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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 IV \ it I. ^reosoting . . . Tirr mbers Fso/ By WM, B. McKENZIE, Member Canadian Society C. E.,. Member American Society C. E., Assistant Engineer Intercolonial Railway. Reprinted from CANADIAN ENGINEER. «»ii^i^«C$!S««- ^ '1^ A } f i^l ^' Creosotinq Timbers. BY WILMAM B m'kENZIE, MEM. CAN. SOC. C.E., MEM. AM. SOC. C.E., ASST. ENG. INTERCOLONIAL RAILWAY. Timber. — It is of the utmost importance that only the species of timber best adapted for receivir-g the creosote should be used. Of the thirty-five different kinds of pine found in the United States and the ten kinds which grow in Canada, besides the Douglas fir or Oregon pine, as far as known at present, only the short leaf Pinus mitis, Michx., and the Loblolly- pine, Pinus toeda, Linn., are suited for creosoting as a protection against marine insects. The Short-leaf pine is found in great perfection in the light sandy soil of Virginia and the northern part of North Carolina, while the Loblolly flourishes on the lower ground near the coast of both States. All the other pines, as well as the Douglas fir (Oregon-pine), spruce and hemlock, have too little sap wood for successful creosoting. They are also variable in texture, and require such a high and long-continued heat, that the wood is checked in the cylinders and the fibre injured. These two species of pine are known by several different local or common names in different places, for instance : Pinus witis. T- sc.1^ /f 96 Mizy 2 Michx., or Pinm echinata, Miller, commonly known as Short-leaf pine, North Carolina-pine, Yellow-pine, Spruce-pine, Bull-pine, Rosemary-pine, Frankincense- pine. Sweet-pine, Sap-pine, Loblolly-pine, Oldfield-pine, Slash-pine. Color, yellowish red. Sapwood, commonly over four inches of the radius. Section variable. Rings wide near the heart, followed by zone of narrow rings, not less than four, mostly eleven or twelve rings to the inch. A moderate amount of resin. This tree prefers a well-drained, light, sandy or gravelly soil, or warm light loam. Foliage short and scant. Cones small. Bark reddish, in long plates. Crown pyramid-shaped. Specihc gravity 0.6104 Percentage of ash 0.2900 Weight per cubic foot (lbs.) 38 04 at 212'' Fah. Compressive strength with grain . . 5,900 lbs. per sq. inch. Compressive strength across grain 940 " " Bending strength 9,230 Tensile strength 13,400 Shearing strength 688 Pinus toeda (Linn.) commonly known as Loblolly- pine, Virginia-pine, Short-leaf pine, Rosemary-pine, Frankincense-pine, Indian-pine, Oldfield pine, Bastard- pine, Slash-pine, Black-pine, Swamp-pine, Meadow- pine, Sap-pine, Cornstalk-pine, Foxtail-pine. Height of mature trees, 125 to 150 feet. Foliage thin. Color of foliage, sea-green. Coarse grain, 3 to 12 rings per inch, generally wider than in Finns mitts. Color whit ish to brownish yellow, the dark bands of summer wood being proportionately narrow. Sap wood vari- able, one-third to one-half of the radius. Resin abun- dant about midway between short leaf and long-leaf. Bark grayish, in deeply fissured plates. II f I 3 Specific gravity 0.6343 Weight per cubic loot (lbs.) 39.23 at 212"^ Fah. Compressive strength with grain . . 6,500 lbs. per sq. inch. Compressive strength across grain ggo " " Bending strength 10, 100 •' •• Tensile strength 14,400 " »' Shearing strength 690 " •♦ il f GENERAL INFORMATION ON PINES. The annual rings are closer together at the top of the tree. Logs cut from the foot of the tree are 7 per cent, stronger, and two pounds per cubic foot heavier. The greater the weight, the greater the strength. The strongest wood is at one-third the distance from the heart, and the strength decreases from the heart to the periphery 15 per cent, to 25 per cent. Large beams are frc;m 10 per cent, to 40 per cent, weaker than small beamsof the same material. Green timber beams fail first on the compression side. Seasoned wood is 50 per cent, to 100 per cent, stronger than green wood. Short- leaf pine is one-third weaker than long-leaf pine. Wood seasoned out of doors under shelter, retains about 15 per cent, of moisture, computed on the dry weiglit. Wood used in doors retains about 10 per cent, of its moisture, computed on the dry weight. The faster the drying, the greater the checking and warping. Boxed or tapped long-leaf pine timber is slightly stronger than untapped timber, and is in no respect in- ferior. The tapping extends over a period of four years. A large proportion of the long-leaf pine lumber is from tapped trees, and it is never kept apart or distinguished from the untapped by either the millers or the dealers. No available criteria exist by which to distinguish the two kinds of long-leaf timber— tapped and untapped— j^oQL7 '^ \ea/ZT \ ^"'^ "' '"" '"°=' '-'"O"^ long- leaf timber comes from tapped forests and some of the dnest from untapped forests. Age or use does no de cwV .T"''^ °' '''"''"• ""'^^^ k soned heart wood contains about 20 per cent wat.r comr-'faH nn i.u« J • . ' ^tnt. water con,p..3d on the dry weight. Heart wood of lone-leaf pine contains ? per cent tr. -,. „ , ^ about , fi.h t : ■^ P" *=*"'• °f '■esin, and about ,.6th of .t IS composed of turpentine. This resin -s thick, and will not flow when the tree is taoDed Th" :: 1°^ a: ;:r; "°i r ''-' --^ conta-rL^s'wit strols, eIT"- " '"' '"^ ''^"' --'' '» the stronf,est. Excessive steaming or heat over 2 5o« Fah tZl'M b '';r °' '™''^^- ^— ^d dmber i^ with dead oil f" T ""'^'^'^'^ ''"'''"■ ^^-^-"""g oending 15 per cent., and the resicifar,,-. .„ - per cent. Piles driven aLTlL^^^^. TnTarseT dom attacked by the ..«., until the Lloi'g :;ring: PREPARATION OF PILES. The sap is more fluid in timber cut in the fir.t monlhs of the year, and if the piles are floated diJec from t e forest to the creosoting works, water 111 ene he cells, drive out part of the air and act as a solven o liquefy the gummy parts of the wood ; o hat when idsTJd vte °"' ,f ''' ^''''' '-'^' -' '^'^ Skids to dry. they will season better and more quicklv than piles treated in any other way. ^ ^ STEAMING. The creosoting cylindersare usually 6 feet diameter by too feet long, of | inch steel, fitted with c^sMron heads weighing three tons each, securely bolted ol he ends of the cylinders. When the piles for Ireatm nl have been run into these cylinders on trolley cars the tZlZnr' '^' "?''''■ S'-" isthen'admi'tted les in hfrr "' ■;''' '""''""^ ^y steam.heated pipes m the bottom. When the temperature in the wood reaches 187" Fah., the albumen in'the sa" Jablut one per cent.) solicli6es. The heat enters slowly from the surface towards the interior, and the sap is made more fluid. The air expands, and part leaves the cells, and, as the temperature rises above 212" Fah., the water therein is gradually transformed into steam. The ex- tractive inp^redients of the sap are driven from the wood, and, together with the water of condensation, collects at the bottom of the cylinder. The time required is directly proportional to the diameter and density of the timber, and varies from 8 to 10 hours. The tempera- ture of the steam should not be allowed to rise over 250** Fah., as hij^^^er temperatures or long-continued steaming softens and separates the fibres of the wood, and thus reduces its strength. VACUUM. After the steam has been on a sufficient length of time, say fom 8 to 10 hours, it is allowed to flow out of the cylinders by its own pressure, and this is followed by the vacuum pump exhausting the air and v.por from the cylinders and the wood, removing at the same time the extractive ingredients of the sap from the cylinders. A vacuum of from 22 to 25 inches is con- tinued for from three to five hours, and until the dis- charge has neither odor nor taste of turpentine. In order that as much as possible of the water in the cells towards the centre of the timber be volatilized and removed as steam by the vacuum pump, it is necessary that while the pump is working the heat be kept above the condensmg point, which varies from a temperature of 212*^ F. under one atmosphere, down to 135° F. under a 25-inch vacuum. The hent must not be so high as to cause checking of the timber. Short-leaf pine withstands this ordeal better than any other kind « « of wood. While the vacuum is on, and when the timber is green, steam is usually admitted to the coils within the cylinders at about 250° to 300*^ F., and when the wood is very wet, at a maximum of 350** F. Filling the Cylinders with Oil. — While the vacuum is still on, the creosote heated by steam-pipes to about 125'' Fah., is allowed to run by gravitation from the gauge tank, until the cylinders are completely filled. The creosote should be maintained at a temperature of about 125*^ Fah. during the treatment. It is import- ant that no water from con lensed steam or otherwise should be allowed to mix with the creosote as it rises to the top of the cylinders, and in this case the wood at the top only receives an injection of dirty water. The cylinders will run about 3-5thsfull by gravitation; then, with the aid of the force-pump, they are completely filled with creosote. The valves are now closed and the reading of the gauge-tank noted ; the pressure is applied by the force-pump and the creosote is forced into the empty cells of the wood undtr a pressure of from no to 135 lbs. per square inch, which pressure is kept up until the specified number of pounds of oil has been forced into the timber as indicated by the gauge-tank ; the usual time required being from three to six hours for piles of short-leaf or Loblolly pine. The pressure is then released, the unabsorbed creosote in the cylinders forced by the air-pump back into the gauge-tank, the cylinder doors opened and the timber removed. From the taking out of one charge of 10 to 20 piles to the putting in of another, the time con- sumed is usually about 20 to 27 hours. The quantity of oil absorbed by the timber is measured by determin- ing the difference in volume of the oil in the gauge-iank 8 before ar.d after the operation, and as 2^ or 2} lbs. of creosote is absorbed per cubic foot of Hmber, while the cylinders aie filling, this amount should be deducted from the specified quantity. C^eosote.—The production of the dead oii of coal tar in the United States is insufficient for the needs of the country, and a considerable quantity is imoorted from England. What is commercially known as *♦ London oil," a thi^k and heavy oil, is considered to be the best produced in En^cfland for marmj work. Creosote at 65° Fah., weighs about 8 to 9 ibs. per U. S. gallon, and bo^ls from 380° to 760* Fah. Analy- sis of American and English oils used in 1895 for treat- ing piles are as follows : AMERICAN OIL. The sample as received, well mixed, contains water 0.18 per cent. Oils (lighter than water distilling over between 350« and 4io'» Fah.. carbolic acid, c nsote «t^) .' 1.13 .' Oils (heavier than water distilling between 410^ and 540° Fah., naphthaline, etc.. crystalline . 73.10 Higher phenoloid bodies, distilling between 540^ andeio-F^h , 1467 .. Heavy crystalline substance and a little red oil distilling between 610" and 680° Fah 6.79 Soft pitch, not vclat^e at 68o«» Fah 413 100.00 " ENGLISH OIL. The sample, as received, well mixed, contains water ,,. .... ^., ... . , , • 025 per cent. Oils (lighter than water, distilling over between 39-2** and 450" Fah., phenol) g ^^ .. Oils (heavier ihac water, distilling over between 450° and 482" Fah., naphthaline, crystalline when cold) ' ' 24.00 per cent. I I Oils (heavier tnan water, distilling over between 482® and 540** Fah., naphthaline, crystalline . whencold).. 28.50 per cent. Higher pheroloid bodies, distilling over between 540" and 610'' Fah 10.25 Heavy crystalline substance and a little red oil, distilling over between 610** and 680° Fah. . . 12.00 Soft pitch, non-volatile at 68o«* Fah 15.50 ' 100.00 " No two lots of oil will give precisely the same analysis, so that only general qualities should be called for in specifications. The phenols, which include crude carbolic acid, cresylic acid, and other tar-acids, are the germ -destroyers, and some of the heavier con- stituents, principally naphthaline and acridine, which crystallize in the cells and render the wood water and air-proof, are the germ-excluders. About 10 lbs. per cubic foot is sufficient to prevent decay above water, and 15 or 16 lbs. per cubic foot to protect the piles against the ravages of marine insects for at least thirty and perhaps fifty years, in Canadian waters. Creosoted piles at Sydney, Cape Breton, in use 24 years, are still in perfect condition. The following quantities of creosote per cubic foot are considered a sufficient protection against sea-worms at the places mentioned below : In English harbors 10 to 12 lbs. per cubic foot. Northern harbors in the United States lo to 12 Holland and Belgium 10 to 12 France jo Gulf of Mexico 20 Canada , jg ^q jg The square timber should be handled carefully after creosoting, to avoid chafing or brooming the edges and thus spoiling its appearance. lO Economy in creosoting. —Pilfts can be treated most economically at a shipping port near the forest in which they grow, because the following items of loss are thereby avoided : 1. The handling and the freight on the bark, which IS about TO per cent, or 15 per cent, of the total cubic contents. 2. The cost, handling, freight and duty on the small and crooked ends which will be cut off before creosoting. 3. The cost, handling, freight and duty on the waste pieces occasioned by cutting piles to special lengths. 4- The cost, handling, freight and duty on piles which may be condemned by the Inspector as being un- sound, small, or crooked. 5. One extra loading into the vessel, and one extra unloading from the vessel. Purpose of creosoting.-The purpose of creosoting IS to so fill up the cells of the wood that neither air moisture, nor life can get inside. In order that this may obtain to the fullest possible extent, it is necessary that as little cutting as possible be done, and all cuts or broken surfaces be covered over with three or four coats of thick hot creosote, and where such surfaces are exposed above w::ter they should 'be coated over once a year. If two or three months elapse between the time of treatment and the using of the timber in actual con- struction, inject I to i^ lbs. of creosote extra per cubic foot of timber, to allow for evaporation. Inspection,— Close inspection during the treatment by a reliable engineer, experienced in the work, is an f II 1^ absolute necessity, and honest contractors always prefer to have such a man at their works. Economy in Construction. —Thti saving of labor f(;r renewals and maintenance, and not the first cost, should be the ruling factor, and in a calculation for ultimate economy, it will be found a decided waste of money to expose untreated timber to the insatiable sea-worm. Public works and railroads exposing untreated timber to quick destruction by sea-worms, instead of defying them by using creosoted material, are neglecting an im- portant economy ; in the case of public works spend- ing the people's money for maintenance and renewals, and in the case of railroads spending money for main- tenance which should be paid in dividends to the stock- holders. To secure good results, pay a sufficient price, contract with none but reliable persons, and keep an experienced person at the works during the preparation and treatment of the timber. Price. —Creosoted piles, from 30 to 65 feet long, can be delivered in dock in almost any port in Canada freight and duty paid, for from 30 to 40c. per lineal foot' according to lengths and sizes of butts and p.ints- square timber for from $35 to $45 per B.M., according to sizes, lengths and quantity of oil. Duty is 20 per cent. The following is a skeleton specification for the supply and creosoting of piles (short-leaf or Loblolly pine) with dead oil of coal-tar, which may prove useful as a general guide : SPECIFICATION. For piles of Virginia or North Carolina short-leaf or Loblolly pine, to be delivered, freight and duty (20 per cent.) paid, at , on or before the ..... ^^y °^ ' 189..., as per accompanying bill. 12 The piles to be of the Virginia or North Carolina short-leaf piiie, Pinus mitts, or Loblolly pine. Pinus toedas, sound, free from shakes, bad knots, or other im- perfections that would reduce their strength. To be completed, barked and saw-butted, and so nearly straight that when the tape is stretched from the centres at the ends, it will not overhang the most crooked places more thar one inch. They shall be not less than nine inches diameter at the small end, and not less than i6 mches diameter at the butt ; all measurements after barking. To be of even taper and not button-headed, thus: a pile i6 inches at butt to be not less than 14 mches three feet down. The cubical contents of the round piles shall be determined by the rule used by the United States Government, as follows: Multiply the square of mean circumference by the length and divide by 12.5 ; if in inches divide again by 144. Dead Oil of Coal-tar.—The creosote shall consist of dead oil of coal-tar heavier than water— not thin oil, lighter than water, thickened and weighted with coal- tar. The composition shall be as follows: At least two-thirds shall be obtained by distillation at a temper- ature exceeding 482^ Fah., and the remainder at a temperature exceeding 392^ Fah. Specific gravity at 60^^ Fah , between 1.035 and 1.065. Completely liquid at 100^ Fah. To solidify between 40^ and 45«> Fah. Phenols between 5 per cent, and 10 per cent. Naph- thaline not less than 50 per cent. Boiling point not below 410^ Fah. The storage tank shall have no water on top of the creosote, nor no muddy nor objectionable matter at the bottom. When a sample for analysis IS required, it shall be composed of one-half from the 4 I 4 #p 13 upper 12 inch layer and one-lialf from the lower 12-inch layer of the storage tank. Treatment. —The piles shall be treated with not less than 16 pounds best dead oil of coal-tar per cubic foot. Sufficient percentage must be allowed for outside drainage when drawn out of the cylinders. To be subjected to heat by live and superheated steam, not over 250^' Fah.; heat to be continued long enough to reach the centre of the timber. Vacuum to range be- tween 22 and 25 inches. Heat above the condensing point shall be maintained in the cylinders during the vacuum and throughout the treatment, so that there shall be no condensation whatever at any stage of the process. Vacuum to be continued until the dis- charge from the pump shall have no odor or taste of turpentine, and kept up until the cylinders have been filled with oil. The oil in the gauge-tank connected with the force-pump to be measured at a tempera- ture of about 125° Fah., which temperature should be maintained during the treatment. The vacuum in the cylinders must not be so suddenly produced, nor the temperature raised so high as to cause cracking or splitting of the timber. Cylinders to have proper out- lets to free them from all gases before the pressure is ap- plied. Pressure to be continued until the requisite quantity of oil has been injected into the timber. Water mu3t not be admitted into the cylinders, nor allowed to accumulate in the upper part of the cylinders over the oil. Proper gauges to determine the amount of oil used, to be furnished. The piles shall be selected, and those having the same amount of seasoning, texture and density pluc.A in the cylinder together, so that the penetration may be uniform. With every charge a test block shall be placed on the top of the load, which block will be afterwards split, and the penetration ascertained by the Inspector. The block should be 34 feet long by 12 inches in diameter, and as near as possible of the same degree of seasoning and texture as the piles forming the charge. The piles, creosote and treatment shall be subject to close inspection at the works and before shipment, and the whole of the materials and workmanship must be to the entire satis- faction of the Inspector. A chemical analysis of the oil must be furnished if requested. PUBLICATIONS CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS PAPER. " American Woods." by R. B. Hough, 1891^ " Forest Weahh of Canada." by Geo. Johnson. 1895 " Antiseptic Treatment of Timber," by J S. Boulton. 1884 " Report of Committee of Am. Soc. C. E ," 1885 I am also indebted to the following gentlemen for valuable mformation : w ?^\.^' y^'^"*'"^' "manager, Eppinger & Russell, Creosoting Works, New York. ** B. Comer, superintendent. Lehigh Valley Creosoting Co.. New York. Dr. Henry Froehling, analytical chemist. Richmond, Va A. b. Martin, manager, OLi Dominion Creosoting Works Norfolk, Va. c - , Edmund Christian, engineer and general manager, Norfolk Creosoting Co , Norfolk, Va. H. S. Haines, of the Plant R. R. and Steamship System B. T. Burchardi, chief engineer and general manager, Fernan- dina Oil and Creosote Works, Fernandina, Fla. H. J. Mackenzie, C.E.. Creosoting Inspector, Moncton, N.B. f