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(J 4 instead of preteret read i.n ttrit. 10 27 „ tauda „ f.ui.lra. 11 2 „ „ npluce „ rei.iaccd. 11 14 „ «om» „ name. 12 9 „ „ *x|>rertsing „ expressing a. 13 3 „ „ pornoun „ i>ron(»un. 13 21 „ „ ivniotncss „ remotciiess. 13 25 „ „ Sax..n „ Saxoi.s. 20 29 „ „ Kcntense ., sentence. 21 3 „ „ sentauce „ sentence. 2r. 1 „ „ »)Ot „ not CO. 27 20 „ „ takeen „ taken. 27 23 „ „ pre.aoioua „ precious. 29 14 „ „ mab „ mob. 30 16 „ „ l^urence Lawn iice. 30 34 „ „ ii<'"i» »» ' 32 21 „ „ prophet „ a prophet. 35 9 „ „ learndly „ learnedly. 36 23 M >» ennemies „ enemies. A8 APPENDIX TO TIE IISTITUTEI OF ENGLISH OHAMMAB by Goold Brown [No. 1 p. 66] French comparison of equality The French comparative of equality is expressed by as... as or so... as— lo As ..as: is used in affinnatiTe sentences. Ex: My brother is as good as I. ^o. So .. . as, in negative sentences. Ex: My sieter 18 not 80 tall as my brother. 3o. As . . . as, in sentences which are negative and interrogative at the same time. Ex; Is not your sister as tall as your brother f *u \^ ^® '•reiaroing examples, the trench conjunction ^uf which follows tue sJier. tive ,B always translated by as. Ex II e aussi hsr bile ^ son frfcre. He is as clever as his brother. Comparison with participles With participles, instead of A qui est ce livre ? Whom ? vm7( mahc. orfem.) is object to a verb. Ex: Whom do yc'i see > Qui voyez-vous or to a prep ion. Ex: To whom do you speak ? A qui parlez-V4 j i ? %o. What ? qurlt quelle t que 1 qtiest-ce que 1 quoi i ( mast fern, and neuter). Ex: What do you seer Que 'oyea-V'is ? 3o. Which ? quel I quj/le i lequel i laquelle t ( miisc, f em. and neuter ). Ex: Which book will you have/ Which of these two men is your brother / Observation on who, what, which applied to persons. lo. Who is used when one wishes to know the name of a person, consequently we ought to answer to ti>/io by a noun representing a person, Ex: Who made this Uble; Peter. Who are yon/ John. IVAa/ ? is used to ask the nature, the quality ttf a person. Ex: What is-he? A joiner. Which i is used when two or several persons are to be distinguished. Ex: Which of these men iayour brother ? Which of these books will you have ? What! ( exclamatory ) must always be followed by or rt/i before a singular noun. Ex: What a fine book! With plural nouns, and with abstract noons having no plural, what^ ought to be used alone. Ex: What fine books ! What eloquence ! — o — [ No. 4 p . ] Adjectives taken as nouns When an adjective with the definite article before it, is used without a noun, it is taken as a noun. Ex: Providence rewards the good and punishes the had. An adjective used as a noun must represent a whole coUc'tion of individuals. Ex: Ihe blind are unhappy. The adjective is also used alone, when it represents an alMtract 41ea, Ex: The just, the snbhme. When an adjective represents only one person, era cei tain number of persons, it must always be followed by-a noun. Ex : A blind man, a blind boy. One thoo' sand blind men. Nouns taken as adjectives Nouns are sometimes used as adjectives to qualify another noun; then like adjectives, they are not varied and are always placed before the noun which they qualify. Ex: A silver-watch. A five-dollar bill. Golo- knives. Note on proper adjectives Euglish ffmmmariaDS call proper those adjectives which are formed from proper nouns. They ought to be written with a capital letter. Ex: English, Ro- man, French, Canadian. — o — [No. 5 p. 79] observations on regui^r verbs Some regular verbs are subject to modifications already spoken of in nouns and adjectives. lo. In all the verbs of one syllable and in those of two syllables having the stress on the second, when the final consonant is preceded by a single vowel, this conKonant ought to be doubled before e and /. Ex: To rig, I rigged, rigging. To omit", I omitted. N. B. To worship^ and the verbs ending in el fol- low the same rale. Ex: I worshipped, worshipping. I marvelled, marvelling. 2o. When the infinitive ends in mute this e must be taken off before working Thou wast i . orking. He is ) He was J And so on, by adding to all the tenses of the verb fo be^ the imperfect participle of the verb which is to be oonjagated. N. B. I am going, I was going followed by an in- finitive, form an immediate future, that is, an action whicli will take place right away. Ex: I am going to study. I was going to visit you. According to Leclair, this special form is the per- fect translation of the French vulgar expression, ^- in en traiti tk, lLx\ I am going to write. Je suis en train d^^iirfe. 4ot With the past particple of active-intransitive verbs, to be^ expresses a siaU. £x: He is gone away. II est parti. 5o. To be, followed by the perfect participle is Q^ed to f dim all the tenses of the passive conjugation. Ex: I am loved, I was loved. 60. Followed by an infinitive, to be has some- times the meaning of devoir, expressing necessity or futarity. Ex: I am to tell you. Je dois vous dire. 7o. In English, to be is considered as the true neuter verb^ expressing neither action nor passion^ but only existence. Ex: lam. Je suis ( j'existe), — o — [No 7 p. 107] Observations on defectivb verbs Defective verbs are those which have no participles, and are used in bv.t few of the moods and tenses. There are eleven defective verbs in English, six of which are considered as principal. They have at most two tenses, some of them have only one. I shall and I will, which are generally used as auxi- iaries may sometimes be taken as independent verbs. lo. Thou shouldst, we should, you should, they should, may sometimes translate the French verb de- voit, they are then equivalent \o I ought. Ex: A man should love hi>» neighbour. On doit aimer son proohain. You should have spoken. Vous auriez du jarler. •2o. I will, I would etc., have sometimes the sense of vouloir. Ex: Hear me for I will speak. Ecoutex* moi, car je veux parler. He would not go when he could. 11 n'a pas voulu y aller, quand il a pu. 3o. I may, I can, are used to translate the verb pouvoir, I may means, I have the power, the liberty, it is possible. Ex: I may go there. Je puis y aller, (il est possible que j'y aille). I can means, I am able, I have the capacity, the strength, the science ( then equi- valent to I know ). Ex: I can swim, je sais nager. I can go there, je puis aller 1^. I can slide, je puis glisser. — 9 — N. B. lo. To translate from the French^ the tensts which fche verb / can has not, we use the verb to be able. Ex: I have been able to go there. J'ai pu aller Ik. I shall be able to do that. Je pourrai faire cela. N. B. 2o. V/iih a negation I can, I could are gene- rally used instead of I m«v, I might. The negation notj must be joined to the present Icon so as to form only one word. Ex : I cannot come to day. Je rit puis venir aujourd^hui. 1 ju!d not do it. 4o. I must, I ought have only one form. They translate the French verb, devoir, with this difference: I must, means absolute necessity. Ex : We must die. You must work. 60. / ought expresses a moral obligation, a duty. Ex: You onght to love your parents. N. B. lo. Those defective verbs followed by an infiinitivc donotadmiitbs use of to before the infini- tive. I o'ight, alone, is excepted. Ex: I should go there. I may come. I ought to work. N. B. 20. To translate the French verb,/a// devoir. Ex: II f»ut qu<5 vuus parties, that is, voua devez partir. You ou^ht to start. The verb to happen which is sometimes impersonal in French is not so in English. Ex: I happened to see him. II arrivi que je le vis. The verb permettre, is sometimes used as impersonal in French, this construction i not used in English. Ex : II vous est permis de purler. You are allowed to speak. — O — There is The French impersonal verb il y a foUowe l by the noim of a person or a things is translated into English by the adverb there and the verb to he which agrees in number witli the following noun. Ex: There is a man. II y a un homme. There are men. II y a de ; hommep. There were. There had been. There will bo. There will have been. There would be. There would have been. There may be, il peut y avoir. There might be, il pouvait y avoir. N. B. lo. This construction with the adverb there, may sometimes be used with some French artive- intransitive verbs, used as impersonal. Ex: II sortit un homme du bois. There camt a man out of* the wood. II existe unemusiqueuniverselle. There exists a universal music. '^<» In the interror'.atioii, ihere follows the auxili- ary verb or the veio to be, when it is alone. Ex: Is — la- ther©, y a-t-il ? jAre there, y a-t-il ( plural ) ? Has there been, y a-t-il eu ? Will there be, y aura-t-il ? 3o. When the verb io become has for its subject the interrogative pronoun what, it must be construed as an imiiersonal verb, and the subject of the verb in French, be<5omes the indirect object in Engl'^h. Kx: Que deviendra-t-il ? Whnt will become of hira? ( word for word ) qu'adviendra-t-il de lui? 4o. II y a expsessing time fully past, may be tran- tslated by // is. Ex : II y a dix ana qu'il est parti. It is ten years, since he went off. 5o. II y a expressing distance must be translated by it is. Ex : II y a 180 milles de Quebec a Montreal. It is 180 miles from Quebec to Montreal. — o — [No. 9 p. 114] CONJUKCTIVE ADVERBS The conjunctive adverbs are used, says Brown, to connect seiitor.ces. And when conneeiing senten- ces, they are equivalent to a conjunction and an adverb. Ex: fVAerg equevalent to and there. When equivalent to and then^ etc. etc. Ex: The seed grew up where it fell. As equiva- lent to, and there, the adverb where connects the two sentences **the peed grew up " and " it fell ". That is: The seed grew up and there it fell. Ex: I will wait for you till ten, when I will start ( " when " instead of and then "). I will go to Quebec where I will visit you ( •* where " instead of " and there"). N.B. As it is question of words used to connect sen- — 13 — tences, let us say that the imperfect participle is often used in English to translate the French reUtive pomoun followed by a verb. Ex: Je vous donne les preuves qui d6montrcnt la v^rit/« expresses: lo. Remotness or separation. Ex: I come from Montreal. The letter comes from my mother. 2o. Origin or cause. Ex: The English are decen- ded from the Saxon. She died from a hurt. In and Into In^ denotes rest or motion in the same place. Ex: 1 am in my room. I walk in my garden. In, IB also used before nouns denoting countries or capital-towns. Ex; He lives in Spain. He resides in London. Into exiiresHts a change: lo. Place. Ex: I amin mj room, I leave it to go into the garden. 2o. Form. Ex: Cold changes water nUo ice. To translate French into English. A whole devided mto four parts. At with the noun of a place, ought to be used before towns or villages. Ex: He is at Quebec. We are at Laprairie. To and At To denotes: lo. Motion towards a plaee. Ex: I am going to Montreal. 2o. The person in whose consideration an aetion is made. Ex: I give a fruit to a child. 3o. The aim of a person. Ex: 1 come to seo you. I writ there to see him. At denotes the end of an action, the person against whom an action is directed. Ex: I laugh at my neighbour. Je ris de mon voisin. To throw a stone at somebody ( to hurt him ). On and Over On denotes the state of a person or a thing, ly'ng on something. Ex: The. patient is on his bed. The book is on the desk. O^^er denotes a superposiiion without any contact. Ex : The fly flew over the uble. The eagle hovered over us. Relations expressed with or without a preposition Relation of place The pSce where we are, or where an action is made must be preceded by the preposition af. Ex: He is at oharch. She is at home. N. B. lo With nouns of countries and capital-towM we use in. Ex: He is in France, in Paris. However, the foregoing rtile is not absolute. At may also be used, but in IS always preferable. £x: He is in Lon- don or at London. N. B. 2o. In is also used to express rest or motion in a place Ex: I am in the church. I walk in toy room. N. B. 3o. A/ may also express a state or manner of being, and then, it answers to the French locution, en temps de. Ex: Ktre eu temps de paix, de repos, de guerre. To be av peace, at rest, at war. The name of the place where we go, or where we wish to go, is preceded in English by to. Ex: We are going to London. I wish to go to Paris. N. B. lo. The word Aome does not admit the use of to. Ex: Let us go home. We abo say, to go north, south, east, west. N, B. lo. The preposition /oris sometimes used ins- tead of to, to translate some French expressions with the preposition pour denoting destination. Ex: The troops sailed for China. Our soldiers started for South-Africa. We €X>mb^frox Montreal The name of the place from where we come mu^ be preceded hj/fvm. Ex: We come from Montreal. — 16 — The name of the place through which we pa«i most he preceded by MfWrn. as. Ex : \\ e will go as far as Montreal. Tomefimei Jusqu^ii is translated by down to Ex: From the year 1880, down to the year 1900. // y «, dela, des{mxs\^ or uny ) are not translated into English, when they are used in a general sense to ex- press a custom, an habit or an enumeration. Ex: A book-seller sells books. Un libraire vend des livres. We sell fruits, wine, cider and soda-water. If du^ de la, des, are taken in a particular sense, that is, when the sense is limited to a certain number of persons or things, it is expres.sed by some or any. Ex : I have some friends among you. We have some fruits, will you have any? The rascal of a boy. De, placed between two nouns which represent the same person or the same thing, is represented by of, followed by the indefinite article a or tf«.rEx: The rascal of a servant. Le coquin de valet. The a man. Le diable d'homme. — 20 — ^q. B. Vv^hen it is possible to replace the fjwt noun by an adjective^, is not t^nrfatcd. Ex. Ihe knave of a boy, or The naughty boy. T/anslation of the French prepcition A. rnmrior after the verb to be, to denote possession, a m^y b 'follow^d by a noun or a personal prono,^ 10 Followed by a noun, . is tr-tt,,^,i,,?; possessive fonn. Ex: This watch is my broth c . Cette montre est a mon frere. 20. Followed ^y.a P---^PS;,".TuiB^ slated Hv a possessive pronoun. l!-x. imswai mine. Cette montre est s\ moi. w This N B. With the verb to belong, we use Ex. Ihw watch belongs to me. (^ette montre est \ moi. He is writing. press oc cupation, is not f '^a' "^^^^ is writing, the imperfect participle alone .^x. He is writ g, studying. 41 est a ecrire, a etudier. By the trace, we know the beast. A used to express a distinctive sign, a particnla- Tity,' is ttn^^atedV^^ ^x: By the trace we know thJbeast. A 1.1 piste, on -""^^^"1 J^Lu^ countenance, we saw that he was sick. A sa tigure nous vimesqu'iiaaitmalade. KB 10 ^4 followed bv an infinitive, has some- tiils theVanrngofW; when so, it is translau^d "^^nSg the scntense, in such cases, a, is tran- slated l)y //. Ex: A considerer la chose, il a bien agi. If we consider the thing, he did well. In the body of the scntance, we use in, with the imperfect particii)le. Ex: II y a du danger a aller la. There is danger in going there. Translation of the preposition En. En, followed by the imperfect participle is not translated into English, or is translated by whilst, when, as. Ex ; II arriva en tremblant. He arrived trem- bling. En coulant, le ruisseau s'^pure. As the brook runs, it refines. En, followed hv a noun, to express manner,^ is translated by ///^e or a^. Ex: EUe vit en reine. She lives as a queen. En, meaning transition from one place to another, from one time to another, ought to be translated by to. Ex: De place en place. From place to pkce. De Jour en jour. From day to d.iy. Malgri. The English langu^ige has two words to translate this French preposition ; they are : in spite of, and notwithstanding. In spite of, is used for persons. Ex: He went there m spite of his brother. He did it in spite of me. Notivithstamiing, is used for things. Ex: He suc- ceeded, notwithstanding the difficulty of the cause. Four. \ Four, before the infinitive, is generally translated into English by to. Ex: He is named to represent his — 22 — brother. 11 est nomm^ pour repr^sentcr son frfere When /.«r, has the meaning of it is tran- slated by for with the imperfect participle. Ex. He was hanged, for killing his neighbour. II f «t pendu pour avoir tu^ son voisin. , N. B. 10. Sometimes pour signifiies it is then translated by though ox although. Ex Four n'^re pas bien, il ne se plaint pas. I hough he is not well, he does not coniplam. N. B. 2o, Four peu que, if ever so little. pen que vous travailUez. If you^wor.. ever so little. CIRCUMSTANCES OR CiRCUMSTANCIAL C0MPLEMBHT8 SUBSTANCB The noun of the substance from which a thing is made, may be preceded m English ^7 of, from or wtth Ex: Paper is made from rags. A house built with bricks A hat made of straw. When the verb is expreesed in French, we mfJ in English, the noun of the substance as an adjed^ive and place it before the principal noun. Ex: A Btone- house, a straw-hat. 3IEA8URE A^'D DIMENSION. The house is fifteen feet high by forty feet long^ As will be seen bv this example, i^jstead of the verb to l ave used in French, the English use ^; — 23 — before the adjective, is taken off, and is changed into by or and. Ex: La maiden a 15 pieds de hant sur 40 de long. The house is fifteen feet high by forty feet long. The same construction is used in the followini cases. Ex: My brother is twelve jxars old^ The mass was two hours long. The gamson was only forty men strong. Montreal is 180 milet distant from Quebec. Price. The noun of the price of the thing does not take any preposition in English; Ex: The books cost two dollars. . . With the verbs 1o sell ^vid. to buy, we use at or Jor. At, when the price was previously fixed. Ex: He sells his sugar at five cents a pound. /i>r, when the price was not fixed. Ex: I bought my horse for 150 dollars. N B Instead of le or la used in such examples in French - cinq sous la pibce, la livre, - we use in En- glish the indefinite article a. Five cents a piece, a pound. Manner. Three prepositions may accompany this circuin- stancial complement: /«, with, after. Ex : They arc supe- rior to him in strength. The boy with the white dress. He is dressed after ( d'aprbs) the English fashion. N B. '"ery often in French, the preposition is not expressed. Such a construction must not be used in En^Uh. Ex: II se **nait lesbiascrois^s. He stood with arms folded. — 24 — Instruments. Tlie noun of the instrument used to make an action, takes in English two prepositions by or wttA. ILx. I rtruck him with a shovel. To fight with swords. is more generally used -^th act ive-intransm^^ verbs. We came by the stage-coach. Ihey started by the express-train. N. li According to Webster, it is difficult to give general rules for the use of these PVepo^^t.o^^^^^^^^^^^ seem sometimes to be used arbitrarily. I ractice will then do more than rules of grammar. Causk. The circurastancial complement of cause is pre- ceded by o/i/rom, hyjor, and sometimes ^ Ccitv^4 destroyed by fire. He died f tom a hurt. Ho died unth laughing. He weeps foy^y- ^ Out of, is also used, to express cause. Ex Out ot iov par ioie. Out of love, par amour, ^od created Se world out of nothing. The beast ate out of his hand. — — -o — [ No. 12 p. 212 ] Particular observations on the translation o« some French conjunctions. Comme. Sometimes the French <^^3--<^^i°VfXn^tSn! ascntence to express a ^^"^P^"?^"-^^ " Xn xT^n lated by as with the corrfespousive conjunction — 25 — the second part of the sentence The verb vis^d with so must have the interrogative form. Ex: Comme " meurt atijourd'hui. ainsi je mourrai °»<>»-™f jour. As he dies to day. so shall I die myself one daj . As fire tries gold, so does adversity try courage. lo. Que placed between two verbs is translated by i/iaf. Ex: 1 believe that he will speak. Such is the case with the French verbs cmn, dtre, espirer, penser, promettre, savoir, and their synonyms. N. B. In conversation, the use of that is not ne- cessary. Ex: 1 believe he will speak. 2o With theac verbs, when the subject is the same for the two verbs, we always use a personal mwd instead of the infinitive used in Frenc;h. IJiat, is the conjunction employed in such cases. Ex: Je crois le voir. I believe that I see him. . N. B. That, may be taken off. Je crois entendre quelquechose. 'l beUeve I hear something. 3o When que in French means lorsque or guandy It is translated into English by when or that. Ex : Le iour qu'il partit. The day when or that he set off. The dav, when, that or on which your sister died. 4o After the French expression d peine, que is tran- slated by when. Ex; 11 avait u peine fini de manger, qu'il expira. He had scarcely done eaUng when be expired. 5o. Que meunlng jusqu'd ce que is translated by ////. Ex: Je n'irai pw li que tout ne soit pret. 1 will — 20 — not there, till all is ready. Go. Ne . . . que^ meaning seulement is translated by only, but or nothing but. Ex : II n'a que le succfes en vue. He has jnly his Buceess in view. He has nothing but his success in view. 7o. In interrogative sentences, que may have the sense of pourquoi. We then use ivhy to translate it. Ex: Que n'allez-vous pas la? Why don't yuu go there? Ho is ooaiing. lo. The French expression void . . . qiu^ voil^ ... que, are not translated. Ex: Vcici qu'il vient. He is coniing. Voila qu'on mo parle. They sneak to me. 'lo. Preeeded by /f. la, lcs\ void, voila, are transla- ted by here and there wbicli arj :dvvays placed at the bejjin'nii'g of the sentence. Ex: Le voici qui vient Here he comes. I^e voilik qui passe. Here he goes. 3o. When the French verb is translated into En- glish by a eompound verb, the sentence will begin with u'prei)osition, and // void, le voilc^, will rfot be transl.itcd. Ex: Le voici qui raonte. Up he goes. Le voici qui desotnd. Down he goes. N. B. Soit que, repented, is translated by whether., or. Ex : Soit qu'il le veuille, soit qn'il ne le veuille pas. Whether he will or not. Soit, repeated, is translated by either . . . or. Ex : Vous aurez soit le livre, soit la montre. Yon will have either the book or the watch. Whether ...or, is also iised to translate the French /I preceded by a verb expressing doubt or uncertainty. Ex: J'ignore s il part ou b'U reste. I do not know whether he goes or stays. /usqu'd, axi-rossing place, is translated hy how far with li verb, as far as with a noun. Ex : J usqu'ou allez- V0U8 'i How far do you go ? Ah far as Montreal. — o o — [ No. 13 p. 136 ] Particular rules on the definite article "7>4. Nouns rq.resentiu.u- -^eas and riverM take the article. Kx: The Atlantic Ocean. The Adriatic. 'Phe Saint-I.:iurence. Uo. Titles c..Mn.ct..un by tlu ..VMosili.n of. t.ke the :u,i.-le. Lv: 1 he duke of lJuckin-hani. The C ^fe of (ood-llope N. i;. AVheu r.n a.ijeetivc ,.recede.s tlje /joun O the title, the ar*-'cle ou.irht to be used. bx. Gemral Lan'oriciferc. The prudent general Lamoru-.ere. 15o. The words emperor, en>pvess, nrincess conn, toss before proper nouns may take the art.cie. Ex. The emperor Napoleon. IGo. Plural collective noun«, P':^^«"t"\? ^^^^.^f.'jj of 1 collection of persons, arts, sc iences. \ ntu h ana V CCS, may take the article. Ex: The p.atnan-hs led loaxl The arts and sciences were then m tueu cra- dle. The tine arts were then unknown. — 81 — Powwnrm ADjicrim. (^urvation. ^ ^^rj often the Frem,h language niwJh^definito. article itV'teacI of a ,k,».os- Twe Xctivo. This construction is not common lu Sr^Ush The relation existing between tbe yo^- tL thing m«.t •»w*J. bej^^^^ expressed. Hence dWerent role* for the translation of this French article. A cannon-ball took off his leg. The possessive adjective must always be uHed inste^d^of the FrenJli article, before those noun. ^r^^T^imfi parts of the body, or facn ties of the mind; if such nouns refer to the subject or to the in object. Ex : 11 perdit la vie dann cette Uta.lle^ Kt his life in that battle. La vo.t«re^nie^pHH«i sar le corps. The carriage ran ovei my borty. Obs. When the thing belong of the verb, we WW in French. Ex: Elle prit frt« pi^te braa. She took her brother by the arm. N. B. In this last case, we may take «ff thc. preposi- tion by, and u^e an other construction. Ex. She too* her brother's arm. II me prit par le braa. He took me by the arm. He took my »nn. Several persons lott their lives. In French, the object possejeed is ^^V^^^i^ «.lar though referring to a plural ««»>3ect and to a ^B«l verb^ In English thi* object «;»f ^J>« Jhen it belongs to all the ^^^^^^^^.^^'^.XT — 32 — tl.cir hatH on their head.. 11. «rt5«>nt le ch.pe.u Hur la tete. This house is ours. The French personal pronouns ^ a foi, djui ^ tile, a nous etc. denoting possession, that is, coming aft r the vorb to be, cannot be translated by to me, to ; etc instead of them, we use the corre«iK>ndm« possessive pronouns. Ex: Cette maison e»t ^ nj^««- This house is ours. This watch is mine, ^^O- 1? lo U mien, letien,le8ien, are used as nouns l:Ls:':^:^:rce^^^ - doiSions^ rien du noti^. You say we are generous, how- ever we never give anything of our own. Is'. B. 2o. Used in a general ^I'l'l'l'^ ,Kr.<.r< les miens, les tiens, lessiens, les ndtreS; etc. ;:.r;;ansi:ted by ihe possessive ad^^m^^^ followed bv a noun convenient to the meaning of the sentence^ i/x'Snne n'est prophbte parmi les siens. Nobody is proy»het among his own people. k B. 3o. Care should be taken to give the pronou^ the possessive adjective convenient to it. • is not always master of one's own temper. You are not always master of your own temper. N B 4o. Likely, atteniion ought to be paid to the use of the compound personal pronoim (Fonom rt- Hechi). Ex: On s'habille avec ses habits. One dres- ses one's self with one's dresses. — 33 — Here is » book of mine. When the thing possessed is plural, that is when . .ei™^ the objects »^euUo-d^ .T stt a.i ot the adiective and the noun, we often use T^^lv^^^e.le pronoun. This ec...truction is l^nei^liy ireiVrablo to the tirst one. Ex: Voic un ^ie rn^s liN^vs. Here is cue of my books, or better: Here is a book of iniue. — o o — On Arno.ur the Freuch indiliMite proiiouiH, there is is On wuich may be iiausbti-d into kiiglwli m au ferent wavs: , lo On lui-d m a u.-nc-ral or i.. its wi.lest "d"t"^«V.-.r sur la t.rre O,,.- ...u.t .^.r on car . We must suffer on earth. A n^w. must suiter ( 1 1 "Men "...St sutter un «„h. Un no pent 6tro ,anont. ^^^jr"]^ ^P^^^^^ cannot be every whcie. U.i nest nnhanuV parcequ'on est pauvre. A woman is not unhappy because she is poor. 20 On is transhited by t/i^y when its im-miug is limited, that is, when it represents a certam number of persons, such as the people of a connUy, of a ci ^y, \L persons of a housT Ex: On vit des cho.es ter- ribles en 1812. They saw terrible tbmgs m 1812. — 34 — On va planter des arbres dans ce jardin. They are going to plant trees in this garden, 3o. On is sometimes used to represent only one person; it is then translated by somebody or sonu^' Ex: On est venu ici pour vous voir. Somebody came here to t.ee you. . 4o. As a general rule, we ought to say that it ifl better to use the passive fo^.n whenever it is pos^^e Ex- On vit des choses terrtbles en 1812. lerriDie things were seen in 1812. P^^^^^^^^^^* danrce jardin. Trees will be planted this garden. On croit que Tarmac partira bientfit. It is thought that the army will soon start. QUELQUE lo. luel que ( in two words ) and followed by a verb, nmy be translated hy u>Aoever or wAatever Jot persons. "^Ex: All men whoever they may be are Lual before the law. In such an example, wAo- «ir denotes the individuals, that is, whoever they mav be ( Peter, John or Andrew ) , they are.equal. If;i^.stead of considering the individual we consider their qualities, then qfu/que ought to be translated by wAafeter. Ex: I do not fear them whavever they may be ( strong, weak or wicked). mafnrr is also used for things. Ex: Whatever may be your means, you must be humble. Quelque soient vos moyens, vous devez 6tre humbles. 2o. Quelaue ( in one word ) followed by a noun is translated b/ Merrr. Ex : Whatever riches you may have, do not be proud. A\ hatever efforts you may make. Quelques efforts que vous fassiez. — 36 — ■NT R However, if we have to choose an object am^ong^veXwe use .HuHcver i-tead of Ex: Whichever book you may take, you ^iW ^ satisfied. , ^ t 3o. Qrulgue, used as an adverb, before an fl^^f^ a partidple'or an other adverb, translated by W Jer with the subjunctive. Ex; ^^^^y^' '^^^^^l maybe. However esteemed you may be. However leanidly he may speak. ^N. B. With whatever, whoever, whichever how- ever, we always use the subjunctive or the potential with the auxiliary / may. Mems The French word mime may be an adjective or an adverb, lo. Placed before a noun to express a comparison, mime i. translated by same and que by OJ, Ex: I have the same book as you. '20 The relative pronoun qui or gite coming after mime in translate by Ma/. Ex: He is the same man That came yesterday. They are the same men that w« met. 3o. Mime placed after a noun or a proimun may be equivalent to a reflected pronoun; it is then tran- slated by the compound personal pronouns. Ex: bts ennlmisUmes I'estiment. His ennemies themselves Esteem him. J'ai parU I'homme meme. I spoke to the man himself. , 4o Very is sometimes used to translate mime with the sense of .^a/Z/y. Ex : This the very house I wa^^ ted. On the very mom&.« of hi» arrival. That very thing which I told you. — 36 — 5o. Mime placed before an adjective, or before a noun after an enumeration, is taken as an adverb and ought to be translated by n>en. Ex: His gestures are fine, easy and even noble. He outamed nchee, ho- nor and even celebrity. Co. Mime is also adverb and translated by (fz'^« when it roodiiies a verb expressed or, jmderstood^ Ex: They killed women and even children, iney even admire the gesture of this orator. Translation of some French expressions with mime, Mettre h fneme. I enabled him, I put him in a condition to do this. Je le mis a m«me de faire cel». Eire h mime. You are in a situation to do that man a service. Manser, hohe a mhne. Drink out of the decanter, Buvez k meme la carafe. He ate out of the pot. 11 mangeait a mame le chaudron. Translation of the French word "Z^'. Some rules will help the translation of thia word, lo When U represents a noun taken in a general sense, that is, not limited by a determinative adjec- tiv.. we traih^late it by one. Ex: I am not a captain, but I should like to be one. Je ue suis pas un capi- taims mais j'aimerais h, I'fitre. 2o. Le is translated by so when it represents a noun taken in particular, that is, limited by a deter- minative adjer.tive; when it represents a plural noun an adjeeiive or a participle. Ex: You were my doctor^ and are so still. Vous fiticz monedorteur et vous 1 d- tes encore. You are soldiers, I should like to be so. Vous dtes soldats, je voudrais I'fitre. They are brave. — 37 — you ought to be. lis 80!.t braves, vous devez 1 ^tre. 3o. When U is aocompanied by aussi, neplus iga- kment, pariilknunt, it is translated by so followea ^.y ail adverb. Ex: Si vous etes son ami, nous o so.nmes aussi. If you are his frien.i, we are so too \ ous etu'Z Jidies, vous ne I'ctes plus. You were nch, you are so no longer. 4o. Le representing a whole proposition is tran- slated by so. Ex: Shall you come to morrow i 1 hope so. ... 5o When le re])n'SC'nts a whole proposition, it is Hometinies transhtted by // with the verb to know, to see. to perceive etc. Ex: You will come to morrow, they know it. Vous vicndroz