IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I m m 125 '5^ IIIIM 11^ 11 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 = M 6" - ► V] <^ /2 V / m '/ W Photographic Sciences Corporation s. % ■^ A^ 4^ N> ^► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole V signifie "FIN". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 IT^ / 5 NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA) ITS RKSOURCES, PROGRESS AND ADVANTAGES. fk-i ■■A' , 1 ■ i; BY •: , CHARLES H. LUGRIN, A, B,, Secretart of the New Brunswick Board of Agriculture. .A ,ii 111 m PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 1886. J I s'z £i p- tablp: of contents. Introduction. Historical Sketch ; Population ; General Advantages, ] 4 CHAPTER I.~To Intending Settlers. (leneral Characteristics of Province ; A Settler's Experience ; What a New Settler Needs ; Improved Farms and Their Prices ; New Farms and How to Get Them ; Sales Under the ' ' Labor Act " ; Free Grants, 5 I9 CHAPTER II. — Farming in New Brunswick. Principal Crops of tlie Province ; Prof. Sheldon's Views ; Sheep Raising in New Brunswick ; Cattle Raising; the Grain Crops ; Roots and Fruits, 20 '^l CHAPTER III.— The Climate. General Character of the Climate ; the Course of tlie Seasons ; Fuel ; Health, 28-3;i CHAPTER IV. — General Description op Province. Geographical Position and Boundaries ; Area by Counties ; the Coast, 34 37 CHAPTER v.— The Surface of the Country. The Country Undulating ; Classification of Soil : the River In- tervals liH 4\ CHAPTER VI. -The Character of the Soil. Agricultural Statistics; Capacity of the Soil; the "Fertile Belt " Described ; the Lands of the New Brunswick Railway Company ; the Dyked Lands of Westmorland and Albert, ... 4:2 ,54 ■ui ■m "i I in Ni «■' 1L J: .' I IV. TABLE OF CONTENTS -(^oiiUnued. PAOK CHAPTER VII. — The Provinck Described by Counties. Charlotte ; St. John ; Kings ; Queens ; Sunbury ; York ; Car- leton ; Victoria; Madawaska ; Restigouehe; Gloucester; Northumberland ; Kent ; Westmorland ; Albert 55 109 CHAPTER VIII.— The River System. The St. John ; tributaries of the St. John ; the Miramichi ; the Restigouehe ; the Nepisequit ; the Richibucto ; the Pet- itcodiac ; the St. Croix 110-1 Ki CHAPTER IX. — Means of Communication. Highways ; the Statute Labor'; Water Commuication ; the Railways; the Mail Service; tlie Telegraphic Service; Express Companies ; the Money Order System 1 17-124 CHAPTER X. — Land Tenure and Transfer and Op- portunities for Investment. Security of Titles ; Conveyances ; Judicial Opinions as to Secu- rity ; Remunerative Investments for large and small Capit- alists 125-129 CHAPTER XI.— The Government. The Government of the Dominion ; the Governor-General ; the Senate ; the House of Commons ; the Ministry ; the Fran- chise; the Provincial Government ; the Lieutenant-Governor; the Local Legislature ; the Local Franchioe ; Representation ; the Municipality ; General Observations 130-136 CHAPTER XTI.— Revenue and Taxation. The Dominion Revenue ; Provincial Revenue and Expenditure ; Municipal Taxation ; School Taxation 137-140 CHAPTER XIII.— Education. The University and Colleges ; the Common School System ; Provincial Aid to Schools ; Power of School Trustees ; Sec- ondary Education 141-144 CHAPTER XIV.— The Forest. Importance of the Lumber Industry ; the Several Varieties of Wood Described ; Probable Development of the New Bruns- wick Wood Trade ; the Question of Fuel 145-159 ' TABLE OF CONTES'TS-Contlnw^d. y, CHAPTER XV. -The Fisheries. General Statistics ; the Bay of Furuly Fisheries ; the North Shore Fisheries ; the Inland Fisheries ; the Sahnon and Trout ^^''^'^'"^ llJO-10!) OETAPTER XVI.—MiNERALS. Geological Divisions ; Coal ; Antimony ; Manganese ; Iron ; Copper ; Lead ; Silver ; Gold ; General Observations • Free- '*""^ 170-17G CHAPTER XVII. — Agricultural Progress. Statistics of Cleared Land; Statistics of Farm Produce; Causes of Progress i — i ^ , ImIoI CHAPTER XVIII.-MlSCELLANEOUS. The Judiciary; Military Organization; Nationality of the People ; tlie Religion of the People ; the Newspapers ; the Banks ; Prices of Articles ; Beginning a Farm 182- liM •M -m \ ,; ». ■!■■:• ,|. {•I-! .■ 1 f ■■«»«MriM»* <'^1i-»**>^ I f '■■ "i. ■■>. ■ ? ■ ■ ■ „ , -4^' ' } 1" - y. H I nil" ^ K I-IbV .^_ I. ■ Y <:/ Yy / ^ ;^- V :v^^^"t f- ^^^ iv-r '1 !yt4* , i I.,, . :■■ •■^■mV4 /■ -■."/• . ^' ("1 -■Si't^v' it.. 1^ ' ^iJl 4 ^ v^ ■^■z ,,>i^Ii t ^ A- \i' *W ( •»'!». -AV I ?$x?:f^ x^~. '■/ ■ V ^ ^ ^ y .■ -^ f *, V - ., /. ,■ <* '• - / "^ J ^ y ^^^ % ■ -%f ^ ■ > A. i-<»iCl--. .:>-* iV. ■S-,. 1 ii ir ' . i O I:: OS CJ W o o t-l p H K) feci tn O W C3 H O bd 1^' INTRODUCTION. The object of this pamphlet is the presentation in con- venient form of such facts and statistical information as will enable persons, who contemplate settling in New Brunswick, to form a correct idea of the present condition and future capabilities of the Province. It is also intended as a handy book of reference on all points of general interest respecting the Province. No similar compilation of information relat- ing to New Brunswick has ever been attempted, although the ground was, to some extent, covered by the late Moses H. Perley in his hand-book, published in 18.57. In the period of upwards of a quarter of a century, which has elapsed since Mr. Perley 's book was issued, so many changes have taken place in the Piovince, so many new industries have engaged the attention of the people, population and the area of settled land have so increased, and the con- struction of railways and other causes have contributed so much towards altering the circumstances of residents and the opportunities open to new settlers, that the whole field embraced in these pages may be regarded as new. Under these circumstances the obligation to accuracy becomes the the more imperative, and the writer hopes that he has been able to meet all reasonable requirements in that regard. Official statistics have been used whenever they have been procurable, and every effort has been made to obtain infor- mation from the most reliable sources. i'M n INTRODUCTION. The first authentic record of a visit by Europeans to the country, now embraced within the limits of New Bruns- wick, is that of the voyage of Jacques Cartier, who exploi ed its northern shore in A. D. ]o34. He discovered and named the Baie des Chaleurs, and sailed up the estuary of the Miramichi. He found quite large settlements of Indians at several points, and his observations gave him a very favorable impression of the country. We have no account of any exploration of the southern coast of the Province before that made by Champlain in A. D. 1G04. He established the first permanent settlement in the Prov- ince, on a small island in the mouth of the St. Croix; and he also explored the lower portion of the river St. John. In A. D. 1630 a permanent fort, called after its builder, La Tour, was erected at the mouth of St. John. This was for some time one of the most important points in Acadia, as New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were then called. The French, who were the first European owners of this part of America, established numerous other settlements here, and Acadia was the scene of many stirring events previous to the year 1755, when the French population was expelled. By the treaty of Utrecht in A. D, 1713, France had ceded Acadia to England, but the French population not having submitted to their new rulers, the expatriation of thousands was deemed necessary by the British Government. Many of the exiles wandered back again, others found a refuge in remote dis- tricts, and their descendants to-day form no inconsiderable part of the population of the Prov-^^e. The first permanent English - nient made in New Brunswick was in A. D. 1761, when a colony of about 800 persons came from Massachusetts and located themselves at Maugerville, on the Eiver S John. At the close of the American Kevolution a large number of loyalists from the United States and disbanded soldiers settled on the St. ■ t INTRODCCTION. 8 i '' John river and at other points in what then formed a county of Nova Scotia, and was called Sunbury. In 1785, Sunbiiiy was erected into a separate Province and called New Bruns- wick. The settlement of the Province proceeded with consider- able rapidity, as the following will show : — POPULATION OF THE PROVINCE. By the Census of 1824, 74,176 " " 1834, 119.457 « • 1840, 156,662 « " 1851, 193,800 " " 1861, 252,047 " " 1871, 285,594 " " 1881, 321,233 New Brunswick continued to be a separate Province until the year 18G7, when it united with Nova Scotia and the old provinces of Ca^^-^da, to form what is known as the Dominion of Canf hich has since been extended until it embraces all the biitish possessions in North America, except Newfoundland and the West Indies. Among the countries, containing a sufficient area of unoc- cupied land to afford a home for a large number of new settlers, few possess as many, and none more, features to recommend them than does New Brunswick. Whether the Province is considered in regard to the fertility of its soil, the healthfulness of its climate, the extent and permanent character of the domestic market for farm produce, its convenient position as respects a foreign market for its products, its adaptability for agriculture, cattle and sheep- raising, or for manufactures, its system of self-government, of education and of laws — in whatever respect it may be regarded, New Brunswick will be found well worthy of 11' •if m :.i ( i'l ; i^ * f ■If INTRODUCTION'. consideration by those who contemplate settling in America. The proximity of the Province to Europe is not the least of its recommendations. It is nearer England than any other colonv having large areas of good farming land avail- able for settlers. The cost of removing from the old home to the new is, therefore, in the case of settlers in New Brunswick, reduced to a minimum ; and to those engaged in cattle or sheep-raising for the English market, this prox- imity is of the utmost importance, as the land carriage of exported live stock is little more than nominal. New Brunswick is especially adapted for mixed agricul- ture. A farmer in this Province does not "have all his eggs in one basket" ; a total failure of crops is a thing unknown, and if, from exceptional circumstances, a partial failure of one or more crops occurs, there is usually a compensating increase in others. ' The cost of land in New Brunswick is comparatively low and the tenure secure. In the rural districts, practically speaking, every man owns the land he lives on. Improved as well as unimproved farms can be obtained at reasonable prices. The Province affords excellent facilities for the investment of capital on good security at remunerative rates of interest. In a religious, educational and social point of view, the Province ranks with the foremost countries. The facilities for internal communication are so great and settlements have extended in so many directions, that a settler will enjoy from the day he comes to New Brunswick all tne advan- tages of a progressive and enlightened civilization. ) i. ^ NEW BRUNSWICK: ITS RESOURCES, PROGRESS AND ADVANTAGES. [; CHAPTER I. TO INTENDING SETTLERS. In the ensuing chapters an attempt will be made to describe the Province of New Brunswick as it really is at the present time. The actual circumstances of the country beincj nar- rated, the reader can judge for himself what its advantages and disadvantages are. It may be here premised that the Province has a large area of fertile soil unoccupied, but available for immediate settlement ; that it is well watered ; that the climate, though sometimes severe, is healthy ; that fuel is cheap and building material plentiful ; that the means of internal and external communication are complete ; that opportunities for the investment of capital are many and safe ; that the soil and climate are well adapted for mixed agriculture, as well as for cattle and sheep-raising ; that the markets are good ; that the forest w^ealth of the country is great, and its mineral resources very varied ; that its fisheries, sea and inland, are extensive and of great value ; that taxation is comparatively light, and the educational I'' ■i t\' U pi 6 TO INTENDING SETTLERS. system of the highest character; that the government of the country is democratic, but its institutions are those which have stood the test of centuries ; that life, liberty and property are safe ; that it is a country where sudden storms and floods and malarial diseases arc unknown ; and if it is not a place where the majority can expect to make great for- tunes, it at least affords a comfortable living to all industrious workeis. To claim that the Province has no disadvantaues would be preposterous ; no country in the world is free from them ; no adventurer has as yet reached a land where every- thing is as heart could wish. A settler in New Brunswick must expect to work for his living ; and if he takes a new farm he will find that the labor of clearing the forest requires strong arms and plenty of courage. He may lack in the first few years of his life in his new home many comforts to which he has been accustomed ; but in this respect he will be much better ofi^ in New Brunswick than he would be as a pioneer in the western countries, as in this Province all the advan- tages of an advanced and long settled community are within a few hours' journey of every section. If he selects good soil, if he is industrious, frugal and temperate, if he devotes himself to his farm, the settler in New Brunswick may, with reasonable certainty, expect to enjoy every necessary comfort after a few years and an independent competency during the decline of life. He can give his children a good educa- tion, settle them upon farms or fit them for such pursuits as their inclinations may lead them to select. He can enjoy the fullest rights of citizenship, and to him and his sons every position in the land is open. The following extract from a letter written by Mi. James Williams, formerly of Marbury, near Nantwich, England, and now of Andover, Victoria County, New Brunswick, was published in the Chester Chronicle, and will serve to show- how New Brunswick life impressed an English settler. ' TO INTENDING SETTLEIiS. After mentioning some exceptional circumstances connected with the harvest of the year (1882), Mr. Williams says : — " So, I suppose, we must Lave had a had year ; hut it is very much better than the best we had in England. We rre getting cordwood ; when dry it is worth three dollars a cord. We should be glad of an Englishman to help to fell ; then we could keep the horses drawing home. A man can earn his money sum- mer or winter. We are going to sow turnips and i)otatoes on th& new land. If anyone is too far from town to sell wood, the first crop of oats or bulbs pays for clearing. We are blest with the best of wood to burn ; in some parts of the West there is no wood, and what they fetch from a distance is soft and soon gone. Wood and M'ater are two essential things. We have both, and the crop is ready to harvest in fourteen or fifteen weeks. We are paid for all M'e- do in a few weeks. Last year we had to buy everything to live upon for fifteen weeks, and also the seed. This year we have plenty, and wood to sell, which will be very different. We can drive one or two horses without duty. We are hampered with nothing, no disgusting agents to find fault. Peoj)le drive wagons. for a pair or single horses — sleds the same. Poor people from Ireland, who came here 40 years ago, they and their sons have first-class turn-outs. Crockery is very dear. Common white plates are one dollar a dozen. Dinner napkins are in general use. " The first settlers here think English people live better than they do. They consider themselves careful, and will use all the profit from six cows in their own family, but, we think, if they were in England they would be in the workhouse. The young people wear rings and ear-rings, their cashmere boots and wool- lined overboots to drive in, butialo rugs to sic upon and cover them in the sir Is, which are very comfortable; and you will hear in a letter to my mother wliat a happy Christmas we spent. No intoxicating drinks are used here, but everything that is good to eat. What are called luxuries in England are considered neces- saries here. There is only one family neechng help here ; he is au Englishman who came from London last summer, and has very delicate health, and is not suitable for farming business. His. •'■I -: i f ii 4 t I - 1 , , ,■ ■ ■11 i warn s TO INTENDING SETTLERS. family hiive been well cared for, ami our minister has proposed sending him to pass his examination for a toacher, as he has been well educated. " There are excellent cheese made in this neighborhood. 1 intend making some this season with the rennets you gave me ; the cheese sell well here. If you know anybody who wishes to come here we will keep them a little while, and they can soon have a suitable farm. If a man reaches here with .£'oOO he is independent at once. One who came here last spring gave .£40 for a log house and barn, a, pig and wheat. Then at harvest he had 40 bushels of wheat, 70 ■of oats, 30 of potatoes, and a lot of turnips and beans. He has now bought another ct)w of us, and is very comfortable. He had 12 acres of land cleared, and is now clearing 10 more; he will sell his oats and buy a pair of young steers to work his land ; so if a man has .£40 he can do well, but if he has £300 all the better. A man that can work can do well" if he has no money. Laborers and tradesmen are wanted, and are well paid for what they do. " It is never very cold more than three days at a time. The sun is very bright, and the weather mild. The coldest days we never feel cold in the body, only the hands and feet. We wear mittens and several pairs of warm socks, and we have overboots to admit of them. Then we are very comfortable." In this letter we have a candid statement of a farmer fresh from English experience. Its frankness will commend it to all leaders. Referring to Mr. Williams' observations respecting persons without means, while it is undoubtedly true that many per^ sons have come to New Brunswick without a shilling, and have by industry and good mnnagement acquired a com- petency, while in every section of the country there are those to be found uho have made their way from the small- ■est beginnings to positions of comparative wealth, yet men with no capital are not reconnnended to emigrate to New Brunswick, except with a view of finding employment as TO INTENDING SETTLERS. I*," farm laborers, for whom there is fair demand. After a time such laborers can easily become land owners. If a settler has a small capital, say £100, left after paying his passage, he need have no fear in commencinr; Below will be found a copy of the Act and the Regulationa made under it : — AN ACT TO FACILITATE THE SETTLEMENT OF CROWN LANDS. Passed 10th March, ISGS. Be it enacted by the Lieutenant Governor, Legislative Council^ and Assembly, as follows : — L The Governor in Council may cause oligible portions of the vacant Crown Lands to be selected for settlement in various jjarts of the Province, and cause public roads to be made to and tli rough such lands, and may have the said lands surveyed and laid off in one hundred acre lots on both sides of stich road. 2. That all lots so surveyed and laid off, and all other lots of Crown Land which ha'^e been surveyed and are eligible for settle- ment, sliall be reserved for actual settlers, and shall not be disposed of to speculators or for lumbering purposes. 3. That one hundred acres of land so surveyed be located to Immigrants or other male persons of the age of eighteen years and U[)wards, who do not own any other land in the Province, upon the following terms and conditions, viz : — On payment of twenty dollars cash in advance, to aid in the con- struction of roads and bridges in the vicinity of hio location, oi* upon his performing labor on such roads and bridges to the extent of ten dollars per year for three years, as may be directed by the Gov- ernor in Council or Officer appointed to superintend the same; He shall commence improving his location immediately after obtaining permission to occupy the same, and shall within two years thereafter satisfy the Governor in Council that he has built a house thereon of not less dimensions than sixteen by twenty feet, and is resiiling thereon, and that he has cleared at least two acres of said land ; He shall continue to reside upon said land for three consecutive years, at the expiration of which time, provided he shall have cleared and cultivated at least ten acres of the said land, and per- formed the labor in the manner hereinbefore prescribed, or paid twenty dollars in advance, a grant shall issue to him of the one i ■ m ■^ 14 TO INTENDING SETTLERS. liundred acres so located as aforesaid ; provided always, that should the means of such jiersoii so locating as aforesaid bo. limited, he njay from time to time, and for reasonable periods, absent himself from said land in order to procure the means of support for him- self and family, without forfeiting his claim to constant residence. 4. Such person so located may, after having built a house as aforesaid, and cleared and cultivated two acres of the said land, nnd i)aid the twenty doUara advance, or performed labor on the loads and bridges to the extent of ten dollars or upwards, cut and haul lumber and timber from and off the said lot ; but he shall not sell or otherwise dispose of the standing timber until he has obtained a grant of said lot. i). Every actual settler who is indebted to the Crown on account of the lot occupied by him, provided such lot do not contain more than one hundred acres, and if he owns no other land, and has resided on such lot for three years next jjreceding, and has cleared and cultivated ten acres thereof, and has paid twenty dollars in cash, or performed thirty dollars' worth of labor on the roads as hereinbefore provided, shall be entitled to a grant of such lot. * -c # * * * * 7. The person to whom the land is located may bring an action for any trespass connnitted on the land so located while ho is entitled to possession under the previsions of this Act ; but nothing in this Act shall interfere with the right of the Crown to seize any lumber cut in violation of the provisions of this Act or any Regu- lations framed thereunder, or cut by any person other than the person to whom the same is located. RKOULATIONS CAUUYIXG OUT PROVISIONS OF THK FOREGOING ACT. 1st. All applications for Crown Land must be made in the name of and l)y the real applicant, or by his Attorney duly authorized, and the Grant shall be issued only to him, unless liis claim be transferred with the approval of the Lieutenant Governor in Council. 2nd. (Form of Application.) ':\m TO ly TENDING SETTLERS. 16 3ixl. If a Petition be accepted, its approval shall be published in the Royal Gazette, and within three months thereafter, (but if between 1st October and 1st April, then to reckon as from the latter) he shall improve and clear on his lot to the value of not less than (20) twenty dollars ; and also within three months additional, to the value in all of not less than (40) forty dollars. 4th. No Labor Act Commissioner is to assign work in payment for Land, until he knows that the aj>plicant has intpioved to the value of at least $40; (as required by Regulation 3), and a report must be made before 31st October of the same year in which the work is done, otherwise it will not be credited. 5th. He shall within two years after publication of his approval ti-ansmit to the Surveyor General a Certificate attested to by himself on oath before a Magistrate, and certified by t^^ o of his neighbors, that he has built a house tit for occupancy upon the lot, of not less dimensions than sixteen by twenty feet, and is then residing therein, and that he has cleared and had cultivated in the previous year at least four acres of the said lot. 6th. The absence named in the above Act shall not in any one year exceed five months, viz : — in Summer, during the months of July and August ; and in Winter, during the months of January, February and March. 7th. Before he shall be permitted to cut any timber or lumber •(excei)t that cut in clearing the land for cultivation) he shall transmit to the Surveyor General a Certificate as prescribed in Section 5, and also a Certificate from the Commissioner that he has performed the necessary amount of labor. 8th. All persons who have purchased Crown Lands not exceed- ing 100 acres, under previous Regulations, and have paid the amount of ^20, or have performed work to the value of $30 on roads, and are actually then residing on and improving the lot so purchased, and have so resided and improved tlie same for the three previous consecutive years, shall be entitled to a Grant upon producing a Certificate to that effect from a Labor Act Commis- sioner; such Certificate to be sworn to by the settler before a neighbouring Magistrate. ■ I4ti 4 II hi m 16 TO INTENDING SETTLERS. 9th. No person shall be authorized under the previously recited Act to coniraence an action for trespass upon his lot, unless he shall have previously presented to the Surveyor General a Certifi- cate on oath that he has performed all the conditions required by the Act of AssemV>ly, and the present Regulations, necessary to entitle him to present possession of the lot located to him. FREE GRANTS. Free grants of crown lands are issued to bona fide settlers under the provisions of the following statute : AN ACT RELATING TO FREE GRANTS OF CROWN LANDS. Be it enacted by the Lieutenant Governor, Legislative Council, and Assembly, as follows : — 1. The Governor in Council is hereby autliorized and empowered to select and set apart certain tracts of the Crown Lands of this. Province suitable for settlement and cultivation, ctnd cause public roads to be made to and through the same when selected. 2. Such tracts shall be surveyed and laid off into lots of one hundred acres each, having a front on sucli roads ; and the said lands so selected, surveyed, and laid off, shall be reserved for actual settlers. 3. Whenever any association of ten persons or a less number than ten, in the discretioii of the Governor in Council, shall make application to the Governor \\\ Council, declaring their intention of becoming actual settlers under the pi'ovisions of this Act, in any tract set apart under Section one of this Act, and in which no allotments are made at the time of such application, each associate or applicant shall have a lot allotted to him in such tract ; and after the first allotment in any tract under this Section, or any Act heretofore in force, the provisions hereof shall extend to any person subsequently a})plying for a lot in said tracts. 4. Free grants of such lots may be made to such persons as may become actual settlers under this Act and the Regulations from time to time made under the authority hereof. TO INTENDING SETTLERS. 17 as 5. The person to whom any land may be assigned or allotted under this Act (hereinafter called the allottee) for a free grant thereof, shall be considered as located for said land within the meaning of this Act, so soon as the approval of his application therefore shall be published in the Boyal Gazette. 6. No person shall be allotted or assigned any land under this Act, or any Regulations thereunder, unless such persons shall be of the age of eighteen years or upwards ; nor shall any person be assigned any greater quantity than one hundred acres. 7. Before any person shall be allotted or assigned any land under the provisions of this Act, such person shall make affidavit,, to be depositied in the Crown Land Office, that he has no real estate, that he has not been assigned or allotted any land under the provisions of this Act, or under chapter fourteen of The Con- solidated Statutes, that he is of the age of eighteen years or upwards, and that such land is desired for his own benefit and for the purpose of actual settlement and cultivation, and not directly or indirectly for the use and benefit of any other person or persons whatsoever, and not for the purpose of obtaining or disposing of any of the trees growing thereon before he obtains permission thereof. 8. No grant shall issue for any land allotted or assigned under this Act, or any Regulation made hereunder, until the applicant or those claiming under him, shall have performed each of the following settlement duties or conditions, viz :— The allottee shall— First — Commence chopping, clearing and improving on the lot assigned to him within one month after publication of his approval, and shall within thi'ee months after the publication of such approval improve as aforesaid on his lot to the value of twenty dollars. Secondly — Within one year from such publication build a house thereon, tit for habitation, of not less dimensions than sixteen feet by twenty, and reside therein, and shall chop down and cultivate not less than two acres by sowing or planting the same. Thirdly — Chop down, cultivate and clear not less than ten acres within three years from such publication, and shall each year actually and continuously cultivate all the land chopped down during such three years. f\ > ■ I ^1 .18 rO INTENDING SETTLERS. Fourthly — Reside actually and continuously upon such land for the term of three years next succeeding such publication, and thence up to the issue of the grant, except that absence during the months of July, August, Janunry, Febi'uary and March in any year shall not be held to be a cessation of such residence, provided -such land be cultivated as aforesaid. Fifthly — Compliance with the first, second and third conditions -above mentioned within a les^s period than three years, and actual residence up to the time of such compliance, shall entitle such Allottee to a grant. On failure in the performance of any of the Settlement conditions and duties in this section mentioned, the allotment shall be forfeited, and all right of the Allottee or any one claiming under him in the land shall cease. 1). No claim for improvemeuta by an Allottee. whose lot is for- feited shall be allowed, except for buildings, the reasonable value of which shall for two years be a charge upon the lot, and shall be paid for by any other person applying therefor within that time before such lot shall be allotted to such applicant. 10. All trees growing or being u[)on any lot so assigned or allotted as aforesaid, shall be considered as reserved from the said allotment, and shall bo the property of Her Majesty, except that the Allottee, or those claiming under him, may cut and use such trees as may be necessary for the purposes of building, fencing, or fuel, on the land so allotted, and may also cut and dispose of all trees actually required to be removed in bona fide clearing said land for cultivation ; and no trees (except for necessary building, fencing, and fuel, as aforesaid) shall be cut beyond the limit of such actual clearing before the issuing of the grant, unless license for cvittiug the same be obtained ; and such license may be obtained >)y the Allottee after compliance with Settlement conditions num- bers one and two, upoix such terms and to such extent as may be prescribed and authorized by the Governor in Council ; but any trees cut (except as aforesaid) without such license may be seized a,nd forf jited in like laanner as trees cut without license upon irfj -luted Crown Lands. 11. Any Allottee, or any person claiming under him, may main- : / TO INTENDING SETTLERS. 19 lit of tain an action of trespass for any injury done to the land so allotted to him, or his interest therein, while entitled to possession thereof, under the provisions of this Act ; but nothing herein contained shall be construed to interfere with the rights of the Ciown to seize any trees cut in violation of the provisions of this Act or any regulation made hereunder. 12. If the Allottee die intestate before the issue of the grant, all his right and interest to such lands shall vest in his widow, if he leave one him surviving, but if not, then in his heirs. 1.3. Neither the Allottee, nor any one claiming under him, shall have power to alienate (otherwise than by devise) or to mortgage oi- pledge any land allotted as aforesaid, or any light or interest therein, before the issue of the gi'ant ; and no land allotted as aforesaid, nor any interest therein, shall in any event, before the issue of the grant thei'eof, be or become liable to be attached, seized or taken for payment or the satisfaction of any debt or liability contracted by the Allottee, his widow, heirs, or devisees. 14. Nothing in this Act contained shall be construed to exempt the interest of any Allottee in any such land from levy or sale for rates and taxes now or liereafter legally imposed upon the Allottee thereof, or any person claiming the same under him. 15. Any person who may have heretofore become an Allottee under any Law relating to the "Free Grants of Crown Land," who may become entitled to the several payments of fifteen dol- lars under sections fourteen and sixteen of chapter fifteen of The Consolidated Statutes hereby repealed, shall, nothwithstand ing such repeal, be entitled to receive the said sums respectively on compliance with the conditions which would Jiave entitled them to the said money under the said sections of tluj said hereby repealed chapter. 16. A sum equivalent to the moneys which, under the four- teenth and sixteenth sections of the said hereby repealed chapter, would have been paid to any • Allottee, shall be expended in the opening and making of roads in the tract so set apart under the provisions of this Act. 4\ • i 20 FARMING IN NEW BRUNSWICK. CHAPTER II. TAEMING IN NEW BRUNSWICK. Although the farmers in some parts of New Brunswick give prominence to certain lines of produce, as a class they may be said to practice mixed husbandry ; adaptability for this is one of the greatest recommendations which can be given any country. A successful English farmer, residing in Carleton County, writes : — " In this country we do not 'have all our eggs in one basket'. I never knew any crop to be a complete failure, but of course there are years when some crops are not as good as others ; the fact, however, that we all practice mixed husbandry makes one year on an average quite as good as another, and renders such a thing as a total failure of the summer's operations practi- cally unknown." The Province is especially adapted to sheep and cattle- raising, but it produces the best of wheat in large quantities; oats are an exceptionally good crop ; rye, barley and buck- wheat yield luxuriantly ; indian corn is a safe and profitable crop, yielding a profit of £10 per acre ; potatoes grow to a large size and are of the best quality, the yield per acre being unsurpassed in America ; other roots, such as turnips, beets, mangolds, etc., do equally well ; such fruits as apples and plums come to the greatest perfection ; cherries yield prolifically, and strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and bluebemes grow in enormous quantities. r ! ■1.:;' i I FAItMING IN NEW BRUNSWICK. 21 The followinfi^ table of yield per acre and weight per Win- chester bushel, was prepared by Prof. Johnston, F. R. G. S., from statistics gathered from every quarter of the Province : Per Acre. Weijfht. Wheat, 20 bushels, 60 J^ fts. Barley, 29 Oats, 34 Buckwheat, 33f Rye 20^ Indian Corn, 41 1 Potatoes, 226| Turnips, 456 (( (( 50 38 48A 59 i 63" And he said, " These average weights over a whole province where the land is new and manured only in some instances or at long intervals, indicate a capacity in soil and climate to produce grain for human food of a very superior quality." In a paper read before the British Association at Montreal in 1884, by Professor J. T. Sheldon, of the College of Agri- culture, Salisbury, England, the following occurs : — " The Eastern and Maritime Provinces of Canada are in the incipient stages of agricultural transition, and will in time develop into stock-raising ^nd dairying countries, though the process may he long in operation. But there can hardly be a doubt that the tendency is a wise one ; first, because tliey are better adapted to these pursuits than to grain raising. "It is competent for me to record, as a result of personal investi- gation, ray opinion that the Eastern and Maritime Provinces, in many parts of them, are well adapted in soil and climate to the growth of roots and green crops, as well as of hay and straw for forage. These cro])S supply the foundation for successful stock- raising and dairying, and by stock-raising I do not mean cattle only, but all sorts of animals which go to the efficient equipment of mixed farms. " In the Maritime Provinces particularly a change in the habits !■.! .H i • If m 'I. ■'■:>'■ i 4 22 FA It MI NO IN NEW BRUNSWICK. of the farming community is pending, and must quickly come; for wooden ship-building is dying out, and lumbering will decline in volume. These Provinces indeed enjoy great advantages in respect of seaboard, and of a climate suitable to the kind of husbandry I have indicated. Where, indeed, on the vast continent of America shall we find better stock laud than in the noble valley of the St. John River, in the Sackville marshes, in the vale of Annapolis, in the Eastern Townships of Quebec, and in many other localities ; while, as for sheep husbandry, where have we a soil so suitable as the dry and friable loam of Prince Edward Island ? " In respect to the adaptability of the Province for sheep- raising, we have the testimony from a disinterested source, namely, Prof. Brown, of the Ontario Agricultural College. Prof. Brown has had an extensive experience in sheep-rais- ing in Scotland. He gives the following estimate of the expense and profit of a sheep run. His estimates and his report upon the adaptability of New Brunswick for this industry have attracted much attention in the Province of Ontario, and he thinks may lead to investments being made in the business in New Brunswick by some of his speculative neighbours. He says : — " British Columbia excepted, you hold now the only extensive and naturally suitable lands in the Dominion for the cheap production of wool and mutton. At a rough under estimate, there arc in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia some 2,000,000 acres of sheep runs, outside of all arable, bush, rock, water, meadow and the richer cattle gi'azing land of the valleys. These should carry such a num- ber as to produce annually, not maintain, but to sell off every year, 40,000,000 pounds of mutton and 2,000,000 pounds of wool— an annual gi'oss revenue of, say, $2,300,000. This is no wild specu- lative calculation, but one based upon my own handling of the same subject in Scotland and Ontario and upon the experience of other Canadian flock mastei-s. The subject has two aspects— an inside one and an outside one : the system of breeding, i-earing and furnishing all the flock, or the bringing from a distance and fur- ' I FARM I NO IN NEW BRUNSWICK. 2^ I J) iiishing of the runs during October. On the former there mny not yet be sufficient arable area to produce fodder and grain for winter maintenance to give encouragement to large enterprise — that is, thousands in place of hundreds of sheep on one range. This would be the independent and, provincially, the most pro- gressive and wealthy plan. *' But it is not the one for immediate speculation and greatest profits. If sufficient blocks of land of the right stamp can be had to vent or purchase at reasonable figures, I am satisfied the migra- tory system would be best. From Scotch experience of a similar character, as well as knowledge of what can be done with sheep iiL Ontario, and making allowance for all possible contingencies, a capital of $12,000, properly handled, would make the following, annual history : — « SHEEP GRAZING IX NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA. (Area required, 6,000 acres.) Cost of 2,000 shearlings in Ontario, averaging 100 fts., 1st May, at $5, $10,000 Expense of purchasing and concentrating 50O, Freights, 15 cars, Toronto to Moncton, 1,200 Food by rail, lOO Capital required, §11,800 Two shepherds, six months, 40O Assistance shearing 150 Freight, to seaboard, 1st November, 300 Grazing, 50 cents per head, 1.000 Interest on capital, 500- Incidentals 20O Total debit $14,350 Clip of 2,000 heafl, loth May, medium wool, 7i ll)S., at 15 cents, $ 2,250 Value of 1,940 (60 deaths) at seaboard, averaging 140 lbs., at 5i cents, 14,838 Total credit, 17,088- Balance, being clear profit, per annum $2, 733* !24 FARMING IN NEW BRUNSWICK. "Double the rent, if yon choose, and allow for greater loss than I have done, and there would still remain a large margin of profit — €0 large as to throw doubts on the whole character of the estimate." Prof. Sheldon says : — " Sheep in particular do remarkably "well wherever I have seen them in Canada and no where better than in New Brunswick." Mr. C. S. Lugrin, when Secretary for Agriculture, caused n series of inquiries to bo made among the farmers in all parts of the Province in reference to sheep-farming, and lie was able to report that it was found, when conducted simply as one of the branches of a general farming business, to pay n profit of at least 30 per cent, per annum. Mr. J. D. M. Keator, one of the best known farmers of New Brunswick, in writing lately to the St. John Telegraph, said that " sheep- raising is beyond a question the most profitable business in which the members of my calling can engage." This fact is well imderstood, and thousands of sheep are annually raised for the United States market, especially by the farmers in the St. John Valley. Something has been done in the way of shipping mutton to England, and it has been demonstrated that the business can be profitably conducted; but the demands of the American market are sufficient to take all the surplus sheep which New Brunswick will have to sell for many years to come. The quality of New Brunswick mutton being superior to any other which finds its way into the market of the cities in the Eastern States, the farmers who have sheep to sell experience to the full extent the advantages of their situa- tion alongside of a great trunk line of railway which gives direct and speedy connection with those cities. To most persons a sheep run is associated with remoteness from cities and the centres of population ; but in New Brunswick the best ranges for sheep are within two days' journey from one ■of the best markets for mutton on the Continent. FARMING IN NEW BRUNSWICK. 25 The home market will take all the wool : the product of wool in Canan near a port of shipment. While New Brunswick may never become a wheat ex- porting country, or even raise enough of this grain to supply the domestic demand, the farmers are yearly giving greater attention to its cultivation; the increase produc- tion per head of the population in twenty years being G6 per cent. As is shown by tables already given, the quality of New Brunswick wheat and the yield per acre is very high. The majority of the farmers raise wheat enough for their own use. New Brunswick potatoes rank with the best grades in the United States markets, being quoted higher than any potatoes except those raised in the valley of Aroostook, a tributary of the St. John, which have a fancy value a shade above New Brunswick potatoes. At the last state fair held in Maine, a diploma was awarded to a New Brunswick exhibit of potatoes as being the best shown. An immense business is done on the Aroostook in manufacturing starch from m\ U ■<: I 26 FARMING IN NEW BRUNSWICK. potatoes, and although nothing has yet been attempted in this line in New Brunswick, it no doubt offers an excellent chance for investment. The exports of indian corn are already large and are annually increasing. The corn is put up in hermetically sealed cans, in which condition it is exceedingly palatable. New Brunswick brands of canned corn are preferred to any other. The attention paid to fruit growing is annuall}' increasing and it is found to be very profitable. Several excellent vaiie- tiesof apples are produced in perfection, one of them, known as the New Brunswick, is unsurpassed as an early apple. The United States absorb all the surplus stock of apples, although several shipments have been made to England. Skilful orchardists, with a little capital, can invest it most profit- ably in New Brunswick in raising apples and plums. Native strawberries are delicious and plentiful, but are not an article of export. Immense quantities of cultivated strawberries are grown ; but owing to the great demand for them at home and abroad the supply is always short. The same observations apply to raspberries, except that the native variety is exported as well as the cultivated varie- ties. Blueberries are a most prolific wild berry of agree- able taste ; they are used in large quantities and arc canned for export. In the cultivation of berries, fruit, flowers and early vegetables, there are always excellent openings for skilful men, with a little means. It is only of lecent years that much attention has been paid to this line of agriculture, and the demand is yet greater than the supply ; this is due to the excellent facilities for export, and to the practice of canning goods. The New Brunswick farmer, it will thus be seen, is not compelled to devote his energies in any one direction, but has before him as wide a field as is open to his brothers in FARMING IK KE]V BRUNSWICK. 2T any country. Slowly the supremacy of agriculture 'as asserted itself in the Province, until at last the other indus- tries, which temporarily promised better results, have taken their true place, and the cultivation of the soil and its kin- dred pursuits are reco^^nized as the chief and best employ- ment of the people. The lesson which the history of New Brunswick agriculture teaches is that an industrious man upon a moderately good farm can raise his family in comfort and even in modest luxury; can secure himself a competency for his declining years, and leave his children a valuable property. Many have done this, whose sole capital whea they began to clear the forest was a pair of stout arms and a courageous heart. i]* P' ^.i'l ^i" •SB THE CLIMATE. CHAPTER III. THE CLIMATE. The climate of New Brunswick is favorable to the suc- cessful prosecution of Agriculture and the longevity of the inhabitants. It has been the custom to represent the climate of Canada as made up of extremes, but it must always be borne in mind that Canada is a country almost as large as Europe and extending through nearly as many degrees of latitude ; that it is subject to many influences affecting the climate, of which it presents every variety from the balmy, rainless summers and mild wet winters of Southern British Columbia, to the almost unbroken winter of the Arctic zone. New Brunswick goes to neither extreme, for, although there may be exceptional days every year when the thermometer registers above 00° Fahrenheit or below — 20*", a man can do more days' work out of doors in the course of the year in the Province than he can in any part of the British Isles. During the coldest days children go to school and men engage in their ordinary out-door employment without inconveni- ence. A common working dress for out of door wear in the coldest weather consists of a suit of heavy knit underwear, a flannel shirt, trousers of homespun wool cloth, one or two pairs of woollen socks, a pair of boots, lai'rigans, or moccasins, a coat or "jumper" of the same material as the trousers, a cloth cap, with coverings for the ears, and a pair of woollen mittens. Clad thus a man can work out of doors all day long in the coldest winter weather ever felt in New Bruns- wick. If he is going on a long drive he will put on a heavy :m\ THE CLIMATE. 29' top coat. Everybody who lives on a farm in New Bruns- wick is well provided with comfortable clothing, and the cold of winter, so far from being a drawback or an incon- venience, is both an advantage in many respects and a source of much enjoyment. New settlers in the country are invariably agreeably disappointed in the winter weather. The New Denmark settlers say that, on the whole, it is preferable to that of Denmark, and the Kincardine and other settlers from Great Britian say that owing to the cheapness of excellent fuel, the dryness of the air, and the infrequency of serious storms, a New Brunswick winter is pleasanter than one in Great Britain. Summer in New Brunswick is usually veiy fine. In every season there are a few very hot days, but the greater part of the summer is as delightful as the weather in any part of the world. The province is a favorite resort of thousands of persons from the Atlantic States, who seek a more enjoy- able climate than they can find at home. The course of the seasons is somewhat as follows : — The year generally begins with the rivers and lakes frozen over firmly, and a foot of snow upon the ground ; at least this would be an ideal beginning for the year. The Christ- mas marketing will have made hard snow roads all over the country, on which a pair of horses will transport immense loads of produce. The farmers are occupied with their stock ; marketing what they have to sell or cutting and hauling firewood and fencing ; in some cases they will be engaged with their horses in hauling logs for large lumber operators, and sometimes they will carry on a small logging operation on their own account. Lumbering operations are at this season of the year under full way, and in remote sections, sometimes far beyond the settlements, hundreds of men are employed either in cutting logs or in hauling them with, horses to the banks of the streams. i i ' i^^ 30 THE CLIMATE. The pleasure of travelling over snow roads is very great. Given a good road, the mercury near the cypher, no wind, bright moonlight, a pair of fast trotting horses and a sleigh well equipped with furs, and you have the perfection of locomotion. Sleigh-driving as an amusement is largely indulged in during the cold weather. Throughout January several heavy snow falls may be looked for. Six inches of snow at one fall would be con- sidered heavy, although sometimes, but rarely, ten inches or a foot will fall during a storm. The snow is light and dry and roads are easily made through it. Farmers like to see a heavy snow storm because it is regarded as a good protec- tion to the grass roots, and in melting leaves a residuum of A'alue as a fertilizei". Usually during each winter there are two or three days' storms, but as a general thing a snow storm is of not more than a day's duration. In January a few mild days with rain may be looked for. February is a continuation of January in respect to the weather, but its average degree of cold is usually greater than that of any other month of the year. March is sometimes stormy, but its average temperature is higher than that of the two preceding months. After the middle of the month mild weather, with rain, is common, and towards the close the snow begins to disappear from much-used roads and in sunny places. Early in April all the snow me] is except in the depths of the forests ; the cutting and hauling of lumber is suspended and preparations are made for " stream-driving." About the middle of the month the ice in the rivers begins to break up and run out, so that when May comes in navigation is open. The ice in the lakes breaks up somewhat later. Vegetation begins to show signs of revival in April, and ploughing may be done in well-drained fields. In May vegetation begins to make rapid progress and the THE CLIMATE. 31 <^rovvth appears simply wonderful to a person not familiar with the New Brunswick climate. The deciduous trees put forth their leaves, the grass becomes green and flowers spring up almost before one has noticed that the snow has gone. A warm rain and a few days of bright sunshine completely transform the face of the country. Planting begins in May. In this month also the lumbermen begin to " drive " their logs out of the streams. In June planting is continued and so rapidly do things mature in the sunny summers of New Brunnswick that crops may be put in late in this month and yet have an <3xcellent chance of coming to perfection. In July haying begins and, in favourable seasons, is con- cluded during the first fortnight in August. In July wild stiawberiies come to peifection and are found in abundance; towards the close of the month wild raspberries are ripe, and early garden vegetables are fit for use. Towards the last of August the harvesting of early grain begins, and early apples are ready for marketing. The harvest continues during September, which is gener- ally the finest month in the year. By the last of this month all the crop, except that of roots will be gathered. In October the root crop will be harvested, and in the last ten days of the month preparation will be made for winter. The grass will begin to fail in the pastures, and the nights will become colder with occasional frosts. Early in November a fall of snow may bo looked for, to be followed by a few days of most genial weather, known ^s " Indian summer." Rain and snow storms are common i;i November, but the snow does not remain upon the irround. About the middle of this month the rivers freeze over, and the navigation of inland waters closes, although it sometimes opens again. Cattle must be fed at the barns during November, but sheep will continue to get a living 1 ; i i . ! il! ppp 82 THE CLIMATE. in the fields. In this month men and teams go to the woods. to engage in lumbering. December is the beginning of winter. The ice in the rivers and lakes becomes fixed ; the snow remains on the ground ; the fire-place or the stove is kept replenished with fuel all day, and by Christmas winter has fairly set in. The etTect ^f the winter upon agriculture is on the whole not dis£? dvauL. geous. The heavy frosts render the ground friable and open, doing more good than could be accom- plished by several ploughings. To the pulverizing action of the frost upon the soil is attributed the remarkable yield of root crops ii-. N';^v (Brunswick. From the opinions expressed to the writLji" i"j .no hundred and fifty practical farmers, this deduction "lay .airly bs drawn: That an ordinary New Brunsv'ick winter so L v from being injurious to the soil or the grrss, is l pos i-' vo 1 ,_ vf]f, . i^ut jf there is less than the usual quantity of snow, or ir ■ -.r dities where the natural drainage is poor and no artificial means are used to carry off the surplus water, hard frosts have an injurious effect upon the grass. Upon live stock, cared for properly, the winter has no injurious effect whatever. This is now conceded by all qualified to judge ; so much so in fact that the most eminent experts, who have considered the subject, pronounce the Province to be admirably adapted for stock-raising. FUEL. In connection with the question of climate, that of fuel may be considered. It is not a question of much moment to the New Brunswick farmer, since he can get the best fuel in the world for the mere labor of cutting and haulinjo: it. Rock maple and yellow birch are unsurpassed as a domestic fuel ; the other varieties of wood are all valuable, though in a less degree than these. In addition to the wood supply^ New Brunswick has a store of coal, hereinafter described^ which is practically inexhaustible. THE CLIMATE. 3» GENERAL OBSERVATIONS AS TO THE CLIMATE. One great advantage which a settler will have in selecting New Brunswick as his home, is the absence of tornadoes,, cyclones or other violent storms, destroying life and property, such as frequently occur in the Western States. Even heavy storms are uncommon, except on the exposed parts of the coast. During every summer local thunder showers are fre- quent, but the amount of damage done by them is incon- siderable. If heavy rains occur sudden floods do not result, as in the treeless regions of the West, but the moisture is held in the forests and lakes until it giadually finds its way to the rivers. Droughts are unknown and heavy freshets during the farming season are rare. The official returns in the British War Office show that when New Brunswick was a military station, the health of the troops in garrison here was remarkably good ; the Pro- vince in this respect standing among the first of all the British military stations. Fever and ague and malarial fevers^ are unknown. There is an abundance of the best of water everywhere; in fact, in all that is necessary to produce rug- ged men New Brunswick is unsurpassed. In all parts of North America the natives of this Province are admitted to be above the average in strength and endurance. i. '. f i'- IH'; ! 34 DESCRIPTION OF THE PRO VINCE. CHAPTER IV. A GENEEAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PEOVINOE. New Brunswick is a Province of Canada. The Dominion of Canada is a part of the British Empire. It is situated in North America, and embraces all of that continent lying north of the 49th degree of north latitude, except Alaska, formerly Russian America, and including the Provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island, which with the principal part of the Pro- vince of Ontario and a portion of the Province of Quebec, lie south of that parallel. Canada extends from the Atlan- tic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. Its eastern provinces are nearer Europe and its western provin- ces nearer Asia than any other habitable part of America. The Dominion is divided into the Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Quebec, which border on the Atlantic ; Ontario and Manitoba, which are in the inteiior, and British Columbia, which is on the Pacific Coast. It comprises also a vast area only partially explored, and known as the Northwest Territories, consist- ing largely of land excellently adapted for agriculture. The Capital of Canada is Ottawa. The area of Canada is 3,471,392 square miles, or nearly equal to that of Europe. The population of Canada is upwards of 4,500,000.* *tThe population of Canada by the census of 18S1 was 4,315,000.] DESCRIPTION OF THE PROVINCE. 35 A line of railway, nearly completed, extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast of the Dominion. New Brunswick lies between the G4th and G9th degrees of west longitude (from Greenwich) and between the 45th and 48th parallels of north latitude ; that is to say the latitude of the Province is the same as that of Central France, Fred- oricton, the Capital, and nearly the geographical centre of the Province, being in the same latitude as the city of Lyons, France. The whole Province lies in a more southerlv lati- tude than any part of the British Isles. In shape New Brunswick is an irregular quadrilateral. Its greatest length from north to south and its greatest width from east to west are each about 200 miles. Its area in square miles is 27,322 ; in acres, 17,*394,410, or about the same as that of Scotland. The population of the Province was 321,233 by the census of 1881. KSTIMATE CONTENTS IN ACRKS OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES IN THE PROVINCE. County. Area. Restigouche, 2,072,710 acf es Gloucester, 1,195,000 " Northumberland, 2,75(),000 " Kent, 1,140,000 " Westmorland, 887,300 " Albert 435,000 " St. John, 380,400 " Charlotte 822,500 " Kings, 877,200 " Queens 924,700 " Sunbury 056,000 " York, 2,278,000 - Carleton, 788,200 " Victoria, 1,324,200 'i Madawaska, 810,500 " Total 17,393,410 ■( •'1 36 DESCRIPTION OF THE PRO VINCE. THE COAST. The Atlantic Ocean, or more properly speaking, arras of that ocean, wash the Province of New Brunswick on the north, east and south. On the south the Bay of Fundy, having an average width of about forty miles, separates New Brunswick from Nova Scotia, the two Provinces being united by the narrow Isthmus of Chignecto. The naviga- tion of the Bay of Fundy is esteemed safe at all seasons of the year. On the east of the Province are the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumberland Straits; the width of the latter varying from ten to thirty miles. The Straits of Northumberland separates New Brunswick from Prince Edward Island. On the north of the Province is the Bay of Chaleur (Baie des Chaleurs) with an average width of twenty njiles, separating New Brunswick from the peninsula of Gaspe, Quebec. The waters on the west and north are not navigable during the winter season, or on an average from December to April, because of the ice ; but communi- cation is maintained, more or less regularly, with Prince Edward Island at all seasons of the year. .The coast of New Brunswick is indented with many excellent harboi-s, some of them being of great capacity. Among those on the Bay of Fundy Coast are St. John, St. Stephen, St. Andrews, St. George, Lepreaux, St. Martins, Musquash, and the estuary of the Petitcodiac. On what is called the North Shore are Baie Vertb, Shediac, Buctouche, Richibucto, Miramichi, Shippigan, Caraquet, Bathurst, Dal- housie and others. Besides those named there are numerous minor ports, and the principal rivers are navigable for ocean- going vessels for a considerable distance from the sea. The coast of New Brunswick is supplied with an excellent system of lights and fog alarms, and shipwrecks are very rare. The Bay of Fundy and all ports upon its borders are open I ! DESCRIPTION OF THE PROVINCE. 37 for navigation at all seasons of the year. The harbor of St. John has never been known to freeze over, and the other bay harbors are rarely, if ever, obstructed by ice. These New Brunswick ports are the only harbors in America, north of Cape Hatteras in North Carolina, of which this can be said, and the fact is regarded as likely to be important in determining the Atlantic terminus of the Canadian trans- continental railway system, which is now on the eve of completion, and will unite the harbors on the Pacific with those on the Atlantic Coast of America, thereby aftbrding a route from Great Britain to Eastern Asia more than one thousand miles shorter than any other. It is confidently hoped that a large portion of the trans-continental trade will be done by New Brunswick ports, in which event the commercial importance of the Province will be very greatly enhanced. Among the harbors of New Brunswick, which have been looked upon as likely to become very important termini of ocean and continental traffic are those of Shippegan, in Glou- cester County, Chatham and Newcastle in Northumberland County, St. John and St. Andrews. Lying off the Coast of New Brunswick are numerous islands, which are included in the Province. Of these the principal are Grand Manan, Campobello and the West Indies in the Bay of Fundy ; and Shippegan and Miscou, which separate the Bay Chalcur from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. n H ■!t I 38 THE SUIiFACE OF THE COUNTRY. CHAPTER V. THE SUEFAOE OF THE COUNTRY. The surface of New Brunswick is undulating. There are no extensive level plains, and no high mountain ranges. Along the river valleys arc low, flat areas, of alluvial deposit, known as intervals, and from these the country rises to what would be a low table land, if it were not intersected in all directions bv the courses of streams, which jjive a succession of gently rising hills and broad valleys. A few isolated mountain peaks break the otherwise smooth outline of the landscape, but thqy are never of great altitude. The highest known elevation in Now Brunswick is Bald Mountain, treeless, on the shore of Nictau lake, in the central part of the Province. Its summit is less than three thousand feet above the sea level. Immediately to the south of Bald Mountain is a rough and broken area, by estimation forty miles square, containing a large number of elevations generally conical in shape and none known to ex- ceed 3,000 feet in height ; but outside of this there is no large consecutive area in the Province not adapted for settlement. Tracts of rough and broken land, on which the soil is thin, are met with in other parts, but they are of comparatively small extent. The proportion which the waste land, that is land not suited for agriculture, bears to the whole area of the Province is not more than one quarter, or in other words, the area of arable land may be estimated at 13,000,000 acres. >■'> THE SURFACE (if THE COUNTRY. 30 The remainder is not to be considered as valueless, as much of it is covered by forests of commercial value, and a large part of it has been pronounced by competent authority to be well suited for sheep-raising. There is, practically speak- ing, no barren, or absolutely waste land in New Brunswick. In 1849, Prof. J. F. W. Johnston, F. R. S., made a report upon the agricultural capabilities of the Province. He esti- mated the area, including the best upland, capable of pro- ducing two tons of hay or forty bushels of oats to the acre at 1,000,000 acres. At this time a large section of the Pro- vince had not been explored, and Prof. Johnston qualified his estimate by saying that a fertile belt of first-class upland might be found to extend across the northern portion of the Province. It is now known that such a belt does exist, althought its exact area is not ascertainable, in the absence of accurate surveys; but enough is loiown of it, and sufti- ciently large areas of first-class land, unknown thirty years ago, are to be found in other parts of the Province to war- rant an estimate of 3,000,000 a^^-res as the extent of land of this quality in New Brunswi' \.* Of this area less than one-half has been taken up by settlers, and the remainder is now open, and will be made available for settlement by the construction of roads through it, as rapidly as the demand justifies. Of second-class upland, that is of land capable of pro- ducing one and a half tons of hay or thirty bushels of oats to the acre. Prof. Johnston estimated that there was an area of 7,000,000 acres ; and this is probably quite accu- ■:\\ iV "■This is my own estimate made from data of m.y own collectincf. I have found tliat it agrees with the estimate made by Trof. Hind, F. R. G. S., in ISliii He Siiys in his report to the Govormneiit of New Brunswiclt ; "The area of flrst-rate upland soil within tlie limits of the Province was estimated l\v Prof. Johnston to bo about one million aores ; it is satisfactory to know that further experience sm^^ests the idea that this estimate is too low, and that in the ahnost inaccessible river valleys, respectinir which Prof. .Johnston cotdd obtain no information, sixteen years since, without undertakiinr a journey throui^h an unbroken wilderness, there is an available area of upland soil which will increase his esti- mate at least one-half, and an area of interval and valley land which may be reasonably assumed not less than 3,000,000 acres, instead of 1,050,000, as estimated by i'rof. Johnston." vlli 40 THE SURFACE OF THE COUNTRY. rate enough for practical purposes. The greater part of this area is unoccupied by actual settlers. The remaining 3,000,000 acres of arable land is either light sandy, gravelly or stony soil. It is fairly productive, but in many cases hard to work, and in others is what is known as hungry land. Much of the soil of this class is near the sea coast, the towns and the main highways, so that a large portion of it is already settled upon, and in many cases is farmed profitjibly. Of the 4,000,000 acres of land in the Province, not includ- ed in the estimate of arable land, embracing bogs, heaths, barrens and caribou plains. Prof. Johnston says they are " not to be considered as absolutely irreclaimable, but to be unfit for present culture or for settlement, until much larger progress has been made in the general improvement of the Province." Prof. Hind thinks that while many may be induced to concur in this view, " it must be borne in mind that the experience obtained in Lower Canada shows that by drainage and a year's tillage, many of the bogs, heaths and barrens can be made most productive pasture lands." The best land in New Brunswick is in the interior, and this will account for the fact that so large an area of that best adapted for settlement is still unoccupied. It has until recently been inaccessible except at some few points, and at all of these the land has been taken up and very prosperous connnunities are established. Two distinouishincr features of New Brunswick are the salt marshes at the head of the Bavof Fundvand the inter- val or alluvial deposits in the river valleys. The former are referred to at length in another chapter. THE INTERVALS Upon all the rivers of New Brunswick are large, low-lying •tracts formed of sedimentaiy deposits. They consist of a I jng > Hi w a m a •■«£ rrr- flj Tima i -^259t»-'- 1i 1 1 1 mi .il 1] n J -It THE SURJ'ACB OF THE COUNTRY 41 layer of fertile loam, light, easily worked and free from stone, resting upon sand or clay. Some ol these intervals are overflowed by the rivers at the spring fj-esheis, others are above the highest point which the water ever reaches. Similar in formation to the intervals are the numerous islands which are found in all the rivers. These intervals are in some cases so extensive that they contain many large farms ; in most cases, however, they arc less than a mile wide, measuring back fiom the river bank. In these instances, farms will begin at the river bank, sometimes with a low interval, which is overflowed every year, follow- ing this will be a higher interval, and back of this the gentle slope of the highland. These alluvial tracts are not confined to the main rivers, but are found even upon the smallest tributaries, and they are almost invariably of the same fer- tility and general excellence. Dr. Bailey, of the New Brunswick University, writing in 18G4, in his report to the Government of the Province, speaking of the intervals yet in a wilderness condition, said : "These interval lands, while they forbade any attempt at geological exploration, conkl scarcely fail to attract attention for their evident fertilitv, and for the very remarkable luxuriance of their vegetation, elms and mountain ash attaining an enormous growth, arbor vita', s})ruce, fir, birch and poplar being very numer- ous, while the shrubs, herbs and ferns, some of the latter attaining a height of four or five feet, were generally of a kind to indicate gvoa,t fertility of the soil supporting them." >1 u^, ■4 I.' \^ : t I !• 42 THE CHAEACTER OF THE SOIL. CHAPTER VI. THE OHAEACTEE OF THE SOIL. AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. Prof. Johnston, from a careful conparison of statistics gathered from all parts of the Province, estimated that the river islands and intervals and the marsh lands were capable of producing an average of 2| tons of hay or 50 bushels of oats to the acre ; that the best quality of upland would pro- duce on an average 2 tons of hay or 40 bushels of oats to the acre ; the second quality of upland li tons of hay or 30 bushels of oats to the acre ; and the inferior land 1 ton of hay or 20 bushels of oats to the acre. He gave the follow- ing comparison of the productiveness of New Brunswick and the States of New York and Ohio, his estimate of the production of New Brunswick being made from a compari- son of sixty-two independent returns, embracing within the scope of their application every part of the Province. The New York and Oliio estimates were those published by the State Agricultural societies. AVERAGE PRODUCE PER IMPERIAL ACRE. State of Now York. State of Ohio. New Brunswick. Wheat, 14 bushels. 15 j bushels. 20 bushels. Barley, IC .. 27 .. 29 .. Oats 2(1 „ 33| „ 34 Rye, 9^ .. 1G| .. 20^ THE VIIAnACTEU OF THE SOIL. 43 State of New York. State of Ohl >. New Uniiiswick. Buckwheat, 14 bushels. 20J bushels. 33 i| bushels. Indian Corn, 25 n 41f ir 41 f n Potatoes, 90 .. G9 .. 220 Turnips, 88 u — .. 4C0 Hay, — If tons. 1| tons. These returns show that the productiveness of New Brunswick per acre is greater than that of either of these States, notwithstanding; the fact that the methods of ao^ri- culture pursued in both New York and Ohio are superior to those followed in New Brunswick. Such statistics, although so favorable to New Brunswick, do not give a correct conception of what can be done by farming the best soils in the Province after the most im- proved methods of cultivation, and in considering the results which such returns, as are available, of the yield of the farms give, it ought to be borne in mind that in the great majority of instances the standard of agriculture is far below what it is in England. The methods of cultivation which the majority of New Brunswick farmers adopt would be ruinous in Great Britain. Among the returns from which the above summary of the yield per acre in the Province is taken, the yield of wheat in many localities is placed at 30, 35 and even 40 bushels per acre, and the weight per bushel in one case as high as 70 lbs. to the bushel ; the average weight stated in the returns is 03 lbs. to the bushel. The yield of barley is in several instances put as high as 40 bushels to the acre, in one case at GO bushels, and in one at 04 bushels, averaging: in weiijht from 50 to 00 lbs. to the bushel. ' Oct O The yield of oats is in many instances stated at 40, 45 and as high as 00 bushels to the acre, with a weight averaging over 40 lbs. to the bushel, and going as high as 47. In some instances the yield of rye is put at 40 bushels, average weight 53 lbs. Buckwheat is stated to vield 40, 45, 50 and oven "t ki I' ■?i ' f •^1 I 44 THE CHARACTER OF THE SOIL. CO bushels to the acre, weighing from 40 to 52 lbs. to the bushel. Indian corn is returned as yielding 50 and SO bushels to the acre, the average weight being GO lbs. to the bushel. Potatoes are returned in some cases at 400 bushels to the acre; turnips at 700, 800 and even 1,000; carrots at the sauie. Mangolds at GOO to 800 bushels, and hay as high as 3 and 4 tons to the acre. Similar results to these are realized every year by good farmers upon good land, but the average for the Province is reduced by the fact that much land, not of the best quality is cultivated by reason of its proximity to the towns or main thoroughfares of traffic, and that many of the farmers are unskilful, not to say shiftless. As by far the larger part of the vacant land now recom- mended for settlement in New Brunswick rests upon the Upper Silurian formation, and as upon this formation lie the best farming distiicts in Eastern North America, a more detailed description of this part of the Province is given : — THE FERTILE BELT. Extending across the whole north-western part of New Brunswick, from the International Boundary to the Bay of Ohaleur, is a district which Ly reason of its great fertility has been called " The Fertile Belt. " It comprises the greater part of the counties of Carleton, Victoria, Mada- waska and Restigouche, containing by estimation 2,500,000 acres, including land, granted and ungranted, cultivated and in a state of nature, and nearly all of it may be classed as first-class upland. Of this area fully 2,000,000 acres are unoccupied by settlers. The soil of this tract has been formed by the "weathering" of Upper Silurian slates and limescone, fertilized by the decaying forest leaves and other vegetation during thousands of years. It possesses the valuable property of increasing t ! 1' .. THE CHAR ACT Eli OF THE SOIL. 45 'i (. in fertility whenever it is first ploughed, the first one or two crops being invariably put in without ploughing. Prof. Johnston, after extensive enquiries and explorations, said that "of this formation (the Upper Silurian) a large part of the richest upland soils of the Province is formed, the fertile, cultivated and equally promising wild lands of the Resti- gouche, and those on either side of the St. John, rest upon and are formed chieflv from the debris of these rocks." Of the composition of the soil itself, which he classes as first-class upland, he says : — "The rocks from which it is formed are generally slatey clays more or less hard, but usually crumbling down into soils of con- siderable strength and great tenacity. Among them are beds of valuable limestone, and so far as I am informed, from thei'eports of Dr. Gesner, the presence of lime as an ingredient of the slatey rocks themselves, a chemical character of much value, distinguishes the soil of these upper Silurian strata." Professors Hitchcock and Goodale, and Dr. Holmes, recog- nized authorities on this subject in the United States, said in a report to the Legislature of Maine that the soil in this belt, which extends into Maine, is " the best of upland." They also say that " it is capable of making an excellent stock-growing country ; " that the character both of the soil and climate adapts it particularly to wheat growing, and that its capacity for sheep-raising is practically unlimited. Mr. Ellis of the Canadian Geological Survey, reported that in this northern fertile belt there was over four thous- and square miles of area, a very large proportion of which is highly suitable for settlement. He also expressed his belief that if the district were opened to settlers it would be at once occupied. Charles S.Lugrin.Secretary of the N.B. Agricultural Board, thus spoke in his report to the Legislature, made in 1870 : — "The 'ridges,' as the uplands are called by the people, are ■.'■i m ■ i • f i '1 i.ii 46 THE ClIAUACTEU OF THE SOIL. covered with a luxuriant growth of rock maple, yt;llow birch ami other hard woods. Copious springs of water abound, and the open character of tlio forest renders it easily cleared. One cannot speak too highly of the fertility of the ridges and their value to the Province. I have passed over some of them and hav<3 found for miles the same urdjroken succession of luxuriant forest. The trees stand wide apart, very little underbrush obstructs the view, and the whole scene looks more like a beautiful park than an unclaimed wilderness." Richard Bellamy, Deputy Crown Land Surveyor, refers to the unsettled portion of this belt, over which liis extensive explorations have extended, in the highest possible terms, and as he is a practical farmer as well as an experienced woodsman, his opinion is entitled to great weiglit. Edward Jack, a recognized authority, who represented the Province at the Forestry Exhibition, said in a letter to the N. B. Railway Company : — " For the largest body of good wilderness farming land in New Brunswick, I beg leave to point to the tract lying north of the Tobique (the Company's estate), embracing nearly a million acres. By far the greater part of it is agricultural land of excellent quality, free from stone, and well covered by a s[)lendid forest of rock maplf! and other hard woods." Hon. John C!!ostigan, Minister of Inland Revenue for Canada, says : — " I beg to state that the vacant {i. e., unoccupied) land in Vic- toria and ^ladawaska is the largest and best tract of agricultural highland in the Province. The soil is good and there is an abund- ance of the best water in the world." Professor Hind crossed the eastern extremity of this dis- trict in his geological survey of the Province, and although his references in his report to the agricultural capabilities of the country- are very few, he says that he observed " large areas of cultivable land in that locality." Moses H. Perley, in his hand-book, speaks of this soil as very fertile. William THE CflATlACrER OF THE SOIL. 47 B. Mills, referring to that portion of this belt owned by the New Brunswick Railway Company, and which is in no wise dilferent from the remainder, says : — " r state as tlu; result of my own observations, made in a series of explorations into this district that as an agricultural region the land noitli of the Tobique and a portion of the land south of the Tobiqne is unsurpassed by any land in the eastern part of Canada in its fertility anil general adaptaVjility to farming purposes. Thi land possesses the advantage of being well watered ; it would scarcely be possible to lay ofi" one hundred acres in any one block, which would not contain either a brook or a copious spring." To such testimony as this it may seem superfluous for me to add my own ; but having for fifteen years devoted much attention to this part of the Province, both by personally n • at the base and from four to eight feet hij. ^vu.. ux are the enlargements of the dykes where they ross a < reek. These are often extensive structures, hundreds of y rda in length and a hundred feet or more wide. They contain a THE CHARACTER OF THE SOIL. f)! mction Leek, irda in [tain a sluice built of timber, arranged with a valve to allow the egress of fresh water and to prevent the ingress of the tide. Aboideaux are built of alternate layers of brushwood and earth. The expense of dyking a new marsh averages fiom eight to twenty dollars an ur-re. The amount of land now dvked in New Brunswick is estimated at G5,000 acres. The soil of the dyked lands is a very tenacious loam and is rich in phosphates, lime and salt. It is well adapted to the growth of hay and cereals. Grain grown upon it is invariably heavier and brighter than that grown on the uplands. Prof. Sheldon, of the Wilts and Hants Agricultural College, Downton, Salisbury, England, says : — " The land within the dykes is firm and solid, of excellent quality and covered with a thick sward of coarse, though vigorous and nutritive grass. The fertility of these reclaimed soils is unusually high ; they are never manured, but cut on the average upwards of two tons of hay to the acre — a yield which has been sustained for many years and shows no signs of running out. " The land, however, under this system of farming is found to become weedy in the course of time, and it becomes expedient to plow \xp portions of it in rotation, at intervals of ten or twelve years, taking one crop of oats with which new grass seeds are sown to form the new sward which is desired. This once plough- ing is found to kill the weeds for the time being, and they do not again become very troublesome for some years ; and when at length they do, the land is simply ploughed up again in the way described. "The system of cultivation of laew dyked land is very simple, and consists of surface draining by cutting ditches twenty-two yards apart, three feet wide at the top, two feet nine inches deep and sloping to one foot wide at the bottom. About three years afterwards the land is ploughed in ridges of six to eight feet wide, sown with oats and seeded down with timothy and clovers. It then yields large crops of grass of a coarse description ; and it would seem to me that careful draining, generous cultivation and discriminating manuring would increase the quantity, or at all tli 52 THE CHARACTER OF THE SOIL. events improve the quality of the grass. By a well devised system of drainage, carried out in a workmanlike manner and by the free percolation of rain water through them these dyke lands would lose much of the saline element which at j>resent is not favorable to the growth of the liner grasses and they would become fitted to the growth of roots, green crops and grain, while as pastures they would be greatly improved." The dyked land produces naturally three kinds of <];rass, called respectively couch, broadleaf and water grass. The variety known as couch is not the same as the troublesome grass of that name found on the uplands ; it only resembles it in appearance and it will not grow upon the uplands. It is very nutritious and makes excellent hay for horses. It is claimed that horses will thrive as well on marsh hay and eight quarts of oats a day as upon upland hay and twelve ([uarts of oats. Broad leaf is a heavy stalked grass with broad, coarse leaves; it is also highly nutritious and well adapted for cattle, which fatten rapidly upon this grass with grain. It possesses stringent properties, which render it favorable for forced feeding, as they prevents cowring. Water grass, or " three s([uare," is a leafy, triangular grass, very rich in saccharine matter ; combined with clover it is excellent fodder for milch cattle, promoting the flow of milk rather than the growth of nmscleand fat. The couch grows on the dryer portions of the dyked land ; the broad leaf upon that which is moderately dry ; and the water grass upon the wetter portions. When the land is seeded down with clover and timothy, the clover generally disappears after a year or two and the timothy a few years later, being supplanted by white clover and couch. Some farmers have practised seeding biennially after haying, thereby keeping up the growth of the culti- vated grasses and producing a more merchantable but not more nutritious hay. THE CHARACTER OF THE SOIL. 53 Marshes to be kept in the best condition require thorough tlraining", and should be broken up frequently. If this gen- erally understood rule were acted upon to a larger extent even better results would be obtained than those which have made so many marsh owners affluent. By ploughing every live or six years, and bringing to the surface about an inch of the deeper soil, the best results might be made perpetual. Three tons of hay to the acre is the ordinary yield of the best kept marsh. All kinds of marsh are much improved by being occasion- ally flowed by the tide. It results in a diminished crop the following year, but this is succeeded by several years of increased yield. In some cases the tide is let in by the common consent of proprietors, but this is usually difficult to obtain. Nature occasionally takes the matter in her own hand, and the tide breaks through the barriers, overHowing the meadows and depositing a rich layer of fertilizing silt. AVheat is found to be a very profitable crop on the dyke lands after these fioodings, as high as fifty bushels to the acre having been produced. The dyke lands or marshes, though usually belonging to several proprietors, are not divided by fences and are pas- tured in common by the several owners, who are allowed to feed on the aftermath a number of cattle proportii^nate to the extent of their holding of marsh. For pasturage these lands are unsurpassed. The beef raised on the marshes is of superior juiceness and flavor, and is esteemed as the best produced in the Province. The price per acre of marsh land depends very much upon circumstances, but from !?100 to 8l'>0 would be an averaire. In some localities good marsh land can be bought as low as 850 per acre. In others where the area is small and the land is consequently better cared for it is held at very much higher rates than tlioso above quoted. m -.\ ■ 1 \ ■i 54 THE CHARACTER OF THE SOIL. The mud of the undykecl marsh land is a valuable fertil- izer for the uplands. In the Parish of Coverdale, Albert County, the land is naturally of not high fertility, but every year the farmers haul immense quantities of this mud and spread it upon their fields and have thereby brought the soil up to a high standard. The Coverdale farmers are among the most prosperous in the Province. The results obtained from the use of this mud are surpris- ing. A member of the Harvey Agricultural Society recently stated that seventeen years ago he bought the farm he lived on. A four acre field was so run out that he only obtained from it two tons of poor, weedy hay. The follow- ing winter he hauled 240 loads of marsh mud and applied it to the field; two men and a team did the work in twelve davs. Next year he cut from the same field twelve tons of good merchantable hay. He said that it had ever since raised heavy crops and the line of demarcation between the fields thus treated and those adjoining is still visible. Another farmer stated that several years before he broke up an acre and a half of upland and sowed it with oats. It yielded him 20 bushels. The following winter he spread upon the field 150 loads of marsh mud, and sowed it with oats the following spring. The yield this time was 149 bushels of oats. Many other similar instances could be cited. Though much of this dyked land is held by persons who appreciate its value and farm it properly, there ai-e tracts which, for various reasons, are open to purchasers at a fair value, and there are large areas yet unreclaimed. The atten- tion of farmers with capital, who may contemplate settling in America, is especially directed to these tracts of land, the value of which, under a judicious system of tillage, can hardly be over-estimated. DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. ■B' CHAPTER VII. THE PROVINOE DESOEIBED BY COUNTIES. New Brunswick is divided into fifteen Counties. Char- lotte lies in the southwest ; St, John and Albert front upon the Bay of Fundy ; Kings, Queens, Sunbury, York, Carle- ton, Victoria and Madawaska are in the vallov of the St. John ; Westmorland, Kent and Northumberland border on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Northumberland Strait, Glou- cester and Restigouche on the Bay of Chaleur. CHARLOTTE COUNTY. The area of Charlotte County is 822,.')00 acres. It includes the Islands of Grand Manan, Campobello, and the West Isles. About one half the area of Charlotte County is yet vested in the Crown and of the ungrantcd portion it is estimated that 100,003 acres are adapted for agriculture. Of the granted portion 218,088 acres were stated by the census of 1881 to be occupied by settlers, the remainder being held as timber preserves. The population of Charlotte County in 1881 was 2C.087. According to the same census the area of cleared land in Charlotte in 1881 was 97,9.'>.*i acres, or more than double the area cleared 1851 ; the population of the county having increased only 35 per cent, in the same period the increase in improved land is an evidence of greatly increased atten- tion to agriculture. •,?-: 4 »> i* 56 DESCniPTION OF COUNTIES. The principal crops raised in the county in 1881 were : — wheat 30,424 bushels, oats 89,G31 bushels, buckwheat 28,- 44G bushels, potatoes 304,811 bushels, turnips 104,516 bush- els, hay 27,olG tons. Of butter 014,295 lbs. were produced. The live stock in Charlotte in 1881 were as follows: — borses 2,745, horned cattle 14,505, sheep 15,130, swine 24C4. The clip of wool was 48,148 lbs. The County of C'harlotte, while not regarded as of the first rank in an agricultural point of view, contains some of the best farms in the Province, and the large domestic plies of Hemlock IJark, one of the most essential elements in this business, almost at our doors. The export of the extract from that bark forms an important item in our commerce. "In the iron working industries of all kinds, the abundance of coal, the easy access to the best of iron, cheap living, and most important- cool summer climate, mark such a number of points in our favor, that if properly known, would leave little neces.sity to fear our competitors." Amoiij; tho most noticablo public buildings in and about St. John, are tho Custom House, said lo be equal to any other structure of the kind in America, the Post Office, tho City Buildinji^, the Country Market, tho Provincial i natic Asylum and the Public General Hospital. Tho water supply of the cities of St. John and Portland is excellent. The cities are li(7XTIi:S. Palings, 1 ,1).")2 in. Laths, 12!),0:)S Shocks, 71,-207 Shingles, 14,()4;] Spars ,')7S Sleepers, .'),j,50.S The only other towns in St. John County arc : — St. Martins, population 2,500 ; a ship-building town on the Bay of Fundy, most beautifully situated on a connnodious. harbor. A railroad, the St. Martins and Uphani, connects the village with the Intercolonial Railway. Tln're are man- ganese mines in operation near St. Martins. Fairville is a suburb of Portland. Its population is about 1,.')00. It is the first station out of St. John on the New Brunswick llailway. Connection has lately been made between the railway sys- tems on the east and west side of the St. John harbor by a bridge over the St. John liver at the falls. KINCJS COUNTY. The County of Kings adjoins the (vount'y of St. John on the north. Its area is 877,200 acres, of which the greater part is granted. It is estimated that of tlu^ ungranted lands about 4,000 acres arc adapted for immediate settlement. In some respects Kings County takes the lead of all the coun- ties in point of agricultural progress. In ISSl, when the last census was taken, there were in this county 1]3,()40' acres under crop, or somewhat more than in any other county. This position occupied by the county is due in part to the excellent character of its soil, and in part to the proxiuiity of the St. John market, and these facts render the vacant lands in the county very ilesirable locations for new settlers. Not many farms in Kings County are in the market, but occasionally a good opportunity is alibi ded to a. DESCIUPTIOX OF COUNTIES. ii.y 111. irc : — St. I on the iinotlious. connects are nian- ^'ille is a 0. It is .'unswick way sys- •bur In' a John on •jreater led lands lent. In he coun- Ihen the ii8,()4a ly other due in rt to the lender lions for in the led to a man of capital, to establish himself upon an excellent im- proved farm in this count}'. Kini^.s County is divide population of Kings County, according to the census of ISSl, was 1>."),<)17. Th»; area of cleared land in this county lia> increased threefold in the: last -SO years. QUKEN8 COUNTY. Queens County ad joins Kings (jounty on the north. Its area is 1)24,000 acres, of which about two-thirS,4()2 luisht'ls, luiv 4'),4i)l) tons. Tlicic wt-ic in the county in that year .l.DOS liorses, 24,.S7.'} liornod cattU', 'li^W.M sliLH'p, ami 4,414 switic. Tlu; (niantity of hiittcv niaiuirac- tuit'd ill tlie county was NcS.S.SOS pounds. As compare*! with 18')1, this shows an iucroasi! of fully 100 per cent. The hiiuher interest of York is very important. At. Marysville is tin; head((uarters of Mi'. Alexanilor (}ibs(jn's himlier business, wliich foinis a lar<.;e part of tlie wliole wood trade of the Province. Tiiere are also mills in Fretlerictr)n, on the Pokiok and in other parts of the county, manufac- turiiiLj lumber for export, the total number in IS.Sl lu-in^- 37, employing 4.')(j hands. Tlie total products of the fori'st in LSiSl in York were 1,:}!)I),:]42 spruce lo!,'s, 2.'),(52;J pine logs, 111,240 cubic feet of tamarac timber, 74(>,()00 cubic fe(!t of other timber, 2o,(SG8 cords lieuilock bark, and Gl,')01 cords of firewood. In the parish of Prince William, in this county, arc situ- ate ,^^#^% ^'^t"^' s--> O / 7 '^/// //a 'W Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 I ;v. L

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'. .,'■(• } t> . f ans^^mw s • . « > o » ."Biiaii p^ ' ■ ■ o ^^nA\lV9SHl • 1 ;:. ■' :J ■ i^ BKR'V !,;;., y^flK(^^^Hjl^|^^^H|^ 4; 1;' ;|; ^■^^^■U ^^P^nn Hf Pi^S^HI^H liilhij ^^^H5 ^Bf^Tsfl^KT '^'■' '" Tii BW '^ M[ ^■njfflBi^ .■>\ , ■ ■ ■--; IjvV !.| . ^ ,'P^iffii^r' v!' Vi^^ ''^ 'I:! *^ ^|til,'flH sBftii \ i-'..i^l^^^ ^. If ' s3'^B I^^^Bf - ' *'....■ - '!.' 1. ''i ' "^X* "*^ ■ fh\ .M^--!^' Sf Bag: ' , '' ■-■'"i ffr'- ■' \ ' f^^'' % if H ; ^^m- ■ /'<(' ■ ■'■ -' J ^mM^^^mi^ma^mmi ? "■^'' ■' ^^^^M:'-- .'.'-rri. V'''^^^iM ^'^«^ ^^5^;*'! #r t ^m r T ^ 'i j, 1! i .; ' 'i ii s s I i DESClllPTION OF COUNTIES. 75- what is known as the Holly system, the water being pumped into mains, thereby rendering a reservoir or elevation unneces- sary. A very excellent fire protection is affored by this system. The streets are lighted with gas. A military school, with a garrison of 100 men, is main- tained at Fredericton T)y the Government of Canada. On the shore of the St. John, opposite Fredericton, ar& the villages of Douglas, St. Mary's and Gibson, at each of which are flourishing industrial establishments, the latter also being the terminus of the Northern <&: Western Railway, the projected Central Railway and a branch af the New Brunswick Railway. The St. John is here over half a mile in wMdth, and a hiolnvav bridge has latelv been constructed across it. Three miles from Gibson, on the Nashwaak river, is Mar^'sville, the iirst station on the Northern (L' Western Railway. The population of the village is at present about 1,000, all the people being directly employed in the lumber and cotton mills there located and owned by Mr. Alexander Gibson. Hitherto the principal industry at Marysville has been the manufacture of deals for the English market from spruce logs cut upon the head wateis of the river Nashwaak, but Mr. Gibson has just completed a large cotton mill, which will add greatly to the importance of the place and largely increase the population, thereby affording a local market for agricultural produce. The most extensive brick-yard in the Province is located here. There are in the nei.diborhood several localities where small new settlements could be established, and a few improved farms can be purchased at any time at fair prices. Millville, Canterbury, Eel River and Harvev are flourishing villages in York Countv. In Mr. Perley's hand-book, published in 18.51, he thus speaks of two settlements in York County: "Two very striking instances of success attending the formation of new :. m* ^^T^ I "i i •. !lr' 76 DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. settlements in the wilderness, by associations of settlers, can be adduced in this county. The Harvey settlement was formed in 1837, by a party of emigi^ants from the north of England who landed in the Province in a very destitute condition. The tee-total settlement was formed in 1842 by ii party of destitute emigrants from the south of Ireland. Both these settlements are now in a most prosperous and thriving condition ; many of the settlers, who at the outset were in actual want, are now possessed of largo and valu- able farms, while some of them have become positively wealthy." In 1881 the census gave the following facts relative to the district embraced in these settlements : popu- lation 1,597, acres of improved land 12,873, acres in crop 8,84.2, quantity of wheat grown 4,929 bushels, of oats 28,717 bushels, of potatoes 42,203 bushels, of hay 2,701 tons, besides other crops. Large quantities of indian corn are now grown in York and Sunbury counties, the corn being canned for export. This is a new industry and there are no statistics of it in the census. The settlement of Stanley in this county is of compara- tively recent date. It is situated upon the Nashwaak, about 20 miles to the northeast of Fredericton. Its progress has been even more marked than that of the settlements just mentioned. Along the St. John river and in the neighborhood of Fred- cricton are many excellent farms. Upon some of them English gentlemen of moderate means have located them- selves, being attracted to this neighborhood by social and other considerations. The changes Avhich take place in families bring good farms into the market from year to year, and persons desiring to buy a home near the capital of the Province and within reach of the best educational advan- tages afforded in this Province — advantages equal in all DESCnrPTloN OF COUNTIES. 77 itlers, can nent was ! north of destitute I 1842 by I Ireland, erous and the outset and valu- positively 'ing facts ts: popu- s in crop its 28,717 IS, besides n in York )r export. !S of it in compara- ak, about >£fress has nts just of Fred- of them cd them- oeial and place in to year, al of the d advan- d in all respects to any to be enjoyed in Canada — can frequently find a place near Fredericton in every respect adapted to their requirements, and for sale at a reasonable price. York County is situated upon the coal nieasuros and in several localities veins of coal come to the surface, but no deposits have been found sufficiently large to pay for working. Fruit culture is an important and growing industry in York, for which its climate and soil seem to be remarkably well adapted. An important industry, giving employment to a large number of men, is the rafting of the lumber brouorht down the St. John river. This is done chiefly in York County at the extensive booms of the Fredericton Boom Company situated a few miles above the city. The New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Land Company own a large tract of excellent land in the northeastern part of York County, and although much of it has been sold, principally to settlers from England and Scotland, the com- pany has yet remaining a considerable area, conveniently located, of which a fair proportion is suitable for settle- ment. The address of the resident agent of the company is Fredericton. CARLETON COUNTY. Carleton adjoins York County on the northwest. Its area is 788,200 acres, of which about 28,714 acres are ungranted. Of this area 110,701 acres were cultivated in 1881, in which year the principal production of the farms were as follows : Wheat 90,8G9 bushels, oats 850,851 bushels, buckwheat 324,550 bushels, potatoes GG2,595 bushels, hay 42,209 tons, butter 1,003,359 pounds. The following was given as a summary of the live stock: Horses 6,380, horned cattle 23,759, s^ieep 24,G37, swine 4,341. The population of Carleton in 1881 was 23,3G5. si: ?1 iilii!< '«•- , 2 ■«' w T^ 1^" 1^ .' 78 DESCRIPTION OF C(f UNTIES. Carleton is, in an agricultuial point of view, one of the foreuKJst and most progressive districts in Canada, Perhaps it would be impossible to find in eastern America an area of similar extent where the proportion of first-class land is as large as it is in Carleton. Nearly the whole county is not only fit for cultivation, but consists of arable land of the best (]uality. It lies for the most part upon the Upper ♦Silurian formation, with which are associated the best up- lands in America. The surface is generally level, the absence of any conspicuous elevation being one of the most notice- able features in the landscape. Many of the present resi- r cnrXT/L'S. m ■ I Tinilerstanding the lanyuago of the country, now h.)catecl on productive farms well stocked and owned by themselves. Without exception they are comfortable and contented. They have a commodious cliurch, excellent schools, and good lii- region their Dering of the Prac- ik are have >n and an intelligent clergy. Education is making rapid progress amongst them. Thev have utilized the advantajjes of the Free School system to a very full degree. At all the principal points through Madawaska English people are settled, being for the most part engaged in commercial pursuits, but some of them prosecute agriculture extensively. The valley of tho St. John through the Madawaska country is admitted to be among the most beautiful, if not the most beautiful district in Canada. The islands are many and luxuriantly fertile, the intervals are deep and highly cultivated, the hills are exceedingly picturesque and the massing of the farm houses together in little hamlets adds to the charm of the landscape. In the interior of the county, that is upon the domain of the New Brunswick Railway (^ompany, there is aVjundant room for hundreds of settlers upon land of the finest quality. At Grand River there are several English families. The railway station is St. Leonards. Persons having some means at their disposal would find no difficulty in purchasing good farms here. The village of A'^an Buren, having several mills and and starch factories, lies directly across the St. John, which makes the neighborhood one of considerable import- ance. Edinundston is the Shiretown of the county. It is at the junction of the Madawaska river with the St. John, and is the present northern terminus of the New Brunswick Rail- way. It is 264 miles from the City of St. John by the river, but somewhat less by rail. Edmundston is a business centre of considerable importance, and will grow rapidly owing to the recent erection of extensive saw mills there. There is no innch new land available for settlement in the innnedi- ate vicinity and the majority of the farms are not purchase- able except at a good price. Settlers in Madawaska have the advantage of being near the scene of large lumber operations and produce usually Lai 'ft ||-: t . DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 89 bo o CO M on -a <1 H O o 1-^ •commands a ready sale. The New Brunswick railway fur- nishes an outlet for any surplus. Railway connection will shortly be established between Edmunston and Quebec, when the New Brunswick railway will become a through line, the shortest f lom the interior of Canada to open ports over Canadian teriitory. The value of real estate along the railway may then be reasonably expected to increase considerably. Thirty-eight miles of the New Brunswick railway lie in Madawaska and at least twelve miles of the Quebec extension will also be in this <;ounty. The principal agricultural products of Madawaska, accord- ing to the census of 1881, were : wheat 15,891 bushels, oats 70,000 bushels, buckwheat 71,541 bushels, potatoes 127,800 bushels, hay 8,170 tons. The population in 1881 was 1,G9J). The progress of the County of Madawaska was greatly retarded for many years owing to the lack of ready means of communication with remainder of the Province. This difficulty is now r. -uved and an era of progress has set in. If fertility of soil and great forest wealth ai'e the elements of a prosperous future that of Madawaska may be regarded as assured. RESTI(40UCHE COUNTY. The County of Restigouche contains 2,072,710 acres, of which a little ovei- 210,000 are granted. Only 1G,5G0 acres were returned as under crop in 1881, and the principle farm products of that year were stated to be : wheat 10,084 bushels, oats 77,534 bushels, buckwheat 10,930 biishels, potatoes 189,500 bushels, hay 0,500 tons; of butter 101,134 pounds were made. The live stock in the county was returned as follows: liorses 1,135, horned cattle 3,954, sheep 5,023, swino 1,247. The population of Restigouche was returned at 7,058, Of the 1,800,000 acres in Restigouclie which are ungrant- so DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. » .> ed, by far the greater part is admirably adapted to agri- culture. This forms a portion of what has been called the- Fertile Belt, and has already been described,* so that no further particulars of its excellence need be given here. The county takes its name from the river, which forms a portion of its northern boundary and separates the Provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec. The Restigouche empties into the Bay Chaleur. For eighteen miles above the sea, or to the town of Campbellton, the Restigouche is a wide, deep stream, forming in fact a continuous harbor in which vessels of the largest class find safe anchorage. The highest tides in the Restigouche rarely exceed nine feet. For seven months in the j^ear, or in the season of open water, this river affords one of the finest harbors in the country, and a large shipping trade has been done in the past and is now done there. In attractiveness of surroundings and picturesque beauty this part of New Brunswick and the opposite shore of the river and bay is unsurpassed. It is already a favorite summer resort, and its popularity in this respect is rapidly increasing. Excellent hotels at Dalhousie and elsewhere fur- nish accommodation to tourists, who come from the cities of Canada and the United States, not a small contingent re- presenting Great Britain. In addition to the sea bathing and boating, the salmon fishing serves to draw numerous visitors*- This is indeed the great attraction of the place. Among the salmon streams of America, the Restigouche is undoubtedly the most popular. It has furnished sport to royalty, to vice-regal visitors, to the highest state officers in the American Union, to literati of all nations, to many capitalists and other business men, and last but not least, to hundreds of farmers and farmer's sons. Its waters not only abound in salmon, but in trout as well, and its many branches, penetrating the heart of an unbroken wilderness, and interlacing with the tributaries of" ■"Sec pnjje 44 ?:1 ! 1 1 «' DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 91 [•regal Ion, ta siness jmer's Itrout )f an les of" other streams, afford a great variety of sport and scenery. Several new settlements have been established in Resti- gouche County. Balmoral is one of these. The soil is described as rich and loamj^, wooded with valuable timber, and the markets are " ready and convenient." This settle- ment is within ten miles of Dalhousie. Colebrooke Settlement is between Balmoral and Campbell- ton, and is five miles from the Intercoloiiial Railwav. It possesses " good loamy soil, well timbered." Sunnyside is located on the Jacquet River within six miles of the Intercolonial. The soil is somewhat gravelly but it produces good crops. Lome Settlement is in the same vicinity, and the soil is of much the same quality. Mitchell Settlement is in the same parish. The soil is described as dry and loamy. All these settlements are in a flourishing condition, and as they are surrounded by fertile Crown Lands they afford room for thousands of new settlers. In 1881 there were 12 saw mills in this county, employing 114 hands, and turning out $109,810 worth of uianufactured lumber. Of timber of various kinds, 42,575 tons were cut in that yeai-, and of fuel 1,5080 cords. The sea fisheries attbrded ejnploymcnt in 1881 to 235 men, the catch being returned at 330 quintals of cod, 1,120 barrels of herring, 351 barrels of umckerel, 207,800 lbs. of lobsters, besides smaller quantities of other fish. The catch of salmon for export was returned at 1,007 barrels. The value of the grovi^ing timber in Restigouche is incalcul- able. Fully two million acres of its surface are covei'ed with forest growth, consisting of maple, birch, beech, ash and other hardwoods, pine, spruce, cedar and other softwoods. Of the latter, cedar is the most abundant and will undoubtedly prove of the greatest value. pi.^ 11 D2 DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. The Intercolonial Railway extends along the whole east- ern part of Restigouche, and affords connections both with tho interior provinces of Canada, and all parts of the Maritime Provinces. A railway has been projected to connect the In- tercolonial with tho New Brunswick Railway on the opposite side of the piovinco. Such a road would pass through a splendid section of country, unsurpassed in agricultural ■capabilities by any part of (.'anada. (I LOUCKSTKit BOUNTY. Gloucester County has an area of 1,11)5,000 acres, of which about two-fifths are i^ranted. ( )f the remainder about one- half, or say 800,000 acres, are adapted for immediate settle- ment. The soil is somewhat lijLi'hter than that of Restiirjouchc but it is of good (piality in those sections which arc recom- mended for settlement. At the new settlement of St. Isidore, the soil is reported as light, but good, and the average crop per acre is stated at: l]() bushels of oats, 20 bushels of wheat, 200 bushels of potatoes, or two tons of hay to the acre. The tract on wiiijli this settlement is located is quite extensive. Other iiew settlements are Pac(pietville, Millvillt^ and Robertville. They are all doing very well. In all of these new settlements the population is almost exclusively of French extraction. Indeed, of the total population of the county in 1881, (21,(il4,) the greater portion were of French descent, and although there has been considerable increase in the population since the census was taken, the increase has principally consisted of people of that nationality. Gloucester is bounded on two sides by the sea, and owing to this fact fishing forms an important industry. In 1881, there were 2,4GG men in Gloucester engaged in fishing ; the ■catch consisting of 38,475 (quintals of codfish, 18,109 barrels of herring, 2,237 barrels of gaspereaux, 1G,505 barrels of mackerel, 10,505 barrels of salmon, 1,. 340,527 pounds of lie east- (vith tho [aritimo , the In- apposite rough a cultural )i which :>ut ono- e settlo- igouchc, 1 recom- Isidoro, ige crop t' wheat, le acre. s quite lillville [1 all of usively of the French ncrease ncrease owing 1881, g; the barrels Irels of ds of JJESCniPTION OF VOUXTIES. OS lobsters, 5,77!> barrels of oysters, S.TK? gallons of fish oil, and smaller quantities of otlu-r fish. Lumbering is also an industry of considerable importance, there being 402 men einployt'd in the fourteen saw mills of the county ; the value of the output of manufactured lumber Iteing $Ji04,2()n. Besides the logs manufactured, 84,700 cubic feet of lumber, and (10,81 r> cords of fuel were cut in Gloucester in 1881. The principle agricultural products were : wlieat 28,8o.*i bushels, barley 20,1)77 bushels, oats ].')r.,8;j4 bushels, l)uck- wheat 24,187 bushels, potatoes 7l7,G.')7 bushels, hay 14,4.*»'> tons. The live stock owned in tho county were : horses 2,381, horned cattle 8,84.S, sheep l.S,71!>, swine (),4n:3. The quantity of butter made was 147,014 pounds. There are excellent grindstone; (juarries in Gloucester, the output in 1881 being valued at .'^24.2!>7. The Intercolonial Railway divides ( Houcestcr into two un- equal parts, tho eastern being the larger and much more valuable. Along the line of the railway tho soil is not good, and a traveller would scarcely imagine from what he sees from the car windows that (Jloucester is one of the most progressive counties in the province, but such is the fact. The Shireiown of the county, IJathurst, is situated upon the railway, but its importance is due principally to its excellent harbor. The population of the parish of Bathurst in 1881 was 7,(524, of whom not more than a third reside in the shiretown. Bathurst harbor is a small bay, into which the Nepisiquit, the Middle and Little rivers discharge their waters, and is itself coxinected with the Bay of Chaleur. "The entrance to the harbor" saj's M. H. Perle}', "is between two low points of sand and gravel, and is about two hundred and thirty yards accross. Outside this entrance is the bar, on which, at spring tides, there is fifteen feet of water. Within the entrance, the harbor is a beautiful basin, about i'i 04 ]>i:scnirTi(>x of cocxtiks. tlnvo and a lialt* miles in lonytli, and two niilos in widtli, well slielteiod i'roni every wind. In tlie principal channel there is about t'ointeen feet at low water, .ukI vessels draw- ing more than fourteen feet usually take in part of their cargoes outside of the bar, in the roadstead, where there is from six to ten fathoms of water, and good holding ground." In the northeastern part of Gloucester is the extensive liarbor of Shippegan, or more properly speaking series of harbors, for there are three of these lying between the Islands of Shippegan and Pockseudie and the mainland. These harbors are perfectly sheltered and attbrd good anchorage for vessels of the largest class. Sanford Fleming, C E., the engineer in chief of the Intercolonial Itailway, regarded Shippegan as likely to become one of the principal ports of (.Janada. Hitherto it has been unconnected with the Cana- dian railway system, but a railway sixty miles in length, and known as the Caraquet Branch Jvailway, has been constructed, and connects this and Caratpiet harbor with the Intercolonial Railway at Bathurst. It has been proposed to run a fast line of steamers from Shippegan to connect with aline of railway in course of construction across Newfound- land, and it has been claimed that mails, passengers and light freight could be carried by this route to St. John's, New- foundland, and thence by ocean steamer to the PJritish Isles, more quickly than hy any other route. The establishment of such a line of communication is among the possibilities of the future. Shippegan is 148 miles nearer Liverpool, and 271 miles nearer Mt)ntreal than Halifax is. Caraquet is an important fishing station, and has an excel- lent harbor. 1 1 is situated at the entrance of the Bav Chal- eur, and has connection by railway, with the Intercolonial llailway. The Nepisiquit River, already referred to, has some cele- brity for its salmon fishing. It tiows from a country much ])ESCi:iPTInN OF COUNTIES. l)."i 1 wiiltli, channel Is tliaw- of their there is ground." xtensivo series of e Islands These nchorage J. E., the regarded ports uf lie Cana- 1 length, las been •or with roposcd ect with kv found - nd light 's, Ncw- ih Isles, lishrnent lities of ol, and II excel- V Chal- colonial i cole- much of which 'las never been full}' explored but the existence of valuable forests there is well known. The C'ara(iuet River Hows into Caraquet Bay, or Harbor. Pokeniouche and Tracadie Rivers are wholly within CJlou- cester County, and flow directly into the Gulf of St. Law- rence. At the northeastern extremity of Gloucester are two con- siderablc islands, known as Shippegan and .Miscou. They are important fishing stations. All the land available for Jigriculture on the latter island has been located to settlers ; but there is some land suited for farming ^'et vacant on Shippogan. NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY. Northumberland County lies south of (Gloucester, border- ing on the Gulf o* St. Lawrence and extending into and embracing the central poi'tion of the province. It is the largest county in New Brunswick, containing an area of 2,7o(),()00 acres. Of this area less than one-half is granted and of the ungranted portion about half a million acres are estimated to be lit for settlement, but all estimates of this kind in reference to Northumberland must be qualified by the statement that of a large par-t of the county very little is known. It is claimed by some, who are well t|nalified to form an opinion upon the subject, that a largo proportion of its unexplored area is better adapted for forestry'' rather that for agricultural purposes, and a suggestion has been made that this, that is the northwestern portion of the county, should be converted into a timber preserve and provincial park, where hunting could be carried on under license from the Provincial Government. This district embraces an area of almost 4000 st^uare miles. It abounds in game ; it contains rivers and lakes that have never borne a canoe ; and it is open to sportsmen without any charge whatever, un«ler certain res- trictions as to close seasons. This great hunting ground is !K5 DEscninrntN <»f cnrxT/Es. separated from sottlojiionts }»y inilos of unlnoken f(»re.st and contains within its borders tlie greatei- part of the liiyhlands of the province. The popuhition of Nortl>.uniherland in LSSI was 2.'),inr). The most important industry in the county is hnnbeiing, large nmnbers of logs, principally spruce, being cut upon the -Mirainichi and its tributaries. In LSiSl theie were '27 saw mills in the county, employing 1,541} rnen and producing manufactured luml)er of the value of !^1,44.*},77'). In addi- tion to this 28,011) cubic feet of birch and maple, 51,5.*{3 cubic feet of other timber, 4,947 spars and masts, 10,l}(S0 cords of tan bark, and oS,872 cords of firewood were cut in the county in that year. There is a large factoiy in this county, at which the tanning element in hemlock bark is extracted for export to Europe. The output of this factory in 1881 was valued at !?1 25,000. In the same year 020 men were enwoed in fisldng; in this county ; the catch consisted chiefly of 1,208 quintals of cod, 2,001 barrels of herring, 1,20(5 barrels of gaspereaux, 1,05.S barrels of mackerel, 1,151 barrels of sahnon, 7,500 barrels of other fish, 512,800 pounds of canned lobsters, and 3,005 bar- rels of oysters. The export of fresh fish, either packed in ice or frozen, from the Miramichi River and its tributaries to the United States is very large. Iced salmon are for- warded by hundreds of tons, principally to Boston and New- York, in the summer season, and salmon, mackerel, bass and other fish, caught in the summer and fall, are frozen artifi- cially and shipped to the same market in wunter. The largest frozen-fish trade of the Miramichi, however, is in smelts, w^hich is estimated to yield a larger return in money than even its great salmon fishery. In 1881 the area of improved land in Northumberland was 53,416 acres, of which 44,934 acres were under crops, the principal products being: wheat 20,662 bushels, oats 243,966- m nicscRfrr/ny nr rorxr/KS. !>: buslicls, bnckwlu-at *l.',()0.'{ hiislnls. potjxtocs .'l 2,044 Idisliels, liay 21,020 tons. Thn live stuc-U li» tin- county ufts : lioisos ;{.'.Hi, lun-iied cuttl.; 14,00.', slucp 1(;,.").S4, swino (;,7;{2. Tin- (|ijautity of butUT nianiifni'turc1,(I22 |)()un]. This railway, with its proposed connections, will, doubtless, lead to the settlement of the excellent tracts of land in the interior of the county and near its route. 98 DESCliirrioX OF COUXTIES. A Lrancli of tlio Intercolonial, 14 miles long, is also being liiiilt on the north side of thr Miraniichi, in the Parish of Derby, to Iniliantown Bro'»k. wlticli is a well known an:,deis' resort dming the month of June. Chatham Branch Tlailvvay. nine miles long, connects the Town of Chatham with the Intercolonial, and will form the eastern end of the Northern and Western Railway already referred to. 'J'he shiretown of Xorthumbeiland is Newcastle, situated on the n(jrtli shore of the ^rirnnnehi and about '>0 miles from the sea. The population of the town and parish in 18S1 was 4,20!), about one-half leading' in the town. Its streets an; lighted with gas, and it is i-onnected by a steam ferry with the opposite side of the rivt;r, and also with the Town of Cliatham by a steamer which )uakes live trips each way per day. There are three saw mills, a sp>ool factory, two iron foundries, a steam tannery, t\\ o bank agencies, a newspaper otlice, five churches, masonic and temperance halls, a skating and curling rink and other industiies and institutions denot- ing an enterprising and progressive community. Newcastle is an important station on the main line to the Intercohjnial Railway, a branch of which rinis to a deep water whaif on the river front of the town. ( Miatham, the secoml shipping port in the province, and the chief business centre of the North Shore of the pi'ovince, is on the ^outh side of the ^liramiehi River, and about five miles nearer the sea than Newcastle is. The population of the parish in IN.SI wtis "ijTGi, of whom about 4,.')00 reside in the town. Its ^tit.'cts are lighted with gas. It has three large saw mills, two foundries, machine works, door and sash factories and two newspa])er otlices. Chatham is the resi- dence of a Roman Catholic Bishop, ainl the Convent and Hospital of Hotel Dieu togetlier with valuable educational institutions are maintained by this denomiation. There arc DESCL'/PTInX oF f or, V 77 AW. 99 two Presbyterian Churclies in Cliatliaui, an Episopal ( Imrcli, aMethodi.'it L'hnrchand a Tlet'oniied Episcopal (.'luireli. The foundations of aline Cathedral have Imhti hiid liytlie Roman (,'atholies. Masoiiic, Temperance and otlier lialls, .skatiiiii; and cnrlin;:' rinks and other institutions attest tlie enerj^'V and thrift of i\\i\ people. Cliatham is a port of registry for ships, and on January 1st IS.S'), there were 1river steam service now existing. Sti>am feiries run lu'tween ( 'hatham and the opposite shore of the river. Douglastown is a village of considerable importance on the n(jrth side of the river, about a nnle above v 'hatham. It is to l)e provided witli railway connection with the Inter- colonial. Nelson is a large village on the south of LJii- .Mii'amichi about two miles above Newcastle. Theic aie several lar'^o mills anil a large steam tannery here. ^lillerton, Black Brook, Blackville, Doaktow u, ;in much as those of Si. John and nearly double tliosi' of the whole pr(jvinc(> of Nova Scotia. The Miramichi is a stream of considerabli.' repute among au'ders and aii'ords excellent .saliium fishing espi^cially in its ))rincipal branches, known as the Xoi'thwest and Southwest the wat-Ts of which intertwine with those of the tributaries TT .''.-■ixi'^F nwp^ 100 DESCniPTIuX OF COCNTIES. of the St. John, Thi; winter bass fishinS. In addition 1,471 cubic feet of pine, 73,284 cubic feet of tamarac, and 77,9.") 1 cublic feet of other timber, 1,3*>4 masts and spars, .■),G')7 cords of hemlock and .')(],ol() cords of tirewcjod were cut in this county. A very large area in Kent (Jounty is covered with forests of which hemlock forms a large proportion. The fisheries furnished employment in 1S81 to 1)32 men, the catch of tish being: 1,307 ({uintals of codfish, 1,.')02 bar- rels of herrings, 1,311 barrels of gaspereaux, 3,(172 barrels of mackerel, 252 barrels of salmon, l,.')yi,071 pounds of canned lobsters, 1,872 ban-els of oysters and over '),0()0 barrels of other fish. Kent, it will be observed, takes the lead in the business of canning lobsters. \'eiy rapid strides have been made in this industry since 1881, arid vast quantities of frozen smelt, eels, bass and salmon, are now exported. By the same census 83,(542 acres of land are returned as improv- ed and ()4,4y8 were stated to be in crop, the principal crops being: wheat 57,720 bushels, oats 282,858 l»ushels, buck- wheat 70,921 bushels, potatoes 975,(J30 bushels, hay 18,- 28G tons. The number of horses in the county was 3,7(11 , 102 DESCRIPTION OF CO UNIFIES. of horned cattle lo.0(;2, of sheep 19,034, of swine 5,399. The production of butter was f!l7,')39 pounds. The principal new settlements in Kent are Rhomboid, Girouard,Acadieville,Col(;brookedale andAdamsviile. While some of the soil in these settlements is not of what is com- monly regarded as the best quality, they are all progressing in a very satisfactory manner, thus demonstrating the truth of Professor Hind's observation, that much land in the prov- ince not at present esteemed for agriculture will become valuable on cultivation. The shiretown of Kent is Richibucto, a seaport at the mouth of the Richibucto River. Population including the parish 4,079. The harbor is good and considerable quantities of lumber are shipped from it every year. An important article of export is canned lobsters, which were shipped to the value of !?7ll,142 in 1882. On December 31st, 1884, thirteen vessels with a tonnaq-e of 4,120 tons w^ere reo-jstered at this port. Buctouche is twenty miles south of Richibucto. It also has a good harbor. In the rear of Buctouche there is much excellent land, now pretty well occupied by thrifty settlements. Cocaine is a ijood harbor nine miles south of Buctouche. There is good farming country- in the interior at this point. North of Richibucto are the Kouchibouquac and other streams, with good harbors at their mouths and fairly good land in the interior. The settlement of Acadieville is on the Kouchibouquac, and thei-e are considerable areas of very good land yet vacant here. The Intercolonial Railw^ay extends for fifty miles through Kent County, and the Kent Northern Railway, twenty- seven miles in length, connects Richibucto with the through line. It has recently been extended to St. Louis in the northern part of the county, and this will both add to the impcrtance of the line and assist in developing the country. DESCRIPTION OF COUNTIES. 10» A line of railway is also pi'ojoeted and will bo constructed at a very early day to connect Buctouche in this county with Moncton, Westmorland County. Although the great lumber forests, which built up the towns of Kent County in the first place, have been largely cut away, so that in the future the lumbering intoiest is never likely to assume as large proportions as it possessed in the past, yet the agricultuial developement of the county and the utilization of its valuable fisheries serve to make the county progressive and to assure it a properous future. WESTMORLAND COUNTY. The County of Westmorland i'oiins the southeastern por- tion of New Brunswick. It is washed by Northumberland Straits on the one side, and by the Bay of Fundy on the other, and Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, bounds it on the southeast. The area of Westmorland is 887,.')00 acres, of which by far the greater portion is granted, but there is estimated to remain 100,000 acres, ungranted and adapted for agriculture. The population of Westmorland in 18S1, was rS7,7lO. Although agriculture forms by far the principal occupa- tion of the people of this county, there were seventy-five saw mills, employing .525 hands, in 1881, and producing manu- facturetl lumber worth .S2f)l,000. The cut of other lumber in the county during the same year consisted of .'),000 cubic feet of pine, and smaller quantities of tamarae, birch and maple, ],()!)1 cords of hemlock bark, and (J.">,:):U cords of fire- wood. The fisheries employed in that year 4(){) men ; the catch consisting of !>,o51 barrels of hening, GoO barrels of mackerel, 719 ban-els of shad, 532,184 pounds of lobsters (canned), and about 1,500 barrels of other fish. The area of improved land was stated at 171 ^090 acres, of which 111,523 were under croj?, the principal produce being : .104 DESCItlPTION OF COUNTIES. wheat SI, 495 bushels, barley 27,453 bushels, oats SlO.o?-* bushels, buckwheat 15G,.*J(S9 bushels, potatoes 1,005,802 bush- els, turnips and other roots 188,000 bushels, hay 07,057 tons. There were 7,21)0 horses, 28,071 horned cattle, 29,002 sheep, and 5,407 swine. The pro0,0()0 were produced in the county. A large number of hands are now engaged in a Copper Mine that has been opened between Dorchester and Sack- ville, and the company owning it expect to employ a still lar,^^\^r number of men next season. H Mjihuilding is prosecuted to some extent, five ships with •■'' ^iv^''^':,•>^*''^ tonnage of 158,000 tons, having been built in t/ 'j cc .nty in 1881. There were 18 tanneries in operation DESClilPTlON OF CO UX TIES. lOJ in the county in that year, the product of manufactured leather ])ein]L,' estimated at S7.S,()00. In 18(S1 the amount of capital invested in WestmoiUmd was stated to be Sl,011,83:}, giviug employment to 2,0 1 (J hands, to whoui J?537,14.'i were paid in wages, the value of articles produced being .S2,900,7*Jo. There has since been a consideraV>le increase in these amounts. An inteiestint; feature of the ffeoloijy of Westmorland County is the existence of deposits of Albertite, which may yet be found in quantities sutKcently large to render it pro- fitable to work theuj, and the numerous indications of petro- leum. More particular reference will be made to these matters in the chapter dealing with economic minerals. The character of soil in Westmorland County is varied in quality and much of the upland may be ranked as first-class. A very fine tract, not all taken up, is found in the parish of Salisbury, that is in the northwest angle of the county and adjoining Kings County. This locality is not far from the Intercolonial Railway, and the proposed Short Line Railway to connect Halifax with Montreal and Quebec will pass through it. The important town of Moncton is near at hand, and the St. John and Halifax market is avail- able for the sale of produce. The farmers, already located in this district, are among the most thrifty and intelli- gent people in the province, and perhaps there is no plae(3 in New Brunswick where a settler could locate himself more satisfactorily than heie. A leferencc has already been made in describing Kings (Jounty to the western portion of this same district. The most matked feature of this county is its great marshes, which have been described at length in another ■chapter.* The Intercolonial Railway intersects Westmorland from See iMitfe 49. ^^^!S 100 DE^CIUPTIOX OF COUNTIES. north to south and from cast to "vvcst, ono lino oxtcTiding from Halifax to Quel)cc and the other from St. John to Shcdiac. The Now Brunswick and Prince Edward Island Railway is in cotn-se of construction, from Sackville on the Intercolonial to Capo Tormentino on Northumherland Straits. It will be 87 miles in length and will pass through an excel- lent section of country. The shiretown of Westmorland is Dorchester, population, including the parish, G,.')82, population of the village 1,000. Here also is located the Dominion Penitentiarj' for the Maritime Provinces. Moncton is the largest town in the county, its population in 18S1 was .5,082 and is now probably over (»,()00. It derives its importance, principally, from the fact that it is the headquarters of the Intercolonial Railway, but its ])ooplo are energetic and have established numerous important manu- facturinij establishuu'nts. Amonir them are a sugar ictinory, a cotton mill, a knitting factory, machine shops and a shoe factory. It is an incorporated town and is supplied with water and gas. Moncton is situated upon the Petitcodiac River and was a place of growing importance before the construction of the lailway. It is at the head of navigation of the Petitcodiac, ami tlie tide rises hero on ordinary occa- sions 48 feet, the spring tides being 57 feet high. The tide rushes up the Petitcodiac with great force, a' tidal wave 4 or 5 feet high, called the Bove, preceding it. JMoncton will continue to grow in importance and its neighborhood would be a good localit}' for settlers fi'om England with capital to locate themselves in. Sackville, population 2,000, is a business centre of consid- erable importance, and is the scat of the Methodist College and Academy of Mount Allison. \t Memramcook is the Roman Catholic College of St. Joseph. These institutions are more particularly referred to in the chapter treating of DEsvRiPTiox OF coryri/js. 107 education. Sackvillc luas two iron foimdnos and a shoo factorj', wliicli find a market for thcii- products all over the Maritime Provinces. There is also a furniture factorv liere Avhich is developing- a largo tiade. On the Strait of Northumherland, and at the torminus of a branch of the Intercolonial Railway, is the town of Shediac population 700, situated upon a good harbor. There are several other good harbors on the Straits, on the opposite side of which is Prince Edward Island. In all respects Westmorland is a very prosperous county. It IS second in point of population among the counties in the province and at least third in the amount of capital invested m manufacturing industries. Its people ai-e enterprisino- and if the mineral resources, of which there are good inrlica- tions, prove to be worthy of development, the future of the county will be marked by exceptional prosperity. ALBEirr COUNTY. The County of Albert is situated between the Petitcodiac River and the Bay of Fundy. Its area is 485,000 acres, of which five-sixths are granted ; of the remainder about 40,000 acres are well adapted for agricultuie. The soil is generally good, much of the highlan.l beino- excellent and the marshes being very extensive. Its min''- cral wealth is rich and vaiied. Its climate is rendered humid by the proximity of the Bay of Fundv. and this adapts the county in an especial degree to cattle and sheep laising. There are quite extensive tracts where new settlers can establish themselves, and farmers with capital, desiring to purchase improved farms, can find many excellent opportuni- ties for investment. The population of the county in 1881 was 12,.S2n, nearly all of English descent. ^^m 108 DESC/UPTION OF COrNTIES. Lumberinof and shipbuilding occupy the attention of a considerable proportion of the people of Albert. In 1881, there were 77 saw mills in operation and the output of manufactured lumber was valued at !?218,31.'). Of other lumber theie were produced 200,000 cubic feet of timber and 21,40G cords of firewood. Shipbuilding was at somewhat of a low ebb in 1881, only three vessels, worth in all .^53,150, having been built in the county. The bay shore produces a spruce particularly adapted for shipbuilding. The principal sliipyards in Albert are at Hopewell, Harvey and Alma. In 1881 there were G 1,708 acres improved land in this county, of which 88,723 were under crop, the principal pro- tlif Sr. .Idhx. It vises in tlic niMthevn pai't oi tliu Stato c»f Maine, and flows northward tliroui'li that stat(! for loO miles, voceiviii'j: se\ - eral kirge tril)utaries. On tliis part of the St. .lolin exten- erations are carried on, the hnnber 1 )enu sive K)!4-t4'ni;^f op floated to tho mills at the month of th(.'. ri\er, where it is manufactured, piincipally for the United States market. At l.')0 n\ile.s from its source the St. Jolm receives the watei's nf the St. Francis, a very consiilerahle tribntaiy having its rise in (Quebec; and from this point it forms, for 7*> miles, tlie International Boundary b.'tween the Vnited States and Can- ada, New Drunswick being on the northern sliure of tin- river and the State of Maine on the soutliern sliori Th. St. Jolm then passes into the Province of New iirunswick At L>1> ) mi les fi rom the >ea occur the C ianV ]5Cl- liL'iglit. y is a alls t\w. It is s for a M FT) n o a so 112 THE lilVEl! SYSTE.U. tlistanco of 80 iuile>), and Itv smaller craft for noarlv its tntire length. The tide flows up the liver a considerable distance, and lar^e steainers and sea-going schooners of 100 tons ascend as far as Fredeiicton, 85 miles, at all seasons of open water. In the lower part of its couise, the St. John widens out into magnificient reaches, and a few miles from tlie sea the soundings on the Admiralty Charts show over 100 fathoms of depth. The St, John enters the sea, or more l)roperly, the small land locked bay which forms the harbor «)f St. John, through a rocky gorge, in which at low water there is a fall outward and at high water a fall inward. At n certain stage of the tide the water is perfectly sniooth, and vessels pass through in perfect safety.* The St. John is not subject to sudden freshets or floods, tlie large lakes acting as reservoirs, and the forests in which it and all its tributaries have their sources, retaininf."- the water, caused b}' tlu; melting of the snow in the spring \s M-ell as iliat which descends in the heaviest suiinuer rain- falls, until it gradually flows away. This feature gives the inhabitants of the river valley perfect immunity from sud- den Hoods, such as arc becoming of annual occurrence in the rivers of the Western States, wherebv not onlv are manv thousands of dollai'.-^' worth of property destroyed, but many lives arc lost. The absence of sudden and destructive Hoods {•^ characteristic of all the rivers of New Brunswick. The spring freshets are gra s)Min of 040 fuel, anil is TO fuel alM)ve liii^h tide, as shuwii in tlie engvavinjf. It is Imnjf on 10 tables s\i|i|)()i'teil h.v 4 tinveis of solid inasonry TiH feet liifili and contain^ r>7UniileH of wire. It wan Imilt in l,S,i'2 at a oi>»t of ijtSO.OOO. A ruilway bridjre of stci'l I'on- strui'ted on the Cantilever iirintiple lias been built over the river ininiediatcly abii\o tin liiifliway hriilifo, sinie ilie view was taken, from wliioli this eiiyraving Has imidL'. I'or a di'seription of this brid;,'e see next eliaptei'. rilE lUVEl! S VST NAT. 113 ■ly its. I'rablo of 100' ions of John s froiii ,ev 100 r move harbor • water xl. At ^n)Ooth, ' floods, 1 which intr the »ring ^"^ er rain- livos the )tn siul- c in the many t many tlood'=; ill, and •er the idinient of the ly for a |in tlic 1)10 ■ [•ii^viivluK Id LMiiitaiu- Tsti'ol coii- lalM)\o tiK. \l-. rov a From the sea to the conHuence of the St. Francis with the main river, a distance of 300 miles, the St. John flows through an unbroken succession of cultivated farms extending in many places back in range after range, for more than ten miles. The Larukst Tuihitauiks of the St. John are the Aroos- took and the Tobique, the confluences of which, with the main river, are respectively 200 and 204 miles from the sea. The Aroostook flows from the west, and is nearly all in the State of Maine. The country drained by it is of such great fertility that it is called " the (inrden of New England." The Tobique river drains a region of equal promise in New Brunswick. It rises in the central part of the province, and its several branches unite at what is known as Nictau, or the Forks. Thence to the St. John the distance is 00 miles, and in this part of its course tlie Tobique receives several large tributaries. Thriving settlements border the Tobi([ue from its mouth to the Forks, but in the region through which it flows are many thousands of acres of soil of the highest fer- tility, yet unoccupied by settlers. The Tobique is navigable by liglit draught boats, and is an important highway for the conveyance of supplies to the lumber camps of the interior.* The Madawaska is an important tributary of the St. John. It is the outlet of Lake Temitouata, which in its turn receives the waters of numerous lakes and rivers. The Madawaska is navigable by light dmught steamers. It enters the St. John at a point 2G2 miles from the sea. Other considerable tributaries of the St, John are the St. Francis, Ureen River, Grand River and Salmon River, which join the main river in the upper part of its course in New Brunswick; the Nash waak, the Oromocto, the Jemseg, the Washdemoak and the Kennel »eccasis, Avhich are on the lower part of its course. The Jetnseg is the outlet of Grand Lake, a fine navigable sheet of water, thirty miles in length, with Sue iiiiii) (in i>aj,'u So. 114 THE UIVER SYSTEM. m an average width of ten miles. The name Kennebeccasis is applied as well to a magniticient sheet of water, extending like a long, narrow bay eastward from the St. John, a few rniles from its mouth, as to tlie tributary stream flowing into it. Bellisle Bay is a large arm of the St. John, extending also to the eastward, and navigable by large vessels. The Miramichi is the second river in importance in New Brunswick. It empties into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is wholly within the province. The entrance to the river is perfectly safe, and large ships and steamers are able to jiscend the river for miles, there being ample depth of water for the largest vessels. At a short distance from the sea the JMiramichi divides into two branches and these again are siib-divided into many moie, so that the Miramichi is more properly a system of rivers than a single river. The prin- •cipal of these branches is called the Southwest Miramichi, the head waters of which intertwine with those of several tributaries of the St. John. The country is settled more or less thickly along the Southwest Miramichi for eighty miles from the sea; but large areas of very excellent land remain unoccupied. The Northern and Western Kailway, to connect the towns at the mouth of the Miramichi with the Capital of the Province, is in course of construction up the valley of the Southwest. The Northwest Miramichi, the Little Southwest, the Kenous, Cain's River, l^artholemew River and other large tributaries intersect the central part of the province in all directions. They are all navigable by boats of light draught, and settlements have made some progress along most of them. All the rivers forming the Miramichi system flow through a country abounding in valuable forests, and exten- sive lumbering operations are carried on upon their head waters, the logs being floated down to the mills at the estuary where are situated the thriving towns of Newcastle aud THE HI V Eli SYSTEM. 115 tho large all light, 3t of lilow :tcn- icad |uary aucl Chatham, besiuit, a very considerable streaiu, noted princi- pally for its salmon tishing, but draining a valuable timber country, also Hows into the Bay Cliaiein-. The town of Bathurst is situated at its mouth on an excellent harbor. Tliti district through which theNepisiquit Hows is almost all unset- tled,and muchof it is not considered as suitable foragriculturo. A large number of small streams How into the Bay ( 'haleur, many of them atlbrding good salmon Hshing, and some of them being the site of mills, at which lumber cut in the interior is manufactured. 116 THE lUVEK SYSTEM. The RrcHiHrcTO is an important river flowing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. At its mouth is a good harbor on which is situated the town of the same name. The Richi- bucto is navigable for about fifteen miles above the harbor. For the greater part of its course theRichibueto flows through unsettled land, much of which is fit for farming. Very many other rivers, some of them of considerable importance, flon' into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The Petitcodiac flows into Shepody Bay, an arm of the Bay of Fundy, near its eastern extremity. It is navigable for twenty-five miles l»y vessels of the largest size. Schoon- ers of from 60 to 100 tons can ascend it as far as the town of Moncton. The river is about 100 miles long, and its course is almost entirely tlirough a thickly settled country. The Magaguadavic, the Digedequash and the Lepreaux are rivers of some importance, flowing into the Bay of Fundy. The S'J". Citoix is a large river, receiving the Avater of two chains of lakes, one of theni being in the State of Maine, and the other with the river forming the International Boundary. It is navigable to St. Stephen, situated at the head of the tide, or sixteen miles from the mouth of the ri\er. The liarbor into which the St. ( *roix empties, called St. Andrews, from the town of that name, is justly considered one of the finest in North America. Its area is about 100 square miles, and it is protected from the sea by the West Isles, which extend in a chain across its entrance. Tht^ anchorage is good, and the harbor is practically free from obstiuction by ice at all seasons. It will thus be seen that New Brunswick is a remarkably well watered country, and that the rivere are large enough to form an important feature of internal communication. Every section has its lakes and rivers. Indeed it is claimed that no country of equal area can claim so complete a river .system. ♦ i i MEAXS OF COMMUNICA TIOX. 117 CHAPTER IX. MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. HIGHWAYS. For pm'poses of internal and external communication New Brunswick is exceedingly well pi-ovidod. The highway sys- tem is excellent, and the roads are kept generaily in good repair with substantial bridges over the streams. Every set- tled locality has either a great road or one or more by-roads running through it, and there is not a toll-gate on either turnpike or bridge from one end of the province to the other. The roatls are maintained bv grants horn the Legislature and by what is known as statute labor. The money grants amount to about i?170,000 a year, the statute labor, nomi- nally, to twice as much. The money grants are expended in part by ofHcers appointed by the government and in part by otHcers appointed by the municipalities. The statute labor is a tax payable in work upon the roads in the district in which the individual resides. Eveiy male inhaliitant over 21 years of age and under OO must do three days' work upon the roads, with an addi*^i^iial amount apportioned on the property of the individual. An average tax would be five days' work. This may be conmiiited by a payment of .■50 cents in lieu of each d&ys work. Tliere is also a tax of half a cent an acre upon unimproved wilderness land in certain cases. This is applied to the making of roads. us ML'AXS OF COMMCNICATIoy, WATER COMiMUNK ATION. Tlie numerous ports of the province are constantly visited by ships from all parts of the world, and St. John is, sum- mer or winter, a point for the arrival and departure of sea- going vessels. A largo fleet of steamers and sailing vessels maintain communication between the province and Great Britain. Regular lines of -teain r^. ply between St. John and St. Stephen, St. An(he\vs, Eastport, Portland, Boston, Yarmouth, Digby, and Annapolis. Fine steamers go up the St. John to Fredericton, and smaller steamers run to Woodstock. Other large steamers run regniT^v t. the Grand Lake. There is steam connnunication btjLwf n '^t. Stephen and St. Andrews, between New Brunswick : nd t'lince Edward Island, be- tween the towns ^n the Lower ^''iT'nichi and between several points on tlii- Bhj v'b lerv '. addition to these lines of steamers a largo fleet of crasic ;; teads to local business, and gives cheap communication with the principal ports of the United States. The competition between the carriers by land and by water insures cheap transportation. HAILWAY.S. hi proportion to its population there ai-e more miles of railway in New Brunswick than in any other state or province in America. The total number of miles con- structed and in operation at present is 1,027; the lines projected and in course of construction are in all about 275 miles, so that within a year there will be in operation in New Brunswick about 1,300 miles of railway, or one mile to every 250 of the inhabitants. In Groat Britain there is •about one mile of railway to every 3,500 of the inhabitants. About S1S,000,000 have been expended on railways in New Brunswick. TUK IXTKRrOI.OMAI.. This railway was built, under the special guarantee con- ffS MEANS OF GOMMUXWATION. 110 tained in the Act of Union between the provinces, to give connection by rati over British territory between the Mari- time and Interior Provinces of Canada. The Intercolonial extends from Quebec to Halifax and St. John, its total length with its branches bung 84.5 miles, of which 354) miles are in New Brunswick. It extends from St. John to the Straits of Northumberlan J, through the Counties of St. John, Kings and Westmorland, and from the Nova Scotia boundary to the Quebec boundary, the whole length of the province from north to south, through the Counties of Westmorland, Kent, Northuml)erland, Gloucester and Restigouche. From St. John to Quebec, over the Intercolonial, is 779 miles, from St. John to Halifax 27(J. It is the great channel of trade between the interior and the Maritime Provinces, and in Now l^runswick it affords a most valuable outlet for the produce of all the counties through which it passes. TUK XKW BUUXSWK'K HAII.WAV was originall}' a line from Cil)son, opposite Fredericton, to Edmundston, in Madawaska County, but the company own- ing it have absorbed several other lines in westein New Brunswick and built several branches, including one into Maine, so that it now operates 443 miles of railway. The line begins at St. John, where it connects with the Interco- lonial, and extends to St. Andrews, St. Stephen, Fredericton, Woodstock, Grand Frills and Edmundston, in New Bruns- wick, and Fort Fairfield, Houlton and Presipie Isl(>, in Maine. It has a line from Woodstock to F'redericton on the eastern side of the St. John. It passes through St. John, Charlotte, Kings, Queens, Sunbury, York, Carleton and Madasvaska Counties, and will probably be extended to Quebec. At Vanceboro it connects with the Uniteil States railway sys- tem, an. It is the great channel of trade l)etween the interior and the Maritime Provinces, and in New Brunswick it afiords a most valuable outlet for tho produce of all the counties through which it passes. TUK NKW Ul'.UXSAVK'K HAIF.WAV was oiiginally a line from Gi1)son, opposite Fredericton, to Edmundston, in Madawaska (,'ounty, Ijut the company own- inof it have absorbed several other lines in western New Brunswick and built several branches, including one into Maine, so that it now operates 443 miles of railway. Tho line begias at St. John, where it connects with the Interco- lonial, and extends to St. Andrews, St. Stephen, Fredericton, Woodstock, Gran !^f^ri^xfc 'A rioy. I'-'i St. Martins on tin- Flay of Fumly in thf ('aunty of St. John. It is 80 miles lonir. THE HAVELOt^K, KI.C.IN' A.\l> I'l-.TITCODIAC KAIF.WAV, 12 miles lonfj, connects the o.xci'lh^nt fannin<' distiict in Havolock, Kinoes (.'ounty, witli the Intercohmia!. THK .ST. Jon.N iJKMXiK AX1» UAILWAV, two miles long, connecting the Intercolonial Railway with the New Brunswick Railway was l.uilt in IMS,'). The Can- tilever Bridge across the St. John is huilt of steel. It con- sists of a central span 477 feet long, and two shore spans 148J, and 101 feet respectively in length. It i-ests upon granite piers, that on the east being 0(j feet high and that on the west being ')0 feet hiijfh. This bridge and railwav, connecting the railway .system of the province, is expected to greatly develope the business of the Northern Counties, which are thus given unbiokcn rail connection with all points on the Continent. THK CAKAQirKT HAII.WAV fiom Bathurst on the Intercolonial to the harbor of Shippe- L'an in Gloucester (Jountv. It i.s (KJ miles lonij. The railways in course of construction are : THE NOIITHKUX AND WKSTEUX KAII.WAV from Gibson opposite Fredericton to the Intercolonial at Chatham Junction. It will be 1 10 miles long. Fiftv miles are now constructed and in operation. The whole road Avill I>e in operation by the spring of 18S0, It passes across the centre of the province through the counties of York and Northumberland. THK NEW BRUNSWICK AND I'lMXCK KDWAKO ISl.ANK KAII.WAV. from Sackville on the Intercolonial to Cape Tormentine on Northumberland Straits. It is upwards of .SO miles long and will be completed in 1880. ML\iys uF (itMMirN/VATJoX. TIIK INDIANTnWN IlKANCH, 14 Miilt's loni,^ fi'oin tho Intercolonial to Indiantown on tlic noitli hnincli t)t' the Miianiiclii. AnionLT the |)roiectoes to both. THK MAIL SKltVICK. Thert; is an efficient mail servict! to all parts of New Ihtwiswick. The postage on letbus is three cents per half ounce. Newspapers, sent from the office of publication to regular subscribers, are free of postage. THE TKLE(illAl>H SKUVK'K. All important towns in New Binnswick have telegraphic AfEAXs nr COMMiWiCATlny, 12» ;:rs;::J" ^"^'-'^^'^'''■^"■'^.^M.om.. AlLort, (IbniuTlv Hunowe Aiirt^'aiico, Apoliaciui, Aroostook, Uainaliv River, Batl), Bat hurst, Bartiltogup. fJatlinrst Station, Jiay du Vin, JJay Vcrtp, Btaver Hrook, JU'llediuic, Rentoii, Berry's iMiUs, Black ville, Bloonififtlcl, Black Biook, 'Bridgetown, tillCtOlU'lu", Boiestowoii, Canij)l»elltoii, ('Hnipltollton Station, ('ami>ol(ello, Canaan, Canterbui'v Station, Cape Tornientine, Ciirleton, Charlo, Clmtliani, Chatliani Junction, Clifton, (Gloucester Co. Coal Branch, Ci-oss Creek, Curryville, Dalhousie, Dalhousie Station, Debee, Derl)y Station. II, j l>orthf.ster, Kdniund.ston, Kdv ards. Kscuininae, Kairvilie, Feiris, i^'higg's Cove, Florenceville, Fix'dt'iicton. Krederietou Junction, Ciltson. Crand A use Crand Falls, <'rand Manan, Hampton, Hartlaiid. Harvey, York Co.. Harvey, Alltert Co. Hillsljoro, Hoyt, Indiaiitown, Jao(|uet River. Kent Junction, Keswiek, Kill.ui-n, (or Muniae.) Kinifston, Kent Co. Kotichihonguac. Marvsville, M.-Adani, Maifagiiadavie, Meuiranieook, Millville, Monctoii, Mus(|uasli, I^runiae. Natiwidgewauk, Newcastle, New Mills, Newl.urg Junction. Norton, 124 mi:axs of communication. Pivinseo Junction, Prnobfsijis, iVrtli, Petitcoiliac, Potit llocliei", Point (lu C'liont", Point Lcpreau, Pokeinouclie, Portland, (Indiantown,) li.'d Pine, ]{i»hibucto, Rockland, Hogcrvillf, Ilotliesay, Sackvillo, St, Andi'cws, St. n ixvkstmhxt. i-j.-) CHAPTER X. LAND TENrURE AND TRANSFER AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR INVESTMENT. Nearly all land in Now Brunswick, outside tlie cities, is held by its occupiers in fee simple. Very few farms are rented. The i;rants from the Crown convey all the hunVier growing upon the land to the owner of the soil ; also the minerals of economic value, reservinij tf) the Crown a rii^ht of royalty. When lands are granted the grant is registen-d in the Office of the Provincial Secretary, a duplicate copy is kept in the Crown Land Office ami the giant itself is given to the grantee, win* may, if he chooses to do so, record it in tlie Office of the Registrar of Deeds and Wills in the countv where thi' land lies: this, liowever, is rarely done. There is no charge for grants or for the recording of them in the Provincial Secretar\'s office, and the maps and records of the Crown Land and Provincial Secretar\"s office are open to inspection free of charge. All conveyances of land or leases for a term of three years and upwards, made between individuals, must be registered by recording the instrument at full length in the Office of Registrar of Deeds and Wills in the county where the land is situated. A small fee is charired for examining the records, and the fee for recording:- a common deed is about SLoO, varying according to the kufth of the document. In the great maioritv of cases titles are uncjuestionable and conveyancing is comparatively I-JC nl'PfHrnWJT/ES Fnii IS \KSrMlL\T. inexpi.jusive. No ono in puvcliasing property in New Bnuiswiek need take tiio least risk as to title. An idea haviii!-- ijone abroad that land titles in (.'anada were insecure, the siihjeet was dealt with in the (ilcaiwi', a newspaper published in Fredericton, and its (jbservations on the point were as follows : — ll'i-Miii tliu Cleiiiifi- of Sciitfiiilicr 4tli, H84. 1 ••'rin' €((11(1(11(1)1 (j'a-.t'tte discuss»;s the (|aestiou of land tnuisfei' in Oaiiiulii, whieii it tliinks is siisi't'ittilile »if great iinprovt'iiu'iii. < )ur t'Oiitrnipoiarv says a piircliuscr or mortgagee must accept soiin' risk ill th<' matter of title. In iniikiiig its ohst-rvatioiis the (tici'ttn talis into a vciy counnon error of taking a part of Oanada for tin- wliolf, itiid adversely criticising tlie wliole Dominion for reasons only applicable to a part of it. In tin- Pro\ ince of New lirunswick then' is no need of a purchaser or mortgagee running any risk iji the matter of title unless he wisht;s to do so ; and the risks that he might have to run in any casc^ ai<; only such as would arise from ilefective conveyances or defective posses-sion. In the vast majority of cases the tith's to land are plain and leadily traced. Tlii' ]tossession of title deeds, while it is convenient, is not necessary to the making ot a complete title, as if all a man's deeds and mortga gcs wcie liurned, the Record OHlce will fniMiish all the doeiimen tary ]»rotif of title needed in any ease. Only a small jtroportion of tlu! ejectment cases tried in our < 'units involvtj (piestions of docn mentary title : for tlu' reason that unless a. man wilfully takes a, liad litle lie need never have to rc'ly upon an imjierfect one so far as documentary evidence is t-oncerned. The e to become a landed proi)rietor and he will be constantly brought face to face with the (piestiou : What shall T d(t with my bovs \ Here he mav have an elegant home, with every comfort he can desire, a well-stocked farm, Avhich will keep him and his family, and in addition a larger income than he had in England, while liis family will be in the New World, where if tliey are honest and industrious he can find unbounded, scope for their energies. OPPORTUNITIES FOR IX VESTMENT. 12!> ich he [liui at £245, lud his brietor »tiou : llogant hvhich than 'orld, mdetl " We offer in New Brunswick to sudi people what they value most — a settled, orderly community, with the best educational advantages, and a degree of socisil culture quite equal to what they have been accustomed to. We otter them a glorious climate, where there is life and health in all the four winds of Heaven. We offer them land of the highest fertility, and ready markets for all kinds of produce," For business men seeking investment the opportunities offered by New Brunswick are many and varied. There are mines of iron, coal, copper, silver, manganese, graphite and antimony, only requiring capital to develope them ; there are vast quarries of the finest granite and freestone upon the shores of the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; there is a supply of timber of various kinds which is practically inexhaustible and from which many articles could be manufactured, for which there is a ready sale in foreign markets. Lack of capital alone prevents a large business being done in all these lines. The existence of large forests of hemlock and their accessi- bility makes the province exceedingly well adapted for the prosecution of the tanning business on a large scale. The market for New Brunswick tanned leather is large, and extends to the other provinces of Canada and to Great Britain. 130 ao VEUNMENT. CHAPTER XI. GOVEENMENT. THE DOMINION. Tlie form of n-overnnient in New Brunswick and in the Dominion of Canada is modelled upon that of Great Britain, but the system of popular government has been extended to ombrace municipal matters. There is no privileged class or hereditary legislature. There are three governing bodies (so to speak) in Canada; the Parliament of Canada, the Local Legislatures and the City and Municipal Corporations, and in the choice of the membership of these bodies, every man, practically speaking, has a voice. The system of self-government is therefore about as complete as can be desired. THE (;OVi:nXOR-(ii:XERAL. At the head of the Covernment of the Dominion is the Governor-tieneral, who is the representative of Her Majesty the Queen, is appointed Ijy the Crown, and usually holds office for five years. His powers in relation to matters coming within the jurisdiction of parliament are similar to those exercised by the Queen, but are modified somewhat by the circumstances of the Dominion, and the results to be antici- pated in the independent working out in a new country of the principles of the British constitution. The official ro?iitlcnce of the Governor-C Jeneral is at Ottawa, in the Province of Ontario. i 1 GO VEllNMENT. 131 The Parliament of Canada consists of two ^nanclies : the Senate, and the House of Commons. THK SKNATK. The members of the Senate are appointed by the Gov- ernor-General on the advice of his council. Their tenure of office is for life, or until they have become disqualified under the Act regulating their appointment. ^lemliers of the senate receive a sessional allowance of Ji>l,000 for each session of parliament, besides an allowance for travelling expenses. New Brunswick is entitled to be represented by twelve senators. To be eligible for appointment to the senate a person must be a male, of tlie age of thirty years, a British subject, possessed of property, above all incumbrance and liabilities, to the value of $4,000, and a resident of the province for w^hich he is appointed. THK llOLSE OF COMMONS. The House of Commons is elected bv ballot evcrv five years, unless sooner dissolved. A candidate for a seat in the House of Conmions requires no other qualification than is necessary to entitle him to vote at the election of a mem- ber. Now Brunswick elects sixteen members of the House of Commons : the city of St. John electing one, the County of St. John two, the electoral district of A^ictoria, which includes the Counties of Victoria and Madawaska, one, and each of the other counties (jne. This representation is subject to increase after each decennial census until a specifi- ed maximum is reached. A member of the House of (l^onnnons receives a sessional indemnitv of 5^1,000 for each session l)esides an allowance for travelling expenses. There must, by law, be a session of parliament once in every year. Tin: MIMSTKY. The administration of the Government of Canada is vested 132 GO VERNMENT. in twelve heads of departments, with whom arc usually asso- ciated the Speaker of the Senate, and sometimes one or more members without oftice. The Departmental Members are known as Ministers, and include the Ministers of Justice, Public Works, Finance, Inland Revenue, Railways and Canals, Militia, Agriculture, Customs, Marine and Fisheries, the Interior, the Secretary of State, and the Postmaster- General. Their Salaries are each 87,000 per annum. tup: franchise at elections for the House of Commons is as follows : — Every male person being a British subject and twenty- one years of age is entitled to vote, provided that he pos- sesses one of the following (|[ualifications, viz : — Is the owner or occupant otherwise than as a tenant, of real estate to the vahie of .^^'500 in a city, $200 in a town, or )i?150 in a country district. Or, is a tenant at an annual rental of at least $20, or a half yearly rental of at least $12, or a quarterly rental of at least ^(S, or a monthly rental of at least $2. Or, possesses an income of not less tlian $300. Farmer's sons residing with their parents, and the sons of the owners of real estate in the cities and towns, may vote where the property qualification of the parent is suffici- ent if divided to give his sons the necessary qualifi- cation. Special provisions are made for other classes. THE PPvOVINCIAL GOVERNMENT. The local affairs of the provinces, including several classes of subjects not strictly local and specified in the British North America Act, are dealt with by the Provincial Legis- latures. TItE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOK. Ill each province there is a Lieutenant-Governor exercis- ing in respect to matters within the jurisdiction of the Local ao VEIINMENT. 133 sses tish 218- Legisliitures the same powers as the Governor- (Jeneral exer- cises in respect to subjects within the jurisdiction of the Canadian Parliament. The Lieutenant-Governors are ap- tn H U a M o w n a H o )cal pointed by the Governor-General. The Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick has a salary of 89,000 per annum paid by the Dominion. 134 GO VEliNMENT. THK KXKC'fcTIVK (JOVKaXMEXT. The atliuinistration of provincial affairs is vested in an Executive Council of nine nieinbeis. The public lands are under the control of the Crown Land Department. THK LIXilSLATlKK. The Legislature consists of a Legislative Council not exceeding eighteen members and a House of Assembly of forty-one members. Members of the Legislative Council are appointed by the Executive Government. To be eligible a person must possess real estate to the value of $2,500, be a British subject of the age of at least 25 years and reside in the Province. The term of office is for life or until the per- sons are disqualified under the statute creating the office. The property qualification of a member of the House of Assembly is the possession of freehold or leasehold estate to the value of §1,200 over and above incumbrance. A candi- date must also be of the age of 21 years and upwards, and a British subject. The members of the House of Assembly hold their seats for four years unless the House is sooner dissolved. There must be a session of the Legislature every year. Members of both branches receive a sessional allowance of ^'.SOO besides travelling expenses. THE FRANCHISE. Every male person, being a British subject twenty-one years of age and possessed of real estate to the value of $100, or personal estate to the value of §400, or both together to the value of .$400. or an annual income of $400 is entitled in New Brunswick to vote for members of the Assembly. This practically gives a vote to every industri- ous man. Any changes likely to be made in the qualifi- cation of voters will be to reduce it, so as to extend the (H> VEIINMENT. 135 an -one |e of IbotU B400 the Istri- ilifi- the franchise to any deserving citizens ^vll(> do not come within the present «iualification. DIVISION' OF HKPKICSi:.\TATIO\. Tlie City of Saint Jolin elects two iiiembers to the Hoiiso of Assembly ; the City and County of Saint John elect four meuibers ; the (Jounties of York, Charlotte, Northumberland and Westmorland elect four each: the 1,'ounty of Kings elects three ; the Counties of Queens, Sunljury, Carleton, Resti- gonche, Gloucester, Kent and Albert each elect two ; and the Counties of Victoria and Madawaska each elect one. THK MI:NK"II'AIJTIKS. The rate-payers in each county of New Brunswick are Ijy law a corporation, and have full control of all local matters, such as in England are vested in the Courts of (Quarter Sessions, Parochial Boards and other similar institutions. Each parish in a county elects two or more councillors, and the councillors so elected form the governing body of tlie county. Every late-payei- is eligible to be elected a meni- Ijcr of the Municipal (.'ouncil, and all rate-payers of the parish liave a voice in tlie election. The Municipal Council has, as a general rule, two sessions a year. It possesses veiy large local power, as it imposes the acli individual a sense of the privileges and lesponsibilitios of citizenship. Eveiv man wlio is industrious may have, if lie desires it, a voice in the manajjement of the affairs of the country, from the levvinj; of an assessment forsomt; triflini; local service up U> the determination of the most important (piestions att'ectinL;; life and property and the welfare of the Dominion. In no part of the world are the pi'ople more thoroughly imbued with the principles of self-government than they are in Xew Brunswick. By preserving the form of monarchy stability of government is assured, but by the wide ditt'usion of tlu^ franchise the principles of the broadest democracy liave full room to play. The settler from the United Kingdom will find in the Province the same complete freedom of thought and speech as ho enjoyed at home, and perhaps in a gicater degree, since the traditions and family piestigc, which have more or less effect in a country like Great Britain in shaping public opinion, have no influence in this Province. Tlu> fullest citizenship is a legacy which every man in New Brunswick can leave to his children. JiE VEXrE A NP TA XA TIO X VM CUAVTER \l\. REVENUE AWD TAXATION. TIIK DOMINION I! I- \ KNIK, ^ The revenue of the Don.inio,, ,.f ( 'ana.la is ,ou(> 00 .. I8.i>r)0 00 .ir> Gl Miicludiiiff interest on Iwlnnee of dphf t„ <.. <• ""^'•«-« - 1'-^ "."itiim i:!c;^e!;^;^{:;;';!,.::[.';i::!^:;;- , j!;:.-"-"- -e ....jeet t,. ijiiiisj^ii^ i:)8 L'H VENUE AND TAXATION. Tho ostiniatud expoii -Marriago ( 'ertiticates, Kegistry 1,200 OO Natural History Society, 250 00 Pul.lic Healtl 4,000 00 Pul)lic Hosi.ital, .St. John, 2,000 00 Public Printing, 13,500 00 Public Works 187,260 12 JJitle Association, 300 00 ll.'funds. Crown Lands, 600 00 ♦Surveys and Hallway Inspection 2,000 00 Stunipagt! Collection, 7,000 00 Unforse.Mi Expenses, 2,000 00 .*62y,744 60 MINKIPAL TAXATION. The rate of municipal taxation varies in different locali- HE VENUE AND TA XA T/ON. 130 ties, but excepting in the cities and incorporated towns is so low as to be almost nominal. In the country districts the taxes are levied, first by a poll tax equal to one-sixth of the whole sum to be raised, of which each male resident of the county over the age of twenty-one years paj's an equal proportion. This poll tax varies in different localities from thirty cents to eighty cents, or say from one .shilling and sixpence to three shillings and sixpence per head. The remainder of the assessment is levied upon real and personal property, this, including assessments for all purposes, except the district assessments for schools, varies from one-third to one-half of one per cent, on a fair valuation of property ; thus the taxes on property' or income to the value of 8100 would be from thirty to tiftv cents, ov from one shilling and sixpence to two shilling and sixpence. At the same time that the county rates art' collected, and included in the above estimate, a sum etjual to thirty cents, or one shilling and sixpence, per head of the population of the county is collected to form what is known as the county school fund, which is disbursed on the order of the ( 'hief Superintendent of the Provincial l5oard of Education to the trustees of the school districts, to assist in paying the salaries of teaehois. The rate of distribution is i^*M) per annum for each ([uali- fied teacher in the district, and the balance according to the average number of pupils attending schools in the district ccir.pared with the whole average in the county. In many l^arishes there is no assessment fur the support of the poor, for the reason that there are no paupers to support. The whole Province is «livided into school districts and the rate-payers of each district meet annually and ly a majority vote elect trustees to manage the schools, and also at the same time determine how much money shall be raised in each district for school purposes, to supplement the Provin- 140 REVENUE AND TAXATION. »( cial grant and their proportion of the County Fund. This amount depends entirely upon the decision of the rate- payers themselves, and is large or small as occasion demands ; every dollar that is thus raised is expended for the mainten- ance of schools in the district, and free education is given to €very child whether its parents are able to pay their share of the taxes or not. All municipal taxation, except the County School Fund assessment, is directly under the control of the rate-payers, being imposed by councillors of their own choosing. f I EDUCATION. 141 CHAPTER XIII. EDUCATION. New Brunswick maintains a University known as the University of New Brunswick, the degrees o;rante(l by which are recognized everwhere. It is established at Frcdericton and is maintained by a Provincial endowment, b^' revenues from real estate and by fees from students. It is well provided with apparatus and has a good library. There is no theological chair and the instruction is non-denomi- national. In order to assist those who may not be able wholly to meet the cost of attending the University, a number of students are admitted free under certain con- ditions, and there is in addition an excellent svstem of scholarship or bursaries. The Methodist Church maintains a college at Sackville, Westmorland County, where a course in arts or divinity is given at the option of the student. The Roman Catholic Church maintains a college at Mem- ramcook, Westmorland, where a course in arts or divinity is given at the option of the student. Instruction is given at Memramcook both to French and English students. The Methodists also maintain an efficient Academy at Sackville, the Baptists a Seminary at Saint John and the Roman Catholics have several schools for higher education. Tin: COMMON SCHOOL SVSTKM. The great educational factor in New Brunswick is the 142 EDUCATION. Common School System, which is designed to give every child in the Province a sound English education. This system is based upon the principle that the property of the country should pay for educating the youth of the country, and, consequently, it requires every person to pay his share towards the maintenance of schools. This system has been in force for fourteen years, and has become thoroughly inter- woven into the institutions of the Province. At the head of the educational system is the Provincial Board of Education, consisting of the Lieutenant-Governor, the Chief Superintendent of Education, the President of the University and the members of the Executive Government. A Normal, Training and Model School is maintained at Fredericton where teachers are trained in the theory and practice of teaching. Althoufih the l)asis for the maintenance of schools is direct taxation upon the people, the Provincial (rovernment contri- butes largelv towards the salaries of teachers, the Govern- ment allowance for this purpose being higher in New Bruns- wick in proportion to the local contributions than in any otlu.'r Province of Canada. Connnon School Teachers receive from the Provincial Treasury, as follows : — First-class Teachers, Males ^18,') per annum. Females 100 Males lOS Females Nl .Malrs SI '' Females. . . . (I.S " Second-class Third-class lleference has already been made to the County School Fund from which a sum is paid to the trustees of each dis- trict to aid in the maintenance of th schools. The school districts are so laid out that the children of ever}' settler shall have a school within convenient reach of their home. EDUCATION. 143 In each district arc three trustees elected as aheady stated, by the rate-payers. One of the trustees retires annually but he is eligible for re-election. The trustees decide how many xind what grades of schools shall be maintained during the year and at the annual meeting the rate-payers determine what amount to be raised by assessment upon the district, shall be appropriated for school pujposes. The schools are subject to the supervision of Inspectors appointed by the Board of Education and to the general superintendence of the Board. There are special provisions in the law for cities and incorporated towns. Fifteen grammar schools, one for each county, and nearly seventy superior schools, are provided for by law, for pur- poses of a secondary education, and form a pait of the gen- eral school system. These, and the common schools, arc provided for b}'' legislative grants to be supplemented by grants from the districts or towns in wliich thev are estab- lished. The teacher of a grannnar school receives from tlie government i*:>50, and the teacher of a superior school 5?2')0, conditioned upon the payment of an e([ual amount by the local board. In addition to the Provincial grants for common schools, provision is made to aid poor districts, which leceive to the extent of one-third more from the J'rovincial grants, and one-third more from the county fund. This enables the set- tlers in the newest and poorest settlements in the province to maintain schools during the whole year. There is also a leiiislative yrant in aid of school-houses for poor districts. Under this admirable system schools have been established in all parts of the province, a large and efheient staff of teachers is maintained, and generally the whole educational service is in a most satisfactory condition. The total annual expenditure upon the connnon school system is fully 5?.">00,- 000, and there are about 70,000 children upon the rolls, with an average attendance during the year of about 58,000. This in a country largely made up of new settlements, is a most excellent showing. The new settler in New Bruns- wick may rest assured that he can secure for his children, at a comparatively small cost, the priceless boon of a good education. > 't i 1 li THE FOJiESr. 145 CHAPTER XIV. THE FOEEST. Next to agriculture the chief industry of New Brunswick IS the manufacture and export of lumber. No country in t^ie world IS probably n.ore densely wooded than New Brunswick, the area of land in a wilderness state not covered with forests bemg so snuall as to be merely nominal. Every acre of improved land in the province, except the dyked lands was at one time covered with a dense growth of trees and there are yet millions of acres upon which the forest is' unbroken Accor.ling to the census of 1881 the follovvino- amount of lumber was produced in New Brunswick in that year : — i^'f^.^""' 130,702 cubic feet. ^«^^P"^'^ 31,Ur>4 ^*'^'' 3,.31G ^^'"^'■••^«' 250,38!) Birch and Maple, 348,441 ^^"'' 2,400 Other Timber, 2,371,001 Pine Losrs, (\\- ic\f\ i Other Logs, 5,001,069 Masts and 8pars, ;,4 40(] ., ^'^^^«' .." W. m. .^"*';^7^ 3,434 conls. Firewood, 781,729 « 10 146 THE FOREST. The following statistics are from the same census and show the extent of the manufacture of lumber for home consumption and export : — Nuinl)or of Saw Mills 478 " of Employes, 7,175 Wn^'es paid, §1,243,628 Value of raw nmteriiils, 4,355,735 " of articles produced, 0,532,826 The total cut of lumber, not including timber, in New Brunswick in 1883 was 225,000,000 superficial feet. The most valuable of the New Brunswick forest trees is, TMK wurri: pink, so-called, from the whiteness of its wood when freshly cut. It is soft, light, free from knots and easily wrought. Its principal use is for the interior finish of houses, but it is adapted for many purposes. IlKD I'lNE is also found in the Province, and is almost as much esteemed as the White Pine. There is an extensive young growth of pine, and under a judicious system of forestry, the consumption would probably be exceeded by the annual growth. 1U.ACK SHIUCR furnishes most of the deals for export. Thirty years ago it was estimated to constitute one-third of the forest, but this would now be considered an" over-estimate. The annual cut has been very great ; but the supply is yet large and will probabl}^ never be exhausted, or so reduced as to render the manufacture and export of spruce anything other than an important industry. The Black Spruce attains a height of from sixty to eighty feet and a diameter from eighteen to thirty inches. Its chief properties are strength, light- ness and elasticity. It is largely used for building purposes. i ! THE FOREST. 147 inch i,'o it this cut will the n an it of n to ^ht- ses. For export it is sawn into deals, which are 3 inches thick, 7, 9 and 11 inches wide and of various lengths. ( )ther dimen- sions are also exported. Black Spruce makes valuable " piles." THE QRAHD FALLS OF THE ST. JOHN. "Spruce logging," as it is ciillod, is a groat industry in New Brunswick. It is prosecuted chit'Hy in thu winter season when the snow atibrds roads by which the logs can be hauled to the banks of the streams. When the spring 148 THE FOREST, \ , ■ freshets come the logs are floated or " driven," as the expres- sion is, to the booms when they are put together into rafts and are taken thence to the mills to be sawed. This industry gives employment to a great many men and horses, and fur- nishes a market for large (juantities of farm produce. WHITE SPRUCE is a smaller tree than the Black Spruce and its wood is not so highly esteemed. The supply is large, and it is cut and used indiscriminately with Black Spruce. BALSAM FIR. This is a common tree. It is quito resinous, producing what is known in the arts as " Canada Balsam," which exudes through the bark. It is lighter in weight than either of the spruces and is used to some extent in building. HEMLOCK SPRUCE is larger in size than the Black Spruce. It is a firm, course - grained wood, lasting remarkably well under water or when kept thoroughly dry. Being very tenacious of nails it is much used for boarding in buildings. In the shape of logs it is much esteemed in wharf-building and in mining. The Hemlock is a widely diffused wood and is found in great (luantities in several counties of the Province. Its bark is valuable for tanning purposes. In addition to the bark exported and that used in the country, there is an annual export of extract of the bark to the value of about $200,000. The natural grain of Hemlock, when varnished, is very pretty, and the woo«l is becoming fashionable for the interior finish of dwellings. Hemlock makes excellent packing boxes. TAMARAC. Hackmatac or Larch is one of the commonest trees. It grows tall and straight to a height of eighty feet or more. The butts of the tree and one of the principal roots form a THE FOIIEST. 140 It )re. 11 a ^'kncu," and are in great rc([nest in sliipbuiMini;-, forming an important article of export. Tamarac timlier Avas intieh used in sliipbuilding, but what is known as Bay Spruce has now largely taken its place, most of the large tamarac liav- inuaco Wood Maiuifacturing Company, the Petit- codiac Spoo^ and l^obbin Works, and the Woodstock Wood- working Company, and the establishment of the Messis. Klewwellings, at Hampton, and otliers, all of which are do- inir an excellent business. The attention of investors is directe ''^'i'<''"<^H, " 2(VJ.*{r> Halibut, " ' ,. ^»-^nnn\, " 10 -Tf; "t'f^ " 1,700 White Fisli, '^ ■ * ' " •l''«"t, " .^r,r, Othor Fish, " ■ ■ ■ ■ 03 o,S-> ?>'f'^-^' " ii.Vio Lol.stor, lbs 4 34'^ 1 •>•) Fish Oil, gaKs !!!!!!!! ' 18',4l>0 The catch of fish in 1881 was wortl,, according, to the average price at which the fi«h exported were vah.e.l over .^2,300.000, being nearly half a.s much as the total out-put of lumber. ^ The export of Canned Lobster lias been prosecuted lar-el v m some years, and has assumed large proportions The inarket is in Great Britain, the Ignited States, Australia V ranee and elsewhere. The export of fresh fish, principally Salmon, S.nclt and l>ass to the United States, has alreadv reached lan^o dimen- sions, and IS growing every year. Tlie fish aTe fro/en betore shipment or are shipped fresh on ice. Tliey are taken on the North Shore rivers and are sent to their desti- nation by rail. The completion of the li,d. between the Intercolonial and New Brunswick Kailways by the consruc tion of the bridge accross the River Saint John at its mouth, 11 J 02 Tin: Fi^iii:i:ii:s. ail I of tilt.' NiirtlhTii ainl Wcsti-rn Railway wlievel»y the liipuiiiit will Ih* avoided, is expeetod to imito- lially increase this braiicli I'f Imsiiiess. .s|.\ I IMIKItlKS. The principal ti.-ili taki n in the IJay of Fumly aro the Cod, ritllock, Jlake, lladdutk. lit iiini;, Shad and Mackt-rol. The SOUTH WHARF, ST. JOHN, N. B. fl-liin;jf inTOunds extend (h)\vn to the entrance of the Day and arouiul the islands of (Irand Manan, (.'aniiiohello and the West isles and into the estuaries of the principal rivers. The Cod of the Jlay of Kimdy are a lar<;e fish, quitf etjual to any taken in American waters. Tlio Pollock, the Ifake and the I laddock are also very ahiindant. The Hatldock is eaten fresh hut is generally ])referred wlnin sli<,dily salted and sinoked ; it is then known incoiniiierce as ' Finnan Haddy.* t TllE FlSllKlllKS. I(J3 illl'l tho vers, al tt) iind ateii and The liny HeninLjs arc <»f nicdiinu size Ijiit of i,'ood tlavor. The Bay of Fiindy Mackoivl are small, Itut very iihic1> I'stremed. The Ifalihut is a large lish of the Floundi-r sjiccies. Us llesh is white and firm, and though souu^what dry is highly tliought of when fresli. When slightly salteil and sniokcl it is very palatal »Ie. The Bay Shad is perhaps the most de- licious tish produced in New Brunswick waters. Tlu* averge weigl»t is altoiit '\ llis. The (laspereau or Alewive is a small species of Shad, caught in largo «|uantities. The Bay of Fundy tisheries are prosecuted at all seasons of the year. The tislieries in the (Julf of St. Lawrence can only l»e pro- secuted from April imtil November, hoth inclusive, owing to the presence of ice. The principal catch is (jf the Cod. The (iulf (.'od is somewhat smaller than the other xarietii's taken (»n the North American coast, hut is oi excellent tpiality. I lake and Haddock abound in the Clulf. 1 lerrings are found in countU'ss shoals, and in the fall they iu'' -p; <^ oV */ /a ">, '> '/ M Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. )4SB0 (716) 872-4503 V lV a7 A \ 4> % 1? 9) n? 1 jf- .^. L CO tH w W o H tTi O iz! H •-d t-" W > !z! CO j-3 o W !zi tad IfiO THE FISHERIES. llostigonche, tlie overseers say that it is " a first-rate looking river for salmon, and from the best information we eoukl obtain we believe that there is good early fishing and again late in the season." Of the Patapedia, a tributary of the llostigouche, they say: "we are led to believe that large numbers of salmon annually ascend this river." Of the Quatawamkedgewick, they say that " the fishing is exceed- ingly good.' #^^ Middle River and Little River, emptying into Bathurst Basin, Tete-a-Gauche River, emptying into Bathurst Har- bor, Big Tracadie, emptying into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Tabusintac, a river in the same neighborhood, the Kouchi- bouquac and the Richibucto, emptying into Northumberland Straits, are all highly spoken of both as Salmon and Trout streams. The Miramichi and its numerous branches have an established reputation among anglers. Among the tribu- taries of the St. John the Tobique is the only one in which Salmon are taken in large numbers. It is usually well stocked with Salmon and abounds with Trout and, one of its branches is famed for Whitefish. Salmon cannot ascend above theGrand Falls of the St. John, but on the upper part of this great river are ti'ibutary streams which afifbrd the finest trout and white fish. Hundreds of anglei\s visit them everv season. The branches of the streams flowing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence approach those of the tributaries of the St. John very closely and a short " port- age " or " carry " enables the sportsman to take his canoe and camping materials from one water system to the other, and in this way a sporting trip can be made across the prov- ince in several places, the distance to be traversed being from one hundred to two hundred miles, according to the directness of the route taken. Such a trip would be for the most part through an unbroken wilderness, on streams abounding with fish and fiowino- through forests containing: much game. ; * IS John, earns ds of Dains the ort- noe her, rov- om less art :ith Flowing into the Bay of Fundy. and particularly in the County of Charlotte, are ninnorows rivers in which there is the best of trout fishing. Indeed there is not a county in the province in which streams cannot be found where anglers can thoroughly enjoy themselves. Some of the routes which fishermen take are as follows :— From St. Leonard's Station on the New Brunswick Rail- way to the head waters of the Kcstigoucho, and down the Restigouche to the Intercolonial Railway crossing. The distance is over 100 miles, and the sportsmen will have plenty of the best salmon and trout fishing. The towns at the mouth of the Restigouche have excellent hotels, and all the accommodations of first-class watering places are being provided. From Andover Station on the New Brunswick Railway up the Tobique to Nictau Lake, and thence to the Nepisi- quit and down the Nepisiquit to i^)athurst. Distance about 170 miles, with both salmon and trout fishing. From Andover to Nictau Lake, as above, from Nictau Jjake to the Nepisiquit, down the Nepisiipiit for a short distance and thence to the T'psalquitch, down the Upsalquitcli to the Restigouche and down the Restiyouche to the sea. Distance about 200 miles. This trip may be lengthened 150 miles by ascending the Restigouche, poitaging to Grand River, descending the Gtand River to the St. John, and down the St. John to the starting point, or it may bo pro- longed almost indefinitely when the St. John waters are reached. Good trout, salmon and white fish fishini'-. From Andover up the Tobique to Long Lake and thence to the head waters of the southwest Miramichi, and down the Miramichi to the sea. Distance over .SOO miles, with good salmon and trout fishing. This trip may be lengthened by ascending the tributaries of the Miramichi into the unex- plored wilderness of New Biunswick. o o H <) CO THE FiSUElilES. W A* M o o H I [=5 O" CO the Mirannchi and -oino. JT n ^'""'^^'^^^'^ Railway to ^^;.jr,^:tL5-;;;:— t:::;;-:-^- woira:';Lt<>i":r,:::f' '"?^'^'^""°" '"■^- *"><-'- of the river anj al i , °° ',"™'""''' "^ ""' '°"-'='- P"''' I- ii\ u, and aie exported to the United .Sht,.« ti fish sometimes weigh over 230 noun.k T "'^ h of considerable iTnportanee ''"'°™" "■'''"■•^ Hk!::;"':™ T,:; i .I'if '-^i"'-^' «'- °' --^ and the 9P 170 MINERALS. CHAPTER XVI. , 'f MINEEALS. The dense forest which covers the greater part of New Brunswick renders a thorough geological exploration almost impossible, but enough has been ascertained to justify an expectation that the mippral resources may play an important part in the future of this Province. The geological divisions of the province, as laid down by the Geographical Survey, and shown upon the last map are as follows : Laurentine, " Limestone, Pre Cambrian, Cambro Silurian, Dolerite, Silurian, Granite, Devonian Lower Carboniferous Laurentine, Lo er Carboniferous, Middle Carboniferous, Triassic. Trachvte-Felsite. it '! MlNEllALS. 171 The minerals known to exist in quantities wl.icli will pay tor working are as fullsws :— ^ rOAL. The Carboniferous formation of New Brunswick embraces an area of about (5,500 square miles, or parts of York Sun- bury. Queens, Kings, Westmorland, Albert, Kent, North- umberland and Gloucester, with several outliers in other counties The only productive mines are those at Grand Lake-alreaay referred to in the description of Queens l^ounty. The seam is a surface one, 22 inches thick and IS known to extend over a very large area-probably at least COO square miles. The coal is an excellent steam coal very highly esteemed for blacksmiths' use, and is unequalled tor cokinnf. ^ The very remarkable mineral known as Albertite the exact nature of which has been a source of dispute amon^- scientists was found in very considerable (quantities in Albert County. It is a brittle, jet black, glossy mineral, free from smut. It burns readily and melts when exposed to heat under cover. Albertite is now regarded as a pure petroleum, and is of great commercial value; the probabi- lities of further discoveries of paying deposits are of great interest. *= In Westmorland and Albert County petroleum springs abound. ^ " The Albert shales yield from 35 to 50 gallons of oil fit for Illuminating purposes to the ton. Owing to the abundance ot petroleum these shales are not utilized, but it is not unlikely that they may come to possess a high commercial value. ANTIMONV. Antimony occurs in several plac.-s in New Brunswick, but the largest deposit is in Prince William, in York County where it is found in very large quantities as sulphuret of mm 172 MINEliA nS. antimony. The (|iiality of tlic ore is good, and there is more or less metallic Antimony mixed with it. This is one of the most important deposits of Antimony known to exis anywiiere, paying deposits being very few in number. MANCANKSK is widely distributed in New Brunswick. The best known deposits are at Shopody Mountain in Albert ; near Sussex Vale in Kings ; at Quaco in St. John and at Tetc-a-Gouchc in Gloucestei'. Mines have been opened at all these points. IRON. Numerous deposits of iron ore are known to exist in New Brunswick. The best known of these is the deposit of red liematite in Jaeksontown, Carleton County, commonly known as the Woodstock Iron Mines. The iron produced from this ore is of a very superior qualit}', its " resistance " being re- markably high. Large quantities of this ore have been mined, smelted and exported, and it has been used in the manufacture of armor plates for the British Navy. The iron is somewhat brittle owing to the presence of phosphor- ous, but probably means could be found to remedy this objection. Throughout (Jarleton County large deposits of iron ore aie found and they always occur in connection with limestone. Being in the heart of a country where there are thousands of acres of the finest hardwood forest, for the manufacture of charcoal, they afford the elements of a highly important industry. Bog iron ore is verv abundant in New Brunswick and is found in considerable quantities near the Grand Lake Coal Mines, but whether the deposit is large enough to warrant the erection of smelting works is not at present known. Without expressing any opinion as to the probable future value of the New Brunswick deposits of iron ore, it is suffi- cient to say that the distribution of excellent ores is wide- MINEItALS. J 73 there is is is one to exis number. ' known ' Sussex ■Gouehc ! points. in New b of red known 3m this ing re- e been in the . The )sphor- \y this isits of n with 3 re are or the highly and is e Coal arrant n. tuture 1 suffi- wide- • spread and the quantities enormon^ fy,„f *i, ~ always found asLi^ < o.i -^^ ' ""^ ^^^^ ^'"^ "^arly tWsLltin. taLa^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^e fue "o lb aiwa;ys obtainable at a low price. Copper ores are found in X,nv Brnn^unVl- • •iuantities. Near Bathurst the e i ""^^^^ of the sulphuret and in ih\! : ''°"'^^^^'^^'^' ^Jeposit deposits ot^hestreo"wM:;r"'^ a- nun.erous other fitably worked. A on.'t^^ 'jf Tf '"'^'^ '^ P"' numerous deposits of c^r n Albert s;^'r' ''"" ^^^' lotte Counties, which on ^o'l canTtal ^ t ,'"' ^'"- A copper mine is now .^ , \ ^ ^° ^evelope them, norland County Z.^:^^^''': Dorchester, in West- River. '^°PP''°''^''^^'«« found upon the Tobique LKAl) M'hich in the form of Galena i-^ fnnn i • Thisoro occurs on the "' f ! Tn?-'""p' '"'''""^■^■ inlies IVou, St John .J •, , • °'"'l"" R'™''. a iew tities to have ^'etn^^LTat'" tT "°"""" •'"^"- 1S81 RESPECTIVELY. ^AME oio CoirxTY. Acres , Acres i Acres Acres"' : Granted. I Cleareil. Granted, j Cleiutd. ^t'riote :J0!M47 Not «ive„ ; 3n71(i lM i.-,S ,V"g' I «37 7it4,71(5 i:,0 771 JVestmorland .^77,440 !I2,S22 , 700 078 if 10:10 Kent ••••..... 38(;,.3!»S .3.j,4!l(i ,-.4!».(i2r) s;{ (M-> Northumberland, <»8(i,lG8 .!0,22l 1,077 307 r.: Mid i.e.t.go«oiio, m^)V.) 8,8!».-» 210:.332 -l^SLS _jnieJ^iYnmoe^. ^^^. 1 .03(i.320_ (i](;.720 !>.il8-Z4!»8 1.2.-i.3/_' 33, 8, li), «, 3 Ml 07() 811 0C9 430 18 OCl 937 007 ir)0 2(i3 330 12,703 2-,.51(i, 00,633 33,877 ■ 10,i>i>r) 4,5,9i)0 1 42.209 1 l(i,l.''>l \ (i7,9.'.7 18,28(! 21,02(> 14,43,'. (l,;iUO I .S0,S 243,966 l.'.3,834 77,.'-)34 249' 3,263 14.89.-.; r,222 .^.i.iii 16,1421 21,16.'j| .'■.,26r. 40,(il9' 2!i,2n6; 30,s:,4! 23,.''.9.1 6,4201 i Bush. Potatoes. i 1851. I 1881. 30,424 4.->,60ll 17,811 1 12,1371 .'■>7,270 90,809 43,922 81, 49,-. .17,693 20,862 28,3.53 10,984 10.1,6951 163,1171 303,568| l(iS,056! llC,.357i 233,6951 174,4161 84,.127f 282,224:: 3t)5,(il9! 289,4361 314,447, 66,131 128,329 304,811 734,3(i9 405,919 194,937 .158,862 062,.19l> 251,8.1(; ,005,802 975,(j30 512,944 717,567 189,.101 225,091' 414,046 1,411,164 3,297,534 206,(i:j57121,9.16 2,792,3 94 (i,961,01(i ' There were no returns of the crops of Albert County in the census of 1851. A comparison of these returns -with those in the previous ta1»le shows not only a very much larger production of these four principal crops, (a proportionate increase occurs in all the other crops) but in the yield per acre. It will be noticed that this does not hold good of all sections of the province, in some of the counties the yield per acre of land cleared not being much different from what might be the natural varia- tion per acre in any two given years. This is especially true of the Counties of St. »Fohn and Charlotte. In the case of almost all the other counties the yield per acre of cleared land has greatly increased. This is principally due to the fact that in the period between 1851 and 1881 the settlements extended upon the first class upland which in the first seventy years of the history of the province were rarely settled upon. It is also due in part to the closer attention paid to farming by the people. Formerly farmers, in the interior counties especially, gave much attention to lumber- A GRICUL TUliA L PBOGIiESf!. 171) ing in the winter and their farms suflfored in consequence. Work on the fields was delayed in the sprino- because the farmer was busy with his luml)er. A small stock was kept because the men were not at home to look after the animals. The change in these respects of late years has been very crcat and with what result the census returns give evidence. mi 12s,:i2'.> 17; 304,811 ()8i 734,8(1!) -,(ll 40r),i)li) j7 194,937 i)5 .'ir)8,8C2 Kii 002,r)9l. 27 1 2r)i,8r.(i 24:i,oor),80--' lil! 97r>,(j3(» :«i| r.12,944 47 7i7,r)(;7 :n 189,51)1 i? 7;") Horse Rakes, 20 Reapers, 100 C« 81 10 Hteel Plows, IG " 20 MISCELLASKurs. ISO . I 'I'lin-sliiii^' Machines ift2:J5 ^ l^.'iO Funning' and Cloaniiig Mjic'liiiics, •_'.') " -|() Kroadciist Drill Sower, 7.") " IK) .Si.lf-Miiiilcr and lleaitor, •>~'} " ,'j K) Small ( 'ulti\ ator, 7) " '.) Cast Iron Plows, S " 1 1 Double Mouklhoavd Plow 17 «' :>() IToise Hoe, 10 " 1.) Tedder, (U) " s:. Horse Pitehfork, H " L'S iron Jiarrows, 1(5 " i>,s Day Press, 7."> " .'}-)() < 'ooking Stoves, 1 ,"> " •>{\ Hall " 4 ."iO " -K) Parlor " 7 50 " 1(5 Farniors' Jioilers and Fittings, 17 Horses suitable for farm work can Lo bought at fnjiii SI 00 to S150, good cows arc worth from 810 to .S3U, and sheop from S2.50 to S4. Riding carriages for one horse from SlOO to S250. Farm wagons SoO. Single driving harness S2:) to S40. Working harness (double; S20 to 80O. Farm- ing implements such as scythes, rakes, hoes, etc., arc clieap and well made. A. new settler will do well to brinr' little witli him excepting liis personal luggage, such as clothes and the like. BEGINNING A FARM. When a settler goes upon a new farm he will, in most cases, find the forest upon it unbioken. In rare instances there may be a small clearing where a logging camp has been, but in the great majority of cases lie will find the great Imrdwood trees standing on all parts of his lot, interspersed more ©r less thickly with spruce, iir and, in most places, cedar. He can hire men who will cut down as much of this forest as lie wi.shes, burn otf the cut trees, and prepare the land for a crop for 812 per acre. Of course if lie does part of the work himself the cost will be less. The trees km -' O O H CO o Pi 12! n o H m if ill I'll § = fell I ^ MISCELLAXBU'S. 101 ". o ^ § are cut at a convenient height above the -round, the brandies tnnimed off, and tlie trunks cut up so that they will be readily handled after the first " burn." In localities where there is a demand for "cordwood " for fuel, the trunks and larger hmbs may be cut uj) for this purpose. In the fall or spring, as the case may be, when the cut trees liavo become sufficiently dry and the weather- is favorable, fire are set in the bush heaps and the " fallow,' as it is called, is burned over. If the '-burn" is a good one, nothing Avill be loft but the stumps and larger portions of the tiees. The latter are rolled together, piled up and burned, and the ashes scattered The stumps are not removed. The land is now ready for a crop, and its yield is usually surprising. Most be-dnners will sow wheat or oats over the greater pa.t of their clearing and seed down to grass, and allow the field to remain in grass until the stump.s become easv to lemove, when it may be plowed up, and its fertility will be found fully e.pial to what It was when the land was first cleared. The clearincrs iiuiy be added to everv year. ° In the matter of buil.lings the settler will consult his pocket and his taste. Most of the earlv settlers were com- pelled to build log houses, and many yet build them from choice. They are made by laying the logs upon each other notched so as to fit closely, the interstices beinrr filled with moss and clay or mortar. The interior mav be'^finished by simply planing the logs smooth, or may be lathed and plas- tere