"' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) W^ I.I ltt|21 m Ui 2.2 01 w u 143 20 1I& 6" ^ '^\<. %> ^ ^ C)^> # Photographic Sciences CorpOFEition 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WIUTn,N.Y. MSM (716) •72-4303 '^ 10 ,<^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CiHM/ICIViH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microraproductions / Institut Canadian da microraproductions historiquos Technical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notaa tochniquaa at bibliographiquaa Tha Inatituta haa atti»mptad to obtain tha baat original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba bibliographieaily uniqua, which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha raproduction. or which may aignificantiy changa tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chaekad balow. [^ Q D D D D D Colourad covara/ Couvartura da coulaur |~n Covara damagad/ Couvartura andommagte Covars raatorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura raatauragaa blanchaa ajoutiaa lora d'una raataurati jn apparaiaaant dana la taxta. mala, loraqua cala 4tait poaaibia, caa pagaa n'ont paa M filmAaa. Additional commanta:/ Commantairaa supplimantairaa: n to L'Inatitut a microfilm* la maillaur axampiaira qu'il lui a it* poaaibia da aa procurer. Las ditaila da cat axampiaira qui aont paut-*tre uniquea du point de vua bibliographiqua. qui peuvent modifier una image raproduite. ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dana la mAthoda normaia de filmage aont indiquia ci-deaaioua. r— I Colourad pagaa/ D Ppgaa da coulaur Pagaa damaged/ Pagaa andommagiaa Pagaa reatored and/oi Pagaa reatauriaa et/ou pelliculiea Pagaa diacolourad. stained or foxei Pagaa dAcoiorias. tachatAes ou piquAes Pagaa detached/ Pagaa ditachias Showthroughy Tranaparance Quality of prir Qualit* inigaia de I'impreation Inciudaa supplementary matarii Comprend du matirial auppiimantaira Only edition available/ Seule Mition diaponibia r~~| Pagaa damaged/ |~1 Pagaa reatored and/or laminated/ r~7 Pagaa diacolourad. stained or foxed/ bll Pagaa r~~| Pagaa detached/ r~1 Showthrough/ |~n Quality of print varies/ rn Inciudea supplementary material/ I — I Only edition available/ Pagaa wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to enaura the best possible image/ Lea pages totaiement ou partteilement obscurcies par un fauiiiet d'arrata. une pelure, etc., ont At A filmAes i nouveau de fapon A obtenir la mailleure image possible. Tl P( of fll Oi bi th ail ol III ai( Ol Tl ar Tl w M di ar be rij re m Thia item is filmed at tha reduction ratio checlcad below/ Ce document eat filmA au taux de rMuction indiquA ci-deaaoua. 10X 14X 18X 22X 28X 30X y 12X 16X 20X ZAX 28X 32X The copy fllm«d h«ra has b««n rcproduecd thankt to tho gonorotity of: Library of the Public Archivot of Canada L'axampiafra film* fut raproduit grica k la g4n*roaltA da: La bibliotliAqua das Archivaa publiquas du Canada Tha imagaa appearing hara ara tha baat quality possibia considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Las imagaa suivantes ont Mi reproduites avac la plus grand soin. compta tenu de la condition at da la nettetA de I'exemplaPre filmA, et en conformity avac las conditions du contrat da filmage. Original copiaa in printed paper covera are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other origlnei copies are filmed beginning on the first pago with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impieeaton. Lea exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimis sent fiimto en commenpant par la premier plat at en terminant soit par la darnitre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par la second plav% salon la cas. Tous las autres exemplaires originaux sont filmis en commenf;ant par la premiAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la derniAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each mScrofiche shall contain the symbol •-»> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaftra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUiVRE", le nymbole ▼ aignifie "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Las cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent itre f ilmte ii des taux de rMuction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour fttre reproduit en un seul ciichA, 11 est film* A partir de I'angie suoArieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Lea diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 12 3 : t 2 3 4 5 6 If' M' f' i i. i > ^■■: ^,J^'J: •■'r-^--'.->''iW'fL''. :;;f^;::;^;:::::^::;ssmmmmmmmmmmmtm ^ipK / ■Mi m p^ ////4 CTION VATEliS AID FOREHS , ! •\ \ ^ UPPER CANADA COLLECTED AND OBDEEED FOB THE INTEEMTIONAL EXHIBITION OF LONDON, 18ii2. Bt J. B. HURLBERT, LL.D. MONTREAL: PRINTED BY M. LONOMOORE * CO., MONTREAL GAZETTE STEAM PRESS. 1862. N 'X., ^ 5;\"'^ X- fi^fl I '..'..ills j*^ ^ • » C Ch ^ s;A 5^ it * * ^ SIR W. E LOGAN, F.R.S., " (Director of the Geological Survey) President. HON. L. V. SICOTTE, M.P.P., St. Hyacinthe, (President of the Board of Agriculture, C. E.) COL. THOMSON, Toronto, (President of the Board of Agriculture, C. W.) J. BEATTY, Junior, M.D., Cobourg, (President of the Board of Arts and Manufactures, C. W.) J. C. TACHfi, Quebec. B. CHAMBERLIN, B.C.L., Montreal, (Secretary of the Board of Arts , , and Manufactures, C. E.) J. B. HURLBERT, LL.D., Hamilton. 4 *' I ' ;» SHARE OF LABOR. The Commission, at a meeting held at the beginning of last December, divided the labor as follows among its members: Sir W. £. Looan — To collect the mineral productions of Canada. agricultural products of Lower Canada. " of Upper Canada. manufactured articles of Upper Canada. " of Lower Canada. productions of the waters and forests of L. Canada. « « « of U.Canada. Hon. L. V. Sicotte— « Col. Thomson— « Dr. Beattv — « Mr. Chamberlin— << Mr. Tachk — a Dr. Hurlbert— u ^-s. ,«*.,: i»lt.--'iir'»:?'ft5!f*-'''> ^^"WPPP" ^ ^ — 5 — Wood is soft grained, easily wrought, and durable ; used in immense quantities in architecture. The large trunks are particularly sought for masts of ships. Largely «iported to England, where it is called « Weymouth Pine." Specific grarity, 0.46 ; weight of cubic foot, 29 lbs. 2. Red Pine, Pinus resinnsa. Found in dry soils and in the cooler latitudes of Canada, and attains the height t>f 80 feet, with a trunk 2 feet in diameter, very straight and uniform. It affords a fine grained, resinous timber, of much strength and durability, and highly valued in vchitecture. Specific gravity, 0.66 ; weight t>f cubic foot, 40 lbs. S. Yellow Pine. P. mitii. Grows in dry and sandy soils, common in all parts of the country ; attains the height of 60 feet; wood close, fine grained, durable and moderately resinous, and much used for ship building and all kinds of architecture. Specific gravity, 0.52 ; weight of cubic foot, 30 lbs. 4. White O* k, Qttercus alba. Widely distributed throughout Canada in all rich soils. Average height, 130 feet ; height to first limb, 70 foet ; diameter, 30 inches, and quite common, 60 inches in diameter, and found 84 inches in diameter in the western parts of Upper Canada. Of the twenty varieties of Oaks in North America, the White is the most valuable. The wood is of great strength and durability, and extensively used in ship-building, for staves of casks, spokes and naves of waggon wheels, railway ties, Im. ; bark usefol in tanning and in medicine. The timber is largely exported to England and the West Indies, and can be furnished in the remotest parts of Upper Canada at jB40 sterling per 1000 cubic feet ; freight to Quebec aboui £11 sterling per 1000 cubic feet. Specific gravity, 0.84 ; weight of cubic foot, fully seasoned, 50 lbs. Potash obtained from outer wood 13.41, and from heart wood 9.68, per cent. ; value for heating purposes, 81 (shell-bark hickory being 100). 5. Black Oak, Quercus tinctoria. One of the largest tcees of our forest, 100 to 130 feet in height, and 4, 5 and 6 feet in diameter. Not so common or so valuable as White Oak. The bark used in tanning, and for obtaining querdtron, used in dying. 6. Red Oak, Quercus rubra. Grows extensively throughout Canada, is a lofty wide spreading tree, of an average height of 130 feet, and of 70 feet to the first limb, and common at 30 inches in diameter. Makes best casks for oils and molasses. Too little sought aft'^r, because of the great rbundance and greal or value of White Oak. Can be furnished in the remote parts of Western Canada at j£35 steriing per 1000 cubic feet; freight to Quebec about J£ 10 sterling ; specific gravity, 0.675 ; weight of cubic foot 40 lbs ; value for heating purposes, 69 ; outside wood yields 20.5 per cent, and the inside 14.79 per cent, of potash. '-J ■"• -' '■ ^^r.id^^^iti ■i.^.-t.'. ■. ;,, .JBSW* f — 6 — T. Svi AMf Oak, Q.priftm, tar. discolor. «' A beautiful tree, widely diffused, attaining the height of 70 to 90 feet. Grows In awampy alluvial grounds ; timber preferred to that of the Red Oak, resenibliiig more the White Oak, and called also Stvamp White Oak. The specific namft ditcolor or bicolor is derived from its rich and luxuriant foliage. Specific gravity, 0.675 ; weight of cubic foot, 40 lbs ; value for heating purposes, 69. 8. Chcsnut, Castanea veaca. " Grows only in the Western parts of Upper Canada, and on rocky or hilly lands ; a large tree, 80 to 100 feet in height and 36 inches in diameter. The timber is coarse grained, strong, elastic, light and very durable ; posts of Chesnut have been known to stand in the ground for forty years. The young wood is very ehistie, and is nsed for rings oi ship masts, boops for tabs, &e. Chesnut is distin- guishable from Oak in having no large transverse septa-^though in every other res- pect the two woods are remarkably similar in texture and color. The nuts are much esteemed, and sweeter than those of the European variety (the Spanish Chet- nuts.) Outside wood contains 4.56 per cent, of potash ; inside 2.73 per cent ; specific gravity, 0.5 ; weight of cubic foot, 32 lbs ) value for heating purposes, 52. 9. Black Walnut, Juglans nigra. Grows abundantly on the rich soils of the Western and Sonth-westera part» tif Upper Canada, of an average height of 120 feet, 70 feet to the first limbs^ and 36 inches in diameter. Sections of the wood, six feet in diameter, are not micommop. The wood is compact, strong and tough, of a deep violet color surrounded by a white alburnum. It is used extensively for building, for furniture^ and in the form of veneers. It can be furnished along the line of the Great Wes* tern Railway, or at the lake ports, for j£60 sterling per 1000 cubic feet ; freight thence to Quebec, about JSII per 1000 cubic feet. Specific gravity, 0.5 ; weight of cubic foot, 30 lbs., well seasoned ; value for heating purposes, 65. 10. Butternut, Juglans cinerea. A large forest tree of an average height of 100 feet, 65 feet to the first limb, ahd 24 to 30 inches in diameter, found over extensive areas in Canada, 6n elevated river banks and on cold, uneven, rocky soils. The wood is of a reddish hue, lighter than the Black Walnut, shrinks but little, and is used in panneliog, in ornamental work ahd for furniture. The bark is used in dyeing, and from it is extracted an excellent cathartic. Specific gravity, 0.426 ; weight of r<'.bic foot, 26 lbs. ; out- side wood contains 4.42 per cent, potash ; inside, 1.42 per cent. 11. Shell- BARK HicKOBT, Carya alba. A tall atid slender forest tree, of an average height of 110 feet, 50 feet to the first limb, and 18 inches in diameter. The fruii is covered with a very thick epi- carp, separating into four parts and containing a thin shelled highly flavored kernel. The tree is covered witL shaggy bark, consisting of long narrow plates loosely ad- hering by the middle } hence called Shell or Shaggy-Bark Hickory ; it is also ■ I ) A mmmft^ wmmmmmes. t " -.7 — tilled Wahiat in parts of the couutty where the Black Walnut does aot grow. It ia the hearieit of all Canadian woods, strong, compact and elastic, and much used where these qualities are required, as for the handles of all kinds of tools, and spokes of carriage wheels, shafts and poles of carriages, hoops, whip stalks, hand spikes, &Ck From tka baric is eitracted a jellow dje. Specific gravity, 0.929 ; weight of cubic foot, 58 lbs. ; value for heating purposes, 100* (the best of all Canadian woods) ; inside wood contains 30 per cent, of potash ; outside, 7.5 per cent. 12. Smooth-Bark HiCkorV, Carya glabra. Nearly all the remarks made ia reference to the Shell-bark Hickory apply to this species, and the wood It used for the same purposes, although it is not quite so highly esteemed. The hark of the tree is smooth, and the kernel of the nut very bitter in contrast with the other or sweet nut hickory. 13 and 14. Sugar or Hard Maple and Bird'«-Etb Maple, Acer saahari- num, AND Red or Swamp Maple, A. rubrum. Found abundantly throughout Canada in all rich soils, and attains a height of 130 feet and l2 feet in circumference. From its beauty and abundance in Cana- da, the leaf of the maple has been adopted as the national emblem. The timber is very beautiful and is distinguished as Bird's-Eye Maple and Mottled or Curly Ma- ple, {Acer rubrum), and is much used for picture frames and in furniture ; the less ornamental portions of the timber are much used for house carpentry and furniture. When well seasoned it is one of the hardest kinds of wood ; carriage and waggon makers prize it highly for axles and for purposes where great strength and the least deflection are required. Its value for heating purposes is unsurpassed. It is from this Maple that so much sugar is made. This and the Soft Maple {Acer dasiy- carpum) are most planted for ornamental and shade trees in lawns and gardens. The wood can be furnished at Quebec at about dS45 sterling per 1000 cubic feet'. Potash in the ouler wood, 8.77; in the inner, 4>.21 percent.; Specific gravity, 0.6 ; weight of cubic foot, 38 lbs. ; value for heating purposes, 80, but most used for fuel and generally preferrnd to all other woods. 15. Soft or White Maple, Acer dasycarpum. This species much resembles the last, but its leaves are larger, and its winged fruit larger. It is common in all low, damp rich soils ; sometimes attains a diame- ter of 4 feet, and a height of 80 feet. Not so abundant as the Hard Maple, nor so valuable ; the wood is white and soft ; the bark is used for dyeing. As an orna- mental tree, it is preferred to the Hard Maple, as having a denser foliage, and being of more rapid growth. 16. White Ash, Fraxinus Americana. Grows abundantly throughout Canada, and attains an average height of 110 feet, and 60 feet to the first limb, and 26 to 36 inches in diameter. The timber is * In estimating the value of the seTeral kinds of Wood for fhel, the Shell-barli Hickory is made the standard and called 100. I *' ».• — 8 — much valued for its toughness and elasticity ; eicelient for works exposed to sudden shocks and strains, as the fr-nies of machines, wheel carriages, agricultural imple* ments, the felloes of wheels. Sic., handles of implements, and for numerous similar purposes. The young branches serve for hoops of ships' masts, tubs, for coarse basket work, &c. It grows rapidly, and the young or second growth wood is more valuable than that of the old trees. Can be furnished in almost e^ery part of Canada for JS35 sterling per 1000 cubic feet, and at Queb' c for about £4ib. Spe- cific gravity, 0.616 ; weight of cubic foot, 40 lbs ; value for heating purposes, 70. 17. Red Ash, Fraodnus pxAescens, A smaller tree than the White Ash, of much rarer occurrence, and not so valuable, but still a very valuable timber, resembling very much the White Ash, and often confounded with it. The wood is also used for the same purposes. Spe- cific gravity, 0.7 ; weight of cubic foot, 40 lbs. 18. Black Ash, Fraxinus samhucifolia. Found in moist woods and swamps, grows to the height of 60 to 70 feet, with a diameter of 2 feet ; the wood is tough and elastic, but much less durable than White Ash ; the young saplings are in great requisition for houps, and mature trunks for baskets. The timber is very durable under water. Specific gravity, 0.7 ; weight of cubic foot, 40 Ih- 19. Rim Ash, Celtis occidentalis. Grows to the height of 30 to 40 feet, and one foot in diameter. The trunk has a rough but unbroken bark. The wood is very tough and used for hoops of barrels. 21. Rock Elm, Ulmus racemosa^. Found in most parts of Canada, and grows very large in the Western Counties, averaging 150 feet in height, and 80 to the first limb, with a diameter of 22 inches. Is abundant in the Western part of Upper Canada ; preferred to even White Ash by some carriage and waggon makers for the poles and shafts of carriages and sleighs. The wood ^?ars the driving of bolts and nails better than any other tim- ber, and is exceedingly durable when continuously wet ; it is, therefore, much used for the keels of vessels, water works, piles, pumps, boards for coffins, and all wet foundations requiring wood. On account of its toughness, it is selected for naves of wheels, shells for tackle blocks, and sometimes fur gunwales of ships. It can be laid on board of vcssch at the ports of the lakes for j£40 sterling per 1000 cubic feet ; freight to Quebec about JGll. Specific gravity, 0.59 ; weight of cubic foot, 36.75 lbs. 22. American or White Elm, Ulmus Americana. A majestic tree, attaining a diameter of 60 inches in some of the Western counties of I'^pper Canada, and of great height, with wide spreading branches ; grows in most woods and along rivers, in rich soils. The wood is tough and strong, ■'' '''h •>• — 9 — uwd for the naves of wheels, and preferred by wheelwrights to the English Kims. Can be furnished at the same prices as the Rock Elm. 23. White Beech, Fagus sylvestris. Grows in almost every part of Canada, of an average height of 110 feet, height to the first limbs 50 feet, and diameter 18 inches. It is distinguished from the red beech by its size, the lighter color of the bark and wood ; it is also of more difficult cleavage, of greater compactness and strength, and is much used for planes and other tools of carpenters ; also for lathe-chucks, keys and cogs of ma* chinery, shoe-lasts, toys, brushes, handles, &c. ; in architecture, for in-duor work ; common bedsteads and furniture ; for carved moulds, for picture frames, and large letters used in printing ; it is easily «vorked, and may be brought to a very smooth surface. Vast quantities of it used for firewood. Snecific gravity, 0.672 ; weight of cubic foot, 41 lbs. ; outside wood contains 12 per cent., inside 4 per cent, of potash. Value for heating, 65. 24. Red Beech, Fagits femiginia. The Red Beech is regarded by many as only a variety of the Beech, with the wood softer and of more easy cleavage than the-White, with also a slight difference in foliage. The timber is not so valuable as that of the Wliite Beech, but used for the same purposes ; it is al^ abundant throughout Canada. The nuts of both kinds are small, two together in the four-lobed burr, oily, sweet and nutritious. 25. Blue Beech, Carpinus Americanu. Common along streams ; grows 10 to 20 feet high, with ridged trunk ; an ex- ceedingly hard whitish wood ; excellent for cogs of wheels and for purposes require ing extreme hardness. The trunk is also made into brooms by being peeled by a knife, and is the most durable and soft of the splint broomj. Specific gravity, 0.79 ; weight of cubic foot, 47 lbs. ; value for heating, 65. 26. White Birch, Betula alba. Grows on the hill sides and banks of rivers ; a blender and beautiful tree of from one to two feet in diameter aad 50 feet high, but usually not so large. The trunk is covered with a tough cuticle, consisting of numerous laminse, the outer of which is snow-white. The wood is of a fine compact texture, tough but not durable, and is used in turning and furniture. Specific gravity, 0.5 ; weight of cubic foot, 32 ; value for heating, 48. 27. Paper Birch, White Birch, B. papyracea. A large tree with fine grained wood, and a very tough, durable bark, splitting into paper-like layers. It is of the bark of this Birch that the Indians make their canoes ; hence the name. Canoe Birch. The wood is very similar to the last, and used for similar purposes. There is also a dwarf mountain variety. p /^f'- —lo- ss. Black Birch, Setuia lenta. ^ ' '* * " • * *'•' The largest of the Birches, 2 to 3 feet in diameter, and 60 to 70 feet in height ; found over an extensive area, but more abundant in Lower than in Upper Canada. The trunk is covered with a dark brown or reddish bark, which becomes rough in old trees, and has a verj agreeable aromatic flavor. The wood is of a reddish color, strong, compact, and takes a high polish ; much used in furniture, and almost as handsomely figured as Honduras Mahogany, and when colored and var- nished is not easily distinguished from it. It is used also by carriage builders, and in frames of ships and pak'ts under water ; it is more prized as it becomes better known, as no wood sustains shocks and friction better than Birch. A good deal of it is exported to Europe. The bark is harder than the wood, and used by Indians and backwoodsmen for shoes, hats, tiles of roofs, canoes, &x. Specific gravity, 0.65 ; weight of cubic foot, 46 lbs ; value for heating, 65. «'. - 29. Yellow Birch, B. excelsa. A lofty, beautiful slender tree, of 80 feet in height and 10 inches in diameter, with a thin yellowish cuticle : not very abundant ; used for much the same purposes as the Black and White Birches, and valuable for fuel. '"■■>-'-''■ BO. Wild Bljlck Chekkt, Cerasus serotina. Grows to an average height of 120 feet, with trunk of uniform size and undi- vided to the height of 70 feet in the forests, of an average diameter of 24 inches, not uncommonly 36 inches, and found 48 inches in diameter. Not very abundant, but found over extensive areas, not in groves, but in single trees interspersed in the forests of deciduous trees, and springs up freely and grows rapidly after the primal forests are cleared off. The timber, of a pale red brown, is compact, fine, close- grained, receives a high polish, and is extensively used in cabinet work. The bark has a strong bitter taste, and is used in medicine as a tonic. The fruit, black when mature, is pleasant to the taste. The timber can be furnished in the Western part of Canada at J660 sterling per 1000 cubic feet ; fireight to Quebec about JBII. Specific gravity, 0.56 ; weight of cubic foot, 34 lbs. 31. Wild RbJ} Cherrt, Cerams Pennsyhanica, Much smaller tree than the Black Cherry, of rapid growth, and found mostly succeeding the original forests, attains 40 to 50 feet in height and 12 to 15 inchea in diameter. The flowers are white, the fruit red and very acid. 32. Basswood, IHlia Americana, Common forest tree throughout Canada, of an average height of 110 feet, height to first limbs 65 feet, and diameter 24 to 30 inches ; often much larger. The wood is white, soft, close-grained and not liable to warp or split, much used in cabinet work and furniture, in piano fortes and musical instruments, for cutting- boards for curriers, shoemakers, &c., as it does not bias the knife in the direction of the grain ; it turns cleanly, and is much used in manufacturing bowls, pails, shovels, &c. Cost, at the ports of the lakes, J637 steriing per 1000 cubic feet ; freight to \ f; ^ ■umiirniimiUM ■'>, \ — 11 — Quebec, £7. Specific grayity, 0.48 ; weight of cubic foot, 26 lbs. Of the nun* genus as the Lime or Lindea in England. ■ , , - , . — . 33. WHtT^WooD, Liriodendron ttilipifera. -,., .a'.j.w''^,;.: Grows only in the Western parts of Upper Canada, and attains a height of 130 feet, 70 feet to the first limb, and 36 inches in diameter, and not uncommon 60 inches in diameter. Very abundant in the South Western Counties of Canada, and can be furnished at £35 sterling per 1000 cubic feet, freight to Quebec £8. It is called also the Tulip Tree $ and in some localities, erroneousif. Yellow Poplar. The wood is extensively used as a substitute for pine for building and cabinet purpose?. It is easily wrought, durable, and susceptible of a fine polish. Specific gravity, 0.5 ; weight of cubic foot, 30 lbs. 34. BuTTONWooD, Platanus occidentalis. Called also Plane-tree, and, improperly, Sycamore. Is very abundant in the Western and South-western parts of Canada, attaining an average height of 120 feet, 60 feet to first limbs, and 30 inches in diameter, and not uncommon at 60 inches in diameter. It yields a clean 'irccd, softer than Beech, very difficult, almost impossible to split. Sometimes handsomely mottled, used in furniture, chiefly for bedsteads, pianofortes, and harps, for screws, presses, windlasses, wheels, blocks, &c. and immense quantities exported to Virginia for tobacco boxes. Prices and freight sat^e as for White Wood. Specific gravity, 0.5. 35. Poplar, Popidus monilifera. Called also Cotton Wood. A large forest tree occurring on the margins of lakes and rivers. The timber is soft, light, easy to work, suited for carving, common turning and works not exposed to much wear. The wooden polishing wheels of glass grinders are made of horizontal sections of the entire tree. The seeds are clothed in white cotton like down, hence the name. Specific gravity, 0.4. 36. Balsam Poplar, Popidus baltamifera. Also a large tree growing in wet low lands, wood resembling the previous. None of the Poplars are us&d as large timbers. 37. White Willow, Salix alba. A familiar tree of rapid growth, attaining a height of 50 to 80 feet ; originally from Europe. The timber is the softest and lightest of all our woods. The color IS whitish, inclining to yellowish grey. It is planed into chips for hat boxes, baskets, 8u:. Attempts have been made to use it in the manufacture of paper ; small branches are used for hoops of tubs, &c. ; the larger wood for cricket bats, boxes for druggists, perfumers, &c. Specific gravity, 0.4 ; weight of cubic foot, 24 lbs. 38. iRON-woon, Ostrya Virginica. .\ small slender tree, 40 to 50 feet in height, and 8 to 10 inches in diameter. The bark remarkable for its fine, narrow, longitudinal divisions, and of a browniah F U" __12_ ' color. The wood hard, strong and heavy ; uied for hand-spikes and levers, hence the name Lever Wood; it is also called Hop Hornbeam. Found only sparse!/ scattered through the forests of deciduous trees. Specific gravity, 0.76 ; weight of cubic foot, 4)7.5 lbs. ; much prized for fuel. li 39. YfuriE TuoTLif, Cratagtis punctata. ■ p A common shrub or small tree, 15 to 20 feet high and 6 inches in diameter, found in thickets on dry rocky lands. Thorns stout, rigid, sharp, and a little re- curved, IJ inches long. Flowers white, fruit bright purple, and some varieties white. The wood extremely hard, used by wood engravers, for mallets, fcc. Specific gravity, 0.75 ; weight of cubic foot, 46 lbs. ,1 ■ 40. Black Thorn, Cratagus tomentosa, A large shrub or small tree, 12 to 15 feet high, thorns 1 to 2 inches long, found in thickets and hedges. Fiorers large, fragrant and white ; fruit, orange red ; wood bard, like White Thorn. 41. Wild Apple Tree, P^n/s coronaria. A small tree, 15 to 20 feet high, common in the western part of Upper Canada. Wood hard, like the thorn ; flowers large, rose colored ; fruit one ineb in diameter, yellowish, hard and sour, but esteemed for preserves. 42. Fepperidge, Nyssa mvltiflora. Found only in the Western part of Upper Canada, and of an average height of 100 feet, of 60 feet to the first limb, and of 12 to 18 inches ia diameter ; scarce. The bark light grey, similar to that of the White Oak, and broken into hexigons. The wood is white, fine-grained, soft, the texture consisting of interwo- ven fibres, rendering it very difiicult to split. It is, therefore, useful for beetles^ naves of wheels, and for purposes requiring the toi^hest timber. 43. Dogwood, Cornusflorida. Common in Upper Canada, grows 20 to 30 feet high and 8 inches in diameter. The wood is very hard and compact, and hence the name Cornel from the Latin Cornu, a horn ; used for mallets, and is well adapted for the same purposes as Box- wood. It is so remarkably free from silex, that splinters of the weed are used by watchmakers for cleaning the pivot holes of watches, and by the optician for re- moving the dust from small lenses. The bark is rough, extremely bitter, and used in medicine as a tonic. Specific gravity, 0.78 ; weight of cubic foot, 50 lbs. 44. White Cedar, Thuja ocddentalis. Found extensively over Canada on the rocky borders of streams and lakes, and in swamps. It grows to the height of 60 to 70 feet, rapidly diminishing in sixe, throwing out branches from base to summit. The wood is light, soft, coarse grained, and very durable ; much used m frame work of buildings and for the upper timbers of ships; as posts for fences, gates, &c. It is one of the most durable of I #L« m 1 1 fmnrfaWlwrmniMfimiliilBMBBII 'm •rP; — 13 — Canadian woods ; much esteemed also for making split laths, known as Cyprus laths. Specific gravity, 0.45 j weight of cubic foot, 26 lbs. ,;„ ;/ _, ,^ ^^ „, t^jf^jj^^w-t ,v, 45. Red Cedar, Junipertts Virginiana. Grows in many parts of Canada in dry rocky situations. It sometimes attaut the size of 24 inches in diameter, but mostly smaller. Leaves are dark green, the younger ones small, orate, acute, scale-like, overlying each other. The wood is fine grained, compact, of a reddish hue, very light and durable. It is used for fences, aqueducts, tubs and pails, and as cases for drawing pencils, hence called Pencil Cedar. ,..,.,..,,. _ . ,.,. . ,.,., , ,-.,^„r„-., 46. Hemlock, Abies Canadensis. Common in the hilly, rocky lands of Canada, attaining the height of 80 feet, and 3 feet in diameter. The timber is soft, elastic, of a coarse, loose texture, not much used, but sometimes substituted for Pine ; resists well the effects of moisture, and for this reason is used for railway ties. The bark is extensively used in tanning. Specific gravity, 0.45. 47. Black Spruce, A. nigra. This fine tree abounds in the higher and mountainous land of Canada, attains a lieight of 80 feet. The timber is light, strong and elastic, and though inferior to White Pine, is still valuable. From the young twigs, spruce beer is made. . 48. White Spruce, A. alba. A smaller tree than the Black Spruce, but attains a height of 50 feet. Trunk from 12 to 18 inches in diameter. Timber much the same as that of the Black Spruce. 49. Canada Balsam. Balsam Fir, Abies balsamea. Common in humid grounds in the cooler latitudes of Canada, and attains a height of 30 to 40 feet. The bark is smooth, abounding in reservoirs filled with a resin or balsam, which is considered valuable in medicine. 50. Balsam Fir, A. Fraseri, A small<^r tree than the'last. A highly ornamental shade tree. 51. Tamarac, Larix Americana. A tall slender tree, rising to the height of 80 to 100 feet, abundant in Canada in low wet lands. The wood is considered very valuable, being heavy, strong and durable. Called also American larch, and hackmatac. It has recently come into great demand for ship building, and railway ties, for which latter purpose it is found to be well adapted and very durable. The best Oak is superior to it only for thci outside work of a ship. For knees, bends, garlands, &c., of a ship, no wood is better It is remarkably distinguished from the Pines by its deciduous leaves, being bare nearly half the year. It is found up to a very high latitude, even in Hudson's Bay. Specific gravity, 0.6. ^Ja ^: ft ft 52. Sassafras, Sauafraa officinaie. Found only in the Western part of Upper Canada ; grows to the height of 50 to 60 feet, and 15 inches in diameter. The timber is of little value, but used for light ornamental purposes on account of the fragrant odour. Every part of the tree has a pleasant fragrance and an aromatic taste, strongest in the bark of the root, from which an essential oil is distilled highly valued in medicine. Specific gravity, 0.6. *"^ ' 53. Sumac, Rhus tyjMna. Common on rocky, poor soils throughout Canada, and readily springs up on neglected lands after the primal forests are cleared off; attains a height of 20 feet, and 8 inches in diameter ; the wood is soft, aromatic, of sulphur yellow, makes beautiful veneers, and is used in dying. The bark of this and the other varieties is also used in dying and tanning. seiV I 1. ; The planks named in the accompanying lists are twelve feet long, four inches thick, shewing the bark on both edges, and are from eighteen to fifty inches in width. They are not specimens of the largest trees of the Canadian forests, but fair samples, in quality and size, of timber yet growing over some 200,000 square miles of territory. The circumstances under which they were collected — the two months from the middle of December until the middle of February— rendered it quite impossible to cull from the forest the largest timber. The «imples collected, under such circumstances, must necessarily shew the vast wealth of our magnificent forests. The planks sent by Mr. Skead, are from the Ottawa region, or Eastern divi- sion of Upper Canada ; those by Mr. Laurie, are from the Lake Ontario, or Cen- tral division of Upper Canada ; and the remainder from the Western part of Upper Canada, West of the head of Lake Ontario. itimr- } ^.' .\r,. i\.'_-' '-itV A, 1 ,;- :if . 1 ,.. ' ■'U'"OT t '».V , . ,<- 1 ) ) r 1 4K,-f1:;«™- !l^.^ f %i ■wfMiKaffaHggainwmii I ■ ^' ■f — 16- . :i ;. Planks Four inchbs thick and Twelve feet long. KiHD OF Wood. 1 White Oak Plank 1 Tamarac " 1 Hard Maple '< 1 Soft " " 1 Yellow Birch" 1 Battemnt " 1 White Ash ** 1 Grey " " 1 Rock Elm « 1 White Oedar " 2 White Pine Planks 2 White Oedar " 1 Blm Plank 2 Basswood Planks 2 Hard Maple " 1 White Oak Plank I Black " " 1 White Ash " 2 Black Ash Planks 1 << Birch Plank 2 Beech Planks . 1 Hemlock Plank . •1 White Pine Plank, 60 1 " Oak 1 Pepperidge 1 Black Ash 1 Gotton Wood 1 Soft Maple 1 Hickory 1 Red Elm 1 White Ash 1 Bnttonwood 1 Basswood 1 Whitewood 1 Beech 1 Black Walnut 1 Rock Elm 1 Buttemnt 1 Whitewood 1 Bnttonwood 1 Ohernr 1 Hard Maple 1 Black Walnut 1 White Ash 1 « Oak 1 Hard Maple 1 Gherry Grctch 1 Soft Maple 2 Gherry Pkinks 50 inches ii wide II 36 inches wide 48 inches wide 60 inches wide 45 " " 45 " •' BT WBOH GoMTBIBDnD. James Skead, II Ottowa. II II •< II II « II 1. II M • -'fj ; II M ■'■ " ' ■ '1 ,.'.' A James Lburie, Markam. II II ',..■. \ u - If II n II n II if .•» '-'f II u II II II « II M II « A. Bronson, Township of Bayham. Samuel Shaurp, Hamilton. II II II II II II II II II II II II l< II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II It II II II II II II II 11 11 11 D. R. Van Allan, II Ghathnm II u II II ^— MoCracken, London. II II Jacob Ghoate, IngersoU. II II * TJiii Plank wu cut fitom • trm 23 tttt in cireumftrenM and 130 ftet to the flnt limb. J asH ;/^, -16- Sbctionb or Trunks of Treks, Bhowing tbe average size of Trees in the Canadian forest. Kind or Wood. Bt whom Oohiubctid. 1 Srcsmora (Buttonwood) Log . . . . D. R. Van Allan, Chatham. 1 White Ash Log . II II ,■,} ' 1 Black Walnut Log II II" '■-': I 1 White Oak " II '" H ■-' r • ,' 1 1 Cherry '• II II -'%H :,::(} ■ 1 White Wood •• A. McKellar, M.P.P., " 1 Maple *< II II I Black Walnut " A. L. Trembiski, Engineer, O.T. R 1 White Oak " II II ' 'ii II 1 Rock Elm •' II >i II II 1 Hickory " 1 White Pine " II II II u James Laurie, Markam. 1 Hemlock *• 11 II .. . i 1 Cedar " II II /' ,■• !:\'. ., 1 Elm " II •• •, ,,' -.v' . 1 Baaswood " II II ^ -' .' -:-t ■ 1 Beach " II II . 1 Hard Maple " •1 M '--.-, J- -' .; 1 White Oak " II II 1 Black " " •1 u :: uA . ,;:',_■;, :: 1 White Ash " II II - ■; ;:,.. ■ ■. -i; , 1 Black •• " CI II '...I",, 'yi W ■ 1 White Pine " James Sk-jad, Ottawa. 1 White Oak " II II ;i;n. "- ". ', 1 Tamarao " II II ■ 1 1 Hard Maple *' 1 Soft Maple '< 1 Yellow Birch " II U ^.;i ,', i,,\ . ' , ,)■ It II • ' . ,i ; ;■ II II • :' ,' ; 1 Butternut " II II : v . ■- . . r 1 Wh (e Cedar " II II 1 White Ash " II II !. 1 Black Elm " II II 1 Section Dogwood Mr. Burrows, Simcoe. 1 •< Sassafras SPBOIMBNS OF VBNEERS. 11 specimens Black Walnut t specimen Butternut Bird's-«ye Oak 1 " Bird's-eye Maple a " Onrled Ash 1 " White Ash knot 1 " Black Ash knot Blistered Maple Bird's-eye Walnut Oak knot Bj Andrew Dickson, Fakenham, XJ. C. 1. White Pine * , - 2. Yellow Pine 3. Red Pine 4. Pitch Pine 5. Larch or Tamarae 6. Hemlock Spruce 7. White Spruce 8. Black Spruce 9. «7hite Cedar. ' 10. Red Cedar 11. Balsam Fir 12. White Oak 13. Swamp Oak 14. Red Oak 15. Black Oak 16. White Oak 17. Slippery Elm 18. Rock Elm 19. Grey Elm 4. 20. White Ash 21. Black Ash 22. Rock Ash 23. Rim Ash ^ 24. Rey Ash 26. Sugar Maple, Bird's-Eye 26. Sugar Maple, Curled 27. Soft Maple 28. Soft Maple, Curled 29. Rock Maple 30. Moose Maple 31. Red Cherry 32. Black Cherry 33. Birch Cherry 34. Choke Cherry 35. Canoe Birch 36. Yellow Birch 37. Black Birch 38. Weeping Birch 39. Black VVillow 40. White Willow 41. Yellow Willow 42. Aspen Poplar 43. Large Toothed Aspen Poplar 44. Balm of OUead 45. Cotton Wood or Necklace Poplar 46. White Wood 47. Shell Bark Hickory 48. Pignut 49. Butternut 60. P'.aok Walnut 51. Soft Walnut 62. Butternut 53. Tulip Tree 54. Apple Thorn 66. Red Thorn 56. White Thorn 67. Peach Leafed Thorn 08. White Beech 69. Boss wood 60. Ironwood 61. Blue Beech 62. Pepperidge 63. Buttonwood 64. Shnmach 65. Cbesnut 66. Sassafras. 67. Mountain Ash 68. Alder 69. Large Flowering Dogwood 70. Small Flowering Dogwood 71. Wild Yellow Plum 72. June or Service Berry . 73. Boxwood — 18 — . > >: SCIENTIFIC COLLECTION. ;. This Collection is composed of lectiona of the Small Trees and Shrubs, OM foot loBg, with the bark on so cut and polished as to show the grain of the wood. Towards this collection — 26 specimens of the chief timbers on the line of the Great Western Railwaj, were contributed by Samuel Sharp, of Hamliton, Superintendent of the Car Department of the Great Western Railway. 21 by D. R. Van Allan, Esq., of Chatham, of timbers growmg on the Thames, in the neighborhood of Chatham. 100 by Mr. Hugh McKee, of Norwich, of woods and shrubs growing in the Township of Norwich (of these, twelve are exotic.) 21 by James Laurie, Esq., of Scarborough, of timbers growing on the Nor- thern shores of Lake Ontario, wai 37 by James Skead, Esq., of Ottawa City, specimens of the chief woods growing in the Valley of the Ottawa. 2 boxes, by Hugh McKee, of twigs and leaves of trees and shrubs accompa- nying his collections. 1 box, by James Skead, Esq., of twigs and leaves of trees, of which he furnishes sections of trunks. ; ,. 1 box by Mr. Thomas Moore, (Etobicoke), of Tool Handles. Collection by , (Toronto), of Spokes, Naves, Felloes, Shafts, Poles of Carriages, &c, 490 native plants, found mostly in the vicinity of Hamilton, collected by Miss Kate Crooks, of Hamilton. Collection by Hugh McKee, of Norwich, U. C. : ' ' White Asli Red Ash Black or Swamp Asli White Oak Black Oak Red Oak Swamp White Oak Hard or Sugar Maple Soft Maple Dwarf Maple White Beech Red Beech Blue Beech White Birch Black Birch Oommon Apple Grab Apple White Thorn Basswood Butternut Black Walnut * Black Oherry Red Cherry Choke Cherry Pie Cherry Chesnut White or Rock Elm Red Elm Swamp or Water Elm Shag Barked Hickory Bitter- Nut Hickory Iron Wood Wych-Hazel Hazel Nut Moose or Leather Wood White Cedar White Pine Hemlock White Spruce Tamarac Poplar Balm of Gilead Red Plum Blue Plum Lilac Locust Yellow Willow White Willow Swamp Willow Red Willow Nine Bark June Berry High Bushed Cranberry Sweet Elder Box Wood I m id- WUdOnpa Yin* Bitter Sweet Small Honeyraekle Honey Suokle Vine Honey Saokle Bush Snow Ball or Onilder Bom Sauafrai Pricklj Auk Spotted Alder Whortleberry, (High Bub) Black Haw Yellow Flowering Oornuil Black Ourrant Buttonwood White Wood Eglantine or Sweet Brier Wild Rom, (Small Bath) Wild Rom, (Large Bush) Dog Wood Silrer Beal Moantain Asb ' . Pepperldge Sumac Bird'i-Bye Maple Spire Wood Willow Tborned Gooieberr/ Smooth Oooieberry Tree Toy Tree Mignonette Red Elder Blackberry Red Raspberry Black Raspberry White Raspberry Red Oarrant White Ourrant Honey Locust Pear Labornam Peach ■ (not named) ( " ) <:'tW ^s"i:Vf !(.th By Samubl Sharp, of the G. W. Railway: 1 specimen Black Oak Red Oedar Red Elm White Thorn BalmofGUead Poplar White Willow Purple Willow Buttonwood Dogwood Mayberry Bj D. E. Van Allan, Chatham, U. C: Buttonwood Basswood Pepperldge White Ash , » Black Ash White Beech : ,./ Tellow Birch Dogwood Cherry Rock Elm Red Elm By James Lauroc, Scarboro', U. C. : Hemlock. Blue Beech, No. 1 Do do No. 2 Balsam Red Beech Basswood Iron Wood Swamp Ash Hard Maple Birch White Ash By James Skbad, Ottawa, U. C. : White Oak Red Oak Black Oak White Pine specimen Wych*Hasel " Ohoke Cherry SaMafraa Orape Spotted Alder Water Elm, Sumac Tamarao Rim Ash Black Birch lion Wood I* II II 11 II II II II II White Oak . Red Oak Ironwood Black Walnut Buttemnt Sassaflraa Hard Maple Soft Maple Hickory White Wood Soft Maple White Pine, No. 1 Do do No. 2 Tamarac Cedar Balsam Black Cherry Elm White Oak Hickory Red Pine Pitch Pine Spruce Balsam . — ao — ) ! Tmbum Bo«kBlB White Bl» ■•dllM WUuaib Onj Aah BlMkAib WUt* Birob Tallow Birek BlMBMob Bed BMob Wblto Becob Sagar or Bard Mapla Mtllapk Bttttamut Alder Hanloek Poplar (Foreat) Poplar (Balm of CHImuI> Bauwood Bad Gharry Black Oherry Iron or Laver-wood Whtta Hiekory Docwood Yellow Plna Banae BedGedar CLASSIFICATION OF WOODS. MAGNOLLACEiE. 1. Lmodendron tidipifera (LiiuiBus) — ^Whitb Wood, Tvlip Tru. TILIACEiE. 2. Tilia Americana (lAan). — ^Baiswoop. 'i'^' >; RUTACEiE. 9. Zanthoxylum Amerieanum (Miller) — ^Northern Frioklt Ash. ANACARDIACEiE. 4. iZAtM typhina (Linn.) — Sumac. 5. *' toxicodendron — Poison Ivr. VITACEiE. 6. Vitiscordi folia (Mkhaux) — Wmtbr| or Frost Grape. RHAMNACE.£. 7. JZAamniM a/n(/^t«s (L'Heritier)— Buck-thorn. CELASTRACEiE. 8. Celattrua soandem (Linn.) — Wax-work ; Climbing bitter sweet. ACERINEiE. 9. Acer $accharinum (Lino.) — Sugar Maple, Hard Maple. " •* variety — Bird's-ete Maple. " " « — Curled Maple. " " " —Black Sugar Maple. rubrum *^ — Red, or Swamp Maple. dasyoarpum (Ehrharl) — Soft Maple, White or Silver Maple, <* — Curled Maple. Pennnflvanicum (Linn.) — Striped Maple. ipicatum (Lam.) — Mountain Maple, Dwarp Maple. AMYGDALEiE. 18. Pruntu Americcma, (Marsh) — Wild Yellow or Red Plum. 19. Cerasus Penntyhanica, (Loisel) — ^Wild Red Cherrt. 20. " 5m>t>na, (Ehrhart)— « Black « 21. ** Virginiana, (Linn.) — Choke Ckesry. ROSACEiE. 21 a. Spirosa opuli/olia, (Linn.) — Nine Bark. 10. i< 11. M 12. M 13. M 14. « 15. U 16. U 17. U t: •^ gam HMI — 21 — FOMEiE. 22. Cratagua punctata, (3 ticqMia) — ^Whitk Thorn. > «r / 23. « coccinea, (lAna.) — Rid «« 24. « tomentosa, « —Black " i. .j^;. ; 25. « crm-gatti, " — Cock-spur " 26. PyrM eoronaria, '* — American Crab Appli. , 27. " ilmericaraa,, (De Candolle)— American Mountain Aih. 28. Amelandtier Canadensis, (Torrey & ^cty) — June Berry, Shad Bush. GBOSSULACEiE. , / v ', 28 b. lUbes eynosbati, (Linn.) — Wild Gooseberry. 28 e. « hirtdlum, (Micbaux)— Smooth « 28 d. « floridum, (Linn.)— WiLB Black Currant. 28 e. " rubrum, (Linn.) — Ebd ** HAMAMELACEiE. 29. Hamamelis Virginica, (Linn.) — Wych-hazel. CORNACEiE. 30. Cornusflorida, (Linn.) — ^Flowering Doo-wood. 31. " altemifolia, (Linn.) — Alternate-leaved Cornel or Doc-wood. 32. Nyssa mvltxfUxra, (Wang.) — ^Pepperidge, Tupelo, Sour (tum-tree. CAPRIFOLACEiE. 33. Xonic«rapam/2ora (Lambert) — Small Honeysuckle. 34. « Ursula (Eaton)— Hairy " 35. JHervilla trifida (Moench) — ^Bush ** , « Canademis (Muhlenberg.) 36. SanUmcua " (Linn.) — Common Elder. 37. ** pubens (Micbaux)— ^Red-berried " 38. Viburnum pruni/olium (hina.) — BlaxjkHaw. 39. " opultis " — Craioierrt Tree. AQUIFOLTACEiE. 40. Nemopanihes Canadensis (De Candolle) — Mountain Hoilly. OLEACE-: ■>. jf:^- :'5#: ' V* ■t: , \ V.I;- -# ^ . ; 4 '4^