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 [TKAN8ACTIONS OF TIIK AMKIUCAN INSTITUTK OF MINING KNCiINKP:Ky, 
 
 
 
 ■) 
 
 -^ 
 
 i^ 
 
 -\ 
 
 "i ; 
 
 THE VIWSPUATE MINERS OF CANADA. 
 
 a • 
 
 MV II. 1!. SMALL. o-'TAWA, CANAHA. 
 
 i 
 
 The ()(la\v;' river, tlu; nortlicasU'ni bouiulaiy of i\u) Province of 
 Ontario, and (lie (liviilini;; liin; iK'tweeii (lie latter and the I'rovinoc 
 ot Quebec, lias loiijr bt'eii faincuis Cor (lie rafts of timl>er Hoated over 
 its'waters from the depths of the forest, and other j)oets besides 
 Moore, have iimnortaliz(!d its beauties in verse. Hut with the ad- 
 vent of the railway which now pierces the forest solitudes, the days 
 of rafting wvw luimbered ; and the; boat song is now heard no more 
 <ui "Ottawa's tide," or at such long intervals only, that, wIkhi 
 heard, it seems an echo of the past. The luml)cr trade is last leav- 
 ing Ottawa ( 'ity, the old liead(|uarters of the business; and such 
 square timber as is now cut is gradually finding other outlets than 
 shipment to (ireat Britain, and other channels of transportation tluiu 
 the Ottawa river. 
 
 Skirting the northern shore of this great river runs a vast chain of 
 hills, assuming at times the altitude of mountains. Their .reological 
 character marks them as remnants of tlu; earliest land of this conti- 
 nent, following tlu' course of the St. Lawrence from the (iulf ftf that 
 name to the contluenc*' of tli(! river with the Ottawa, the course of 
 which latter they then pursue, the range has been styled " the Lau- 
 rentians," Ivolling in hnig undulations, with rounded, rather than 
 rugged or poitited summits, they leave a margin of S ov 1(1 miles, 
 dipping in a gentle slope to the water's edge, rich for agricultural 
 use, and (bitted here and there with farms and settlements, lievond 
 this margin bold hills stretch northerly to bliu^ mountains, rich in 
 iron, lead, plumbago, and other minerals. 
 
 2'he Apafik' Disfrid. — < )ne of these minerals is apatite, or phos- 
 phate of lime, the use of which as a material for the manufa(;ture of 
 superphosphate as a fertilizer has be<!ome the basis of the industry 
 bidding fair to i)rove ere long one of the chief'elements of Cana- 
 dian trade. So rapid has been the growth of this new industry that 
 if the lumber business were to disappear from this mineral district, 
 its void would be filled by that which has sprung up in connection 
 with phosphate. . ^ ,_ j y ^ 
 
2 Tin; prrosrHA'iK mines of canapa. 
 
 'riie.sc deposits ot" iipalik', or pliosphuto, us it is coinmoiily lien; 
 called, are coiirmed (<> :i district of limited extent, 'i'jikiii^ the city 
 of Ottawa, the cajiital of (he Dominion ol' ( 'anada, as ;i slartiiij^- 
 point. a Lijlanee at the map will .show a section of (tonntry to the 
 north, lying Ix.'tween the (iatinean and the Lievri.', two large tribn- 
 laries of the Ottawa Howing southwanl through the Laiirentian hills, 
 the harriers of which prevent continu«)Us navigation, by presenting 
 series of pictuiescpu! rapids and cascades. These tributaries are 
 themselves i-ivers, some r>00 miles in length ; and the section they 
 enclose, together with a belt, 1 or o miles wide, on the east ami west, 
 is (he (rue phospha(e country. The townshij)s in which phosphate 
 mot'i al)ounds are rcnudeton, Wakefield, l»owman, Derry, J'ortland, 
 and liuckingham. Fhe only place containing si fticient population 
 to entitle it to be called a village, is Buckingham, near the mouth 
 of the Lievre. The Montreal and Ottawa division ol' the ( 'aiuub'an 
 racilie l\ailway [)asses ahuig the river-front of these; townships, and 
 a small junction-railway connects JUiekingham village with the sta- 
 tion of that name on the main line, some 21 miles east of Ottawa. 
 Altiiough this place has gone through one mining experietu'c, rich 
 plumbago ndni's openeil near it a few years ago having put consid- 
 erable sujus ol' money in circulation in their vicinity — until they 
 were abandoned — Buckingham has not expanded like western min- 
 ing towns, but wears a sleepy old-time aspect. The residentvS, ai)art 
 from the families of mining foremen and managers, are more or 
 less connected with the lumber-trad(!, aiul have been so brought up 
 in it that no other occupation seems to have charms for them. They 
 are a quiet, harmless folk, mostly of French Canadian stock, who 
 take life easily, do their day's work mechanically, and when night 
 comes on, are as happy listening to the old Norman tunes of 300 
 years ago, drawn out on a violin of antiquity, as if there were no to- 
 morrow to provide for. 
 
 The rocks of the mountain range which traverse this district are 
 composed of pyroxene, rej)resentiug the "spotted gabbro" of Nor- 
 way, intermixed wiUi quart/ite, orthoclase, mica, gneiss, and crystal- 
 line limestone. The j)hospliate itself varies much, according to 
 locality. It is found in crystals, sometimes of large dimensions; in 
 masses, varying friim compatit to coarse granular; in strata, of a 
 lamellar texture; and in a friable form. The latter, known as "su- 
 gar-|)hospiiate," is very abundant, and is often so disintegrated as to 
 take the appearance of pure sand, soft enough to be dug out. The 
 colors of the phosphate are very varied, comprising green of diifer- 
 
 
 ) 
 
TlIK PirOSPHATK >fr>fKS OF CANADA. 
 
 3 
 
 ; 
 
 ! 
 
 ent shades, blue, red, and brown of all sl)ades, yellow, while, and 
 croam-eolored. Occasionally, beautiful crystals are found, large, and 
 perfect j.t both ends, and enveloped in calc-spar ; or, sometimes a 
 diusy cavity, or " vuj^g," is struck, containiujj; either one large crys- 
 tal, or a number of small inde])endent crystals shooting from the 
 sides, or standing erect in the cavity. In one of the mines on the 
 Lievrc, crv^tals of ix'iliintic size have been encouutere*!, some weiirh- 
 ing individually as much as one thousand pounds. 
 
 In the early dj«ys of mining in the Ottawa districi, small operators 
 were beset with countless difficulties, which ?naterially retarded the 
 development of this industry; but, within tlu; last f"W years it has 
 luH'u stimulated by the investment of foreign capital, an<l the or- 
 ganization of |)owerful companies composed of men of j)ractical 
 business ability, intelligence, and means. 
 
 The first methods of mining employed here were of the rudest 
 and most elementary kind. The only hoisting- and pumj)ing-ma- 
 (riiinery was a tub on the end of a rope swung over the pit by a 
 derrick worked with one horse. The pits, being as wide at the 
 mouth as below, if not wider, were well calculated to collect all the 
 surface-water and melting snow ; and often, when the water had 
 accumulated to a considerable extent, the pit was abandoiKMJ, and 
 another was oj)ened in close proximity, to iiave in its turn tlu^ same 
 fate as the other. Now, however, steam-engines and improved ma- 
 chinery, power-drills and hoists have taken the place of the horse, 
 the pick, and the bucket; tramways are used to facilitate Iran, -port ; 
 and a thorough business-management of the mines, generally, has 
 placed the work on a sound and permanent basis. 
 
 Mention has been made of two rivers in this region, the Gatincau 
 And the Lievre. The former, a favorite resort for the artist and 
 naturalist, is rendered unnavigable by its |)i(^tui'esque rapids and 
 boulder-obstructed shallows. 'I'he liievie, on the contrary, although 
 a series of falls and raj)ids extend for some distance upward from its 
 mouth, is navigable from the village of Buckingham for some twenty 
 miles. At the village itself, there are two very tine falls. One; of 
 these was mono|)olized years ago f<)r driving saw-mills, the erc(^tion 
 of which really created the village. The stretch of sluggish and 
 deep water above this point is utilized to th(; utmost for floating 
 <lown the mineral from the mines, and for conveying supplies and 
 nuichinery to them. Several small steamboats ply betweeji Biu^k- 
 ingham village and the High Falls, some twenty miles up stream, 
 while the ore is towed down iu ilatbottomed scows to a lauding-piace 
 
THE PHOSPHATE MINES <)F CANADA. 
 
 nortli of the village, where tlio hraiKsh-Iine of the railway hcfore 
 mentioned terminates. This affords (jonvenient transhipment into 
 cars, from whieh no further (change is neo(!ssary till they run on the 
 wharf in Montr(>al, alongside the ocean V(;ssel waiting for its fn^ght. 
 Most of the large mines are situated on or near the Li(>vre, along the 
 hanks of which bins liave been huilt, here and there, to receive t'le on; 
 hauled in winter and hohl it until navigation opens in the spring. 
 The greater part of the teaming is done during the winter, the snow- 
 roads being best adapted for hauling larg<' and heavy loads ofi run- 
 ners, the snow being generally calculated upon from early in Decem- 
 ber to the end of March, 'i'lie surface of the river during that |)eriod 
 alfords an easy road lor sleighs, and these coveyances lend as much 
 animation to the scene as the steand)oats of the summer. 
 
 The High l*\dls, just alluded to, an- formed by a mountain spur 
 crossing the river, over which it takes a leap of eighty feet |)erj>en- 
 .dicularly. Xo mining of any extent is, as yet, carried on above the 
 Falls, although there is abundant show of |)li(>sphate ; but sevcial 
 o|>enings have been nuule, precursors of njoi'c extensive operations 
 at tiie |)rop<!r time. Mining proper has been conlined, hitherto, to 
 localities bordering on the lower stretch of navigable water. 
 
 Professor lioyd Dawkins, tlie British geologist, when in (^inada 
 with the British Association (or the Atlvancement of Science, visited 
 the phosphate district, and on his retni'u declared, in a paper rea<l 
 by him at Manchester, on '' (-anadian A|)atite," that " it would be- 
 come one of the most |)rofitable resourcics of this country." l*ro- 
 fessor Hoffman, the analyst of the (Jeological Survey staf!', says 
 that, by nuison of its usually high perccuitage of phosphate of lime, 
 " (Canadian a|)atite may be regarded as a most eligible material for 
 (he mamifacture of superphosphate." 
 
 In addition to the yield of pure |)hosj)h;ite in large masses, it 
 occasionally happens that large quantiti(;s of it are mixed with mica, 
 ))yroxene, and other foreign substances. If shippe<l in that state, 
 the value of the whole cargo would be materially deteriorated. This 
 extraneous matter is more or less (!ompletely removed by cobbing, 
 an easy opei'ation, by reason of tlie more friabh' character of the 
 phosphate; as compared with the associated ndnerals. rhis is done 
 in a hut or cobbing-house, on solid tables. On one side of the 
 building are wagons or tram-cars, into which the refuse is tiirown 
 as broken off, while tlie phosphate thus cleaned is thrown into 
 an >ther receptacle on the otiier side, lioys and old men are em- 
 ployed at this work, wiiich no machinery has yet been found adapted 
 
THK PHOSPHATK MINES OF CANADA. 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 to [)ert'orm. In spite of every care useil, lury;e quantities of plio-?- 
 j)liate have thus been throwfi aside, hut tliese are now utilized hy 
 puiveriziii]^ and furtlier treutnient, inuoii in tlie same way as tiic 
 oarlv jiold worivino-s of California and Australia vielded rich returns 
 when their tailings are attain w(;rl<ed over. 
 
 TluMlrawback to the conversion of the crude material into super- 
 phosphate in the vi(Mnity of the mines, to obviate shipj)inn' thf law 
 material, is tli(> absence of pyrites in the apatite district, in (juantily 
 sufllcient to warrant the (!i'ection of works for the manufacture of 
 sulphuric acid, by means of which the mineral is (M)nverted into a 
 fertilizer. The nearest deprtsits of jwrites in anv al)un(lancc arc 
 those worked in the district southeast of iM(>ntreal, known as the 
 Kastern Townships, some 200 miles distant from the; apatite region. 
 The cost (^f transport thence would be more than it now costs to 
 sliij) the crude phosphate to Pjurope. If pyrites should, at sonic 
 liiture day, l)c discovered near the phosphate mines (where it has 
 been already found in small (juantities), there; would be little difli 
 cidty in manufacturin*; fertilizers on the spot, and a very lart^e and 
 new industry would spring up. The water-power of the Gatineau 
 and Ottawa rivers is unsurpass(!d, and would afford every facility 
 for grinding the ore, prior to treating it chemically with the aciij. 
 
 A curious I'eature in the phosphate trade is the fact that, tdthough 
 a large amount of American capital is invested in (*ana<lian mines, 
 almost the whole of their product is shipped to (Ireat Britain and 
 tlu^ Kuropean continent, a trifling quantity only finding its way to 
 tlie I initedStates. ('onsi(h>rable cru(h' phosphat(> and a largeamoinit 
 of snperposph>ite are im{)orted into the United States from ( ircat 
 Britain ; and there is every reason to believe that both these articles 
 are Canadian products, reshipped. Mr. Torrance, a phosphate ex- 
 [)ert, gives, as his idea of the reason of this anomaly, that Amerieian 
 dealers were in the habit of importing from Britain long before 
 Canadian deposits were worked, and that no effort has since been 
 made to direct into fresh channels the trade from Canada, which 
 was commenced witii the English market by men more familial" 
 witii that than with the American. The late Dr. Sterry Hunt, in a 
 paper entitled " Studies of tlie Apatite J)eposits of Canada," read 
 before the American Enstitute of Mining Engineers, at Halifax, re- 
 marked that in the near future a large market will be found for this 
 material in the United States. The growing demand for high fer- 
 tilizers on this continent, and the fact that the apatite of Canada 
 may be shipped to the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi at much 
 
6 
 
 THE THOSPHATE MI.VEH OF CAN'ADA, 
 
 lower rates tlian the phospLate-rooU of JSoutli Carolina, give great 
 importance to these Canadian mines. 
 
 The large increase in the annual output of the more important 
 mines, is evi(lcnc<' that Canadian phosphate is coming more and 
 more into denuind,as the mineral becomes better known. The high 
 grade of this phosphate has brought it into favor in Belgium. Den- 
 murk, France, and Germany, in which countries there is an increasing 
 consumption, consequent on the widespread cultivation of the sugar- 
 beet, for which super-|)hosphate is found to be an admirable fertilizer. 
 In England there is a wide market for it. The objections which 
 Canadian phosj)hate encountered at first, and the difficulties of intro- 
 ducing material from a new source, have been overcome. A low 
 grade of Belgian phosphate is found to combine well with Canadian, 
 under chemical treatment. There is a question as to the (!ontinuancc 
 of the supply of Spanish phosphate, which, with the high cost of the 
 Norwegian article, favors an increased demand for the suj)ply from 
 (/anada. 
 
 Besides the jihosphate-bearing districts of the l*rovince of Quebec, 
 described abov<', there is also a phosphate region in the Province of 
 Ontario, occupying that portion of the country lying back from 
 Kingston and Belleville, which extends in a belt through the towji- 
 ships of i irgess, Crosby, Bedford, Storrington and Loughborough, 
 in the county of Hastings. A largi; number of surface-openings exist 
 in this belt, some of which are worked with fair returns; l)ut no 
 deej) mining has been carried on. While the productiveness and 
 easy accessibilitv of the Lievre mines have caused the neglect of the 
 earlier-discovered deposits of the Hastings district, thei'o are among 
 these, some which, when properly developed, will probably be found 
 not inferior to those on the Lievre. So for as is known at present, 
 however, the grade of phosphate is not as high as that of the Quebec 
 mineral ; and the amount shipped from Kingston is comparatively 
 small. 
 
 Dr. Sterry Hunt, who made Laurentian rocks his study for up- 
 wards of thirty years, regards many of the apatite veins as fissures 
 or cavities which have been filled by the deposition of materials 
 derived from the adjacent strata. One striking feature developed 
 in this raining is the great irregularity of the deposits; but taking 
 into consideration the extremely disturbed character of the Lauren- 
 tiati rocks, this is not to be wondered at. What may at one time 
 have been layers, regular and uniform, subsequent <listurbances and 
 upheavals have folded over and twisted and dislocated till in one 
 
Tflp: PHOHPIIATK MINKS OF CANADA. 
 
 pliic'o tlie matter lias hwn compmssod into the narrowt'st ol seams, 
 only to swell out further on, f2;iving the appearance of huj^e pockets, 
 apparently isolated, if the connectinjj^ vein he n(>t trac«Ml or traceahlc. 
 iSfafislir.'i of Frotlaolion. — Some idea of tlu? mai£nitiide this husi- 
 ness is assuming; may he j^athered from the followinji,' n'turns, show- 
 ing the exports of j)h(>sphate from Canada since KS7<S, when (he 
 industry may be said to have been fairly launched : 
 
 Year. 
 
 187S, 
 1879, 
 18S0, 
 ISSI, 
 1 S82, 
 1888, 
 1S84, 
 188-"), 
 ISSC, 
 1887, 
 18S8. 
 1889, 
 1890, 
 1891, 
 
 Of the above, 17,744 tons were shipj)etl from the Province of 
 Ontario, and the figures of exports from (Quebec include a certain 
 amount produced in Ontario, but shippe<l to Montreal for cx|)ort, 
 and at that port credited to the IVoviuce of (Quebec. 
 
 Owing to a <lepre.ssed market the shipments in 1 S92 fell olV con- 
 siderably. The complete returns are not yet announced. 
 
 That there is room in England for all the j)hosphate Canada is 
 likely to j>roduce, is shown from the following tabi(! taken (except 
 the percentages) from Hritish returns : 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Valii.'. 
 
 10,748 
 
 !?208,l()!i 
 
 8,44(5 
 
 122,08.-) 
 
 18,000 
 
 190,080 
 
 11,908 
 
 218,|.-.(J 
 
 17,lo8 
 
 ;;os,;!:,7 
 
 19,710 
 
 427,(it;s 
 
 21,70') 
 
 424,21(1 
 
 28.909 
 
 490,298 
 
 20.440 
 
 84:;,0O7 
 
 28,ir)2 
 
 488,217 
 
 i.s,77(; 
 
 29S,0O!t 
 
 29,987 
 
 894,7(;s 
 
 28,457 
 
 499,809 
 
 1 •-),!. 58 
 
 119,5.82 
 
 207,729 
 
 >!4,488,740 
 
 Imports of l^JtO!^j)halc info Gtraf JirUain. 
 
 ^'cnr. 
 
 1882, 
 1888, 
 1884, 
 1885, 
 188(5, 
 1887, 
 1888, 
 1889, 
 1890, 
 
 'I'OIUI 
 
 Imports. 
 Tons. 
 
 228,894 
 
 270,578 
 
 245,582 
 
 272,200 
 
 249,884 
 
 817,424 
 
 288,882 
 
 341,547 
 
 384,721 
 
 From 
 
 Cinuiiln, 
 
 'I'ons. 
 
 9,109 
 
 IVrcentiiRi 
 
 from 
 <'ana(1a. 
 
 4.1 
 
 18,514 
 
 0.7 
 
 17,60.'! 
 
 7.1 
 
 24,002 • 
 20,287 
 21,497 
 18,918 
 
 8.1 
 8.1 
 0.7 
 4.8 
 
 25,898 
 
 7.5 
 
 23,619 
 
 G.l 
 
THK PIIOSIMIATK MINHH OF CANADA. 
 
 Tlie otlioial returns for 1891 have not been (jbtaii]e(J. 
 Mr. < )l)alski, j^(»veriim(;rit iiiirjin^ enj/ineer of the Province (.>f 
 (^M(.'he(', in a papc^r read by bini in ( )('tob('r last, says: 
 
 " Ki'cciit iiuportanl (li-ii()vi'rit'> in (iitli'iL-rU plact'^ in KiU()|je iuiil lln- Initt'il Stutc-. 
 have j-ansed a variation in the pric*- ; hut nevt'itheless, we can say that the ( "anadian 
 phnsphatt', consitlerin^^ its hij^h avcrago (80 per ct'iit.) will have a ic^nlar market ; 
 anil I tonsiiler that if the production is not f^reater it depend' nmre on the irre'^n- 
 iarily ot' (he deposits than on any other caiist". I'p to date the production has 
 iieen some "J-'iOiUUd tons. Thei'e exist lar^e deposits not yet worked, on acconnt ol' 
 the ahsenee of easy means ol' transportation. 
 
 '' The depression In the Kuropean market is evidenced l>y the very liuiited ex- 
 tent ol' the iihosphate-miiiiny o|ierjitions in this distrjct. The Hij^h itock mine," 
 with a reduced force of aljoiit sixty men, has raised ahonl .">(K)(I tons of all grades, to 
 dale, aliont 'JtlOt) tons of which has heen exported. The S(|iiavv Hill, and .I'.tna 
 mines of the I'ritish .Ameri.vni Phosphate ( 'ompany are the only other mines now 
 worked to any extent. Recent operations reveal some fine shows of the mineral ; 
 and the manaj^ement are reported to l)e encoiirai^ed !>y the prospects.' 
 
 M'liethcr phospliatc in it.^ criitlt; stsitc, pulvcri/cd, is avttihiblc as 
 plant food has not been as yet fidly ascertained, althotioh tlu; results 
 of experiments i^o to sliow that when mixed with strong- lermentinu, 
 stable-manure, or with swainp-mncU, its effects are manifested, in 
 the former case, rapidly, in the latter more slowly, i'he sam*- re- 
 sidts have been obtained with Charleston rock. There are <oMly at 
 present three manufacturers of fertilizers in Canada; in New Bruns- 
 wick, (Quebec, an<l Ontario, resj)ectively. Almost the entire product 
 of Uh' <'rude nuilerial, however, is sent out of the country. 
 
 Cost 4tj Mlniii;/ ftnd Transportation. — Information gathered from 
 various soiin'cs as (o the cost of a ton of phosj)hate (Udivered in 
 Montreal compared with that .stated in the latest Quebec Gove... - 
 meut Heport on Mining and Minerals,t gives the following figures: 
 
 Kxtraction profitable average), §3 to $6. 
 
 'I'ransport to wharf' over a distance of 1 to 5 miles, by (!art, 25 
 Cfints to ^1.25. 
 
 Tranr«|»<»rt to wiiarf over a distance of 1 to 2 miles, by tramway, 
 20 cents. 
 
 ^' The |)roperty beloujjing to the High Kock mines worked by the Pho.sphate of 
 Lime Company, of fjondon, England, nnder the management of Mr. Pickford, 
 covers 1200 acres, and these mines have been probably the most successfnl in their 
 operation. At one time the number of hands employed was upwards of 200, and 
 every means were iiNcd to promote their welfare, even to a reading-room well sup- 
 plied with books and perioificals. The number of the hands at any of tl>e mines 
 varies with the demand for the material. 
 
 t MnifK and Minerals of tin' Pruvince of Quebec, by J. Obalski, Government Min- 
 ing luigineer. t^uebee, 1891. 
 
THi: I'1I()SF»HATF, NfFNKS (»F TANADA. 
 
 9 
 
 Tnmspoit l)y river in Imr^cs oV(!r a ilistaiicc varviiiu" IVoiii 10 to 2"j 
 miles, .'H) to (10 cents. 
 
 Cost of (ransliipinenf al Uiiclcintrliam, 10 cents. 
 
 'I'i'.insporl I »y railway from l>nckiniilian« to .Montreal, Sl.2;"> to 
 SI.50. 
 
 (Jost of translii|)ment at Montreal, 'Jo cents. 
 
 ('ommission, insnrance, et<'., oO cents. 
 
 ( K'can-fn'Ijrlits ran^c from fiv<' to twelve shillings sterling, aceonl- 
 in<r to the |>(»rt of destination, Jlamltnrn being' tlie most 'lis'.ant l<» 
 wliieli pluispliate lias been shipped hitherto. 
 
 W'df/rn. — The rate of wa<:;e.s is from .*" 5 to $2o per month, with 
 hoard ; and, hy the day, 90 cents to $1.2.3, withont hoard ior ordi- 
 nary !al)<»rers, and Jj^l .50 to §2.50 for foreman and machinists. \ 
 teatn antl <lriver average ,§;> pei- day. 
 
 Mi//s. — There are three mills for grindint;- phosphat(! run h^• the 
 \vatcr-|)ower of the Lievre river, near IJncikini^ham statiot> iz, : 
 
 One helonirini; to the C-nadian I'hosphate ( V>m|»any with a ra- 
 pacity for tnrnini> out si\ to seven tons a dav. 
 
 One at Seahiir), on the west side of the [jievre, rnn with a tur- 
 bine wdieel, and e(juipj)ed with a rotary driver, caj)al)le of treatinjj^ 
 twenty-five tons a day. 
 
 One l)elono;inir to fiomer, llohi', and Co., with a capacity of from 
 forty to fifty tons a (hiy. 
 
 NoTio i5Y TtrK Skoiiktary.— Conjments or criticisms upon all 
 papers, whether private <'orrections of ty|)ographical or other errors, 
 or communications for |)ul»licatiou as " Discussion," or independent 
 papers on the same or a related subject, are earnestly invited.