun should be fired, even to shoot an Indian, if he could possibly be killed, or taken, in any other way. *^ Thus he succeeded in capturing, one after another, four French emigrant families. They were all poor, and there was but little plunder in their log-cabins worth taking; but, such as It was, It was seized, and placed in the boats. One of the captures consisted of the ftimily of a poor French widow, with her orphan-children. Col. Church was energetic and merciless. The scenes of horror he had witnessed had roused his soul to the higiiest pitch of rage, and had hardened his heart. The readiness with which ha would retaliate upon helpless ones, no matter how innocent, the wrongs which demoniac men had in- flicted upon the dwellers in Maine, drew down upon him severe censure, and has materially dimmed the splendor of his other- wise great exploits. He then ravaged the surrounding region with the indiscriminate mercilessness of the tornado. The widow and the orphan were alike the victims of his fury.i From Passamaquoddy Bay, the armament sailed out into the Bay of Fundy, that immense sheet of water which separates Isew Brunswick from Nova Scotia, and renders the latter prov- ince so nearly an island, that it is entered by a neck of land only about twenty miles wide. Here the avenging squadron divided. The ships, with several of the boats, crossed the bay, a distance of about sixty miles, to Port Royal (Annapolis). The day before the arrival of tlie fleet, Castine the Youn^rer, with about sixty Canadian soldiers, had re-er.forced the garrfson in their strong works. The fort was deemed too formidable to be attacked.^ But the troops in garrison could not venture beyond the protection of their ramparts. Col. Church made terrible havoc of all the settlements around. Many persons were killed ; and utter desolation took the place « Collections of New ItefNAire fI»stor«ial Society, vol. i. p. 33-35; Hutcliin- son's History of Ma»saelui»M'««, r -i. M. p. ua. *iuicma ' Uuivei-sal Hidtory, vol. ^p. Ifls. i: 270 TffE HISTORY OF MAINE. .■3»Wp ,it -i of peaceful homes and smilincr fields Gnv n.wii • i • , mg. Ihe triumphant fleet returnprl fr. n/ ^ T ■ absent but about'tbree mo ,t " w. ^.^ r.""^ '■''™" '^™" •;- cuelty : y„„ cannot refine it." Tl 'd.; -£„?:: ""™""' d,eadfn,. By the Engli.b, capt Wes leC ^ le t Tat 1 """^ orf,na,y hunaanity, and were'never pu to to t e But con:Lt'ir°Tfr,e"'' 'r;'°"° ^"^ ™^"^ "^ " ^h:;!: «; Zt 1 , ' ""'"'"• ""<' ■'">« '^l'"'l'-en, d,a...ed by tuieu CO CiCcitli tor a savage holiday ' * The fort rt Winter Harbor, not far from the mouth of S.™ ' S :n 't^f V';"^'" ™"'"?'"" fordefeno:tri°„'/: tt-1 oi xtvo. At the same time Cnl Riifr^n ,1,1 1 accompanied Pn' ri.n,..i • Wilton, who had sent vifh f p '"' '"^''^^ "^ '"« ^^^^« expedition, was »- of course, have had Tueh infl^^c ' r'-thClroT The,e were about two hundred and fifty warrior, who met the," • Churcli's Fifth Expedition, p. 158. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 271 in this council. The priest, as usual, appointed religious ser- vices, that the hearts of the savages might he inspired by the sanctions of relidon.^ The Indians were not often taken by surprise. Their scouts kept vigilant watch. When the little army reached Norrid-e- wock, after their long and painful tramp, there was no one there : all had fled. A large chapel, with a vestry, was standinc., and a cluster of very comfortable Indian wigwams. These the soldiers laid in ashes. Being much disappointed in not finding either captives, food, or plunder, they commenced their march home through drifting snows and wintry gales. I:i war, blows must be received as well as given. Gov Suber- case of Nova Scotia gathered an army of five hundred and hfty French and Indians ; the savages being led by the noted Assacombuit. He made terrible havoc among all the En-lish settlements within his reach. An uncounted number were slain ] a hundred and forty were taken prisoners ; and a lar-e amount of plunder was seized. He exacted conflagration for conflagration, prisoner for prisoner, blood for blood. At lenc^th the prisoners had so accumidated on both sides as to be quit°e a burden Gov. Vaudreuil of Canada sent one of his captives, Capt Hill, to negotiate an exchange. Many of the friends of the lost did not know whether they had been killed, or had been made prisoners. William Dudley, a son of the governor, v/as sent to Canada with seventy prisoners, to receive an equal number in return. He could however, obtain but sixty. Mr. vv lUiamson writes, — " Guilty of detestable hypocrisy, Vaudreuil pretended that the Indians were an nidependent and freeborn people, and that he had no rigiit or power to demand their captives ; whereas they were in fact well known to be entire dupea and vassals to his will." 2 In point of fact, the statement of the French governor was undoubtedly true. The Indian chiefs regarded the captives, whoo, th.^!.' own war-parries had taken, as exclusively their own, and entirelv beyond any control of the French. They 1 History of Norri.lgewock, by William Allen, p. 34. 2 "Williamaon, vol. ii. p. CO. 272 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. - y Icept them to exchange for their own captive warriors TI,« French could obtain posse««ion of these vicLs Tly by p.,^ for them a high ransom. ^ ^ P'^^'"» Young Dudley protracted his discussions as Ion- as possible cotLIZ'^Zf^-^' ™^ ''-' "egotiations%:r:mde; consicleidtion, there was a virtual truce. He thus in snm« It is mournful to contemplate ho^^ little eonfideuce, at times man can repose m lus fellow-man. Capt, William Rowso ™ t vice sent n, a vessel, with a flag of truce and twerflr g^oners, to Nova Scotia, to ofFeet an exchange oTIptir He was accused of treacherously being » accom;iice witr two merchants of Boston, and Samuel Vetch, subsequently t he C Mr governor of Nova Scotia, in carrying arms, Tmmunitt and" other mjhtary supplies, to the enemy. Thus the love of g^'uTn- fluenced then, to take advantage of the flag of truce with wlil 1 :'l :; '^^" ;■■''-'"' "'^ "■- -» Sovemme t, "o sC^' ui f ""m™ .m' "'""' "' ™™='"S' "'"^ oonflagratio S slaughter, the settlements of the Ene promise that En "^ wo dd send an efficcnt Oeet to co-operate with him in the 00m pie e conquest both of Nova Scotia and Canada. Col M ,"1 was o popular, notwith.standing the tirades which had b „ aunched agamst him, that the governor did not v ntnre t! supei-sede hnn He, however, appointed three men,beTs of 1, U counetl to be the colonel's associates in command. These troops relanded before the fort at Port Roval on the tr trLtr U '™'- , '" "? "^■"' """'• *^ I'>oncrLd "., c, strengtlenng their works, and increasing their nn.nbers Sick ness had ,,,vaded the little army of Col.°Marcl,. Evrinete nenced sod.ers could see that the works presented an i , 11 nabic front again.,t any force they eould Irng ao-ainst it AH Il.e French took advantage of this signal defeat to rouse tl,o Indians to new endeavors to drive the invading Englisli from the r lu.nt,ng.g,.o„nds There were now but six Engl sh e lem n surviving 1,1 Maine, -those of Kittery, Berwick, York W 11 Caseo, and Winter Harbor. Towards all of the e the In 1 a« marched m wolfish b.ands. They fell upon a house in Kittry and massacred all the inmates. Four men, with a lady. £.' L utiefield, were caught on the road between York and Well, Tley were probably hastening to some garrison-house. M ' L. lefleld had two hundred dollars in money with her A in tlSXd. "' '"" ""'P^" '"' P'""""-'^' »" kft The Indians in their canoes larked around all the spots to which flshing-vessels were likely to resort. These vessds had usually two or three men and a boy on board H Jf T 1 = 'la V"'\™^' ^""-- ™ '■^-'n^ouf t^a r Horn the land, easily captured them. On the 21st of September, 1707, a hundred and fifty Indians made an attack upon WhUer Harbor. They came in a fl^t of fifty canoes, three warnors in each canoe. Two shallops were P . .' i ;H 276 TITE niSTORY OF StAINE. m the lu.:bor, manned by eight very determined men. They knew that the vessels would be first attacked. Unintimiduced by the fearful odds of one hundred and fifty to eight, they made preparations for a desperate defence. Concealing them- selves behind bulwarks of plank, they made every gun ready for rapid discharges. The fleet came swarming on, while the savages rent the air with their hideous yells. The English waited ^ill the canoes were so near, that every bullet was sure to strike its target. All then fired at once. A few canoes were disabled, and their inmates thrown into tem- porary confusion ; but the rest pressed undaunted on. They would soon surround the small vessels, and in resistless num- ber be leaping over their sides. The English abandoned one, and, entering the other, cut the cables, spread a sail, and en- deavored to put out to sea. The Indians seized the forsaken shallop, and, raising her mainsail, commenced the pursuit. A slight breeze caused* both vessels to move, thouoh they crept along slowly. Th- English had taken the bes t° vessel ; and the Indians were unskilled mariners. When the savao-es saw that they were falling astern, they placed a dozen canoes ahead to tow their vessel along, with fishing-cords for tow-lines. The English, also, got out oars. The pursuers and the pursued were often so near each other, that the Indians endeavored to grapple the blades of the oars of the English. A perpetual firing of musketry was kept up. Both parties vere ingenious m devices to avoid exposure to the bullet. This sincrular en- gagement was continued for three hours. The Indians lost, in killed and wounded, about thirty. Only one man, Benjamin Daniel, was killed on board the vessel. His last words were, " I am a dead man ; but give me a gun to kill one more beforo I go." The loaded gun was placed in his hand, but he had no strength to fire it. The people around, warned of the approach of the Indians by a cannon fired at the fort, hurried to the garrison. The savan-es, disheartened by their losoes, did not venture an attack.^ Soon after this, two men at Berwick, returning from public ^ ^. 7 K n I STORY Maine. 277 worship, were shot down by the Indians. The neighbors pur- sued and overtook them, and, by an un xpe-ted fire, threw them mfo snch consternation, that they droppe.' thei. :hV and fled. Son-.o plunder was regained, and three scalps. Til wa- vp nrreat suffering tlirougliout Miin Tlie inhabitanl ^i a very small supply of food, were very inconv. menu, ci u'ded into narrow garrison-houses. No man could pass a few rods from the door of the garrison, without ( -er of being shot down. Not a rod of land could be safely taxed beyond reach of the sentry-box. As to lumberincr and fishing, those pursuits had to be entirely abandoned. °Thu3 passed the fifth summer of this desolating war, in which man's inhumanity inflicted untold misery upon his fellows. The next ir, 1708, was, in Maine, a season of general paralysis. N. idustrlal pursuits could be undertaken. The settlers kept carefully huddled together in the garrisons. Scouts and spy-boats were continue y vigilant. The French made an efFortto unite all the northern tribes to exterminate the En<^lish • but various obstacles thwarted their plans. Gov. Dudley alsJ endeavored to organize another expedition against Port Royal • but it proved an entire failure* In February of 1709, Gov. Dudley sent a scout of one hun- died and fifty men to visit all the old settlements of the Indians, and see that they were laid utterly desolate. He said that it was his object to teach the Indians that the French, whom they had so zealously served, were unable to protect them from the punishment they so richly merited, from the avengin^r hands of the English. " We shall never," the governor added, " be long at rest, until Canada and Nova Scotia constitute a part of the British empire." In the summer of this year, the Indians of the Kennebec sent a flag of truce to Boston to sue for peace. But it is quite evi- dent that the English were not in tavor of pe. o with Franco, until, at least. Nova Scotia should be wrested from tiie French crown. Tlie sufferings of a few hundred poor emigrants in Mame they deemed too trivial to be thought of in these o-reat national issues. ^ 1 Massachusetts Records, vol. vii. p. 426. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 247 massacred ; but, by the aid of the French soldiers, he rescued the rest, and removed them, with Chubb, to a small neighbor- ing island, where they were placed under a strong guard.' Both French and Indians legarded this conquest as a great achievement. The fleet returned to the Penobscot; and, flushed witli victory, new efforts were made by the French to enlist all the tribes as allies in the renewal of the war. The capture of Fort William Henry created much anxiety in Boston. It was feared that the fleet would sweep the whole coast, from the Penobscot to the Piscataqua, burning and destroying. Five hundred men weie promptly raised, and sent to the Piscataqua, under the command of Capt. Church. But no enemy appeared there. Three British men-of-war, with a smaller vessel of twenty guns, and a fire-ship, sailed from Boston for the Penobscot, to attack and destroy the French squadron ; but the fleet was just visible, far away in the distant horizon, on its return to Quebec. Though it was pursued for a few hours, it was soon entirely lost sight of in a dense fog. The English vessels, on their way back to Boston, captured a small French shallop, commanded by Capt. Villeau, with twenty-three French sailors on board. Major Church embarked a portion of his division in a small well-armed vessel, and sailed along the coast until he cast anchor at the Island of Monhegan. He then boldly pushed on to Penobscot Bay, and ascended, until abreast Camden Heights.'' 1 " We will now inform the reader of the wretohed fate of Capt. Pasco Clmhb It wa3 not long after he had committed the bloody deed of killintr the Irfdian sagamores, before he and the fort were taken by the French and the Indian.s He was exchanged, and returned to Boston, where he suffered much disgrace for his treachery with the Indians. He lived at An,h,ver, in Massachusetts, where the Indians made an attack, in February, l(>i)8, in which lie was killed. ' When they found that they had killed him, it gave them as much joy,' says Hutchinson, 'as the destruction of a whole town, be<-ause they had taken their beloved vengeance ot inni for Im perlidy and barbarity to their counfrvmen.' They shot him through several times, after he was dead."— yjraie, book iii. p. 113. ^ " Camden Heights are about ten miles overland from Owl's Head There are five or six of them, in a range from northwest to south-east; and they are clothed M'lth forest-trees to their tops. Mount Batty, which is about three-quarters of a mile Irom Camden Harbor, is about nine hundred feet high. In our second war with Engla.id, an eighteen-pounder was placed upon its summit. "These are probably the mountains seen by Capt. Wevnsouth in 1005 and by Ciipt Smith in KJli, when they explored Penobscot Bay." -i'ee WUliamso^^'s IlUtory of Maine, vol. i. p. 95. 248 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. The pilot, who was familiar with that region, and who had once been a captive there in the hands of the Indians, infonned Capt. Church, that, about sixty miles up the river, there was a small island, which was a place of geu ' resort by the Indians. ^ It is supposed that ti)is was the ancient Lett, or'oidtown Island. There was a village iiere, which, for a long time, con- tinned to be one of the most memorable of the Indian towns. It was situated on the southerly end of an island, containing about three hundred and fifty acres of very rich soil. Church as- eended tlie river in his vessel as far as what is called the Bend, where Eddington now stands.' Small vessels could usually ascend nearly to this point. Here Church cast anchor. Land- nig a portion of his force, he commenced a march up the west bank of the river. It was the month of August. The region was beautiful, and the climate in that latitude, at, Uiat season, charming. Ascend- ing a tew miles, they passed many spots which the Indians had formerly inhabited, but which were then abandoned. It was the custom to hunt Indians as one would hunt wolves. Often no respect was paid to sex or age. The men succeeded in kill- ing four or five o,: the natives, and in wounding several. A sliattered bone must be a terrible calamity to a poJr Indian, who can have no surgical aid. The adventurers, having imlioteJ this amount of dama-e returned to their vessel, and sai.ed for the Bay of Fundy °A few French emigrants had their scattered cabins on the northern shores of this bay, where their wives aiJ children lived, in the extrenje of poverty. They raised a few bushels of corn, caught a ew fishes, and occasionally trapped a beaver, or shot a bird. Iheir comfortless homes were scarcely a remove above the wicr. warn of the savage. '^ In terror, the inmates of these hovels fled into the wilderness Capt. Church burned their houses, destroyed their little har- vests, and plundered them of their furs and skins, and of what- Mn!..r T?'"/!'f '^.""""'° °' ^^^ Penobscot with the Stillwater, at the foot of Mar h Tslaml, the r.ver flows south-westerly three nn-os to the held of the tide at the Bend, where its usual ebb aaJ flow are two feet.' - Williamson vol « d « Tn€ HISTORY oy mmne. 249 ever else was worth carrying away.> As he was sailing home- wards with his slender booty, he met, in the waters of Passamaquoddy Bay, an English squadron of three vessels, from Boston. Col. Hawthorne was in command. Capt. Church, thus superseded, was directed to join the fleet, and accompany them to an attack upon St. John. The enterprise was unsuc- cessful, and the vessels returned to Boston. The inhabitants of Maine, the English, and the savages, were now alike wretched. No man could leave his door without danger of being shot. N9 family could lay down to sleep at night without being liable to hear the horrible war-whoop before the morning, and of being subjected to the awful tragedy of conflagration, scalping, and massacre. Stern Nature seemed in harmony with the cruelty of man. The winter was one of unprecedented cold; and storms of sleet and snow howled through the tree-tops, and swept all the dreary fields. Many, both Indians and English, were starved to death. Nine Indians, who were out hunting, after eating their dogs, were found dead, the victims of famine.^ Major Charles Frost was in command at Kittery. He was pe^ uliarly obnoxious to the Indians, as they accused him of several acts of treachery.^ A plan was formed to kill him. Several Indians hid behind a large log, about five miles from his house, to shoot him on his way to church. It was Sunday morning, June 4, 1697. Apparently, his wife was riding behind him, on a pillion ; and some one was walking by the side of the horse. There was a simultaneous discharge of the guns of the savages ; and all three fell to the ground in the convul- sions of death. » " Anions tlie settlements 011 the north shore of that hay, he made gz^at destruction, and took cousiderahle phuuler."— Williamson, vol. i. p. 646. 2 Mather's j^fagnalia, vol, "i. p. CSii. 3 "We have, in narratinfr the events in the life of Modokawando, noticed tho voyage of Major Waldron to the eastern cop.st of Maine. How much treachery ■was manifested at that tune hy the Indians, which cansed the English to massa- cre many of them, we shall not take up,in us to declare. Yet this we cannot hut bear in mind, tliat we have only the account of those who performed the tragedy, and not tliat of those on whom it fell. Capt- Charles Frost of Kittery was^wirh Waldron upon that expedition, and, next to him, a principal actor in it.'"' — Z>raAe, hook iiL p. lOU. 250 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. Two young men who were hurrying with the tidings to the garrison at Wells were shot by the lurking Indians. Five sol- diern, who had ventured a little distance from the garrison at JTork, were found scalped, and with their bodies pierced with bullets. One unhappy man, who had incurred the rage of the savages, was roasted to death at a slow fire. A few men from Wells went upon Cow Island for fuel. A man and his two sons were stationed to keep watch. The lurking savages seized them, and carried them off in a canoe. There were several canoes. Lieut. Larabec was out on a scout. He caught sicrht of the httle fleet, and shot three o^' the Indians, res.uing one captive. The other two were carried awuy Doubtless the Indians, in revenge, tortured them to death. The French raised an army of fifteen hundred Frei.c'^ ^nd Lidians to recapture Nova Scotia, and ravage all the coasts of JNew Ii^ngland. This was a prodigious force for this country, in those days. It created great alarm. At a vast expense of money and labor, all the fortifications were strengthened and supplied. Five hundred soldiers, under Major March, were pushed forward io the forts in Maine. Ranging parties were sent in all directions to intercept the Indians. Major March cast anchor, with his troops, at Damariscotta.i A band of Indians had discerned his approach. They knew where he would attempt a landing, and concealed themselves in ambush. Scarcely had the troops placed their feet upon the shore of the silent and apparently solitary wilderness, when there came a loud report of musketry, a volley of bullets swei^t through their ranks, and their ears were almost deafened by ^le shrill war-whoop. Nearly thirty were killed or wounded, llie English, now well accustomed to Indian warfare, rallied for a vigorous defence. The savages fled, probably with but very slight loss. It was their great aim to strike a blow, and then run before the blow could be returned.2 Two days after this, on the 11th of September, 1G97, peace r. I r,^^!"r'lr°"'^,'' navigable for large ships al.ont twelve miles from tl.e sea 2 Mather's Magnalia, vol. ii. p. 553. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 251 between France and En<,'lan(l was concluded by the famous Treaty of Ryswlok. Tidings of the happy event did not reach Boston until the 10th of December. The Indians, unaided by the French, could accomplish but little, though there were occasional assassinations and plunderings. Early in the summer of 1608, tbo savages sent in their flags of truce to our outposts, imploring peace. A conference was held at Penobscot on the 14th of October, 1698. Two commissioners from Massachusetts met six saga- mores, accompanied by a large retinue of Indians. The Indians were very sad. Mournfully they sang requiems for the dead. "VVar to them had brought famine, and famine had brought pestilence. A terrible disease was sweeping away hundreds of their people. Many of their most illustrious men, the revered Madockavvando » being of the number, were inchuled among its victims. The English commissioners insisted, that, in addition to the return of all the captives, the Indians should drive all the Catholic missionaries out of their country. It certainly speaks wpU fur the influence which theso teachers had exertrd upon the minds of the savages, that the sagamores, as with one voice, should have rei)lied, " The white prisoners will be free to go home, or stay v/ith their Indian friends. But the good mission- aries must not be driven away." Another conference was held at Marepoint, now in the town of Brunswick, in January, 1699. Major Converse and Col. Phillips met the sagamores of most, if not all, the tribes between the Piscataqua and the Penobscot. Here a previous treaty was signed and ratified, with additional articles. The dreadful war bad lasted ten years, impoverishing all, enriching none. The woes it had caused, no finite imagination can gauge. It is esti- mated that between five and seven hundred of the English were killed, and two hundred and fifty were carried into captivity, many of whom perished. One Indian warrior, Assacombuit,2 1 "Madockawamlo and Rqiiando ^^e^e the most powerful cliiefs during this war. They are described by Hubbard as 'a strange kind of moralized savagen gi-ave and serious in their speech, and not without some show of a kind of rehgion.' " — Willis's Ilistovi/ of Portland, p. 213. 2 "TJiis sachem was known among the French by the name of Nescaiubiouif hut among the English ho was called Assacambuit and Assacombuit. He wa.s J 252 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. boasted, and probably trutlifully, that he had killed or captured a hundred and fifty men, women, and children.' It is a remarkable fact, but well authenticated, that, in many cases, young children captured by the savages, and brought up among them, were often very unwilling to leave the wigwam, and return to civilized life. The attachment between them and the members of the Indian families became very strong. Very affecting were the partings Avhich sometimes took place. Even in the present case, Mr. Williamson testifies, that " a few who were captured in their childhood, becoming attached to the society of the savages, chose to remain with them, and never would leave the tribes." It will be remembered that the royal charter of William and Mary, dated Oct. 7, 1691, included essentially the territory of the present State of Maine, in two great divisions. One of th(3se, extending from Piscataqua to the Kennebec River, was called the Province of Maine ; the other, which included the region between the Kennebec and the St. Croix, was denomi- nated the Province of Sagadahoc.2 Maine became virtually a province of Massachusetts, and so continued for a hundred and thirty years.3 The administration of Sir William Phips continued about two and a half years. He died in London in the year 1694. Mr. Williamson pays the following well-merited tribute to his memory :* — "He was a man of benevolent disposition and accredited piety, tliouo-h sometimes unable to repress the ebullitions of temper. He was not only faithful to tlie Frencli as one of their own nation. In 170G he sailed for France and was presented to his Majesty Louis XIV., at Versailles. Here, anion- other ennnent personages, he became known to the historian Charlevoiv Tire kinj; hrhamr-T^"^*''' ^'"" "" *'^''^'"'* '"''°'''^' ''^ '** i'«POi'ted to have said, holding up " ' This hand has slain a hundred and forty of your Majesty's enemies in New ilill^itllUl. "Whereupon the king forthwith knighted hin), and ordered that henceforth a pension of eight livres a day (about $1.50) be allowed hin. for life." -Brake, book 1 See Mather's Magnalia, vol. ii. p. 558; History of Kev, England, by Daniel N..al, vol. u. I). 644; Williamson, vol. i. p. MO. 2 This region was inserted in the charter, without any speeilic name, thon-b it was ns,.ally called as we have ux^niioued. - Summary of British ScUkmcnl in North America, by William Boiujlaaa, vol. i. p. 3a2. 8 Williamson, vol. ii. p. 10. * Williamson, vol. ii. d. 23. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 258 onp'-getic and exceedingly persevering in his purposes, hut Le possessed good abilities, unsullied integrity, and strong attachments. Ilis unremitting as- siduities to promote the best interests of Maine, the Province of his nativity, and to enforce measures devised for its defence and reUef , are evidences monumental of his patriotism, and his high sense of obligation and duty." Massachusetts, in assuming the government of Maine, re- signed to the crown of England all jurisdictional rights to Nova Scotia. The community there consisted mainly of a mixed breed of Canadians and Indians. They had been mostly under French influence, were generally Roman Catholics, and their sympathies were with France. The people of all Maine had become essentially one with the people of Massachusetts in their social habits, tlieir political views, and their religious observances. Massachusetts had ever been to Maine a kind and sympathizing friend. The impoverishment of the inhabitants of Maine at the close of the war was dreadful, almost beyond comprehension. Houses, barns, and mills, witli all the implements of agriculture, had been consumed by the flames.^ The people of York wished for a grist-mill. They were unable to build one. They offered a man in Portsmouth, if he would put up a mill, a lot of land to build it upon, liberty to cut such timber as he needed, and their pledge to carry all their corn to his mill so long as he kept it in order. The worn and wasted people gradually returned to the deso- lated spots which had once been their homes. Log-cabins again began to arise in the solitudes of Falmouth, Scarborough, and at various other points, over which pitiless war had rolled its billows. In this state of affairs, some malicious persons set the cruel report in circulation, that the colonists were making preparation to fall upon the Indian tribes, and exterminate them. It was said that this rumor originated with the French, who were still anxious to extend their possessions farther west, and to avail themselves of the aid of the savages.^ The Indians, greatly frightened, began to withdraw from* the » "No mills, no enclosures, no roads, but, on the contrary, dilapidated habita- tions, -^vide v,-a'-ted fields, and ir.elancliolj- rrdna." — Williamsvii, vol. ii. p. 31. a Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts, vol. ii. p. 113. 254 THE HIS TORY OF MAINE. English settlements. Tlas alarmed the English ; and they com- menced preparations for defence, apprehending that the Indians were again to attack them. These hostile demonstrations con- firmed the Indians in their fears ; and in all probability they began to draw nearer to the French. This confirmed the suspi- cions of the English, and led to measures whose tendency was only to exasperate. The militia was ordered to be in constant readiness. At York, Wells, and Kittery, well-armed soldiers were posted. A proclamation was issued, which, while it cautioned the people against giving any just provocation to the Indians, ordered them to be constantly on the watch to guard against treachery .^ Guards were appointed to patrol the towns every night, from nine till morning. This state of affairs necessarily put an end to all peace of mind and to all friendly intercourse. It would seem as though man was doomed to make his brother- man miserable. The religion of the Son of God, that is the religion which recognizes God as our common Father, and all men as brethren, and whose fundamental principle is that we should do to others as we would that others should do to us, would have made Maine, from the beginning, almost a paradise. But what an awful tragedy does its history reveal ! And such has been, essentially, the history of all the nations. Such has been life upon tiiis planet from the fall of Adam to the nr&sent hour. To add to these calamities, menaces of war began again to arise between France and England. Unfortunately, by the Treaty of Ryswick, the boundaries between the English and French possessions on this continent had not been clearly de- fined. Both courts still claimed the territory between the Sag- adahoc and the St. Croix. The English said that they had resigned Nova Scotia to France, but nothing more. In 1699 Lord Bellamont arrived in Boston, appointed by the king as governor of New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine. He was an excellent man, intelligent and cour- teous, with enlarged views of both civil and religious liberty.^ • Records, Eesolves, andJounials of the MassaRhnsfiUs r,«vorn,i,ont ^r^^ vi ' Wmiainson, vol. il. p. 32. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 255 James II. of England, who had been driven from the throne by an indignant people, to give place" to his son-in-law, William, died at St. Germain, in France, on the ] jch of September, 1701.' His son, called the Pretender, a zealous Catholic, claimed to be the legitimate King of England. The Catholic court of Franco supported his claim. Six months after, on the 8th of March, King William died, deeply lamented. His wife, it will be remembered, was Mary, a daughter of James II. She had a sister Anne. S'le was declared by the British parliament to be the legitimate successor of William. She ascended the throne on the 4th of May, 1702. War was immediately declared against France, whose court was maintaining a rival for the cro\/n. The war-cloud instantly threw its shadow upon our shores. The British ministry claimed the whole Province of Sagada- hoc, and the right, in common with France, to the fisheries, on all these northern seas.i Both of these claims France resisted. Queen Anne appointed Joseph Dudley governor of her New England provinces. "Ha manfully applied," writes William- son, " his splendid abilities, his courtly manners, and his exten- sive knowledge, to render all the acts of his administration acceptable to every class of people." The war between France and England assumed very much the aspect of a religious war, a conflict between Protestantism and Catholicism.2 It was generally believed that the Catholic missionaues in Maine were endeavoring to seduce the Indians from their alle- 1 "The English people engaged in the Newfoundland fisheries were niakinc great voyages. About twenty-seven hundred fishermen, and two hundred and twenty vessels, were employed this single year (seventeen hundred and one) They took and cured two hun.lred thousand quintals of fish, besides four thou- sand hogsheads of train and liver oW." — WilUamson, vol. ii. p. 32. 2 Gov. Bellamont, in one of his aildresses to the General Court of Massachu- setts, said, "Divine providence, in bringing to pass the late happy and won- derful revolution in England, has been pleased to make KingWilliam'the glorious instrument of our deliverance from the odious fetters and chains of Ponerv and de.spotism, which had been artfully used to enslave our conscience.s, and subvert all ourcivd rights. It is too well known what nation that king (James II) favored, of what religion he died, and no les.s what must have been the execra- ble treachery of him Avho parted with AoQ.lin /m.v,>,.o q^„).i„ „_, ^u i i ^ - on that coast." -aScotia, and the uoble fianery 256 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. gmnce to the British crown, and to enlist their sympathies in behalf of France. A legislative act was tuerefore passed, as early as March, ITOO, which ordered the Catholic missionaries to leave the State before the tenth day of the next September, under penalty of exemplary punishment. This was an act of intolerance. But if it were true, as the legislature fully believed, that these missionaries were endeavor- ing to incite the savages to renew their horrible scenes of con- flagration, scalping, and murder, this was the mildest punishment, which, under the circumstances, could have been inflicted upon them. Gov. Dudley arranged to hold a council personally with the sagamores of the eastern tribes, that he might learn their disposition and intentions. The assembly met at Falmouth, on the Casco peninsula, the 20th of June, 1703. It was evident that the sagamores did not feel that it was safe for them to rely upon the honor of the English. They came, prepared to defend themselves, if treachery were to be practised upon them. Eleven sagamores appeared, representing five of the most important tribes in Maine. Gov. Dudley, aware of the eff'ect of imposing appearances upon the savages, came in almost regal pomp. A numerous retinue of gentlemen from Massachusetts and New Hampshire accompanied him. But the Indians, in the splendor of the occasion, quite eclipsed their white brethren. The sagamores entered the fine harbor of Portland in the balmy sunshine of a June day, with a fleet of sixty-five canoes, containing two hundred and fifty plumed and painted warriors, in their richest display of embroidered and fringed and gorgeously-colored habiliments. Thev were all well armed ; and the beholders were much impressed by their martial appearance.^ The governor had brought a large tent, sufficiently capacious to accommodate his suite and the Indian chiefs. When all had assembled, the governor arose, and said, " I have come to you commissioned by the great and good Queen of Eng- land. I would esteem you all as brothers and friends. It is my wish to reconcile every difficulty whatever tliat has happened since the last treaty " HlstO; vol. i. p. 20, y rsion to the Endish and in a hatred of then- free politics an. religious sentiments. Aud ^v^en s"h pas! Bions, HI minds undiscipline., are „„iue„oed by fanaticism, they know no. her restraints nor limits. All their acquaintance with the arts of c"viZ ized hfe seemed rather to abase thn , elevate th.ir character. '"I hoy made no advancements in mental culture, moral sense, honest mdus try or manly enterprise. ,fatuated with the notion of Catholi induN gences, they grow bolder in animosity, insolence, and crime. Their enmity was more implacable, their habits more l.prav.d; and a keener appS was giyen for ardent spirits, for rapine, and for blood. Dupes to the IWh h^E^ , b '^""'' '" *'° "'"'^*^^' ^^'-^^y «^^"^^^«°-- ^-/-/-V/^ among mans "' ' " P-vorbially bad as Pu.". among the ■anci;nt Ro! M. Gallieres, governor at Montreal, whatever may have been his motives, in fact adopted a very different policy from that of the Enghsii. He sent envoys to the broken and despairing remnants of the tribes in Maine, inviting them to emigrate to Canada. He set apart for them large and inviting tracts of land on the banks of the Becancourt and the St. Francois -streams which flow into the St. Lawrence, from the south' eighty or ninety miles above Quebec. On each of these rivers c usters of wigwams arose. The villages were pleasantly situ- ated, each with a church and a parsonage house. A ferry was also established for the convenience of the Indians in crossing the St Lawrence to Trois Rivi^>res, on the opposite shore.^ " With sucii differ-.L u.atment, there can be no question as to the side to which the Indian would incline in case of hostilities. The remnants of four tribes repaired to the spot to which they 1 Williamson, vol. ii. p. 40. ^ History of the French Dominions in North and South An.»ri-.„ i,., a.,.™„ Jc^ys. pp. ..Kll; Topographical Description of Canada. by-.T^seph Bouci'lLu^ I 260 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. were thus liospitably invited, and blended into a new trilio, called the St. Francois Indians. It is interesting to see how differently precisely the same facts may be presented accordi: j to the views of the writer. The very candid Mr. Williamson writes, and perhaps with truth (for who can read the human heart ?), " At these places, designed to be the rendezvous of the natives, the French intended to command their trade and plunder, to plan their excursions, and direct their motions against the English frontiers." ^ Baron Castine had returned to France from his extensive landed estate on the Penobscot. He had left behind him, in possession of the large property, his son and heir, called Castine the Younger. He was the child of Castine's Tarratine wife, who, it will be remembered, was the daughter of the renowned] and at least partially-civilized, sagamore, Madokawando. A riotous baud of worthless Englishmen met at the house of young Castine, under pretence of making him a friendly visit. Regarding their host .,s half Indian, they treated him with every indignity. Rioting through his house like veritable savages, they plundered it of every thing which they deemed worth carrying away. It was one of the basest acts of treachery, and was so regarded by all respectable men.'' The government denounced it in severe terms, promising M. Castine restitution, and assuring him that the offenders, if they could be arrested, should be se.'erely punished. Tlie event was the more deeply deplored, since there were indications of another war between France and England. Such a war would inevitably involve the colonies; and Indian warriors, led by French officers, might inflict an incalculable amount of injury. Soon France and England again grappled in what was called " Queen Anne's War," and, in the New England colonies, the " Thud Indian War." All over the world. Frenchmen and Englishmen deemed themselves enemies, who were bound to do . each other all the injuiy in their power. A special effort was * • ■Williamson, %ol. ii. p. 40. 2 " Outiaseons, liowever, as it was, the well-ininde.l sufferer only complained and expostulate.!, without avenging himself; for, in policy and sentiment, he wa, the fnend of tranquillity," — WUUamson. vn!. ii, p. 42, THE HISTORT OF MAINE. 261 to be made in the New World, by the English, to wrench colonie, from Uie French, and by the French, to wrest them from the English. Unfortunately, the savages were far more ready to BrUain'"''' ^^""^"^ ""^ ^'''"'' ^^'^" ^^""^'^^^ ^^'""^^ °^ ^"^^^ Early in August, 1703, a body of five hundred French and Indians entered upon the eastern frontiers of Maine. These well-armed troops had but feeble foes to encounter. They divided into six or seven parties, of about seventy-five men each, to attack the infant settlements, where scarcely any resist- ance was to be anticipated. On the same day, the 10th of August Wells, Cape Porpoise, Saco, Scarborough, Spurwink, Puipooduck, and Casco were assailed. The consternation and destruction were such, that no detailed record was made of the avvful scenes which ensued. In Wells, thirty-nine of the inhabitants were either killed, or carried into captivity » This IS all we know of the terrible tragedy. What dwellings were burned, what scenes of individual anguish and suffeiincr oc- curred, must remain untold, till, at the day of jud-^ment all the secrets of this fearful drama of time and sin shall be revealed Mr. ^ Bourne, in his valuable " History of Wells and Kenne- bunk, after tireless research, has collected a few interesting- traditionary narratives, whichare probably founded in fact, and which are but a repetition of those scenes of horror with which the reader is already familiar. _ A few fishermen only resided at Cape Porpoise. The demo- niac assailants plundered their humble homes, laid them in ashes and carried the inmates, all whom they could seize, off as prison- ers. At Winter Harbor ^ there was a small garrison. They fought for a short time bravely ; but after having several killed • " The horrors of that day cannot b6 depicted, -families broken „n h,.^ Sd;;s;p-— ^^^ Zl:l 245. ""'" ^-^^-y-'-"-tory of Wells anU EenLunJc. ,y E^^Te. ' '7''« celebrated place called 'Winter Harbor,' after an ancient inhabitant there by tlio name of \V!tit«r iu oi,n„„ «r.„ , y,. ,' . ., '♦"•^'ent inaaDitant and the head of the tide." - I^^IL; vof i' tS "' '" ''*"" '"'^' 262 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. and wounded, and being overpowered by numbers, the survivors were compelled to surrem .r themselves to captivity. Eleven were killed, and twei,*y-four were captured. The people of Scarbwrough seem to '.Hve received some inti- mation of the approach of the foe- v \ all, V^-rying into the garrison prepared to defend themselves to the last extremity. A flag of truce was sent to the fort by a captive. The bearer was detained, and no answer returned. After a " ln„rr sie-rg " when tiie men were completely exhausted, and were on°the pomt of capitulating, re-enforcements arrived, and he bailled toe retired. Undoubtedly every thing outside of the garrison was destroyed. In Spurwink,! twenty-two were killed, or takeu captive: and the httle settlement was laid entirely desolate. Purpooduck contamed but nine log-cabins. The families were taken entirely by surprise. It so happened that all the men were away. Only women and children were left behind. The savages, allies of men who called themselves (Jhristians, burned down the dwell- ings, butchered t^7enty-five of the helpless inmate., and carried away eight as prisoners. The horrid spectac . of mangled bodies which they left behind is too revolting to be recorded! The little settlement at Casoo,^ where tjiere wao a garrison, was the most remote eastern frontier. A new fc. t had been constructed here, which was placed under the command of Major John March, with a garrison of thirty men. The three Indian chiefs who led the assailing party were Moxus, Wanun- gonet, and Assacombuit, all sagamores of great renown. The last will be remembered as the chief who was knighted by Louis XIV., and received from him the present of in ele-ant sword. ° sr "^^';r:^i:';^;,:r,r J r ^' "^ ^"''°""" "^ '-'-''^' tJlul'" "^'V"'"f""u"'*' '^''"''' ' '^'^"""'•e'' to '^e used all the firstcent.iry after the settlement, notwithstanding the town had received fro.u Massachusetts the corporate name 'Falmouth,' as early as um. The plantation uporthe Neck and fZinJ^ I'O-uKlanes were defined; but, when a particular spot was designated, the loca t^nns, borrowed principally from the Indians, were used " - IIMorvof Portland, hi, William Willis, pp. ii)-m. uistory of rns msTORY of maine. 263 It IS said, we know not by what authority, that the three sapamores ,ent a flag of truce, inviting Major March to a con- ference. 1 hough he suspected treachf^ry, he went out upon the plain to meet them, unarmed, and ta, ug with him only two veiy aged and infirm men. The chiefs saluted him with civility, and l,<.n drawing their tomahawks h^na bmeath tl.eir robes, the three fell fur usly upon Major March ; .hile his two com- ranions, Messrs. Phippen and Kent, were ..hot uown by Irdians in ambush.' Mureh, belug a very strong ma., wrc, ed a toma- Jmwk from one of his .sailants, and valiantly defended himself against the turee. All this .. uld scarcely have occupied one single minute of time; and yet, at that very min.'te. Sergeant Hook arrived, with a file of ten men, from the rt, and rescued the major from his peril. This story seems so very improL ble, that it IS impussiL ■ to give it full credence.' The siege conlinued six u vs anci six nights. Tl ere was no repose for tho inmate, of the garrison, as every moment an assault was expected from overpowei uig numl . At the close of the six days, the enemy received a le-enforce.nent, increasing ti.eir number to about five hundred.3 The new arrivals con- sisted of detachments flushed with victory. M. Bobassin, a i^rench uffic.r, then assumed command. He brought with him a sloop and two shallop, whinh he had captured, and also much plunder Sci utifically he went to work in an attempt to undermine tlie fort on the water-side. As the fort was situ- ated on a high bank, this could be done without exposure to any fire from the garrison. Their force was so . perior to that of the English, that they h.d iiothing to fear fron. a saHy They -were advancing in this engineering very rapidly and prosperously, and were on the eve of the capture, when an armed vessel commanded by Capt. Cyprian Southack, came to the aid of the sp-iring garrison. Probal'y the vessel waa armed with cannon, whi, n the assailants, having muskets only, could not resist. The tide of victory was turned. The French 1 Penhallow, in lug history of Indian wars, writes, "Phippen and Kent bein.. 8 "Williamson, vol. ii. p. 42. 264 THE niSTORY OF MAINE. I t I I and Indians, abandoning every thing, fled precipitately. This magmficent bay was full of indentations, into which the canoes of the savages could glide. Capt. Southack recaptured the Bloop and two shallops ; but the French and Indians, having a flotilla of two hundred birch canoes, effected their escape. The soldiers of the garrison now came out to view the deso- iations which this savage warfare had caused. Every thin- which would burn was reduced to ashes. Nothing remained bu° shapeless rums. When Major March was appointed to the com- mand of this post, he moved there with his family. Beinff a gentleman of considerable means and great energy, he was soon in possession of a very thrifty farm. He wrote to the General Court, that he had lost, by the attack, a sloop and its furniture eighty-nine head of sheep and cattle, five acres and a half of wheat, SIX acres of excellent pease, and four acres and a half of Indian corn. His whole loss exceeded five hundred pounds.' It IS estimated, that, in this brief campaign, the enemy killed or captured one hundred and fifty of the inhabitants of Maine.' « Bourne's History of Wells and Kennebunk, p. 314 CHAPiER XV. THE RIVAL CLAIMS OP PRANCE AND ENGLAND. Jocelyn'8 Visit -Tlie Destruction of Black Point - The Vicissitudes of War - A Naval Expedition — Merciless Ravages — Destruction at Port Itoyal — The Expedition to Norrldgewock — Exchange of Prisoners - Treason suspected — In.idents of the Conflict— A Renewed Attack upon Port Royal— Ra'-e of Gov. Dudley - The Third Attack and Its Failure - Naval Battle at Winter Harbor -The Conquest of Nova Scotia— The Couunisslon to Quebec — Exchange of Menaces. rpmS sudden out!-urst of savage violence threw the whole -*- region into a otate of terrible confusion. Many fled ; others assembled their families in the crowded and consequently com- fortless garrison-houses, and went armed, and in bands, to their work. Massachusetts, with her custor ,ry energy, sent prompt aid. A troop of horsemen was quartered at Wells. Three hundred and sixty men were marched to Pegwacket,' which was one of the principal resorts of the Indians. Another well-armed band was sent to Ossipee Ponds.3 The hostile bands of French and Indians continued to ravage the seacoast, apparently resolved to destroy every garrison, to lay every settlement in ruins, and entirely to depopulate the country of its English inhabitants. There was a region called Black Point, then quite noted, which was a portion of the » "Betwteen Fryeburg Academy and Saco River is the celebrated Lovell'a Pond, half a league in length, though less than a mile in width at any place. This beautiful section of country was anciently called Pegwacket (Peckwalket, Pe- puawett), one of the principal and most favorite lodgements of the Sokokis tribe and also the theatre of a desperate battle with the In.lians. Here are ciirioua mounds of earth, one sixty feet in circumference, artiHcially raised by them, of which no tradition nor conjecture can give any satisfactory account."— ir*«*am- son, vol. 1. p. 28. 2 The Ossipee River, one of the principal tributaries of the Saco, takes its rise among these ponds, a few miles across tlie line in New Hampshire. 2C6 IE imrORT OF MAINE. present town of Scarborough. Capt. Jocelyn, to the record of ^r:rf63rt''''">''f"1 referred, to/chU at thif^^^ce town, Lre ^.^.^,Z\LlT2^^:lZZ l"" '•*';-'' -""S' ">- a took boat for the easUTi, „rrt rr. . ^ "'■ ■^'"' '-"' »' J^ly I fourteenth day; «rc;u rv aU - n""'"''"' T^ "'^ ""'«' '"■"'" "->*„, the mere wUdemes "1,63 ,7. K T' "" ' "*"'"'■ '"'"« °° <"'•«•■ thaa a with a. few h„„;,t!" . " ""'"• ""^ "'=' '«»'<'«• ' '«" """ered plantation. Here the families were collected in the garrison-l,„u,e On the morinng of the 6th of October 1703 ,^„t ., ninetee^ in „n„,her, all well arn.et;vent"o\tt: ttt 2"^' he garo^'T T ^VTr^ ^'S'" "'^» "<>- lefttogr S The victors then attacked the fort. Tl ere ,"1^ to 1 T small vessels in the harbor. The crewrjant I ., '"" of the guns, hasti., repaired to th aid 'o ^ 1 fs^^ T" Tt ^u't" f'i;'"';'"T- , ^','^""""" -™»" -'^-T that' hi sels bore their melancholy freight manvof hT -i were carried i,ito captivity Ifc is lu^TT . • *^^'^"g'^ter +!,„ ^"iJttviLj. -It ih ScUd, that, returnino- to C'lnn^l.i ..^.a^ogfeili their .a;:!^^^^^^^^^^^ g.rl. At Berwrck, two houses ware burned, one n>a„ was Mled! 1 Jocel.vn'3 Voyages, pp. is, 20 » Hutchinson's History of MassacLusetts. voL U. p. 149. #« THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 267 one wounded, and three canied into captivity. They attacked the garrison, but were repulsed. In their rage they bound one of their prisoners, Joseph Ring, to a stake, and tortured him to death witli every device of demoniac cruelty. They danced around their victim, responding to every groan with shouts and yells of delight. Major March of Casco, with three hundred men, pursued a band of the retiring foe as far as Pegwacket, where he suc- ceeded in killing six, in capturing six, and in recovering consid- erable plunder. It is said that this was the first loss which the savages experienced in this desolating campaign. The liberal reward offered by the legislature for Indian scalps, which in- cluded a bou-.ty of twenty pounds for every Indian child under ten years of age, induced Capt. Tyng and several others to organize hunting-parties to traverse the wilderness on snow- shoes, iu raid-winter, to hunt down the savages ; but all these expeditions were unsuccessful. During this melancholy winter, the government expended nearly a thousand dollars in establishing a strong garrison near the falls in Saco.- Spring came, with its sunny skies and swell- ing buds, only to renew the terror of the people. This was the season for the savages to re-open their campaigning. The French, in Canada, had furnished their allies with ample sup- plies. Major Mason, with nearly a hundred friendly Indians, belong- ing to the Pequods and Mohegans of Connecticut, was stationed at Berwick. Still the prowling savages succeeded in shooting several persons, and, in expression of their hatred, horribly mangled their remains. In addition to these marauding-parties, plundering, burning, and murdering on the land, French pri- vateers swept the coast. Not a fishing-boat could leave a bay or inlet without danger of capture. It is often said that an ofeensive is the best defensive war. It was decided to be expe- dient to attack the French in Canada and Nova Scotia. Thus the desolations of war would be removed from Maine into the regions of the enemy, and the French would be constrained to retain their forces at home for the protection of their own fire- sides. 268 THE niSTO&T OF MAINE. had olfjfi""" T ""'"''"' *° '^'"J" '''="J'""'" Church, who ■n.th the title of colonel; and five hundred men were placed fleet^of flVvTuTh"; '')''' vessels-of-war convo,ed hii h t e Ueet of flfty-one boats, of various sizes. One of the war-shins earned forty-eight guns, the other thirty-two. The thM wafa pro™ce galley. The fleet sailed from Boston the 21st of Zy, The vessels first cast auchor at the Island of Metinicus, just out of . enobscot Bay. Two armed boats were sent to a n ,lh- bor,ng ,slancl where they captured a French family a^d a Canadian Indian. The captives were not disposed to be com munieative. But threats extorted from them' the inf rma i^n ^cti ! n T7 r™"' f"'' ""'''"' "'""8 "- *»-' in the vicinity, and tnat some French oificers were building a fort at Pas..maqu„ddy. The prisoners were compelled to aJt as pi oj Sends "° "'""' "''■"'" '""'^ '" *= "'"''''-"'' «f tl'e^ These were not days of forbearance and mercy. The atro- cities winch had been perpetrated by the French, .„d Mans were such, that the avengers were ready to shoot down me^ wolves. Still It was expedient to take as many captives as nos- sible, that they might be used as ransom for E^nglis'i ^ITJ^ Quite a number of both French and Indians were killed • and several captives were taken. Among the latter was a dauMitor of Baron Castme with her children, wc know not how many fvLtt F ' ''^""* '""• °' ''""'"' """ '^"""'■<'' ^^ "'«' o. a visit to I^ ranee. Again the fleet spread its sails. After a brief tarry at Mount Desert, (he party proceeded to Passamaquoddy Bay, in whoL lonely waters a secret place of anchorage was sLht.' A squadron of whale-boats was despatched, led by Col Church TTiuted States passes tl.rougli it, on its west side i.ifn ^t r '" '.'^'■^ "^ *h« enters its north-west part.- - M.CuUorn::C::^<:;Dil^ ''''''' ^^'^^'^ THE niSTORT OF MAINE. 269 himself, to explore the shores. That the settlers in the lonely cabins might not be apprised of his approach, and thus escape into the woods, he rowed by night, and kept concealed by day Orders were given, that not a gun should be fired, even to shoot an Indian, if he could possibly be killed, or taken, in any other way. '' Thus he succeeded in capturing, one after another, four French emigrant families. They were all poor, and there was but httle plunder in their log-cabins worth taking; but, such as It was, it was seized, and placed in the boats. One of the captures consisted of the fiimily of a poor French widow, with her orphan-children. Col. Church was energetic and merciless. Ihe scenes of horror he had witnessed had roused his soul to the highest pitch of rage, and had hardened his heart. The readiness with which he would retaliate upon helpless ones, no matter how innocent, the wrongs which demoniac men had in- flicted upon the dwellers in Maine, drew down upon him severe censure, and has materially dimmed the splendor of his other- wise great exploits. He then ravaged the surrounding region With the indiscriminate mercilessness of the tornado. The w^ow and the orphan were alike the victims of his fury.» From Passamaquoddy Bay, the armament sailed out into the Bay of Fundy, that immense sheet of water which separates JSew Brunswick from Nova Scotia, and renders the latter prov- ince so rn^-rly an island, that it is entered by a neck of land only about ■,v-,fy miles wide. Here the avenging squadron ^^Y ' ' ' "^^^^•^ several of the boats, crossed the bay, a distance of about sixty miles, to Port Royal (Annapolis). The day l)cfore the arrival of the fleet, Castine the Youncrer with about sixty Canadian soldiers, had re-enforced the garrrscn in their strong works. The fort was deemed too formidable tc be attacked.2 But the troops in garrison could not venture beyond the protection of their ramparts. Col. Church made terril>le havoc of all the settlements around. Many persons were killed ; and utter desolation took the place « Collections of New Hmnpsl.ire Historical Society, vol. 1. p j«-33; Hutchin- son 3 History of Massachusetts, vol. ii. p. 133. t- , lu. " Uuiversal Hiatory, vol. id. p. 153. 270 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. of peaceful homes and smilinn- f pUia n^ rv i, dress .„ „.e ,egis..,„e. ,.„'S:4'f;„.fo7;,f:tiV: tj^ •; is cruelty : y„„ cannot refine it." Sd "■- M l. ™™' "" jr iir .i:f :;tir r nr • ^ uminaiy Humanity, and were never put to thp fnvf,,,.. r ^ what ^agination can gange the miscr^ „f ."ch ,° ^f .it eo„s,st,ng of father, mother, and littlf childre d 110^ w accompanied Col. Church as .^ajor in his ate exnc'di 1 woe, T ';- ™-;:-^^^^^^^^^ and they all travelled, in dead of winter, throuM, the v 1 1^5 ' rodT::^:::t;dar S;-"^- ^^-f" "^^^ ^i..™ediatei/:;:rthr;:ot::r:otr^^^^^^^ -st, of course, have had Teh ^1: „c 'Tn th;:Tei":r There wore about two hundred and fifty warriors whLtX:: ' Cluirch's Fifth Expedition, p. 158. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 271 in this council. The priest, as usual, appointed religious ser- vices, that the hearts of the savages might he inspired by the sanctions of reliorion.^ The Indians were not often taken by surprise. Their scouts kept vigilant watch. When the little army reached Norrido-e- wock, after their long and painful tramp, there was no one there : all had fled. A large chapel, with a vestry, was standing, and a cluster of very comfortable Indian wigwams. These the soldiers laid in ashes. Being much disappointed in not findinn- either captives, food, or plunder, they commenced their march home through drifting snows and wintry gales. In war, blows musi be received as well as given. Gov Suber- case of Nova Scotia gathered an army of five hundred and lifty French and Indians ; the savages being led by the noted Assacombuit. He made terrible havoc among all the Eno-lish settlements within his reach. An uncounted number were slain; a hundred and forty were taken prisoners; and a lar-e amount of plunder was seized. He exacted conflagration for conflagration, prisoner for prisoner, blood for blood. At lenc^th the prisoners had so accumulated on both sides as to be quit°e a burden Gov. Vaudreuil of Canada sent one of his captives, Capt Hill, to negotiate an exchange. Many of the friends of the lost did not know whether they had been killed, or had been made prisoners. William Dudley, a son of the governor was sent to Canada with seventy prisoners, to receive an equal number in return. He could however, obtain but sixty. Mr. VVilhamson writes, — " Guilty of detestable liypocrisy, Vaudreuil pretended that the Indians were an independent and freeborn people, a,id that he liad no riglit or power to demand their captives ; whereas they were in fact well known to be entire dupes and vassals to his will." 2 In point of fact, th7 statement of the French governor was undoubtedly true. Th^ Indian chiefs regarded the captives, whom their own wa -piv,r^,s had taken, as exclusively their own, and entirely beyond any control of the French. They 1 History of Norridgewock, by -William Allen, p. 34. * Williamson, vol. ii. p. 50. 272 THE niSTORT OF MAINE. t fe It is mournful to contemplate how little confideuce at tim,, jnancan :^p„se in hi. fe,Iow-n,an. Capt. Wiliram Lie "as tw.co sent m a vessel, with a flag of truce and t,ve,Ttv flur g^one,., to Nova Scotia, to effe^ an e.cha,,^ of 'p.iv He was aecnsed of treacherously being an accomplice wUh two merchants of Boston, and Samuel Vetch, snbscqu'e lylh E„? nsh governor of Nova Scotia, in canning arms, ammunitrn a,fd ler mjluary supplies, to the enemy. Thus the love "f g2, ta^ fluonced them to take advantage of the iiag of truce, with wlic"> t eyhad been mtrusted by their own s,n.rnmen , to supSv lau^M Hir ,h" """ f '^™"'"=' ^"*'> «™fl'>Utio?a„d Slaughter, the settlements of the English. They were thrown heTuT't" ■ "f ""' "^ "" '^^'"'««- The neg " the queen to grve her signature to the verdict averted their More deplorable still, Gov. Dudley himself was suspected of b . g engaged ,n this nefarious traffic. Though not p ovel guilty, and perhaps he was entirely innocent, stdl the iZ^a t.on rested upon him. Gov. Dudley was aristoc io fS tastes, and was by no means a cordial advocate of a republican s ™.al of'^r™""'"- "^™^ consequently unpopul' S During the summer of 1705, French privateers and EnWi.sh s iT Ti;:r"r"""™r""= "p -""■ o-™ ^^o^tt^ ikh ve'ssefs ';'=".';' f"'^™'^'^^'^ "' -pturing seven of the Eng. Ush vesse s. It wdl be remembered that tlie garrison at Port Royal had dnven off their English assailants. And though 1 Egbsh ravaged all the region around, the banners o e ^tn h Bt.ll floated from the ramparts of the strong fort. Sma , vat THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 273 bands of savages, sometimes united with a few French con tnuied to prowl about, killing, capturing, and burning, as they could find opportunity. ^ In Kittery, five were killed, and a number of captives were taken. Among these was Mrs. Holt, an accomplished lady of high connections. For such a person to be a prisoner in the hanas of brutal savages must be awful beyond conception. There were several cases of the utter ruin of families in assas- sination and capture. A band of eighteen Indians, rushing from the forest near York, seized four little children belonging to the family of Mr. Stover. One, being too young to travel, they I nocked in the head. As one of their own warriors had been shot la their retreat with the children, these demoniac men took vengeance by putting a little boy to death with awful tortures. On the 29th of April, a party sprang from ambush, at Kit- tery and seizea Mr. Shapley and his son. The wretches, to gratify their love of cruelty, gnawed off the first joint of each fiuger and thumb of the unhappy young man, and stopped the bleeding by inserting the mangled stumps into the bowl of tobacco-pipes, heated red hot. This seems to have been one of their fovorite modes of torture. Much havoc was perpetrated tins year, in the unprotected settlements of Massachusetts and JNew Hampshire. The war had continued three years ; and the Indians, ever ickk, never persistent, began to grow weary of it. Terrible as had been the suffering they had caused, they had reaped but little benefit for themselves. The French, \a Canada, proposed neutrahty. While the courts of France and England continued to carry on the war, they proposed that the French and Eno-lish colonies, struggling against the hardships of the wilderness in this new world, should stand aloof from the conflict i From this peace-offer, Gov. Dudley, we must think very un- wisely, dissented. He thought and said that the only way to secure a permanent peace was to drive the French entirely out of Acadia and to take possession of the whole country in the name of the Queen of England.3 ^ ^ Williaiusoij, vol. ii. p. 53. a Histoire de la KouvoUe Franco, par Charlevoix, vol. U. p. 3ia ,1 274 TEE HISTORY OF MAINE. Thus the dreary year of 170G passed away, with continued burnings, assassinations, and captures. In January, 1707, Col. Hilton was sent in a vessel to Casco, with supplies for the garri- son there. There were two hundred and twenty men stationed at that point, with orders to range the country as they could, in pursuit of Indians. This was necessary but inglorious warfare. One day a party struck upon an Indian trail, which they fol- lowed until they came upon a wigwam, where there were four Indian men, with a middle-aged woman and a babe. Tliey shot the men, and took the woman and child captives. They then compelled the woman, by threats of death, to conduct them to a spot where eighteen of her companions were encamped. They were all asleep, unsuspicious of danger. It was just before the dawn of the morning. A well-aimed volley of bullets instantly killed all but one, and he was captured. This event caused great rejoicing. The Indians were so wary, that It was with the utmost difficulty that any of them were caught. In the spring of 1707 another naval expedition, of more than a thousand men, was fitted out against Port Royal. Col. March was placed in command. Numerous transports and whale-boats were convoyed by a well-armed vessel of war.» But to attack a scientifically-constructed Frencii fort, defended by veteran French soldiers, with formidable cannon frowning through the portholes, was a very different undertaking from that of burning the cabins of poor settlers, and shooting Indians, either asleep in their encampments, or running in terror before their foes. A thousand men were disembarked. The inhabit- ants around all fled into the fort for protection. A council of war decided that the fort was too strong to be taken by the raw troops encamped before it. The troops were re-embarked in haste, and returned to several of the English garrisons along the coast. The chagrin of Gov. Dudley manifested itself in undignified violence of speech. He denounced JNIarch as unfit for command, and declared, that, if anothe: vessel of the squadron should return to Boston, he would put to death every man who should step on shore. 1 "He (Gov. Dudley) was exreedingly anxious to see Port Eoyal redur-e.!, as such an event wouUl .complete tl.o e.uire conquest of Nova Scotia, and convert it into an English province." — WilUam&on, vol. ii. p. 53. ,:i,-L Tne nisTORT of uaine. ^n Another nrmarnent was speedily organized. Gov. Dudley wa eno„,„.„ged, ,n this operation, ^,y the promise that En"land would send an efficient fleet to eo-operate lith hi,n in the ™m pie e eonquest both of Nova Scotia and Canada. Co Ma"d was o popular notwithstanding the tirades wl.ieh h^d be „ aunohed agamst h.m, that the governor did not venture to upei-sede ,m He, however, appointed three member" ^W° conned to be the colonel's associates in eommaud. These troops relanded before the fort at Port Royal, on the 10th of August 1T07. In the mean time, the Frene , 1 J , e, strengthentng their works, and increasing their nn.nber Si ! ness had .nvaded the little army of Col.°March. Even nexpe nencod sold,e>-s could see that the works presented a„ iZel nable front against any force they could bring against UI were al.ke disheartened. In ten days, having" aelpH,,; notlung the troops returned to their vessels, ani sailed back to Casco, Boston, and other English ports lu.bans'tr""'' *"°,'' '"'™"'"=° "^ ""^ '''S"»l ''^fe"' to rouse the hunting-g,ounds. There were now but six Euglish settlcu.ents surv.v,ng.„Maiue,- those of Kittery, Berwick, Yorl" W H Casco, and Winter Harbor. Towards all of these the lud ana' marched ,n woltish bands. They fell upon a house in K t " and massacred .all the inmates. Four men, with a lady S' Lutlefleld, were caught on (he road between York and Wel^ They were probably hastening to some garrison-house, il ' L. lefield had two hundred dollars in money with her. A The Indians in their canoes lurked around all the .spots to whteh fishmg-vessels were likely to resort. These vcssds had usually two or three men and a boy on board. Ha f Tdotn tiom the land, easily captured them. On the 21st of September, 1707, a hundred a,,d fifty Indians n^de an attack upon Winter Harbor. They came in a fleet of fifty canoes, three warriors in each canoe. Two shallops were 276 THE n I STORY OF MAINE. m the huibor, manned by eight very determined men. They knew that the vessels would be first attacked. Unintimiduted by the fearful odds of one hundred and fifty to ei-ht, they made preparations for a desperate defence. Concealhi^ them- selves behind bulwarks of plank, they made every gun ready for rapid discharges. The fleet came swarming on, while the savages rent the air with their hideous yells. The English waited till the canoes were so near, that every bullet was sure to strike its target. All then fired at once. A few canoes were disabled, and their inmates thrown into tem- porary confusion ; but the rest pressed undaunted on. They would soon surround the small vessels, and in resistless num- bers be leaping over their sides. The English abandoned one, and, entering the other, cut the cables, spread a sail, and en- deavored to put out to sea. Tiie Indians seized the forsaken shallop, and, raising her mainsail, commenced the pursuit. A slight breeze caused » both vessels to move, thou"h they crept along slowly. Th^ English Imd taken the best° vessel ; and the Indians were unskilled mariners. When the savages saw that they were falling astern, they placed a dozen canoes ahead to tow their vessel along, with fishing-cords for tow-lines. The English, also, got out oars. The pursuers and the pursued were often so near each other, that the Indians endeavored to grapple the blades of the oars of the English. A perpetual firing of musketry was kept up. Both i)arties were ingenious in devices to avoid exposure to the bullet. This sin-ular en- gagement was continued for three hours. The Indiairs lost, in killed and wounded, about thirty. Only one man, Benjamin Daniel, was killed on board the vessel. His last words were, " I am a dead man ; but give me a gun to kill one more beforj I go." The loaded gun was placed in his hand, but he had no strength to fire it. The people around, warned of the approach of the Indians by a cannon fired at the fort, hurried to the garrison. The savages, disheartened by their losses, did not venture an attack.^ Soon after this, two men at Berwick, returning from public ^^^ THE UiSTOUT OF " ilNE. 277 worship, .,-. shot down by the Indiana. The nelr^hbors pur- sued an ertouk them, and, by an unexpected fire, th -w then, -u , such consternatiot) that they dropped their packs, and fi Some plunder was r* .gained, and three scalps. Til, -as a year of , oaf ff..- 'iroughout Miine. The 1 habitants, .ften with a . .^i-ply of food, were very i.u;oireniently crowded mto , ar. v rarrison-houses. No man could pass a few rods from the door of the garrison, without danger of h ug , down. Not a rod of land could be safely til ed beyo.ui reacu of the sentry-box. As to lumbering and fishmg, those pursuits had to be entirely abandoned. Thus passed the fifth summer of this desolating war, in which man's inhumanity inflicted untold misery upon his fellows. The next year, 1708, was. , Maine, a season of general paralysis. No industrial pursuu. could be undertaken. The settlers kept carefully huddled together in the garrisons. Scouts and spy-boats were continually vigilant. Th French made an effort to unite all the northern tribes to exterminate the Encdish • but various obstacles thwarted their plans. Gov. DudleJ- also endeavored to organize another expedition against Port Royal • but it proved an entire failure-.^ In February of 1709, Gov. Dudley sent a scout of one hun- dred and fifty men to visit all the old settlements of the Indians, and see that they were laid utterly desolate. He said that it was his object to teach the Indians that the French, whom they had so zealously served, were unable to protect them from the punishment they so richly merited, from the aven-iuT hands of the English. " We shall never," the governor added" » be Ion- at rest, until Canada and Nova Scotia constitute a part of the British empire." In the summer of this year, the Indians of the Kennebec sent a flag of truce to Boston to sue for peace. But it is quite evi- dent that the English were not in favor of peace with France, until, at least. Nova Scotia should be wrested from the French crown. The sufferings of a few hundred poor emigrants in Mame they deemed too trivial to be thought of in these great national issues. 1 Massachusetts Records, vol. vii. p. 426. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) V /. {/. yl/. 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-m' y # y^ P ii' Photographic Sciences Corporation j\ ^N « ^4(^ ^5 •ft" \\ v; ^? 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 %<^ .<^ '%'■ m o 278 THE niHTORY OF MAINE. In 1710 a new effort was made for the ^ojal, in wliicli the British Gov conquest of Port ernment took an active nart A ^nnapol,.. The troops were landed safely on the 9xi Z several divs if P. f ' f ^"^3^ /« the Penobscot, and remained eveial dLiys at CasUne s beautiful residence at Biguvduce rCas ton's Nova Scotia. vol.i p!^ ' ^"'"^"^^^^^'^ History, vol. U. p. ig7; Il.mh„. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 279 On the 1st of November, thev took a canoe, and, with three Indian guides, paddled up the Penobscot River. About ^icrht miles^ above the present city of Bangor, they came to an isknd called Lett. Here, probably where the village of Oldtown now stands, they found a cluster of Indian wigwams, containing about one hundred inhabitants, with fifty canoes upturned upon the greensv/ard. The Indians were not disposed to let them go any farther They detained them for several days. Mr. Levingston would undoubtedly have lost his life, but for the interposition of Mr Castine whom the savages regarded as an adopted Indian, the child of the daughter of one of their most illustrious chiefs and their friend. ' The journey was resumed on the 4th of November ; the com- missioners, with several Indian guides, still ascending the river m two canoes. On the second day Levingston's canoe was overset, an Indian guide was drowned ; and he lost his gun and all his personal effects. The ice was making fast. The other canoe soon became torn and leaky, so that it had to be aban- doned. For forty days these hardy men travelled through the wilder- ness on foot, guided by the compass alone. The weather was so stormy, or they were enveloped in such dense fogs, that, for nineteen days, they did not see the sun. They waded throuo-h snow, knee deep, crossed as they could unbridged and icy torrents,^ forced their way through swamps encumbered with almost impenetrable entanglements of spruces, cedars, and underbrush. A week before they reached any human habita- tions, they had consumed all their food. They then lived upon the rinds of trees, and such dried and withered berries as the wintry gales had not yet torn from the branches. They reached Quebec on the 16th of December, where they remained about two months, accomplishing but little. Indeed, their mission seemed to be one rather to utter threats than to propose terms of peace. The governor of Canada, in response to the menacing letter sent him by the English authorities, replied, — 280 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. willing lo acs„pt ,„eh „cul,-„litv Tf ,h„ r r L' f '''"S'"'' ''« ".e„„.,, t../„Ul l.oa4t»e-Uby*;t^':tr'°'" '"^ '^'^""'"^ The conquest of Nora Scotia settled many dispu^.d „ue,tions there still was no confirmed peace. More than a year before peacr'Br:,""'r7'/.''"' °' '"- 'o Boston, supplieau,:* peace. But the Enghsl,, intent r.pon seizing Nova Scotia in^ perhaps sti 1 hoping to gain Canada, were certaiTly ,„ ^^er resnlt was accomplished. I„ August a man ami won, Z n ive ";:™'""^°f 'f"'-'^--"' two men were carried av™ per^f:ro/zrlC^l:^':n^^^^ The other was on the part of the English. Col Walton with one hundred and seventy men on a%cco„„„ trin! t ur' had i-eached Sagadahoc. By a decoy he seized a sa.^more with his wife, and several other Indians Re^n,,.. .1 =""""^''' was not, as 1. thought, sufficiently 'clmuttu t he'f ™- ^ his friends. Col. Walton allowed the savages, who we e „T U SC'llL""'^ "^"^^'™ '" -"- ->'- - P'~'h Soon afte- this, Walton captured, at one time three and ag^nn five prisoners. It is not known whether he killed t,e'm„r earned them away as captives. On the other hand, the Indhr having captured a man by the name of Ayes t^^ited S kmdly, and sent him, with a flag of truce to Fo,'t wt While Nova Scotia was' in the hands of the French, they * Williamson, vol ii. p. 02. THE niSTORY OF MAfNE. 281 claimed possession as far west as the Kennebec, and actually held the country as far as the Penobscot. This dispute, as to boundaries, being now settled, the English were intensely desirous of extending their conquest over the whole of Canada. In thiT design, the men in power Avere not to be thwarted by the moans ascending from a few log-cabins in the wilderness of Maine: consequently the appeals, both of the Canadian French and the Indians, for peace, Avero alilce unheeded. Col. Nicholson, returning to Boston triumphant from the con- quest of Nova ccotia, repaired to England to solirit the cfBoient aid of the goven.ment for the new enterprise. He took with him five Mohawk sagamores. These plumed and painted war- riors, the bloodhounds of the human race, were allies of the English. They were ready to fight on any side which would pay them the highest wages. In England these barbaric chieftains, in t^.nr gorgeous ap- parel, attracted great attention. Immense crowds followed them whenever they appeared in the streets of London. The highest of the nobility cai.lod upon these their brother aristo- crats. Queen Anne's husbr^.d, Prince George, had recently died ; and the court was in mourning. At the royal charge, the Indian chiefs were all richly clad in robes of black broadcloth, with scarlet cloaks edged with gold fringe. Thus prepared for presentation to royalty, they were con- ducted to the palace of St. James, in two regal coaches, with all the emblazonry of courtly splendor. Tiie lord-chamberlain introduced them to her Majesty the queen. One of the saga- mores, addressing Anne, and speaking in behalf of his com- panions, said, — " Should you capture the Canada countiy, and put the French under your feet, it would give us great advantage in hunting and in war. Let your princely face shine upon us. We are your allies. We wiU never turn our backs. We will all staid firm. Nothing shall move ua. " ft.r? CHAPTER XVI. BEITISH AND INDIAN DIPLOMACY. Enthusiasm of the British Government — TlinTTi-.^f * .,, r, tine-St." oTu'e Mh,t^ X P f "-«""'«'«' <" 'he Y„„„g«r Caa- -Eearl,,. tie Fom S,7r f'ff ■^""''"°-'*^''='™'I'""''nl»">' Charaeto »f F..W R-J"' <"'™" »' ^— '=-eioon„ P,„,pect» _ »J1HE EMglish Government, cheered by the eonquestof Nova J- Scotm and ammated by the presence of the Mohawk into the field, engaged with enthusiasm in fitting out an expedi- tion for the conquest of Canada. A fleet wa3 sp°eedily eqZed 8tore-sh,ps. Seven veteran regiments of the Duke of Marl- borough s army were placed on board, with a fipo train of heavy artillery. Admiral Walker, an officer of established reputation was intrusted with the command. When this powerful am": On the 80th of July, IVll, the fleet caUod from Boston for th capture of Quebec. But God seemed to frown upon the enterprise. In entering the mouth of the St. Lawrence, ei'ht transports were wrecked and a thousand men sank benealh rhe waves. It was an awful spectacle as viewed from the other vessels of the fleet. The loss was so terrible, both of men a'ld the mum ions of war, that the energies of officers and er w seemed ahke paralyzed. Overwhelmed with disappointmenT and chagrin, they, with one accord, abandoned the enterpTo 282 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 283 _ Expeditions were still sent out from the Massachusetts colo- nies, to cruise along the shores of Maine in pursuit of Indians • but the savages were on their guard, and could not be found' Prowling bands of Indians succeeded in shooting a few of the English who had here and there ventured into the fields. Dur- ing the next summer (that of 1712), twenty-six of the English set lers were killed or captured in the vicinity of York, Kit^ery, and Wells. The settlers were completely disheartened. Thev could not move without danger of assassination. A child could not p ay upon a doorsill without being exposed to seizure by some burly savage, and dragged screaming, before the eyes of Its agonized parents, into the forest. The Indians became increasingly bold in these petty acts of warfare. Still England intent upon the conquest of Canada, did not wish for peace. And, while there was war between France and En- and, It could not but be that the savages would be enlisted o°n the one side or the other. The Indians, thougli invisible, seemed to be everywhere. Not a movement escaped their notice. A scouting-party was marching from the garrison at York towards Cape Neddock. It Avas on the 14th of May, 1712. Suddenly from the silent wilderness, a band of thirty savages sprano- up and poured in upon them a deadly fire. Oiie, the leader? Serl gean Nalton, was instantly killed : seven others, probablv struck down and crippled by wounds, were captured. The survivors fled precipitately, and., with the utmost difficulty, suc- ceeded in regaining the fort. Mr. Pickernel, at Spruce Creek, alarmed by the rumor of the vicinity of the Indians, was leavin*^ his door, with his fomily, to take refuge in the garrison, when I bullet from a concealed savage struck him dead. His wife was also wounded, and his little child scalped. The poor child, left lor dead, recovered from the dreadful wound. There were several similar individual acts of suffering and death A very exciting event took place at Wells, on the 16th of Septeniber There was a large bridal party held at the garri- son. _ Ehsha Plaisted, a young man of Portsmouth, was to be married to Hannah Wheelwright, a beautiful girl of eighteen, a daughter of one of the first families. The family connection was large, and the acquaintance extensive. Prominent guests ■1P >I.>.. 284 THE niSTORT OF MAINE. ZVn °™ Portsmouth and other adjacent settlements Some came by water ; others, in well-armed binds, on o X ' Senl'f ^^V°"^''^"^' '^ ^-'^ - escort of h"; friends from Portsmouth. young wel-:::' Tim?.^:!!-". '"^-? »- --■vited .0 the 'o- tread o( H,Jr !f "'.' ™^ '" ""^ '^•■'*' '"* ">« stealthy tread of the t.ger, through the obscurities of the forest tl ev placed themselves in ambush to cut off all the diris oi of Z retmn to the.r homes. It was evident that they were aot onTv perfectly familiar with all the re.-ion but tl,7 „ ^ they had gained an acquaintance w-r'the umt of thTLZ' and wrth tl,e general arrangements for the occasion ' ' Iho nup ,a s were celebrated ; and in feasting and frolic thn hour of „,d„,ght had passed, and it is probable that the morn ing had dawned. Some of the friends were nrcnaH,,,! t„ T when it was found that two of the hors s werZS ThTe' T 1 l[ , *^'^™' ^PPa^ently without any thou-ht of L d.ans. They had not proceeded far, when, from hrdfeet sdence and sohtude of the forest, a volley of' musketry as lued them Two fell dead. Tucker, severely wounded, was can tured by the ambushed savages. ^' to tlio gammon. The most able and the bravest men of th« =rro?tr::;rrrtSrtitf-'"^""-^^^^^^^^^ but witir ehivalric w/X T^d ^^g^^f ^ then,^ They sprang upon their horses, .and, in smaU bS ode in Afferent directions to cut off the retreat of the Indh „s But the wdy savages had placed themselves in am"u;h on men victuiis. The bridegroom, a very heroic youni man led one of hese parties of seven or eight men on horseback So„1 they fell into an ambush. At one discharge, every hoi-se Z shot down; one man was kUled; and youno: Wa Ld Tn T ^:^"i:T''' "( '",' ^"^^^ "^^^ f 'cm fh'ei "o ! cealment : the others, in the darkness, escaped. I THE niSTORY OF MAINE. 285 The savages seemed to understand perfectly the enterprise in which they were engaged. Plaisted was, in their view, the son of a rich father. They wi.hod, if possible, to capture him, that they mighfc extort a heavy ransom. It was this desire which probably led them to shoot down the horses, instead of the men In their greot eagerness to secure him, the others were allowed to escape. The Indians, having accomplished their purpose, rapidly fled A party of seventy soldiers was immediately mustered to pursue them. They came up with the foe in a forest, where every Indian could take his station behind a tree. The English soon found that they were outnumbered by the Indians more than two to one. After a brief skirmish, in which one only was killed c_.., oach side, the English ceased firing, and sent forward Lieut. Banks, with a flag of truce, to ascertain on what terms young Plaisted could be ransomed. Six Indian chiefs met the flag. Among them was the noted Bomaseen, of whom we have before spoken.* The chiefs were not prepared to make an immediate arran-e- raent. They wished for more time to consider the matt'er. Ihey promised to bring their captives, in five days, to Richraan'a isjand, where they would be ready to settle the question. Not- withstanding the large force at the Indians' disposal, they at- tempted no further raids, but immediately retired. Plaisted was finally redeemed ; his father being compelled to pay a ran- som estimated in value at three hundred pounds, equivalent to about fifteen hundred dollars.^ On the 30th of March, 1713, the celebrated Treaty of Utrecht was signed. There was now peace between France and Encr. land Nova Scotia, the ancient Acadia, was formally surren- dei^ed to tlie English. Thus this dreadful and wicked war was ended. The Indians had long desired peace. Great was their rrLl^^-'^l^'' remembered that Bomaseen was one of the Norridsewock sachems ilTaS^ttlTirot* '''''-'' " ""^""- ''^^ --^'« -^^ nowCliSj « Collections of Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. iii. p. mo- see also ti,. acconn of this affair as given by Williamson, vol. I'^.m, L'^aLo by BmS'e S his History of Kennebunk and WeUs, p. 280. " «viao uy uoume, to 286 THE niSTORf OF MAINE. fe.,o„ of (hciroffc.nce», compel ej (Vr* *, ';''""'"*'"S «™- allegianco to U,o British cmwn "''^ ""' "">* "^ articles tho governor „ml CO Z'^' ,'"?''° '" ^'S" "'''"»'" for the faithi, peZ^aVc ' Tt,.:? il'^r' '° ^'? "°»'»^"' tai-t these hostages at their own cx'lr ' ""'' '° ■""'"■ Rive. St. John, Ptw," nd' enfet -^rrr "™ '"^ nnTo"the^r cJ;;:::.:? " ""^''"' '" ^p'*- »-• p-^t toX af^rti;™Lfor,r?„,rbiC:-of m"""'"/'''';' ""'^-- "'•™ o.-,captuie<,. HuM-ltrt 3ffl"^yof'lr'''r'""^'' estimates, !hat, in the thirfv .i^t,/ -^ Massachusetts, six thousand o the Zthtf l! Jr™,''''',T" ^•'^^''"'' "I^, tl.e casualties of wL f « l^T ^."?'''"f '■'■«• P«'»l'ed from Neari, all mourned some m Sjr "l 'li "^^'T "f^'' tion was awful. The loo- „.,!,;„ *''■"""' *'"' '•'^so'a- flelds, long uncult^t ed r^ s n^;r'' "T""" '° ''"''^- The and d,o™:, and all ^iM shrubs ' " '°™'""^ "'"'"' "^ I'"^'- The fur-trade had become entirelv extinct T i • fislung were at an end. Maine was^n ^ t'te of '"^ °f ment scarcely conceivable. Fathe-s ami f ""Povensh- daughters, who had been cantnr!,, , "' '"°"'=" ""«• of Canada; and no one Imew 7^,' '"'i' ^'"" ""'"^ ™ ""= '""s There wer; no faem.J:r;:X: ^IC^ s™f f"^ ''^»''- :r;s ^b'rrbrinS v ^^' -"- " ^^" were found so wi^d sp fsed T.t itT '"J 7^ ""^ "'^' colleet them. Many wereTost and n, ■^^l""'^''/'''''^ "onths to BuHngthisten,L-:atl;insrte7;ire!;h-dof THE mSTOBY OF MAIXe. 287 mll"!IZ ""'""'"" °^ "'''™ ^"'^"^' »'>* P^^My „3 nary more of thcT women «„d children, from IW bullet, e™"„Te and « arva ,o„. Several tribes had become so enfeebled a, To wh-:, Ti o'e:: "h"'"'",' f"™'^^- '"'- '--' "'*'"-/ wmcii Iho English exacted were so abasing, that the Indiam never would have accepted them, had they not been eompe ed to do so by poverty, suffering, and helplessness. ^ Castme the Younger, tho son of Baron Castine, and whose and r^w'erfu "o? tr"' '"^''^ "' ""' '' *"= ■"-' ^"-^^ ::;y ':— i„t;maT"'Trb™d''^f"f''=r -^tt " flowed through l^s veins. "rLmt Ith ^h 'i:held° t courteous manners of tho French noblesse ; Ind he b came a man of mteihgenee and culture. From his excellent mothe" ha mhented sympathy for her race, and was ever herota ly dt posed to cast in his lot with that much injured pTopk H ^ ntelhgence taught him that the Indians we o gaininn-VJthi*- ou, of all the chieftains m urging peace. Mr. Williamson rav, sagamoro of th„ T,n„ti„o tnbe tad h?! ° , n °^"' • "° ™ " *'' French kf.g. Dy his s2Z[„,' „f 7 ''"' ° °""™i«»i™ «"m the uniform which ho sometimes wore vet o, nil . ^^™* ^''"'^ The perfect confidence which the Enriish reposed in hi, honor was manifested in their trusting him, as f rfend and companion to conduct Major Levingston th ough the wUder- ness from Port Koyal to Quebec. . n :ii« =^— f urn Tnr. msTOHY of uainb. oDout to d. IV,, upon Alamo. A sUblo government be^an slowl v oari,7T"'- '"^''"'"""» for education and reliCn bin :zu: ^"""' ^""''"°" "- """^ "• p-mote-pur!;;':? For thirty-eight years, the inhabitants of Itaino had !,.„„ engaged m an „In>o.,t inees.ant oonfliet with the ndiam Z would „ -~ "Z^^!^^^^^ happily together, with ever-increasing prosperity nit .1 were years of general in,poverish:nent a^d voe The wL?'^ suspended all the meetings of the Superior Cu't of MaC l' »ns>ver to petitions from Maine, the General Court of M ehusetts, on the 5th of June 1711 orde"/ tt c '™" to hold an annual session at kitter; ""■ ^"f"'" ^""^ po^at^r rr "' •'T' '"'• "'" '°'™ <" Berwiek wa, ineor- for;trr'^iry'tr'"r'weTirv" "v- '"!"• ^-^ •"-- borough Falmouth,^ J^^r^lSf,:. 'S ^it^^^X iesjiectaDle. It speaks well for this TiPnnl« +i,nf ^ i7no « «i 1 people, that, as earlv ai pastor. He was succeeded by Rev Jprpm,'..!, w eminent for his seholarship and his^^Iiy'^r trtT-X'hryr the eommun.ty was blessed with his ministrations. °''='"^'''" luttery was divided into two Darishe.. Tl,= „„ called Flint I?,,,, T 1 I. paiisnes. iiie new one was calied Uiot. Rev. John IJogers was settled here in 1715 The able character of the people muy he inferred from the fe that he continued to fill the pulpit for fifty-ei-ht vear, T^ T old parish at Kittery, the peoplf, as earl/a^Y ; 'u 'h a par' snago, and supported a faithful pastor for flfte n T a" In the year 1714, there was a church there of forty-three memU Rev. John Newmarch, a scholarly man, and a graduTirfrom people lor thirty-five years. In Ynrlr Ro^r g i ^i, , ministered, wit/ nntiri'ng flde.i^, tl^r^. „ "y^t was a man of many eccentricities, but hiohlv esteemed for I^ accomplished scholarship and his many virtol " I THE mai^k! OF UAise. jjj The eastern provinces of the State presented, at the e.ose of the war truly » melancholy a,peot. More than „ hun relmile, .„" "oT;!,'! fM""""-'r', '""" -"''""'■-' "■= eomfortah d eU were a bsf r :",? '''-"""'""''• Title-deeds and roeOr,k were all „.t. I„ ve.»etthng the region, it was deemed exnedi- en that the people should gather in small villages of t v^ y „r on tl: :!:'::. "'""■"• '"'=' ""■" -"'--'^ -™ Sene^Hy Emigrants hegan slo..viy io return to the demolished towns of yea. 1 14 here were ahout twenty fawilies i,. Falmouth- and these faunhes, notwithstanding their great impoveriZ nt at once commenced building a meetin"-hoii-» LI.t v- , was one of the lastof the SilapidTted to™ ^hieht 1 r^^^S" Upon the death of Richard Wharton, the proprietor o the Pejepscot purchase, the whole immense territory ildcVt The Z:r T "" '° " ^™"I""-'^ '"■■ ™» hu,fdd pounds The boundary bne, rt will be remembered, as then nndrrstooT ran from five mdes above the Upper Falls,' in a nortl"east db-ee ' :L^:w!;.t^:lt::rtirs.t^^^^^^^^^^^^^ tierth/s;t:S''""- ^-^•'■"— ~"-^^^ wie? 'Cf "°'''' l"i "'" "'"' '°^"'*'P» ■ 'hose of Bruns- wick, ropsham, and Harpswell. The two first were six mil, square; one on tire north or east side of the river t oX on U.C southern side. The third town, Harpsw™ induded a pen,nsula running down into the bay, Li L mZs FoH dwdbnl T ™'-, '" ""' ^''' "1^ 'here was not a sin'^ dwelhng in Brunsw.ek excepting the fort at the falls, and a ttough „,„„»■ pL,,e, ab^l ^XrS r« °"','»"»J- "-"k'. »">l „«,,ea 290 block-house at Me THE HISTOR-/ OF MAINE. laquoit Bay. Three families had settled in lopshara. It was not until about 1720 that any fomilie j en- tered Harpswell.' Gi-adually families began to return to the utter desolation wnich reigned at the mouth of the Sagadahoc. A Bos^rn gen- tieman erected at Arrovv.ic Island = a large brick dwelling, whicl emaaned there for more than half a century. In th^ Kar 1710 there were twenty-six residents on the island. In answer to a petition from the inhabitants, it was incorporated, together wxth Parker's Island,3 in the year 1710, by the name of Georgetown. Fifteen new settlers immediately repaired to the p ace; and the governor of Massachusetts sent a sergeant's guard of twenty men to protect the inhabitants for six months. This was then the most remote sectlement on our eastern irontier, The Sagadahoc plantations have been appropriately called the '^ Ancient Dominions " of Maine. In the e.frly his^ toiy of the otate, this region had more celebrity than any other, with perhaps the exception of York and Falmouth. Here a colony was established as early as 1607, thirteen years before the commencement of the Plymouth Colony. In 1623, but thr^o years after the landing of the Pilgrims, there were eighty- four fiimihes residing in tliis region; and quite a fleet of fisher- men annually visited those waters. There were two patents, which embraced all the land in this vicinity. The one was the Pejepscot, to which we have jus. referred, fhe othe. was called the Plymouth or Kennebec patent. The proprietors of each of these territories offered such families as would remove there, one hundred acres of good land, and promised to pay the expenses of their removal. As an additional inducement they offered to contribute hberally SodeJIItliT"' "' "■ ^- ''■ '" ''^'' ''""^^"""^ °^ Massachusetts Historical ^ Anwsic Island is about five miles long with a mean breadth of abo.it one 1? Af TT'"' ^'^^'^"^•'^'"S to Williamson, four thousand acres of land Collide lel^^^^^^^^^^ TT' '''"''■ ''''''' " '""^'' "■-■^" land audits ot er 'rec on \''V ''' 1 f^'"'' ^''^'''^' *'^« ""« ^'^ter .liscards and the otheisieckon -miha>mon, vol. i. p 53 ; Coolidue and Mansflekl, p. 34. B Jk invS Jt^'n^ " V'T'""*'!"'^' ^' ^"°^"^'^' ^-" " ^^^^^'^^ fron. it by U.U.1C l.nei. It IS nine miles long, and on an average a mile aii.l a half in wi.ltii contamn.g about ten thousand acres." - Williamson, vol. i. p. S. ' "-Si-^rs-'H^ '■:',:. ., i THE HISTORY 0^ MAINE. 291 towards the support of a minister of the gospel. Soon a strong stone fort was built at Augusta, then called Cushnoc or Cush- enoc It was the strongest fortress in the eastern country, and was for some time maintained at tlie public expense. In refer- ence to the encouragement given to emigrants, Penhallow writes, "Several towns, as of Brunswick, Topsham, Georgetown, and Cushenoc began to be settled. A great many .-^ne build' mgs, with saw-milLs, were erected. Husbandry began to thrive and great stocks of cattle were raised." i braT.th ,f "'^f"t^^^«7 ^^^« then deemed a very important branch of inuustry. In some seasons more than twenty vessels were engaged in this employment. All sorts of timber were also sent to Boston, and even to foreign ports. Duiino- the winter of 1716, the fort of Pemaquid wa^ repaired, Tnd gait son was established there. The Indians were alarmed in view of the strong forts which the English were raising at important point... Again there were rumors of another war between France and England It is said that the French endeavoi^ ^ mentl nf'.rV , i "" ^"''""^' '^ ^^"^""^ ^^ '"^^ -^— 1- hen lands, and intended to take possession of the whole coun- try. Ihe Catholic missionaries, by identifying themselves with the Jndians, and becoming incorporated into their tribes, had obtained a wonderful ascendancy over them. The Indians had ceased to regard them as foreigners, and looked upon them as the wisest and best of their own people. The English authorities had tried in vain io drive the French missionaries from Norridgewock. They now decided to make the endeavor to supplant their influence by establishing English missions among the tribes.^ By previous appointment the governor and his council met a large number of the Indian chiefs at Arrowsic. It was in August, 1717. The governor was a hauglity man, and was not inclined to be concihatory in speech or manner. He presented the sachems witli the Bible,^ I Jf"J\»''o^^''s In«^iau Wars was printed in the vear 172C. tnbe, and become their instructor.- IF. .ion v21 ll p n" "* '^' ■n iiie >ear icm, tlio second edition of tlie Indian Bible hv An- vu ^ completed. -Drakc't Book of the Indians, book ii. p. 57? ' ^ ^'^ ^''°'' ^^ 292 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 1 I 11 i in tlie Indian language, and said to them, " This book contains the true religion. Mr. Baxter, who has accompanied us, will remain with you, and teach you its principles." One of the sagamores promptly replied, " All people have their own religious teachers. Your Bible Ave Jo not care to keep. God has given us teachers. Should we abandon them, we should offend God."' The chiefs then turned to the political questions which were creating trouble ; and, in the conference which ensued, they showed themselves to be men of remarkable strength of mind, and good common-sense. Their principal speaker said, " We admit that the land west of the Kennebec River, the English have a claim to regard as theirs ; but certainly no sale has ever been made to them, of the country east of that river." The governor, with dogmatism and discourtesy which those dignified chieftains keenly felt, instead of arguing the point at all, Bxclaimed, " You may be assured that we will never part with one inch of our lands in that quarter." There was for a moment silence ; and then these chieftains simultaneously rose, and, without uttering a 'word, left the council, repaired to their canoes, and paddled to another island. 1 According to the acconnt given in the "Lettres Ediflantes et Curieusea ccntes des Missions Etrangeres," one of tlie chiefs gave the following answer to tlie proposition that they should dismiss their missionary, and take an English- man in his stead : — " Yon astonish me by the proposition you make. When yon first came here yon saw me a long time before I saw the French; but neither you nor your min- isters spoke to me of prayer, or of the Great Spirit. They saw my furs, my skins of beaver and elk. Of these only they thought. These they sou ^t with the greatest eagerness. I was not able to furnish them enough. When 1 .arried them a large quantity, I was their gix-at friend, but no farther. " One day, my canoe having missed its route, I lost my way. After wan- dering a long time I landed near Quebec. Scarcely had I aiTived when one of the Black Rohes came to see me. I v ^s hmded with furs; but the Fremih Black Robe scarcely deigned to look at them. He spoke to mo at once of the Great Spirit, of heaven, of hell, and of prayer which is the only way to reach heaven. "I heard him with pleasure, and remained a long :ime in the village to listen to him, I demanded baptism, and received it. At last I returned to my country, and related what had happened to me. My friends envied my happiness, ancl vnahciX to partii'ipate. They departed to find the Black Robe, and demand of him baptism. It is thus that the French have acted towards me. Thus I tell you that 1 hold to the prayer of the French. I shaU be faithful to it until the world is burned up." TEE HISTORY OF MAINE. 293 They had brought with them to the council an English fla^, as inchcative that they were the friends and allies of The English This flag they left behind them, the silent token of thei? d t pleasure. The English claimed the land belonging to the Indiam, east- ward of the Kennebec River, on the ground that the king of France had ceded those lands to them by the Treaty of Ufeeht The sagamores, as nsnal, appealed to their revered friend and advocate. Father Rasle, for advice,- He in^ediately wrote to the governor of Massachusetts, tbat the king of France had never conceded to the English, lands which belonged to the Indians He had merely witl.drawn the French flag from those lands where he had been the protector of the Indians, and had surrendered to the English the right of purchasing aui colon^z- jng the,r lands. And the king of France, he safd, would Ll bound to protect those Indians, should the king of En-^Iand relTe rttt-v '""■ '^''™ '^"°''""' """'""'y '" *^'^« °'I"' _ Armed with tl.is letter, the sagamores, probably on the even- ing of the next day, returned to Arrowsic.' The conference was renewed. The governor did not conceal his indigna^r wla he i^onounced to be "the insolent interference of the Jesuit Knowing inll well that the Indians had suffered so severely, that they would submit to almost any indignity lahr an consent to the renewal of the war, he asfumela ! nac t attitude, and threatened again to draw the sword. This brou-.l^ "It is our desire to live i„ peace. We wish (o open (riendlv trad, •.■ ounZ'iinef':; "" ""'■"'" ^ """"-'■• '" '"« l--ndfa,U a,;:; ™.es;7r;:"t:L=s::ir;:.'^r;^rc.= disturbed 111 seeing so many forts going up." ^ "''''' iMimoti,,,, t„ .l,at effect. »e.sl.bo„„B .sland; tat ™ liave n„ I ill 294 TffE HISTORY OF MAINE. The governor had conquered. New articles of agreement were entered into, such as he dictated. The hun.iliat°ed saga- mores returned to their homes, feeling that the English were their enemies, and that the French were their friends ^ vr^TTnlf"''"rZ""^' *' '"'"'^ '''' settlements east- ward of the Kennebec River. Several families reared their log cabins on he Damanscotta.^ It is said that at that time there was not a house between Georgetown and Annapolis, with the exception of a single fisherman's hut on Damal-iscoUa Island! A strong and capacious fort, much to the annoyance of the Indians, was budt on the easterly bank of St. George's River near where Thomaston now stands. At a short distance from' tha , a block-house was erected. The large area between was enclosed by palisades. This fortress, which could bid defiance to all Indian assailments, afforded ample accommodation for a garrison . two hundred and fifty men. Another strong fortress was built on the east >side of the Kennebec River, opposite fewan Island. It was called Fort Richmond.^ The spring of 1721 opened gloomily. The Indians were much dissatisfied in view of the encroachments of the English The strong forts they were building indicated that the En'o-bsh were determined to hold possession of the country. In these RasTe * ■^'''^'^"' unquestionably had the sympathy of Father 1 Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts, vol. ii. p 199 • Colloctint,, nf ^. Hampshire Historical Society, vol. ii. p. 8!). ' ^•'"^''*'°»' "^ ^«^^ 2 "The Da.nariscotta Kiver - •. from the Damariscotta fresh ponds which are m Jefferson and Nobleborou,., a„.l whi..h are three or fou leare /len" h ..LlTrT''^ Kichn.ond Fort was not far from t]>e margin of tlie river on ground twelve or fifteen feet above the water; fron. which the la. Wab ;n^ ascends There was thereabouts, in 1820, a ha/nlet of tlfte n o w nty h ^s l a few stores, and two or three wl.arves,''_ir.mm,sou, vol ii p .^^'^"'^ ''^"^««' m^^J'S:^^:::^:^:^'^ comu.nications found in the "Lett^s "At the time that the war was about to be rekindled between the European powers the English governor (Dudley), who had latelv arrived a BosZ T quested a con erence with our Indians by the seashore; on an sland wS he" designated. They consented, and begged me to acconpany them blithe htt iT^hV'M r.V"'' ^''""•'^ ^" '^"^ ^^«"' propLtL^swhi Indgh be made to them, so that they could be assured thcix- answer, would contain a^thi,^ THE HISTORY OF MAJNE. 295 igreement At the eastern extremity of Nova Scotia there is a narrow strait called Canseau, whicli separates the peninsula of Nova Scotia from the island of Cape Breton. This large island, embracing an area of four thousand square miles, the English asserted, was included in the surrender of Nova Scotia. This claim the French denied, and prepared to make it the depot for their future fisheries. The English also, in maintenance of their claim, established a post on the southern extremity of the island. The Indians of that region attacked the English post, and plundered it of its fish and mercltondise. The Indians of Maine had nothing to do with this remote transaction. But the Legislature of Massachusetts assumed that Father Rasle had instigated the movement, and that he was endeavor- ing to inspire the Indians to enter upon a new war with religious fanaticism. A vote was passed that a detachment of a hun°dred and fifty soldiers should be sent to Norridgewock, with a reward of five hundred pounds offered, if the uody of Rasle were brought to Boston dead or alive. The council, however, did not agree, as it was thought that two hundred pounds was a sufficient reward to offer. ^ In this gloomy state of affiiirs there was a general apprehen- sion that another war was about to open its horrors. Many of the settlers in Maine began to abandon their homes.i The governor was angry, and issued a decree forbidding it. But the fathers of young families had more fear of the tomahawk of the Indians than of the displeasure of the government of Mass- achusetts. The chiefs frequently visited the forts, and always with sincere protestations of their desire for peace. At the same time they made no attempt to disguise their sense of the wrongs which were inflicted upon them. In addition to the encroachments constantly made, the English were grossly vio- lating the terms of the treaty which they themselves had dictated. The Indians had pledged themselves not to purchase any contrary to their relision or the interests of the: •. •^n's service. I therefore fol- lowed them, wiih the intention of merely remaining in tlieir quarters to aid their connols witliout appearing before tlie governor." ' Huicliinsoira iiistory of Siassachusetts, vol ii. p. 236. 296 THE HTSTORT OF MAINE. goods excepting at established trading-houses Rnf n. f v There were, at this time, two French T^fhln winoh they'ccW not ^vej'"' *'" ^^""^^ ^^^'^'i' ^ut anxious to prevent a renewal of hos" , 7^^ T '" .hat t-e p.„„e . a:*T.'ri\T„rrt • r To tTrir r- I have applied to the villao-es nf *5f v,. ■ ,11 ' -^n<^refore upon ..f, .„ ...^;ltth^to^ nrt,,::, ^^.^.-^ .--« send o deputation to the plaee arrninT. ,"""'"."' ^-T'llgewock, ami to -ho dare let the English tZTyt^^iZTt.T'T i;'""""' "■'•"'^• the one at No„.id^„,cU it the, coi;;l?:h;i':ra:i:lt" '"'^' *"° rate, though perhaps not ready to „n e f n \ \ fe » generally very a.-cn- imolerance which goaded the savage" t^o wai '^'-^""^^■^-^«"-"* "* tl.at British THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 297 According to Mr. Williamson, the governor of Canada invited the Indian sagamores and sachems, from the Kennebec and the Penobscot, to meet on Padeshal's Island, near Arrovvsic, for a general council. On the 1st of August, 1721, ninety birch canoes bore to that island two hundred Indians. Father Rasle accompanied the Kennebec Indians, and young Castine accom- panied those from the Penobscot. We are not informed as to the results of this council. According to Mr. Williamson, a letter was sent to Capt. Penhallow, who commanded the gar- rison at Arrowsic, stating that, if the English settlers did not remove from that region within three weeks, the Indians would come and kill them all, and burn their houses, and kiJl their cattle. It is hardly possible that such a menacing letter could have been sent by the sachems there convened. It is univer- sally admitted that .the sagamores were very anxious to avoid the renewal of hostilities. The Kennebec Indians convened at Norridgewock, where the influence of Father Rasle was para- mount, had just sent to Boston proposals for peace, couched in the most humble^and imploring terms. It is universally known that young Castine, by far the most potent chief among the Penobscots, was the constant advocate of peace ; and, more- over, the three weeks passed away, and there was no hostile movement whatever among the Indians. Not an Englishman was killed, not a house was burned, not an act of plunder took place. The general feeling of the British towards Father Rasle was that of the most intense hostility. Mr. Williamson undoubtedly expi-esses the popular feeling, when he writes of this Catholic missionary, — " So often had his malignity, pride, and officious interference awakened among the Indians new complaints, that the people of the province, for good reasons, ranked him among the most infamous villains, and would have given more for his head than for a lumdred scalps of the natives." i 1 In reference to tl.ese events, Charlevoix, the French historian, writes " Anrfes plu«e,„.s tentatives .rabora pour enga-^er ,es sauvages, par les olfrks et les pron.esses les plus seduisautes, a le livreraux Auglais, ou cl.i u.oins a la renvoyer a Quebec et a pren.lve en sa place un de leurs u.inistres; eusuite pour le sur- p.emlre et pour 1 enlever, les Anjrlai. resolut de a'eu dofaire, quoirpHl Icur eu dut coutei, uiirent sa tete a priH, et pronurent miUe livres sterling a celui qui la leur porterait." — Charlevoix, t. ii. p. 380. Il, 298 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. laeir auuiiruble " Description of New Fnolnr,,! " i- • accordance with the facts. TJiey wifte, ~ " '"''' '"^ held ia chock \^yihZZ1^7\r I r'^'^^^ ^" trade, they were these circumstauc'e oVoL Jid^^^^^^^^^ ^ '" ^^orndgewocks). Under Of the Village, and the .^urde/oTSrrhL^S^^ '''' ''''-'''''^ The f^lowing additional passage, from their candid and accu rate Instorj, explains truthfully the reason why tLlwh had^so^.uch nrore influence over the Indians tl J 1 E^^hS ^i^'^Zi:^;^,T£:il ^-^--e a^^a^s found on the settlements of the En. Lh' B t t^ ^ "''''' ™'^^'"^^ '''l''''^' ""^^ were entirely opposite Wh etheP ^^ans used by the two nations flexibility of' chLeter, ^^:^/::^^f^Vf^ ^-*^"- -^ giving them warlike implements', a^^ a ' i. 1 1 ^ X T't '''""' cursions, and becorain- iiitim-itnlv ! i ro , ; I »"' Imnting ci- Engnsh looted ..poniSttotoir^^r^ "'""' ''^ ■»""»S«. 'Le tunity fo,- their iler,ahwl™ ""'' ''"'■'■"■. '"W"? every oppor- ate then." ■ """"'"■■'""■ ""'' "»'"S everymeans to a„„oyand ezas^r. garrisons rising on territory ^^■hiTfT \ \ 7 ''^'^ '*'^"^ bor They made their escape. This was considered Ltl; English a very hostile not tt'^., ^^usiueita oy the a.l to be ,eac,. for „.., ..a to arre.t a^ri^dLl t^tlt U^; » History and Description of New Pnrrinn,! i> ■^r vol. 1. IX 233 -Lngland, by Messrs. Cooliilge and Mansfield, THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 209 could find, and hold tliem in custody until :the hostages were surrendered. A special meeting of the General Court was con- vened at Boston, on the 23d of August, 1721 ; and it was decided to pursue and i.;inish the Indians for the crime of Itchcllion against the Englisli government. Three hundred soldiers were enlisted to prosecute the war. A proclamation was issued, demanding of the Indians that they should deliver up to the English Father Rasle and every other French missionary. They were also required to make ample reparation for all past injuries. If these terms were not promptly complied with, the soldiers were commanded to seize the Indi- ans wherever found, and send them captives to Boston. It is not to be supposed that these stern measures were adopted without opposition. Many good men remonstrated against them. They declared that the stipulations made in the treaty of Arrowsic had never been fulfilled, that the Indians had been atrociously wronged without having any opportunity to obtain redress, and that they had been guilty of notliing which warranted a resort to such measures of violence. These loud remonstrances, together with the recapture of the hostac^es, caused a slight relaxation of the war movement, but no reljTxa- tion in the uncompromising spiiit of those in power. CHAPTER XVII. THE VICISSITUDES OF WAR. Basle .^nd his ClC^^H, l" J'''"^' " ^^T I^^P'-^''--'t-- - Father Nornenc to It a re-enforcement of forty-five men, with a sufficient supply of ammunition^ Cob Till: HISTORY OF MAINE. 801 Thomas M^estbroolc was placed in command. Two or three Enghshmen were captured from a boat which landed from a vessel in Passamaquoddy Bay. One Englishman was killed at Casco, and several Indians were pursued and shot down. Capt. John Harman ascended the Kennebec in pursuit of Indians. His boats conveyed thirty-five well-armed men. He saw the gleam of camp-fires in the woods. Silently he landed his troops, and, in the darkness, crept through the foresc. They reached the encampment. The Indians were asleep without any guard. Deliberate aim was taken. There was one deadly volley. There remained only the corpses of fifteen Indians. We know not that one escaped. The victors gathered up the guns, the ammunition, and the blankets of the Indians, and returned triumphantly to their boats. In July, 1722, the governor and council proclaimed that the Indians were " traitors a 1 robbers," and declared war against them as the king's enemies. ' The Indians were feeble. They could no longer inflict any extensive injury. They could not wander far. All that they could accomplish was occasionally to shoot an Englishman, cap- ture a boat, and burn a cabin, tomahawking or capturing the inmates. The British prepared to prosecute \he war with great vigor, being apparently resolved to exterminate the race. Several armed vessels were employed, with a fleet of w lale- boats, sufficient to cruise along all the coasts, and penetrate all the rivers where Indian villages could be found. An army of a thousand well-armed men was employed upon the various expeditions now undertaken. A hundred soldiers were stationed at York, thirty at Falmouth, twenty at North Yarmouth, ten at Maquoit, twenty-five at Arrowsic, and twenty-five at Fort Richmond. A detachment of three hundred men was sent to the Penob- » "Both in and out of the legislatTire there were men who doubted whether a war upon the native, would he j.istirtable, ' We have been,' they said, ' .ierelict both as to n.orul and stipulated duties. We have not performed our enRaRements towards the nd.ans in the establishment of trading-houses, and the prevenUoa ^JTa! T! "f °'''''^"^' ^cording to treaty promises. The measures of strong drink dealt to them are a scandal to our religion, and reproach to our country.' " -- rnuiamson, vol. ii. p. 117, -I' 802 THE niSTOIiY OF MAINE. ? i °' '^P'""'^'' 1"22. The inhabit"; ants al took refuge in the ' garrison, after having killed one of the Indians and wounded three others. The Indians attacked the fort ; but, finding that they could make no impression upon it, they killed fifty head of cattle, and «W ^;r"'^'r''^ ^^°"'^^ "^ '''^'''' One Englishman only was tixin" fn H f^^^"^°"^^' ^"t' fi'^^^i"S these works also too otiong for them to carry, they retired up the river On the nth of February, 1722, Col. Thomas Westbrook embarked from the mouth of the Kennebec iiiver, with. as fa as the Penobscot. He had several small Vessels wel armed, and a good supply of whale-boats. They apparently found nothing to employ them until they reached M Desert where they made a short stop. They then ascended the r^e ' and cast anchor, as is supposed in Marsh Bay ' There they left their vessel and boats, and commenced a march « Williamson, vol. ii. p. lis. " ^^ar.sh Hay is an expansion of tho Penohqrnf- Ri^r ^t •, , port. Here the n.ajestic strean> i. n.^ ^^ afnUr^Stle Th^ nl* "'"'f ''T'''- of Frankfort is situated on the vr-^t^.^'i ; -t'-Af V ^^'° P'<^''^'^a«t village navigation. See Williamson vol' n.-/: ""' ^^^'' '"' '''"' ''^'^'^ of winter oeo Williamson, \ol. i, p. ,,,'.; Cojauge and Mansfield, p 127 THE HISTORY Of MAINE. 808 through the forest, still ascending the river in search of an important village and fort of the Indians which were known to have heen in that region. At length they reached a spot which IS supposed to have heen the lower Stillwater in Orono, about BIX miles above Kenduskeag River.' Here Col. Westbrook left a guard of a hundred men to protect the provisions and tents, while he selected fifty veterans in Indian warfare to go in search of the fort. It was soon found, without the scouts beincr dis- cover.'d by the Indians. " Forty men were left on guard on the west side of tiie river. The whole of the remaining force was then ferried across in canoes hastily prepared. Rapidly traversing the trails on the eastern bank, they reached a point opposite the fort and village about SIX o'clock in the evening of the same day. It was abo°ut the 10th or 11th of March It was dark. The fort was on an island. The winter had been remarkably open, and the stream was not frozen over ; still immense blocks of ice were swept along by the black current. But not a camp-fire was burning; not a torch glimmered through the^larkness; not a sound was heard to disturb the wintry silence of the drear scene. The morning light revealed only d.esolate and abandoned habitations. The wary Indians apprehending such a visit, had in the previous autumn retired! taking with them every thing of the least value. The En<^lish after their long voyage and painful march, found nothina, not even a poor scalp to reward them. '^ The Indians had probably received instruction from French engineers in building the forf It was quite scientifically arranged being seventy yards in length and fifty in breadth. 1 he stockades were of heavy timber firmly planted, and fourteen :ieet in height. Within the stockades there were twenty-three com ortable, well-built houses, regularly arranged. On the Bouth side of this little fortified village, there was the largest and finest structure in the place. It was the chapel which the * Baiijror is on one of the noblest rivers in the Northern Sf -itA, f i.» „. i * * an almost conntless number of tribntarv streams Th« .^ ' ^ '^"'* °' 804 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. i i ! missionaries had roared, and it ™ Imndsomoly finished both v.thn. and „ ,l,o„t. Tins ediflec, consoei-ated to C iS The English applied the torch to fort, divellino-s, chaoel ind parsonage. Having seen all rednced ,o ashes, th^y ,e ^ne'd ^ the,r tents, marched down to their transports, and on 1 "loth of the month cast anchor at Fort George.' Another winter campaign was attempted, which proved even more ,mle. An expedition was sent to destroy the vi la4 at Norr,dgewoek, and to kill Father Uosle. On !he Cth l-b ruary the troops reached the fells at r„unswick. The storms of wn,ter were beating upon them, and its drifting Z7, enenmbered the.,, path. It surely was not wisdom wWch d o tated s ch an enterprise at that season of the year. PainfuUv they toded up the banks of the Androscoggin until thev mched :ow::'t'tv V °' ".'-■?'•- "--»'<-• of .1:^;^:^ town of Jay. By erossuig the country from tliis place in -i northerly da-ection, a few miles would t[ke them ^ rs4dv E.ver, where the beautiful town of Farmingtou now corns t e andscape By following down the valley of the Sa b' E vt «ey could reach Norridgewoek by a totally unexpeotel rolte Thus they hoped to strike the Indians entirely bv surprise. But just then occurred that remarkable phenomenon known n Ma „e as the January thaw. A warm rain, followed by the little .1 was swollen to a torrent. All the fields were covered called aUh. Ihe icy moisture penetrated leather as thouol, it were brown paper. The discomfort was so extreme that f^r her joumeying became impracticable. The soldiers, dividin hie field, wl.en „„see; sa«" skulldt l,iT; stumps and trees, shot him down, and earrfed 'a l " .^ captives. At Kennphi.nt *l„ *-»"iea away his boys as mill, tvere killed. H Ben k Sr T?' "''■"' "' "°* '" ^ »""" his children to.ahawltlftl f oti rTenorra'ti "T " ^^ and scalped. Snch was the chapter ifttt ^0',:!; 30th of April 1724 Tl , ."'? "^^"^''^^°»- ^^ ^vas the tne i^airibon. Ihe boats passed down the river and «o;i..i i ptr tX^. -• ::i t(tr f ,"-^ «^- "" fiio.« 1 , '^"^ *"^ Indians cauo-ht sio-hf nf stream, on both banks. They had thirty .., ' , , '" cealed. The Indians waited nn„hL 7. """" " ^ """ then poured a deadly voUey of bnl":;: t Xf 'Sil every man was killed or wounded Tl,« '^ ^'^"ei. j\ early h.to their canoes, and, outTrmt tg lirleTl '^;'h Irf to »e. ventured upon an open attack, compllryrotd;™ 808 THE IIISTORr OF MAINE. I ! The English, seeing their destruction to be inevitable, re- solved to sell their lives as dearly as possible. They fought desperately until all were shot down. How many warriors the savages lost in the bloody fray, was never known. It appeam that there were three friendly Indians in the boats, and these the savages allowed to escape. The death of Capt. Winslow was deeply felt. He was a young man of great worth, a recent graduate from Harvard College, and a member of one of the most illustrious families of Massachusetts. The savages succeeded, during the summer, in capturing twenty-two fishing vessels. They made a fleet of fifty canoes. These light birch-bark structures they could carry through the forest paths almost as easily as they could carry a musket. Each canoe was generally sufficient for three warriors. Launch- ing them at any designated point, they would push out with great rapidity, and entirely surround a small vessel, whose crew ordinarily consisted of bx^t from five to eight men. The captui-e was then easy. Any one who exposed himself upon the deck was sure to be shot down. In these encounters twenty-two men were killed, and twenty- three carried into captivity .» The triumphant Indians, having destroyed sixteen of the garrison of the fort in the whale-boats, now paddled up the river, hoping to capture the fort itself, and seize all its valuable contents.^ This fortification bade defiance to all their eflforts. It was built of hewn timber, twer.ty inches square. It was quadran- gular in form, each side being a hundred feet in length and sixteen feet iiigh. Within the enclosure there was a good sup- ply of comfortable barracks and a good well of water. From the southern wall there was a covered way, constructed of logs, leading to a large, strong block-house upon the bank of the » Hntchinson's History of Massachusetts, vol. ii. p. 278; Penhallow's Indian Wars. 2 " The English asserted that the Indians had sold the land to Gov Phins the deed having been .signed by one of their chiefs, Madockawando. In renl v to this the Indians maintained that the Ma.lockawando and Sheepscot John who signed the .leed, were not Penobscot Indians, one belonging to Machias and'the other in the virnuty of IJoston; consequently these chiefs had disposed of what did not nghtftdly belong to them, and the deed was tlierefore null and \ ok\." - Histoiu of New Ewjlund, by Cuulidye and Mansjield, vol. i. p. 324. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 309 mer Where several pieces of cannon commanded the stream. unnn Ih '"'V '° 'Y '^'^ ^""^^^ ^"'^^e but little impression upon these strong works, retired, and soon made their appear- ance agam at Arrowsic. They succeeded in capturing three of the inhabitants, and in killing many cattle About the middle of July a band of twenty-seven made an a tack upon a house near the garrison at Spurwink. They shot Mr. Solomon Jorclan as he was incautiously leaving the gate of h garrison. They were driven off, and a herofc band from the fort pursued them. The Indians, taken by surprise in heir encampment, fled, leaving behind them twenty-five packs twelve blankets, a gun, and several other articles. The Imlh S mXirTl 'T '}^' ''''' ^"^ ^"^^ -- f-"^ kill d Him the English scalped, and for the revolting trophy received a bounty of a hundred pounds in Boston » ^ There was no village of the Indians which presented more attractions than Old Point, where the pleasant li'tle hlleTof Norndgewock stood. The Kennebec here makes a large bend forming a beautiful and rich intervale of about a hundred acres' The village was regularly built on the land as it gently rose above he intervale. The huts were erected on on^ stree o path, about eight feet wide. The church, surmounted by the cross was by far the most imposing building in the pl^ce I^ stood a little back from the street, at thf lowei e^ of th village, and was neatly constructed of hewn timber. A sprino- alpt ::~" ^"'^' "-^^^ ^^^ ^^"^' '^^-'^^ ^ a^ an 1 History of Portland, by William Willis, p. 349 Francis, in liis Life of Father Rasle wnte>i " wi,^^ 1 ant town of Norridgew.wk as it now i7n ,V. T ? ,T '""' '"^''^^'^ ^''« P'^^'^- the people .all tl.e pLe ^^^Z/: ^^Z^Z 1 "f '" "^'^ ''"'"^' ^"^ have carrie.l luui thither If so 1,« ho, f ^ , ' '^ P'"'^''''P' curiosity may .epu.s Of na..re. stinLjo^ :inr:,::r^.S:^;r^^ .nen,ory of the past, without 'pa 2 s S 1 ', W a ^h!"' """;"'"'" ^"^ ^^'^ willbelievetheceaselessworshin^fnlf , I t-'l'ann, and on wliidi he of Christian .levS "" ''""'' ""«"' '^'^"'^ '''''' '^''^ »h« aspirations 310 THE HiarORT OF MAINE. The nch intervale, entirely free from forest or brush, afforded an admirable cornfield; and, under the careful cultui-e of the women, an ample harvest of the golden grain was generally ga hered. About two miles above the village there were some falls where salmon, shad, and alewives were taken in grea abundance. The poet Whittier, in his poem of '' Mog Megone '' gives a very graphic description of the charming scenery of this spot. AUudmg to the log-built chapel, he writes, - " Yet the traveller knows it a house of prayer i'or the sign of the holy cross is there ; ' And should he chance at that place to he, Of a sabhath mom, or some hallowed day Wlien prayers are made and masses are said Some for the living and some for the dead — Well might that traveller start to see The tall dark forms that take their way, From the birch canoe on the river shore, And the forest paths, to that chapel door- Marvel to mark the naked knees, ' And the dusksy foreheads bending there, While iu coarse white vesture, over these, In blessing or in prayer, Stretching abroafl his thin pale hands. Like a shrouded ghost the Jesuit stands." The church was well adapted to make a deep impression upon the mmds of the Indians. It was quite richly decorated with pamtings of the crucifixion, and of other momentous events in bibhcal lustory. Silver plate was provided for sacramental ser- vices. Father Rasle, with ap' ,tolic self-denial and zeal, had been laboring amidst tlie solitudes of that remote wilderness for thirty-five years. He had made many converts, and had won to an extraordinary degree, the love of the whole tribe The converts were put on probation for a time; and after suitable instruction, when Father Rasle became convinced of their sincerity, they were baptized, and admitted to full com- munion. About forty young Indians were trained to form a choir, and in other ways to assist the pastor in his religious exercises They were clad in surplices and other clerical robes, intended to impress the people with a sense of the solemnity of their service. ^ Morning and evening the Indians were assembled in the THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 811 the w^Th r-?r"*T^ "T""^- ^^"^"^ generally a listless life, with bu httle to do and but little to occupy their minds, the households gathered eagerly in the chapel to enjoy these observ- ances In one of his letters he testifies to the sweetness with which the young Indians sang, and to the unvarying propriety duties ''"*''''' ^'''^ '^^'"''^ *^'^ performed their religious We have before mentioned that Father Rasle was by birth a gentleman of illustrious family, and that he had received an accomplished education ; yet we can never detect in his letters a niurmur in view of the hardships of his lot. To his nephew in h ranee he writes, — rplil^''"' K^™' ''^ * '^^''' ''' *^^ '^°°^'' '" ^^"^^ I fi"'i both crosses and religions observances among the Indians. At the dawn of the morning I say mass in the chapel, made of the branches of the fir-tree. The reside of the day I spend m visiting and consoling the savages. It is a severe ttifZige^.r «° --y famished persons, without b'eing able t: rXve Many years ago thirty-four volumes of " Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, ' written from distant missionary stations, were publish in France. The following extract from one of Father Rasle s ■ iters will be read with interest. It was dated at NaranL:^auk, which is the Indian name for Norridgewock, Oct. 10. 17^2, only about two years before his death: — _ -None of my converts fail to repair twice each day to the church _ wh ch I offer atsunset. As it is necessary to fix the imagination of these Indians which is too easily distracted, I have composed some appropriate prayers for them to make, to enable them to enter into the sphi of the august sacrifice of our altars. Besides the sermons which I deliver before them on Sundays and festival days, I scarcely pass a week-day without making a short exhortation to inspire them with a horror of those vices 8^ Je v'irtut'^ ^'^ """'^ '''*'^''*'"' °' ^ '^''''Sthen them in the practice of '' After mass I teach the catechism to the children and young persons wi'f .e'r Td T':r' '""' ^"^^^ "'° ''' P^^«-* -«^'*' -^ --- with perfect docility the questions which I put to them. The rest of the niorning, even to mid-day, is set apart for seeing those who wish to speak with me. They come to me in crowds to make me a participator in their 812 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. pains and inquiotude.s, or to communicate to me causes of complaint a^^ainst im^rc?""^' ""' *" """^* "^ °" *'^^'^ ™'™^- -^ °*her aff^ of re r?*. i' h^'''^°'' T'T'^ ^'"" ™' *° ^"«*'-"*^* «°'"«' t^ «0"«ole others, to re-e«tabhsh peace m families at variance, to calm troubled consciences to correct others by reprimands mingled with softness and charityjrie 1 far as possible to render them all contented. ' " After mid-day I visit the sick, and go around among the cabins of those who require more particular instructions. If they hold a council, whi h 3 often the case with these Indians, they depute one of their principa men to ask me to assist in their deliberations. I accordingly rep™ 'LiLe app^v oTit'T ^ T f ' *t ' *'^^^ ^'-^ ^°^-^"^- -- -- approve of it. If, on the contrary, I have any thing to say in opposition to their decision, I declare my sentiments, supporting them by weighs rasons My advice always fixes their resolutions. M«y reasons. "In the midst of such occupations, yau cannot imagine with what rapidity the days pass by. When the Indians repair to the seashore, where tlev pass some months in hunting ducks and other birds which are found thZ m large numbers, they build .on an island a church, which they cover with bark, and near It they erect a little cabin for my residence. I t4e care to transport thither a part ' of our ornaments, and the service is ler Wd with the same decency and the same crowds of people as at'the" ''You see, then, my dear nephew, what are my occupations. For tliat which relates to me personally, I will say to you th^t I neither se , nor lie^ nor speak to any but the Indians. My tood is very simple and li^it i have never been able to conform my taste to the meaJor smoked fish of the savages My nourishment is composed only of corn which they po ind ai^ of which I make each day, a kind of hominy, which I boil in water The only luxury in which I indulge is a little sugar, which I mix w th it to correct Its insipidity. This is now wanting in the forest. In tl sp in' the maple-trees contain a liquor very similar to that which is found in th^ ugar-canes of the southern islands. The women employ themselv^ col lectn^ this in vessels of bark as it is distilled from the trees. They then boil It, and draw off from it a very good sugar." ^ _ On the 19th of August, 1724, a party of two hundred and eight men, accompanied by three Mohawk Indians, left Rich- mond Fort, opposite Swan Island, for an attack upon Norridge- woek. The troops ascended the river in seventeen whale-boats. The next day they reached Teconnet, now Winslow, where they landed iorty men were left to guard the boats; the remainder of the party commenced a rapid march, on the morn- ing of the 21st, through the woods, to strike the foe by surprise THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 818 The party was led by Capts. Harmon ^ and Moulton. Towarda the evening of that day they overtook the noted chief Boma- seen, with his wife and daughter. The chief and his child were both shot ; the wife was taken captive '^ _ It was a little after noon of the 22d when the soldiers came m sight of the village. The party was divided into three bands of nearly equal numbers, so as to encircle the village, and cut off all escape. Two of these were placed in ambuslC while the remainder were marshalled for an impetuous charge. There IS considerable diversity in the details of the narratives which are given of the massacre which ensued. After examining several different accounts, the writer thinks the following as impartial as any which can now be given : — The tliickets which surrounded the village were so dense that the assailants were not discovered until they poured in a volley of bullets upon the wigwams and their inmates. Immediately, with loud shouts, the English rushed upon their victims. The consternation was terrible. The only thing thought of was escape by flight. There were but about fifty men in the villa<.e It IS evident that nothing like a defence was attempted, since the Indians were skilled marksmen, and yet not an Englishman was shot. ® The savages endeavored only to save their aged men, their wives and their children. In a tumultuous mass, the women and children shrieking, they rushed towards the river. The encircling foe cut off escape in every other direction. Though the water was low, in the channel it was six feet deep, which pi^cluded the possibility of wading across. The husbands and fathers endeavored, by swimming, to aid the helpless. A dread- ful slaughter took place. Those placed In ambush rose, and all rushed forward, hurling a storm of bullets upon the crowded assemblage of men, women, and children struggling in the water. The deed was soon accomplished. Many were drowned, and iiiey ten m with Boinaseen about Tn, onnet, where thev sh.it iiim .,. i escaping through the river. His wife and daughlor ^ t a tri,tirn a'Z "S^ZkiVSf ^"^^^'^ ^^ ^'^ -other taken. -Z)4e-;So/T/: iawi 8H THE HISTORY OF MAINE. many pierceU by bullets were swept down by thft stream to their watery graves. It was estimated that about eighty were slam. This seems a small number when we reflect that nearly two hundred practised soldiers were discharging their guns as rapidly as possible upon them, taking deliberate aim. The awful deed of slaughter was soon accomplished. The pursuers returned to the village, where they found Father Rasle in !ie parsonage. As he came forward to meet them, a shower of bullets pierced his body, and he fell dead.* The slain, such as could be found, including Father Rasle were scalped, and the soldiers retired. Gradually the Indians who had escaped returned to their utterly desolated homes. Even the stoicism of the savage was overcome, as he gazed upon the smouldering ruins, and che gory bodies of his relatives and friends, man, women, and children, which were strewed around. Their first care was to search for the remains of their beloved missionary. These they y^ashed, and with prayers and loud lamentations buried below the altar, where he had so often ministered to them in sacred things. Over the remains they reared a rude cross. Their chief Bomaseen, and the others of the dead, they also buried with such solemnities as they had been taught to exercise.^ The tribe was destroyed. The few woe-stricken survivors, having completed their mournful task, turned sadly from the homes endeared to them by all the associations of childhood, and which their ancestors had occupied through countless gen- erations, and sought refuge with the Penobscots. The ntme of the Norridgewocks was blotted forever from the register of Indian tribes. The reader will be interested in reading the account which the French historian, F^re de Charlevoix, gives of this tragic 1 "Great brutality and ferocity are chargeable to the English in this affair according to their own account; such as killing v-omen and children, and scalpine and mangling the body of Father Easle." -ZJra/fce'a Book of the Indiam, book iil p. lli(. 2 For further particulars see Belknap's History of New Hampshire vol ii p. 50; Hutchinson's History of Ma3sa<;husetts, vol. ii. p. 279; Penhallow's Indian Wars. It flrui be perceived that there are considerable discrepancies in the details. THE niSTOBY OF MAINE. 815 i^iance. We give a literal translation from the French : - " There were then but fifty warriors in the villaire Th.v -«i, a .u • arms, and ran turaultuously, not to defend /hT J ^ • .^ "* ^^^" fell dead near a ero„ which he had planW i„ the middlltf ,1 t ""^ thpm fplifl^of * "« -c-ngasn, hndmg that they had none left to resi<»t them fell firs to pillaging and then to burning the wigwams Thov «nr ] they « hdrew m ,o gxeat precipilation that it was ratter a lii»h. T^^ seemed to be atruoli with a perfect panic * '• ^'^ carl' l^iiTz :rbct*:'/.hen:f '°- ** "■"«'• " ™ ** «»' lo«W,.g for'piant, a„d hl°L h I^ZS' ^^: T l°T "'" in a thousand place,, acalped, hi, ,knl 11 ™ ptc w^ h Hi "" ."l°' tenderly and ,„ jnatly beloved by ther.h^ teied himTthe "ZT'. '" where he had, the eveninir before ceIehr,t»H fK. ? . ""' f'""' Where the altar ,tood befl tl^TitZ:^^ ""^'*'"' °">'"^' In the ye»r 1833, Benedict Fenwick, bUhop of Boston re- paned to the s,te of the little ohapel of Rasle. in NomZwocT and on the anmveraary of its destrnotion, Aug. 28, er.ed a monnment to the memory of the self^enying mission" It was of granite, surmounted by an iron cross. From the founda ion to he highest point of the cross is eighteen feeT A Latin inscription, of which the following is a literS translf tion, was cut into the stone : — * "" Histoire Geserale, t. ii p. 332, 816 TUB niaroRY of ma/se. '• Rev. Sehantiati Rasle, a native of Franco, a missionary of the society of Jesuits, at lirst proachiiig for a few years to the Illinois and Ilurons, afterwards for thirty-four years to the Abenaquis, in faith and charity a true apostle of Christ; undaunted by the danger of arms, often testifying that he was prepared to die for his flock; at length this best of pastors feU amidst arms at the destruction of the village of xNorridgewock and the ruins of his own church, in this very place, on the twenty-third day of August. A.D. 1724. " Benedict Fen wick, Bishop of Boston, has erected this monument, and dedicated it to him and liis deceased children in Christ, on the 28d of August, A.D. 1833, to the greater glory of God." About two years after, some mischievous individuals over- turned the monument. To the credit of the inhabitants of Norridgewock this conduct was not approved by them, as was evinced by their immediately replacing it. The accompanying cut represents this tribute to the memory of Father Rasle. f ii MONUarENT OF RASLE, NORRIDGEWOCK. On the 27th the victorious detachment returned to Port Richmond without the loss of a single man. This was con- sidered the most brilliant exploit in the Indian wars since the death of King Philip. Capt. Harmon proceeded to Boston wi. '; * •. rjJE HISTORY OF MAINE. 317 the scalps to obtain the rich reward. He was at once promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Still desperate Indian bands infssted the frontiers. A regi- ment of three hundred men was raised to range the country from the Kennebec to the Penobscot. This region was the favorite resort of the Indians for fowling and fishing. But the Indians were watchful, and but few were caught. In December Capt. John Lovewell, or Lovel as his name is sometimes spelled, went on a military excursion, with thirty men, to Lake Winni- piseogee, in New Hampshire. They succeeded in killing and scalping one Indian, and in capturing an Indian boy. For these they received in Boston the reward promised by law. Again in February, 1725, Capt. Lovewell, with fort> men, was on the march upon tl margin of a small lake, since called LovewoU's Pond, near the head of Salmon Falls River. They came suddenly upon a party of ten Indians, all soundly asleep around their camp-fires. The English silently took deliberate aim, and at a simultaneous discharge of their muskets killed nine, and sorely wounded the tenth. The wounded man sprang to his feet, and endeavored to escape ; but a powerful dog which accompanied the English soon overtook him, and held him till he was despatched with hatchets. For these ten scalps the victors received in Boston universal applause, and the more substantial reward of a thousand pounds sterling.* The savages still succeeded in occasionally shooting a man. Two very worthy iarmers were killed in North Yiirmouth. Several others were attacked, and one severely wounded at Cape Porpoise. At Maquoit two Indians captured a man by the name of Cochran. The first night they bound their captive securely ; the second night he was more loosely confined, and ' Drake gives the following accr :il of this adventure : "Lovewell with forty men, came upon a small company of ten Indians who were asleep by their fires and, by statiuning his men au-. a itageously, killed them all. After takin" olT their scalps these forty warriors marched to Boston ir -reat triumph, with the ten scalps, exton.led upon hoops, for which they received a thotisand pounds This exploit was the more lauded, as it was suppose.! that these ten Indians were upon an expedition against the English upon the frontiers, having new guns much animumtion, and spare blankets and moccasins to accommodate captives.' This however, was mere conjecture. Whether they had killed friends or pnemies v/as not quite so certain as that they had killed Indians." —Book iii. p. 121 ' 318 TEE HISTORY OF MAINE. 1 1 m the two Indians, weaiy with a long day's march, fell soundly asleep. Cochran succeeded in loosing his bonds, and, rising sof ly with his hatchet killed them both. He took their scalps and therr guns, the indisputable proofs of his achievement, and returned to the fort. CHAPTER XVIir. THE PROGRESS AND TERMINATION OF LOVEWELL's WAR. Encampment at Great O.ssipee - Serious Contest - Death of Love well -Of Suiv7fr "' T.^"^^'' "' Lovewell's War -Government Measures- S^'^i.n r;~, '"°;'''"'''''-^"'"'"P°''''*''^" °f Orono- Heath's Ex- pedti..n-At tack upon Young Castine-The Dummer Treaty - Indian Letters - Cost of Lulian Wars - Peace concluded. QN the 15th of April, 1725, Capt. John Lovewell set out on ^another expedition against the Indians. He left Dunstable with forty.six volunteers, thoroughly equipped. They directed then- march toward the Ossipee Ponds, near the upper waters of the Saco River. Three of the company gave out under the latigues of the way, and returned. When they reached the westerly side of the Great Ossipee Pond, ni New Hampshire, about ten miles beyond the west line of Manie, they built a small stockade fort. This was intended as a place of retreat in case of disaster, and also as a hospital tor eight of their number who were sick and unable to go any tarther. The^ were then about one hundred miles from home Here Capt. Lovewell left the sick men with a surgeon and a guard. With but thirty-two men he resumed his march towards the north-westerly margin of LoveweU*s Pond, a distance of about twenty-two miles. This sheet of water, situated in the town of Fryeburg, is about two miles long, and its average width is about iialf a mile. They moved with much caution, for about two miles west of them there was an Indian village called Peo-- wacket. Like most other Indian hamlets, it was delightfulfy situated in a fertile and romantic spot, commanding a charming view of land and water. 819 820 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. Here they noiselessly encamped for the night. They heard the confused murmur of distant voices, which they supposed proceeded from the Indians, but encountered no alarm. A chaplain accompanied the party. He was a very noble youno- man, a recent graduate of Harvard College, by the name of Jonathan Frye. It was their Invariable custom to have morn- ing prayers. While engaged in their devotions they were startled by the report of a gun. Cautiously approaching the edge of the pond, they saw, across the water, at the distance of nearly a mile, a single Indian hunter, who had just discharged his gun at some game. His scalp was worth rive hundred dollars. Immediately the party set out to capture him. They had not proceeded far, when they came to a small plain, smooth as a floor, covered with pine trees, and entirely free from underbrush. Such plains often present the most lovely spots in our forest land- scapes. X To expedite their march, the soldiers threw off their packs, and left them in a pile together, without any guard. They could easily retrace their steps and find them. Hurrying on, the whole party soon disappeared amidst the thickening glooms of the forest. After travelling about a mile they camo again in sight of the Indian. He was not in the least aware of his dan- ger, and was sauntering along with a shot-gun upon his shoul- der and a few birds in his hand. Several guns were immedi- ately fired at him ; but so hurriedly, and the distance was such, that they all missed their aim. The Indian sprang behind a tree, and saw, at a glance, that escape was impossible. Taking deliberate aim, he fired at Capt. Lovewell, inflicting a serious wound. Almost- at the same moment Ensign Wymaii fired, and the Indian fell uead, pierced by his bullet. They took his scalp and returned for their packs. ' In the mean time two renowned Indian chiefs, Pangus and Wahwa, returning from a scout down the Saco River," cauo-ht sight of the pile of knapsacks. They knew that the own^ers would soon return for them. By counting the packs they ascer- tained the number of the English. It was not difficult to trace the path upon which the English had advanced. There were THE niSTORY OF MAINE. g21 between seventy and eighty warriors in the Indian band i They paced themselves in ambush, and awaited the return of their intended victims. return oi About ten o'clock in the morning of the 8th of May the English were marching leisurely along, on their returnt'lhen they reached the ambush. The Indians, completely surroTmd- ing them, suddenly rose, and with presented gun^s and Tad shouts rushed upon them. These Indians had frequented the Capt. Lovewell' and most of his men. Mr. Drake in hi. account of the battle, says that the savages were loath o ki these their former friends, and wished to take them captives account of the conflict, published the same year in which it took place. It IS certain that they did not fire from the ambush when they might so easily have shot down every man without being seen themselves." "^ witnout thl^'fi^ft^th-''" f "'" "^^ ''^''^'^' "^"^ *^-- --^ tneir liist fire. This only encouraged the English. Facing (.»rnp,t tL t j- , ° unequal battle in hot earnest. The Indians, outnumbering the English more than wo to one, immediately sprang, each man behind a tr e, and enfrely surrounding their victims, commeueed the Ivful and e,ght of h,s men fell dead, and two more were wounded to the IZ Tu "'""' *°™ ^y """ '"■"^'»' ^""eU their way to the pond whieh was at the distance of but a few rods teet high. The Indians could no longer surround them. The bank presented a rampart to protect them from the ballets of the savages, and from behind which they could take deliberate «m at any foe who should venture to expose hand or head Here, for eight dreadful hours, these men fought. Thjy wet • D,*.., Book of tl„ Ml.™, book S p la ■ ''*"■■' " """"''«• 822 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 80 outnumbered that flight was impossible. They had no food. Their knapsacks, with their spare ammunition, were seized by the savages. There was no chance of any re-enforcements. It would seem that their doom was sealed, and that by no pos- sibility could one escape. At times there was a brief lull in the battle. The Indians, retiring beyond gunshot, seemed to be holding a council. In one of the councils, or conferences. Ensign Wyman crept through the forest, and shot one of the chiefs. Still the Indians sent a bold warrior within hailing distance of the English, who shouted out, " Will you have quarter ? " It is probable that the English felt assured, that, after they had killed so many of the Indians, no quarter would be granted, and that their inevit- able doom would be death by torture. Their reply was, " We will have no quarter but at the muzzles of our guns." The firing had become quite desultory. The combatants, upon each side, kept concealed as much as possible, and fired only when quite sure of striking their foe. About the middle of the afternoon. Chaplain Frye received a mortal wound. He lived for several hours, but was heard praying earnestly that God would preserve his surviving companions. There were among the Indians praying men. These also, doubtless, with expiring breath, pleaded with God in behalf of their country- men. Both were unquestionably sincere. Alas for man ! How strange must have been the meeting, in the spirit land, of these fellow Christians, who had killed each other ! During the engagement, the combatants often conversed with each other, from behind their ramparts, separated by but a few yards. They called each other by name, and talked in almost friendly terms. John Chamberlain was a very bold, magnani- mous man, of large stature. His gun had become, by repeated firing, too foul for uce. He stepped down to thfi water to wash it out. Just at that moment Paugus, the Pegwacket chief, who was also a man of herculean size, jumped down the bank to wash out his gun. They were at the distance of but a few yards from each other. They were well acquainted, and had formerly met as friends. Paugus could speak English. The contest now was to see who would get his gun first in THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 323 order. As Paugus rammed down the bullet, he said to his old friend, "I shall now very quick kill you." — " Perhaps not," said Chamberlain, who had the advantage of a gun which, in charging, primed itself. There was an instantaneous flash, fol- lowed by a report, and the Indian chief fell dead. The savages took great care to keep themselves concealed ; and it is not probable that many of them were slain At night the Indians withdrew, when it would seem that they must have known that the English were entirely at their mercy. Many of them had fired from twenty to thirty times, and their ammuni- tion was nearly exhausted. It is, however, not improbable that the Indians had expended all theirs. They could only obtain supplies by tedious journeys through the forests to Canada.* Both Messrs. Penhallow and Symmes, the two most authentic narrators of the battle, estimate that the Indians lost between forty and fifty of their warriors. This is apparently merely con- •jecture, and is quite incredible. As they were decidedly the victors, withdrawing of their own accord, not being driven from the field, it is scarcely possible that they could have lost more than half of their number.'^ Solomon Keys received three bullet-wounds, and was appar- ently dying. To save his dead body from being mangled by the savages, he rolled himself down the beach to a canoe, which chanced to be there. Almost senseless he succeeded in creep- ing into it. A gentle breeze blew the canoe across the pond diagonally, and landed it but a short distance from the stockaded fort into which he contrived to creep. * " In going to Quebec it is necessary to take more than a fortnight to reach there. They have to furnish themselves with provisions for the journey. Ther have different rivers to pass, and frequent portages to make. The Indians are aware of these inconveniences, and are by no means indifferent to their interests But then- faith is inlinitely more dear to them. They believe, that, if they detach themselves from our alliance, they will shortly tind themselves without a mission- ary, without a sacrifice, and in manifest danger of being plunr|ed into their former heathenism. This is the bond which unites them to the French." — Father Rasle's Letter, found in " Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses." 2 Penhallow, in his History of the Indian Wars, represents the number of Indians engaged in this conflict, at seventy. Of these he says that forty were killed outright, and eighteen weie mortally wounded who soon died Tiiis mtkes a total loss, in dead, of fifty-eight. Thus, according to this estimate, twelve only escaped with their lives. In every battle there are manv wnnn.ied "-h- -i-h- quently recover. Did these twelve escape wounds? or was every Indian either Killed or wounded? 824 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 1„ ...J As the sun went down the moon rose, shedding its pale lio-ht over the gloomy forest. The savages had disappeared, leaving solitude and silence to reign over the dismal scene of slaughter. It IS impossible to account for the fact that they left the^dead bodies of Capt. Lovewell and his men unscalped. The survivors felt that not a moment was to be lost in the attempt to gain the fort. There were but twenty-two living. Two of these werp mortally wounded. They could not be removed. ■: . were left to die alone. There was no possible escape for • . ^ ftom this cruel fate. They had cause to fear that the savages would return and wreak vengeance upon them, in the most direful tortures. Eight others were wounded more or less severely ; but still they were able to hobble along in the awful midnight retreat. There were but twelve unwounded. This heroic band had fought all day, without food ; and, half famished, they com- menced their painful march. Dreadful was the situation of the exhausted, bleeding troops, without food, tents, blankets, or any means for dressing a wound. The dead were left unburied, as these war-stricken men commenced their retreat.* Chaplain Frye, a dying man ortally wounded, as we have said, toiled along a mile or two, when he threw himself upon the ground saying, " I cannot take another step. Here I must die Should you ever, through God's help, reach your homes, tell my father, that I expect in a few hours to be in eternity, but that I do not fear to die." « All the night long the survivors toiled through the for-st, expecting every moment to hear the war-whoop of the approach- ing savages, who had probably gone to their village for fresh supplies of ammunition. Perhaps they found none there ; and this may account for their relinquishing the pursuit. In the > Accuracy, in the details of these events, is impossible. The same annalist wil often give contradictory statements. Williamson says, " Collecting togeZr in the evening, they found that there were ten alrea^iy dead, nine uninfurS one missmg, and fourteen wounded." uumjurea, one tow'tf u"h ' 7'f ' ^■^r^°'^ °* **'"'"• ^'^^''"^ '^^ ***^ «P«t. directed their march 2 This noble young man, who had displayed great heroism, was the son of Cant James Frye of Andover, Mass, His amiable and promising character ha^St«n hmi many friends , and he died greatly lamented. He mTIX^m^H march, which, unfortunately, was lost with >>im ^ *^*'' TBE HISTORY OF MAINE. 325 f morning the fugitives divided into three bands, hoping thus to be able to conceal their trail. Nearly twenty men, walking in single file, would leave a ti-ack which the eagle-eyed Indian could easily discern. At length sixteen of them reached the fort, where they had hoped to find refreshment and a reserved force. In a direct line it was distant from the battle-field but about twenty miles. Still by the circuitous route which they took, and encumbered by the wounded, several of whom soon died, three or four days were spent on the journey. To their bitter disappointment they found the fort deserted. It appeared afterwards, that when the savages first sprang from their ambush, deafening the ear with their hideous yells, one of the Englishmen succeeded in escaping. He saw the utter hopelessness of his companions surrounded by apparently three times their own number. Upon reaching the fort, he gave an account, no less true than frightful, of the condition of his comrades. Capt. Lovewell and several others were already killed. The rest were sur- rounded, and were selling their lives as dearly as possible. The feeble band, for only the sick had been left behind, ex- pecting every moment to hear the yells of the approaching savages, precipitately fled. Fortunately they left behind them some provisions. The starving fugitives, after a short rest, resumed their doleful march. Their suflPerings from famine^ pain, and weariness, cannot be adequately described. Fourceen finally reached their homes.^ Such are the particulars, so far as can now be ascertained, of what has been called " Lovewell's Victory."* A provincial poet of those days commemorated the event in verses which at the time obtained much renown, and which were pensively sung in many farmhouses. We give the three closing stanzas : — " Ah ! many a wife shall rend her hair, And many a child cry ' Woe is me,* When messengers the news shall bear Of Lovewell's dear-bought victory. 1 Drake's Book of the Indians, book iii. p. 125. a Mr Williamson writes, "The battle of Pegwacket broke the heart and spirit of the Sokosis natives. In a short time they withdrew, an.l resided no more in tlwHft p,ea.=,nnt and ancient dwelling places, till p«ace. After this event the star ot the tnbe, pale and declining, gradually settled in darkness." — Vol. u. p. 141. ^26 rnS HISTORY OF MAINE. " With footsteps slow shall travellers po Wliere Lovewell's Pouil shines clear aud bright, And mark the place where those are laid Who fell in Lovewell's bloody flght. " Old men shall shake their heads, and say, ' Sad was the hour, aud terrible, ^ When Lovewell's brave 'gainst Paugiia went. With lifty men from Dunstable.' " i The wretched state of the country induced the legislature to adopt more vigorous measures to bring the war promptly to a close. The Indians had greatly dwindled away. Poorly armed, and with but scant ammunition, they were much disheartened. The loss of a single warrior was, by them, very sensibly felt. All the eastern garrisons were strengthened and replenished by the government. Liberal pay was offered to volunteers. A large number of friendly Indians, from Massachusetts, were employed as allies. The Indian hostages, detained in Boston, became exceedingly impatient of their restraint. It speaks well for them, that one of these hostages, together with a captive taken in war, was liberated with permission to visit their tribe upon their parole of honor to return ; and they both faithfully came back, and surrendered themselves to imprisonment. They had been absent two months. They brought back with them the following report, so melancholy for them, so encouraging for the English : — " The losses our tribes have met with, and the daily terror they experi- ence, causes their lives to be miserable. They long for peace. The Indians on the Penobscot are about to propose a negotiation, that the war may be brought to a close." Again they were permitted to go back to their friends, with the stipulation, that within twenty-three days they should return with a delegation of chiefs for a peace conference. It was supposed that they would aid in urging forward peace measures. In a former chapter we have given a narrative of the destruc- tion of the fort and pleasant little village of the Indians, at Old- town, far up the Penobscot. This was in February, 1723. Col. Thomas Westbrook led the expedition. In his official report to 1 Farmer and Moore's Historical Collections, vol. iii THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 327 Lieut-Gov. Dutnmer, he wrote, after describing the commodious structures which the French and Indians had reared, — " We set fire to tnem all, and by sunrise the next morning they were all in ashes. We then returned to our nearest guard, themie to our tents. On our arrival at our transports we concluded we must have ascended the river about thirty-two miles. ' * ^ The Indiafis, after the retirement of the English, returned to the ruins of their former homes. Their losses and sufferings were terrible. The foe, against whom they were contending, was infinitely their superior. Game in the forests had become scarce. With difficulty could they obtain ammunition for hunt- ing. It was necessary for them to rear their humble villages on the seashore or on the banks of rivers, that by clamming and fishing they might lengthen out their miserable existence. But here the English could easily come upon them in their ships and strong whale-boats. Even if they retired far back into the country, and planted their fields with corn, after wait- ing half-famished, weary weeks for the harvest, they knew, by bitter experience, that energetic English bands wouid, in all probability, pass through the trails of the forest, lay their vil- lage in ashes, and trample their harvest in the dust. Their doom was dreadful. It was no wonder that they longed for peace. Sadly the returning fugitives wandered through the desolations of their former homes, with no heart to attempt to rebuild. Oldtown, the site of this Indian village, was upon an island of the same name, about twelve miles above where Bangor now stands. In the year 1806, the township of Orono, previously called Stillwater, was incorporated, including the region of Oldtown. It took its name from a celebrated Indian cliief Orono, of the Tarratine tribe. He was a wai-m friend of the Americans in the war of the Revolution. In the year 1840, Oldtown was incorporated as a separate town. Orono was the one hundred and sixty-second town incorporated in the State, and contained then about three hundred inhabitants. The unhappy, despoiled, half-famished savages wandered down the western banks of tlie river, until they came to the spot where Bangor now stands. The region was then an un- 1 Collections of Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. via. p. 264, 2d ser. ; Hutch- inson's History of Massachusetts, vol. ii. p. 273. Q O M •«) o rir^ nisTORY of Maine. broken wilderness, through which the Kenduskeag Iliver flowed silently into the Penobscot. Here they rebuilt their vilhi-e. It IS probable that six or seven French families were with them- for seven houses were found with cellars and chimneys. There' were about fifty Indian huts, indicating, in their structure, a people slowly emerging from barbarism. Capt. Joseph Heath commanded the garrison at Richmond. He heard of this Indian village, situated but about one hundred miles north-east from him, through the trails of the lonely, un-- mhabited forest. In the month of May, 1725, Capt. Heath took a company of men, and marched across the country, from the Kennebec to the Penobscot. The Indians heard of his approach ; and the whole population, men, women, and children, fled into the forest. They could take with them only such articles as they carried upon their backs. It is difficult to con- ceive how they could have escaped utter starvation. Probably many of them did perish of hunger. * Finding the village deserted, Capt. Heath burned all the dwellings, including a commodious church, and destroyed the cornfields. His party then returned to Richmond, not having caught sight of a single Indian. It was thought by many that this was a very injudicious expedition, considering that the Indians had already made proposals for a peace conference, liie village destroyed was situated on what has since been called iort Hill. The Indians never attempted to rebuild upon this spot. They subsequently returned to Oldtown, where they re-Rstabhshed themselves near the graves of their fathers. There was another deed perpetrated by the English, of sc atrocious a character that no English historian has been willing to dwell upon its details. The Indian village on the Penobscot was destroyed in May. On the 20tli of June a few Indian chiefs, with a flag of truce, were approaching Fort St. Georo-e at Thomaston, to sue for peace. A detachment from the fort attacked them, killing cue and severely wounding another ^ There was still a third adventure, which, as a descendant from the English, one blushes to record. Young Castine, of whom we have before spoken, who was ever the friend of peace, and 1 Williamsou'a History of Maiue, vol. ii, p. lu. 880 TnE HISTORY OF MAINE. who had often attested his raagnjuurnoiis spirit toward the i^nglish, was in a small sail-boat, at anchor just off the south- east point of the present town of Sedgwick, which was then called Na«keag Point. He had on board his boat a lad supposed to have been his son, the child of his wife, who was a chieftain'a daughter, and another boy by the name of Samuel Trask, a captive from Salem, whom he had humanely redeemed from the Indians. He saw an English sloop approaching ; but there was no war then between France and England, and Castine had no thou-ht of any danger. They were probably fishing. As soon as the sloop came within musket-shot the crew opened fire upon him. fortunately none were struck by the bullets. Castine and his companions speedily took shelter upon the land. The captain of the sloop then raised the white flag, und shouted out to Castine, upon the shore, that the firing was a mistake. ^ The guileless young liian, incapable of treachery himself, immediately, with his companions, rowed out to the sloop. As soon as they stepped on board the Englishman seized younecember, 172o. It continued in force for many years. The Indians were oo feeble in strength and too broken in spirits to venture to violate its terms. ^ ° The General Court immediately established quite extensive rading-houses at Fort Richmond, on the Kennebec, and on the vll.rTf Th^'^ 1 '' ^"^"^^'^1 ^^^^^' ^^^^- ^^^ fl-"-4 village of Thomaston now stands, but which was then almost an unbroken wilderness. Goods for Indian traffic werXored there to the amount of three thousand five hundred dollars There were but four sagamores present to sign this tr;aty. It was deemed important that there should be a fuller represen tation of the chiefs of all the tribes. Another meetrwa appointed. It was held at Falmouth, on the 30th of July, 1726 Forty chiefs attended. They represented nearly all the Maine' Nova Scotia and the Canada tribes. Many o'f these IncW sabbatlTv T^ ""• ^^^^ ^^^^^^ doing business on the sabbath day. There were several vessels in the harbor, and there were taverns on the shore. A large number of Indians had accompanied their chiefs. Ihe lieutenant-governors of Massachusetts and New IlamD- shire were also attended by quite a brilliant reti.iue of soldier v young men. All were much impressed by the intelligence and high moral qualities manifested by many of these chiefs. Thev mos earnest y requested of the English authorities, that they would prohibit the sale of any intoxicating liquok to the'r young men Lieut.-Gov. Dummer assured them that positive orders should be given to that effect. After deliberately examining and explaining the treaty in the meeting-house, it was signed, on the part of the English, by ^ ^Eecords. Eesolves. and Journals of Massachusetts Goven„„ent. vol. xii. TBE BISTORT OF UAWB. 333 Lieut-Gov. Dammer and a number of his councillors • and ™ he part of the Indians, by Wenemovct, a chief rgTmo"" and be seen m the government archives at Boston, with all th. signatures or respective marks of the Indians ■ of outrage " TheT 1 'r ^""'' '=='" "^'™" '^^^^'^^ =><='' ^1™ f- . °" ''^'=""' g°'«nment cannot prevent the perpetration of crime. In this respect the influence of the Indian chiefs was superior to that of the white manl "aws Stm 4^z -r-T f^rrth~ :f ts- b:;:^^ condemned, and all were hanged. There were a W T ' T^Z:"^" ^^' -^- -^ -«- "P- the^cL^l^r few One ;f th r'r'T'"^^'' '^^^^ ^^°"^^ ^^^^ »^«en so lew une of the chiefs, by the name oi Wenun^^anet wl.. lived on the River St. George, wrote to Gov. DuZC- " We look upon such Indians as much our enemies as vonr, w aa much danger from them as any of your peop We wT , ''' '" punish them for the wrongs which they have dot 'f * ''' '' *' The English traders persisted in selling rum fn +i,^ t a- ^ Under the influence of intoxication the younl ^L f'"""' fren/ipd nnrl i^.f „ii u? , young men became nenzied and lost all self-control. One of the chiefs bv th« .:^. i::sr s= - -i .? -- - -tv- own brethren. This is the opinion of aU our chief m^n T ! 1 ! ' great governor, and am your good friend." "'^"*' y°"' 1 Penhallow's Indfan Wars. Collectiotm r^t th^ xr tt Society, yo!. 1. pp. i28-i32. ^""ections of the New HanipsJ.ire Historical 884 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. ll'-fi'j Another sachem, Wivurna, wrote to the governor in the fol- lowing elevated strain : — _ "My brother, I am fully satisfied; for aU the blood that before lay boU- mg m my breast has flowed away. I now labor for peace in our land. Should any stormy clouds arise, I will immediately inform you, that they may do us no harm. In three things you make my heart glad. My grand- sou, wno was to me dead, is alive, and has returned to me safe. Canava, who was a captive, has come home alive and well. He is encouraged to do good service. I thank you for your kindness to mo and to my people. I am now old and gray-headed. I have seen many good men, English, French, and Indians; but of all I have not found one like Gov. Dummer for stead- fastness and justice. Were I a sagamore, and young, the first thing I should do would be to see you; but as I am old, and not able to travel, I heartily salute you, my good friend. Farewell.. "Wivurna." Gov. William Dummer, who had become so prominent, was born in Boston, in the year 1677. He went to England, proba- bly for his education. There he was appointed, by the crown, lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts. This was in 1716. His father-in-law, Gov. Joseph Dudley, had just retired from office, after a stormy administration of fourteen years. Gov. Dummer was a man of irreproachable morals, and of firm religious faith. Without possessing any brilliant qualities of mind, he manifestea sufficient ability for all the great emer- gencies which rose before him. His highly eulogistic funeral sermon was preached by the celebrated Rev. Mather Byles.^ It is thought that during this war one-third of the four Abe- naquis tribes had perished.^ The war, Penhallow estimates, had cost the government a hundred and seventy thousand pounds, in addition to the forts, which had been reared and repaired at a cost of not less than seventy-five thousand pounds. These wretched wars had impoverished the whole land. Every man forty years of age had seen twenty years of war. Every boy was trained to arms. The scenes of cruelty and blood every- where witnessed hardened the heart and brutalized the charac- » See the admirable biographical sketch of the Dumuib. in the Centennial Discourse delivered at JS-ewbury, by N. Cleaveland, Esq. 2 The Abenaquii iuliabited the region between the Pisoatav^-ia River and the Penobscot. The nation formerly consLstcd of eleveu allied tribes. See Drake's Book of the Indians, book iii. p. 91, and Williamson's History of Maine vol ii p. 464. ' ■ ■ TEE HISTORY OF MAINE. 385 ter. Dnnng this last war, about two hundred of the inhabitants of Maine were killed or carried into captivity. The anguish which was thus sent to many a humble cottage, no tongue' can Some of the captives were put to death by all the demoniac nflictions of Indian torture ; some perished from cold, exhaus- ion, and hunger : some were never heard of more, and what their tate was none can know. oI^A- ^""^'T ''""' ^'^^' "' '^^^^''"- They could be gentle, confiding, affectionate, at one moment; and then, at some sud' den exasperation, become cruel as fiends. And yet it was an extraordinary and inexplicable trait in their character, that they never hus transformed themselves from friends t; enemies without what they supposed just cause; and they always gave notice of their hostility before striking a blow. The habif of giving this warning was invariable. The restoration of peace they hailed with undisguised and almost childish delight. We now speak of the majority of the Indians, the common people. The chiefs were truly the arlstoi, the best of the land. Thev were almost invariably intelligent, serious, thoughtful men, whose minds were oppressed with the magnitude of the responsibilities thrown upon them, as they saw their tribes dwindling away and their hunting-grounds passing to the ownership of strangers Upon the settlement of the terms of peace, they flocked to he villages of their former foes, with faces radiant with ioy In very maiiy cases the Indians and the white families had been well acquainted with each other. They had often met in familiar intercoui.e called each other by name, and had ap- pai ently cherished tor each other sincere friendship The Indians now came rushing back, with smiles and cordial greetings, as if totally unconscious of the fiend-like deeds which, upon both sides, had been recently perpetrated.^ There was one very noble Indian, by the name of Ambereuse, who lived on the banks of Mousom or Mousam River.'^ He was . 1-1C3 -luiii "tij,-,. — n uUumsvn, vol, i, p. 27. 836 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. eminently a man of peace, a "praying Indian," and no persua- «on3 could induce him to engage in the war on either side. Ihrough all the bloody conflict he continued to visit the Eng- lish, as if peace had never been disturbed. Mr. SuUivan writing of him, says, — ' w/l^'^r??V° ^''""'"^ ^" ^"'^^^^ "^"^^'^ Ambereuse, with his wife. Hesaidhe hated war, and only wanted to live where he could make his brooms and his baskets, and live in peace. He remained there for several years, and then removed to the Kennebec." There were more than two hundred Indians present at the conference in Falmouth, when the treaty of the former year was confirmed and ratified. Over forty gentlemen composed the retinue of the governor. The convention was held beneath a spacious teut on Munjoy's Hill. At the close of the con- ference, quite a splendid banquet for those times was given beneatn the canvas of the tent, at the expense of the Massa- chusetts government. So large a concourse of people had never before been gathered in any of the settlements in Maine Though vessels at anchor in the bay had brought supplies, there was such an entire consumption of the articles of food, that one of the annalists of that day wrote, "They left us quite bare ; and nothing of the country's produce was left, only three bushels of corn and some small things." ' The three-years' war, thus terminated^ was usually caHed Lovewell's War, from the important part he took in its cam- paigns. It was carried on by the Indians without any recoo-- nized assistance from the French. There was, at that time settled peace between France and England. Undoubtedly the' sympathies of the French in Canada were with their loncr-tried friends, the Indians. But they could not take any active part in favor of the savages, without violating solemn treaty obliga- tions. ° 1 History of Portland, by William WUlis, p. 332. CHAPTER XIX. THE DOOM OF THE INDIAN. French Influence -Governor Dummer-His Wise PoUcy-The Trading- Houses -Life at Falmouth - Governors Burnet and BelSer- ActTa nft ?hir i"^ - ^'^c'-oa^ments of the English - Conference at Falmou ^ -Gov Shirley -Vis,t of Whitefield- Council at St. George -The Indians ilTri Peace -Indians refuse to fight their Brethren - The Capture of Lou 3- burg- War Proclaimed against the Indians- Peace -SubsMing Billowsl New Claims of the English - Fort at Teconnet. A ^.f ^?^^ "^^ ^'^^^' " ^^y ^^« yo" aU so ardently -i-A, attached to the French, from whom you can never receive so much benefit as you may receive from the English ? " The chief, after a moment's pause, gravely replied, « Because the French have taught us to pray unto God; which the Eng- lish never did." ^ This question was often asked of the chiefs and of the com- mon Indians. Invariably answers were returned essentially the' same. I give a summary of those answers, made on different occasions, but here brought together : — " The French are our friends ; they advocate our rights, and become, as- It were one with us. They sell us whatever we want, and never take away our lands. They send the kind missionaries to teach us how to worship the Great Spirit ; and, like brothers, they give us good advice when we are in trouble. When we trade with them, we have good articles, full weight, and^ free measure. They leave us our goodly rivers, where we catch fine salmon,, and leave us unmolested to hunt the bear, the moose, and the beaver, where our fathers have hunted them. Welove our own country, where our fathers- were buried, and where we and our chUdren were bom. We have our rights as well as the EngUsh ; we also know, as weU as they, what is just and what is unjust. "* 22 887 838 THE nr STORY OF MAINE. ' ' 'When you English came, v,'e received you with open arms. We thought you children of the sun ; we fed you with our best meat. Never did a white man go hungry from our cabins. But you returned evil for good. You put the burning cup to our lips. It filled our veins with poison. When you had intoxicated us, you took the advantage, and cheated us in trade. You now tell us that our countiy is yours, that it has passed from us for- ever. " You say that you have bought our lands from our sagamores. It is not true. Our chiefs love their tribes too well, and have too great souls to tnrn their children from the homes of their fathers. Where can we go ? We own no other land. There is no other land so dear to us. The forts which you have built on our territory are contrary to treaty ; and thev ought to be laid low." 1 ^ uri Such were the feelings of the Indians. They were sincere and unalterable ; but the utterances were eventually silenced by hopeless defeat. Gov. Dummer was anxious to withdraw the Indians from their intercourse with the French. Had the spirit which animated him prevailed from the beginning, there need have been no war whatever with the Indians. Gov. William Dummer, an American by birth, had been acquainted with the Indians from infancy. For some of them he had undoubtealy formed a strong attachment. Many of the natives were noble, warm-hearted men. Gov. Dum- mer knew how to sympathize with them in their wrongs. The course of conciliatory measures, upon which he ener- getically entered, seemed, for a time, almost to obliterate from the minds of the Indians the remembrance of their former grievances. In addition to the trading-houses at Fort George and Fort William, he established a third at Fort Mary, near Winter Har- bor. Men of established reputation for integrity and discretion were appointed tc^ preside at these stations. Tlie most valuable articles for Indian use were deposited in each of them, to the amount of four or five thousand dollars. The keepers of these stores were instructed to sell them at an advance only sufficient to cover the prime cost with the freight and waste. Full value was allowed for the furs and skins of the Indians. Those who, 1 Williamson, vol. il. p. 113. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 889 f^llr^ ™ """ ^''"^*' ^^"^ "^^"^^ *^ ^"'i"«« t'-^e Indians to take long journeys to Canada for purposes of trade. Indeed, Zl tZl \7""'''t '" '^' ^"^^'^^ trading-houses, find: ing that they could purchase commodities there better and cheaper than either at Quebec or Montreal. Yoyktar^hr^r"'!" "''\""' '^' P""^'P^^ *°""« - Maine, the .0?' ;^"^^-*°!^"' th« political centre. Falmouth was Lon of t^rr '"'"'"";•. /' "•'^^^^ mentioned, in illustra- tion of the luxuries in which our ancestors indulged, that the only house m town which contained a papered room was the parsonage ; and the paper in that house was fastenerupon the walls by nails, and not by paste.a ^ At one time in the year 1727, there were thirty vessels riding at anchor .n he harbor of Falmouth. There were then siS four families in the town. The number increased, in two yeafs mstt of r 'r'r'-. ""^^ '''^"^^^ ^^'"^ ™ -ttlld a pasto of the church. Brunswick was one of the first towns reset led after the desolations of these disastrous wars. Stfu this, like all other settlements, advanced slowly. In 1750 there were but twenty families in the place. Soon after the accession of George IL, he appointed William Burnet governor of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Ma n^ He was a very handsome man of imposing stature, and of very popular manners. His scholarly tastes, his practi;al commZ sense, and his remarkably cheerful disposition, rendered him very popular. In the year 1730, Burnet died. Jonathan B " Cher was appointed by the crown to succeed him. He also was a native of Boston, a graduate of Harvard Collec^e, aid the son of one of the most opulent merchants. Endowef ^a urat with fine powei. of mind, he had travelled extensively abroad^ and his naturally graceful manners were much improved bv intimacy with the best European society. ^ ^ One of the first acts which the governor signed was against pp'^rf '■ '^"'^''^' '"' '"''^^'^ «^ *^« Massachusetts Govern,neut. vol. xii. "- History of Portland, by William Willis, p. 364. 840 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. ;;J«a L duelling. By this it was enacted that whosoever should kill another in a duel should be hanged ; and that his body, together with that of the one he had killed, should be buried without a coffin, and that :i stake should be driven through them both. In the autumn of 1732, the governor made quite an extensive tour through the settlements of Maine. In his next address to the Massachusetts Legislature, he said, — " It gave me surprising pleasure to see so large a part of this Province accommodated with fine rivers and harbors, islands end main, capable of many and great improve! nents. The three rivers, St. George's, Kennebec, and Saco, are bordered with fine lands full of timber. I cannot but think this country will, in time, be equal in every thing to any part of New England." To induce emigration to Maine, several townships were sur- veyed, and farm lots of a hundred acres each marked out. One of these farms was offered to any man who would within three years settle upon it, erecting a house eighteen feet square, and who would clear from five to six acres for mowing and tillage. In the year 1735, the population of Maine probably amounted to about nine thousand souls. There were nine towns, and several settlements called plantations. About fifteen hundred of these inhabitants were in the Sagadahoc region. There were about three hundred and seventy men there capable of bearing arms.^ Commerce was reviving. The articles of export were fish, fur, and lumber. The forests of Maine were a great store- house of wealth. Masts, boards, shingles, and timber were shipped in considerable quantities. But again the Indians became alarmed. The increasing settlements were encroaching upon their territories, and the thoughtful men saw clearly that the time was fast approaching when they would be driven from all their possessions. The English were building new fortifications, and repairing the old ones. The sagamores sadly complained of this ; while, at the same time, thsy stated that they were extremely anxious that peace should be perpetuated. The subject was referred to a 1 Summary of British Settlements in North America, by William Douglass vol. i. p 304. THE BISTORT OF MAINE. 841 committee of the Massachusetts Legislature. After conferring with the chiefs, they made the following report, which we give , slightly abbreviated : ■— " The Indians have unquestionably possessory rights to the lands in the extensive wilderness where they dwell. This hiis often been recognized by the purchases which have been made. In the year 1694, Madockawando ceded to Sir William Phips lands on both sides of the St. George's River as far as the upper tails, but no farther. The chiefs acknowledge that they have consented to have English settlements made as far as the falls- and they claim that the English have no right to take possession of the lands above the falls until they have fairly puichased them." » The report was accepted. A present of five hundred pounds was sent from the government, by the hands of the chiefs, to the tribe, and they returned to their homes very happy. In the year 1737, Brunswick was incorporated, the eleventh town in the State. It was originally called Pegypscot,^ and its first inhabitant was Thomas Purchas. In 1735 there were between thirty and forty men in the settlement. After the lapse of half a century it contained a population of thirteen hundred and eighty-seven. The governor generally visited Maine every year. He had frequent and friendly interviews with the Indians. He was deeply impressed with the value of the harbor at Pemaquid, and repeatedly urged upon the legislature the importance of putting it in a better state of defence. He arranged for a con- ference with a large delegation of Indians, at Falmouth. The meeting took place in the month of July, 1732. The governor, with a large retinue of gentlemen, took passage from Boston to Falmouth in a man-of-war.^ Soon after the governor's arrival, about two hundred Indians • Williamson, vol. ii. p. 191. 2 Ml-. AV'ulis spells tliis name Pejepseot; it is also so spelled by Coolidge and Manslield; but we follow here the orthography of Mr. WiUiainson, who seems to have taken it from the Jounial of the House of Repre.sentatives, p. 28 8 Mr. Williamson gives the year na-) as the date of this council. Mr Willis thmks this a mistake. He writes, "The misa prehension of Mr. Freeman in re- gard to the year, led Williamson into an error in his Historv of Maine vol ii p 201, in assigning to this year a treaty with the Indians at Falmouth. This took place m 1732, and thevB was no conference here or occasion for it m 1739 " —Jour- nal of Rev. T/iomaa Htnith, p, 90. 843 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. came. They were all well clad, seemed friendly, and professed the most ardent wishes to perpetuate amicable relations. But they brought with them, floating at the i. of their canoes, a trench flag, which excited some suspicions of their sincerity. It IS, however, not imprcoable, that as they had no flag of th dr own, and as the English always appeared under their flag, they considered this merely as an ornament, which they regarded L an accompaniment of their fringes and their plumes. If they had meditated treachery, they certainly had too much shrewd- ness to commence operations by flaunting an obnoxious banner in the eyes of those whom they wished to deceive. The Indians encamped on Hog Island. Each morning they paddled, in their fleet of canoes, to Munjoy's Hill, where tb council was held under an immense tent. The signal for the meeting was the firing of a gun from a man-of-war in the bar- bor, and the raising the royal Jack at the maintop. As the Enghsh objected to the display of the French flag, the Indians laid It aside, and raised an English banner at the head of their leading canoe. A renowned Penobscot chief, by the name of Loron, was the principal captain and speaker of the Indians In accordance w.'th their custom, they brought presents of furs as pledges of the sincerity of their speech. A cliief by the name of Toxus spoke first. Addressing the governor, he said, •^— , o r ^^ '\^^ ^^^ ^"^^ "'^ overruling nower over all things. He has brouffht 'a. here at this time. The reason of our coming is our hearty desire for ifve 7lTT^' /: * t°'"' °' '"^-^^"'^^ ^-^'i *« ««« yoi EzceUency, I shake hands, and offer these furs as our money. " ^ The governor urged them to dismiss their French reli-ious teachers, and to accept English missionaries in their stead Loron requested a little time to consider the matter. The next day, with diplomatic skill which would have honored Tallev- rann, he replied, — ^ '' Friend, we have been thinking of what your Excellency said to us yes- terday. As to prayers, it was mentioned in the treaty, that there .should he no dispute about rehgion. It would be trifling on our part to attempt to answer what you have said on that subject. We are too few to ente upou TBf! BISTORT Or MAINE. 348 this question, which is a weighty matter. There are other tribes to be con- sulted. When we have ascertained their minds, we shall be better able to answer you. We had the advice of the other tribes with regard to the peace: we therefore think it proper to seek their advice in this affair."* The interview was in all respects cordial and friendly. The governor assured them of his good-will, and made them some valuable presents. At the close of the council they partook together of a public dinner in the tent. Gov. Belcher, after a stormy administration of ten years, was succeeded as governor of Massachusetts and Maine, by William Shirley. About five years before this, in 1734, the town of Windham was laid out and settled mainly by a colony from Marblehead, Mass. The township consisted of twenty-five thousand five hundred acres on the eastern bank of the Pre- sumpscot River. Each man had a farm of a hundred and twenty acres. There were also sixty-three compact ten-acre lots surveyed, that the settlers, for the advantage of protection, schools, and religious privileges, might dwell in something like a village." In the year 1741, the renowned George Whitefield visited Maine. He went to York, Wells, Biddeford, Scarborough, Fal- mouth, and North Yarmouth, preaching the gospel of salvation through faith in an atoning Saviour, with wonderful power. Large numbers were influenced to commence a new and better life. He was indefatigable in his labors, having been known to preach sixteen times, and to travel over those rough roads a hundred and seventy miles, in a single week. Gov. Shirley was an Englishman by birth, and a lawyer by profession. He had resided in Maine six or seven yeai-s, and had thus become acquainted with the manners of the people. His ability and integ-ity had secured their confidence. England and Spain were then fighting each other. By the promise of large pay and a share in the bootv, between five and six hun- dred men were recruited from the Province of Maine, for an 1 Journal of Eev. Thomas Smith, p. 70. Mr. Smith was at that time the honored pastor of the church in Falmouth. For many years he kept a daUy record o£ passing events. 2 History of Wladliaui, hy Thomas Laurens Smith, p. 51. 844 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. «pedition to Cuba. But few of them ever saw thoir homes itantsof Ma.ue, and forcing them on hoard their men-of-war Th,» mfamou. course, resisted in, led to the war of 1812 The Ind Znf irT'""';" "' "'" ^••■"'™""» '" Maine led many rinTnll '^ ''"""'.■-""S wastes ous Both parties were exceedingly anxious for peace But the Indians. On the other hand, the Indians clung tenaeiouslv to he homes of their fathers , and yet they despairincly eU hat influences, quite beyond their control, were each yet drW ng them farther away from their ancient hunting gro ,n^ . rf whl'h'cruTdTe'ad t""'' '" T' ?"'""■ ^="»""S 1""«»"» wniou could lead to no good results were avoided TI,p tim„ was passed in the interchange of courtesies ; and he gtve™ made valuable presents to the Indians, of powder and slot Id of other articles which had become to them necessaits of he French for such purchases. ' " * J.lT^'°' """"" '=«""»"' '- -""«■ A.„».ca..,Wima,„ Doug,.,., THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 845 On this excursion the governor made a careful examination he !aiV~"^'^* ^"^ ^'' """^^^ ^ *^^ legislature, on his retm-n, •• The iaexhau8tible aupplies of wood and lumber, and the several kinds a.dgreaq«a„tUies of naval stores which this region is capable of p^du! c ng, no less than the navigable rivers, the numerous harbor, and good soil IZZ::C'' '' ""''''' '"^""^^ ""' encouragement ani protfctiou o] By the census of 1743, it appeared that there were in Maine eleven towns, and a probable population of twelve thousand inhabitants. The poor Indians were fast dwindling away bv death and by emigration to Canada. The Spanish war raging in Europe drew France into an alliance with Spain, against Great Britain.^ This, of course, ed to a conflict between the French and English colonists on these shores. Each party exerted its utmost endeavors to engage the Indians as allies. The French, as was to have been expected, were the more successfd. Again horrid war recommenced its ravages of shrieks, misery, blood, and death. 1 he war was commenced by an attack made by the French and ludiaiis upon an English settlement at Canseaa, in Nova bcotia. The French governor of Cape Breton sent several armed vessels, with about nine hundred men, and took possession ot the island. Soon after, three h.mdred Indians, led, it is said, by a French missionary, M. Luttre, attacked Annapolis. They laid siege to the place ; but, re-enforcements arriving from Bos- ton, they were compelled to retire. War is the most expensive of all earthly employments. New torts were reared, and the old ones strengthened. A hundred and twenty-one men were sent to be distributed to the garrisons at Fort George, Pemaquid, Richmond, Brunswick, and Saco. Ihree hundred men were organized into scouts, which parties, ever on the move, were generally led by friendly Indian guides. ^ This famous war for the ^wsfreansM^ceMion, commenced byrrederick n of Prnss,a, not only drew all Europe into it. vortex, but also led Frene Canadiani and English colonists and savage Indians tocutti„L.«...h nth-'« thro-- °v' -? not the slightest idea of what they were fighting for " ' " ill 346 THE HISTORY OF MAINF. ^^n!^ll^ ^''''^' '^ gunpowder were sent to be distributed among the towns. A delegation was appointed by the governor to visit St. George, and ascertain the feelings of the Penobscot Indians. They met many of the chiefs in council, and received from them the assurance of their continued desire for peace. It was dmded to conjmence a vigorous war against the Indians of Nova Scotia. The tnbes residing in Maine were forl)idden, by the government of Massachusetts, from holding any intercourse :if t 'TrT «^^— ^-ddy Bay. A^ur^dr d Tound of age. Fifty pounds was offered for that of a child younger than twelve, or for that of a woman.» * of whifp""^^'"?!!" '"'''^""'^P'"''^"^- But a vagabond band of white men fell upon an unoffending band of Indians on the eastern s.ae of St. George's River, killing one, and severe!, woundmg others The government did all in its power to atone for this enme. Forty pounds in money, a blanket, and ml" othei articles were given to the widow. The wounded we/e furnished with medical aid, and were carefully conveyed to their homes on the Penobscot. ^ fifttTtf -^ '' '^'! ^""^'^'^ '''^'^^ '^' ^^"^f« ^"g--«-«d to join fifty ot their men to every band of a hundred and fiftv of the Enghsh, raised to subdue any refractory Indians who might attempt to disturb the peace. To test the Indians, the English now demanded that the sagamores should furnish their quota of warriors to march against the tribes in Nova Scotia. This demand was made with the not very courteous menace, that, if ofT.V",' ^^Pli^d -f within forty days, the governm;nt of^ Massachusetts would declare war against the Indians of The sagamores vyere in great perplexity and distress. Several councils were held, and the subject was earnestly discussed The i.sult was, that in January they sent an express to Boston indnil'^- S"^'^^""^^'^^ '^^' '^^^y found it impossible to mduce their young men to take up arms against their brother Indians of the St. John. ^^^omer 1 Suzumary, by Douglass, p. 320; WilUamson. vol. il. p. 218. THE HISTORT OF MAINE. 847 For carrying on the war against the French and their allied Indians, ^-wo regiments were raised in Maine. One, from the vicmity ot Kittery, consisted of fifteen hundred and sixty-five men, under Col. William Pepperell; t,he other, of twelve hun- dred and ninety men, was formed from the towns adjoining Falmouth, and was commanded by Col. Samuel Waldo. Louisburg, upon the island of Cape Breton, was one of the most important and best fortified of the posts of the French. With its ramparts, its ditches, its batteries, one of them mount- ing twenty-eight forty-two pounders, it was justly considered the Gibraltar of America. The labor of twenty-five years had been expended upon these fortifications, and they had cost the ■ French crown thirty million livres.» It would seem that all the English colonies embarked with great enthusiasm n the enter- prise of making the conquest of Louisburg.2 Col. Pepperell with the rank of lieutenant-general, was first in command.' Though trained to war, he was a devout man. He applied to Rev. Mr. Whitefield, then preaching in Maine, for his opinion of the enterprise. He replied, " The scheme is not very full of encouragement. The eyes of all will be upon you. Should you not meet with success, the widows and orphans will utter complaints. Should you be successful, many will look upon you with envy, and endeavor to eclipse your glory. You ought, therefore, to go with a ' smgle eye ; ' then you wiU receive strength proportioned to your uecea- Mr. Whitefield, at the earnest suggestion of Col. Pepperell, gave him a motto for his flag. It was "Nil desperandum,' Christo duce." » An army of four thousand men was embarked in a fleet of thirteen vessels, besides transports and store-ships. The vessels carried two hundred guns. On the 24th of March, 1745, the squadron sailed. Before casting anchor in the waters of Louisburg, the fleet was joined by ten other British ships of war, mounting four hundred and ninety guns. 1 Halibnrton'3 History of Nova Scotia, vol. i. pp. 98-112. 2 "All the talk is about the expedition to Louisburg. "There is a niar.rellous zeal and coneun-enoe through the whole couutry with respect to it. Such as the Ike was never seen in this part of the world." - Smith' 8 JounicU, p. UC; dateFeb. a Nothing is to be despaired of, Christ being the leader. 348 THE BISTORT OF UAISE. appeared beW T""^ ''^"" •"'"' "^ ^P"'' ""^ '' The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, signed Oct 7 174« peace to the world. Several'of the fhiefs „nhe Ma^ne iX: ot Jnne, 1740. There was quite a nnmerous delegation ren h""t'-T'"'L"'' Kennebec and the Penobscot trib "'on'; of the chiefs, addressii.g the governor, said,- co^^r-rriptitdrL:^^^^^^^^^^^^ Mans attended, ^■inetefnrfs sljn^ed Thl tt ty'°o7 p^oT It was essentially the same as the " Dummer Treatv " If oalW the " Submission and Agreement " of thSs. " When sueh a storm has been raging over life's ocean, it takes ^ Williamaon, vol. 11, n 2M 3 -Rrin- I vui. u. p. ,ioj. a Williamson, vol. 11. p. 268. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 851 some time for the billows to subside. Vagabond ^yhite men contmued to shoot the Indians. In vain the natives appealed to the legal tribunals for redress. " Certain it is, that whenever a white person was tried for killing an Indian, even in times of profound peace, he was invariably acquitted, it being impossible to impanel a jury on which there were not some who had suffered by the Indians, either in their persons, families, or Predatory bands of savages from Canada, accustomed to plunder, continued for a time their banditti excursions, killing plundering, and burning. "But it was manifest that the in' stances of mischief were principally acts of mere revenge com- mitted by stragglers and renegadoes, unencouraged probably by any tribe. The sagamores of Penobscot, and even of Nor- ndgewock, declared that they had no share in the late rupture and expressed strong desires of immediately renewing thei^ tormer trade and connections with the English." ^ The intelligent Indians could not look upon the continued encroachments of the English without anxiety. Though con- scious that this could not be prevented by any force of arms which they could wield, they made frequent and earnest appeals to the government, in vindication of what they deemed their rights. Permanent and steadily increasing se.Jements were established at Woolwich, Edgecomb, Bath, Dresden. Bowdoin- ham, Topsham, and many other places. Strong fortifications were arising at many important points. It is supposed that the whole population of Maine in 1744 was from twelve to fifteen thousand.'' Falmouth was the largest town in the Province. The hunting grounds and fishing sites of the natives were fast passing from them. Soon after this, the English claimed all the land from the Kennebec River east to the Sheepscot, and as far up the Kennebec as Norridc^ewock They were taking possession of the territory, and strengthen- mg themselves in it. Gov. Shirley, with several commissioners, met a number of the sagamores at Fort Richmond. There is something pitiable in the tone of the chief Indian speaker on thia occasion. He said, — 1 WnUauison, vol. ii p. 272. a Smith's Journal, p. 137. 852 THE BISTORT OF A! A INK. %M ■ IS The governor exhibited deeds, signed by Indian chiefs in proof that the English had purchased the iLis Z^^^^Z rephed, and without doubt veiy truthfully, _ "^«"<"^°»« At the close of this conference one of the chiefs said "I ge drunk. We entreat you to give orders to Capt. Zithgow TZty^r "' "'^"' ""» -y -- '- t>^an' one ^Z _ The question as to the title to the lands, the English decided ZtZ77 ^""^^^-'--S 'hat they had been de'ed d to hem by the Indians Ot course the Indians felt deeply aggrieve" rf Ltd T" '""°r ^'^'' "'*'" "''^* "^^ ^""^d fhe°tintory of Sagadahoc, was Newcastle, so named from the Duke of New^ :t: c^niir """'"^ "' ''•' ■'"«• ""^ ^™ o--" «»^^ There were increasing dissatisfaction and murmurs with in- dividual Indians. It was also asserted that the Fr^nrwere endeavoring to incite them to renew hostilities. The most Ion! venient route from Quebec to the eastern provinces oTMane was to follow up the Chaudidre about a hundred mile, then to eross the unbroken wilderness through an Indian trai' a di, Uead lliver. This point was about fifty miles above the Indian settlement at NorUdgewock. It was apprehended tha the Indians far away upon these upper waters of the river, gathet ...g from Maine and Canada, and aided by the Frenck, m^^t 1 Journal of the Kev. Thomaa Sinitb, pp. 1B3, 164. THE niSTORT OF MAINE. 858 establish a general rendezvous, and make raids upon the lower settlements. No such attempt was, however, undertaken, and there is no evidence that such was evrr coiuomplated. Subse- quent events render it much more probable that the rumor was started by designing men, as an ex (use for taking possession of the lands on the upper waters of the river, by erectin^r forts The governor ordered six companies to be organized ready to march at the shortest notice. He also issued the severe com- mand, that, should any Indians of Norridgewock be guilty of any mischief, the troop, should 1 advance upon their villa-e utterly destroy it, and either kill or capture every member V the tnbe.i The government ordered a very strong fort to be buUt at Teconnet, on the .astern bank of the Kennebec, at the junction between that river and the Seba.sUcook. This was making an advance from Fort Ri. hmond, thirty-five miles up the river, into the territory which the Indians claimed as their own and from which they had so eariu stly entreated that they might not be driven. This fort was garrisoned by eight hun- dred men. In anticipation of another war with the French and Indians, an alliance was formed by the English with the Mohawks, the fiercest warriors on the continent. The great and terrible struggle was approaching between the two most powerful kingdoms on the globe, France and Eno-land for the possession of this contineni. France was beginnTn men and wounded a third near Fort George's. Ou the 3d oi May one mnu was si in TIarpswell, and two scaped by flight. There were but ti ■ Indians, who, in ambush, attackcil these three well-armed white men. They carried their captive to Canada, where, in about a year, he obtained hi« liberty. On the 14tli of May two men, in Wind- ham, were ; Uct and scalped 1)y a party of Indians in ambush. One Indian was sho' and anoth. wounded. At the head of Arrowsic Island, in t/eorgetown, Mr. Preble and his wife were killed, as they were pLmting corn, and their three children were carried to Canada. The Indians treated these little orphans with gi it nderness, carrying them upon their backs when they were atigaed, and sharing liberally their food with them. These cliildren beoame so much attached to their Indian parents that they wept biti, ily when, being ran^ ned, they were taken from liem to be restored to civilized life. Inei mother's father, Capt. Harnden, of Woolwich, went to Canada for them, and such 's his testimony respecting their treatment. At Fort Halifa> wo men fishinc* were shot and mortally wounded. Such was the char ter of this needless war. Tiiough but jr— -^^----q-gai * Jouniui of the Massacbiisotts House of lieprese a Natives, vol. ix. p. 248. m Tan HISTORY OF MAINE. move f.,„ ,,i, i„„,, „.,,,^^^ dung ; ;A i „ „tt i\" ™t;^'' Indians were despondent. Gloom w„» even^lLe T furame in the lund. To n.1.1 t„ .1. '^ "™^, "'""">• Hioicivas out,a„a„gedin,.„I:ontl /„ ;r;l» T""';" f"''" son at St' GeXe?' Ve:; tSrr T"""'""''' "'" ««.- write,- *" ^ ""tl'fully does Mr. Williamson them, ou. ow. people „e« .„e tot J7^;.^'-Zl^.T' "" ■'*°" nJ7'ron;'roL7drtun1 IL'""'""'^^^' "■^'' '"'™"" '"^ ^- them dow^, besfde: t^:^ n ; Lr"c:i:T'n '° *"•"' a ladj- of remarkable beauty 1^?™. ^ ""''''*''■'• """• captured, with her ehild!!n ,r , "">' "'^=''«'l'li»l>ments, was They we e carried to 0^1^;," '■"I,''"^'""-'! had been killed. J c caiuea to <^anada, where thev were senarafprl iv,r ^IraXrtr^i— ""' '^^^ ""C "ml, t: Wknowle-droft^S/;/-- ->'• -ver obtain the It was difficult to find the Indian, Tl,.„ abandon,,.d the frontiers. I„ 1758 H^' Tf ^ ^"'^ generally Its atmosphere was eve, it. I Harpswell ,vas incorporated. resorted t'ob; tCi k TW T "''"''"°'" """ '' ""» or three acts of violence Jn tl?? ^T^ f" ^^'"' ""'^ '>"> In other portions of ouie^L ^ "' *''" ^'"''""^ '» M"'"'- France an^d ^.:;:^Z^:^IZ1:^^. ''Tl ''T" sisted of abou f^'ur 3r d u! 'T""^ """' *" '"'"<' ■=""- ^ Williamson, vol. li, p. 334. THE UISTORT OF MAINE. 859 made upon Meduncook, now Friendship, where eight men were either killed or captured. *' These," writes air. Williamson, " so far as our knowledge extends, closed the scenes of massacre, plunder, and outrage by the Indians, during the present war and forever." * During the next year, Qu. hoc, Ticonderoga, Niagara, and Crown Poii.t fell before the valor of British armies ; and the banners of France, not long after this, were driven from this continent.' It was a great achievement; but it was accom- plished through woes to humanity which no tongue can ade- quately tell. The Indians were no longer to be feared. A military force was sent to Penobscot to take possession of that magnificent valley. A site was selected for a fort, about three leagues below Orphan Island, in the present town of Prospect. It was both fort and trading-house. Though the Indian tribes were greatly broken, and were crumbling to decay, there were still many thousand Indians in that region, eager to sell their furs for the commodities which the English offered in exchange. A gentle- man who visited the fort soon after its erection, wrote, " I have seen one of its rooms as full as it could be well stowed, with the first quality of furs, beaver, otter, and sable." The structure was called Fort Pownal. It cost five thousand pounds, and was garrisoned by a hundred men. The governor, in his message to the legislature, said that he had taken military possession of a large and fine country, which had long been a den for savages, and a lurking-place for renegado Frenchmen. In October, 1750, the plantation of Nequasset, sometimes T;alled Nauseag, was erected into a town, by the name of Woolwich. The Indians were compelled to confess their rebellion, and that consequently they had forfeited all their lands, and to take the oath of allegiance to the king of England. The once powerful Penobscot tribe had dwindled to five chiefs, seventy-five warriors, and five hundred souls. The English granted the Indians per- mission to hunt through the unoccupied forests, and to rear their villages upon such spots as might be assigned to them. 1 Williamson, vol. li. p. 333. - Quet)t!0, the capital of New France, capitulated on the 5th of October, 1759 —Smollett, vol. iiL p. 475, 3 GO THE hISTORY OF MATN^. "-"°dav. li :r tSy r. %?r"^- ^— ^"'^ wc-.e no carts or oarKrua^/ ^ "" *1"' "'''^^^* """• There in the forests. JW and Wf;"' ""t ""'"'^ ''''^'' """"■''"^ When the s„„. ^r cWp t<, loTerelt th"' ^' T '™^' moose were taken in one winter '"' '"""'^ On the ISth of Pehrunrv 1 Tfiii d as a township. It embraced ,h if ™"'°''''""'' "» """"-tered den, Wiscasset, and A „Ttnd * % '''"?' '"""' °' °^^'- counties,Cumberlandtnd; , "'^° '='""''■ ^wo new the retir^ent o at PotraT Ih """ "'--'^''"^''ed.. Upon a graduate of Harvard wrloe^'inZL 7" ""'*'"-'°"' From a valnation take^ in t£ v ar ,761 f l^"'""?"""' ^I'-''. the population of the State t 1 '," " "^'"""ted that thousand five hundred soX "" '° "bout seventeen e-t." Mt w:s"tn'::.Sdr a""' ^"7""' "^ '^« district of Massachusetts C , e,v lln ""'' •"" '"P"'^"' »an by birth, a graduate of Oxfor7un,-vr ' '™/" ^"^li^h- aristocrat. In Jieart he ,„.. , ■ .""'^"'"y. and a thorough republican view ptai i^: n'tl ! ^ ^-'""^'^ W"-" "> the was to increase fhe ::tnd:n 'Tt";.:;?'^ ^ "' "-'™ unpopular from his evident effn,i f„ . , , ^^ '"'<='"ae people. The rich va^of 1 P T "'' '"""''"•^'^ "^ ''''= settlers. The Gener.a/cou: 1 de Sov T "1 '"' ''•''"■"= the far-famed island Mount Desert It i T/i " P"''^'^"' "' probably intended to secur^hkinfl '"'.''""""'' e''f' was obtaining its consent to fl /m- ,"™"' '*""' '''« ™wn in in the /enobsc t gi : "rh: ! t'w ''7" ' "' ""'■'^™ '°™»'"i« tatives to the GenerarCourt T ill Tl™"" '""' ^^P™-" e-nportir:irCe-~°-— ^^^^^^^ 1 There wereoon.sequentlv at thU fly>i^ *i, to..., C.„„,.erla„.I .seven, aniil- ,, T;e "L"""'^"" ^"^'^ ''^'^^--'^ «feht small an.l scattered .settlements cal led nin, . '^^'^ Perhap.s as ,„any more contained a hundred and UnnXt'^C^:::- 2Xr'f' ""^ ^'^^'^ ^ «» 'vife and ten chil- tt ntv fr.'; ^""'■""'"V-^ ™PiX that ha should builf a Tole Mrs on tier"" «™ '"' «t-', should reside, hhnselfTr fitXffllage.' "" "' '"""' ""^ ''^"''^^ -- "f 'and ^eppereU. After bearing that name for thirty-seven years, it because of his sviupatln- for and inteSrnt v '^^ '° '^'^' ^'"""^ ^"«''^°'i tomed to take Ins distinguislied v s lorf tn u ,f ""'"'■'^" '^"^^'^i*-'-^- was aocus- channing view of Cohbos^ , .t lS^,' e.s^^ h '^ ''" "°"^*^ "^'"« ''^ "'« House Hill, an.l return by the Naz^-ot^L^rl " ™';' °'''' ""^ "^^' ^^'''^""«- liim the niost interesting Lnery^nNe/Eii'.n'. rr^''"" '"''^ *^'^ "^'^ ^ave «-. P. Z?enson, p. 35. y m J^e w England. _ Historic Address by the Hon. 2 Collections of Maine Historical Society vol iv n 11Q v description of this level v region and if« I.. t, ^" ■^'''■* '"'^™ mi""*© toricaldiscourseof the^n sam"e "^t^^^^ «^«'«'"f *• -ee the admirable his- sons of Wlnthrop. given at the cenLnirrr; """^ "^ '^" "^''•^* ill"«tnous of the held in the place centennial celebration of the first town-meeting already given him an eltatd^k^^n^^^^^^ ""''^•'"•^' '^'^-^^ '"^'^ »on, vol. iv. p. 200. ^ '■onfideuce of the public." - William. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 365 was changed to Saco, which, by a gradual growth, has become one of the most important towns in the State. Governor Hutchinson became a vigilant and unscrupulous advocate of unlmiited prerogative in behalf of the crown of England. The colonies were now in peace and comparatively rich and prosperous. The great object of the English Govern- ment was to gather all the reins of power into its own hands, to tax the people in every adroit way in which it could be done without raising too loud a clamor, and to thwart the colonists in all their endeavors to secure popular rights. The tyrannical government claimed the right of appointing the governors, of removing the judges at will, of framing the laws, and of imposing taxes at its pleasure ; while, at the same time, the rigat was denied the Americans of being represented in parlia- ment. The detail of these encroachments, which gradually brought the Americans and the English into battle array against each other, belongs rather to the general history of the United States than to that of Maine. To overawe the people, a fleet of war- ships entered Boston Harbor on the 28th of September, 1768 Under cover of its guns, seven hundred British rernilars were landed, and with loaded muskets and fixed bayonets, marched through the streets to an encampment on the common. Gen. Thomas Gage was placed in command, with orders to enforce^ by bullet and bayonet if necessary, all the requisitions of the ministry. The blood of the Bostonians, and of nearly all the American people, almost boiled with indignation. There were but little more than two millions of white people scattered along the coast for hundreds of leagues of this New World. The most powerful empire then upon the globe, and, if we consider the destructive enginery of war in their hands, we may say the most powerful empire that ever existed, was rousing all its energies of fleets and urrcx 3 to crush out tlie liberties of these feeble colonies. For such an infant David to venture to engage m battle with such a gigantic Goliath, was the bravest, perhaps we should say the most reckless measure, ever undertaken on earth. 866 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. The king of England, by an act of parliament, " for the bet- setts B,iy, appoiiited the governor. This Governor th,,, »„ frely at the disposal of the king, appointed tfe^stiL rf 2" supreme court and the sheriff.. Juro« were n^ onger to be appointed by freeholders, but by the sheriffs. By th"f W the king was placed in absolute control.' In apnrehensirtW T people might resist the soldiery, and he deSed hy The odont Ual off ' '"^-^.Pf-'' that, if any one were indfeted fo cat .tal offence, he might be sent to England for trial. ^ remon^rZe nem" 'T"/" """-'"o""- P»- resolutions of remonstrance, petition for redress, and to organize for resistance ^.ould circumstances compel a resort to tbat dire eTtremUv There were here and there various acts of violence buT^^ ::i~f:r '" *' ""''^ °' ^-'-^^ .ouseTLMi: The little village of Lexington .-as situated about twelve su-TOunded a small unfenced green, or common. Here the meelmg-house and public tavern stood, formin-, wiU^ a few other houses, one of the boundaries of the comn,™ L, th I green tlie road divides. Tl. left branch, still bearing to the north-west, leads to the village of Concord, ab ut si mHe teher on Here about eighteen miles from Boston, the AmZ eans had deposited some provisions and military stork Gen. Gage sent out a detachment of from eight hundred to a ae troy them. It was the night of the 18th of April ITT.-; when the troops, in boats, crossed the Charles Rfver 'and fn' the darkness, commenced a rapid march toward Co "co'rd Every precaution had been adopted by Gen. Gage, to p eve„; any ntelligence of the movement from spreading into the oounry. He hoped to take the place by surpriserto destl be VrgrSeX' '" '^'"" "" '^°^'"' "^""^ ""^ '-^^-e ^Z * Ancient Charters, p. 785. I TEE HISTORY OF MAINE. sgy In Boston there were stationed ten regiments of veteran British troops ; and several men-of-war rode at anchor in the harbor. Notwithstandmg all the efforts for secrecy, vigilant eyes watched every measure of the arrogant, insulting, detested soldiery. In addition to many other watchful ones, Paul Revere had arran^^ed with a fnend, to signal any important movement. He had a fl'eet horse on the other side of the river, with which he could speedily P ''m i /'?"• ^'- ^^""Sf«^l°^^' o«r own poet, a native of l-ortland, Me., has given deathless renown to this midnight ride, m his own glowing verse, olrt:T::rtt^:X'\^::^al^^^^^^ ^-^^^^^^^^ rice. Ebene.er over to land on I^ n rre'^ IW so '^^^ \ T '?"", """''""■ ^"^^ ^^^« g«°« THE mSTORY OF MAINE. 339 Tlie Americans thought that this was done to fiic^hten them and that the muskets of the English were loaded olytTh powder. They therefore remained ealmly at their post, neilher runmng away in panic, nor returning the'fire. The^: l^s t . the L1i"T"""'^^^ Afewg.. .were discharged at he Enghsh,as the panic-stricken Amencans fled in all direc ions. John l^vrker fell wounded. He fired his gun at the oe and was again loading it when a British soldier ran him tb^ 'h with the bayonet. Resistance was hopeless, but a few others ground. The English continued to fire so long as a sin<.le re- treating American could be seen within gun-shot » " ushered in. History records many atrocious crimes perpetrated by the government of Great Britain; but, amon^ them all perhaps there is no one more unnatural, cruel and crlJnll th 1' this endeavor to rivet the chains of despotism upon her own sons wS;'"^';^^rr7 ^^^^-^-^^ ^^^^^ the' lardshiplof h wi deines , and who had come to these solitudes that they mi-^ht en oy civil and religious liberty. There were thousands of the noblest men m England who detested these infamous measui^s ord"ch:r"'"'.f T""'' ^'^"^ '''''' ^^- ^^--^ -^--e' Loid Chatham on the floor of Parliament exclaimed, in words we have already quoted, '' Were I an American, as I am an Eii^ishman, I would never lay down my arms,^'never, never! The English suffered but little fi-om the few bullets which were thrown at them in return. One man was shot through the leg, and one Avas wounded in the hand. The verdict whirh the civilized world has pronounced upon this attack is, that it was a cold-blooded and cowardly massacre, la the dreadful stru-^le which ensued, our unhappy land was doomed to woes, inflicted by what was called the mother country, fur exceeding any the'«t!rL'!!r"*^'" ""'^*"'' "'"''^ ^'-^ eiven of this conflict ; but 21 TiTE msTonr of maine. 871 ri ■■ K Inra^H fr> wSm 1-^ Ifflu ililinl IH inn J [MT/flfffl|H ^-4 iffltNi M 'Miiili CLi iii < n #« ^ lililnl o IniH H IJHh C3 Rill ^ 1— 1 Hii >^ itii™ P=3 lllll 1-1 IgUil ^ ■H O IM H ■pH -5 ^ujn H fl^I H flnl <1 juK P4 ||A| a Mnj « I'lnil H whirl, had been endured in the warfare with sav- Bufferii ag. A r a delay of but twe.iy or thirty minutes, the king's teooj resumed then- uch ix mi trther to Concord. They reached th. place without Before leaving Lexin^^on hey drew up on the omiuoa, nred a triumphant salute,°xnd gave three cheers m token of their great victory. Concord con- sisted then man of a little cluster of dwellings, scattered around in the vicuiity of a large meeting-house. The regulars aestroyed all the ammunition and stores they could find ' Be commg alarmed by the indications of a popular rising, ^nd of the gathenng of the farmers to assail them, they commenced a rapid retreat. The troops marched into i. village of Concord about seven o clock. It was one of the most lovely of ,s,.i„g .nornings. Nearly a hundred minute-men had assembh . in the vicinity of the court-house, and re-enforcements from the neighborin/vil- lages were fast approaching. The retreat of the British°soon became a precipitate flight. The Americans, rapidly increasing, pressed upon them with great bravery, firing into their ranks from every grove, and stone wall, and eminence where they could find a natural rampait. Hour after hour the fugitives were assailed by a galling and destructive fire, continually in- creasing in severity. It was with the utmost difficulty that the officers could preserve any order. All was confusion. It is said that the whole country was so aroused, that it seemed as if men came down fi^m the clouds. The British retreated, as they advanced with flanking parties, and with van and rear guards^ With the Americans there was no military order. " Every man was his own general." Not a shout was heard. Scarcely a word was spoken. The English thought only of escape. The Americans, exasperated by months of oppression, insolence, and nisult, thought only of shooting down the haughty foe who liad aflected to regard them with the utmost contempt. At one or '"Wliilo at Concord tho enemy disabled two twenty-four nomulers destroy- i^ocainagesMith wheels for two four-pounders; about five hundred wei-lit of IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V ^ ^ ^A ,•/ \^ ^^m Mi., K% I .^ 4^ :/- "m & 1.0 I^IIM 12.5 2.2 I.I ! "^ IlilM Wuu 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation ^^ ,\ ^ O "h .V V ^^^ "O"-' V 6^ ^"^^ rv 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 5' '^\^ ^.^ ^ re-enforilt :; An oye-witncss writes, " When the distressed troops reached the hollow .,uare formed by the fresh troops forTeir rTcep tion, they were obliged to lie down upon the ground thdr enase. This re-emorcement met the retreating British troons near Leangton, about two o'clock in the afternoon For a Aort time the fire of the field-pieces seemed trstogi he of t, e balls through th, forest, and resumed the pursuit l1 ing a desperate fo.j so greatly augmented in strength. .hn« r ■, V" '™=' '" *'"="• ^•'^ngeance. Buildings were shattered and despoUed as far as possible. Many would Lve been laiu ,.a athes had not the close pursuit of the Americam enabled them to extinguish the flames. Sevei-al of the ag d and ,„fl,.„, ,,,o,„ t„ fl^,_ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ he aged Houses were set o.-, fire where women were helpless in bM with new born babes. No alternative was lef them but to ^ consumed by the flames, or, with the infant, on their boLs to rush into the streets. oosoms, hretVr'"; °'"'°"'' '" ""^ '^™»S, the exhausted, bleedin. "mrTrf '^ '^''""-'»-- They took refuge „°n of wt if the hi "'^y "«'7™"^«t'' ^^•''"* t« England to receive ordination, and rl the Neck. On the breaking ont of the Revolution, he joined the royalist party th« J.f ;-'' T ''"' w":^ ''""•^'' ^''''' ""*^ «^"^'l f«' "^"S>-"'1- At the close S the war he reti.rned to Nova Scotia, and took charge of a parish in Cornwallis ..-here he retnamed until he died. -History of Portland, by William Willis, p. 370 ' 374 THE BISTORT OF MAINE. mouth to the British authorities, as second only to Boston in its rebellious spirit. When the odious Stamp Act was passed, in 1765, an English vessel brought packages of the hated stamps to Falmouth, and they were deposited in the custom-house. The people assem- bled, marched to the custom-house, seized the stamps, carried them in solemn procession through the streets, and burned them. When the tax was imposed upon tea, a popular assemblage expressed their hostility to the despotic act in the following terms : " Resolved, that we will not buy nor sell any India tea whatever after this third day of February, until the act that lays a duty on it is repealed." When the English Government closed the port of Boston, in 1774, the bell of Falmouth meeting-house was muffled, and tolled funereally from sunrise to sunset. By vote of the town, a county convention w^s held to deliberate upon the alarmincr state of affairs. Thirty-three delegates met, from nine towns", m « Mrs. Greele's Httle one-story tavern." Among other im- portant measures, one was that each member pledged himself not to accept any commission under the late acts of parliament. There was a wealthy man in the place, Capt. Samuel Coulson, who had rendered himself very obnoxious to the people by his violent opposition to the popular sentiment, and his support of the measures of the crown. Pie had built a large ship. In May, 1775, a vessel arrived from England, bringing sails, rig- ging, and stores for the ship. As England was laying a heavy duty upon all her products, an " American Association " had been formed in the several colonies to thwart the British monopoly of manufactures and trade. The committee in Falmouth met, and decided that the packages should be sent back to England unopened. Capt. Coulson sent to Boston, and secured the aid of a sloop of war, the " Canseau," under Capt. Mowatt, to enable him to land the goods. The excitement among the citizens was such that Mowatt hesitated in resorting to violent measures. While affairs were in this menacing posture. Col. Samuel Thompson, a bold, reckless man, came from Brunswick, with fifty picked men, resolved to seize the sloop of war. They THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 375 came in boats, and secretly encamped in a thick grove on Mun- joy s Hill. It so happened that the day of their arrival Capt. Mowatt and his surgeon, accompanied by Rev. Mr. Wiswall were taking a walk upon this commanding eminence. The' captain and his surgeon were seized and held as prisoners. The rash measure excited general consternation. The houses were entirely at the mercy of the guns of the sloop. The second officer m command threatened, that, if the prisoners were not released before six o'clock, he would open fire upon the town.» Some of the prominent citizens called upon Col. Thompson and entreated him to liberate the captives. The colonel refused' declanng that relentless war was now raging between the two' countries ; but, finding the whole town against him, he, at -re o clock, released them for the night, upon their giving their parole that at nine o'clock the next morning they would return to his encampment. Two citizens of Falmouth, Messrs. Preble and Freeman, pled^od themselves as sureties of the prisoners. Nine o'clock came, but Mowatt did not appear. Col. Thomp- son angrily arrested the two sureties, and held them all day without food. In the afternoon he sent to the sloop-of-war to inquire why Mowatt'' did not keep his uarole. He replied that his washerwoman had overheard threats to shoot him as soon as he appeared on shore. The intelligence of the peril of Falmouth spread rapidly. l^ive or SIX hundred militia-men from the small settlements around, were m a few hours marching into the place. They were intensely excited. A sort of court-martial was established to examine suspected citizens, that they might learn who could be relied upon as patriotic, and who were in sympathy with the enemy. Rev. Mr. Wiswall was summoned before this revolu- tionary tribunal. He declared, on oath, that he abhorred the t "Our women were, I believe, every one of them in tears, or praying or screammg; precipitately leaving their houses, especially those who.so husbands ZZrTv r"' ""^ "''""'' ^"'"-^"'"^ *^'^"- e-'l^ ^"^« countrymen- cartt nev er a^kmg he.r names, tliough strangers, and carrying their children either ou ?r V.M,. '°""' '"^••" -"^'"'''J of Portland, by William Willis, note, p. 509. Ml \»ill.an,son spells these names Mowett and Wiswell; Mr. Willis spells them Mowatt ar.d Wiswall, as also Wiswell. I follow the sp'elling, amfi 'tie o tr'n"'"'"'';^^'"'- ^""'"'""^ ''''''''' '" '"^ """"^« «"d grapWc descript ou of the "Burnmg of Falmouth." li r 376 TUB nrSTORT OF MAINE. rtwl 1 P'-^^f ^..'^'^""'' '"^ non-resistance. He was demned* ' ""''" questioned, but none were con- Capt. Coulson's house was entered, and his wine freely drank An intoxicated soldier fired two bullets which penetrated the hull of the " Canseau." A n^usket was discharged in return, bu no harm was done Gen. Preble and Col. Freeman were still held as captives, and treated with severity ^ mil T^ r"'T' '^' ^^'^' '^' "^^"^^ "^-r^hed into Falmouth. Thursday, the 11th, was observed as a day of fast- ingand p.ayer for God's interposition. It was a day of fearful excitement. The soldiers succeeded in capturing one of Mowatt s boats. He threatened to lay the town in ashes unle^ the boat, were returned. On Friday, the soldiers left the town and returned to their homes. Thompson's men took with thZ the captured boat. On Monday, the 16th, Mowatt, still breath- ing threatenings and slaughter, raised his anchors, and sailed for Portsmouth He took with him Coulson and his new shin. Jiut the end was not yet. ^ LAST BLOCK HOUSE OF FORT HALIFAX. CHAPTER XXI. THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION: FALMOUTH IN ASHES. The British Fleet-The Doom announced - The Conference - Tho T^nmh.r^ rnent-Tl^ Expedition to Quebec-The ^pZ-FienZlfsT^: Indians-New Towns Incorporated - The British repulsej at Machias- Anecdoteof John Adams-Arrival of tlxe French Fleet _ The Foe estab- lished at Biguyduce- Terrible Naval Disaster of the Americans - B^frbarism HisEsca"pf' ~ '''"'"" °' ^"'- ^-'^-orth-His Brave D;:?encn q^HE storm of British vengeance was rapidly gathering, which -^ was to doom unhappy Falmouth to destruction. On^he 8th of June the " Senegal," a war vessel of sixteen guns, arrived, and cast anchor in the harbor. Four days after, the Tory Coulson came with his new ship, and anchored by the side of the » Sene- gal." Coulson hoped, under the menace of such a force to obtain masts for his ship. But as he was a declared enemy of the town, and the Provincial Congress had passeu a resolve to prevent Tories froraconveyingth'.ir property out of the country the people would not allow him to take the masts. Again both vessels departed, and nothing of special interest occurred until the IGth of October. That morning quite a fleet was seen entering the harbor. Capt. Mowatt led the way in the " Canseau." He was followed by a rhip-of-war, the " Cat " two armed schooners, and a bomb-sloop. These five vessels anchored abreast of the town, bringing their broadsides to bear upon It. In consequence of strong head-winds, this was not accomplished until the next day. Late in the afternoon a flag of truce was sent on shore, with a letter to the town authorities. The officer bearing the letter landed at the foot of what was then called King Street. Aa S?7 878 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. I immense throng of the excited people met him, and followed him, v.'ifhout noise or violence, to the Town House, where he delivered the letter. It was a document ludicrous for its bad grammar, but clear in its terrible announcement. In brief it was as follows : — " You have long experienced Britain's forbearance in withholding the rod of correction. You have been guilty of the most unpardonable rebel- lion. I am ordered to execute just punishment on the town of Falmouth. I give you two hours in which you can remove the sic'i and the infirm. I shall then open fire, and lay the town in ashes." i Terrible was the consternation which this letter created. For a moment there was perfect silence. All seemed stupefied. There was scarcely a moment's time for deliberation. Three gentlemen were chosen to visit Mowatt, and see if it were not possible to avert the threatened calamity. But Mowatt was inflexible. He said thdt his orders were peremptory, and that he had risked the loss of his commission by allowing his humanity so far to influence him as to give them any warn- ing whatever; that he was ordered to anchor "opposite the town with all possible expedition, and then burn, sink, and destroy." 2 It is worthy of remark that the three gentlemen of the com- mittee were all Episcopalians, and members of Rev. Mr. Wis- wall's parish, and thus supposed friends of the English. It was late in the afternoon. A long, cold October night°was at hand. Mothers and babes, the sick and the dying, were to be driven out into the bleak fields shelterless ; there, with tears of agony, to see their homes, their furniture, their clothing, their provis- ions, all consumed by the cruel flames. A more barbarous order was never issued by a band of Mohawk savages.^ The committee expostulated with Mowatt upon the cruelty of his order. They were his friends. They had treated him « See this letter in full, in "Willis's History of Portland, p. 517. 2 Burning of Falmouth, by William Gould, p. 13. 8 " The vessels came here directly from Bobton; and no doubt can be enter- tamed that the order for the destruction of the town proceeded from Admiral Graves, who then commanded in this ataXiou." — History of i'orlland, hy William Willis, p. 618. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 879 with grea hospitality on his previous visit. There were several lory families m the place who had already suffered much from their adherence to the British Government. Their homes mast be consumed with the rest. The flames would make no discrimi- nation Mowatt was confused and perplexed, and manifested some shame in view of the barbarous order he was called upon to execute. ■^ . ^ At length he consented to delay the bombardment until nine o clock the next morning, if the people would consent to tho humiliation of entirely disarming themselves, by' delivering to mm all the cannon, small arms, and ammunition in the place If eight small arras were sent before eight o'clock that evening, he would postpone the destruction of the town until he had sent an express to Boston, and received further instructions. The committee told him frankly that they did not think that the citizens would accept those terms. They returned to the town, and communicated them to the authorities. An anxious multitude was assembled at the Town House to learn the result of the coiiference. As with one voice the heroic people rejected the humiliating proposal. They however, in order to gain time for the removal of the women, the children, the sick, and as many of their ejects as possible, sent the eight small arms, with a message to Mowatt, that they would summon a town meeting at an early hour in the morning, and give him a definite reply before eight o'clock. In the morning the meeting was held. The citizens, with heroism worthy of Sparta in her brightest days, resolved that they would not surrender their arms to F.ave their property. This answer was sent back at eight o'clock the next morning by the same committee. The members were allowed half an hour to row ashore and escape beyond the reach of the bombard- ment. Promptly at nine o'clock, the signal of attack was run up to the mast-head of the flag-ship, and at the same moment the blood-red pennant of British vengeance was unfurled from all the other vessels.^ It was a beautiful autumnal morning, with ' > The Burning of Falmouth, Ly William GouW, p. 14. 880 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. a cloudless sky, a gentle breeze, aiwl an invigorating atmosphere. The whole lovely expanse of bay and island and continent seemed to repose in the smiles of a loving God. Falmouth was charmingly situated, on the southern slope of a gentle emi- nence facing the bay. It was the largest and richest town in the State. There were about four hundred dwelling-houses, quite compactly built, though each had its garden. Some of these dwellings were quite elegant in their sttucture. There were also capacious churches, a library, and several public build- ings of importance, together with many barns and store-houses. Such was the town which was destroyed, and such the day on which this atrocious act of crime and inhumanity was perpe- trated. The bombardment was terrific. From nine o'clock in the morning until six in the evening an incessant storm of can- non-balls, bombs, carcasses, shells, grape-shot, and bullets, fell upon the doomed towp. In the mean time one hundred men were landed in boats to apply the torch to the buildings which might be out of the range of shot and shell.' No resistance could be of any avail. The inhabitants ran great risks in their endeavors to save their furniture, while this tempest of war was raging around thsm. The town soon presented a roaring volcanic sheet of flame. Most of the build- ings were of wood, which had been thoroughly driea in the sum- mer sun. Dreadful was the spectacle which the evening of that awful day presented. Two hundred and seventy-eigh°t dwell- ing-houses were in ashes, in addition to other public a°nd private buildings, which brought the whole number destroyed Up to four hundred and fourteen. We cannot here enter into the details of individual misery. IMany cases were truly heart- rending. Edmund Burke says that to speak of atrocious crime in mild language is treason to virtue. There can be no language too strong in which to denounce this fiend-like outrage.2 A very » History of Portland, by William "WUlis, p 519. n«!ny''Ti*n '" T^'^^ «f npathy Av.th the spirit nanifeste.l by the Eev. Samuel Deane D.D., Avho was then pastor of the Congregational church in Portland, and who witnessed the bombardment. He \rrote, — "That execrable scoundrel and monster of ingratitude, Capt. H. Mowatt of Scotland, who had been treated with extraordinary kindness a few months before TBF. msroxr of UAise. 381 oareM esttaato was made of the amount of the losoe, o.p™. enced They reached the enormous sum, in those days, of fifty- shUhngs T us was Uwful money,, which was then equivaleut to two hundred and twenty-nine thousand six hundred and th.rty-nir.e dollars in silver.' "unuieu and Soon after this the Ge .oral Court commenced rearin- some fort,ficat.„ns at Falmouth, and sent four hundred Tdle °"o aid n, guardu.g the coast of Maine. Gen. Washington oroLted an expedrfon against Quebec. The force consfsted of ahtut eleven hundred men, mainly infantry. Col. Benedict Arnold unsullied, was placed m command. The troops rendezvoused a^ New uryport, Mass., and sailed thence, in t^. transpo^: fit Fort Western, which, it will be remembered, was at tl,; head of trrfher™- V f"""t° ""''''■ TLey ascended the 1' 8.111 father m boats, and marched along the pathless banks encounter „g the most exhausting difScultles, untU tl e^ried a point abonf, th rfv rr.;i«., „i xt . , . '^J ^C't^ntu Nonidgewock. It was then a point about thirty miles abov about the 12th of October. Here a small fort was built, and a small division left in ™r- rison. A series of terrible disasters ensued. There were gal s of almos wintry wind, floods of rain, swollen torrents, swamps rugged hiUs, tangled forests, and fading provisions. ThereTi reason o fear that the whole armytould actually pcrshTf hunger in the wilderness. Many barrels of food were Cwith He came before it on the 17th of Octnl.fii. 17-r „„ / his iufernal errand, by a flag w th a I'.tter f ,, i J V ' T^ T\ '""'"* "^« ^°°^° at the name thne p;oposinrto "pare the own 2,1 ,""''" ""'' "°"^ "P*'"'"S; ver-sed, if the cannon and ims S lllZ^ T^^''""' '^ «^* "'« "■'^^^ '«" hi3 hands. The inhabitanTalsemModlT . ,^k ^"''^«''' '^«™ 'J^"^^™^ ^^^ infamous proposal. ThlrX! hZent Y "' "^'"°' '" •''"'^"'^* *° »^« and throwing an immense mmnH^rnf ^""^ *" cannonading, bombarding, town, and kfnSgZefl^ewK^^^^ T'^ ''''''' '"'« "'« defenceless the buUdings werf rZ^^toTuT^^'Z^^^^^^^ '''" three-quarters of 1 History of Portland, by William Willis, p. 524. ^' mmma 882 THE BISTORT OF MAINE II silver, clothes, guns, and ammunition. Upon reaching the mouth of Dead River, far away in the savage wilderness, Col. Enos, in command of the rear guard, and having the Gick under his care, abandoned the enterprise, and returned. He had with him about oiie-ft urth of tlie army. For this movement he was at first severely denounced ; but a court-martial decided that ho had not acted unwisely in so doing. Arnold, with his small force, pressed on across the country, a distance of about one hundred miles, toward the ChauditJro. He had to force his way through wilds never before trodden but by Indians and the beasts of the forest. On the 30th of Octo- ber he reached, through toils and sufferings which cannot be adequately described, the northern end of Lake Morantic, where the River Chaudicie flows from that vast sheet oi vvater. Their distress was then so great, and their remaining provisions so small, that Arnold c|ivided all the supplies among the compa- nies, and directed them to press on, regardless of military order, in search of the Canadian villages. For a month they toiled along without seeing a house, or any human being save their own disheartened and emaciated com- panions. Every morsel of food was consumed before they had arrived within thirty miles of the first Canadian village. They killed their dogs, and devoured them. They boiled, and then broiled upon the fire and ate, their breeches, moccasins, and bayo- net-belts, which were made of tanned moose-hide On the 4th of November they reached the mouth of De Loup River. In that iiorthern latitude it was cold, dreary, and stormy. Quebec, on the St. Lawrence, was still ninety miles north of them. Many died of fatigue and hunger. Often a man would drop down in such utter misery, that in less than five minutes he would be dead. The situation of the army was awful. To retreat was im- possible ; for there was nothing but certain starvation before them in the wilderness. To stop where they were, was inevita- ble death. To march forward was almost hopeless. They were in utter destitution. The men tottered along so feebly that they could scarce!}^ sshoulder a gun. Washington, with his charac- teristic humanity, had instructed these troops to abstain from every act of violence upon the people of Canada. THE BJBTORY OF MAINE. 8/)S " I charge you," he wrote, « that you consider yourselves as marching, not through an enemy's country, but that of your friends and brethren; for such the inhabitants of Canad and the Indian nations have approved themselves in this unhappv contest between Great Britain and America." Col. Arnold had been furnished with money, in specie to the amount of about four thousand dollars. His'troopTnow be 1 to reach thriving Canadian and Indian villages. With gr^at cheerfulness the inhabitants supplied him with food. With recruited energies the army pressed en, hoping to find Quebec undefended and without a garrison. On the 8th of Novemb they readied Point Levi, on the southern bank of the i"v r ' opposia Que..o. The appearance of the American troops emerging from the vast and dreary wilderness, was a. unex- cou d I i ' '"' '' V '"f ^ ''"™ *'^ ^^""^^^- ^' '^ -i J' that, could they have immediately crossed the river, Quebec mi^h nave been taken. ° But the men were greacly exhauoted. There was a hi-h piercing wintry wind, roughening the wide surface of the stream! Boats could not readily be procured. Thus the golden onpor- tunity was lost. The British authorities fortified the city Arnold had about seven hundred men at Point Levi, iiftv of whom were friendly Indians. On the first of December, Gen. Montgomery arrived with three armed schooners, six hundred men, and a supply of food, clothing, and ammunition. They made a united attack upon Quebec, on the 31st of December Ihe assailants wore repeUed, Montgomery fell, and the Ameri- cans evacuated Canada. The General Court, i,;iat winter, organized Maine into a mili- tary division. A brigadiei-general was appointed over the militia m each county. All able-bodied males, between sixteen and sIhT;/'"' .^r /\^' ""^'^'^ ^""'^^ '''''^ the exception of Indians ' ^°'^'^' ^"'^'''' '°^°^^^ °^^»' ''"^ The awful war of the Revolution was raging south of Maine, while a small garrison was stationed at Falmouth with a battery of SIX cannon. The cruelties perpetrated by the British Gov- ernment were so great that every hour the resentment of the : ■■''l ■■:^:x--„jmiumiim3am 384 THE HISTORY OF MAINE, ill Americans, against the unnatural mother country, was increas- ing. On the 4th of July, 1776, the Continental Congress declared these colonies to be free, sovereign, and independent. The Indians of Maine had, th-u far, reraained quiet. Trading- houses had been established at tort Pownal, near where Bangor now stands, and at Machias. The Penobscot and Passama- quoddy Indians were cordially friendly to the Americans. Ten of the chieis of the tribes still farther east repaired to Massa- chusetts, and entered into a treaty of alliance with the govern- ment, engaging to send six hundred men to join the army of Gen. Washington. The small settlements of Camden and Machias raised two hundred men for the defeune of the country. Thirty men, ten of whom were Indians, were stationed at Fort r >wnal for the defence of the valley of the Penobscot. On the 7th of November, 1776, the town of Warren was incorporated. It was i^amed in honor of Gen. Warren who fell at Bunker Hill. This was the thirty-fifth town of the State, and was the first one which had been incorporated on St. George's River, though that valley had been settled for about forty years. There were for many years two settlements in this region, — one at Warren, and one at Thomaston. St. George's Fort was their common resort in times of peril. They were called the "Upper and Lower Towns." In the year 1753, seventy emigrants from Sterling, in Scotland, settled in a cluster in this vicinity. Subsequently their village took the name of the city which they had left. England found that her colonies devebped unexpected ener- gies. Our cruisers were remarkably successml. During the war they captured prizes to the amount of about seven million dollars. Amidst many reverses and many woes, the victory at Trenton filled the country with exultation. Our ally France, in the spring of 1777, sent to the colonies a large amount of arms and military stores. For the defence of the coast of Maine, companies were raised and stationed at Falmouth, Cape Eliza- 1 Warren contains twenty-seven thousand acres. The river is navigable to Andrews Pond, for vessels of one hundred tons. Shad and alewives were for- merly taken in Immense quantities in the river. Tlie natives marked a tree, near Hia first falls, above which they forbade the English to fish. —MS. Narrative of Warren by Cyrus Eaton, as quoted by WilUarmon. voL il= p= 45<5. I TEH HISTORY OF MAINE. 385 beth, and Boothbay. At the latter place there was a battery of five cannon, the largest of which was a twelve-poiinder They were supplied with fifty rounds of cartridges.* Machias became a very important place. It was raised to a continental establishment. There was an important mill privi- lege here which attrac^ted settlers. Three hundred volunteer soldiers were placed there in garrison. Ample stores for trade with the Indians were shipped to that place, that their continued i-OWEB FAXLS, EAST MACHIAS, MK. friendship might be secured. The Indians rema! aed friendly, i»nd many of them enlisted in the service of the Americans. On the 11th of January, 1777, the flourishing plantation of Fry c burg was incorporated. The place had renown as the former seat of a large village belonging to the tribe of Sokokis Indians. It was also the theatre of Lovewell's disastrous fight in the year 1725. The Indians called the place Pegwacket.^" i Bradford's Mass., vol. ii. p. 133. 25 « Williaiason, vol. li. p. 459. •■'^simmmmsimmmj^i T^'^Sf'^T%'^'^m^mii,im^,mm<^!.a,np.(i.->n -,va3 issiied to employ the savages against the Amenoaus, Lord Camden indignantly exclaimed in Parii uuent :- ■3 M a n 2- H H ^ H H N -s 1«1 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 401 Bangor had been called Kenduskeag. Rev. Seth Noble was influential in obtaining the act of incorporation. It had been urged upon hira that the town should be called Sunburv in reference to its charming location. But he, not fancying the name, took the liberty of substituting that of his favorite ?une, rJangor.'' ' Readfield, the seventy-fourth town of the State, was taken from Winthrop It subsequently became the seat of the Maine Wesleyan Seminary. This is one of the most important and flourishing literary institutions in the State. It is alike dis- tmguished for Its intellectual, its moral, and its religious influ- ence. Though it was not instituted until the year 1825 its graduates may now be found in almost every State in .ne Union. The reader will find, annexed, a very correct pictorial sketch ot the seminary buildings. The next year six towns were incorporated. Monmouth, which, as a plantation, had been called Wales, took its new mime in memory of the celebrated battle fought in June, 1778 Here also an academy was established in 1809, which obtained much celebrity throughout the State. _ Sidney was taken from Vassalborough. Limington had pre- viously been called the Ossipee Plantation. Hebron with its. iiiblical name was called originally Philip Gore. Here also there was a very important academy, endowed with a half towns^^ip of land. Bucksport had been called Buckstown, from one of its first settlers. Col. Jonathan Buck. The village is. beautifully situated on the eastern banks of the Penobscotf and enjoys one of the finest harbors that magnificent river aff^ords. Mount Vernon commemorates the sacred spot on the Potomac,, which every American, in all time, will approach with veneration. Two towns only, from the vast expanse of wild lands, were' incorporated in the year 1793. Buckfield had been called Num- ber tive. Benjamin Spaulding first entered its forests in the' «, ''^f^«P'"°P'^^'*/«"«"K''t to be damned. It holds forthawar of reven-^e mirh as Molooh m Pandeinonimn advised Tt win fl^ o„ i "^'"^ "\™v®"?«' «"cn A.nencans against the very na.neTEngUshmel m^ wil7be"S'^ 'T'"" ", ''" father to son, to the latest posterity." "^""'"'^°- ^^^ ^»" ^"^ ^^^^ « l«sa^T, from. " AVilliamson, vol. ii. p. 55a 26 i^^ isssr THE nrSTORY OF MAINE. 403 u is CO n w* a o is o n year 1776, and cut down a few trees. With several associates he purchased the township in 1788, of the Commonwealth fo two shilhngs an acre. Paris was formerly Number Four. The OxftdCrntJ"'- '' '"^'"^ ™^^^^^^ ''^ ^^--^-'^ of Upon the commencement of the French Revolution in 1789 iliere was much division of public opinion in Maine. The Americans saw no French newspapers. All the information they could gam, of the tremendous events which were trans^ pmng, was drawn from the British press. Very many were consequently m sympathy with the British Government, in its warfare against the new institutions in France. But there were aJso many m sympathy with the French people, in their efforts to throw off the despotic yoke of their ancient kin-g ihl^Tn-'^'Jl^^''^'" population of Maine had°s'o increased that the District was entitled to three representatives in Con- gress. On the 24th of June of this year, a charter was granted to Bowdoin College. A Protestant from France, whose French name was Pierre Baiiduoin, but who took the English name of Bowdoin fled from Catholic persecution to Falmouth. He soon died in Boston, leaving a widow and family in charge of his eldest son James This son became very wealthy, and, at the age of seventy bequeathed his large estate to his two sons, James and William. ' James became governor of Massachusetts, increased his prop- erty, and left a large fortune to his son James. This wealthv young man graduated at Oxford University in England, travelled extensively through Europe; purchased a large and very valua- ble library particularly rich in French literature and science. He also had a gallery of seventy elegant paintings, and a col- lection cf fine models of crystallography. AH these he be- queathed to Bowdoin College, with seven thousand acres of land and other property to the amount of about five thousand five hundred dollars, and several valuable articles of philosophi- cal apparatus.^ ^ » Decade of Addresses, by Dr. Allen, p. 267. 404 THE in STORY OF MAISE. Rev. Joseph McKeen, D.D., was the first president of the college. He was distiiignished for his noble character and his superior attainments. Under the succeeding presidents, the college has taken rank among the highest institutions in our land. This is not the place to enter into the details of its his- tory ; but we cannot refrain from saying that the present incumbent of this difficult and responsible office, Gov. Cham- THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 405 berlain, has alike distinguished himself as a college professor, as a major-general guiding patriot troops on the field of battle, as governor of the State of Maine, and now as president of the college The accompanying illustration gives a correct view of the college buildings. Maine seems to have been regarded as a peculiarly favored region. Population flowed into it so fast, that, in the next thirteen months, nineteen new towns were incorporated, nearly S'. o H < O o l-H ■/J ••4 CO SCENEKY AT ABBOTT FAMILY SCHOOL, FARMINGTOX, ME. all of Which contained at least five hundred inhabitants. One ol these, Farmington, deserves rather special notice. Upon the rich meadows through which the sandy river glides, the corn- fields of the Canabus Indians formerly waved in the breeze. 1 ins beautiful village has become quite renowned for its cluster ot literary institutions. Farmington Academy was incorporated in 1807, and for about ^'-'^ J.»f TBE niSTCRY OF MAINE. 407 i a t half a century snjoyed a high reputation for its classical, math- ema ical, and scientific instruction. It was then merged into the Western Normal School. A view of the building will be found annexed. ^ Another institution, a family school for boys, called Little mue, has obtamed celebrity far beyond the limits of the State The most prominent object in the landscape of this region is Mount Blue Upon the grounds upon which the beautiful clus- ter of school edifices is reared, there is a winding brook, a small pond, and a very singular natural mound, seventy or eighty feet Hgh, covered with dense forest. To this mound the name of Little Blue was given, and hence the name of the school The institution is sometimes called the "Abbott Family School " as the original building was the residen.o of the Rev. Jacob' Ab- bott ; and his brother Samuel established the school. It is impossible, without a series of views, to give a correct idea of the varied and picturesque beauty of the grounds. The place embraces about five acres. We give a view of the principal buildings. ^ H O o THE WKNDELL INSTITUTE. One of the most prosperous and popular of the educational seminaries of Farmington is the Wendell Institute. This sem- inary was established, in the first instance, as a private school, by two young ladies, the Misses May. These ladies evinced a i^raarkuble aptitude for the work of organizing and managin<. their school ; and it grew rapidly in public favor, and soon be-an to draw scholars from the surrounding towns. At length, at the time of the reception of a valuable donation trom Dr. Abraham Wendell, a native of Farmington, though at that time, and for several years previously, residing in Peru, b. A., a charter was obtained for the institution under the style and title of the Wendell Institute. Much addition^ aid was a so rendered by the relatives of Mr. Wendell, iv. furthering the plans of tlie teachers; and the institute is now in a very prosper- ous condition. It is still under the charge of the original found- ers of It, the Misses May. There is another institution recently established in Farmincr- THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 409 O H O o at H H «? O o o o L'i li< ton, as a family school for girls, which is probably destined to accomplish important results. It is called "The Willows," from a very magnificent grove of willow trees near which it stands. The institution is yet in its infancy ; but it has one of the most costly and best school buildings in the State. Its location, as regards beauty of scenery, and purity of ir and water, is all that could be desired. Under its present -^ci ,it management it can hardly fail to prove a success, notwi:" •> -end- ing the multitude of rival schools which are rising all ov land. Of the new towns incorporated in 1794, Alfred was named from Alfred the Great. Bridgeton took its name from Mr. Moody Crmges, of Andover, Mass., one of its chief proprietors. 1 rospect was so called from the beautiful scenery which, from oiie of Its eminences, charmed the eye of every beholder. Hampden honors the name of E.,gh.nd's illustrious son, John Hampden. Newfield, Cornish, New Sharon, Unity, Dresden, and Alna, were wilderness regions which poor emigrants had penetrated for the sake of cheap land, and where, havin- cut clearings m the forest, they reared their log huts, planted°their wheat and corn amidst the blackened stumi)s, and, with great toil, obtained but frugal fare. In the ^car 1795, Poland, Litchfield, Lewiston, Steuben, l^ayette, Livermore, Starks, and Clinton, were incorporated. I.ands 111 Maine were in great demand. In twelve years after the close of the war, the Commonwealth sold three million five hundred thousand acres. Troubles in Europe were causing a great flood of emigration to this country. Lewiston became one of the most important manufacturincr districts in the State. The Androscoggin has here a natural m1 ot lorty feet in a distance of two hundred feet. By aid of a dam this has been increased to fifty feet. This valuable fall is utilized, by machinery of various kinds, to the amount of five thousand four hundred and fifty horse-power. And this is secure against any contingencies of ice or flood. Lewiston is connected with the seaboard by two lines of railway ; one lead- nig to Bath, and the other to Portland. It is distant fmm Bos- ton, by rail, six and a half hours, from Portland one and a half. i s A 'n < D H "i Id r/T^ mSTORY OF MAINE. 411 and from Bath one and a quarter. There are in the place, in- eluding Auhurn, which is on the other «ide of the river, fifteen manuhictunng companies, with un aggregate capital of over seven million dollars. Between five and six thousand hands are employed The population, by the last census, was twenty-one thousand.^ '' Lewiston is also the seat of an important literary an21; Kennebec, 24,394; Lin- coln, 30,100, Hancock, l(i,31G; Washington, 4,430. — ir/Hianwon, vol. ii. p. 089. 414 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. now entitled to four representatives in Congress; still new towns were born with wonderful rapidity. Rumford, Orland, Ellsworth, and Lovell came into being in the year 1800, rnd the next year gave birth to Strong and Leeds. Maine was now enjoying peace and great prosperity. Ten towns were incorporated in the year 1802. These were Minot, Chesteiville, Brownfield, Vienna, Avon, New Vineyard, Dan- ville, Baldwin, Lincolnville, and Waterville. This last town constituted the one hundred and thirty-eighth. It is one of the most beautiful towns in the State, and is the site of a well- endowed and highly flourishing college. The institution is under the control of the Baptists, but is open to the students of all denominations. The name of "Colby University" is taken in honor of one of its most munificent patrons. The sit- uation of the buildings, on the western bank of the river, is singularly beautifuj. Twenty-one towns were incorporated in the year 1804. The very important and opulent town of Gardiner was named from Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, to whom most of the township was granted, near the year 1754, by the Plymouth Company. Robert H. Gardiner, one of the most distinguished citizens of Maine, revered for his intelligence, his public spirit, and his ChristiaJ probity, came into possession of the place by inheritance, in the year 1803. There were then but about six hundred inhabitants in the limits of the territory. The town owes much of its pros- perity to Mr. Gardiner, and his generous devotion to all its interests. His energies and wealth gave impulse to every branch of business. Mills rose, dams were built, machine-shops con- structed ; and a commanding eminence was adorned with a fine Gothic church of stone, which is considered one of the most beautiful buildings in New England. The falls of Cobbossee- conte gave this place its peculiar value. The other towns incorporated this year, were St. George Harmony, Temple, Albany, Industry, Raymond, Surry, Dixfietd,' Wilton, Rome, Madison, Albion, Unity, Embien, Mercer, Hope, Palermo, East Andover (now called Andover), and Gilead. The next year but two towns were incornorated. Harri...nn and Newiy. 416 THE nr STORY OF MAINE. Improvements were rapidly advancing all over the State. Bridges, roads, turnpikes, canals, and booms were constructed. These last were of immense importance. They consisted of chains of logs crossing the rivers upon which there were saw- mills, to prevent the logs, cut in the winter, and swept down by the spring fresliets, from being carried out to sea. In the year 1805, Oxford County was organized, and Paris was made its shire-town. Orono, which had previously been COBBOSSEE CONTEE FALLS, GAKDIXEU, MB. called Stillwater, was incorporated in 1S06. This was a noted place in the days o^. the Indians. It was about the year 1775 when the first white settler ventured to rear his cabin in those awful solitudes. The renowned chief Orono had his residence here. He seems to have been a man of many virtues. From him the town takes its harmonious name. Eight towns were incorporated in the year 1807 : Montville, Denmark, Porter, Jefferson, Friendship, Hiram, Dixmont, Pal- myra. • Three were incorporated in 1808, — Pownal, Freeman, TiiE nisTonr of maihe. 4,7 t^Z7 '^^"''"t '^'"' "^"""'^ °f S°""-'^' ™» established ^ 1809 and Norrulgewook was appointed its shire-town. IWe were also ■ncorporated the town, of Windsor, JonesborouT Calais, and WhilefieM. oauorou^n, A census was taken in the year 1810; and it was found that he State contained two hundred and twenty-eight thouLndL hundred and eighty-seven inhabitants. One t°own onTrEHot was mcorporated this year. The next year, however, nine were Garhnd tbCT" r n ''" '^''^ ^^'^ '=-'-• ^l^arle te and ™,bec S ™; ''°"' ^^"^^ington, Corinth, Carmel and Lubeo. Seven towns were incorporated in ti.e year 1812 Zf/okt2'J'°'' f;?""' °''"'°"'' P"""?'. sXc nd ™™r ■ . T*"' "' """ '""'=• " '■""''■■'''J ""d mnety-four mun, .pal towns Since the close of the Kevolutionary war a fnrporfted".' ""'•'"--- """^-^ -<^ fifty-fourh^T;: The outrages which England had for yeai-s been inflictin-. upon our commerce, and her practice of impressing ou seamcf 18 fc :r""' "" 'r°"^ u-nduraMe. On the°18th of jTu" r,,!; n f ' T?'' ™ '"" '■'='='''""8 'hat war existed between Great Bnta.n and the United States. Maine was called Zn funnsh two thousand five hundred militia. As we now lo-k back upon those days, it seems strange that a single wo"d co^,ld hve been uttered in fevor of submitting to those outlesn winch England was trampling upon our most sacred ri^its Levant' aTst7.T '"^'T""'^'' '" l^l^, - Sweden, Ireedom, J^evant, and St. Albany. To meet the immediate expenses of the war, the Nat,on,al Government assessed a tax of sevcntv-four thousand two hundred and twenty dollars on Maine. Its Z that more soldiers were enlisted in the District of Maine, accord- ...g to Its population, than in any of the States. Trol" were ^tabhshed at most of the important maritime towns The twenty-one thousand one hundred and twenty-one men. There was a British brig called " The Boxer," which had been ZZ" '-r™»<7'»S our coast, committing g^rlardeprt crew" a"?' "'Tf """"'^'^ ^'s"'^- e™»' "-' ''-^ « crew ot a l,und,«u and four men, was commanded by Capt. 9 418 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. Blythe, who was twenty-nine years of age. The American brig " Enterprise," which carried sixteen guns and a hundred and two men, was at anchor in Portland Harbor. It was commanded by Capt. Burrows, twenty-eight years of age.* " The Boxer" was ordered to cruise off the harbor for the purpose of bringing " The Enterprise " to an engagement. Thp two vessels met on the 5th of Septen:' . ?. "'"'>, and at three o'clock in the after- noon commenced ac ,1 a r ithin half pistol shot. For thirty-five miKutes they poured their deadly broadsides into each other. Both captains were shot down, and the decks were covei-ed with blood. " The Boxer " then struck her colors, having lost, in killed and wounded, besides her captain, forty- six men, nearly half her crew. On " The Enterprise " only two were killed and twelve wounded. The next day the victorious brig returned, with her prize, to Portland. The public exulta- tion was chilled by the death of the intrepid Capt. Burrows. The remains of both the officers were buried, side by side, with military honors, and a monument raised to their memory. The general history of this war belongs to the history of the United States rather than to that of Maine. But in many respects the conflict was disastrous to the District. Maine was peculiarly a commercial district, and commerce was annihilated by the war. Money became scarce, prices high, and many of the rich became poor, and the poor suffered severely. The English declared the whole of our Atlantic coast in a state of blockade. The entire seaboard was infested by British cruisers. Still, in this sad world of sin and sorrow, adversity often intro- duces renewed prosperity. There is, however, but little comfort in the thought that the prosperity of one must be purchased at the expense of the ruin of another. The destruction of our commerce rendered it necessary for us to engage, more than ever before, in mechanic arts and manufacturing establishments. Thus England " gained a loss " in this cruel war. The government of Great Britain claimed the right of stop- ping, by the menace of her guns, any American vessel found upon the seas, of sending a lieutenant on board, who would » Diary of Eov. Samuel Deane, p. 403. THE HiaTORY OF MAINE. 419 muster the crew before him, and pick out any number he was pleased o say were of English birth. These he would seize drag on board the British men-of-war, and compel them to fight Bntam s battles. Where resistance was attempted the cudS and cutlass were freely used. Official records prove that more than a thousand American citizens were thus torn from home and friends, and were compelled for years to man British guns, and when war was opened against America, to fight "their own countrymen Even our armed vessels were thus searched, and fired upon if ney refused to submit. Over six thousand men were thus taken from the American vessels upon the simple oTrarBriir^^^^^"^"^^^^ thll 7}.7n'l^l 'J!^'"''''^'''' °^ «"«^ ^n atrocious claim as this, tha the British Government commenced war against the United States; thus blighting the prospects of humanity, filling lonelv farmhouses with widows and orphans, and creating an amount of wretchedness which can never can be known until, at the Uay of Judgment, all things shall be brought to light. It is hard for any one, whose heart is moved by the moans and tears of the helpless, to forgive such crimes on the part of haughty foes who were noting amidst the splendors of their castles and thei^ palaces. The victims of this impressment were not allowed any trial. InT ^^^l"V^'"'' ^°' '"^ ^^P^^^- A P«^t young lieutenant from a Bntish war-vessel, followed by his armed band, would descend the deck of any American vessel, pick out from the crew any men he pleased, and saying, « J think these men are Englishmen," carry them off. We give England's plea in justification of this outrage, in the language in which the prince regent himself, subsequently the nfamous George IV., endeavors to soften down its'atrocities! m a cabinet manifesto dated Jan. 8, 1813, he wrote,— vutlll^hTT'"^ ?'* *^° "^'''''' "^ ^^' undoubted and hitherto undis- puted right of searching neutral merchant-vessels in time of war and the impressment of British seamen when found therein, could be deemed 1' violation of a neutral fla The unexpected result of this vote was, 11,969 yeas, and 10,347 nays. A convention was chose i to assemble in the meeting-house at Brunswick, count the votes, and, if a majority of five to four were found in favor of separation, to appoint a committee to draft a constitution. Though the majority was less than the statute required, the convention declared the vote to bo in favor of an independent State, and chose two com- mittees ; one to draft a constitution, and one to apply to Con- gress for admission into the Union. A large minority protected against these measi^res ; and the General Court, being then in session, disapproved of the illegal decision, and dissolved the convention. There arose at this time what was called the " Ohio fever." Hundreds were seized with the almost insane desire to emigrate to Ohio. The journey, generally taken in wagons covered with canvas, was long, expensive, and exhaustijig. Often the suffer- ings by the way were very severe. The flat, rich, alluvial plains of Ohio seemed to be covered with a malarious atmosphere. Whole fiimilies often wilted down together, now shaking with exhaustive chills, and again burning with fever. Many mourned the day in which they departed from the healthy, invigorating breezes of Maine. But return was impossible. Their means were entirely exhausted. It is estimated that Maine lost between ten and fifteen thousand inhabitants by this sad infat- uation. There was a dispute respecting the north-eastern boundary of the State, which subsequently came near involving us in another war with England. There was but one town, Brooks- 1 Such is the form of this question, as given by the accurate Mr. Williamson, The form suggested by the General Court v, as, "Shall the Legislature be requested to give its consent to the separation of the District of Maine from Massachusetts, and the creation of said district into a separate State? " TUE HISTORY OF MAINE. 425 ville, incorporated in the year 1817; but the next year se-eu were established, — China, Monroe, Perry, Mexico, Dennysvilie, Swanville, and Jackson. The Indian tribes had dwindled almost to extinction. Of tlie Peno])scot Indians but about two hundred and fifty remained. Two-thirds of these were women and children. They had become a dispirited, humiliated, and inefficient neople, supported mainly by charity. Quite readily tlioy relinquished their claim to all the extensive territory still recognized as theirs, for four townships, each six miles square, and for a yearly contribution of five hundred bushels of corn, fifteen barrels of flour, seven of pork, one hogshead of molasses, a hundred yards of broad- cloth, fifty blankets, a hundred pounds of gunpowder, four hundred of shoe, one hundred and fifty of tobacco, six boxes of chocolate, and fifty dollars in silver. Henceforth the Indians cease to be of any consideration in the history of the State. The dwindling families became pub- he paupers; and now probably not a single full-blooded Indian can be found in all the wide realms of Maine, over which, two centuries ago, they roamed in almost undisputed power. In the year 1819, another effort was made for separation. Seven- teen thousand and ninety-one votes were cast. Of these but seven thousand one hundred and thirty-two were nays. A committee of thirty-three, selected from each county, was chosen to report a constitution. John Holme., one of the most dis- tinguished sons of Maine, was chairman. This document was submitted to the people, and ratified by a large majority of votes. Gov. Brooks announced the event in his message to tlie Gen- eral Court, in January, 1819. After alluding in almost affec- tionate terms to the harmony which had so long prevailed between Miissachusetts and her foster-child, he added,— "But the time of separation is at hand. Conformably to the memorable act of Jmie 19 last, the sixteenth day of March next will terminate for- ever the political unity of Massachusetts proper and the District of Mame; and that District, which is bone of our bone, and flesh of our flesh, will assume her rank as an independent State in the American confederacy.' l\ \ W CHAPTER XXIII. PEACE AND PROSPERITY. WiUiam King -William D. Williamson - The Maine of Half a Century Ago — A Journey to Boston - Succeeding Governors — Tlie Aroostook War — Origin of the Difficulty - Warlike Measure - Interesting Incidents - The Truce — Final Settlement. rp HE first governor of Maine was WJxliara King. He is -L often spoken of as " the first and best of our governors." He was born in Scarborough, in the j ear 1 768. Native strength of mind and elevated character supplied the place of a liberal education. He was one of the most prominent in advocating the separation. With superior business qualifications, he be- came opulent, and when elected he was a prosperous merchant in Bath. He resigned the office upon being appointed one of the commissioners of the National Government on the Spanish claims. The remainder of the term Mr. William D. Williamson, Pres- ident of the Senate, became acting governor. Mr. Williamson became the author of the voluminous and admirable history of the State, which will ever secure to him the gratitude of the sons of Maine. One of the first acts of the Legislature was the adoption of a State seal. The moose, the noblest animal in our forests, and the majestic pine-tree, the most valuable of our timber, became the central figures. An anchor and a scythe, as the emblems of commerce and agriculture, were placed upon either side. Above, the north star shines, signifying the posi- tion which Maine occupies in the constellation of the States. Two figures, representing a sailor and a farmer, are conspicuou;=s. Over all is the Latin word " Dirigo " (I lead). The Maine of half a century ago was very different from the THE n/STORF OF MAINE. 427 Maine of the present day. Before the Revolution there was not a four-wheeled passenger carriage in the State. Two- wheeled chaises were not introduced into Portland until 1760. They were then not in common use, but were articles of luxury which were brought only on festive occasions. It was about the year 1800 when the first four-wheeled carriage was seen in the streets of Augusta. Men and women generally journeyed on horseback. The women sat on pillions behind the men. The horse-block, for mounting, was a very important adjunct to the churches. It was deemed a memorable event when, in the year 1787, a stage-coach was established to run between Portland and Portsmouth. The line was extended to Augusta in 1806. At a very early hour in the morning the stage left Augusta, and in four or five hours, if the travelling were good, reached Bruns- wick to breakfast. At Freeport they dined ; worn and weary they reached Portland in the evening to lodge for the night. Starting the next morning at an early hour, the coach stopped at Kennebunk for breakfast, and Portsmouth for dinner, and lodged at Newburyport the second night. At two o'clock the next morniii^^ the coach again started, breakfasted in the early dawn at Salem, and reached Boston about noon of the third day. In the year 1823, Capt. Seward Porter commenced run- ning a steamboat, » The Patent," from Portland to Boston. Five passengers were considered a very goodly company. The boat was about a hundred tons burden. In the years 1823 and 1824, queer looking little steamboats, with stern-wheels, began to run up the Kennebec River. The second governor of Maine was Albion K. Parris. He was elected in the year 1822. A farmer's son, born in Hebron, Me., he worked on the fields of his father until he was four- teen years of age. At fifteen he entered Harvard College. At twent)^-six he was chosen representative in the national Con- gress ; at thirty he was appointed judge of tha United States Dis- trict Court ; and when but thirty-three years old he was elected governor. He was a man of great energy, of indomitable per- severance, and of great administrative ability. His unblemished integrity and courteous manners secured the nffection and respect of all who knew him. 428 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. Enoch Lincoln succeeded Gov. Panis in 1827. He was a very able man, a well-read lawyer, and had enjoyed the educa- tional advantages of a seat in the national Congress. His mes- sages were muv ; admired for the comprehensive views they presented in languaa. Here he met with a reverse, was captured with a company of his men, and they were hurried off, in a sleigh, to Frederick- ton jail, in New Brunswick. The sheriff and his forces retreated. The trespassers, much elated, armed themselves, about three hundred in number, and bade defiance to the American author- ities. The sheriff, learning of the capture, retired to Number Ten, and fortified his party, while he repaired as rapidly as pos- sible to Augusta, to report the posture of affairs. Gov. Harvey, of New Brunswick, issued a proclamation, declaring that British territory had been invaded, and ordering out a thousand of the militia. Affairs now began to assume a very seriou? aspect. Immediately, though it was Sunday morning, fifty volunteers set out from Augusta, for the scene of action. At the same THE BISTORT OF MaINE. 433 m""" ^7\^^^''^«y ««"t a communication to the governor of Mame at Augusta demanding the recall of the AmeLan tip. he B it- 1 r''"'' '"' '"T"^^^"^" '''^' ^« -- instructedTb; the British Government, to hold exclusive jurisdiction over the disputed territory, and that he should do so by military fir e MaTne' ''^T, .[^'^ P^^^^ ^^« -^ignation of the people of Ma ne. The leg.s ature passed a spirited resolve for the pro- tection of he public lands, and appropriated eight hundred thousand dollars to that purpose. A draft was also ordered for ten thousand three hundred and forty-three men from the m h' t.a to be ready for immediate action. Early Monday morninc the unwonted sound of the clarion of war was heard in the peaceful streets of Augusta, as the vroops, by hundreds then and there were " mustering in hot haste.'' miml"" ^^'^'^^'' was commander of the western division of miht a. It was midwinter in Maine, and bitter cold. The regular uniforms afforded no sufficient protection for a winter campaign, through drifted snows and freezing gales, in a regTon where the mercury often sank twenty-five or tlurty degreesTe' low zero. Extra garments were speedily supplied, of thick red s^^irs and pea-green jackets. Within a week ten thousand malTere:"'' "'" "''" " ^^'"^^'^^^ ^°""^^' ^ -^ the The National Government was roused. Congress passed a bill authorizing the President of the United Stages, should the governor of New Brunswick fulfil his threat of maintaining exclusive jurisdiction over the territory in dispute, to raise fiftP thousand troops for the support of Maine, and appropriating ten million dol ars to meet the expense. On the 5th of March! Gen. Scot t with his staff, reached Augusta. He informed the governor that he was '' specially charged with maintaining the ' peace and safety of the entire northern and eastern frontiers " He 00k quarters at the Augusta House, and immediately en- tered into correspondence with both Gov. Harvey of New Bruns- wick, and Gov. Fairfield of Maine. Having thirty thousand troops whom he could call into the field, he humanely endeav- oi-ed to act the part of a peacemaker. Tlie result was that Gov. Harvey pledged himnelf, that, in prospect of the peaceful settie- 28 I. 434 THE HISTORY OF MAINE, ment of the question between the two nations, he would not take nuhtary possession of the territory, or endeavor to expel Irom It the civil posse or the troops of Maine. On the other hand, Gov. Fairfield pledged himself that he would not, without renewed instructions, disturb any of the New Brunswick settle- ments in the Madawaska region. He agreed to withdraw his troops, and leave uninterrupted communication between New Brunswick and Canada. This settlement brought peace. The prisoners on both sides were set at liberty. In March, the Aroostook region, which had previously formed a portion of Penobscot and Washington Counties, was erected into a new county bearing its . -iginal name. It was generally supposed that the prompt militarv preparation we had made, which gave us unquestionably the command of the position, had great influence with the British authorities in securing a peaceful settlement. This, however, was but a temporary arrangement. The rival claims were still to be adjudicated. Two years passed away while the question continued to bo discussed by the two gov- ernments. In the year 1841, William Henry Harrison was President of the United States, and Daniel Webster Secretary of State. ^ The sudden death of Pres. Harrison introduced tlie Vice-President, John Tyler, to the Presidential chair. The importance of the boundary question induced Mr. Webster still to remam in the office of Secretary, though differing with Mr. lyler in political views. In the year 1842 Lord Ashburton came to Washington, the British ambassador authorized to form a new treaty for the settlement of the boundary. An extra session was called of the legislature of Maine. Commissioners were appointed to confer with Lord Ashburton and Secretary Webster upon this subject. The troublesome question was soon brought to an amicable settlement. England greatly needed a portion of this territory, that there might be free communi- cation between New Brunswick and Canada. Maine surrendered a considerable tract which was of but little value. In compensation the United States received terri- toiy of much greater value, on the borders of Lakes Champlain and Superior. The National Government paid Maine one hun- THE EIPTORY OF MAINE. 435 dred and fifty thousand dollars for the surrender. The State also received two hundred thousand dollars, as re-imbursement for the expense she had incurred in defending the integrity of Amencan terntory. The Senate of the United States ratffied the Ashburton Treaty, as it was called, on the 20th of August, 1842. Impartial judgment must pronounce the conduct of Maine, m this whole affair, to have been patriotic and wise In the year 1841, Mr. Edward Kent again filled the chair of chief executive. The subsequent governors have been • - 1843. 1844. 1847. 1850. 1853. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1857. 1858. 1801. 18G3. 18G4. 1869. 1871. 1874. Edward Kavanagh {Acting) Hugh J. Anderson John W" Dana John Hubbard W. G. Crosby Arson P. Morrill . Samuel Wells Hannibal Hamlin , Joseph S. Williams {Acting) Lot M. Mon-ill Israel Washburn . Abner Colburn Samuel Cony . Joshua L. Chamberlain Sidney Perham Nelson Dingly, jun. Newcastle. Belfast. Fryeburg. Hallowell. Belfast. Readfield. Portland. Hampden. Augusta. Augusta. Orono. Skowhegan. Augusta. Brunswick. Paris. Lewiaton. CHAPTER XXrV. THE SCANDINAVIAN IMMIGRATION. Origin of the Movement -The Plan adopted -Mission of Mr. T^cmas to bweden-Wise Measures Triu-npbantly Successful -- Tlie Voyage of the Immigranta- Their Hospitable 3ception-New Sweden-The Primeval Forest-Labors of the Colonists - Their Industry and Prosperity -Increas- Ing Immigration -Interesting Letter from Sweden - Present State of the Colony— Future Prospects. /^NE of the most interesting events which has ever occurred V->' in the State of Maine is what may be called the Scandi- navian immigration. For this important movement, the State IS mainly indebted to the sagacity and energy of Hon. William W. Thomas, jun., of Portland. Mr. Thomas graduated at Bov/doin College in the year 1860. Two years after graduating he was appointed vice-consul at Constantmople, and soon after consul at Galatz in the princi- pality of Moldavia. His services there were considered so important, that the Department of State deemed him worthy of a 7ote of " special thanks." In the year 1863 he was appointed consul at Gothenburg, m Sweden. He remained there three years ; became famihar with the language, and acquainted with the manners and customs of the people. Upon resigning this important office, the State Department again took occasion to express its high appreciation of his measures as a public offir^er. In the year 1866 he opened an office, as a lawyer, in Portland j and m 1869 became one of the commissioners in the settlement of the public lands of the State. In 1870, invested with the ofPoe of Commissioner of Immigration, he sailed for Sweden, where he recruited a colony, returned with its members to 406 THE niSTORT OF MAINE. 487 Maine, and founded New Sweden in our northern forests. He then took a seat in the State Legislature, and, in the years 1874 and 1875, wa3 Speaker of the llowm. Such, in brief, was the origin of this very important move- ment, which merits a more minute detail of its progress from Its commencement to its present success. The subject of Swedish immigration had been, for some time, a topic of public discussion, when Gov. Washburn called the attention of the legishituro to it, in his message of 1861 The troubles of the times engrossed all the energies and thou-hts of the people, until Gen. Joshua L. Chamberlain was called°to the gubernatonal chair. He eloquently urged the question upon the legislature. It was fully discussed. Tliree commissioners were appointed to report what measures were necessary to in- duce settlements in the unpeopled townships. These were Hon. Parker P. Burleigh, William W. Thomas, jun., and Hon. William bmall. The commissioners, having carefully explored Aroostook County, reported, in 1870, in fiivor cf making vigor- ous efforts to establish a Swedish colony in Maine. It was pro- posed that an agent should be sent to Sweden ; that he should endeavor to collect twenty-five families, with their pastor, and conduct them across the Atlantic, to what was then township No. 15, in the 3d range. Here, in a perfectly healthy climate, very similar to their own, with fertile soil, abundrat timber, pure water, and pure air, ample farms were to be assigned them without cost. None were to be received but honest and indus- trious farmers and laborers with their families, who had suffi- cient property to pay the expenses of their passage. Mr. Thomas was sent on this important mission. Taking passage on the steamship " City of Brooklyn," he landed at Gothenburg, Sweden, on the 16th of May, 1870. Here he established his oflice, and spread broadcast over the land cireu- la-s inviting immigration, and truthfully describing the country offered them for their future homes, Mr. Thomas also travelled extensively, conversing with the people upon the subject, b the road-side, in the public vehicles, and at their homes. Particular stress was laid upon the fact, that none would be accepted but those who could bring the most s vtisfactory testi- 488 TffE BISTORr OF MAINE. moniala for integrity of character, and for industry and skill in their several callings. The Swedes are a highly indu trious, moral, and Christian people. Their religious institutions were essentially like thoso previiiling in Maine. Recruits soon began to appear. Each man brought credentials from his pastor. No doubtful case was accepted. In this way a colony of picked men, with their wives and families, was collected. The colonists and their friends met on the 23d of June, in thn Baptist Hall in Gothenburg, to enjoy a public collation. Over t\.'o hundred Swedes were present. Addresses were made by the ooramissioner and by Swedish gentlemen. It was a momentous occas'u.., and appropriately closud by prayer. At noon of Saturday, June 25, Mr. Thomas, with his adventurous and confiding band, sailed from Gothenburg, in the steamship "Orlando." The commissioner iiad been in Sweden but forty days. There must have been something singularly potent in the influence of Mr. Thomas, to onablc him to induce these worthy and intelligent men to abandon home and country, to cross a stormy ocean of four thousand miles, and to hew out for themselves new homes in the wilderness of a strange land ; with no contract, and nothing upon which they could rely but their faith in the honesty of the commissioner. It is indeed refreshing to one who is weary of describing the wrong and outrage with which earth is filled, to be able to record that Mr. Thomas was true to his trust. ^ The colony consisted of twenty-two men, eleven women, and eighteen children} fifty-one in all. The noble character of these men may be inferred from the fact that they took with them their pastor, tboir sabbath, and their church observances. In acMition to the farmers and their religious teacher, there was a civil engineer, a blacksmith, two carpenters, a basket-maker, a wheelwright, a baker, a tailor, and a shoemaker. The women were neat, industrious, and expert in the use of the spinning- wheel and the loom. It was said of the men, " All are tall and stalwart, witli blue eyes, light hair, and cheerful, honest faces. There is not a physical defect or blemish among tliem." » ' Coinmissionera' Report, p. 6. ,, 'Sr^-Jt THE HISTORY OF mainf:. 489 The emigrants :ande(l at Hali&ix on tho 18th of July traversed tho peninsula, crossed the broad Bay of Fundv and ascen<|.d the Kiver St. John They arrived at Tobique, on the bt. John m New Brunswick, on tho 21st of July, and the next day, Inday, July 22, drove across the border into Maine. At Port Fairfield the American flag was raised to welcome them a salute was fired in honor of their ai.ival, and they were wel' comed by addresses from Judge William Small, and from Rev Darnel Stickney of Presque Isle. There was quite a festivity at tho Fort on this joyful occasion ; and many settlers from the enrrounding region had assembled to present the hand of frater- nal welcome to the strangers. How beautiful is peace ' The Swedes were invited to a sumptuous collation in the lown Hall ; and then, with grateful hearts and strengthened resolutions, they continued their journey still farther norlh, to fand their new homes. As they approached Caribou, five hun- dred people met them, and escorted them into the villa-e with the salute of cannon and the music of a fine brass band." Here again their hearts were cheered by words of welcome from John S. Arnold, Esq. ; and their bodies were refreshed with an abundant feast, and they were hospitably entertained through the night. Mr. Thomas acted as interpreter on these occasions. At noon of Saturday, July 23, 1870, the emigrants reached their new home, to which they gave the name of New Sweden It is said there is no better township in the State. It is in the atitude of the flourishing city of Quebec. The land is undu- ating, and covered with a splendid growth of maple, birch, beech, and ash. Brooks flow through all the little valleys, and the soil IS remarkably free from stones. The State, previously to the arrival of the strangers, had cut a read through the forest to the township ; had felled one hundred and twenty-five acres of trees, and had constructed for them six comfortable log houses. The long line of heavily loaded wagons wound their way along the newly constructed road, with the primeval lorest, in its gigantic grandeur, rising on either side. The colonists, upon their arrival, used one of these houses as a store- house while the fifty men, women, and children, though crowded, were eomfortablv accommodated ia the other five. 440 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. The sabbath dawned happily upon this favored little ba-d Sweetly the melody of their Swedish hymns blended with all the voices of nature around them. There was, of course, some choice in the farms; but the question was amicably adjusted by drawing lots. The settlers were divided into groups of four tnendly families, and the farms into clusters of four, with the cottages to be reared at the contiguous corners. Thus intimate iriends could form one neighborhood. Mr. Thomas reports : — ''Every Swede was convinced that just the right lot had fallen to him- and was enabled to find something about his possessions which, in his eye' made ,t superior to aU others. So surely does ownership beget content! With hands made stronger by joyful hearts, the Swedes went to work clearing up their farms. One hundred acres of forest were assigned to each. The houses, which had been built for them were very comfortable residences, of peeled logs, eighteen feet by twenty-six, on the ground. They were one and a half stones high, with seven feet between the floors. There were two logs above the second floor beams, which, with a square pitch roof, gave ample room for chambers. The ground floor was divided into three apartments. There was one front room sixteen feet by eighteen one bedroom ten feet square and a pantry eight feet by ten. On this floor there were four windows and one window on the front gable end above. ' In the general room of each house there was a Hampden cooking-stove, with a funnel running out through an iron plate in the roof. These cottages, full of interior comfort, were architecturally picturesque ; and the inmates, happy and grate- tul, entered upon their labors with great zeal. Within a week after tl.eir arrival, these our prosperous adopted citizens wrote a joint letter to their friends in Su-eden, in which they said that Maine had kept its faith with them in every particular ; that the land was fertile, the climate pleasant, and the inhabit- ants friendly. They strongly advised all their countrymen who thought of emigrating to America, to come to the congenial • » Comtnisaioners- Tveport to the Legislature, p. 9. We are Indebted to this m. THE HISTORr OF MAINE. 441 climate, the rich soil, and the kindly neighborhood of New Sweden, in Maine. InThl'f^f .1' ''c?' ^l^^'^l T""^^''^ ^^ *^« J«"™^1« in Sweden. In the fall the Swedes had made such progress in thoir clear- ings, that every farmer had sown an acre or half an acre with wheat or rye. The colony rapidly increased. On the 14th of September, twelve additional emigrants arrived ; and on the 31st of October twenty more followed, directly from Sweden. There were three births and two marriages. The sabbath, the greatest upon the happy, religious colony. A sabbath school was opened for the children, and divine service was regularly con ducted by their excellent pastor. ^ Through the me forethought of the surveyor of the town- ship Hon. Noah Barker, fifty acres in the centre of the settle- ment were reserved for public uses. This land belonged to the State. Here the State erected a building thirty feet by forty-five two stories high, with a very capacious cellar, frost^ W n . ^Z'"' «"^™«""^e^^ by a vane, rose from the front gal.le end. A store-room and offices were on the lower floor. The second story contained a large hall, thirty feet by forty.five, which was used for a church, a schoolhouse, and public meetings m general. The main body of the emigrants had arrived in the midst of the heat of summer. The houses were not prepared to bid defiance to the blasts of a Maine winter. But cold weather was a foe whom the Swedes knew well how to encounter. As the X;^^;Y'S^';srewlong,.nd severe frosts began to set in, they all turned their attention to promoting the comforts of their own fii-esides. With split planks, they made their floors double leaving a space of six or eight inches between. This space they filled with dry earth, making u floor so tight that the fiercest wintry blast could not force through it a single breath ot air The upper ceiling was also made perfectly tight with matched boards. They hewed the round logs which com- posed the walls, within and without, so as to present nearly a square surface. The interstices between the logs were filled on the outside and the inside, strips of cedar. 442 THE BI8T0RY OF MAINE. «.nT r « .?'"'' °"^ °^ ^°°'^ ^"^ ^^*^i« the roon^s. pre- sented a finished aspect, smooth and perpendicular. The rooms were attractive. Neither clapboards, stone, nor brick could present a more perfect defence against the fiercest storms. Fuel was abundant. When the little households were gathered around these bright, warm firesides, it mattered little to them how low the mercury might sink in their thermometers. The chmate was so healthy, that, in the autumn, it was said that New Sweden ^ ^^'' '''^''''' ""^ ""'"' '''"^""' °' '^'^^ ^" The hous^es, with all the improvements, remained the prop- erty of the State for five years from the arrival of the colonists. It, in the me^an time, any one abandoned the place, he left his cottage and his land in the hands of the State. If he or his heirs retamed the cottage as their home for that length of time It became, with the hundred acres, his or theirs in fee simple.' The expense of transporting the colony from Sweden to Maine was four tliousand dollars. The immigrants paid every dollar X 1 Ti7 '° ^°'^' '"''*' ^^^""^ "^^« N«^ Sweden, three thousand dollars in cash and six tons of baggage. This was adding just so much to the riches of the State Every Swede who set out with the original company from Scandinavia with the commissioner, adhered to his pledge, and ettled in New Sweden. Every one who promised soon to follow did so. xNTot one of them sought a home elsewhere. And we do not learn thai any one of them, at any time, aban- doned the enterprise. In December, 1870, but five months after he arrival of the colonists, the following results, in an official report, were announced : — "A colony of one hundred and fourteen Swedes -fifty-eight men tvvent ■ ZTTlT^ ^'^ r'"'"'^ - '^^^^ ^^'"^ *heir own passage LrSwed i' and settled on the wild lands ot Maine. Seven miles of road havTbe^n cut etf ot: rt l""'" ""T'' ^"' ''''''' ^^- ^' woods have been felled One hundred acres have been hand-piled, burnt off, and cleared ready for a crop, and twenty acres sown to winter wheat and r^e Twent,^ 81X dwelhng-houses and one public building have been'built ^ A knowledge of Maine, its resources and advantages has been scat- tered broadcast over Sweden , a portion of the tide of SwedishTral .ration turned upon our State, and a practical beginning made towards SCou^ THE niSTOBT OF MAINE. 443 It is pleasant to witness the interest with which Sweden, the mother country, watched over the welfare of her sons and daughters m this distant land. A prominent member of the Swedish Parliament, one of the most distinguished of Swedish philosophers, wrote to the governor of the State of Maine mourning over the departure of their citizens, and yet rejoicinc^ m view of their prosperity. In this letter he said, - assembed his httle colony of immigrants to partake of a collation where goo6. wishes and kind words were exchanged. We, the remattng taS left with confidence our brethren and sisters in his care : his lasJ and firm assurance was, « All that has been promised will be kept.' « Yes, sir, these promises have been kept, but not only that : they have been far surpassed by your generosity. The poor immiints, landhig on your shores Lave l^een received and greeted with the most riendly weT come. Their homes established, their future secured, they have not been sttTS'tl'g^ ''''"'''''' ''''' ^^"*^- -^ ^^— of the Z " The young colony will probably be the nucleus of an extended coloni- zation; and you will not, sir, I feel sure, find the hardy Swedes ungrat fu of liZtffT^ °^ ' ^T ^'''^''' ' ^"' ^^1"^^*^^ '-^"d authorized the writer of this letter to convey to you. Honorable Governor of the State of Maine heexpression of their sentiments of deep gratitude ; and you wil Sly a low me, sir, to add thereto the expression of the same sentfments of many othr Swedes, who have followed the immigrants with their sympathies. ^ r.r/lZ'^^ ^ '''"'' *"''" ^ ^^^'''' *° *^« P^^'Ple «f Maine, who have reived their new brethren with so much cordiality, the thanks of the cZ nists, who have mentioned more especially two gentlemen, Mr. W. W. 'itTnVht^h :ttem:- '' "^ "-^* "-^^-^' ^ ^^^^^ «^ ^^^^ ^-^ "May the young colony of « New Sweden ' grow and flourish, not only in faSS, 2 ' ^t "^" '" '^^^^°« *^^^^^'--^ and' intellectual IT!,T ^i ^^i^" "'"" population thus add to your State and to your grea Republic a good and healthy element of moral power from the Old rTfleof 'thTf ' ■T''!^ ™^"''^ '"*^ ^^' «P^"^ «f y^"^ fr«« institutions, reflect that spirit on their native land 1 "What we have lost, at present, in the old fatherland, will thnn nnf ha- been lost U> humanity : on the contrary, the trees have only beer. tra"n».' 444 THE n I STORY OF MAINE. planted on a fresher soil, where they will thrive better, and give richer and more abundant fruits. God bless the harvest I God bless your land I "I am, sir, with the highest esteem, " Your obedient servant, "G. A. Hedlond" Gov. Chamberlain had taken a deep interest in this en- terprise, and liad fostered it with truly parental care. The State erected, in all, twenty-six houses for the immigrants who arrived in the year 1870. Since then the Swedes have erected one hundred and four houses in addition. Thus their settle- ment, early in 1875, numbered a hundred and thirty houses. They have also the same number of barns. Two steam-mills and a water-power saw-mill have been put in operation. There is a very prosperous store in the centre of the village ; and it is generally admitted that the Swedes manufacture the best shaved shingles in the cpunty. Their great prosperity may be inferred from the fact, that they owned, at the commencement of the year 1875, twenty-six horses, five colts, forty-one oxen, a hun- dred and twenty-one cows, nine heifers, fifty-one calves, sixty- eight sheep, and a hundred and twenty-five swine. They had good roads. A post-office was established in their village. On the 14th of October last, one hundred and thirty-three men came forward to take the preliminary steps toward becoming citizens of the land of their adoption. The Swedes are Protestants, and eminently a moral and reli- gious people. They have a day-school, taught by their pastor. There is an average attendance of eighty scholars. The Eng- lish language is the chief study. Most of the children over ten years of age can read, write, and speak English respectably well. There are now more than one hundred native Americans born of these Swedish parents. About one thousand Swedes have been led to emigrate to this State, who have not taken farms in New Sweden, but who have settled in Maine, and are engaged in various useful employ- ments. The young girls are highly prized as house-servants ; and the men are greatly valued for their industry and their integrity. The population of New Sweden now amounts to about six hundred. There are not less than sixteen hundred THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 445 Swedes m the State of Maine. These have all paid their own passage, have brought with them one hundred thousand dollars in com; and it is estimated that their value, as a producing dXs' ^ *^' ^*^^' °''' '"^"°'' '^^ ^"''^^'^ ^^^^^'^"^ It is now certain that this valuable Swedish immigration will continue to flow into Maine. All special State supervision over the colony has ceased. The settlement is steadily advancing in prosperity. Rapidly the forest is disappearing, and giving place to cultivated fields smiling with rich harvests. The Swedes have won for themselves a very desirable reputation. Kindly feelings arise whenever one is introduced to man or woman L coming from Sweden. It is believed that this successful enterprise in founding the colony of New Sweden will eventually lead a large emigration of the population of Scandinavia to our vast northern domain. The Northmen, justly called the "sea-kings" of Northern Europe, were the first discoverers of the shores of New En^- and centuries before the eyes of Columbus caught a glimpse of the tropical islands of this New World. The inhabitants of Maine will ever present a cordial welcome to all the descend- ants of those bold adventurers. " Honor to w om honor is due." The State owes a debt of gratitude, which it will be ever happy to acknowledge, to the Illustrious citizen whose sagacity planned this great enterprise, and whose energy and humanity have contributed so much to Its successful achievement. The Hon. P. P. Burlei-h, in a report as land-agent of the State, writes, — '-For this new impulse in the great pioneer work of settlement, the State of Cfrr^'lr' w*'w 'n.1^"' ^"'^ '^'^^^""^ '^"^^'^ -' "- commissioner of emigration ^Ir W w. Thomas, Jan., M'ho has, on both sides of the tte S T ™''';??^ ''^"^ ^" ^ manner worthy the thanks of the State. The success which has thus far crowned his efforts is a fitting testimony to his faithfulness and ability in the conduct of the enterprise." CHAPTER XXV. THE PICTTJBESQUE ATTEACTIONS OP MAINE. Portland and Casco Bay — Seashore Resorts— Isles of Shoals — The Beaches — Cape Arundel and Old Orchard— Bath to Rockland, and up the Penobscot — Mount Desert — Lake Sebago — Mt. Pleasant and the Saco — The Valley of the Androscoggin — Rangeley Lakes and SandyRiver— The Kennebec Valley — Moosehead Lake and the Aroostook. [For the chapter which follows, we are indebted to the pen ,f Rev. Prof. Edward Payson Thwiiig of Brooklyn, N.Y. It is from personal observation that he has been able to give so graphic a description of scenery which charms every beholder.] A PARTY of gentlemen at Venice were discussing the relative attractiveness of localities visited by them. It was conceded that Italy abounded in magnificent scenery ; but one of them, not an American, affirmed that the finest prospects he had ever enjoyed were at PORTLAND AND CASCO BAY. Latrobe, the English traveller, writes, " Imagine our surprise and delight when we found, in unsung and neglected Portland, scenery that for beauty, variety, and extent, far exceeds any views of the class in the States." He adds that the panorama na which the eye feasts at the Observatory on Munjoy Hill is equalled by nothing in America, except at the citadel of Quebec. The Forest City still keeps the bulk of her beautiful trees ; and the palatial edifices that have risen from the ashes of the fire of 186G attract admiration, not only as architectural embel- lishments, but as evidences of the enterprise of her people. The Custom House, Post-Office, City Hall, and Hospital, the cathydrals, churches, school edifices, and many of the elegant private residences that adorn tiic slopes of either hill, present 446 TBE niSTOKT OF MAltie. 447 an imposing appearance to the stranger entering the harbor Nor ,3 the v,e>v less piotures,,.o from the bay in he rctr of Port and or "rom the grand promenades of BramhaU's H U a^d tSn's:*"^ -'-'"'' - '" *"» ^'-«- of the Wht The location of the city, its healthfulness, and the beauty of .ts surrounamgs, with its matchless harbor and bay gemmed POETLANU OBSEEVATOBY. w. h three hundred and sixty-flve islands, and to abundant railroad fechfes, make its future growth and prosperity certain Two hues of railway have long connected it with Boston but the new extension of the Boston and Maine Railroad 1",; the seashore opens a delightful route for the summer tourist" aisci xiocuestur, reduces time and trouble, besides conducting 448 THE niSTORT OF MAINE. him through the diversified scenery of Southern New Hamp- ^nre, and so along the valley of the Presumpscot to Portland. Ihe excehont facilities for steamboat travel between New York or Boston and the Forest City are all that can be desired by CITY HALL, PORTLAND. those who believe .'.at the summer resorts of Maine are equal to those of more pretentious claims. In Longfellow s poem, "My Lost Youth," the poet tells in verse of the charms of his native place,— " The beautiful town that is seated by the sea." In the recently published volume '! Portland Illustrated," by John Neal,-the tourist will find every thing necessary to guide his ateps in the city, or the charming environs. A brief sketch THE mSTORT OF MAINE. 449 Will now be given of the seashore resorts. Drake's " Nooks and Corners is the cumpletest manual for the New Englard coast, and IS indispensable to a full outfit. SEASHORE RESORTS. The Isles of Shoals are eight in number, and part of them belong in Maine. The cairn on the .ummit of Appledore is said to have been erected by Capt. John Smith in 1614 ; and tales of CUSTOM HOUSE, POETLAND. Capt. Kidd and his treasure, Black Dinah and her divining rod, Phihp i3abb with his ghostly knife, besides more recent tracre- dies, invest these wild, rocky islets with peculiar interest. The distance from main land is but nine miles, and steamboats con- nect with the Eastern Railroad at Portsmouth. Pullman cars run on all through trains on this road. Invalids to whom a sea- voyage has been recommended, especiallv those sufferincr frnm iiuy-lever, iiud in the salubrious climate of these islands "en tire I I ir 1 1 III! 450 THK HISTORY OF MAISE. relief, and enjoy the benefits of a sea-voyage without its dis- comforts. Aj.iii. aoi. and Star Island- liivve each a large and elecjant hotel, Mith every facility for hathincr, fishing, and sailing. The florist and naturalist only need Cclia Tliaxter's dainty little vol- ume to tell tliem where to (liul the haunts of the sea- memones, the scarlet pinii*ernel, the crimson sorrel, the purple pea, and POST OFFICE, roKTLAKD. the varied finny tribes, bonito and blue-fish, the slender porock, the thrasher, and y rpoise. Her exquisite pictures of scenery, and her tragic tales of storm and shipwreck, are full of interest ito the tourist. Kittery, one of the oldest towns, has many attractions ; among them the U. S. Navy Yard, Fort McClary, and the mansion and tomb of the Pepperells, the old church and pai'sonage. There is a new hotel at the Point. THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 451 trom Kittery, along the shore northward, there are deliKhtful views of ocean, mountain, and river. Near the site of the ancient .ity of York, Mount Agament towers, md but a short r,< e „<,m tho cars is York Beach, tuo miles long and five hundred feot xvide. Tiie views from " The P.lpit," the topmost pomt of B.M Head Cliff, risin., a hundred feet ;bruptly !lTove the sea, f^• .n C.pe Veddock, "The Nubble," and Boone^,land, attract many \ isitoi. ' Wells Beach, six miles long, is much frequented, being so near the new railroad from Boston, and in the neighborhood of ^rout- iiB Ci^irrs. CAPS AKUNDEL, MK. Streams and woods, where (he aprrtsman finds h .nipe the ,curlew, ,!,e oodcock, the partridge, and other game. Ample pnvato and pi.ulic accommodations are had 1 r guests. Passing noithNvurd, and crossing Mousu.n Riv^r, Kennebunk is reached! 1 wenty-five n ntes ride in easy coac, . brings u.o to ihe Port, iiniX Cape Arundel, where is one of the finest summer resorts on the Atlantic- coast. Unlike Nriwport in elaborate beauty or tire ame convention- alities, it offers a peculiar nh"''" fo- *••'• ^n { » ix, grander pi imitive attractions of lorest and shore, the^bep> ty of K t' THE nrSTORT OF MAINE. 453 o < CO ■J H i H n O native wildnoss, and the restful quiet of simpler living, with unfcctered commur.iou with Nature herself. Unlike altiTost all 'vatering-places, it has neither the hot l;ind-bie.;ze nor the bitter east winds direct, but, facing the south-west, a uniform, equable and invigorating air, night and day. There are three beaches in crescent curves, suited for riding or bathing, bold headlands with rifts and chasms, volcanic beds, "The Blowing Cave," a liuge watery cannon sending out explosions, -- spouting rocks, a ruined fort, " Hermit's Retreat," and other localitres that will be appreciated by the naturalist, the artist, or idler in search of healthful repose. Cape Porpoise, the Goose Rocks, and the White Mountains fill up a picture of enchanting loveliness when evening comes, — "With sunset purple, soothing all the waste." ^ A number of literary and business men from Boston have en- joyed cottage life here the past three years; but recently the name of Cape Arundel has so widely spread, that the veteran hotel- keeper of New England has opened a spacious and com- fortable hostelry, in connection with which ample provision is made for fishing, riding, bathing, or sailing. Keeping along the coast a few miles farther, the cars stop at Biddeford and Saco, from either of which cities the " Pool" and Wood Island may bo reached, — delightful retreats, with groves where picnics gather, and quiet nooks that look out over the blue Atlantic. There is also a waterfall on Foxwell's stream, sixty feet in height, with varied and wild scenery. Old Orchard is quite a populous village, which has sprung up by magic, as it were, since the new route of travel passes this favorite watering-place. A hard, smooth beach extends nine miles, and so wide that a dozen or more carriages may drive abreast. Several hotels and a score of smaller houses are open during the season. Pine Point, Prout's Neck, Blue Point, are easily accessible. Old Orchard has been a place of summer resort for two hun- dred years. The orchard that gave the name, long ago disap- peared ; and but three gravestones remain over the dust of the ancient colonists that once found tliem a Imrnp Tho aocni« 454 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. and historic mingle their charms in this romantic spot. The Bequestered loveliness of Fern Park, near the site ofthe OM Orchard House, has hardly a parallel in the countr,' To ?he natural beauty of a hillside forest, are added graceful airs rushc retreats wrought by cunning art, and eiellished with quaint conceits; while the trees along the avenues bear on pTt^Thfr^'^nf T'-'' ^^^"^ ^"»^'«^ «nd A^:L„ poets The Oratory, the Astronomer's Seat, the Parson's Lod-e and the monament to Mr. Bull the projector, are among tC most interesting objects. ^ i", tj OLD ORCHAHD BEACH. ME The Methodists have wisely chosen Old Orchard for camn- meetings both loca and national. They own about Nacres form d 'Jv^r,^ '^'^'fl ^"^ ^'-^^^^ ' '^1- ^ fine aucblo: ^ oriecl b^ natural circular slcpes, and capable of seatin- tw. ntv housand people A large number of permanent cott.Cl ve been erected, and streets laid out. It bids fair to b« ! 7! rival of Martha's Vinevard. ^' ^ successful THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 455 Short excursions from Portland to the islands of Casco Bay, White Head, Cape Elizabeth, Harpswell, and Freeport, will de- lightfully employ the leisure of one's summer days. Eastman's "Eastern Coast Guide," Mr. Kellogg's "Elm Island Stories," and Mrs. Stowe's " Pearl of Orr's Island," will make the trips more enjoyable. An excursion by rail through Westbrook, Gorham, Alfred, and Rochester to Alton Bay, with sixty miles :,,K^^^^3^^!, '^tMtaj y9mui,u*m-0f WHITEHEAD CLIFFS. sail on Lake Winnepiseogee, can be made, and the tourist return the same evening to Portland. The route to Brunswick and Bath, by the Maine Central Rail- road, thence along the line of the Knox and Lincoln Railroad to' Rockland, and the steamboat excursions daily made from Bathi to Boothbay, present charming attractions. From Owl's HeadI up the Penobscot to Bangor, unfolds a panorama of beauty 456 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. tt RhinT'"™' ''"'™':'' '""'^' '^''^'^' ^-p--" *« Camden ia a popular resort, and the drives about tl,e lake and n,ou„ta,n „,e ustly admired. Our missionaries from , E^t We remariced that the Syrian hill, seemed pictured IZ western shores of the Penobscot at this point. The vie« ftl by a well-known author one of " indescribable grandeur " The appearunce of Belfast from the river is imposing PaII„ Searsport, Stockton, and Fort Pownal, the stranger is impS with the scenery at Bucksport Nan-ows. where the pZbscot makes a sharp bend, and the high, bol.i headland is Guarded by Fort Knox. Its powerful batteries effectually close the river to a hostile fleet. Chains, too, have been stretched acrl the N rows t„ bygone days, as an additional protection. PrI th s po,„t to Bangor there arc constant surprises at each turn oT the w.nd,„« stream. Frankfort and Wintcrport and Hampden .n turn appear. The latter ,. the home of L late Vice Prelf "::;■':„ ,«?;: ''- ««- - ^°"" -'•- - - -"-i^ Bangor is a beautiful city, diversified with valley and hil/ ..„d Mver^ It has handsome streets, with fine drives, particularly m, the Hampden road and to Mount Hope cemc The o, Uook ft'om the sem nary tower is a commanding one. as i ,at frot TJ^'Z "r"'^ ^'""'' *"^ '^"""-"-S- The tourist Im gl,ully hnger here many days. A few hours' excursion brings h.m to Casfne, rich in historical interest, beautiful in skuaZ and peop ed by families of high culture. It was settd S and a half centuries ago ; and many valuable relics remain of the s.g,uficant epochs of its religious and military history. Sedgw.ck and Deer Isle and Isle an Hunt present charming views, and are well worthyavisit by those who Le fine screrv or wouM grow ruddy on healthful fare and by invigorati"; ^i Constant communication is had by steamers with Portland Mount Desert ,s too well known a, a summer resort to need description in detail. Stages connect at Bangor, and reach the island over Trenton Bridge , but the stranger o^igiit not to fail of going one way, at least, by Portland steamer. He will find THE BISTORT OF MAINE. 457 it a pleasant trip to stop at South- West Harbor, and cross the island leisurely on foot or in the saddle to Bar Harbor • not omitting the ascent of Green Mountain, from which Katahdin IS seen, one hundred and twenty miles distant as the bird flies while seaward the prospect is enchanting. The writer has feasted his eyes on some of the fairest scenes on either side the Atlantic, but never saw the equal, in all respects, to thia "bright mosaic of island and bay," as Clara Barnes Martin has felicitously described this landscape. In his legend of " Mogg Megone," Whittier tells of the objects rhat meet the gaze of the traveller looking from the summit of this mountain. " Beneath the westward turning eye A thousand wooded ishmds lie ; Their thousand tints of beauty glow Down in the restless waves below. There sleep Placentia's group ; There gloomily against the sky The Dark Isles rear their summits high ; And Desert Rock, abrupt and bare, Lifts its gray turret in the air, Seen from afar, like some stronghold Built by the ocean kings of old; And faint as smoke wreath, white and thin, Swells, in the north, vast Katahdin ; •And, wandering from its marshy feet, The broad Penobscot comes to meet And mingle with its own bright bay." This is but one of the attractions of this island. There are thirteen mountains and thirteen lakes, few of them bereft of story, all interesting alike to .^he student of geology, the sports- man, the florist, and the artist. Blue-bells, morning-glories, white and yellow water-lilies, the twin-flower, the mountain- cranberry, strawbenies, raspberries, blueberries, and huckle- berries, **ith other fruits and flowers in their season, abound to an extent wiiiefe l,^s the delighted visitor to regard the name of the island » i^mi^ge misnomer. The memory of a month at Mount D( :,en, at the noontide of the year, is itself a summer idyl, and witl combine the elements of choicest interest and most sndurinj; ph 458 |! .' TFE HISTORY OF MAINE. summer resort. ' °^ ""^ attactivencs of Maine aa a MAINE LAKES AND M0ITNTAIN8. " 1[™ '"'r "'■'' *"» i oi.e i, of the aea, One of the mountains ; each a mighty i-oioe " Deenng, and Westl.rook, near the l,i!,l,?,I f f «'"'l>"'ter, «ov. A„cl,.e„ at Wi,„,l,„;,, p „ 1 .IT p "'^ '""""'='' suckle,,]^ Lake Sel,ag„ l,ur t/i„ L^v ^f '""•I^eot, till of water, fourteen mile" „U win 7 «'°'':'' "''''° '=''''''"'" rook. rising some seventy feet 11,0^^°,,' ™"' """' "' noteworthy objeets B nT I, f "''"• "'' " ^^^ "^ *« tl.e great 'deh^ht He 1 m,;? T'>"' 1 '"^ '™=° '» ,t;venty.3eve„t:r„stoaTva!;::ar„:t:":'x-n'rm;::tT'' ,Xhe parage of the Look, the novelt, of the ^^^Z THE ni STORY OF MAINE. 459 the narrow river, the sylvan beauty of the overshadowing trees and swallow-haunted banks, all make this part of the trip a reach Chute s River, which opens into Long Lake. Nine miles' sail in view of the Harrison Hills, farms, and woodlands! brings LAKB SEBAOO. the tourist to Bridgeton wharf. A short ride to the village, and thence a few miles farther to the base of Mount Pleasant^ intro- duces him to some of the most attractive views of valley, lake, and hillside. The summit is 2,018 feet high, and commands a circuit of three hundred miles. Fifty lakes may be seen ; and the view of villages, rivers, and mountains is much preferred to r*-^ 1 1 460 THE BISTORT OF MAINE. sunset and sunrise alr^rJo /^ , ° *° hehold the "' ^^^ winding Saco, m full view of the Wh,-^« u-n fam/Jies from the city have mnrlp fi,.- , ^® ^'"^' ^iiy nave made their summer home. Baldwin ""''"'" -AOLK K...S. .,™x. HO.US AXX, «T..,,s„. ^,. and Cornish and Brownfield are thriving, towns • and fl access to them by the Portland and O^deXi ' ^ , . T^ now given them a new importance ^^"^'"'^'"'^ ^'"^^'^^^ has tl J«:; "/e onl^^ ^"f ^^'^^^ ^^--^^-^ - Hiram, bracing,as tdo s "he 1 P" f-'/' '^^^""""^ ^y artists, em^ .round, a hold pyramid 3,1?^^^ ^S^ ^e'l^C^^ 462 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. I ^wPSeKBE?^8^^gi# ' gu"fo",:h *' T' "^T" ^r' ^°™"^"'^ '^"''^ -here Pau- »ay congratulate the.nselvesj for, say, Civn°E„Xor B H The Falb at Li.bon are of stU^l^^ZZ ''\ZZ '"'^" around Auburn and Lewi^ton is ro,nantio irthHxtl 1 S bu^ UKlustrio, of tl,ese cities, ti.eir tasteful private a^lnuIL ed.f,ee», and the beauty of their environs, ml JeU be'nife tt traveller hastenijig northward ^ '"^ to prose. Kumford Falls are pronounced bv n .1 7 A^ " the grandest of any in New EnXml " rL .^ """"^ Wer falls present fe^a.ures of s' 'll^'grandet "prl" BetTet to UmWgog Lake is a charming ride." One should vis tM "a loway Ener beyond Umbagog, as well as the EanJel v LaS" rtdl farther n, the wilderness around old Saddleback'^ ' The townslnp of Rangeley is named from a former owner and ,s situated on the north shore of the Oquossoe Lah l/ was .neorporated in 1856. The primitive wZess of the region, the trout-streams and hunting-grounds, a leted ho 464 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. atlenhon of Jay Cooke ami o(her gend. uu-n from Pl.ilucU..||.Iun and New \ork. In 18(J0 they rented land, and l,uilt a l' estal.hsluncnt at Indian Rock, tin-ee miles from the neai settler. They Imve been known as the - Onnossoc An-di Assoeiation." ° Kungeley Lake is ten miles Ion- and Ciroenvale Plania ion is at Its head. P. A. JMorriU of New Sharon has pul,lished views l.OWKIl FALLS, UUMKOUI), MK. of this interesting district as the eleventh series of Ids "His- torical Views of Maine." The towns that lie in the luxuriant valley of the Sandy River are places of Arcadian beauty. AVho needs to be told of b armington and " Old Blue," or of " Little Blue," where the Rollo Books were penned, or of the institutions of learnin- that have given a literary celebrity to a town so favored in natural ^His- \iw nil::/ W ^ ■*S '. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) /. «<, {/ '/^' y. lo C/a 'm r/^ ^ 1.0 U 1.25 ■- llitt |50 "'"^^ 2.5 m u: IIM 12.2 |40 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.6 -*l Vi ^ ^ / > t/j r/. 466 THE H'STORY OF MAINE. nil ; liij 1 1 »mol r '''"•- "■" "^"'^ '■™" °f "'° P"'''-''™. nestling amons the mounja,,,, „„d i,,,,„ifled by Wobbs Pond, Ov^ nnle3 long, _ Pbdlip.,, and Monnt Abraham avc mnch visi od h Wrnro,'"'""'l- ri'°"' '''■' '''^^"™™' S'onmonth and ■Jth ™ w" '"^'f °f "■■^'"■•"l "-Ivantages as summer resorts in the m.d.t of a hike district of no common loveliness. The CASCAIiS! AT WEST WATEUVILLE. ME. estabhshment of seminaries, as the Female College at Kent's nown the conspicuous charms of natural scenery enjoyed by the central population of Maine. J ^ ^ ^J neKennchcc Valley, ivom Merrymeeting Cay to Moosehead Lake, IS a favorite route, and with the excellent facliitic. for TnE nrsTORY of mains. 467 travel is every year becoming more popular. Richmo.id is a camp-meoting resort. Gardiner, Hullowell, and Augusta, built on the h-gh slopes aloijg the river, present a striking appear- ance. The pubhc buildings at the capital, and drives to To^us, the quarnes and other subiu-bs, Avell repay the visitor for^the time required. Vassalboro', Winslo^v, and Norridgewock add historical interest to their natural attractions. Waterville is the B-at of a nourishing university. The cascade on the Ken- nebec at West Watervillo, where the craggy ledges of granite ntercopt the rush of the stream, is very striking. Asce.uling the river, the stranger is reminded, as on the Penobscot, of the immense importance to Maine of her lumber interests. The Irequent icc-houses also suggest the rise of that branch of industry. _ At Skowhegan tlie river -makes a bend westward : and the views from this pleasant town are noteworthy. Few places in Mame have shown more enterprise than Dexter, in developing ,ts water-powers, which, as elsewhere in the State constitute the chief source of wealtli. Of Moosenead Lalce, with its broad, sparkling waters and emerald isles Mt. Kinco, Chesuneook, and the numberless lakes that surround the grand, solitary Katahdm, it is only needful to say that Lowell's Moosehead Journal in bis "Fireside Travcl,^ Flagg's " Woods and By-ways," and particularly Life in the Open Air " by Winthrop, will fully delineate the charms of these solitudes, and prove most convincino-lv the claim for superiority in this regard, which the Pine-tree State has a right to make. Then there is the vast Aroostooh, stretching from the Matta- wamkeag to the St. Francis, one hundred fifty miles, with its marvellous but undeveloped resources, its primitive forest grandeur and isolation ; as noble a domain as the Adirondack region, and deserving as hearty laudation, alike on the score of Its picturesque scenery, its balsamic air, and its abounding attractions for artist, or angler, or sportsman ; in short, for all who, wearied by care, study, or the clamorous demands of fashionable follies, seek a restful and joyful life in the open air. CHAPTER XXVI. MAINE IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION.' 'J^HERE is perhaps no one of the loyal States whicli can claim pie-eminence over the otliers in its conduct durino- the C1V.1 war. All did the best they could, and all did nobl. Ala n certamly was not n the rear of any of her sisters in thi; respect The patriotic spuit of her whole population was roused to the utmost when the first gun of foul rebellion was fired upon ot national flag at Fort Sumter. Israel Washburn, jun., was then 1'mi'S"?' '''V ^"' '' -^'' -^ '^^- ^^ ZT n ; r 1' ™'^"^ *°^^"'' "^ l^'^^ ^'^a'^ twenty-four hours after the tidings of the revolt were received, full comnu ies of volunteer were fonned, ready to march. The fir^pa^! which fi led Its ranks, and was accepted by the governoi wal he Lewiston Light Infantry. I„ Cherryfield, four 110^;!' the enlistment roll was opened, fifty volunt;ers had entld as thi., n/ust be cro Jed „tf S n^ f t *'f """" "' ""='' « ^'°'"™e the heroic deed, of the Maine ZS^u ^'T '"' '''' ""'7'''' ^^'^^"--^ "^ which I cannot record. There aJeCnvl T T"^ ''"'''*'"^ ^■'^I^""^'^ tion, for which I have no sZe Mv o^i ^ I,'"""''/^ "^ "'"'' ''"""'•'^'^'« '»«°- goneral idea of the wondSf el^'s Ind ;I, 'T 'T^^T' " '"'' '"^ «^^'« « the Rebellion. For more mi. nVe h f ^"^ "^"''"^«^ ^^1"«'' Maine made to crush rea,ler must be reteTod rnTeZ'^^^^^^^^^ iuteresting then.e, the Messrs. William E.S.^^Vt;:ta^^cSes'rZu:' ''^'" '^ *''« '^«'' ' ''>' 468 TttE BtSTORY OF UAISE. 4^9 B trr'' V!*^SentIemau of Thomaston, Mr. Henrv ton. Nnflnni-pl T T. i " '^^' ^f^^ v/ariTit .. corainenda- acte&tic eloquence thus adletedZm :- ""' ""' ""' "'■'"■ " Welcome, sons of Maine I welromp K-^fK„ t t baptized at the aame altar ; am W "mf .t? 1 "<, T "' ^™' ™ «esh. We were all bom b,„.,.l,T , ■""'• ^""^ "' ""« «»">« Aroostook to theitl:;^: r\^ z" „^;„ vr "■„' f" i"-" «" our « allo,ia„co ,ho„,., not be to he" S o'^vbot" ' rit"'""' See t! • ttt ™raS,r: 'Tfr"^ T "■= '■"^- '» t^aciae. .hat banner Ood ZZ:^:s>,^^^2^^ S^ Z I^T I "trziz leTiirbZeter*' '"I "- ' "'-' *"^-* one to be r„thle,.Iy tlr^nt M^ °"° °' '" ""«'" "■"• " '»™'' The Second Regiment left Bangor with a lMant!f„l ^t „f CO ors, presented by the h.dies. They marched ,™'hM. of rebellion ventured to open hi, voice, or pcop. At wX. ton .t was presented with a magnificent LnLr, sent b tl« 470 TBE nisTonr of siaine. Maine ladlo sin California, to be given to the first reeiment drnoe """" """ '""^'^ ^'""" •»"- "'^ oapit: r t re.tal^t''' J^'-lir " ™'""': *" ''°°'^ "" ""^Wevements of this S battled ?!•, ° °^ ''™ ■'■'"'''• " >™ '" "'-«> """-d- •ought attics, besides numerous slurmishes. In all it behaved wthganantry which could not have been surpassed. The Third Regiment, under Oliver Otis Howard of Leeds was rendezvoused on the State House grounds at ^,.„sta H' was composed mainly of Kennebec h,mbermen, and ^CZj .ngly fortunate in i>avi„g for its colonel a VVes Poinltn d„! L who rapidly rose to the rank of major-general, "a^whofo; h" signal services, has ,vo„ a position Tn the hearts of ' the American people second perhaps to that of none ^C.f. I It with this regiment that the operations of what were called The Stave.p,pe ArtilUry commenced. The regiment was encamoed n Vii^inia, within «ight of the lines of fhe cnem; sTe'^^? whicTiV" '"'° ^ ""^eting-house, took a piece o"^ stove pipe which they mounted upon wheels, and ran it up to the top ofa h.U. Ihey were abundantly repaid in seeing the enemv „nen upon the harmless gun a furious cannonade. Thi r7i,rnt recoi 1. Upon one occasion, when the regiment w>« reduced to one hundred and ninety-six rifles and fourteen leer Gen Sick cs said, " The little Third Maine saved the army to-day." Upon the promotion of Col. Howard to the rank of bri..2 er general Major Henry G. Staples became colonel. He „«! ceeded l,y Adjutant Edwin Burt, in the ever nicmorableTevl days battle which attended the movement from tie cSIka' hominy to the James. In this change of front, mI „,. fIv" Haskell of Wateiville so greatly distinguished him elf as to Zsell S "°""".^"''«"™- The vicissitudes of wai ; eed Moses B. Lakeraan m command of the re-imenf A Lff colonel the regiment could not have had. '"'' The Fourth Regiment was under the command of Hirim C the hearts of his fellow-citizens. At Bull Kmu he disohved wthb;™:i' ™""- " '"'^"™^ "^^ '""-" '" wrL s r' m lilull TIIF. HISTOBT OF IIArXE. 475 "Col Berry manifeted sue), a genius for war, and such a perunacy ,„ the fight, as proved hi,„ fit for hi,h oolld " Tins reg^ent was in all the important battle, of the army of wns!: wT't r°= ''' "'™ "' ^^"'"^- ^' Wil,iamsbu,rit was said that the regiment of Col. Berry saved the dav° ,t Mie^Hiiru'" °"-" '""'"-"• «^=-' Mins, Gitdai:: ;„d' Malvern Hill, tins reg.ment rendered magnificent service. At the terrtble battle of Chaneellorsville, Hirnra G. Berry, avit ataned the rank of major-general of volunteers, laid do „ hf litti. The nation mourned his loss. nf ^Pn ff ^'!' ^,'^"^""* ^^'-^^ commanded by Mark H. Dunnell of Portland. It ks painful, to be unable to do justice to the ach,evements of these troops. The Fifth was enga.edTn dev pitched battles and eight skirmishes, ere it enrerk upon! battle. It captured six rebel flags, and more prisoners than it ever had men in its ranks. The Sixth Regiment, commanded by Abner Knowles of Ban- gor, was composed chiefly of the hardy lumbermen of the Pe- • ir J ^'^- .'"''• ''"""'^^ '''' '''' ^-^^'^^ -- "^ the right place. Passing through Philadelphia, the regiment made a ifalt near some hquor-shops. The colonel requested the nroprietors not to sell to the men of his regiment. The rumseller' d r ! garded Ins request He sent a file of soldiers, shut up the .hops and placed the proprietors under guard. Several ^f the digmfied Quakers o Philadelphia were looking on: they said, Pnend Knowles, thy conduct meets our approval. We wil back thee up if necessary." Col. Knowles was succeeded by Col. Hiram Burnhara. This \nnT' r?./" ''"1 f"^'-f ''''^'' '^"^ '" '^'^y "^^^">- skirmishes. It lost in battle, and by sickness, the result of military exposure and fatigue, about throe hundred men. Col. Burnham, pro- moted to a brigadier-generalship, fell at the head of his bn^ade a the battle of Ciiapiu's Bluff. The reader is referre°d to' Mame in the War " for the minor changes wliich took place in the command of these regiments. I can only give a brief sketch ot the general movements, and must omit all the minor details. Ihe beventh Regiment was rendezvoused at Augusta, and 472 THE nrSTORY OF MAINE. entered into achye service with Edwin D. Mason as ^'ts colonel tLT. fv' w ^'^\«^"^-"-y battle which placed Will ams- Se Ld to ttm! "T,r ""'' '"'' "'^^ "^^^ ^'^^ ^» ^^'^ hand, a.aiessed to them the following complimentary words : - favor. You have d I rvedt Jl t ' '" "'^^ "^ "''^*''''^ "^ «"^ their gratitude eym no? orlt'to^'r?*''" "^' °' ^^"^ '*^*^' -^ - praise so justly your due Cent nne M \ 1 "^'^ ^°" '^'' "^'^"^s and thetnu,„;,hoL'urc;!:: wiUbe p edyt^^^^ "^ ^J^'^^^y^ -d merit, you shall hereafter bear the ta'tZ' W-,r"T''"" '' ^^"^ eo^.^^.ie.,.y.ordsare.ehle.:rr:\:^i^ hat ::;^;rLC::!"^" ^^'^^^^-^^-^^ ^"-^^' -^^^^^ - St Jnl'l ^'f ',\^^§^^™«"t was rendezvoused at Augusta Lee Stnckland of Livermore was colonel. The physio ue of tl men was said to be remarkably fine Mi Strflf \ ,m most brilliant exploits of the war Til ^. ui " f '^ batteries on two muddt ands i!;, '"''' 'T"'""' "" 1^'"'" each da, covered hyt^e tnt Ml '""' """" ^^^''^ '"- n>e„ of the Eighth, Sa,„ue. ZCfL^"^^::^^ Woodbury, were posted on picket on one of the"!' Ztl I rteTdef'Bur^""'' ^™ ''^^" '"-" ^-' ''"^^-"°» owea,^::;t^tdLr2t^^-:r^r:^j; THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 478 inl f ^^f ^^7«t«' -nd as slowly ebbed away. In the morn- ing they returned to camp utterly exhausted. Holt and Goff both soon died from the effeets of the eruel exposure." Wood- buiy survived, but with a ruined constitution. The regiment ^uffered severely irom toil and exposure to an unheal th^re Ai one time three hundred men were in hospital. Until this time, the government had not seen fit to employ colored men as soldiers. So great was the opposition to t^fs me..ure, tha, many officers of white regiments'' fused to Id any intercourse with officers who took command in colored re^i- ments. Both the officers and the men of the Eighth Re'imen , nsing superior to this ridiculous prejudice, warmly advocated tL TfT "^ '"''"^^ '^°°P^- ^^"- Saxton selected from that regiment nearly half the line officers for the First Regiment of colored soldiers. Grateful to the regiment for its support m the trying hours when most of his brother officers retused even to recognize him in the strcQts, tliough he was a regular army officer, a courteous gentleman, ai^d a devout Christian, he selected still a large number from the Eighth Maine, or the Second Colored Regiment. But the tide had now so turned that more than a thousand officers and men ap- P bed for such positions. The career of this regiment was full of remarkable incident and heroic enterprise ; for a more detailed account of which we must refer our readers to the excellent history of "Maine in the War," to which we have before re- ferred During a period of but six months, this regiment was m thirteen general engagements, besides many skirmishes. Ihe Ninth Regiment was rendezvoused at Augusta. Rish- worth Rich of Portland was colonel. Their ;assage in a rickety steamer, and encountering a terrific storm, from Fortress Monroe to Port Royal, was more dreadful, in pe;il and in suf! fenng, ban can be described. In this fearful gale, at midnight, the captain of the ship informed Col. Rich that he did not think It possible hat the vessel could be kept afloat much longer, and that they all must go to the bottom before morning. Almost muaculously they were saved. The regiment was vigorously 1 Maine in the Wax. By WUliam E. S. Whitman, and Cliarles E. True. P. 199. 474 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. employed in campaigning and successful fighting, until Col. Rich broken down by toil and exposure, was compelled to re- AfiiT '. ^°™'"^««'°"- ^^ ^vas succeeded by Sabine Emory. At Morns Island, the colonel and his regiment acquired much renown, performing feats of valor which none but the bravest men could perform. It is admitted that the capture" of the island was greatly owing to the intrepidity and wise tactics of tlie Mame Ninth. A number of flags were taken. Gen. Q A statrmirl^^''"' ^° Gov. Abner Coburn, with tlxo following J.'l ^rJ^^ ^°"°' *° ^"'■'"'''■^^ ^^'^ '"^^^ ^^^' c^rttirea by the soldiers of the Amth Regiment of Maine Volunteers. The n.mes of the c^ tors are 8e?f an H J v ' I '™ "T ^ '°""° °^ gratification and pride to your- self and the citizens of your State, to receive these trophies of the pallLtrv ou':r» "' '^'"^^""^ "' *''^ '''''^'' '''''' forthe vindie'alr ^f The Tenth Regiment was organized with George L. Beal of Norway co onel. , This regiment was exposed to hard duty winch It cheerfully performed, and to heavy losses, which I endured without a murmur. At times they slept in the cold and slee and rain of a November night, with no covering but that of the dripping clouds. One of the companies marched htty-seven miles in twenty-four consecutive hours. The re-i- men performed signal service in the valley of the Shenando.ah. James S. Fillebrown, who very ably discharged his wei-^htv responsibilities. Col. Beal won the gratitude of every ma^ in nis regiment by his devotion to their comfort, in scenes of bun- ger and cold and fatigue, and when the bullets and shells of the rebels were thinning their ranks. Both Col. Beal and Lieut.- Col. Iillebrown were presented by the men of the rc-im -nt wi h very handsome testimonials of their regard. Their 'ex- cellent chaplain also, George Knox of Brunswick, received a superb gold watch and chain. . . When the regiment was mustered out of service it contained four hundred and fifty men. In the casualties of war, two THE niSTORY OF MAINE. 475 hundred and fifty-elgh', had disappeared. The State reeo^nized itmI:?' '''^'''' ''' ''''''"^ '' °"^ ^' ''^ -'-^^«o- The ton regiments to which wo have alluded were raised rxcluswely l>v the State. The Eleventh was at the exper ^ the genera government. John C. CaMwell of East Maehias was colonel. It was a splendid regiment, and recei .^d n Washington much commenduiion for the excellence of its drill Very speeddy .t was led into action, and that of the hotte i veteran . There is scarcely any thing in the history of war more sublime than many of the scenes through which this reni- ment passed. In the terrible series of battles which accom- pan.ed what was called a " Change of Base," the Eleventh was a most incessantly engaged. The Eleventh was a portion of ne brigade of Gen. Naglee. In taking leave of fhil bn^mle the general left the following testimony to its heroism : _ thJcHr.' "•' ^°T 1 ^'""^i^Sheen tho first to pass, and the last to leave, the Cluokahominy. And, Avhile you led tho advance from this niemorTe pace near R.chn.ond. you were the last in the retreating coh.r Tit after seven days' constant fighting, it reached a place of security and esl at Ilarnson's Landing." •' "• The Twelfth Regiment was raised by the general government, with George F. Shepley as colonel. These men were sent from Boston by water, far away to Ship Island, near the mouth of the Mississippi. Col. Shepley was one of the ablest and most eloquent lawyers in Maine. Upon the capture of New Orleans the troops ascended the river to that city. Col. Shepley pro' moted to a brigadier-generalship, was placed in military 'com- mand. There could not have been a more judicious selection lor this important post. Col. William K. Kimball of Paris, Me., took command of the regiment. ^ Aided by a gunboat, he soon captured two batteries ot six thirty-two pounders, with a stand of colors, a large amount of ordnance stores, and eight thousand dollars of Con- federate currency. The War Department highly commended the brilliant acluevement, and ordered the captured colors tore- 176 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. m n w: h the Twelfth, as a trophy of their vietory. After many wild and w,.„drouH expeditions in the extreme South the rcgunent returned to the battle-fields of Virginia. Tl r ' the troops were engaged in an almost ineessant eonflict ; and neal d en o H T ''"''"'' "^ '^'' "^"- ^^''y '^'^^ ever obe- dient to their officers, eager for .ction, and displayed an invin- everv:""'^ 'T'' T"" '"" ^^^^™ ^"^^'^ con'metdation r m ev ry general under whom they served. Gen. Shepley remained mihtary commandant at New Orleans until 1802, when he wis invested w,th the arduous and responsible offiee of mditi; governor of Louisiana. This post he fdled to the ..reaTsS faction of the national government until 18G4, whl he wis transferred to fill a similar post in Virginia ^ The Thirteenth Regiment was raised at large, and rendez- voused ra Augusta. Neal Dow of Portlanclwas eobne Upon Its organizatidn it was speedily sent to Ship Island The ;i:H'^;^^STs;i/^-^^^ ^^--^'^^^ toi^.wi^its^::^ et f !ll . ^^''''rf ^^'"'"' ""^ '^'' Thirty-first Massachu- setts, a most miraculously escaped foundering durin- a terrific storm at sea. The Thirteenth was stationed for some'^time in the occupancy of Ship Island. On this glowing expanse o d sand, beneath an abnost tropieal sun, the regiment, passing in mid-wmter from the North, suffered in heaUh ve /severely! Their drill was excellent. Gen. Weitzel said that he had neve seen better soldiers. They were eventually seat on a campaign into Texas and agam upon an eventful expedition to Red !liver. In both of these enterprises, their deprivations and sufferings were terrible It would require a volume to give any thing like an a lea ute' deser,mon of these bold adventures. On one of these oxp^d^! tions they performed a march of five hundred and fifty miles wlule continually exposed to attack from a watchful foe. At length these veteran troops were ord-,red North, to report whde";fr '^f "«^-°' ^^- ^-« of supplies for Sheridan' whole aimy, was intrusted to their care. The regiment, after 1 " Maine In the "War," p. 299. TIIE IIiaTo..: OF MAINE. 477 Chang;,! "^""'' ''"'"'™"» ""PrUoument he wa' ex! The Fourteenth Regiment was collected at Augusta Frn.fc S. Nickerson of Sei.«,,„,t was coloiwl ti »»3igned to the thh-J bn4d u^d "r L I T""™', "»' Bent to Ship Wand, and then e o N„; OH^nf ''i,;'"' Tf serious battle was at Baton Eon™ Tl . , '" ''"' Maine, who, at the su»„,;"X eou^ ^ ..Id ',1 T' "' ?: istr^"^"" "f '-■^^^'" "''-n2;'dii.^';trrn: imKkt tlie carnage and tumult of war. Ge„. Weitzel wrolein the Inghest terms of commendation of the valor of thr^i,' Fourteenth n. encountering " the whole brunt of th t .ek " There seems to have been but little rest for this re^hn nT bv ftf sto"„ :n "'7 "™ /""'"' '-«s. However sevo" tlie stoira 0. the shower, they had no shelter. Their o.ilv heTTrnr^:™ """ «-"-'«"•-• «l-" they Xd t their hands. It seems strange that men could endure such hardships, and live. There were no troops who serve'' mom effieieiitly in the capture of Port Hudson tlLi the ^ ZZ ,. J''° ^i"f """ '^fS'ment was raised principallv in the remote Zd F„r'°f ?™"'^'- •'°'"' ^''^'->^^ °f Ho, t „ : atCa 'oltn 'f'-'^f""-- "'»""" "" ■■'^gi'nent was encamped maud R \ ' Lie'it.-Col. Dyer was promoted to the cL- mand. But here, amidst the swamps of Mississippi, the re", ment suffered severely from sickness. In September it ™ re- oTrn'o tl:!"r"'"'„"'""'"' '"' '"i°^-'' of a slTil Clime, the sick rapidly recovered. Col. Dver was son,, ni.. a .n^command of the post, and Benjamin^'. 7ur::;"blrmo 478 THE niSTORT OF MAINE. Upon leaving Maine the regiment numbered nine hundred and sixty men. In one year, without being in a single battle, it lost, from sickness and the other casualties of a campaign, three hundred and twenty-nine of its number. Though these troops were not engaged in any pitched battles, they pas ^d through a strange series of perilous and romantic adventures, in all which they proved themselves to be good men and true. In September, 1861, the secretary ( f war solicited from tlie governor of Maine a rifle company of sharpshooters. Every man was subject to a rigid examination as to his physical powers of endurance ; and tliey were required, at the distance of two hundred yards, to put ten consecutive shots within a circle ten inches in diameter. James D. Fessenden of Portland was captain of this com- pany. Th^, men were equipi,ed in a superior manner. The company was attached to Berdan's Second Regiment of sharp- shooters. It was dent, by the way of Washington, first to Camp William near Alexandria, and thence to Falmouth, Va. Almost immediately the company entered upon a series of skirmishes, with the foe ever retiring before them. None but men of iron nerves could have performed the toilsome marches and the shelteiless bivouacs through which they passed. They were often exposed to a terrific fire from the enemy's batteries, but ever stood their ground with the firmness of veteians. At one time this company was pitted against an equal number of rebel sharpshooters. The rebels, having lost thirty of their number, fled, while the Maine riflemen lost but three. Ill one engagement this heroic band of men was so utterly exhausted by marching, counter-marching, and fightins^, with short rations and but little sleep, that but twelve could enter into battlo. In the battle of Antietara they bore an honorable part. For four hours they were under fire, and lost six of their men. At Chancellorsville they were for two days constantly engaged with the sharpshooters of the foe. In the three-days' battle at Gettysburg, they took an active part, losing elaven in wounded and prisoners. And thus these heroic men, through sufferings, toil, and death, counted not their lives dear to them, THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 479 that they might preserve the flag which treason and rebellion would trample in the dust. Capt. Fessendeu rose, by rapid promotion, to the rank of brigadier-general. The First Maine Regiment of cavalry was raised at lar^e It consisted of twelve companies. John Goddard of Grpe Ehzabeth was its colonel. It is said that there was no cavalry regiment in the service superior to this in the character of its men and its horses. Samuel H. Allen took the command as colonel, when the regiment was thoroughly organized. Imme- diately upon their arrival in Washington the various companies were detached for separate service. It is impossible, in the brief space wliich can be allotted to the subject here, to narrate the wonderful and often awfid adventures through which these companies hewed their way. One incident I cannot refrain from recordinsr. Lieut. Hill, who was acting as quartermaster of the battal- ion, was, with his team, taken captive. Under a rebel guard he was being carried away, seated in a wagon. Carefully searching, he found a loaded revolver. With tliis he shot his guard, recaptured his own team and some others, and drove back to the Union lines.* The severity of the service to which the men of this regi- ment were exposed may be inferred from the fact, that, during a period of about six months, seven hundred of their horses were either lost in action or worn out. The record of the gallantly of these men, and of their suffering from cold, hun- ger, fatigue, wounds, and death, is melancholy in the extreme. And, the more we admire their heroism, the more do we deplore the awful war which infamous rebellion forced upon them, drao-- ging them from all the joys of their happy homes, to woes whicli no pen can describe, and which no imagination can con- ceive. In the autumn of 1861, the State of Maine raised six batter- ies of mounted light artillery. Each battery was an independ- ant organization. We can but briefly refer to their patriotic devotion to the salvation of their country through fields of 1, • Maiiio iu th;; War, p. 554. 480 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. bbod. Of the First Battery, Edward W. Thompson of Bruns- wick was captain. It was despatched at once to Ship Island, and thence to New Orleans. With one hundred and forty-nine men, the battery was stationed about six miles from the city. It was a very sickly region. In one month seventy men either died or were disabled. Having been attached to Gen. Weit- zol's corps, they were transported to Donaldsonville, where, Avith great gallantry, they captured a twelve-pounder from the rebels, which the battery was allowed to retain. They had, however, already lost so many men that a detachment of inltmtry was assigned to them. Col. Thompson's health utterly failed him. He resigned his post, and was sacceeded by Albert W. Bradford of Eastport. Skirmishes and battles, wounds, woe, and death, rapidly fol- lowed. At Port Hudson the battery was hotlv engaged. After the fall of Port Hudson, the battery was moVed in transports to Donaldsonville., Here again the troops passed through an awful sjene of battle and blood. Almost every day now had - Its record of fatiguing marches and sanguinary conflicts. Re- turning to the North, the men re-enlisted, and fought in Virginia more battles than can well be counted. The Second Maine :Mounted Battery had Davis Tillson of Rockland for captain. He was a West Point graduate, and had been adjutant-general of Maine. The troops repaired to Washington, and went into camp on Capitol Hill. Soon, how- ever, the battery was sent to Manassas, and entered upon a series of constant, deadly battles, with almost invariably victo- rious results. But in war heavy blows must be received, as well as given. Horses were shot, guns dismounted, men ^ junded and killed ; but still the bleeding and exhausted battery held on Its way until the victory was won. Capt. Tillson was soon promoted, and was succeeded 'n the command by Capt. James A. Hall of Damariscotta, who was followed by Lieut. Ulmer, and he was followed by Lieut. Albert F. Tl;omas. The Third Mounted Battery was rendezvoused in Augusta, under James G. Swett of Brewer as captain. After spending a little time at Capitol Hill, it was embarked for Alexant dria, Va., to guard the rubber pontoons. Passing through THE BISTORT OF MAINE. 481 variou8 changes, it became at length attached to the First Maine Heavy Artillery, and was stationed for the defence of Wash- ington. The reader would weary of a minute recital of the skirmishes and battles in which it engaged, of the losses which It encountered, and of the victories which it won. But nothing can give one a more impressive idea of the terri- ble energies of this rebellion, than to reflect that the wonderful efforts_ which Maine put forth were rivalled by every loyal State in the Union. Dreadful was the war which we waged with England for the establishment of our nationality ; but in- hnitely more terrible was the war in which we engaged with foul rebellion, that the nationality which had cost us so dear might be perpetuated. For a long time the battery was almost daily contending with the batteries of the enemy. When the- battery was withdrawn from the lines before Petersburg, the chief of artillery commended in high terms the military disci- phne, the neatness, order, and efiiciency, with which all its duties had been performed. The Fourth Mounted Battery was commanded by O'Neil W Robinson of Bethel. Capt. Robinson was a graduate of Bow- doiii College and a lawyer by profession. The battery was first stationed at Fort Ramsey, seven miles from Alexandria, in Virginia. The history of tliis battery was essentially like that of the others. Its theatre of action was Virginia ; and it had scarcely any respite from fatiguing marches and deadly bom- bardments. But few of those who originally enlisted returned to their homes to enjoy the fruits of the victories they had won _ These young men, from the comfortable homes and peaceful industries of Maine, had but just entered the valley of the bhenandoah, when they were placed under the cross-fire of two rebel batteries in the battle of Cedar Run. In that awful scene of thunder roar and shrieking shells, as the ground was ploughed by_ cannon-balls, as horses were shot, guns dismounted, and the dying and dead were falling around, the noble young men, the pride of their friends and the hope of the State, maintained their position with invincible courage. Not a man flinched from his post. There were several changes in the command. frnrn r\Tn — •'•' i ■motions and the other vicissitudes of &, campaign. 482 TffS HISTORY OF MAINE. The Fifth Mounted Battery was raised at large. George F. Leppien of Portland was intrusted witli the command. He was admirably qualified for the responsible duty ; for he had been educated in the best German universities, had spent five years in a military school in Prussia, and had already held a lieutenant's commission in a Pennsylvania battery. These men were very promptly led forward to the front, where the battles were raging in the valley of the Shenandoah. At the battle of Fredericksburg, this battery was exposed to the heaviest cannonade of the day ; and the men won golden opin- ions for their unflinching courage, their accuracy of aim, and their rapidity of fire. At the inexplicable disaster at Chancel- lorsville, the battery was exposed to a terribly destructive fire from-three rebel batteries. There they stood effectively work- ing their guns, and holding a large body of infantry in cheek, until Capt. Leppien was struck down by a mortal wound ; both of the lieuLonant^ Greenlief T. Stevens of Augusta, and Adel- bert B. Twitchell of Bethel, were severely wounded ; six men were killed outright, twenty-two were wounded and prostrate in their blood, forty horses were either killed or disabled, and their ammunition was exhausted. Then, by the aid of infantry supports, the guns were dragged off. It is hard to forgive those rebels, who, without the slightest justifiable cause, plunged our country into so deadly a war, sending lamentation and mourn- ing to thousands of once happy homes. Again at Gettysburg this heroic battery met with appalling losses and srfferings, and performed deeds of daring which won for them great admiratioi For the second time the battery was left with but one oflBcer not wounded. Capt. Hunt, who had succeeded Capt. Leppien, was severely wounded on the first of this three-days' battle. And thus the dreadful days came and went with elaughter, wounds, anguish, death. We hope there is somewhere reward for those noble men who thus suffered and died for us. Had they failed, who can imagine the disasters without end which would have befallen our dis- membered land ? CHAPTER XXVII. MAINE IN THE WAR OF THE EEBELLION, CONTINUED. Battle of Cedar Mountain -Bivouacking in the Rain - Testimony of Gen Sarch-Ba';;irirM™ "' '^' Twenty-Seventh Regiment - Toilsome FfflrN-Tf M Mananna- Ravages of Sickness - Summary of the ll a T^^''"l~,^"^°'-^'°- ^- ^- ^«^^'-'» ^* Gettysburg -MTjor-Gen Joshua L. Chamberlain at the Surrender of Lee. rpHE Sixth Mounted Battery, raised by Maine, was composed -^ chiefly of young men from the counties of York, Waldo, and Aroostook. Freeman McGilvery of Stockton was captain. The battery was sent to the aid of the army of Virginia. Gen. Banks with SIX thousand men, was endeavoring to arrest the march of btonewallJackson,who had thirty thousand under his command. Both the Fourth and Sixth Maine Batteries were brou-ht into action at Cedar Mountain. Here the Sixth first experienced the terrors and toils of battle. For six hours the deadly fight- ing raged. Inexperienced as they were in the horrors of war they stood at their posts so manfully, repelling repeated charges,' that Gen Augur, to whose division the battery was attached, congratulated Capt. McGilvery on his gallant conduct, and said that the battery was the means of repelling the assaults on the left flank, and had thus saved the division from destruction. A retreat to the Rappahannock was necessary. The little band pressed by out-numbering foes, marching and counter- marchrng, fought night and day, living upon half rations, and with scarcely a moment for rest. We cannot follow this battery m its heroic career of almost rr sssant battles. C^pt. McGilvery received deserved promotion; and Edwin B. uow of Fortknd was intrusted with the command. At 483 484 TUB HISTORY OF MAINE. Gettysburg the Sixth performed very efficient service. Though It suffered severely, it persistently held its position, and was highly complimented by Gens. Tyler and Hunt for its gallantry. Lieut. Rogers succeeded Capt. Dow in command of the battery. We now return to the regiments. Maine had already fur- nished the general government with fifteen regiments ; and it is safe to say that none better, in the courage and hardihood of the men and their high-toned character, had entered the service In the year 1862, the State was called upon for more men, and the Sixteenth Regiment of infantry was organized. Asa Wildes of Skowhegan was colonel. Sadly yet resolutely these young men left well-tilled farms and comfortable homes, their workshops and mills, and all the charms of peaceful domestic life, for the hazards and sufferiufrg of war. They were men of peace. Dire necessity alone could induce them to exchange their homes for the tented field. The regiment, like maiiy others, was mustered into the United States service by Major J. W. T. Gardiner. The troops were sent immediately to Washington; and, crossing the Potomac by Long Bridge, encamped on Arlington Heights, the former residence of the verv able and very unhrnpy rebel general, Robert E. Lee. Their tents were scarcely reared when they were ordered to the front, to meet the rebels who had crossed the Potomac, and were threatening Pennsylvania. It was September. The nights were chill, and there were frequent storms. But the regiment had moved so rapidly that It was very poorly supplied with clothing or camp equipage. The men encamped on the P'otomac, about three miles west of Sharpsburg. Their only shelter was such as they could con- struct from boughs of trees and cornstalks. But these would neither exclude wind nor rain. All their baggage remained in Washington. Their rations were poor and insufficient. The regiment had dwindled to seven hundred men. They had no change of clothing, no medicine. Terrible discomfort prevailed, with filth and vermin. There must have been great, incapacity somewhere to have allowed such a state of things to exist. Two hundred and fifty were on the sick-list. Many died. Exposure, scanty food, and genera) wretchedness >/ere more fatal than the bullets of the foe could have been. THE BISTORT OF MAINE. 4tjJ> Under such deplorable circumstances, the Sixteenth received marching orders. In a pouring rain they broke camp, and after a weary niarch halted for the night in the woods. It was an awful night. The rain fell in torrents. An almost wintry gale pierced their thin clothing. There was no shelter. Camp-fires could not be built. The bitter cold and general wretchedness prevented all sleep. The sufiferings of that night will never be forgotten by those who endured them. In a long and woful march they reached Warrington, on the 7th of November, in a n3avy snow-storm. At length the knapsacks and overcoats of the regiment arrived, and the despondency into which the men had been plunged was in some degree dispelled. A terrible battle was fought at Fredericksburg. These worn and wasted men seemed as regardless of shells and bullets as if they were snowflakes. They entered the field, swept by the storm of war, about four hundred and fifty in number. Two hundred and twer,ty-six were either killed or wounded. Gen. Burnside, who was in command of the army, said, " Whatever honor we can claim in that contest was won by the Maine men." These hardships were terrible. The men had been so enfeebled by sickness that nearly every wounded man died The regiment had dwinuled down to forty men. A hundred and sixty recruits were sent to add to their numbers. There seemed to be no end to the sufiferings of this regiment. The nights became wintry cold. There were long marches through mud and ram, and bivouacking almost supperless upon the bleak unsheltered fields. ' Napoleon said that a man who is intrusted with the lives of his fellow-men, in a military campaign, should examine him- self to see if he is equal to such immense responsibilities. There was no intentional neglect in this case, but certainly there was great incapacity somewhere. At length these suffer- ing patriots reached winter-quarters, and enjoyed a little rest. But soon again the turmoil and carnage of almost ceaseless battle were recommenced. We can only give the final result. The numbers originally forming the regiment, and those sent to re-enforce it, amounted to two thousand and ninety-seven. Of I 486 THE BIBTORY OF MAINE. The Seventeenth Regiment of Infantry was mainly from the counties of Yoric, Cumberland, Androseogpin, and Oxford Thomas A. Roberts of Portland was colonel. It was speeX sent to the battle-fields of Virginia. At Prederick^u^^ and ChanceUorsvdle and Gettysburg, and many other fields™ carnage, they fought with valor which proved^heir readme s to die lor their country. And so it was with the Eighteenth Regiment, under Col Dan,el Chapm of Bangor; the Nineteenth, under Cd. Frederick Ames :i Roc , t '' ri '\ ''"™"^">' '""'^' Col. Adalbert Ames of Rockland. Joshua L. Chamberlain of Bowdoin Col- g lantiy apeeddy caused him to be promoted by Grant, on the fie d where he was. wounded, to the rank of bri-radier-cneml rl :^:VGrs r t-^^t^^ bngadier-gf ^iirihe- request of Gens. Hooker, Meade, and Hovard, for great hero- J displayed at Chancellorsville. To record the actievcmel been ritSr T " """" l'\'"" '° "P^"' ™'-' "^ ^'^^^i Z..I,! u , ^^ '"''"^ ""•™Sh the same scenes of weary marches, cold b.vouac. on rain-drenched fields, and terrible The Twenty-First Regiment had Elijah D Johnson of Lewis- ton or .ts colonel. It was sent far away to the marshes Ind the bayous of the extreme South, where sickness was more to be feared than bullet or bayonet. Though wasted b^ sSness ■t d,d good service at the siege of Port Hudson In one assault ^ lost, m tilled a-ul wounded, sixty in less than \lZ render of the fort. Iheir term of service having expired, thcv were tmnsported home. The fame of their he^ism had 'one before them, and they received a continuous ovation cdongihe Henrv Sotbf ^/r?'"* ''f^™'"' '™' .ende.yoused at Bangor. Hemy v,!osby of Hampden was colonel. These troops were sent, by the way of Washington and Fortreas Monroe.'to IZ THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 487 Orleans. Thence it ascended the river to take part in the terrible struggle raging around Port Hudson. And here we have but the same story to tell of toil, exhaustion, -vounds, death, and the final victory of those who survived these awful scenes. The Twenty-Third Regiment was organized under Col. William Wirt Virgin of Norway. The young men were generally from Androscoggin and Oxford Counties. It is said, that morally and intellectually this regiment was composed of perhaps the best set of men who had thus far left the State. These troops spent most of their time in guarding Washington. Their labors were very severe, in digging rifle-pits and redoubts, building barricades, and in performing picket duty. Under these toils and exposure about fifty died dui-ing the ten months the regiment was in service. The Twenty-Fourth Regiment was organized at Augusta. George M. Atwood of Gardiner was colonel. Their career was indeed an arduous one. They were sent to the unhealthy South, and to the unintermitted toils which attended the siege of Port Hudson. Nine hundred of the stalwart sons of Maine left Augusta. At the end of the year for which they enlisted but five hundred and seventy returned ; and yet not one was killed in battle. ^ The Twenty-Fifth Regiment, like several oAers, enlisted for nine months' service. Francis Fessendeu of Portland was colonel The regiment numbered nine hundred and ninety- three men. It rendezvoused at Portland, and first repaired to Capitol Hill, in Washington. Here it was assigned to the third brigade of Casey's division, and Col. Fessenden was placed in command of the brigade. In a furious storm the troops were removed to Arlington Heights. Here several months were spent in severe labor, guarding Long Bridge, and constructing fascines, gabions. maguznies. and bomb-proofs. Though the regiment participated in no engagement, it per- formed the arduous and responsible duties which were assigned to it with great fidelity, and was greeted on its return with warm encomiums. The Twenty-Sixth Regiment was raised mainly in the coun- I 488 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. ties Of Knox, Hancock, and Waldo. Ban-or was its place of colonel. These troops were first .snt to Arlington Heights then to Fortress Monroe, then t,, Newport News, then In a mag.„fieent fleet to Ship Island, then to New Orle^nMhen to After a Z" f ^ "™"'?"' ''^ ^^"" ^°"^'- °^ --P'^if- After a delay of two months the Twenty-Sixth, with other forces, was put in motion on the march to Port Hudson Hav descended sixty miles to Donaldsonville. From this point they took up their line of march to Thibodeaux, thirty six miles by rail o Brashear City. Upon this expedition the reiment conflict, amidst scenes of sublimity and terror which deserve minute record. I« this dead! v struggle the regiment bst s x^ eight men out of three hundred. From the bfood-stain d fie M the troops ascended the Bayou Teche to the Red River. On the 26th of May they returned to Brashear City, after a the mlt'^r^' T'""' "^™P''^^°" '^ ^'''y'^'^' days, beneath the blaze of an almost meridian sun. They proceeded to Port Hudson, and took gallant part in the siege until the rebels surrendered. Having thus performed theii- engagements they ascended the river to Cairo, and thence home. I^ tl^sJvZ expedition of nine months two hundred of the noW son of Maine were lost. The Twenty-Seventh Regiment was mainly from York U)unty, and was rendezvoused at Portland. Rufus P. Taplev lia'^Tr \ "' ''' '"^ ^'^^^^"^^^«" -- Central Vii- fnT' \ T^ '^ ''^''' '"^"^'^ ^'^" ^"^Siment remained, guard- ing much of the time, a picket-line eight miles lone'' Coi Tapley was succeeded by Lieut.-Col. Wentworth. This was the most anxious hour of the war. The rebel Gen. Lee, with his immense forces, was moving up for the invasion of Pennsvl- vania. Incendiaries were crowding our Northern cities. Tr^i- tors in the North were openly avowing sympathy with the Southern rebellion. Want of confidence in the commander of TEE BISTORT OF MAINE. 489 the Union army rendered a change necessary. All the old troops had been sent forward to oppose the exultant foe. The national heart was oppressed with anxiety. Washington was left exposed. The term for which this regiment had enlisted had expired. The President and the Secretary of War entreated the Twenty-Seventh to remain for the protection of tho capital. It was a remarkable regiment. Gentlemen from each of the liberal professions were in its ranks, and farmers and mechanics, who were making heavy pecuniary sacrifices by their absence from their homes. They remained. The battle of Gettysburg was fought ; and the dark cloud of peril passed away. Greeted with benedictions in Washington, these patriotic troops were received at home with blessings. The regiment left Maine nine hundred and fort^^-nine strong, and had never less than seven hundred anci tbrtv ready for duty. Medals were awarded to the men by the '', ar Department, for serving beyond the term for their enlistment. The Twenty-Eighth Regiment was under Ephraim W. Wood- man of Wilton, colonel. They proceeded fust to New York, and were quartered one night in Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, where Rev. Henry Ward Beecher and prominent members of his church assisted in nursing the sick. After spending a short time in that vicinity, the troops were sent to New Orleans by the way of Fortress Monroe. It would be difficult to describe their vast variety of marchings and counter-marchings, their skirmishes, and the innumerable arduous toils which they performed. Some of the conflicts in which they engaged were as desperately fought as any during the war. The Twenty-Ninth Regiment was rendezvoused at Augusta. Georgj L. Neal of Norway was colonel. It was sent immedi- ately to New Orleans. These troops, many of whom had previously enlisted for nine months, entered almost imm '.iately upon a series of bloody battles. In the sanguinary conflict of Pleasant Hill they won a signal victory. Col. Beal was placed in command of a brigade. On one expedition the troops marched four hundred miles. They were at one time sixty hours without sleep, and with but little food ; and during that time they marched fifty-six miles, and fought two battles. ¥. #90 Having THE HISTORY OF MAINR, The Thirtieth Regiment of infantry had in its ranV, „„i,. number of experieneod .oldiers. Pranoi. Fel In n« P^T ! Between the loth of March anf? ^he 22rl nf m *i • JNew Orleans the troons returnprl fr. v;. • • i -^^^om toil. a» severe as flesifaldb,: 1 ouMri:"'!;:;?''''' '" Kar these hardy „.en marched over a tilt, d mfc ' Z rr:x:r;:nt^fe-hr"^-^'---™-" ^t.lefdX;:h::;: j-^roTth °"" """'"■^'' -^ him. and fed .i.U a brli^^lt a'"l " '";:Stt::. "ot: ITrrrMied""'" "" ■".— ""'■^ - «cov.^ed."Ma y otners nere Ldled or woum;,..!, tTCnty-nine in all. But m th.3 successful raid ,.!,- t.oop. took one hundred „iis- oners,a huge amount of c.h, . ;.-.a„ and quartermaSr stor^ I THE BISTORT OF MATNE. 491 in )k )f a d t- y f i two hundred and fifty hoi-aes and mules, four hundred head of cattle, and five luindred contrabands. There were several other raids, one into the State of Alabama. In one of these a train of fifty wagons was brought into camp, by Lieut.-C^™'« "^"^ -e left ™ recorded. Even the names of many men whose deeds merit record, we cannot mention. We can only give ai abst™ and a very imperfect one, of the lieroic efforfs ^hfc", the ciS =ens of Maine made to rescue our country from the foulest rebellion to be found in the annals of history Dunng the four yeai-s of this dreadful strife, Maine sent T^'ot f '!,"""'"'' "".■''^-'™ '"f-'-y regiments, three .e„ ments of cavalry, one regiment of heavy nrtillerv seven e" thSv co""™''" '";"""^' ^^™" "°'"''-^- »' ^h-Xt- o 1 X rd^'n^T "™"'=™'' '"*"'"■''' «-^" '^"■»P-"es ot coast guaids, and six companies for coast fortifications • six the T "r" '""'"'' ""'' '"^ "'" "^'^ "'™ eonWb e'd the navy and manne corps. The total number who peHshed THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 493 during these campaigns, in the army list, amounted to seven thousa id three hundred and twenty-two. We have no record of the killed and wounded, and of those who died of disease, in the navy and marine corps. The whole amount of bounty paid throughout the State was nine million six hundred and ninety- five thousand six hundred and twenty dollars and ninety-thr.e cjnis. 1 ospital stores were contributed to the amount of seven hundred and thirty-one thousand one hundred and thirty-four dollars. ^ The above record is a surprising one. No one would have deemed it possible that the State of Maine could have sent so many troops to the field, or that she could contribute such vast sums to meet the expenses of the war. In the narrative " this dreadful conflict it will U generally admitted that there are two of the sons of Maine who merit especial mention. Gettysburg was perhaps the turning-point in the tide of bat- tle. Gen. Lee, with ninety thousand men, was on the rapid march to overwhelm tlie diminished army of Hooker, capture Washington, and enrich the Confederacy by the plunder of the cities and granaries of Pennsylvania. He concentrated his giant army at Gettysburg. Gen. O. O. Howard, with the H-leventh Corps, was sent forward to do every thing in his power to retard the advance of the rebels, while divisions of the Union army were hurrying, by forced marches, to the position where It was now evident that a decisive battle was to take place. With eight thousand men, Gen. Howard met the brunt of battle, and drove back the foe. His corps was posted on Ceme- tery Hill. Its capture was certain victory to the rebels. Lee the ablest general of the rebels, gathered up all his strength for that purpose. It was late in the afternoon ; the enormous masses of Early's division advanced in majestic march to the attack There stood Gen. Howard, with his calm, manly, honest face-. " An empty coat-sleeve is pinned to his shoulder, memento of a hard-fought field before, and reminder of many a battle-scene his splendid Christian courage has illumined." After a terrific struggle the rebels gained a position, where they made prepara- tions for a desperate assault on the morrow, with scarcely a dop.bt of their success. 494 TBE BISTORT OF MAINE forfw*^- 'l'^^,^^'""' *^' ^'**'"^« «f ^^«»- Howard thundered tZ GeT ir / !.^ indescribable tumult and dreadful "blit nZ,'°'" ™"y"«» in action," an eye-witness writes Elev nth CoZ "l '"^f f f ^ »»! - this general of the r'L^i: 'o;:hrst::a:h".^ ^^ ^'^ -' -' --"^ smiVot 'how:'? 'f "' ""'"^ ""^ '"■™* - " ^>°"^ of ea.»:;ne^K.ro::l^:"s-^^:a^a;i t':;i M^-tht^,-: ' figh .ng on the rfeht seems more terrific than "r, "d t'eS ».«. battle, hut sin,p,;:„itrLri"^^^^^^^^^^ rrLrneXrthro;t /i: - "^^- silenced by the fire of the enemy Th! J i > ' ' "' '^ ing on, four miies long. PrZXt whde 'gtrtlTr t mcessant blaze of fire, emitting a storm of brfk "1^ and shens,wh.ch it would seem that no mortal ener^i:: "ulVen- hl!l^% ^^^ ^°° ""^ ''"'"■' Po'nt-Wank range, so that everv bullet of grape or canister would accomplish is mission the ' oannoneer. sprang to their guns. Sheets'of fla^e and smoie! TEE HIBTORT OF MAINE. 495 and (kath-deahng iron and lead, smote them in the face ; and .hey fell as though the angel of death had spread his wings on the blast. When the smoke cleared away, the charging lines before Cemetery Hill had vanished. The ground was covered with mutilated bodies, some still in death, and many wnthmg in agony. A few stragglers were seen here and there, on the rapid retreat. The gloom of night was soon spread over this awful spectacle, m the morning, Lee commenced his retreat. He had lost in killed, five thousand five hundred ; in wounded, twenty-one thousand ; m stragglers and deserters, four thousand ; and nine thousand prisoners. Humiliated and bleeding, the fragments of his army hastened back to Virginia, having lost forty thou- sand men. At Gettysburg, the death-blow was given to the heart of the rebellion. Maine may well feel proud of the part which her illustrious son Gen. O. O. Howard took in that decisive battle. Even the catalogue of the skirmishes and bat- tles m which Gen. 0. O. Howard took an heroic part would be a long one. Major-Gen. Joshua L. Chamleilain entered the army from his professorship in Bowdoin College, as lieutenant-colonel of the Maine Twentieth Regiment of infantry. It was his priv- ilege to receive the surrender of Lee's army. The scene of the surrender was sublime. The whole rebel army Avas flyino. in utter defeat from Riclimond and Petersburg, over the hills lind through the vales. The Union army, more than double its number, was pursuing it on the north, the east, and the south. The flight of the enemy was truly a rout. The path of the flying foe was strewed with abandoned artillery, muskets wagons, and all the ddbris of a defeated array. Soon the rebels were overtaken upon a plain surrounded by hills. The Union army came pressing on, like a resistless flood, and its batteries were planted upon the crests which encircled the plain. There was no escape for the rebels. They must either surrender or be annihilated. Lee surrendered just as the Union soldiers were ready to open their deadly fire. Our troops received the first tidings from the shouts which burst from the lips of their J. \- Uu A f — iUCB. rjy\. i ilUSO li ^gard men, weary of the war into which TEE BISTORT OF MAINE. 497 they had been dragged, as they heard the news that the war was closed were almost frantic with joy. Cheer after cheer rose from the vanquished, which was echoed back in shout after shout from the victors who surrounded them. Both voices, that of fnend and foe, blended in the joyful cry which one would think must have awakened responsive joy among the angels in heaven. " The soldiers on both sides seemed to have lost all memory of past animosities With the Union troops there were tears and prayers and cordial embracings. The long agonies of the san- guinary conflict were forgotten. The troops, who, in long lines in the rear were hurrying forward to the supposed scene of battle, heard the shout, and knew not what it meant. But it increased m volume, and came rolling down the ranks, nearer and nearer, in thunder-peals. For miles the mountains and the fores s and the valleys rang with the exultant cheers of those who had trampled the rebellion beneatli their feet Major-Gen. Joshua L. Chamberlain, one of the heroes of Gettysburg and Petersburg, and many another bloody fio-ht chanced to be with his division in the van. He drew up^his troops ma straight line, a mile in length. An equal division of tlie rebe army was marched to a parallel line in front, at the distance of but a few feet. All were silent. Not a bude sounded ; not a drum was beat ; not a voice was heard. _ As the vanquished foe came up, Gen. Chamberlain ordered his men to present arms. This honor, paid to the heroic vic- tims of a cruel rebellion in their hour of liumiliation, brought tears to the eyes of many rebel officers. One said, " Thi^ is magnanimity which we had not expected." The defeated troops returned the courteous salute before they laid down their arms. As this division filed away, another came, and another, until twenty-two thousand left behind them their arms and their banners. Lee's army had been more than three times that number. But thousands had been captured ; large numbers had been killed and wounded ; and other thousands liad thrown down their arms, and dispersed in all directions, to return to their distant and utterly impoverished homes. The rebel troops •MB 498 THE niSTORT OF MATNE. were Starving In their disastrous fliglit they haxl been com- pelled to abandon their provisions. The Union troops, in their eagerpursuit,hadtakenbuta scanty supply ; but they divided their rations with their conquered foe. No pen can describe the joy with which the tidings of Lee's surrender was received throughout our war-weary and exhausted ished tI r" '''''' rT'"''^- 0»^' "'-^tionality was estab- lished. The star-spangled banner was again to float in undis- puted supremacy from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf The crushing-out of the rebellion established freedom throughout our whole land. It was clear to every mind, that our country was entering upon a new era of prosperity, wealth, and power. The State of Maine contributed her full proportion in the ac comphsliment of this glorious result. And the country has not been ungrateful to her heroic sons, who have accomplished such glorious results. Many monu- ments have been reared to perpetuate the remembmnce of those who have sacrificed their lives. At Togns, a few miles east from Augusta, a large and commodious retreat has been reared by the government as a home for the disabled soldiers. Here honored by al who visit them, these sons of Maine and of o her States, rendered helpless by the exhaustion of war, or mutilated by the terrible enginery of battle, are provided with every thing the nation can give to minister to their comfort. From housands of Christian churches and firesides the prayer fervently ascends, that God w^I bless them, for all tha they have done and suffered, that our land might be rescued from anarchy and ruin. CHAPTER XXVIII. AGRICULTUBE AND MANUFACTUEES. Slate Quarries -Little Blue Q^Jy-TZrv^Z a^^^^^ Manufacturing Facilities - ¥he Saco Bas n Th^ ^i "'' ^'^-^^- Kennebec-The Penobscot Vallev-ThP s r~ i^^^^'l^scoggin - The Salubrious Clirnate-Pr^^Its o/E.^gtu^^^^^^^ '*• "^^^^-^^ rpHE State of Maine lies between 42° 57' and 47<' 30' north -L latitude, and 5° 45' anrl 10° in' . 7 , Washinp-tnn Tf .1, ^ '"'^''^ longitude from Washington. It is the most easterly State of the Union embracing an area of thirty-two thousand squar m les wh eh Ne^^T WS?t"""°r r^ ^^-^-.- than all tS ^^t :W- ' \n^ll r "" K^- ^^' ^''''''' ^^"°^'» ^^ the State, n a d .nal line from the mouth of the Piscataqua River to he exueme northern angle, is three hundred and tlenty LTles Its greatest width, from the sea near Passamaquoddy Bay west to he Canada ine, is one hundred and sixty miles. A st'^-ai.h line xninmng from the mouth of the Piscataqua River to Quoddy Head the extreme north-eastern cape, would be two hundred and fifty miles in length.* The surface of the State is "diversified with high mountains broad intervals, and undulating plains. Much°of the north: western region strongly resembles Scotland in the grandeur of Its eminences and the beauty of its crystal lakes. In Franklin County Mount Abraham rears its majestic brow three thousand foui hundred feet above the level of the sea. Mount Blue, in the same county is a celebrated place of resort. Its summit reaches the height of two thousand eight hundred feet, and onpn,. f. 1 Annual register of Maine for 1874-5, p. 102. 499 500 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. th3 eye a view of sublimity and beauty which richly rewards the tourist who ascends its cliffs. The Sandy River winds alone Its base, whose banks are adorned with thriving New En^^land villages. Webb's Pond and other beautiful lakelets gleauT like burnished silver through the surrounding forests ;^nd the brows of majestic mountains rise around till their cliffs fade away in the distant horizon. Bordering the Canada line there 13 a range, called the Highlands, two thousand feet in height Near the coast there are some lofty eminences which °ar;est the eye of the voyager far out at sea. Here some internal convulsions of nature have thrown up thirteen hu^^e ^ranite mountains They can be seen at a distance of sixty let s and are the first landmark caught sight of by the marine approaching our coast The highest peak reaches an elevl- tion of one thousand five hundred and fifty-six feet.i Upon the summit of one of these mountains there is a lake, clear as Mount Katahdin is one of the most remarkable elevations in the b a e. It is situated about seventy miles north-west of the head-tide of Penobscot River. The mountain is about twelve miles in circumference at its base. Its difficult ascent was first accomplished in the year 1804, by a party of seven gentlemen from Bangor and Orono. They judged its summit to be ten thousand feet above the level of the sea. Under the fourth article of the treaty of Ghent, surveyors were appointed to ascertain Its altitude ; and they pronounced it to be four thou- sand SIX hundred and eighty-four feet above a small river at its foot, ca led Abalajacko-megus, which river was, at that point, PeL'bsctt ' ^'^'' '""' '^''' '^' tide-waters o^ the ^ This measurement was not deemed satisfactory, as their instruments were out of order. Subsequent surveys have given Its altitude at about five thousand five hundred feet. Its hnn.l^aSTDfS,"::t^h;'G:y'^ It'-' '''''' ^' '-^ ^--i ">- dred feet • C O Rm1^„ii ■ "' "%^^°l"Sical Survey, at o.io tl.ousan.l nine hun- THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 001 ascent,s diffic It Its sides are covered with a dense forest, cea s Till ^^out a mile of the top, where all vegetation ceases. The summit is a plain, about half a mile long, but much more narrow covered with a surface of dry white moss. The view opened frornHhis point is sublime. The small irregu- lanties bek>w seem to be levelled to a perfect j lain. Sixty lakes of varied d.mensions and very picturesque forms can be cci^intod. depn hi '"'"''fT'^^'" "''" ^' ""interrupted, till lost in the deep blue of the horizon. Towards the south the spectator can see the heights of Mount Desert, at the distance of one hundred and twenty miles. Among tliese mountains, lakes, and rivers there is spread out a region of rich and extensive valleys, which will eventually afford homes to a vast population. It is true that the winteii are long and cold; but the summers are delightful. There is probably, not a more healthy climate in the world. And the clear winters, with tiie pure atmosphere, are seasons of great enjoyment. No one, who has spent a winter in South Carolina and m Maine, will deny that there is more suffering in the fc)rmer place from the cold than in the latter. And fn South Carolina there is no escape from the sultry, burning, debilitatinc. neat ot the summer nights. ° The annual average of temperature in the State, as ascer- tained by tables kept at the observatory on Munjoy's Hill in loo oo"t' . ^t^ thirty-two years between 1825 and 1857, was 23' Fahrenheit. The highest point to which the me^ury ascended dunng that time was 100° 5'. The lowest point was on the 24th of January, 1857, when the mercury descended to 25 below zero. At Portland the proximity of the ocean dim^imshes both the summer's heat and the wintor's cold. Far back in the northern counties the mercury occasionally falls several degrees lower. At Brunswick, according to the meteorological record kept by Prof. Cleaveland, the annual mean temperature for the same fifty years was 44° 40' Fahrenheit. The highest tomperature was 102° ; the lowest, 30° below zero. The average n'^raber of rainy days in Maine is sixty-four dui'infr flip, vpnr Tl iC snifiiiGSi; n c:3u iiumucr, m , nx any year, was thirty- 502 THE BIBTORY OF MAINE. nine; the largest, ninety-five. The average number of snowv days was thirty. The lowest was ninetee^; th. h ghestTf""^ region hns never occurred. Tlie amount of water which fell 18o7 forty-seven inches and sixty-six hundredths. In 1858 it was forty-three inches and forty-two one-hundredths. In 1859 It was forty-eight inches and fifty-five one-hundredths. In the year 1874 there were published in the State, seventy. two newspapers, most of them weekly, a few dail^ There were also s.xty-two banks and fifty-six savings banks There thHa:^^ t ^!:r^Thl 'X ;f '-''' '--'- -^^^^ ,. °„ ^"^ ^0^1 of nature seems to deal in hersTt'i ' r^" ""'^ "'"^ ^^ ^^« '-^^-"^^^^ -tich UD for tt T ^ ^^. ' '''"^"'^ ^" ^'^'"^^ ^1«««"^S« ^vhlch make up for the loss. ^There are many who can say, -T " I love my own State's pine-clad hills, Her thousand bright and gushing rills, Her sunshine and her storms • Her rough and rugged rocks that rear Their hoary heads high in the air, In wild, fantastic forms." The beautiful granite of Maine is every year mowing ™„,. ;n demand for bniiding purposes, and will eve, .afrCLTa" .mportant .ten, of export. The sra„ite.q„ar,.y at HllWerfar" mshes a, adnurable building stone as is found in the „o,M It s of great sohdity, and, when dressed, presents a suZe quite hornTLror'"""- 'V'" ^^" '''' three ri a thousand tons of ,ee were sh.pped from Maine. lee that is for,„ed where the nj^-euryis twenty deg,-ees below zero is much more sohd, and withstands the summer heat more flily Than that whtch ,s fonned where the mercury is ten above eiphe. The ,ce-erop prom,ses to be a frnitfnl source of income.' Ihere IS a genml impres.sion that Maine is not a good a<.ri cultural State. But statistics prove conclusively thatTn thole secttons of the State where manufacturing an?i,'dustriaT„perI! 1 Address of Gov. Kelson Dingley, 1874, p. 41. THE niaroRT of maine. 503 uons have been well developed, thus opening a market, the farm- ers are as prosperous as in those States where crops are more easily reared, but must be sent to a great distance to find a pur- chaser. The hay-crop of Maine in 1873 amounted to two m, llion tons, whose market value was estimated at twenty-five million dollars. This greatly exceeded the value of the wheat- crop in any of the Western States of equal population. The products of the dairy, which ever command a ready sale, were over two million dollars. The aggregate productions of the farms, inc uding live stock, reached the large sum of fifty-seven million dollars. It is a very gratifying fact, that emigration from the State is dimmishing, and that there are indications that the tide is acrai„ turmng towards those fertile fields where fever and ague are'un- known, where timber is abundant, where pure, cool, ciystal water gushes from the hillsides, where the air is invigorating, and glowing health abounds. Not one-half of the State has yet been: reached by the tiller of the soil. There are still three million unimproved acres in the region of the Aroostook. The territory there, inviting the settler, is equal to the whole of Massachu- setts. The soil is deep and rich, and there a population of a million people might find homes of competence. Manufacturing, commercial, mechanical, and mining enter- prises are very rapidly being developed. In the year 1873 the cotton-manufactures of the State amounted to twelve and a half million dollars ; wool manufactures, to seven million ; boots and shoes, iune million • leather, four million ; paper, three miUion ; flour and grist-mill products, two and a quarter mil- lion ; iron, cast and forged, two million and a half; machinery two million and a half; edged tools, three-quarters of a million • oil-cloths, a million and a half; bricks, half a million; fertili-- zers, about eighty thousand dollars ; fish and kerosene oHs, half a million ; fisheries, three-quarters of a million. The ice cut from our rivers amounted in value to over half a million dollars ; the granite, cut from supplies which care never fail, brought four and a half million dollars; the lime amounted to nearly two million dollars; and the majestic^ forests, still covering millions of acres, brought to those engaged in that one branch of industry nearly ten million dollars. 004 THE niaroRY of mains. Ship-bu.lding ever has been, and for a Ion- time will proba 'ly continue to be, one of the moat important branches of indus try m the State. Notwithstanding it was a season of great com- merciai depression in the year 1873, there were two hundred and seventy-six vessels built in Maine, with a tonnage of eighty- nine thousand eight hundred and seventeen tons. The esti- mated value of these vessels was five and a half million dollai-s. It will appear from the above, tliat, from what may be consid- ered the agricultural products of Maine, the sum of the labors of the year 1873 was nearly fifty-seven million dollars. From manufacturing and other industrial products, the sum reached ninety-six milhon dollars ; making a total of one hundred and fifty-three million dollars. Surely the sons of such a State need not emigrate far away from friends and home, to other regions, to find remunerative fields of labor In the yeP,r 1850 there were two hundred and forty-five miles of railroad in the^State. In 1874 these lines had been extended o nine hundred and five miles. There are quarries of excel- ent slate discovered, extending more than eighty miles from the Penobscot to the valley of the Kennebec. Five miles from Skowhegan there has been opened what is called the Madison Slate-Quarry. The mine is not only one of wonderful promise, but already of great performance. Proba- bly there IS nowhere to be found slate of more excellent qual- ity for roofing. It is very dark in color, and in toughness and elasticity unsurpassed. Its surface is so smooth that it appears almost polished. The quarry is apparently inexhaustible, yield! mg slate of similar rift and quality with that of the celebrated mine in Wales, which has now been worked fifty years. The slate has been subjected to experiments which have elicited remarkable results A slab one-fourth of an inch in thickness will support a weight of four hundred and fifty pounds. It can be perforated to any extent without crumbling, so that the piece cut out can be returned and exactly fitted to the hole from which I. was cut. It can be carved, or turned in a lathe, like ebony or ivory When powdered it becomes an admirable arti- cle tor the surface-painting of oil-cloths. The toughness of the slaite is marvellous. Naib may be THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 605 driven through every square inch, without injuring the texture, or breaking the shite. A nail may be driven within an eighth of an inch of the edge. It is easily split into plates of exactly the same thickness, so that it will lie perfectly level upon the roof. An ample supply of water-power enables the proprietors to conduct their works with great efficiency. The plates have easy access to market by the Maine Central Railroad. Several quarries, manufacturing roofing-slate, are in success- ful operation at Monson. The oldest quarries in the State are at Brownville. For more than thirty years these mines have been worked, producing a quality of slate which has given the slate of the State of Maine the highest reputation. It is safe to say that the world produces no finer roofing material than that which is to be found in Maine. In Farmington, on the San^.y River, a quarry was opened in the spring of 1874. It is called " The Little Blue-Slate Quar- ry. ' The stone, in quality, very much resembles that obtained at Brownville. The tests usually applied prove it to be every way equal, for roofing purposes, to that celebrated variety. The most competent judges, including mineralogists, architects, slaters, and slate-dealers, award it high praise in respect to color, non-absorption of water, tenacity, and durability. There is good reason to .;xpect that a section of this quarry, recently opened, will afford material for school-slates of superior quality. The commercial facilities of xMaine are unsurpassed by any State in the Union. The sinuosities of the shore are such, that there are between two and three thousand miles of coast-line. Its bays and inlets afford innumerable safe harbors. There is probably no other portion of the globe which exceeds or equals Maine in the magnitude of its water-power. There are one thousand five hundred and sixty-eight lakes within her borders, at an average elevation of six hundred feet above the level of the sea. " These," says Gov. Dingloy, » form the head waters of five thousand one hundred and fifty-one streams, which go rushing do\yn towards the ocean, creating three thousand water-powers, which afford a force measured by not less than one million horse- ^i. *. _i.., .^!5,, ..^|ll«i vu iiic wura^iiig uiiurgy 01 tnirteeii imiiiou 506 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. men. When it is remembered that not a thousandth part of the water-power of the State is as yet harnessed to machinery, some famt Idea of the almost boundless extent of our manufacturing resources may be obtained." i ° The annual rain-fall of Maine, assumed at forty-two i -ches would create a lake, covering eight hundred and seventy-one' square miles, of the depth of Lake Erie. The inland body of water, including lakes and rivers, covers a surface of three tnousand two hundred squar. miles. There are in Maine four hundred and seventy-one cities, towns, and plantations, and one hundred and twenty-four town' ships. It is diflBcult to give with precision the number of water-powero, but from a careful estimate it is judged that there cannot be less than three thousand one hundred. More than nait ot these privileges are as yet unused. If we subtract from the territory of Maine three thousand two hunared square miles for lake, pond, and river surfaces, and five hundred square miles for mountain tops and sides, led-es and heaths, and tracts too barren to support trees, there is left of cultivated farms and forest surface, twenty-one thousand square miles. Of this region there is about fifteen thousnnd square miles of the primeval forest, whose silent depths have never echoed to the axe of the settler. This vast expanse, destined eventually to afford prosperous homes to a large population, is seven times as large as the famous '' Black Forest " of Germany. Indeed, it is larger than the states of Connecticut, Delaware, and Rhode Island united Maine seems to have been designed by nature as a great manu- facturing State. These water-powers are admirably located for access to . ir own great commercial centres, by river navigation and by railroads. The valleys admit of the extension of rail- ways far into the interior. "The location of the State amid surrounding seas ; its extent of surface ■ h disposition of Its slopes; its geological structure , its surface forms and ex ensive forests ;.its grand system of lakes, .ith their uniform JZZt with the nvers, and susceptibility of reservoir imprc-vement ; the low anTu- al temperature, and especially th3 low summer temperature, which It once 1 Address of Gov. Nelaoo Dlngley, 1874. THE niSTORY OF MAINE. 597 reduces evaporation, and contributes to vigorous labor; the winds of the State, as a ^vhole maritime in character; the copious rain fall luK •. • onn distribution throughout the year, and diffuS o" "rte*; ll^: the late hngenng of the snow in spring; the small percenVage of vaTo^ tion, esutmg from the low temperature, from the number of rainy snowT and cloudy days ; the consequent large residue of water for removal by rlTrs' and which our favorable surface forms determine to be removed by ver ' - taken together, constitute a sum of favorable conditions, which it is Zfi dently beheved, no other equal area of the globe can surplss, or can Tdeed" 80 much as equal. Other districts may have, and certSa y d" W som' one or more of the advantageous features more decidedly'developed than Maine ; but none can parallel fully, as is believed, their combined series/- These facts seem to indicate that Maine is to become the great manufacturing State of the Union. When ^ye add to the above considerations, that its climate is in the highest degree salubrious, and that, in point of economy, water-poWer is vastly TZT^l"" f ^™-P«^^«'; ''' ^«^1^ «eem to be inevitable, that eventually the hum of productive machinery will resound through all these valleys. This will afford a basis for the em- ployment of an immense population. And this will give new eriergy to all industrial pursuits, causing harvests to wave over all the plains, and cattle to graze over all the hillsides. This wonderful water-po^ver is a grand resource of the State, which can never fail. It is based upon features of the country, and upon recuperative processes of nature, which must be permanent. Power., the creator of wealth. Wherever power is found, the ingenuity of man will utilize it. The power of Maine is worth more to the State than mines of precious metals or reservoirs of coal, ihe btacrf is adopting an eminently wise policy, in en- couraging the formation of companies for manufacturiilcr pur- poses, in exempting such infant establishments from taxation, and in allowing towns to subscribe to the stock of manufacturing enterprises. * In accordance with a recommendation to the legislature by Gov. Joshua L. Chamberlain, in 1869, commissioners were appointed to explore the water-power of the State. The result 18 contained in an exceedingly valuable volume of about five hundred pages, issued by Walter Wells, Esq., superintendent 1 Watsr-Pnwer o€ Maine, p. 61 t. 7 ■' _j H ■ iii M. VHB til- "IB ^^feMHBiSI^!^ „ '*(■ ^^^^Bg£|| ■k t 508 T3E HISTORY OF MAINE. of the Hyd^-ographic Survey. From that volume I glean the following facts in reference to several of the most important nvers of Maine. The Saco River drains a valley seventy-four miles in length, and thirty miles in its greatest breadth. The area of Uiis valley includes fourteen hundred square miles. Eight hundred of these are in Maine, and six hundred in New Hampshire. The upper half of the valley is still heavily wooded, with but few clearings. It is estimated that one-half of the entire dis- trict is still a wilderness. The length of the river, from its sources among the mountains to the sea, including its windincrg IS about ninety-five miles. At Saco, the stream is about six hundred feet wide. Even in the drought of summer, forty thousand cubic feet of water can be commanded per minute, for eleven working hours of the day, or eighteen thousand cubic teet for the whole twenty-four hours. There are seventy-five lakes m this valley. By means of these reservoirs, the volume of water may be greatly increased. The descent of the river, for about sixty-seven miles, is seven feet to the mile. The gross power developed is estimated to be equivalent to seven- teen thousand four hundred and ninety-three horse power. This IS sufficient to drive six hundred and ninety-nine thousand four hundred and ninety-three spindles. Five miles from Portland, at Westbrook, on tlie Presumpscot River, there is a very important water-power known as the " Cumberland Mills Power." There is a fall of twenty feet, containing two thousand and thirteen horse power. One of the most extensive paper-mills in the country, carried on by S. D. Warren & Co., of Boston, is in operation here, all the year round.' Two hundred and twenty-five men, and one hundred and twenty- five women, L.e employed. The annual produce of the manu- facture a.aounts to over one million of dollars. The chief market IS m Boston r.nd New York, both easily reached by railroad and steamboat. The valley of the Androscoggin is about one hundred and ten miles in length, and seventy miles in its greatest breadth. It extends from the northerly outposts of the White Mountains to the ocean. The territory drained by the Androscoggin and I 510 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. ^Unbuanes embraces three thousand si^ hundred square miles. It « j„d d th^t „„^ y,^^^^_^^, ^^^_, I ^ hese square mi es are still covered with the primeval for sf The number of tnbutary streams contributing to the flood o the Androscoggn, is s,x hundred and sixty-nine. The length mee „ '"r\ '■""' '"''" ^""""S^S *» «™nswick, where it meets the t.de, .s one hundred and fifty-seven miles. The low run at ..runswick is about one hundred and twenty- five thousand cubic feet a minute for eleven hours of the dt or fifty-seven thousand for the twenty-four hou«. The descent of the r.ver from Lake Umbagog to Brunswick, is twelve hun dr d and fifty-s,x feet being nearly eight and a half feet a va lle'v Ir '7 7.\''™J«='1 »<1 forty-eight lakes in this valley, fifteen of which are in New Hampshire. These lakes cov«; a surface of two hundred and thirte n square m Ics IS estimated that the power of the section of thl riverrbetween Rumford and theliead of the tide, is equivalent to e .htyXe housand two hundred horse power. This would drive nearlv four mi Hon spindles. Not one-eighth of this is now uled "^ Thebasm of the Kennebec River is one hundred and forty- five miles in length, with seventy-five miles of greatest Lad [ I covers an area of five thousand eight liundL square ml s Ihcre ai-e one thousand and eighty-four tributary stiLu, tIo length of the river from Moosehead Lake to the ocean nclud! ing Its windings, is one hundred and fifty-five miles The average width of the river at Augusta is seven hu" ed fl and thirty thousand cubic feet of water per minute nassed Angusta for the whole twenty-four hours. I't is e^^S^, the ayerage wil be two hundred ninetysix thousand six hun dred and forty feet each minute, for eleven houi. of the day. The depth ol water on the dam is usually from five to seven feel Un one occasion it was ten feet. There are three hundred and sixteen lakes in this basin covering an expanse of four hundred and fifty square miles' Moosehead Lake is thirty-five miles in length by twelv Tn breadth. At the outlet of the lake there Is a L ulon hoistmg the gates, it takes tiie wave of accumulated water It THE niSTORY OF MAINE. fin about forty hours to reach Augusta. A strong southerly wind will retard It nearly three hours. The river Is navigable for mall vessels to Augusta. The mean period of the opting of rhJiJ'7^^^■'''^ '^ S^o^^^^San Falls on Kennebec River. The total fall is twenty-eight feet within half a mUe. Much of NORTH CHANNEL DAM. AT SKOWHEGAN. ME. t IS nearly perpendicular. The fall could be greatly increased by dams. A small island of rock divides the fall into two channels and would serve a natural pier to the sections of the dam, and as sites for mills. The bottom of the river is a solid ledge, and so are the banks. la the towns of Madison and Anson, on the Kennebec River, n'7 't.? '™P°^"^^"^ water-power known as the Madison iindge I alls. There is, at this point, a fall of eighty-seven feet within a distance of two and a half miles. There are two principal pitches. The cut represents^ the upper one, and shows ^carcely one-fourth of the descent. The bottom is a ledge, and clams can be located at any desired point. l! 513 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. In the towns of Embden and Solon, on the Kennebec River, tliereisafal of twenty feet perpendieular, ealled " Carratunk J^alls . A dam can easily be built ten feet high. This would give hn-ty feet fall, equal to that at Lowell. Thus there would be obtained five thousand five hundred horse-power, which would drive two hundred and twenty thousand spindles. The MADISOX BRIDGE FALLS. AXSOX AND MADISON. ME. facilities for eanalling, by the falls, are very good. The ground ^admirably graded. An extent of about one hundred acres is well adapted for the erection of buildings sufficient to accommo- date a large population. The valley of the Penobscot River lies east of that of the Kennebec. It is entirely within the boundaries of the State. «' The Penobscot is the only great fluviatile district in Maine which illus trates, in_ its actual configuration, the geographical idea of the river ^1" -appearing as a mere point at the mouth of the stream, thence Iter or' ward, expanding symmetrically on both sides of the c n ral chlnne " presently embranching into subordinate basins, themselves disposed hkwte symmetrically about tributary streams, and themselves yet further beaki^" THE nWTORT OF MAINE. 513 up into still smaller basins, located upon still smaller tributaries, untU the whole takes on the similitude of a mighty tree, that from one trunk ramifiea into innumerable branches, and from one grand aorta divaricates into num- berless arteries and veins, by which, upon occasion, its entire volume of fluids IS conducted to and poured into a common channel of circulation and discharge." * CAUnAI-UNK FALLS, EMDDEX AND SOLON, ME. The greatest length of the valley of the Penobscot, fromi north to south, is one hundred and sixty miles, and its greatest breadth one hundred and fifteen miles. It includes an area of eight thousand two hundred square miles. The highest portion of the basin, at the he-.d waters of the main river, is about two- thousand feet above the sea-level. The State map represents one thousand six hundred and four streams in the Penobscot system. The river from its extreme head waters, including itS' windings, is about three hundred miles in length. The chief water-power is between Lake Chesuncook and Bangor, a dis- tance of one hundred and twenty miles, where the fall is about * Water-Power of Maine, p. 100. 83 I ou THE HISTORY OF MAINE. " the SM? • }■ '" °"' '^ '^' ''''' ^''S^'^y ^^^«^«d streams nifolf/ ' P^''"^"^' ''^^''""' ""^ "^"^'^"^^ ^•^' remarkable uniformity m the volume of water throughout the entire year. There are four hundred and sixty-seven lakes in this basin, lo,f . f '' '''' '''^'' ""^ ^"" ^« "«^d to almost any UPPER DAM, AT ELLSWORTH, ME. power, for fifty yeara, has been eraploye.1 almost exLivet for the manufacture oflumber. The annual produo ht bee^ about th>rty-five million feet of long lumber, two hid ed thousand sugar-boz shooks, two million laths, &le million shin gles, two hundred thousand clapboards, and a la^e q mnUtv of' THE HISTORY OF MAINE. gj^ Portland, Bos J„, New York and C„b'.° """"'"' "■'''''^" "« flftyiUtLfbtuh' ?°'^ r """'^'""^' in length, and these are. n Maine, three hundred and seventy five a o„th. adjaoen British Provinee. Almost the entire Iw of Th "it - fton, akes and these n,ay be easily converted into Uery" S The laonstnne aspect of this valley is very reraarkabr Ti can hardy be paralleled by any country on the IbeTh* extent^ and of wondrous eccentricities of windings and f„™ almost justly be descHbed as t^a^i; Ttio':- ''^:\;7o/ Z:::z: ^""""^'' " "»' '^^ *» °- ■'undreS^nnft; a manufacturinff stream Rn for no . i ** ^ ^'^t'*^ "^^" ot the State, as The upper waters of the St. John constitute, in the extrem„ iJutish possessions. In this region, the risht bank of tl,r, beongs to Maine; and, still fanh'er up,'tl e ttlc s eamls w.th.n our te,Titory. The greatest length of the r "«■ i'mI dver^lletV ""f I ''»^--- "bout two hund"edTnd eleven mdes. The greatest breadth of the valley, in these UDoer waters, ,s nmety miles. The St. John constitutes nex t!th. Androscoggin River, the most elevated d™„age n Se "" The stream flows through the glooms of a dense bTalmost unbroken wldemess. The total length of thU important river from Its sources to the sea, is four hundred »n^ fif.,"™:, " "? ' * Water-Power of Maine, p. 120. m 016 TffJi BISTORY OF MAINE. area of the lakes in the St. John basin is three hundred and fifty square miles. In the upper waters, the slope is so gradual that the stream is navigable through nearly the whole length of Its flow ui Maine, being comparatively of little value for the purposes of power. We have thus given a brief account of the primary, or interior nver systems in Maine. When it is remembered that there are represented, upon the State map, five thousand one hundred and fifty-one streams in Maine, and that there are over three thou- sand valuable water-powers, it will be seen that a minute detail of these privileges is impossible. There is a general impression that Maine is too far away in the North, and too severe in its climate, to invite emigration. Mr. Blodgett writes, in his Climatology of the United States,— " The Mississippi Valley has been pre-eminent as the theatre of malari- ous fevers, which have been the scourge of emigrants from nearly all parts of the world. To the natives of the North of Europe, and the British Isles in particular, the change has been extremely trying; and prostrt^ion by some one of its forms, mild or severe, has been almost certain to attend the new-comer. India itself has not been more certain to break the health of the emigrant, than the Mississippi Valley, though the American forms of disease were always attended with a much smaller ratio of mortality." Fever and ague, yellow fever, and cholera are never known as epidemics in Maine. Many a farmer has emigrated to the malarious regions of the West, with a family of ruddy boys and girls, to see them, one and all, wilt down, pale, emaciate, with all their energies paralyzed, beneath the scourge of fever and ague. And as he himself, now shaking with the chill, and now burning with fever, has looked upon his desponding household, he has wished, with yearnings which cannot be expressed, that he and his family could again breathe the invigorating atmos- phere even of a Maine winter. It is often said that health is the greatest of blessings. This consideration will doubtless influence the young men of Maine to remain at home, and improve the wonderful resources which God has placed in their hands. And it will doubtless invite emigrants from Northern EuronR. frnm Sr^nfionH a. — „. V ' THE niSTORT OF M^I/fE. 517 holland, Belgium, Norway, and Sweden. Here they f5nd a climate essentially the same with that to which they have been accustomed from childhood, and which their ancestors have enjoyed for centuries before them. It is a great mistake to suppose that a cold climate is unfavor- able to prosperity and happiness. There is unquestionably far more enjoyment in St. Petersburg, Russia, than in Calcutta. The homes of Norway and Sweden are more attractive than those of Italy and Southern Spain. I once asked a group of thirty boys at school in Farmington, Me., "Which do you like best, summer or winter?" The spontaneous and universal response was, « Oh, winter, winter 1 " There were some boys from Cuba there. No words can express the delight with which they enjoyed the magnificat snow-storms, the sleigh-rides the snow-forts, the "sliding down hill," and the skatin-. Even now, in my seventieth year, I feel a thrill of pleasurable emo- tion in contemplating the blissful winters which I passed in early youth upon the banks of the Kennebec. .r."- CHAPTER XXIX. POPULAB EDUCATION. T^,f,f„^. " P'^^^^^y "« S'^*« i^ tho Union where more attention ,s paid to the education of tho masses of the people, or where better schools are maintained, than in Maine BcVoo? 71°^H-; ]!-en Johnson, superintenden of pZ" Bchoo s, or the year 1874, it would appear that the whole'^um- ber of scholars, between tho ages of four and twenty-one, wTs trn TlTre rt'^^ ^'^"^^"' '^' hundred 'and mne! teen. There were four thousand one hundred and ninetv-nine schoolhouses. The estimated value of school-property waTa httle over three million dollars. ^ In Farmington there was a normal school in a state of hi^h prosperity. The average attendance was a little over one h t died The object of this school is the thorough training of teachers for th^r professional labors. It had anLcellent phU- osoplucal and chemical apparatus, and a good library. Dmin<. the past ten years one thousand young men, and one hund.i and ninety-eight young women, have graduated at this institu- At Castine there is another normal school. The attendance m the spring term of the year 1874 was one hundred and thirty m five classes. The whole number in attendance durin.. tlfe' year was three hundred and eleven. The regular course of study embraced three years. The diligent student in this time ran insTonr of uawe. ug " The earneat, able young men and women of Maine have nflv«r K„f«r. had such inducements offered them to become teach " The worker Ind triiZortfTT"'^'^'- ^^^-'----uJwuht^ru™ ana mdustry of the teacher, are now offered for his servir^^. w<» v. not been able to supply the demand for first-clas: tea^^^.r The f^e u2 schools are calling for our best teacher, and the demand will increfll!'. ' ThiH high standard of qualifications required in the teacher will have au influence on all grades of schools. The work of educating the children of the State will be in the hands of those who have been systematically trained to the callino and who Inr^CT ?^? '"' "''^^' "" i"telligent enthusiasm which will call forth the best energies of the pupils. The many interesting questions now engaging the attention of prominent educatoi^- some of them of vital importance to the future welfare of the nation - will be treated by the graduates of these schools with a candid and far-reaching consideration, and the whole subject of thrpubUc'' ^' '^'^'^'"^ '" '^ ^''^'' ^"'^'^°'^ ^" '^' '^^"^^ Even from a material point, this attention to the cause of popular education will have its reward. In the close competi- ion for the commerce of the world now going on between the leading nations of Europe and America, every power of the mmd IS being cultivated, and brought into action; new schools are being founded, and old ones re-organized ; and the unedu- cated peoples will fall behind in the struggle for pre-eminence, rins State, with its great facilities for manufacturing and me- chanical enterprises, and its educated population, will take a toremost position among the progressive communities of the day. It has certainly reason to congratulate itself upon the success which has attended the working of its normal schools. Ihe thousands of young men and young women who have graduated from the schools at Farmington and Castine have gone into all parts of the State, and are now exerting an influ- ence, silent, but none ^he 1'^"'^ ^it^r^i.: — -i. 1 • , 1 3 620 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. The town of Castire presented the State with a fine lot of land, for the ereciion of a new building, about the year 1872. The school was then in successful operation. In the year 1873 ,i,iilli!i.: ' .f'f, iidwii NORMAL SCHOOI-, CASTINR. the present beautiful edifice was completed. Gov. Perhain and his council, with many distinguished friends of education, Attended the dedicatory exercises. An audience of five hun- dred was assembled in the hall, and yet it was of c^inaolfv \n TEE HIBTORY OF MAINE. 621 accommodate one hundred more. Speeches were made by the governor, and by other citizens of Maine and of other States This IS one of the best schoolhouses in the State. The region around is occupied by a religious, intelligent, industrious community, who can well appreciate the value of education. Ihe building can accommodate two hundred scholars, and has already become a powerful instrument in the intellectual advancement of the thriving surrounding towns. MAIXK CENTItAL INSlTrUTE, riTT.SFlKLl), JIK. In the prosperous village of Pittsfield, about twenty-three miles east of Waterville, there is a successful school, called the " Mame Central Institute." The regular course of study occu- pies four years, and young men and young women are alike admittei. A board of twenty trustees presides over the inter- ests of this seminary, and it is intended to make it a first-class institution. Latin and Greek, French and German, are tau-ht, with the higher branches of mathematics, geology, astronomy, mental plnlosophy, and moral science. The terms of tuition are low, and board can be obtained in the village for about two dollars a week. Thus an accomnUsliprl ofliioQf:^.'^ .v -ae j . .■, . ^ • t?A!,^tti:iOii la uiicicu to cne sons and I! THE HiaTORY OF MAINE. 523 daughters in all the farm-houses of that rural district. The institute includes a college preparatory course, a normal depart- ment, and an academic department. There were in the year 1874 m the preparatory course, eighty-four pupils ; in the nor- mal, thirty-one ; m the academic, one hundred and eight ; mak- ing a total of two hundred and twenty-three ...t""^ ^f i"" *^' "f ™^'" wilderness, which for countless gen- " erations had covered these hills and vales, not a solitary wlite man had reared his cabin until the year 1794. In 1815, when tZlfr f ' l"^ r '^'^ ^^^^""^^ ^" '^' '-^'^^'^ widely separated from each other, the region was elevated to the dig- mty of a plantation. In 1819 it was incorporated as a town ■ i/the7eari8f9.'^"""' "'"' "'"^ "^^ ^'^"^^^^ '^ ^^^^^^^d Oak Grov Seminary, to which a normal department is attached. The school year consists of three terms of thirteen weeks each An elevated course of study is pursued. In 1874 there were eighteen pupils here preparing for teachers. In ZlZl Col'' '"1 nT''''' ^^"^' ^^^ ^°"f— Seminary and ^:zi^:^jjr ' '-''^ ^^ '- — ' -^ Westbrook is a beautiful town, whicli was a part of Falraoutli IS located a literary msutution of high order and sunerior accommodattons. It is called Westbrook Seminary, and cS of three prrncipal buildings, which will acoommoiate ah g^ number of students. The institution is well patronized afd sends out yearly into the community many welUduca ted puput prepared to be useful in all the walks of common life. ^ The accompanymg dlustration shows vividly the progress the State has made smce scarcely a century ago, the Indians reared tie r vv,gwams on these plains, and pursued their game through the glooms of an almost unbroken forest. ° A State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts was opened at Orono, in the year 1868. It is under Stite patron- age and supervised by a carefully selected board of trustetof which Gov. Coburn in the year 18T4 was president. Th .h" 524 THE BISTORT OF MAINE. dents represented every county in the State. The institution stands high in the estimation of the community, and is every year regarded with increasing favor the several branches of a practical education. The number of students in the year 1874 was one hundred and twenty-one. The institution is partially military in its character, though its principal object is to give the pupils the best instruction in agriculture and the mechanic RESIDENCES OF COL. EBENEZER WEBSTER, MBS. MARTHA (WEBSTER) TREAT AND PAUL D. WEBSTER, Esq. arts. It proposes to do this by giving every young man an opportunity practically to apply the theoretical teaching he receives, by labors on the farm and in the shop. In this way he can also partially defray the expenses of his education. No student is admitted under fifteen years of age. He is subject to an examination in arithmetic, geography, English grammar, his- tory of the United States, algebra as far as quadratic equations, and five books in geometry. Tne design of this important institution is not merely to pre- para cue understandingly to work upon the farm, but to trive ' li THE BISTORT OF MAINE. 525 an education which shall aid the student in aU industrial pur- suits. Gov. Washburn writes,— ^*«Mne'>**,**/*^^»*x!? UISTRICT SCHOOL HOUSE, KITTERY, ME. Considering the locality of the college in its relation to the whole State Its proximity to the broad and fertile region of the Aroostook, a county containing a larger number of acres of farming lands, of the finest quality than any other five counties in New England; considering the dif. terent kinds of soil on the (inllPWA fariv.o *.,— .j-u: x. ... - . , , . =- '^ > '"™'^-""o "Fpu^'iiiitics lor a great variety of experiments; and considering, finally, the surpassing beauty of f; u f-:i '••i mum liPT" THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 027 ceded that the location 'oi the ooU^e ;»» «„t^ Id wt""™'""^ ""'■ OHAMMAH SCHOOr. HOTTSf:, ■wriNTHHOP. ME. JTl "'" I""""^ °^^'' ^'^^'^'^ ^"^ «^'«"*>fi° institutions scat- tared throughout the State, to which we have not sn!.! 4 aiiude. in previous pages we have spoken of the princi>rcol II a -^ '^'■^'iS,*..^ 528 TSE HISTORY OF MAINE. leges, and of several of the more important private schoola. In all the leading towns there is a high school for advanced pupils. These buildings, when contrasted with the schoolhouaes of fifty years ago. knay be called palaces. We give pictures of two of them, — the Grammar School House in Winthrop, and the District School in Kittery, to illustrate the general style of these structures. In the interesting and very comprehensive little book by Hon. John Neal, entitled " Portland Illustrated," we find the following notice of an important institution called The Maine General Hospital : — •'This institution, established in love to that small part of the great human family of sufferers in whom we have a special interest, occupies what were known as the Arsenal Grounds, on Bramhall's Hill, of two and a aalf acres. '* More than fifty thousand dollars have been raised by private subscrip- tion among ourselves in the city ; while the State has contributed twenty thousand dollars conditionally, together with these Arsenal Grounds. These conditions having been more than fulfilled, the buildings are now so near completion as to make it sure that before long we shall have a magnifi- cent charity in full operation to be thankful for.* " The central building is five stories, with a mansard roof; and there are, as you see, four pavilions, with an amphitheatre, a boiler-house, and a kitchen. From every window there is a wide, rich, and beautiful prospect of the whole surrounding country; and, from every part, either a view of the sea and the cove, or a view of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, sixty miles away, with all the intervening villages and elevations, woods and waters; and being always open to the sea-breezes on the one side, and to the winnowed atmosphere of our Switzerland upon the other, a store-house of health and vitality, the sick and languishing may be sure of nature's best and surest help at all seasons. ' ' The writer is conscious, that, in the endeavor to give the his- tory of Maine in one volume, many important facts or events may have been omitted, which some will regret, and which per- haps he may regret when his attention is called to them. But he has, according io the best of his judgment, selected those inci- dents which he has thought would be most interesting and * Since the above was written, the hospital has been opened to patients, and is now in sncceMfiiJ operation; 680 THE HISTORY OF MAINE instructive to the general reader. And he is sure that this nar- rative truthfully presents Maine in an attitude of which aU her sons and daughters may be proud. Life is everywhere a battle. It is in vani for any one to escape toil and trouble. But, all things considered, there is probably not on this globe a more favored, comfortable, and happy population than that of Maine. It is true that cold breezes sweep its surface in winter; but these blasts, with healing on their wings, drive all malarious exhalations from the land, give elasticity to the mind, buoyan- cy to the spirits, and invigoration to all physical energies. The soil is certainly not so rich as in some of the renowned prairies and valleys of the West ; but the water is cool, and pure anc^ clear as crystal. The forests afford an abundance of every variety of valuable timber ; and the streams, born among the mountains, and rushing over their rocky beds, invite to alt the branches of manufactures. The flood of foreign immigration is not pouring into Maine as into some other parts of the Union. But this saves the State from a vast amount of inebriation, vagabondage, crime, and pau- perism. And thise who do select Maine as their home gener- ally come from those countries of Northern Europe where intel- ligence and piety prevail. This renders the communiiy in Maine in a remarkable degree homogeneous. The society is :. a high degree intelligent, moral, and social. And thus it is that Christian churches arise in every village, that intemperance can be arrested as scarcely anywhere else, that schools and colleges are multiplied, and intelligence and morality are widely diffused. It would be difficult to find in any portion of our land more happy homes than are found in Maine. II POPULATION AND VALUATION, I860 AND 1870. ANDROSCOGGIN COUNTY. PopulcUion. Auburn 5,344 Durham 1,620 East Livermore . . .1,029 Greene 1.224 Lewiston 7,424 I'isbon 1,376 feeds 1,390 Livermore 1,597 Minot 1,799 Poland 2,746 Turner 2,082 Wales 602 Webstci 890 Total 29,726 Amity 302 Benedicta 307 Bridgewater 491 Dalton 606 Easton 320 Frenchville Fort Fairfield .... 901 Fort Kent Grant Isle 545 Hersey Hodsdon 963 Houlton 2,035 Limestone I6I Linneus 755 Littleton 543 Ludlow 287 Lyndon 297 Madawaska 585 Mars Hill 2OI Masardis 190 Maysville 665 Monticello 4S3 ?! ew Lliuerick .... 226 Orient 233 1860. Polli. 1,234 412 258 303 1,217 355 mo 355 403 584 708 155 237 Estates. fl,224,070 459,376 301,702 338,402 2,426,374 404,016 333,035 430,779 546,581 517,671 748.218 188,642 312,015 1870. Population. Polls. Estates. 0,169 1,501 $2,918,101 1,350 358 4r2,8fll 1,004 255 388,680 1,094 315 439,629 13,600 2,258 8,813,629 2,014 451 741,092 1,288 420 466,348 1,467 404 524,267 1,569 384 610,5U 2,436 552 765,960 2,380 537 815,684 656 153 229,359 939 218 406,434 6,551 $8,230,892 35,866 7,894 $17,502,565 AROOSTOOK COUNTY. 63 $28,884 311 82 413 69 94 44,372 605 123 128 68,030 445 87 622 106 1,851 274 167 75,975 1,893 360 1,034 172 688 113 107 25 202 118,467 989 210 36"^ , 240,000 2,850 457 263 64 200 77,270 1,008 213 108 53,932 700 151 64 24,548 371 77 57 26,.?64 1,410 256 1,041 148 399 78 34 19,801 169 40 115 57,952 758 163 96 54,369 760 16a tt 26,712 308 76 36 17,712 219 39 631 $44,676 41,741 83,263 98,531 69,879 80,600 276,800 ft5,357 40,865 24,493 197,882 681,646 27,647 117,917 94,257 57,888 155,702 65,156 45,811 39,479 140,057 1QQ 5OK 43,'450 35,000 582 TBE mSTORY OF MAINE. 1860. 1870. Population. PoHt. Ettatet. Population Presque Isle 723 161 70,874 070 Sherman 701 Smyrna 106 28 24,703 150 Washburn 318 440 Weston 304 86 42,230 804 PLANTATIONS AND TOWNSUIP8. Alva 480 496 Bancroft 80^ 63 23,810 177 Custle Hill 237 Crystal 250 Eagle Lake I43 Greenwood 47 Hamlin jr^g Haynesville 169 iQj; Island Falls 183 Macwahoc 202 170 Mapleton 444 Wade 7g Sarsfleld 473 Reed 72 64 Wallagrass 207 St. Jolins X 127 St. Francis 253 Westfleld 75 Perham 7g Moro 121 Molunkus 61 oi Van Biuen 616 922 Glenwood IS5 9akfield 559 Cyr-;--- 378 Woodland 174 No. 9, R. 100 Portage Lake .... 124 Lett.rF, R. 1 .... 67 Letter B, R. 2.... 46 Letter C, R. 2.... 6 No. 1, R. 5 38 Dyer Br ook 129 Merrill 106 118 No. 7, R. 5 16 No. 8, R. 5 29 No. 0, R. 6 25 Chapman 40 No. 11, R. 1 274 40 No. 11, R. 6 51 Buchanan 60 Nashville 30 No. 15, R. 7 6 No. 15, R. 2 No. 17, R. 83 Letter K, R. 2.... 132 No. IS, R. 10 51 IJninc'd townships above St. Francis 156 Wild lands 695,501 Total 22.479 2.098 $2,221,402 SOfino '0//». Ettatet. 182 171 87 100 86 180,786 100,240 85,008 63,021 40,846 08 64 67 66 a5,003 80,513 20,053 82, lie 06 21 63 43 110 28,218 20,558 37,904 41,407 28,707 17 26 36 20,869 12,905 22,085 115 44 116 40.233 27,408 26,068 37 29 14,474 19,340 2,3050 1,155,591 -7 ~..,...^.,..,.^ CENSUS AND VALUATION. 5S8 CUMBERLAND COUNTY. 1860. jgyQ Population, roll: Estatfi. Population. Poll$. 2'1'Jw'n 1.227 282 $212,018 1,101 292 §'">Sf'"n-. 2,556 017 007,148 2 085 667 Bru.iswc;.: 4,723 708 1,701,004 4,087 Slfl Capo Elizabeth . . 3,278 6:J8 757(132 6 106 1 mi Ca^co. ... 1,116 258 212005 'oS S Cumberland 1,713 300 455,540 1,026 300 DetMln,!,', incorp. Feb. 10, 1871 ; taken from Wostbrook. 001 la'"!""'!' 1,0;» 423 021,078 1,7;!0 44.3 ^••eeport 2,702 682 821,400 2,407 504 <^OT\mm 3,252 732 1.080 704 .'! .151 774 P/'^y---v, U67 408 300,080 1,738 4.11 "'-^t-P^well •.. 1,00.3 401 44(!,"3d 1740 430 Harrison 1,251 294 241,072 1210 307 ^•»ples 1,210 28)1' 2.33,.327 1 O.J8 27« New Gloucester. . 1,054 404 605,940 i:490 407 ?f»T«',T^™°"*^- ^^^^ 244 454.770 940 222 S*'**««'nivn 068 157 129.137 008 158 I"^ustry 827 187 180,090 725 181 i.»y- •••,-. 1'08" 400 307,722 1,490 358 KuiSfield 670 1.52 99;451 500 137 Madrid 491 97 44,821 .394 108 New Sharon. ... 1,7,31 399 427,800 1,451 889 New Vineyard... 804 187 143,387 755 189 Pli''''I« 1,098 369 32.3,701 1,.373 365 Jaiigeley 238 65 43,579 313 74 Salem 390 83 71,715 807 71 ^t''o>'S 754 173 152.959 6.34 105 Temple 728 150 113,.5f)9 640 156 WcW 1,035 202 170.847 1,1.30 201 Wilton 1,920 428 477,543 1,006 437 PLANTATIONS AND TOWNSHIPS. Jerusalem 32 Letter E 23 $13,006 03 21 S«'-'^'7 108 149 35 Rangeley 40 45 No, 6... = = . = = .... 81 14 K»tate$. $2.-)fl,225 855,197 2,305,806 1,784,831 241,486 511,920 2,104,096 688,527 012,053 1,445,908 480,780 4.54,001 804,035 208,046 848,905 623,086 208,582 20,439,257 378,.3.55 229,121 705,728 175,.')50 492,709 1,097,048 1,014.877 1,155,591 $48,942,323 $149,603 96,070 288,.353 57,558 1,448,7.35 140,090 209,.? 19 497,029 110,910 55,764 481,4.34 228,812 375,576 75,2.J9 64,4.32 220,7f)4 101,981 245,200 505,260 $12,931 23,J58 lo,^4i> £34 THE BISTORT OF MAINE. Population. Dallas Sandy River 177 Washington Lang No. 4, Range .3...! No. 4, Range 2 . . . . 8 Green Vale Coplin Getchell 134 No. 1, Range 3.... 90 No. 2, Ranges.... 39 No. . 3, Range 2.... 25 Wild lands Total 20,403 1860. Polls. Estates. 1870. ulation . Polls. Estates. 159 111 02 12 6,000 25 11 19,924 9 9 10,5.56 31 23,235 91,650 172,900 4,380 $4,285,843 18,807 4,518 $5,791,659 HANCOCK COUNTY. -^-^'lerst 384 83 $50,046 350 ^uro'-a 277 60 40 272 212 g'^i<";» 1,993 431 358 170 1,707 grooklin 1,043 235 1,30 436 968 Brooksvile 1,428 303 108,998 1,275 ^"<;'pP»rt 3,-5.54 780 975 137 3 433 ^^«''"«---;- lv^57 269 764,671 1303 Cranberry Isles... 345 73 53 710 350 ^«^r Isle 3,500 7.38 362 520 3,414 geaham. 495 113 94.388 448 Eastbrook 221 43 29^3.54 ^ Eden.. 1,247 250 l^l 1,1S ^"'^^^"r"^ 4,658 847 896,299 5 257 ^'•an'5'in ,••■■ 1,004 211 123 056 1042 Gouldsborough... 1,717 374 180 822 1709 pnc^-^k 023 215 133 236 974 Lamonie ^22 ^f^^''l«- 458 82 49,106 369 ^':,- Desert 916 198 129,839 918 O}'}^"'! V/87 374 312.543 l,70i gti«-.--l 210 49 22 538 246 P^V"''?'^'* ^'^ 326 193 375 1,418 Sef'swick 1,263 2.59 102 018 1113 f""'^-'-^" 862 207 135 994 796 S«"-y--. 1,319 294 164.022 1,242 ™iont 1,708 407 192,984 1822 Trenton 1,400 300 240,667 678 ^^'i"'"^ 399 95 44 143 352 Waltham 374 80 44,092 366 PLANTATIONS AND TOWNSHIPS. Hog Island 8 « Long Island 188 m Swan Mand 492 93 21,829 451 t:i6:.-.-.-.-.v.v.::: ''i '' ''^'^ «« N0.21 54 66 No. 3;^, Mid. Div... 96 iaq No. 28 ^Xi No.32 13 g St) 48 432 252 322 804 2.58 86 749 106 49 290 1,097 219 434 244 156 109 226 407 60 329 274 210 283 419 323 81 92 99 20 $57,276 32,052 397,020 180,899 238,987 1,219,881 461,343 61,514 417,211 102,752 39,238 196,499 1,2,33,199 168,348 224,690 163,904 142,449 65,742 158,069 374,.390 26,407 227,358 197,706 141,9.54 209,137 262,353 260,729 51,075 57,727 27,805 13,010 CKASUS AND VALUATION. 535 Population. Harbor Island 22 Bear Island ll Bradbury Island.. Spruce I lead Island 18 Eagle Island 5.5 Beach Island 12 Butter Island 7 Marshall's Island.. 6 Pickering's Island. 11 Eaton Island l Pumkiu Island 4 Mt. Desert Rock. . . 6 No. 8 25 Hackatosh Island . 6 Wild lands Total 37,757 1860. Polls, Eatatea. 1870. Population. Polls. 18 13 6 22 80 12 6 8 210,875 Eitale$. 279,1.50 r,810 $6,520,694 30,495 8,311 $7,554,073 KENNEBEC COUNTY. Albion 1,554 Augusta 7,609 Belgrad« 1,592 Benton 1,183 Chelsea 1,024 China 2,719 Clinton 1,803 Fanningdale 896 Fayette 910 Gardiner 4,487 Hallowfll 2,4.35 Litchfield 1,702 Manchester 813 Monmouth 1,854 Mt. Vernon 1,404 Pittston 2,019 Eeadfield 1,510 Rome 804 Sidney 1 782 Vassalborough 3,181 Vienna 878 Waterville 4.390 Wayne 1,194 West Grardiner 1,294 Windsor 1,548 Winslow 1,739 Winthrop 2,338 Clinton Gore 219 Unity plantation . . 54 Total 55,655 342 1,279 376 264 200 525 365 191 228 811 552 402 193 447 309 566 336 180 463 669 201 870 280 275 313 363 567 43 14 $304,8.50 2,460,004 341,044 175,528 181,550 555,976 270,141 333,359 222,.583 1,723,.561 1,085,742 475,149 295,792 501,989 315,186 610,711 505,807 128,417 508,912 737,920 151,024 1,348,330 256,032 298,496 274,001 409,712 769,018 13,135 10,388 1,358 7,808 1,485 1,180 1.238 2.118 1,766 859 91)0 4,497 3,007 1,506 732 1,744 1,252 2,353 1,456 725 1,471 2,919 740 4,852 938 1,044 1,268 1,437 2,229 257 68 323 1,706 374 310 177 557 403 194 252 970 552 383 160 403 328 531 314 167 S55 096 200 901 257 256 284 326 575 52 17 $376,791 4,881,135 4(51,468 248,123 184,980 650,588 428,812 387,428 282,697 2,179,243 1,222,295 496,908 320,219 502,068 397,034 648,353 589,171 149,731 049,582 1,]30,,348 200015 1,904,017 344,692 359,029 262,212 470,002 1,122,839 28,000 14,360 11,084 $15,273,355 53,203 12,024 $21,004,034 Appleton 1,.573 Camden 4,588 Cushing 79(j Friendaliip 770 KNOX COUNTY. 379 927 198 202 $253,347 1,062,228 103,547 123,506 1,485 4,512 704 890 347 1,129 203 217 $284,278 1,497,631 132.83!) 140^267 536 THE HlfTORT OF MAINE. 1860. Population. Polls. Estates. Population. "^P^VV ^'"^^ 231 241,004 007 St/ ;••• pl« V:->2 2,614 801 7,074 |outhThonKist.,n. 1,(115 324 343,462 1,003 St. George 2,716 553 343 1.52 2 318 rhomaston .3,218 650 2,0.53'.573 3,002 ,V?""" l>9o7 481 510,737 1.701 ^^;S™ i'«6| 324 l.,8;803 tsS ^X'^'f.^"-- '^,^'il 553 909,254 1974 Washington 1,062 349 270 616 1276 Martniicuslslepl. 55 17-^0 97? Muscle Ridge pi! . .__1S3 _^ gjosQ 2(11 '^°^^' 32,716 7,271 $9,212,824 30,823 LINCOLN COUNTY. ^'"f-; ' 805 2.31 $22.3,.310 747 ^oothbay 2,8.57 577 403 933 3 200 ^r?men 907 168 122 966 797 ^"^^t«'.- • ■ V 3,:«6 686 422 580 2 oi6 Damanscott.1 1,366 294 601198 123^ ^f^den. 1,247 321 328,474 990 Edi^ecomb 1.112 o-^i 170 00- ■. ?.-?, Jefferson 9101 7^1 179,22o 1,056 XT ui > •; ^'"'^^ 414 648,991 1 7;o Nobleborough [,438 294 261,745 1 56 ife.::::::: i| | -- .9 Marsh Sana; ::::: '-'^^ ^^^ ^^^''^^o 1:077 Museongus Island. .f.^ Monhegan Island. . 4^ 23,740 145 ^°**^ 27,800 ^ $6j77;^ i^ji^ 1870. Polls. 211 178 1,989 379 527 620 432 402 494 329 58 94 OXFORD COUNTY. Albany 8i.<^ Andover 814 Bethel 2,523 Brownfield 1,308 Buckfield 1,705 Byron 323 Canton 1,025 Denmark ij7i L^'xfield 1,181 Fryeburg i,(i23 Gilead 347 Grafton 1 1 1 Greenwood 878 Hanover 257 Hartford l,\')(i Hebron 895 Hiram i,283 184 164 579 328 415 59 247 253 242 440 76 32 220 60 254 207 293 $140,847 01,153 580,330 237,713 504,704 32,241 221,361 200,500 210,664 550.593 63,484 23,208 110,410 45,702 2.50,913 218,.500 240,158 199 726 202 683 273 248 230 416 352 282 110 165 1,076 . 176 356 406 42 ri,002 651 158 757 181 2,286 533 1,321 328 1,494 428 242 64 084 299 1,009 270 1,040 264 1,507 388 329 76 94 33 845 201 188 66 9f)6 318 744 105 1,393 362 Estates. 251,6,50 152,594 3,419,355 4C8,145 403,342 1,854,110 5:33,660 2()4.060 834,610 289,8.57 19,585 20,659 7,609 $10,507,542 $2.33,610 642,819 162,437 488,116 rK)9,719 316,717 202,428 420,003 097,981 287,867 86,085 149,200 1,104,382 180,392 441, .346 689,554 24,345 $6,857,610 $167,592 114,712 712,871 249,166 554,673 42,195 395,093 280,316 27.3,352 670,383 74,940 26,675 163,974 58,280 419,624 222,180 300,170 CENSUS AND VALUATION. 537 1860. T«™ll PoP>^'^tion. Poll,. Estates. Population. tt°^ell 1,339 291 272,8r>4 1018 JJ'-^^?" 130 33 21847 "o? ^''^^"^o 071 108 84 722 4^ ^°^'-y 474 108 87 038 41G ^orway 1,982 440 540 S55 1 t-l ?S^' S f^l '«»'* ^ Pera ?'?2y 638 803,504 2,705 goxl^py 251 50 43 045 irJ gtow 0,1 ]]3 73 4flQ 497 f^n^h'-^m 4.i3 103 Sffi 4^5 !"'""«'• 1.154 240 251 329 1 170 wSo\;i-::::::i,!J? 3 sSffl iS Woodstock 1,025 201 mlm ill PLANTATIONS AND TOWNSHIPS. AndoverN. Surplus 60 oo AndoverW. Surplus *7 granklm 3I6 73 20 420 its Fryeb'gAcad.Gr't. 33 ' " HI Hamlin's Grant.. 79 24 l7fiaK qk Lincoln 70 ^^'^®^ §^ S'.lv'' ^li 54 28,222 258 Township C 24 *X W"J lands 50^700 ^ ^"*^^ 36.698 8^280 $7,834,182 3^88 1870. Polls. 271 34 116 105 489 340 614 243 275 46 286 118 97 295 145 51 333 261 51 20 8 61 Estates. 305,761 30,004 92,539 116,894 ftH,644 514,049 977,975 272,864 275,469 48,856 380,854 104.018 70,250 382,463 176,9.52 30,278 403,051 204,007 35,487 13,444 21,336 41,272 100,100 8,390 $9,894,166 Alton (531 Argyle 379 Bangor 16,407 Bnidford 1,558 Bradley 844 Brewer 2,835 Burlington 573 Carmel 1,271 Carroll '47Q Charle.+on 1,430 Chester 318 Clifton 307 Corlnna l,.597 (^orinth 1,790 pfixtei" 2,303 Dixmont 1,442 Eddington 856 Edinburg 43 Enfield 526 Etna 849 Ejreter i,7S3 Garland j'408 PENOBSCOT COUNTY. 127 $58,184 87 38,718 2,964 6,015,001 314 186,107 182 110,300 664 562,499 118 e4,7;w 300 188,235 102 ,54,513 308 213,405 73 27,902 GO 30,529 374 233,711 390 313,870 403 465,023 3:52 227,641 194 123,704 17 13,713 101 47,880 100 102,913 375 303,839 327 212,531 1,306 608 127 307 85 18,289 3,252 1,487 359 866 210 3,214 634 553 120 1,348 336 6.32 143 1,191 330 350 75 348 88 1,513 443 1,462 377 2,875 611 1,309 330 776 220 55 13 645 120 844 185 1.424 .» «'" | .?S:St ar.;::::;: Z i 'If 3« i 5S ^£!:::; i ^B ?! ? '- SLI ^^"^ *1 2o,057 714 248 95,708 PI.AJSTATIONS AND TOWNSHIPS. Drew -- Matfamiscontis. . . 31 2? Medway 0°^ Pattagumpus 105 ^si 1^ ^^''^^'^ Webster... «4 20 5,171 Woodville 230 i?a o? ^4,727 No. 1 ^10 32 30,196 n;o.2 ;.. ,«8 Whitney Ridge. . . 17 ^Xi Lakeville ,^° Stacyviile J08 30 4.3,990 W.Indian •^?f TownshipA. R. 7. Jq Ko. 2, Range . . . i? No. 2, Range 9 . . . ?i No. 3, Range 1... 1* Settlements ^ „q^ Wild lands 170 nnrt ' "Q'^QQ 546,415 ■^^^^^ "^2,731 14,438 $14,521,437 75,150 1^49 $^697^ PISCATAQUIS COUNTY. ■JJ'^.°<^ 796 180 $11.3,902 712 181 $]'■.'; 107 ^tkiason 807 206 13SiAm 810 19.3 234;2?1 CENSUS AND VALUATION. 639 Population. Barnard 172 Blanchard 164 Brownville 793 Dover 1,970 Foxcroft 1,102 Guilford 837 Greenville 310 Kingsbury 191 Medford 353 Monson 708 Milo 059 Orneville 512 Parkman 1,166 Sangerville 1,314 Sebec 1,153 ^"rley 282 Wellington 694 Williamsburg 182 1860. Polls. 39 36 180 389 245 199 76 43 71 184 205 99 303 294 237 59 147 38 E»tate». 14,869 23,292 105,097 415,677 221,578 140,863 44,402 22,373 36,751 113,960 125,441 68,069 204,164 245,568 142,328 83,963 95,724 19,020 Population, 149 164 860 1,983 1,178 818 369 174 294 614 930 575 1,105 1,140 954 206 681 176 Katalidin Iron W'ks No. 4, Range 4... Bowerbank loi Elliots ville 59 No. 8, R. 8 75 All north of Elliots- ville, Greenville, and Shirley . . . Wild lands Total 15,032 PLANTATIONS AND TOWNSHIPS. 35 36 10,446 374,575 5 83 42 173 175 1870. Polls. 41 38 209 457 262 222 100 52 77 168 202 116 271 270 238 57 157 44 Estates. 28,753 33,142 157,626 675,000 400,109 213,091 66,707 27,327 60.321 134,o20 161,855 80,062 259,304 310,590 190,407 50,220 119,269 29,909 15,000 1,442,600 3,266 $2,705,228 14,403 3,355 $4,857,280 SAGADAHOC COUNTY, Arrowsic 347 Bath 8,076 Bowdoinham 2,346 Bowdoin I,7i4 Georgetown 1 ,254 Perkins 95 Phipsburg 1,770 Richmond 2,739 Topsham 1,705 West Bath 400 Woolwich 1,317 Total 21,790 Anson 2,000 Athens 1,417 Bingham 831 Brighton 733 Cambridge 516 Canaan 1,715 Concord 540 87 1,720 437 359 255 21 349 500 345 93 304 $97,224 5,876,993 607,858 360,393 189,554 47,955 636,487 891,224 810,023 105,351 530,772 252 76 7,-371 1,915 1,804 437 1,345 328 1,135 249 71 19 1,344 379 2,442 550 1,498 365 373 90 1,168 261 $102,951 6,393,876 645,.531 405,990 183,500 36,741 426,714 1,240,327 879,051 120,833 596,826 4,560 $10,054,434 18,803 4,669 $11,041,340 SOaiERSET COUNTY. 386 203 159 154 112 359 120 $449,911 273,0^6 120,360 56,589 77,488 273.654 69,179 1,745 414 1,540 3;i<< 826 210 627 139 472 119 1.479 Qr.i 452 107 $554,407 428,069 201,017 91,727 109,182 340,;395 91,591 540 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. 1860. 1870. Population. Polls. Estates. Population. Polls. Estates S^!;"':'"^ 1,141 205 2.54,817 9,59 201 328 740 ^f„VT' J^^ 1^"^ 85 874 690 18.3 14173? ^•«^/.'e'l 1,041 20.5 157 246 803 181 207 703 f.^^"-''"'*' 2,753 598 674 890 2,098 600 1188 383 g™"y 1.081 245 158 007 '978 m l5()006 ?a^t>''tnd 1,050 218 153 777 1,120 208 2(U 1 80 Jif'''St«n 495 114 54 723 '.397 102 Tz'S ^'*^'lf«" 1,«15 361 423.520 1,401 307 5?o'437 ^ayheld 118 28 9 315 '96 23 0300 NewPorrlan :::: I,.?.?! Jt? 3 ',96 1,15 S 4SS Norrulgewock.... 1,898 384 449 743 1756 419 flS?'flS2 iio^;;!'.'!:::;:;:!g 15? gS IS ISJ If iSS"::;::; ;« 1- '--g 3;«o3 S ,gS ^"'* 1.3« S" 28i;4:» 1,(!S 2™ M.'ou PLANTATIONS AND TOWNSniPS Dead River 117 ..y. „. ^„^ ^ Flagstaff 119 }g 26 $38,420 Moose River 135 ]}^ 20 34,750 West Forks -^i!* The Forks 103 JX Carratuiik ^°2 Jackmantown if Pleasant Ridge... 159 tQ- or. No. 1, Range 7... ^^^ 23 22,143 No. 5, Range 3.... 8 ia No. 2, Range 2.... ,;» Parliu Pond 13 f? Sand Bar ]6 it Bowtown 26 1 ? Horeb ^^ Bald Mountain... o Atlean ° Birch Point i Dennis „;^ ^''^''''^' $264,020 _2 942,450 '^°'^' 3«'^^3 7,507 $7,136,994 34,011 8,169 $1"^;^^^ WALDO COUNTY. ie£'„v;.-.-.::;;-.; 'S '« ^-TS 'fA 'S »T»'S™ Brooks 988 200 i^^97« c^o ^^ 101,708 Burnham 857 m JEoS? ^e« ?H^* 200,176 Frankfort .2,1^ 290 ll/oll 1 ?-o Vl^ "'^'^O^ f';-;lom.. '^i IS ?JJ;«g l.'>2 323 220,^46 Islesborough 1,276 266 ids 971 1 o-Ja i^ l!)l,505 Jackson.. '827 lOfl irf'llo '1^^ 273 153,703 Knox 1 074 23fl 1 Qo'^? Ji'I ^^ 1^0 604 Liberty.. I'SS 241 if-'tH ^^^ ^18 218.392 Liucolnville.::.:: 2,075 428 m'^fl 1 SJo f?^ i^^^«'» CENSUS AND VALUATION. Ml 1860. Population. Polls. Estates. Population. Montyilla 1,G82 3G7 357,052 1,407 Morrill 029 142 100,540 523 Northpoit 1,178 281 188,150 90" Palermo 1,372 293 184,394 1,22., Prospect 1,005 215 130,980 886 Searsmont 1,057 352 204,813 1,418 Searsport 2,532 533 797,001 2,282 Stockton 1,595 355 425,769 2,089 Swanville 914 193 110,601 770 ThoriuUke 958 214 186,728 730 Troy 1,403 832 226,859 1,201 Un'ty 1,320 304 297,504 1201 Waldo 728 148 127,705 648 Wmterport 2,381 641 502,:M.T 2,744 Total 38,447 8,443 $7,740,729' 34,522 WASHINGTON COUNTY. ^ddison 1,272 297 ^^17,379 1,201 Alexaiuler 445 96 54,154 456 Baileyvslle 363 75 50.264 377 ganng 409 80 00.9S5 304 Betldington 144 31 27,022 134 Calais... 5,621 092 1,170,.338 5,944 Centerville 191 43 38,556 1(5 Charlotte 611 124 70,4-58 4(i7 Cherryheld 1,7.55 405 a55,437 1.704 CoUimbia 1,265 161 111.16:1 608 Columbia Falls. . . 135 138,0S 008 ^ooPf--- 468 91 39,272 300 Crawford 273 58 28,883 209 Cutler.. 890 186 83,000 925 Danforth . . 283 "13 geblois.. 131 29 16,086 139 Denneysville 485 103 149,.58« 488 EastMacliias 2,179 393 481,877 2,017 Eastport 3,850 742 897,898 3 730 Eaton ' oi Edmunds 444 88 80,204 448 Harrington 1,130 262 247,1.')3 1.142 Jonesborough..,. 5I8 129 61,074 522 Jonesport 1,148 222 105.753 1,.305 Ii"''f9 2,-555 584 257,739 2 136 Mac lias 2,256 417 674,124 2,-525 Machiasport 1,502 269 155,939 1 526 Marion... 203 38 33,720 213 Marslifield 328 62 60,320 3.50 Meddybemps 297 67 24,458 200 M'lb';'|.g«- 1>282 32« 200,3.-)9 1,5-58 ^ort'ihe'd 261 55 41,450 190 Pembroke 2,299 4-39 304,087 2,-531 Pen-y.. 1,194 261 187,126 1 149 Princeton 026 141 115.956 1,072 Robbinston I.II3 200 124,632 9'?0 ^t«"^/" 1.101 264 101,077 1,002 Topsfield 444 98 8-5,.595 403 Ti-e^^cott 715 118 51,909 003 Wesley 343 -71 .q-'.^ntj ^^ ^MI'"S-V- 479 91 04,401 414 Whitneyville 579 119 87,023 509 1870. Polls. 324 172 16 297 206 ;uo 527 535 100 199 200 275 149 624 307 95 04 88 25 1,099 36 105 370 104 133 84 54 211 61 23 99 381 722 79 283 119 259 498 501 300 46 73 50 368 55 573 207 217 195 270 105 110 72 82 113 Estates. 380,945 1.33,099 180,726 241,433 184,492 300,418 1,030,823 800,220 140,050 204,801 233,.361 384,465 144,218 000,300 8,428 $10,090,581 $203,457 73,997 5.J.041 96,169 32,034 1,523,452 42,091 06,938 434,483 127.899 170,802 34.809 30,351 110,189 5a69C 18,010 199,319 581,547 001,686 80,418 249,203 80,990 156,388 309,406 078,135 197,221 29,976 71,356 24,080 299,747 52,947 888,2.33 205,592 180,507 127,030 180,528 82,828 42,980 0!J,B2U 74,029 111,264 642 THE HISTORY OF MAINE. PLANTATIONa AND TOWN8H1P8. 1860. 1870. PoprdatKm. PolU. Ettatu. Populal ^. Polls. Estatet. ^"r-^' «? M 25 ss {[".■SEilgi-i:;: eo H? ^^ !«.««• ?o:ll;iSg!v:: '"» ■ '1 «• *» No. 19, i). Div. ... ^ No. 26 11 o gyer a? Hinckley jS Indian f? Bobbins ■*7 Devereaux o ^'"^^'"^^^ • _50U45 617,150 ^°**^ "^'534 8,342 $7,058,045 43,343 8,983 $0,50G;038 YORK COUNTY. -^?*0" 1.218 255 $277,816 1,008 270 $307 ifto »-Ii f J ^'1^' ^0® 48;i,447 2,291 431 fi4i qoQ ES'ton'' 2'85? ''«1^ ^'KI ^^'282 2,205 6,SS ^"*\"" A8o3 64(> 680,353 2,548 631 8-20 Rfto ^°f"'«h 1,153 267 208 405 1 l5o 257 310 678 ^ayton 701 180 199 478 m 164 242S f'?.' ^''«^ 396 460,438 1,769 390 M5S2 Ho»'«----- 1,083 379 348 599 1.541 424 S'SI Kennebunk 2,679 637 1,.5.59 902 2,603 610 1577 504 Keimebunliport.. 3,068 629 '890 229 2 372 622 '9014?t Kittery 2,974 582 363 327 3 333 727 SSJ L<2banon 2,040 460 489 674 1953 ^oa kt^'rH I^!'n?rick 1,441 268 S^t ^i S glS f»'%Ple'Sl' 1,273 318 '2I6.372 1087 '271 'MS'fis Seo£SLoals-.-.-;.-''l5 ^'^ ^'''''^ '''^ «^4 77i:776 "^^^^^ «2,107 13,038 $10,1.35,618 60,174 liji^ $22,442,875 TOTAL. 1860. ^' 1870 Valuation of ^wilTIands IS^^Sgo. SJalualS^^^., ^^ '^^ I IN^EX. Abenaqots TmiiRS, Losse i of the, 334. AcaiK-mles established, 420. Acadia, a name for French possessions In America, 69. Adventure on tho St. George River, 807. Agamenticr *, Colony at, 90. Aix-la-Chapt lie, Influence of ihe treaty 350. Amb.;rei-,<(e, Character of Um- sa-^ ore, 3ik . Ambusca les, Sueces.? the ln.iiai,, 182, Ambush, Lieut, f^ lark leads his troops into, 227. Amer/'-a discovei. d by Northmen, 14. Amos, .lelbert, Gen., in coui uand of the Maine Twentieth 480 Ancient d; minions of Maine, 290. Audros Sir Edmund his success with the Indi.ns,207; his general unpopu- larity and subsequent fate, 218. Anecdotes of Capt. Lo-ett, 88; of Simon the sagamore (note). 203 Annapolis, Port Eoyal changed o, 32. Applodore, The cairn on he sui.mit of, 449. Argal, Capt. Samuel, vi.sits Moul) ?an, 74; attacks Port Royal, 78 Armistice, Reasons for the failure of the. 184. Arnold, Benedict, his suffering march to Quebec, 381 182 Aroostook, New troubles at, 433; Swedish colony at, 438;'attractior. of, 4fl7. Aroosto( war, Description of, 4.30. Arrows^, Settlement made at, 89; English fired upon at, 203; coiiference at, Assacombuit, an Indian chief; his havoc among the English 271 Ashburton treaty, Ratiflcaf a of the, 435. ' Atrocities and cruelties, 2*. Augusta, Description of, 412. Bagaduce, a trading post on the Penobscot, 94 Bagnall, Walter, his deeds and fate, 98. Bangor, Origin of the name, 401; losses to, from the British soldierv 4^2 Barrie, Capt., Insulting words of, 2. " * Barhaba, the. Generous conduct of, M ; influence of, 173. Bath, Its incorporation and imrsnrtjince ?-Q0 "09 Batteries of light artillery, 480^2. ' ~* 046 INDEX. Battery, the Sixth Mounted, Exploits and Bufferings of, 483; tho Seventh Mounted, its good service, 401. Beal, George L., Colonel of Maine Tenth, 474. Belcher, Gov. Jonathan, Acts and character of, 340. Belfast, The British plunder, 421; its appearance from the river, 466. Bernard, Sir Francis, unpopularity of, 300. Berry, Illram G., his services and death, 470. Berwick, Attacic upon, by Ilopcgood, 220; Incorporation of, 288. Beard, M., A French missionary, 72. Blunie, Adventures of the Northmen, 14. Biencourt, a cruel Frenchman, 70. Bigot, Vincent and Jacques, Catholic missionaries, 171. Blaclc Point, Settlement at, 105 ; battle at, 204. Bomaseen, a sachem of the Canibas tribe, 243; speech of, 257. Bonython, M., warned of danger by an Indian, 175. Boundary of th« Massachusetts colony deflned, 126. Bourne, Hon. Edward E., Remarks of, 205. Bowdoln, Dr. Peter, 361. Bowdoin, Jamea, elected governor of Maine, 398; ancestors of, 403. Boxer, The, and the Enterprise, 417. Bradford, Gov., his acc9unt of Gilling's attack upon Castine, 108. Breria, Treaty of, concluded, 150. Breton, Cape, Dispute concerning, 205. British regulars at Concord, their sufferings, 372. British vengeance at Falmouth, 372; and barbarity, 378, 890. British expeditious in Maine, 421. British claims in Maine, 431. Brooks, Governor of Massachusetts, His speech, 425. Brown, John, Purchase of, 122. Bruuswick, Conference at, 251; location of, 289; re-settlement of, 339; Incor- poration of, 340; important convention at, 424. Burgoyne's surrender, Consequences of, 387. Burneffe, Mnns., leads the attack on the garrison at Wells, 236. Burnet, Gov. William, Appearance and character of, 339. Burnside, Gan., Testimony of, to the valor of Maine soldiers, 485. Cabot, John, The voyages of, 21. Cabot, Sebastian, Explorations of, 22, 23. Canada, Preparations in England for the conquest of, 156; failure of the expe- dition against, 282. Canseau, the French and Indians attack, 345. Cape Breton, Dispute respecting, 295. Cape Cod discovered by Leif, a Northman, 14. Cargill, Capt. James, Brutality of, 356. €arr, Sir Robert, Character of, 150. Cartwright, Gm.-^e., his character, and his plans frustrated, 150. ■Casco, Attack upon, and siege of the fort at, 262, 203. €asco Neck, Suflterings at, 189. €astine. The colony at, plundered, 94 ; battle at the port of, 389; the British obtain possession of. 421 ; gay life of the Britj?h at 423. INDEX. 547 Castine, St., Baron, History of, 157; plunder of tho home of, 210. 27i ^lo^Tr;"";".^'?' *'''*'^™'"' ^'' 2«0; bU jouruoy to Canada. 278, 279; tribute to tho character of, 287. • *"'"■♦ Causes of sickriefis among troops sent youth, 4t)l Cavalry, First Maine Ileglmout of, 47»; Second Regiment, 490. Cemetery Hill, Terrible contest at, 404 Chamberlain, Gov. .Joshua L., his inte,..t In the Swedish colony, 437, 444 • he receives the surrender of Gen. Le 40.5 ""y,*i«,4M, nt '"''"'■"deftho?!)! ""'"'" *"' '""" "'' "'= '^''•^^ *''' ^"5 '«"«^ «'. ^52; Charlevoix, pfero do, Account of, 315. Charter of the Plymouth Council surrendered 100 Charter granted to Bowdoin College, 408. Chubb, Capt., Consequoiitcs of the conscious guilt of, 240. Chatham, Lord, Words of, in Parliament, 300. '^^"'c^t^'f';!; "^'m'T'"' '"' T"" "' «'-""«^'ck, 225; his exploit at Pejep- cot fort, 230; his expedition to tho Bav of Fundv 9i7. f^ *^J*^^P»- quoddy Bay, 208; his cruelty, 209. ^' ^^^' "^ ^'^'^'^*^ Claims, Conflicting, of France and England 123 cL^hrTn ^;:\^''^'':' «t" "'^^ '^'"'''"^ ^y ^^'»« ««'dicrs sent to, 474. Cochran, Capture of, and escape, 318. "".»•'». Colonial charter annulled, tho consequences. 214 Concord, Reception of British troops at, 371. Conduct of Col. Dungan's commissioners, 21*5 Confederacy, The, of the colonies, its object, 100 Conflicts between the Northmen and Americans, 18 Conventions held respecting separation of Maine from Massachusetts, 398. 300, Converse, Capt., Bravery of, 237; heroic words of, 238 Cornwall, Organization of tlie county of, 154. Cortereal, Gaspar, Villany of, 24. Coulson, Samuel, Dislike of the people to, 374 '^""rre;^13rMs':e'''" t"'; 't"^ """^ '"^ '^'^ ^^ ^'^' ^^O; his meas- ures, 132 , his reasons for attacking Nova Scotia, 133. Balling, John, Leasehold of, 215. ^'"^"'S y\' 1?"""^^ * Penobscot settlement, 102; attacks De La Tour Damariscotta Islands, Fisheries at, 86. Danforth, President, his difllcultles, 209. Deane, Rev. Samuel, his opinion of Mowatt (note). 380 _. — ,^.^, .,i tat: i;0a3i VI juaine, oo5. 548 INDEX. De Monts, Patent Issued to, by Henry IV., 31; his suffering winter, 32. Dept -dafons and cruelties, 266, 307. Diffei aces between the French and English, 156. Dispute between the general court and the commissioners of Charles the Second, 151. Dorr, Ebenczer, carries important despatches (note), 36a Dow, Col, Neal, Imprisonment of, 477. Dudley, Gov., his interview with the sagamores at Portland, 256: his over. bearing conduct, 292. " Dummer Treaty " signed, 332; Its provisions not complied with, 346. Dummer, Gov. William, Character of, 334. Dungan, Col. Thomas, Character of, 214 Dutch, The, instigate the savages against the English, 130. « Eastern provinces, The desolation of, 289. ' Eastport, The British attack and take possession of, 421. Edgecombe, Sir Richard, Grant to, 106. Edifiantes et Curieuses Lettres, Extracts from, 294 (note), 311. Emigration, Causes of, 106. England, why she ciaimed American soil, 23. English, Reasons for Indian hatred of the, 43, 258, 259; perfidy of, 193. English, Cruelties of, 329; desires of, relative to Canada, 281. Englioh government, Aggressions of the, 365. Epenow, an Indian chief, Gorges describes, 75; his escape, 7& Erik, Bishop, visits Vinnncbec River, Serious trouble on the, 95; trading post on tb«», iU. Kennebec Indians sue for peace, 277. Kimball, Col. William K., Exploits of, 475. King Philip's war, its woes, 258. King, Gov. William, Sketch of, 425. Kittery, The town of, its extent, 110; the court sits at, 288. Kittery Point, Settlement at, 105. Knowles, Col., praiseworthy act in Philadelphia, 471. Laconia, Description of, 00. La Tour, Charles de la. 111; conflict on the Penobscot, 114; his treachery, 120; suspicions of, 132 ; his character and death, 134. La Tour, Madame, Character of, 110 ; heroism of, 118; fate of, 119. La Tour, Stephen, confirmed in his possessions by Cromwell, 134. Laws respecting preaching, 128; humane, of Massachusetts, 139. Lee, Robert E., his humiliation and surrender, 495. Leif, Adventures of, 14. Letter of the Governor of Canada, 296; of Hon. G. A. Hedlund, 443. Levett, Capt., His character and explorations, 88. Lewiston, its mercantile and literary importance, 411. Lexington, British soldiers sent to, 306 ; encounter at, 308. Longfellow, H. W., The ride of Paul Revere, by, 307. Loron, an Indian sachem, Remonstrance of. .333; speech of, 342, Losses by Indian wars to Maine, 280; to the Indians, 287. Louisburg, its strength, 347; its capture, 348, Lovewell, Capt., Exploits of, 317, 319. Loyal, F*)rt, how situated, 210; Capt. Davis's report of the attack upon, 228. Ml ;., INDEX. 551 Luxury of the settlers, Example of the, 839. Lygonia, A new patent for territory, called, 93; united to Massachusetts, 141. Lygonian Plantation, 105. Machias, Importance of, 385; attack upon, 388; Incorporated, 398. Madawaska, Doings at, 431. Madockawando, Speech of, 185; notice of, by Drake (note), 201; his commu- nication to the council at Boston, 220; his death, 251. Maiden heroism, 180. Maine, Beauty of the coast of, 41; reasons for the name, 107; confusion in the affairs of, 158; returns to the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, 160- purchase of the province of, 208; poverty of the people of, 253; losses of the inhabitants, 335; renewed prosperity of, 340; patriotism in the Revolution, 373; her lakes and mountains, 458-407; her sacrifices in tlie civil war, 408-498; exports of, 501; crops of, 502; various indus- tries of, 503 ; manufacturing resources of, 504. Maine, Fourteenth Regiment, their labors and hardships, 477. Maine General Hospital, 527. Maine Regiments, Character of the men of the, 484. Manatahqua, Wanton murder of, 09. Maquoit, Fort erected nt, 137. March, Major, at Damariscotta, 259 ; his loss at Casco, 204. Martha's Vineyard, Last battle at, 79. Massacre at Norridgewock, 313. Massachusetts laws, Value of, 1.37. Jfawse, M., a French missionary, 72. M* "-rick, Samuel, Self-sufficiency of, 151. McCieliaij, G«n. Geo. B., his tribute to tlie Seventh Regiment, 472. McGilverv-, Capt. Freeman, Testimony of Gen. Augur to the gallantry of 483' McKeeri, R«v. .fosepli, D.D., 404. Memorial .-.■• ->...»«>,1 to Cromwell, 142. Meteorclou -d for fifty years in Maine, 501. Misunder,.< 'ween Capt. Gilbert and Sebenoa, an Indian chief, 59-01 ; fatal. -;. af Brunswick, 109. Missionaries, Catholic, Faults and excellencies of, 242; intolerance towards, 258. Mofiawks, Consequences of the enlistment of, 202. Monhegan, Discovery of, by Weymouth, ;j;]; quaint description of, 73. Mortality of the Fifteenth Regiment, 477. Moulton, Capt., sent to Norridgewock; his humanity, 308. Mountains of Maine, 498, 499. Mount Desert, its size and beauty, 71, 458. Mowatt, Capt., Orders received by, 378; liis conduct, ,^79, an Indian chieftain, 190; he negotiates a treaty, 196; boastful remark- of, 198; death of, 204. Mugg, Naeset, name given to Cape Cod, 14. Nahanada his interview with Skitwarroes, 50; b^ fear«, 51. Narragansett Bay entered by Verrazano, 20. Narrow and intolerant religious views, 138. 552 INDEX. Neal, Walter, Revengeful conduct of, 08. Neutrality proposed by the Canadians, 273, Newfoundland, Discovery of the banks of, 44. New Meadows River, Battle at, 177. New Orleans, The Twenty-Eighth and Twenty-Ninth sent to, 480. Newport, R. I., Ruins of a Northmen tower at, 19. New Somersetshire, Settlements in province of, 104. New Sweden, where and how situated, 4-39; houses in, 439. Norridgewock, Mission station at, 171 ; attack upon, by Col, Hilton, 270 ; a new expedition against, and its failhre, 304; description of the hamlet of, 309 ; fatal attack upon, 312, 313. Norrldgewoeks, End of the tribe of, 314. North-eastern boundary. Dispute respecting, 424; settlement of the question, 'i34. Northmen, their home and character, 13; their barbarity, 15. North Yarmouth, its establishment and boundaries, 210 Norumbega, Limits of, 28; note, 31. Nova Scotia ceded to England, 134, 278, Nichols, Col. Richard, his character, 150. Oath of allegiance to England required of the settlers on the Kennebec, 135. OflScial report upon Swedish immigration, 442,. " Ohio Fever," The consequences of the, 424. Old Orchard, Points of interest at, 453, 454. Oldtown, Westbrook's official account of the expedition against, 327. Original patent -jranted tc New Plymouth, 130. Outrageous conduct at St, Geort^c, Co, Outrages perpetrated by Indians, 249, 250. Patents granted to settlers in Maine, 290. Parrls, Albion K, second governor of Maine, 427. Peace articles signed by the English and Dutch courts, 1.33; articles signed between Indians and the English at Casco, 207; treaty of, between Eng- land and America, 397. Pegwacket, Encounter near, 321. Pejepscot settlement, 105; limits of the purchase, 212; sale and boundaries of, 289, Pemaquid, Importance of, 91, 92, 105. Penacooks, Petition of the, 212, Penobscot Bay, Pring's account of, 31; Hosier's description of, 36; conference at, 251, Perils of the Ninth Maine Regiment, 473, Pestilence along the coast of Maine, 84, Philip, King, his haughty answer to the governor of Massachusetts, 188. Phips, Sir William, Character and adventures of, 222; governor of Massa- chusetts, 240 ; tribute to the memory of, 252. Phipsburg, its first settlement, 54, Picturesque attractions of Maine, 446. Pinchon, Major, sent to the Mohawks, 202, INDEX. 553 Piracy, Acts of, 95. Piscataqua Plantation, 105, Plymouth Company, its character and object, 48. Plymouth Council, Provinces of the, 100. Plymouth Rock, Landing of the Pilgrims at, 85. Pond Town Plantation, why so called, 363. Popham, Sir Francis, engages in fisheries, 69 Popham, George, Character of, 48; he ascends the river Sagadahock, 54: cho- sen governor of Sagadahock, 55; his death, 65. ».»-*>- Popham, Lord John, his rank and influence, 48. Population of Maine and of New England, 164. Portland, Barbaric display at, 256; beauty of the city of 446 Port Royal found impregnable, and the siege abandoned, 275 Poutrincourt, his brutality, 70. Privateers, French, sweep the coast of Maine, 267. Proclamation of the General Court of Massachusetts, 146 159. Proclamation issued at Boston, 299. ' Province of Maine, its condition, 105. Province of Nova Scotia conquered by the English, 133. Putnam, Major Perley, in command at Eastport, 420. " Quakers, Persecution of the, 138. Quebec, Fruitless attack upon, 222; Arnold repulsed in his attack upon, 383. Randolph, Edward, Bitter aspersions of, 209. Rangeley Lake, 464. Rasle, Sebastian, a French missionary at Norridgewcck, 171; his journeys through the western wilderness, 172; British hatred of, 297; attempts to capture, 30o; success of, in civilizing and Christianizing the Indians, rflO; violent ddath of, monument erected to the memoiy of, 325. Razilla, Gen., military commandant of Acadia, 102. Readfield, Wesleyan Seminary at, 401. Record of Maine regiments, 492. Regiment, the Eleventh, Testimony of Gen. Neagle, to the heroism of the, 475- adventures of the Thirteenth, 476; labors and deaths in the Iwentyl Fourth, 487 ; sufferings of the Thirty-First in the wilderness, 492. Regiments, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, and Nineteenth, 486. Religion, Endeavors to establish the institutions of, 90. Reprisals by the savages, 300. Retribution, Indian, 06. Revere, Paul, frustrated Gen. Gage's plans, 307. Rhode Island the winter abode of the Northmen, 16. Richards, Major, sent to enl- 'frlnwks against the eastern tribes, 202. Richardson, Lieut., march in^' ;nbush, 204. Richmond Fort, Indian speecht at, 352. Right of search maintained, 419. Rines, Capt. Stover, his success and reverses, 432, Routes of travel, 447, 455. Royal, Port, Colony at, 32. 654 INDEX. Poyall, William, purchase of, 210. - Kut, John, Second English expedition commanded by, 28. Ryswick, Treaty of, concluded, 251. Saco, The first General Court held at, 107. Sagadahock Colony, Inauguration of, 55. Sagadahock River, Beauty of the, 54. Samoset, an Indian chief of renown, 87. Savages, Insolence of the, 129, Saxton, Gen., selects officers from Maine regiments for colored soldiers bcandmavia, What constituted, 13. soiaiera. Scandinavian immigration, 43(5; commissioners upon, 437 Scarborough, Colony at, 105 ; revival of the settlement p,t,'211 Scenes of picturesque beauty on the coast of Maine, 37 Schools of Maine, 517-526. Scott, Gen., success of his pacific measures, 433 Screven, Ilev. William, his trials and character, 211. Seat of government removed to Augitsla, 429, Sebago Lake and its scenery, 458. Separation of Maine from Massachusetts decided 4-'5 Se wall's description of Pemaquod, 92 Seymour, Rev. Richard, held the first religious service in Maine, 52. Sharpshooters, A company of, sent from Maine ; their record, 478 ' Orle:n;. m'' ^^ "' ''^ ^"^'^"^ ^^"^«' ^^^' ^^ P«-«- at New Sherbrook, Gen,, Ordet of, to Capt, Barrie, 422 Shirley Fort at Augusta, 354, ^^"''l^m '"''''""'' ''''^'^''°" *° ''•^'■''^ ^'^'^'^^ ^'•""Ss. 181; Indians appeal Skitwarroes, the captive Indian, returned, 49. Skowhegan, State quarries at, 503. Smith, Capt, John, his character and objects, 81. Southack, Capt, Cyprian, Timely arrival of, 263, Spanish fleet. The, capture an emigrant ship 49 SonrUn;^;'" ^'/'n'! 'If ^*' ^"''" ^'"^^' '^^ = ^^ ^^'^^ Chatham, 369. Spurhng, Lieut.-Col., Raid of, 491, Squando, a friendly Indian, Cruel treatment of his child 175 Squando, Pretended revelation of, 186. Squantum, Career of, 40, Squidrayset, an Indian warrior, 98, Stamp Act, Feeling in Falmouth respecting, 374. Standish, Capt, Miles, 103. State of Maine, Latitude and longitude of, 498. Sta> Seal, Description of, 420. Stoddard, John, Commissioner to the Indian